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1481584

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla%20Flat%2C%20Arizona

Tortilla Flat, Arizona

Tortilla Flat is a small unincorporated community in far eastern Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located in the central part of the state, northeast of Apache Junction. It is the last surviving stagecoach stop along the Apache Trail. According to the Gross Management Department of Arizona's main U.S. Post Office in Phoenix, Tortilla Flat is presumed to be Arizona's smallest official "community" having a U.S. Post Office and voting precinct. The town has a population of 6. Tortilla Flat can be reached by vehicles on the Apache Trail (State Route 88), via Apache Junction. Originally a camping ground for the prospectors who searched for gold in the Superstition Mountains in the mid-to-late 19th century, Tortilla Flat was later a freight camp for the construction of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. From this time (1904) on, Tortilla Flat has had a small (less than 100 people) but continuous population. A flood in 1942 badly damaged the town, resulting in many residents moving away. The town is made up primarily of a country store, a saloon (bar/restaurant), a BBQ Patio that has a live band daily starting late December thru April or until it gets too hot, a mercantile/gift shop, and a small museum. Most of these were constructed in the late 1980s after a fire consumed the existing store, restaurant and motel on the same site; the mercantile/gift shop was built in 2009. Several hiking trails into the Superstition Mountains begin near Tortilla Flat. History The pre-modern history of what is now Tortilla Flat indicates that the valley had a creek running through it. It was used by the Yavapai to traverse through the Superstition Mountains. That trail became known as the "Yavapai Trail" or "Tonto Trail". The Spanish 16th-century expeditions looking for gold, specifically the "Seven Cities of Gold", inspired more modern gold prospecting in the Superstitions, including those by Don Miguel Peralta from Mexico, who, in 1847 and 1848, supposedly amassed large quantities of gold from the area. Settlers followed the prospectors, raising the need for military outposts to protect them from the increasingly hostile Native Americans, whose land was being taken. Despite the difficulty of crossing the Fish Creek Mountains and Fish Creek Canyon, the Yavapai Trail was a significant route used into the Tonto Basin, as other trails were even more difficult, and, due to its access to water and fodder, it is likely that the Tortilla Flat area became a place used to camp. It was unlikely, however, that there was a settlement there at this point in history, as none appear on old trail maps. Based on available records, Tortilla Flat got its start because of the road construction to Roosevelt Dam in 1904. There was a need for a stagecoach stop for freight haulers on their way to the construction site at Roosevelt Dam and Tortilla Flat served that purpose. Shortly following the construction of the road, Roosevelt Dam became a big tourist attraction. At that point Tortilla Flat was a stage stop for tourists and mail carriers through the 1930s. Tortilla Flat took its name from a nearby butte shaped like a tortilla. However, an alternative explanation is that the name was given by John Cline, a Tonto Basin pioneer, who claims to have been stranded about 1867 at this location for several days with nothing but flour to make tortillas to eat. Records of the Forest Service indicate that when the Tonto National Forest was established in 1905, it was done because the Salt River Reclamation Project – one of the first efforts of the United States Reclamation Service – needed the Forest Service to protect the Salt River watershed for the dams and otherwise manage the land because cattle grazing had stripped it of vegetation. The freight camp established at Tortilla Flat, as well as the other camps along the road to the dam, were, therefore, on U.S. Forest Service land. Those who wanted to make Tortilla Flat their permanent residence kept up the lease on the land in later years whenever it came due. Gallery References External links Official Tortilla Flat website Camp Arizona – Tortilla Campground Tortilla Flat, Arizona – The Apache Trail Tortilla Flat – ghosttowns.com Unincorporated communities in Maricopa County, Arizona Superstition Mountains Unincorporated communities in Arizona Ghost towns in Arizona

1481586

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALMA%20Award

ALMA Award

The American Latino Media Arts Award or ALMA Award, formerly known as Latin Oscars Award, is an award highlighting the best American Latino contributions to music, television, and film. The awards promote fair and accurate portrayals of Latinos. In Spanish and Portuguese the word alma means "soul". History The awards were created by UnidosUS (formerly the National Council of La Raza). The first ceremonies were held in 1987 under the name "BRAVO Awards" and broadcast on Univision. In 1995, they were televised on Fox. The name was changed to the "American Latino Media Arts Awards" in 1997 and ABC became the network venue. However, ABC faced a boycott which forced the award ceremonies to be postponed until 1998. From 2003 to 2005, the ceremonies were not held for undisclosed reasons. In 2008, the NCLR and New York firm Society Awards redesigned the trophy statuette. ABC stopped airing the ceremonies in 2009. The ceremonies were canceled in 2010, to "focus on a bigger and better show in 2011". The awards started up again in 2011, on a new network, NBC. They were canceled for 2015. In 2018, Fuse announced that it had acquired the rights to the award show in partnership with UnidosUS. Award ceremonies References External links 1987 establishments in the United States American film awards Awards established in 1987 Awards honoring Hispanic and Latino Americans Latin American film awards

1481590

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzan

Shinzan

Shinzan (シンザン; 2 April 1961 – 13 July 1996) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won the Japanese Triple Crown. Background Shinzan was a bay horse bred by Yoshimatsu Matsuhashi. He was sired by Irish Derby winner Hindostan. His dam, Hayanobori was a great-granddaughter of the Irish mare Beautiful Dreamer who was imported to Japan in the 1930s and became extremely influential: her other descendants included the Japanese classic winners Kazuyoshi, Jitsu Homare, Hakuryo and Meiji Hikari. Shinzan was foaled on April 2, 1961, in the Hokkaidō Prefecture. Racing career Shinzan was generally considered to be the best Japanese racehorse of the post-war era and became the first horse to win all 5 big titles of Japan including the Japanese Triple Crown. He became the second horse to win the Japanese Triple Crown and was named Japanese Horse of the Year in 1964. Shinzan won the Arima Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen and Tenno Sho (Autumn) as a four-year-old, defending his Horse of the Year title. Stud record Shinzan was a successful sire in Japan. His most successful offspring was Miho Shinzan (ミホシンザン) who won the Japanese 2,000 Guineas, Japanese St. Leger, and the Tenno Sho (Spring). Pensioned form stud duties in 1987, Shinzan spent the rest of life at Tanikawa Stud. He lost the sight in his right eye in his later years and also lost all of his teeth. Eventually, he could not stand by himself at times, and his physical weakening became more prominent after February, 1994. He died of old age at about 2:00 a.m. on July 13, 1996. He was 35 years, three months and 11 days old. He is (to date) the longest-lived thoroughbred horse ever recorded in Japan. A funeral service was held posthumously. Shinzan's grave is located in the Tanikawa Stud of Urakawacho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido, and a bronze statue of Shinzan was built in this stud. Principal Race Wins 1964 Fuji TV Sho Spring Stakes, Tokyo Turf 1800m 1964 Satsuki Sho (Japanese 2,000 Guineas), Tokyo Turf 2000m 1964 Tokyo Yushun (Japanese Derby), Tokyo Turf 2400m 1964 Kikuka Sho (Japanese St. Leger), Kyoto Turf 3000m 1965 Takarazuka Kinen, Hanshin Turf 2000m 1965 Meguro Kinen (Autumn), Tokyo Turf 2500m 1965 Tenno Sho (Autumn), Tokyo Turf 3200m 1965 Arima Kinen (Grand Prix), Nakayama Turf 2600m Satsuki Sho, Tokyo Yushun, Kikuka Sho, Tenno Sho (Autumn), Arima Kinen was 5 of the 8 major races in Japan (the other 3 are Oka Sho, Yushun Himba, and Tenno Sho (Spring)), before the introduction of Grade in 1984 which categorized all as GI in 1984. Also, before 1981, a horse can only win Tenno Sho once in their career. Awards 1964 Horse of the Year and Best Three-year-old Colt (Keishu Award) 1965 Horse of the Year and Best Older Colt or Horse (Keishu Award) 1984 JRA Hall of Fame horse (Keishu Award is current JRA Award.) See also List of racehorses St Lite (Japanese first Triple crown in 1941) Mr. C.B. (Japanese Triple crown in 1983) Symboli Rudolf (Japanese first undefeated Triple crown in 1984) Narita Brian (Japanese Triple crown in 1994) Deep Impact (Japanese undefeated Triple crown in 2005) Orfevre (Japanese Triple crown in 2011) Contrail (Japanese undefeated Triple crown in 2020) Pedigree References Thoroughbred family 12 1961 racehorse births 1996 racehorse deaths Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners Racehorses bred in Japan Racehorses trained in Japan Japanese Thoroughbred Horse of the Year Satsuki Shō winners Tokyo Yūshun winners Kikuka-shō winners Takarazuka Kinen winners Tenno Sho winners Arima Kinen winners

1481595

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique%20Drill

Mozambique Drill

The Mozambique Drill, also known as the Failure Drill, Failure to Stop drill, or informally as "two to the body, one to the head", is a close-quarters shooting technique that requires the shooter to fire twice into the torso of a target (known as a double tap or hammered pair to the center of mass), and follow up with a more difficult shot to the head that, if properly placed, should kill or otherwise stop the target if the previous shots failed to do so. History According to anecdotal history, the technique originated with Mike Rousseau, a Rhodesian mercenary taking part in the Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1974). While engaged in combat at the Lourenço Marques Airport in what is now Maputo, Mozambique, Rousseau rounded a corner and encountered a FRELIMO fighter armed with an AK-47 at ten paces () from his position. Rousseau fired two rounds from his Browning Hi-Power pistol into the fighter's upper chest, usually enough to incapacitate or kill outright; however, seeing that the fighter was still advancing, Rousseau attempted a head shot that hit the fighter through the base of his neck, severing the spinal cord and killing him. Rousseau related the story to an acquaintance, small arms expert Jeff Cooper, founder of the Gunsite Academy shooting school, who incorporated the "Mozambique Drill" into his modern technique shooting method. The Mozambique Drill was incorporated in the Gunsite curriculum from the late 1970s. In 1980, two Los Angeles Police Department Metropolitan Division SWAT officers, Larry Mudgett and John Helms, attended pistol training at Gunsite and received permission from Cooper to teach the technique to the LAPD. Concerned that "Mozambique" could have racist overtones, the officers renamed it the Failure Drill. Most special forces were trained in the technique during the 1980s. Following the September 11 attacks, the changing nature of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency threats—and the chance of encountering suicide bomb vests—led to it being largely replaced by other techniques within special forces units. The practice of firing rounds in pairs has been retained, but modern approaches rely on high-capacity magazines to prioritize target incapacitation over conserving ammo. For example, special forces may be trained to fire (1) two pairs at the target's pelvic girdle to immobilize and cause the target to fall and then as many rounds at the chest or head as necessary or (2) multiple pairs at the center of the target's body followed by one pair to the head with the plan to repeat this pattern until the target can be confirmed down. Theory and technique The Mozambique Drill is intended to ensure that the target is immediately stopped, by first placing two shots into the larger, easier-to-hit mass of the upper body, then, if the target is still active, following with a third, more precisely aimed and difficult head shot. Due to factors such as body armor, the bolstering effect of drugs, or failure to hit vital organs, the body shots may not be immediately effective, necessitating the third shot. To ensure instant incapacitation by impacting the brain and central nervous system, the head shot should be delivered to the area between eyebrows and upper lip where the bone is thinnest. In popular culture The 2004 film Collateral, starring Tom Cruise, features a scene in which Cruise's character accurately executes the Mozambique Drill. Cruise trained for months to perfect the shooting skills demonstrated in the film. See also Practical shooting Stopping power References Firearm techniques Law enforcement techniques

1481623

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Dieterle

William Dieterle

William Dieterle (July 15, 1893 – December 9, 1972) was a German-born actor and film director who emigrated to the United States in 1930 to leave a worsening political situation. He worked in Hollywood primarily as a director for much of his career, becoming a United States citizen in 1937. He moved back to Germany in the late 1950s. His best-known films include The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) and The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941). His film The Life of Emile Zola (1937) won the Academy Award for Best Picture, the second biographical feature to do so. Early life and career He was born Wilhelm Dieterle in Ludwigshafen, the youngest child of nine, to factory worker Jacob and Berthe (Doerr) Dieterle. As a child, he lived in considerable poverty and earned money by various means, including carpentry and as a scrap dealer. He became interested in theater early and would stage productions in the family barn for friends and family. At the age of sixteen, Dieterle had joined a traveling theater company as a handy-man, scene shifter, and apprentice actor. His striking good looks and ambition soon paved his way to gain roles as a leading romantic actor in theater productions. In 1919, he attracted the attention of theater director Max Reinhardt in Berlin, who hired him as an actor for his productions until 1924. He started acting in German films in 1921 to make more money and quickly became a popular character actor. He usually portrayed "country yokels" or simpletons with great gusto and popularity, but he was ambitious to begin a career as a director. In 1921, Dieterle married Charlotte Hagenbruch, an actress and later screenwriter. In 1923, Dieterle used his own money to make his first film, Der Mensch am Wege. Based on the Leo Tolstoy short story "Where Love Is, God Is", the film co-starred a young Marlene Dietrich. Years later Dieterle said of the film, "we were just four or five very young, enthusiastic, and revolutionary people who wanted to do something different. We brought it out; it didn't make any money, but was shown and it was an interesting experiment." In 1924, Dieterle left Reinhardt's company and formed his own theater company in Berlin, although it was unsuccessful and short lived. He also returned to film acting for several years and appeared in such notable German films as Das Wachsfigurenkabinett (Waxworks) (1924) and F. W. Murnau's Faust (1926). In 1927, Dieterle and his wife formed their own production company, Charrha-Film. Dieterle returned to directing films, such as Sex in Chains (1928), in which he also played the lead role. Hollywood career: 1930s In 1930, the political and economic situations in Germany worsened. Like many from the German film industry, Dieterle and his wife emigrated to the United States. Dieterle had said, "It was a running joke in Berlin...if the phone rang at a restaurant they said it must be Hollywood. Well, one night my wife and I were dining out and it really happened." Dieterle was offered a job at First National to make German-language dubbed versions of Hollywood films, as the studios were afraid of losing foreign business with the advent of sound films. But when Dieterle, his wife and a group of actors arrived, they found that the films had already been dubbed. They were chosen as actors in German-language versions of four Hollywood films, including Lloyd Bacon's Moby Dick (1930), in which Dieterle played Ahab. After the four films were completed, Warner Brothers' Vice President of Production Hal B. Wallis was so impressed that he invited Dieterle to stay in Hollywood. He became a US citizen in 1937. Dieterle adapted quickly to Hollywood filmmaking and directed his first film, The Last Flight in 1931. The film depicts four American fighter pilots who roam around Paris after World War I trying to put their lives back together. It starred Richard Barthelmess and Helen Chandler, and the plot was compared to the work of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Although not a success on its first run, it was hailed as a forgotten masterpiece at a 1970 revival screening. Dieterle's initial Hollywood career was neither successful nor notable. It included such films as the W. C. Fields musical Her Majesty, Love (1932), Jewel Robbery (1932), Adorable (1933), and Fog Over Frisco (1934) with Bette Davis. In 1934, Max Reinhardt was staging a version of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. Dieterle convinced Warner Brothers to finance a big budget version of the film with an all-star cast. The resulting film, A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935), revitalized Dieterle's career and he became a major Hollywood director. Starring James Cagney, Olivia de Havilland, Joe E. Brown and a 15-year-old Mickey Rooney, the film had very mixed reviews for its "Americanization" of Shakespeare, but was a success on release. It is now considered a classic. During production, Reinhardt would rehearse the actors and then let Dieterle direct the film. Dieterle directed the first of his hugely successful "biography films" with actor Paul Muni, beginning with The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936). The film stars Muni as the scientist who discovered the principles of vaccination and struggled against a skeptical medical community. The film was a success both critically and financially, and earned Muni an Oscar for Best Actor. It also helped to establish Warner Brothers as a producer of "prestige pictures" after almost a decade of being known primarily for crime dramas. Dieterle was asked to direct several films which he did not like; he said "at Warners the moment you had a success they gave you something terrible to keep you from getting a swelled head." These films included the second version of Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon (Satan Met a Lady with Bette Davis), The Prince and the Pauper, and a bio-pic about Florence Nightingale, The White Angel. Dieterle made another bio-pic with Paul Muni, The Life of Emile Zola (1937). Based on the life of the French philosopher and novelist Zola, the film explores Zola's response to the Dreyfus affair, in which the falsely accused and convicted Jewish French officer was found guilty of treason and imprisoned. The film was an enormous success and critic Frank S. Nugent ranked it as "the finest historical film ever made and the greatest screen biography." It was nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor for Joseph Schildkraut (as Dreyfus) and Best Screenplay. Dieterle lost the award for Best Director to Leo McCarey. It was his only nomination. Dieterle's next film was Blockade (1938), starring Henry Fonda as a dedicated Loyalist fighter and Madeline Carroll as the reluctant Franco spy who falls in love with him during the Spanish Civil War. The film was openly anti-fascist and critical of nations that stood by and let fascist dictators commit atrocities. Its 1938 premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theater was abruptly and inexplicably cancelled, and it was mildly controversial upon release. During the late 1940s and 1950s it was cited as suspicious by Congressional committees investigating communist influence, such as the House Un-American Activities Committee. Both Dieterle and its screenwriter were viewed negatively. Juarez (1939) was the third biographical picture that Dieterle made with Muni, depicting the life of Mexican politician Benito Juárez and his conflict with Emperor Maximilian I. Upon its release, Dieterle was called "the quintessential liberal director of the 30s." When interviewed in the 1970s, Dieterle said of the movie, "it should be the biggest kind of picture right now—a big modern army worn down by guerrilla fighters. The parallel with Vietnam is so obvious." Dieterle found both financial and critical success with The Hunchback of Notre Dame (also 1939). The film stars Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and a 19-year-old Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda. Dieterle made two more bio-pics, both starring Edward G. Robinson instead of Muni. Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940) is about Paul Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan, which made syphilis curable; and A Dispatch from Reuter's (also 1940), is about the man who established the first news agency. These were Dieterle's last films for Warner Brothers. Hollywood career: 1940s While many commentators at the time felt that his career had reached a peak in the 1930s, it is now believed that the films of this period contain some of his best work. David Thomson, for instance, has written that the bio-pics of the 1930s are "ponderous, Germanic works, suffering from staginess and the unrestrained histrionics of Paul Muni." By the time he was working for Selznick in the 1940s, the director's "sense of almost supernatural atmosphere" matched those of his producer, while his later works "all suggest, if not a late flowering, a realization that his talent was for the lavish romantic." The Devil and Daniel Webster (also known as All That Money Can Buy, 1941) is a gothic fantasy and loose adaptation of the Faust legend set in New Hampshire during the 1840s. It stars Walter Huston and Edward Arnold as the titular Prince of Darkness and early Congressman, who battle over the soul of Jabez Stone after an ill-conceived deal with the devil. Although unsuccessful upon its initial release, it is today a classic with Noirish cinematography by Joe August, Oscar-winning score by Bernard Herrmann, and still impressive special effects. After another bio-pic about President Andrew Johnson called Tennessee Johnson (1942) starring Van Heflin and Lionel Barrymore and a remake of Kismet (1944) with Ronald Colman and Marlene Dietrich, Love Letters (1945) stars Joseph Cotten as a soldier who writes love letters on behalf of a friend during World War II. Jennifer Jones stars as the recipient of the letters who falls in love with the writer. Years after the war, Cotten tracks down Jones only to find that she has lost her memory and apparently killed her husband. The film was produced by Jones's then husband David O. Selznick, who also produced Dieterle's next film. Portrait of Jennie (1948) stars Cotten and Jones as a painter and his muse. After meeting in Central Park one day, Cotten paints a portrait of Jones that makes him famous, but is unable to find his muse who he has fallen in love with. The film's budget dramatically increased during production and Selznick was forced to sell Dieterle's contract to Paramount Pictures, where his career never reached the heights of the previous 15 years. Later career Dieterle's career declined in the 1950s during the era of McCarthyism. Although he was never blacklisted directly, his Spanish Republic-sympathetic film Blockade (1938), in addition to people he had worked with, were thought to be suspect. Also, in the 1930s he and his wife had worked to help get people out of Nazi Germany and given aid to many left-wing friends, including Bertolt Brecht. Of this period, Dieterle said: "Although I was never to my knowledge on any blacklist, I must have been on some kind of gray list because I couldn't get any work." He continued to make American films in the 1950s, including the film noir The Turning Point (1952) and Salome (1953) with Rita Hayworth. Production for Elephant Walk (1954) with Elizabeth Taylor was held up for three months when the State Department would not allow Dieterle to travel to Ceylon. He made two more Hollywood films before moving back to Europe: a biopic of Richard Wagner, Magic Fire (1955) for Republic Pictures and Omar Khayyam (1957). He made some films in Germany and Italy, and an American flop, Quick, Let's Get Married (1964) – also known as The Confession or Seven Different Ways – with Ginger Rogers before retiring from film in 1965. He moved back to Germany and became the director of the Der Grüne Wagen theatre, then based in Taufkirchen near Munich, which he ran together with his wife, Charlotte Hagenbruch. After his wife's death in May 1968, he ran the theatre with his new wife, Elisabeth Daum, as a touring theatre. Dieterle directed the ensemble for several years, with Elisabeth Bergner as his leading lady. Dieterle is remembered for always wearing a large hat and white gloves on set. This was due to needing to quickly change roles from actor to technician without dirtying his hands during his early career. Selected filmography The Masked Ones (1920) The Vulture Wally (1921) The Conspiracy in Genoa (1921) Marie Antoinette, the Love of a King (1922) Lucrezia Borgia (1922) Miss Julie (1922) Women's Sacrifice (1922) La Boheme (1923) Man by the Wayside (1923) The Pagoda (1923) The Second Shot (1923) The Green Manuela (1923) Mother and Child (1924) Waxworks (1924) Modern Marriages (1924) Carlos and Elisabeth (1924) Cock of the Roost (1925) The Woman from Berlin (1925) In the Valleys of the Southern Rhine (1925) Lightning (1925) The Flower Girl of Potsdam Square (1925) Sword and Shield (1926) The Bohemian Dancer (1926) The Pink Diamond (1926) Torments of the Night (1926) The Priest from Kirchfeld (1926) The Schimeck Family (1926) Hell of Love (1926) The Circus of Life (1926) The Hunter of Fall (1926) The Fallen (1926) The Mill at Sanssouci (1926) Circle of Lovers (1927) The Weavers (1927) Homesick (1927) Excluded from the Public (1927) At the Edge of the World (1927) Behind the Altar (1927) The Gypsy Baron (1927) The Saint and Her Fool (1928) Sex in Chains (1928) Violantha (1928) Thieves (1928) Knights of the Night (1928) Durchs Brandenburger Tor. Solang noch Untern Linden (1929) Ich lebe für Dich (1929) Rustle of Spring (1929) Das Schweigen im Walde (1929) Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1929) The Dance Goes On (1930) Moby Dick (German-language version, 1930) The Last Flight (1931) Kismet (German-language version, 1931) The Mask Falls (1931) The Sacred Flame (1931) One Hour of Happiness (1931) Her Majesty, Love (1931) Man Wanted (1932) Jewel Robbery (1932) The Crash (1932) Six Hours to Live (1932) Scarlet Dawn (1932) Lawyer Man (1933) Grand Slam (1933) Adorable (1933) The Devil's in Love (1933) Female (1933) From Headquarters (1933) Fog Over Frisco (1934) Fashions of 1934 (1934) Madame Du Barry (1934) Dr. Monica (uncredited, 1934) The Firebird (1934) The Secret Bride (1934) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) Dr. Socrates (1935) The Story of Louis Pasteur (1935) The White Angel (1936) Satan Met a Lady (1936) The Great O'Malley (1937) The Prince and the Pauper (uncredited, 1937) Another Dawn (1937) The Life of Emile Zola (1937) Blockade (1938) Juarez (1939) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940) A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940) The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) Syncopation (1942) Tennessee Johnson (1943) Kismet (1944) I'll Be Seeing You (1945) Love Letters (1945) This Love of Ours (1945) The Searching Wind (1946) Duel in the Sun (uncredited, 1946) Portrait of Jennie (1948) The Accused (1949) Rope of Sand (1949) Paid in Full (1950) Vulcano (1950) September Affair (1950) Dark City (1950) Peking Express (1951) Red Mountain (1951) Boots Malone (1952) The Turning Point (1952) Salome (1953) Elephant Walk (1954) Magic Fire (1955) Screen Directors Playhouse: One Against Many (TV, 1956) Omar Khayyam (1957) Dubrowsky (1959) Mistress of the World (1960) Ich fand Julia Harrington (TV, 1960) Carnival Confession (1960) Die große Reise (TV, 1961) Gabriel Schillings Flucht (TV, 1962) Das Vergnügen, anständig zu sein (TV, 1962) Antigone (TV, 1962) The Confession (1964) Samba (TV, 1966) See also The Continental Players, co-founded by Dieterle References Wakeman, John (ed.) World Film Directors, Vol. 1, 1890–1945. New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1987. Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (ed.) International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. Detroit: St. James Press, 1997. Bibliography Books Close up : the contract director.- Metuchen ; New-York : Scarecrow Press, 1976. Strangers in paradise : the Hollywood emigres 1933–1950 / John Russel Taylor.- London : Faber & Faber, 1983 William Dieterle / Hervé Dumont.- Paris : CNRS éditions : Cinémathèque française, 2002 William Dieterle, der Plutarch von Hollywood / Marta Mierendorff.- Berlin 1993 Magazines Avant-Scène du Cinéma, n° 196, November 1977 Cahiers du Cinéma, n° 532, February 1999 Classic Film Collector, n° 50, Springtime 1976 Ecran, n° 12, February 1973 Film in Review, vol 8 n° 4, April 1957 Jeune Cinéma, n° 222, May–June 1993 Sight and Sound vol 22 n° 1, July–September 1952 Sight and Sound, vol 19 n° 3, May 1950 Velvet Light Trap, n° 15, Autumn 1975 Wide Angle, vol 8 n° 2, 1986 External links They Shoot Pictures, Don't They? Virtual History – Tobacco cards William Dieterle in the Bibliothèque du Film William Dieterle in the Deutsche Filminstitut 1893 births 1972 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 20th-century German male actors 20th-century German screenwriters American male film actors American male silent film actors American male screenwriters American people of German descent Directors of Best Picture Academy Award winners Film directors from California Film producers from California German male film actors German emigrants to the United States German male screenwriters German male silent film actors Mass media people from Rhineland-Palatinate Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany People from Ludwigshafen People from the Palatinate (region) Male actors from Rhineland-Palatinate

1481628

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneys%20Reitz

Deneys Reitz

Deneys Reitz (1882–1944), son of Francis William Reitz, was a Boer warrior who fought in the Second Boer War for the Boer Republics against the British Empire. After a period of exile in French Madagascar he returned to South Africa, where he became a lawyer and founded a major South African law firm. In the First World War he fought for the Union of South Africa against the German Empire, and then was an officer in the British Army, commanding several battalions. In later life he was a politician. Deneys Reitz was educated at Grey College, Bloemfontein. While in exile in Madagascar, he wrote about his experience of the Second Boer War (1899–1902). When it was eventually edited and published in 1929 as Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War, it still had the freshness and detail of an account written soon after the war. The account is unique in that he was present at virtually every major event of the war. Second Boer War At the age of 17, while visiting his father in Pretoria, at the start of the Second Boer War, the Field-Cornet's office said he was too young to fight and refused to enlist him. He met his father with the President of the Transvaal, Paul Kruger, who took him straight to the room of the Commandant-General Piet Joubert. Joubert personally handed him a new Mauser carbine and a bandolier of ammunition. He and one of his brothers then joined the Boer forces "by virtue of having thrown our belongings through a carriage window and climbing aboard". During the initial phase of the War, he fought several battles, including the engagement at Surprise Hill (Vaalkop) and in the Boer victory at Spionkop. After a string of Boer defeats in set-piece warfare and the British capture of Pretoria, Reitz was one of the fighters who remained in the field. He joined General Smuts who decided to conduct guerrilla operations, not in the territories of the Boer republics, but in the Cape Colony. They faced immense difficulties, both from British forces and from nature, and when the majority did break through to the Cape they were on their last legs. Battle of Elands River On 17 September 1901, Smuts' commando encountered the 17th Lancers in the vicinity of Tarkastad. Smuts realised that the Lancers' camp was their one opportunity to re-equip themselves with horses, food and clothing. A fierce fight, subsequently to be known as the Battle of Elands River, took place, with the Lancers being caught in a cross-fire and suffering heavy casualties. Stunned by the onslaught, the remaining Lancers put up a white flag. Reitz encountered Captain Sandeman, the Lancers' commander, and his lieutenant Lord Vivian among the wounded. In his book Commando, Reitz recounts how Lord Vivian pointed out his bivouac tent and told him it would be worth his while to take a look at it. Soon, Reitz, who that morning had been wearing a grain-bag, riding a foundered horse, and carrying an old Gewehr 1888 rifle with only two rounds of ammunition left, was dressed in a cavalry tunic and riding breeches, with a superb mount, a Lee-Metford sporting rifle, and full bandoliers. Reitz reports that he met Lord Vivian again in London in 1935, on excellent terms. (Thomas Pakenham, in his introduction to the 1983 Jonathan Ball edition of Commando, reports a more elaborate story. In this touching account, Vivian overcame Reitz's reluctance to take the spoils of victory, and presented Reitz's original rifle to him in London in 1943. As Vivian died in 1940 this is impossible.) At the end of the war, after remarkable adventures, Smuts' commando had made itself a relatively comfortable base in the west of the Cape Colony and was besieging the garrison of Okiep, Northern Cape. Defeat and exile Reitz formed part of the negotiating delegation from his commando, given passage to meet the delegates from the other commandos still in the field. He reports that "nothing could have proved more clearly how nearly the Boer cause was spent than these starving, ragged men clad in skins or sacking, their bodies covered in sores, from lack of salt or food, and their appearance was a great shock to us, who came from the better-conditioned forces in the Cape." Reitz's father was among the signatories of the surrender, but only in his official capacity; he refused to sign himself and was given two weeks to settle his affairs in Pretoria before leaving the country. Deneys felt that he had to stand by his father and so also refused to sign. He left for Madagascar with his brother, where they eked out a living convoying goods by ox-transport "hard work in dank fever-stricken forests and across mountains sodden with eternal rain". In his spare time there he wrote Commando, dated 1903 but not published until 1929. Return to South Africa, active service, and public life On the advice of his wartime commander, Jan Smuts, he returned to South Africa in 1906. The malaria he had contracted in Madagascar had so severely affected his health that he collapsed unconscious upon his return to South Africa. He was nursed back to health over three years by Jan Smuts' wife, Isie. He then completed his studies and in 1908 in Heilbron began his successful career as a lawyer. In 1914 he helped Smuts suppress the Maritz Rebellion in the Orange Free State, and he served on Smuts' army staff in the "German West campaign" (in the German colony of German South West Africa) and in the "German East campaign" (in German East Africa) where he rose to command a mounted regiment. On the Western Front during World War I he commanded the First Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1918, after being wounded in late 1917 while serving with 6/7th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers. He led his men to the Rhine after the Armistice, as detailed in his book Trekking On. He joined Smuts' South African Party, becoming the member of the House of Assembly of South Africa for Bloemfontein South, defeating Colin Steyn of the National Party by 101 votes in the first of their three contests for this seat. His principles during his political career included loyalty to General Smuts, loyalty to the British Empire as guarantor of South African freedom, and harmony between Dutch and English South Africans. He opposed the Ossewa Brandwag organisation, which planned to take control of South Africa as soon as Britain had been crushed. In 1920 he married Leila Agnes Buissiné Wright (Cape Town, 13 December 1887 - Cape Town, 29 December 1959). She was a social reformer, an outspoken advocate of women's rights and suffrage for women, and the first woman member of the Assembly (representative for Parktown in Johannesburg, 1933–1944). On 3 August 1920, Steyn again stood against him in the same constituency. Reitz won again, this time with a majority of 141. In the general election of 1921, Reitz and Steyn contested Bloemfontein South once more. This time Steyn was returned with a majority of 47. When the Smuts government fell in 1924, Reitz returned to his law practice. In subsequent years he visited the Kalahari, Kaokoveld, the Belgian Congo and Angola. His last book, No Outspan (1943), describes this period. The South African Party formed a coalition government with the National Party in 1933, next year establishing the United Party. In this government Reitz accepted the office of minister of agriculture and irrigation, later minister of agriculture. In 1939, he became Minister of Native Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister until 1943, when he was appointed as South African High Commissioner to London, where he served until his death in 1944. He is buried south of Mariepskop, approximately east of the Blyde River Canyon in Mpumalanga. The Free State town of Deneysville is named after him. His law firm, Deneys Reitz Inc, became a leader in South Africa, and in 2011 merged with an international law firm. Published works Three volumes of an autobiography: "Commando: A Boer Journal Of The Boer War", first published in Great Britain in 1929, Trekking On (1933), dealing with the Boer War through World War I, and No Outspan (1943), which covers life in South African politics between the wars and concludes with him as Deputy Prime Minister of South Africa. Also published in one volume: "The Trilogy of Deneys Reitz", by Deneys Reitz, Wolfe Publishing Co., 1994 (Reprint), Other works: "God Does Not Forget: The Story of a Boer War Commando" "The Long Way Home" "No Outspan" References About Reitz Martin Bossenbroek: The Boer War (Transl. by Yvette Rosenberg) Auckland Park (S.A.), Jacana, 2015. . 1882 births 1944 deaths Military personnel from Bloemfontein Afrikaner people South African Party (Union of South Africa) politicians United Party (South Africa) politicians Government ministers of South Africa Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa) South African Army officers Royal Scots Fusiliers officers South African Republic military personnel of the Second Boer War South African military personnel of World War I British Army personnel of World War I Alumni of Grey College, Bloemfontein High commissioners of South Africa to the United Kingdom South African people of World War II

1481629

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace%20of%20Aces%20%28picture%20book%20game%29

Ace of Aces (picture book game)

Ace of Aces is a two-player combat picture book game designed by Alfred Leonardi and first published in 1980 by Nova Game Designs. Gameplay Each set includes a pair of small books, one for each player (generally marked 'German' and 'Allied'). These are like gamebooks in that instead of reading through them, a person is 'at' one particular page, and the book represents a World War I fighter. Each player turns to the same page number in his book; the illustration on that page shows the view from the cockpit of his airplane, looking at the opponent. Along the bottom of the page is a series of maneuvers that can be performed, with page numbers listed under them (while the page numbers are different with each page, the maneuvers are constant). Each player selects a maneuver. Both players then announce the corresponding numbers. Each player turns to the page number announced by the opponent, looks up his own maneuver there, and turns to the page number listed under it. After both players have done this, they are on the same (new) page, looking at new views of each other. The process is repeated until one player has maneuvered his opponent into the sights of his guns and can shoot him down. The maneuvers in both books are the same, with each set representing a range of aircraft with similar handling characteristics. Different sets are completely compatible with each other and can be used together, as long as opposing books are selected. The maneuvers map onto a hex board, meaning that players were able to use figures on such a board to represent their current positions relative to each other. Additionally, a single player can in essence "fly solo" by picking up any single book and executing maneuvers. The result is not unlike using the aircraft pictured in the book's pages as a fixed, non-moving spatial reference point. This provides an easy way for newcomers to the game to get a feel for what each maneuver does, and hence a reasonably quick way to get up to a competitive level of play against opponents. Gameplay could further be customized by using an included sheet of rules which provided for "intermediate" and "advanced" games. These games added factors such as altitude difference, ammunition supply, wind speed, and jammed guns to the basic game (which assumed the guns always worked and had an endless supply of ammunition, and that the players would fly at the same altitude throughout in still air). The game was popular and simple to learn, and it could be played anywhere as no table is required. Expansions Handy Rotary Series (1980) Powerhouse Series (1981) Flying Machines (1983) Balloon Buster (1985) Handy Rotary Deluxe Edition (1986) Wingleader (1988) Jet Eagles (1990) Other games Ace of Aces was the first of its type creating a new genre of gaming. Bounty Hunter used much the same format for an old west gunfight (only one set was released, Shootout at the Saloon). Dragonriders of Pern used the Ace of Aces format in a contest to stop Threadfall. Alfred Leonardi designed the Lost Worlds combat book game system which is sometimes mistakenly described as using the Ace of Aces system. Joe Dever used this style for his Combat Heroes fantasy setting books. In 1989, West End Games released a set of books with the title Starfighter Battle Book: X-wing vs. TIE Interceptor, using the Ace of Aces format; even the shooting pages are the same. Reception Nick Schuessler reviewed Ace of Aces in The Space Gamer No. 45. Schuessler commented that "enjoy trying to figure out how this little paper computer always gets you back to the same page with the right pictures showing." In Issue 34 of Phoenix, D. Aldridge noted the relatively high cost of the game in the UK – nearly £10 – but admitted: "you do get a greater sense of involvement than you do from shoving counters around a board." He concluded that the game was worth the price, saying, "the game plays quickly, can be taught to anyone in a couple of minutes in the basic version, and it does seem to impart something of the feel of WWI aerial combat." In 1999, Pyramid magazine named Ace of Aces as one of the "Millennium's Best Games". According to that magazine the game is "nothing more than a hex-based single-unit wargame, [but] what made Ace of Aces great was the presentation. By completely hiding the actual mechanics of the game in the flipbooks, it didn't feel like a wargame." Awards At the 1981 Origins Awards, Ace of Aces won the Charles S. Roberts Award for "Gamers Choice of 1980". At the 1993 Origins Awards, Ace of Aces was inducted into the Product Hall of Fame. Reprint project The game is long out of print, but in June 2012 a Kickstarter project was initiated to reprint the game, with the permission and cooperation of the game's designer. The project was successful and the game was republished in January 2014. In February 2024 a successful Kickstarter project to update the graphics and release a new set of books was launched. References External links Ace of Aces Collector's Guide by Joseph J. Scoleri III BoardGameGeek list of the games in the series Duelo de Águias, Brazilian edition, Grow, 1984 Ilha do Tabuleiro - Duelo de Águias - O maior acervo de jogos de tabuleiro do Brasil Flying Buffalo's home page for the game Description of the game and list of available game books at Gamebooks.org Kickstarter project to reprint the game (June–July 2012) Flying Buffalo games Gamebooks Nova Game Designs games Origins Award winners

1481630

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy%20pronoun

Dummy pronoun

A dummy pronoun, also known as an expletive pronoun, is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. As such, it is an example of exophora. Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English. Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns. A dummy pronoun is used when a particular verb argument (or preposition) is nonexistent (it could also be unknown, irrelevant, already understood, or otherwise "not to be spoken of directly") but when a reference to the argument (a pronoun) is nevertheless syntactically required. For example, in the phrase "It is obvious that the violence will continue", it is a dummy pronoun, not referring to any agent. Unlike a regular pronoun of English, it cannot be replaced by any noun phrase. The term dummy pronoun refers to the function of a word in a particular sentence, not a property of individual words. For example, it in the example from the previous paragraph is a dummy pronoun, but it in the sentence "I bought a sandwich and ate it" is a referential pronoun (referring to the sandwich). Dummy subjects Weather it In the phrase "it is raining—", the verb to rain is usually considered semantically impersonal, even though it appears as syntactically intransitive; in this view, the required it in "it is raining" is to be considered a dummy word corresponding to precipitation in the form of liquid water. Other views However, there have been a few objections to this interpretation. Noam Chomsky has argued that the it employed as the subject of English weather verbs can control the subject of an adjunct clause, just like a "normal" subject. For example, compare: She brushes her teeth before having a bath. → She brushes her teeth before she has a bath. It sometimes rains after snowing. → It sometimes rains after it snows. If this analysis is accepted, then the "weather it" is to be considered a "quasi-(verb) argument" and not a dummy word. Some linguists such as D. L. Bolinger go even further, claiming that the "weather it" simply refers to a general state of affairs in the context of the utterance. In this case, it would not be a dummy word at all. Possible evidence for this claim includes exchanges such as: "Was it nice (out) yesterday?" "No, it rained." where it is implied to mean "the local weather". Raising verbs Other examples of semantically empty it are found with raising verbs in "unraised" counterparts. For example: It seems that John loves coffee. (Corresponding "raised" sentence: John seems to love coffee.) Extraposition Dummy it can also be found in extraposition constructions in English, such as the following: It was known to all the class [that the boy failed his test]. Dummy objects In English, dummy object pronouns tend to serve an ad hoc function, applying with less regularity than dummy subjects. Dummy objects are sometimes used to transform transitive verbs to a transitive light verb form: e.g., do → do it, "to engage in sexual intercourse"; make → make it, "to achieve success"; get → get it, "to comprehend". Prepositional objects are similar: e.g., with it, "up to date"; out of it, "dazed" or "not thinking". All of these phrases, of course, can also be taken literally. For instance: He ordered a cheeseburger, and even though it took them a while to make it, he did get some French fries with it. Dummy predicates It has been proposed that elements like expletive there in existential sentences and pro-forms in inverse copular sentences play the role of dummy predicate rather than dummy subject, so that the postverbal noun phrase would rather be the embedded subject of the sentence. See also Impersonal verb Null-subject language References Everaert, M. - van Riemsdijk, H - Goedemans, R. (eds) 2006 The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I-V, Blackwell, London: see "existential sentences and expletive there" in Volume II. Chomsky, Noam (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris., cited in http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/sky/julkaisut/SKY2004/Alba-Salas.pdf. Bolinger, D. L. (1977). Meaning and form. English Language Series, 11. London: Longman. Graffi, G. 2001 200 Years of Syntax. A critical survey, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Moro, A. 1997 The raising of predicates. Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Pronouns Transitivity and valency

1481631

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Stormer

John A. Stormer

John Anthony Stormer (February 9, 1928 – July 10, 2018) was an American Protestant anti-communist author, best known for his 1964 book None Dare Call It Treason. Both a pastor and a Christian school superintendent, his books have sold millions, warning America about the communist infiltration of American society, politics and culture. He has been called by the conservative political commentator, Daniel Pipes, "the man who may be the most popular U.S. backstairs author of all time." Richard Hofstadter in The Paranoid Style in American Politics called it a "masterful piece of folkish propaganda." Biography Stormer was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on February 9, 1928, the son of Regis and Mary Ann (Forr) Stormer. He attended Pennsylvania State University and served as an Air Force editor and historian during the Korean War. After the war, he graduated from California's San Jose State University with a B.A. in journalism. He served for several years as editor and general manager of an electrical magazine. In 1962, he left the business world for studying and writing about communism. He founded Liberty Bell Press in 1963. Stormer was involved in the Republican party, serving on the Missouri Republican State Committee and as state chairman of the Missouri Federation of Young Republicans from 1962 to 64. In 1964, he was a member of the Missouri delegation to the Republican Convention which nominated Barry Goldwater as presidential candidate. In the 1990s, he was a member of the Council For National Policy. In 1965, Stormer was born again and soon started to preach the gospel and to write for the Fundamentalist Christian Beacon. He served as pastor of Heritage Baptist Church and superintendent of Faith Christian School in Florissant, Missouri, for 31 years. He was also president of the Missouri Association of Christian Schools for 10 years. Beginning in 1977, he conducted weekly Bible studies for members of the Missouri State Legislature. He published a periodic newsletter, Understanding the Times, which focused on foreign policy, politics, education, religion, and economics. After his retirement, he continued to speak regularly in Bible conferences and Understanding the Times seminars. Stormer credited George S. Benson with playing a major part in his awakening and political transformation. He also ascribed the selling of millions of copies of None Dare Call It Treason largely to the work of those who were awakened and trained by Benson and others in the previous few years. Stormer had honorary degrees from Manahath School of Theology (1965) and Shelton State Community College (1976). He was a member of the John Birch Society, but he abstained from the kind of conspiracy theories which the society is known for and talked instead of a "conspiracy of shared values." Stormer visited Vietnam twice, first in 1965, and toured many other world trouble spots on fact-finding missions. He married Elizabeth in 1954. They settled in Florissant, Missouri, and had one daughter. Stormer died on July 10, 2018, in Troy, Missouri, at the age of 90. Writing career Stormer's main book, None Dare Call It Treason, argued that America was losing the cold war because it was being betrayed by its elites, who were pro-communist. The title of the book is derived from an epigram of Sir John Harington: "Treason doth never prosper. What's the reason? Why if it prosper, none dare call it treason." It was published in 1964, during Barry Goldwater's bid for the presidency, and sold over one million copies in the first six months. It was distributed in bulk quantities and during the campaign six million copies were circulated. It was immensely influential with the harder-line sections of the American Right and has been described as a cult classic of the New Right. Because it was published by a private imprint, however, it never appeared on best-seller lists. In the 1968 sequel The Death of a Nation, Stormer linked collectivism to the work of the Antichrist and discussed signs of the end times. In 1990, Stormer published None Dare Call It Treason... 25 Years Later, which contained the original book expanded with an equally-long update. In 1989, he also wrote that perestroika and glasnost were merely Soviet propaganda tools, drawing on KGB-defector Anatoliy Golitsyn's New Lies for Old. In 1984, Golytsin predicted that some degree of retreat from hardline communism would be used by the Soviets as a way to fool the West. His 1998 book, None Dare Call It Education, was an account of how education reforms are undermining academics and traditional values. Written from the point of view of Republican politics and evangelicalism, it claimed, with the help of statistics, a failure of American public schools to perform their stated mission. Another book, Growing Up God's Way, a guide for getting children ready for school and life from birth on, published in 1984, is now in its 10th printing. Spanish and Russian versions have been issued. His final book, Betrayed by the Bench, detailed how judicial decisions have transformed the US Constitution, courts, and culture. Bibliography None Dare Call It Treason (1964) The Death of a Nation (1968) The Anatomy of a Smear (1968) Growing Up God's Way (1984) None Dare Call It Treason... 25 Years Later (1990) None Dare Call It Education (1998) Betrayed by the Bench (2005) Something Was Missing (2008) References External links Biographical profile at OurCampaigns.com 1928 births 2018 deaths American conspiracy theorists American male non-fiction writers American political writers Baptists from Missouri Independent Baptist ministers from the United States John Birch Society members Missouri Republicans New Right (United States) Pennsylvania State University alumni People from Altoona, Pennsylvania Writers from St. Louis County, Missouri San Jose State University alumni United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War

1481633

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeyo

Yeyo

Yeyo may refer to: Terminology Yeyo, a slang term for cocaine People Aurelio Cano Flores (b. 1972), Mexican drug lord, nicknamed "Yeyo" Alessandro Bertoli (b. 2004), Italian basketball player, nicknamed "tig 3s Yelo" tanginamo

1481634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20Square

Ball Square

Ball Square is a neighborhood primarily in Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, but also extending into Medford, at the intersection of Boston Avenue and Broadway, located between Powder House Square and Magoun Square. It is primarily a residential area with a handful of shops and restaurants along Broadway. Located on the edge of the neighborhood surrounding Tufts University, Ball Square contains a mix of businesses serving the student and academic populations as well as those reflecting the more blue-collar neighborhoods to the east. The Brown School, opened in 1900, is located on Willow Avenue and serves the neighborhood's children from kindergarten to fifth grade. It is the only K-5 school in the Somerville School District. Ball Square station on the MBTA Green Line is located adjacent to the square. History Ball Square was named for John Nichols Ball (1835–1901). Following in the path of his uncle, Ball opened an insole factory in 1883 at 686 Broadway, between Josephine and Rogers Avenues. A respected businessman, Ball took up politics in 1895. That year, he began his term as a member of Somerville's Common Council. In 1897, Ball was elected to the Somerville Board of Aldermen and by the next year served as board president. Ball was discussed as a potential Republican candidate for mayor. Instead, he chose to enter state politics, running successfully as Representative for the 7th Middlesex District in 1900. Ball was well liked enough in his first term that he was reelected to the House in 1901. His burgeoning political career was cut short, however, by his death that October at age 66. Ball Square was formerly the site of the storied Willow Jazz Club. In the 1990s, a fire destroyed several commercial businesses on Broadway, and as those businesses were replaced, an economic transformation began that continues today, with long-time businesses such as Lyndell's Bakery, which dates to the 19th century, along the same stretch as newcomers. The Medford Branch of the Green Line Extension opened on December 12, 2022, with Ball Square station one of five new stations. References External links A guide to bars, restaurants, and shops in Ball Square at ballsquaresomerville.com Neighborhoods in Somerville, Massachusetts Squares in Somerville, Massachusetts Tourist attractions in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

1481638

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%203

Saturn 3

Saturn 3 is a 1980 British science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Donen, and starring Farrah Fawcett, Kirk Douglas and Harvey Keitel. The screenplay was written by Martin Amis, from a story by John Barry. Though a British production, made by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment and shot at Shepperton Studios, the film has an American cast and director. Saturn 3 was a box office bomb and earned largely negative reviews. Keitel's biographer called the film the "nadir of his career". Plot In the distant future, an overcrowded Earth relies on research conducted by scientists in remote stations across the Solar System. Contact is maintained by spaceships shuttling between the stations and large orbiting space stations. Captain James is preparing to depart from one of these stations when he is murdered by Captain Benson. Benson, who was rated "potentially unstable" on a mental exam, kills James and departs from the station using his cargo ship for a small, remote experimental hydroponics research station on Saturn's third moon. Arriving there, he finds the station run solely by Adam and his younger colleague and lover Alex. Adam, Alex, and their dog, Sally, enjoy their isolation far from an overcrowded and troubled Earth. Alex has spent all her life in space, and only knows Earth from what Adam has told her. It falls to Benson to more fully educate Alex as to the habits and mores of humans who live on Earth, which include drug use. Alex and Adam's idyll is broken when Benson reveals his mission is to replace at least one of the moon's scientists with a robot. The robot—named Hector—is among the first of its kind, a "Demigod Series", relying on "pure brain tissue" extracted from human fetuses and programmed using a direct link to Benson's brain. Adam tells Alex that he is the likely candidate for removal, being that he's close to "abort time" and will have to leave anyway. With Hector assembled, Benson begins preparing the robot, using the neural link implanted in his spine. Thus connected to Benson, Hector quickly learns of Benson's failure of the psychological stability test, and also of his murder of James. With little barrier between the robot's brain and Benson's, Hector is soon imprinted with Benson's homicidal nature and his lust for Alex. The robot rebels. Adam and Benson manage to disable the robot while it's recharging, and remove the brain. Believing the danger over, Adam accuses Benson of gross incompetence, ordering him to dismantle the robot and return to Earth when an eclipse ends (this eclipse also prevents communication to other stations). Unknown to Benson, Adam and Alex; Hector remains functional enough to take control of the base's older robots, using them to reassemble his body and reconnect his brain. Unaware of Hector's resurgence, Benson attempts to leave the station while dragging Alex with him. Resuscitated, Hector murders Benson before he can leave with Alex. Hector destroys Benson's spacecraft before the scientists can escape in it, trapping them all on Saturn 3, and assumes control of the station's computer. Trapped in the control room, both Alex and Adam are surprised to see Benson's face on their monitor. The two are directed by a voice they recognise as Benson's to leave the control room, both surprised that Benson is even alive. To their shock, the two are confronted by Hector, now wearing Benson's severed head. A short time later, Alex and Adam wake in their own rooms. To her horror, Alex finds that Hector has installed a brain link at the top of Adam's spine, much like the one that Benson had, and one which will give Hector direct access to Adam's brain. Hector explains that he can 'read' but taking control of Adam 'comes later'. This causes Adam to rebel and he destroys Hector by tackling him into a waste pit, and sacrificing himself with a grenade. In the final scene, Alex is shown aboard a passenger ship returning to Earth. She declines an offer of narcotics from a stewardess, and instead looks out of a window for her first glimpse of Earth. Cast Farrah Fawcett as Alex Kirk Douglas as Adam Harvey Keitel as Captain Benson Voice dubbed by Roy Dotrice (uncredited) Ed Bishop as Harding Douglas Lambert as Captain James (uncredited) Christopher Muncke as 2nd Crewman (uncredited) Development Scripting The project was based on an idea by John Barry, one of the leading production designers of the 1970s, whose credits included A Clockwork Orange, Star Wars and Superman. He pitched it to Stanley Donen when they were making Lucky Lady together and Donen suggested he produce while Barry direct (Donen had no experience in science fiction prior to this). The script was written by novelist Martin Amis, who did it for a fee of £30,000. According to Amis' biographer, the original script "is at once heroic and pitiable, his various attempts at wit, rhetorical bravado, even elegance, being shoe-horned into a directorial enterprise as boorish as The Vikings." Donen was making the b-movie spoof Movie Movie for Lew Grade and gave Grade a copy of the script to read. Grade read it while on a plane with Farrah Fawcett. He gave the script to Fawcett who was interested, and Grade agreed to make the movie when the plane landed. Donen later said: "The script wasn't thoroughly realized at the point we signed Farrah Fawcett. We had a starting date when Lord Grade got off that airplane but no script." Donen later said: "I was rather surprised she said yes in the first place because in the early scripts hers wasn't that big a part." Fawcett later said the script was originally called The Helper. "It was a very interesting story about how a robot took on the mind of the guy who created him," she said. "So, when the Harvey Keitel character would look at me, the robot he created would look, too. It was a very interesting script, so creative." The script changed once Fawcett became involved. "We went through all sorts of thoughts," said Donen. "There were times when we had a story where no one was the villain. But I think there was always an age difference between Farrah and the man with whom she was working. I think we were looking for an older rather than a younger man in every version of the story. Yet I don't feel that the script was changed to accommodate the casting of Kirk Douglas." Other people worked on the script. Amis said that most of the final script was written by Frederic Raphael. The film was accused of being similar to Alien, but Donen pointed out Barry had the idea several years before that film came out. "It's a pity we didn't get it out first. There is the similarity of the monster villain, but ours doesn't take on the guise of a monster. Ours is beautiful to look at—in a strange way. The alien was a sort of organic reptile with a steel mouth. Ours looks more human—it has legs. And we show ours." Donen said: "It's probably closer to the real Frankenstein story than an Hitchcock thriller... It's meant to frighten you in an unusual way and give you a sense of relief at the way that it comes out. It's science fiction but not comic-strip... It's also a film that is both sensuous and sensual." ITC was also producing Raise the Titanic at the same time. As that film went over schedule and over budget, and ultimately failed at the box office, the production of Saturn 3 was cut back. Casting Fawcett's casting was announced in June 1978 (the press release said Donen was directing) and she was paid $750,000. The first choices for the male lead were Sean Connery and Michael Caine, but they turned the part down; Kirk Douglas accepted. Harvey Keitel was cast at a fee of $90,000. Shooting Filming started in late January 1979. Donen says there were difficulties with the actors. "It was my fault, not John's," said Donen. "The truth is John had hardly ever been on a set, which I didn't realize. He was such a terrific talent but ... he knew next to nothing about staging a scene or handling actors. The film started floundering." Donen decided he had to be on set with Barry, but says Barry refused and quit the project. "There was no question of his being fired," said Donen. Reportedly, the cause was a dispute with Kirk Douglas. Fawcett said that when Donen started directing, "this film that had been going in one direction, took off in another. Suddenly, there were hair and costume changes, and the story changed." Stanley Donen was dissatisfied with Harvey Keitel, and the two men had a poor working relationship. The film cost over $10 million. "That's a lot for a film with three characters," admitted Donen. "The robot cost a lot more than we expected. It was slower to photograph than we thought it would be. And when John couldn't finish directing the picture, that took time." The director added: "The limitations of the surroundings was another problem. It was like making a movie in a rowboat. To give the movie variety in that one complex where the characters live was very difficult." In screenwriter Martin Amis's subsequent novel Money, the main character, John Self, is based in part on John Barry (Self's father is named Barry Self as well). The ageing film star "Lorne Guyland", obsessed with his own virility, is based on Douglas. Similarly, the project that John Self attempts to complete is as wracked with disaster, as was the production of Saturn 3. Filming took 15 weeks, after which Fawcett also announced her separation from husband Lee Majors. Post-production Donen wanted Keitel's character to have an upper class veneer to appear more threatening. Because Keitel refused to take part in post-production looping, Keitel's voice is dubbed over by British actor Roy Dotrice who, for this performance, adopted a mid-Atlantic accent. Two scenes that had been filmed for the production were edited out, due to Lew Grade objecting to their subject matter. These were a dream sequence that involved both Adam and Alex killing Benson and a scene where Hector ripped apart Benson's dead body on a table in one of the colony's laboratories. A scene where Fawcett appeared in a leather outfit with garters, which was on the original poster, is not in the final film. These cuts, among others, reduced the running time to 87 minutes. Regardless of these cuts, the film received an MPAA rating of "R", for scenes of violence and brief nudity. In the UK, the film was given a more relaxed "A" certificate by the BBFC for its theatrical release, though subsequent home video releases were given a "15" certificate. Death of John Barry Barry went back to production design, joining the crew of The Empire Strikes Back. During pre-production, he suddenly fell ill and died of meningitis. Reception The film was released by AFD, a new company formed by Lew Grade to distribute his films in the US. Box office Lew Grade pre-sold the film to NBC for $4 million, which helped minimise its losses. He wrote in his memoirs: "the effects and the performances were fine but ... the finished product parted company with my original expectations." The film was a financial disappointment and contributed to the collapse of Grade's filmmaking operations. Critical response P. J. Snyder reviewed Saturn 3 in Ares, and commented that: "Saturn 3 is a sloppy, shoddy production, of the sort that someone out there thinks SF fans just eat up. One hopes the producers and directors working the genre will realize this audience demands more than a leggy blond being chased by a robot. They may have such limited visions, but the audience doesn't." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 33% approval rating based on 15 reviews. On Metacritic, the film holds a 9/100 based on reviews from eight critics, indicated as "overwhelming dislike". Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film one star in his review, criticising its screenplay for having a "shockingly low" level of intelligence, citing moments disregarding the laws of physics, the love triangle between Douglas, Fawcett and Keitel, as well as other details. Home media Saturn 3 was released on VHS by CBS/Fox Video and on laserdisc by CBS/Fox Video, Magnetic Video and ITC Home Video. The film was released on DVD by Artisan Entertainment, Geneon Entertainment and Pioneer Entertainment, and again on 3 December 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD by Shout! Factory. Re-issue When the film was broadcast on NBC in mid-1984, a number of scenes that had been edited out the original print had been restored: Adam offering to take Alex to Earth; Alex voicing her concern to Adam about taking Hector outside of the complex; Adam taking Hector outside in the moon buggy; Benson asking how Alex's eye was after her accident; Adam leaving Hector near the shuttle probe; Hector re-entering the colony and sabotaging the outer airlock mechanism to prevent Adam from coming back inside; an extended scene of Benson walking down a corridor; Adam trying to re-enter Saturn 3 and blowing the outer airlock door off with an explosive adhesive; an extended scene of Adam in the decontamination chamber; Alex voicing her worry that Hector might have killed Adam; Alex being dragged away by Benson and yelling at him; Adam embracing Alex and watching Hector drag away Benson's dead body; Adam holding a towel to his head after Benson had hit him with a pipe and claiming that "Hector is no humpty-dumpty"; both Adam and Alex wondering how Hector managed to reassemble itself; and finally both Adam and Alex sharing a laugh over a humorous incident while hiding in the communications room. Additional music cues were also added to scenes involving the opening credits and Benson's death; in fact, much of Elmer Bernstein's score was removed or reedited. Awards and nominations 1st Golden Raspberry Awards Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor (Kirk Douglas) Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress (Farrah Fawcett) 1980 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Nominated: Worst Actress (Farrah Fawcett) Nominated: Worst On-Screen Couple (Kirk Douglas and Farrah Fawcett) References Sources External links Something Is Wrong on Saturn 3—The Making of Saturn 3 Review of film at Starburst 1980 films British science fiction horror films 1980s science fiction horror films Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films directed by Stanley Donen 1980s English-language films British robot films Films with screenplays by Martin Amis ITC Entertainment films Overpopulation fiction Fiction set on Saturn's moons Tethys (moon) 1980s British films 1980 science fiction films English-language science fiction horror films

1481642

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia%20Mowry

Tia Mowry

Tia Dashon Mowry (; July 6, 1978) is an American actress. She first gained recognition for her starring role as Tia Landry in the sitcom Sister, Sister (1994–1999), opposite her twin sister Tamera Mowry. The sisters then starred together in the fantasy comedy film Seventeen Again (2000) and voiced the LaBelle sisters in the animated series Detention (1999–2000). The two also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches (2005) and its sequel, Twitches Too (2007). They were featured in the reality series Tia & Tamera from 2011 to 2013. Mowry voiced Sasha in the animated series Bratz (2005–2006). She starred as Melanie Barnett in the comedy-drama series The Game (2006–2015), Stephanie Phillips in the sitcom Instant Mom (2013–2015) and Cocoa McKellan in the sitcom Family Reunion (2019–2022). Mowry had starring roles in the teen comedy film The Hot Chick (2002), the musical comedy film The Mistle-Tones (2012), the romantic comedy film Baggage Claim (2013) and the drama film Indivisible (2018). Mowry and her sister, Tamera, formed a singing group in the early 1990s called Voices. The group debuted their first single, "Yeah, Yeah, Yeah!", in 1992 and it charted at No. 72 on the Billboard Hot 100. Early life Tia Dashon Mowry was born in Gelnhausen, West Germany, on July 6, 1978. Her mother, Darlene Renée Mowry (née Flowers), managed her children's careers when they were in the group Voices and also worked as a security guard. Her father, Timothy John Mowry, was in the U.S. Army at the time of her birth and later became a correctional officer with the City of Glendale Police Department, when the family moved to California. Her father is of British and Irish ancestry and her mother is of Afro-Bahamian descent. Her parents met in high school, in Miami, Florida. Both joined the U.S. Army and eventually reached the rank of Sergeant. Her family is "close-knit" and "very spiritual," as the sisters became born-again Christians when they were eight. Tia is two minutes younger than her twin sister, Tamera. Tamera was born first, at 4:30pm, followed by Tia at 4:32pm. She also has two younger brothers, actor Tahj Mowry and musician Tavior Mowry, who played college football for University of California, Davis. Career Mowry and her sister began entering pageants and talent shows while their family was stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. Mowry's mom Darlene removed the twins from the early 90s R&B girl group Voices after a disagreement with management prior to the release of their debut album. At age 12, they convinced their mother to move to California with them so they could pursue acting. She agreed, on the condition that they land an acting job within the first month of their stay. In 1990, their family moved to California permanently, settling in Los Angeles, and she and her sister began appearing in commercials and small roles. She is well known for playing Tia Landry, a twin separated at birth and reunited with her sister as a teenager in the show Sister, Sister. The series was developed for them after a producer spotted them on the set of Full House, a show on which their brother made regular appearances. Sister, Sister was initially on ABC but was cancelled by the network after two years and picked up by The WB, where it ran for another four years. During its run, they guest-starred on the Sister, Sister crossover episode of The Jamie Foxx Show and appeared on an episode of their brother Tahj Mowry's sitcom Smart Guy and did voice-over work for the Kids' WB series Detention. After the show ended, both Mowry and her sister studied psychology at Pepperdine University. She also went to Europe to study humanities and Italian for a period. Both she and her sister appeared in the Rob Schneider comedy film The Hot Chick, playing cheerleaders. Mowry also did voice-overs for the 4KidsTV cartoon Bratz as the voice of Sasha. In 2005, Mowry and her sister both starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches and reprised their roles in its sequel, Twitches Too and before co-starred in the 2000 movie Seventeen Again. Tia also appeared on an episode of her sister's television show, Strong Medicine, in January 2006, playing the role of Keisha, the twin sister of Tamera Mowry's character, Dr. Kayla Thornton. Mowry has a starring role in the BET television series The Game as Melanie Barnett. Mowry has been nominated for a Teen Choice Award and an NAACP Image Award for best actress in a comedy. In the Blue's Clues episode "Blue's Birthday", Mowry and her sister make a cameo appearance as two of the celebrities wishing Blue a happy birthday. Their only line is said in unison: "Happy Birthday, Blue!" Beginning in July 2011, the Style Network began airing Tia & Tamera, a reality show which follows the day-to-day lives of the twins; Tia being pregnant and Tamera planning her wedding. Mowry and her sister are both singers. They have showcased their vocal abilities on episodes of Sister Sister, including covers of "You Can't Hurry Love", "Amazing Grace" and "I'm Going Down", which Tamera performed. They also sang the theme song during season five and six. In May 2012, Mowry published her first book, Oh, Baby: Pregnancy Tales and Advice from One Hot Mama to Another, about her pregnancy and being a working mother. In May 2012, Mowry revealed on Twitter that she would not be returning to The Game, for a sixth season. From 2013 to 2015 she starred in the NickMom/Nick at Nite series Instant Mom. From 2015 to 2017, Mowry starred in her Cooking Channel series Tia Mowry at Home, where she made everything from macaroni and cheese, cake, pie, curry chicken, collard greens, shakshuka, potato, galette and various types of cocktails. Some of her guest stars included her The Game co-stars Hosea Sanchez, Wendy Raquel Robinson, and Brittany Daniel, as well as Lilly Singh from YouTube and singer Kelly Rowland. In 2016, Mowry started a podcast on PodcastOne called Mostly Mom with Tia Mowry. On April 29, 2016, she appeared with her twin sister on the daytime talk show The Real, where she promoted her new book Twintution. Since 2019, she has starred on the Netflix comedy series, Family Reunion. The show has been nominated for Outstanding Children's Program three years in a row at the NAACP Image Awards, winning in 2020 and 2021. In September 2021, Mowry released her second cookbook, The Quick Fix Kitchen, published by Rodale Books. The book includes mealtime hacks, tips to bring joy and balance to the kitchen and easy, delicious and healthy recipes the entire family will love. In 2021, Tia partnered with Gibson to release an extensive homeware collection, Spice! by Tia Mowry. In 2023, Mowry launched a haircare line named 4u by Tia. Personal life Mowry met actor Cory Hardrict on the set of their film, Hollywood Horror. The two dated for six years, then became engaged on Christmas Day 2006. They married in California on April 20, 2008. On January 11, 2011, People announced that Mowry and Hardrict were expecting their first child; Mowry made the announcement herself on 106 & Park. The pregnancy was documented on the show Tia & Tamera featuring her sister, Tamera Mowry, on the Style Network. She gave birth to a son in 2011. On November 8, 2017, Mowry announced that she was pregnant with her second child, a girl. Their daughter was born in 2018. On October 4, 2022, Mowry announced via her Instagram account that she and Hardrict were separating after 14 years of marriage due to irreconcilable differences. In April 2023, Mowry and Hardrict finalized their divorce after 15 years of marriage. Filmography Film Television Music videos Radio Video games Awards and nominations Honors 1998: Inducted into the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Hall of Fame with her sister Tamera Mowry Accolades References External links Tia Mowry Interview with TheStarScoop, January 2007 Tia Mowry cast bio on The CW Christianity Today interview 1978 births Living people 20th-century African-American actresses 20th-century American actresses 21st-century African-American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Hesse African-American child actresses African-American Christians American child actresses American film actresses American identical twin child actors American people of Bahamian descent American people of Irish descent American television actresses American twins American voice actresses Identical twin actresses Participants in American reality television series People from Gelnhausen Pepperdine University alumni Voices (group) members

1481651

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan%20peoples

Indo-Aryan peoples

Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related to the Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India. History Proto-Indo-Iranians The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia. Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BC); the other group was the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin. The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture, which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India. The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans. The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India. Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted. Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia. Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship. List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples Anga Bahlikas Bharatas Caidyas Dewa Gāndhārīs Gangaridai Gupta Gurjara-Pratihara Kambojas Kalinga Kasmira Kekaya Khasas Kikata Koliya Kosala Kurus Licchavis Madra Magadhis Malavas Mallakas Mātsyeyas Moriya Nishadhas Odra Pakthas Pala Panchala Paundra Puru Salva Salwa Saraswata Sauvira Shakya Shunga Sindhu Sudra Surasena Trigarta Utkala Vanga Vatsa Vidarbha Videha Vrishni Yadava Yadu Yaudheya Contemporary Indo-Aryan people Assamese people Awadhi people Banjara people Bengali people Bhil people Bhojpuri people Bishnupriya Manipuri people Brokpa people Chakma people Deccani people Dhivehi people Dogra people Garhwali people Gujarati people Halba people Haryanvi people Jaunsari people Kalash people Kashmiri people Khas people Kho people Kohistani people Konkani people Kumauni people Kutchi people Magahi people Muhajir people Maithil people Marathi people Marwari people Nagpuria people Odia people Palula people Pashayi people Pahari people Punjabi people Rajasthani people Romani people Rohingya people Sadan people Saraiki people Saurashtra people Shina people Sindhi people Sinhalese people Thari people Tharu people Thori people Tirahi people Torwali people Warli people See also Proto-Indo-Europeans Indo-Iranians Dardic peoples Aryan Indo-Aryan languages Indo-Aryan migrations Indigenous Aryanism Aryan race Aryavarta Dasa Dravidian peoples Early Indians South Asian diaspora Northern South Asia References Sources Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man. Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow. External links Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University (PDF) A tale of two horses – Frontline Indo-Iranian peoples Ancient peoples of India Ancient peoples of Pakistan Ancient peoples of Nepal

1481652

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propelling%20control%20vehicle

Propelling control vehicle

A propelling control vehicle (PCV) is a type of British railway carriage for carrying mail. They were converted from Class 307 driving trailers and have a cab at one end which allows slow-speed movement control. PCVs are unpowered but the controls allow mail trains to be reversed at low speed, using the power of the locomotive at the other end of the train. Similar BR Class 91 driving van trailer (DVT) used on the ECML differ by being fully equipped for high-speed train control. Forty-two PCVs were converted by Hunslet-Barclay in Kilmarnock from 1994 to 1996. The rebuilding work including removal of the windows and slam-doors, the fitting of roller shutter doors, and modernisation of the cab. The vehicles were given the TOPS code NAA and numbered 94300–94327 and 94331–94345. The first two vehicles converted were prototypes, and were extensively tested to iron out any problems. The subsequent 40 vehicles incorporated modifications as a result of this testing. At the same time these vehicles were converted, the Class 47/7 locomotives that hauled mail trains were modified to be able to work in push-pull mode with the PCVs. When first converted the vehicles were used by the Rail Express Systems parcels sector of British Rail. They were painted in Rail Express Systems red/grey livery with light blue flashes. PCVs were marshalled at either end of mail trains that worked into London termini, which removed the need for the locomotive to run round the train at its destination. Trains were propelled only at low speed, not for long distances. In 1996 Rail Express Systems was sold to EWS, who continued to operate mail trains on behalf of Royal Mail. PCVs were used on trains between London and Norwich, Plymouth, Bristol, Swansea, Newcastle and Glasgow. PCVs were also used on travelling post office trains from London to Plymouth, Newcastle, Norwich, Carlisle and Glasgow. The two prototype PCVs, nos. 94300/1, were non-standard. Consequently, they were used as standard mail coaches on a new high-speed mail train from Walsall to Inverness, painted in EWS maroon/gold livery and renumbered 95300/1. In early 2004, EWS lost the contract to transport mail. As a result, all PCVs except initially 95300/1 were withdrawn from service, pending new traffic, sale or scrapping. After a limited amount of residual traffic, and trials for possible use for the movement of secure goods, 95300 and 95301 were also withdrawn. 94320 was preserved by the Mid-Norfolk Railway in April 2009, with 95301 being preserved at the Andrew Briddon Locomotives site at Darley Dale in September 2016. Fleet details The table below shows details of the fleet, including numbering and disposition. See also Control car - a passenger car with a train control cab used in push-pull service. References British Rail coaching stock

1481654

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Bussey

Ben Bussey

Ben J. Bussey is an American planetary scientist. He earned a PhD in planetary geology at University College London, England. In 2001, during his post-doctorate work at the University of Hawaii, he joined the ANSMET (Antarctic Search for METeorites) expedition to recover meteorites from the Antarctic glaciers. He worked at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston and the European Space Agency, before joining the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and becoming a senior staff scientist at that facility. Bussey later joined National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the Chief Exploration Scientist of its Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate. Bussey is specialized in the remote sensing of the surfaces of planets. He participated in the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous-Shoemaker (NEAR) mission as a research scholar at Northwestern University. He co-authored an atlas of the Moon based on data and images from the Clementine mission, which allowed the team, which Bussey led, to identify the best location to place a Moon base. He has a particular interest in the lunar poles, using the Clementine images to locate crater cold traps for hydrogen deposits and mapping the peaks of eternal light. The team was able to develop a map of the Moon's north pole, making it possible to identify the percentage of time that the surface is illuminated by the Sun during the Lunar day. This provided the information that yielded possible locations for future lunar habitat. Bussey was awarded the NASA Group achievement award for his contribution the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission. He is married to Cari Corrigan. Bibliography The Clementine Atlas of the Moon, Ben Bussey and Paul D. Spudis, 2004, . References External links NASA page on Dr. Bussey 21st-century American astronomers American planetary scientists Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

1481657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Were%20Soldiers%20Once%E2%80%A6%20and%20Young

We Were Soldiers Once… and Young

We Were Soldiers Once...and Young: la Drang - The Battle That Changed the War in Vietnam is a 1992 book by Lt. Gen. Harold G. Moore (Ret.) and war journalist Joseph L. Galloway about the Vietnam War. It focuses on the role of the First and Second Battalions of the 7th Cavalry Regiment in the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, the United States's first large-unit battle of the Vietnam War; previous engagements involved small units and patrols (squad, platoon, and company sized units). It was adapted into the 2002 film We Were Soldiers. The cover features Lt. Rick Rescorla, a British-American Vietnam War veteran who served for both countries during the war. Rescorla was uncomfortable about being portrayed as a war hero and chose not to read it when he saw that its cover featured a combat photograph of him. When he learned that the book was being made into a film starring Mel Gibson, he told his wife Susan that he had no intention of seeing it, as he felt uncomfortable with anything that portrayed him or other survivors as war heroes, commenting, "The real heroes are dead." Rescorla later served as the director of security for Morgan Stanley and is credited with saving nearly 2,700 lives during the September 11 attacks, dying in the process. Reception The book was a New York Times best-seller. David Halberstam called it, "A stunning achievement—paper and words with the permanence of marble. I read it and thought of The Red Badge of Courage, the highest compliment I can think of." General H. Norman Schwarzkopf said, "We Were Soldiers Once...and Young is a great book of military history, written the way military history should be written." Since at least 1993, the book has been on the Marine Corps Commandant's Reading List for Career Level Enlisted. Further reading Editions References 1992 non-fiction books Vietnam War books Battle of Ia Drang Non-fiction books adapted into films Cengage books Random House books Non-fiction books about the United States Army

1481659

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix%20tree

Radix tree

In computer science, a radix tree (also radix trie or compact prefix tree or compressed trie) is a data structure that represents a space-optimized trie (prefix tree) in which each node that is the only child is merged with its parent. The result is that the number of children of every internal node is at most the radix of the radix tree, where = 2 for some integer ≥ 1. Unlike regular trees, edges can be labeled with sequences of elements as well as single elements. This makes radix trees much more efficient for small sets (especially if the strings are long) and for sets of strings that share long prefixes. Unlike regular trees (where whole keys are compared en masse from their beginning up to the point of inequality), the key at each node is compared chunk-of-bits by chunk-of-bits, where the quantity of bits in that chunk at that node is the radix of the radix trie. When is 2, the radix trie is binary (i.e., compare that node's 1-bit portion of the key), which minimizes sparseness at the expense of maximizing trie depth—i.e., maximizing up to conflation of nondiverging bit-strings in the key. When ≥ 4 is a power of 2, then the radix trie is an -ary trie, which lessens the depth of the radix trie at the expense of potential sparseness. As an optimization, edge labels can be stored in constant size by using two pointers to a string (for the first and last elements). Note that although the examples in this article show strings as sequences of characters, the type of the string elements can be chosen arbitrarily; for example, as a bit or byte of the string representation when using multibyte character encodings or Unicode. Applications Radix trees are useful for constructing associative arrays with keys that can be expressed as strings. They find particular application in the area of IP routing, where the ability to contain large ranges of values with a few exceptions is particularly suited to the hierarchical organization of IP addresses. They are also used for inverted indexes of text documents in information retrieval. Operations Radix trees support insertion, deletion, and searching operations. Insertion adds a new string to the trie while trying to minimize the amount of data stored. Deletion removes a string from the trie. Searching operations include (but are not necessarily limited to) exact lookup, find predecessor, find successor, and find all strings with a prefix. All of these operations are O(k) where k is the maximum length of all strings in the set, where length is measured in the quantity of bits equal to the radix of the radix trie. Lookup The lookup operation determines if a string exists in a trie. Most operations modify this approach in some way to handle their specific tasks. For instance, the node where a string terminates may be of importance. This operation is similar to tries except that some edges consume multiple elements. The following pseudo code assumes that these methods and members exist. Edge Node targetNode string label Node Array of Edges edges function isLeaf() function lookup(string x) { // Begin at the root with no elements found Node traverseNode := root; int elementsFound := 0; // Traverse until a leaf is found or it is not possible to continue while (traverseNode != null && !traverseNode.isLeaf() && elementsFound < x.length) { // Get the next edge to explore based on the elements not yet found in x Edge nextEdge := select edge from traverseNode.edges where edge.label is a prefix of x.suffix(elementsFound) // x.suffix(elementsFound) returns the last (x.length - elementsFound) elements of x // Was an edge found? if (nextEdge != null) { // Set the next node to explore traverseNode := nextEdge.targetNode; // Increment elements found based on the label stored at the edge elementsFound += nextEdge.label.length; } else { // Terminate loop traverseNode := null; } } // A match is found if we arrive at a leaf node and have used up exactly x.length elements return (traverseNode != null && traverseNode.isLeaf() && elementsFound == x.length); } Insertion To insert a string, we search the tree until we can make no further progress. At this point we either add a new outgoing edge labeled with all remaining elements in the input string, or if there is already an outgoing edge sharing a prefix with the remaining input string, we split it into two edges (the first labeled with the common prefix) and proceed. This splitting step ensures that no node has more children than there are possible string elements. Several cases of insertion are shown below, though more may exist. Note that r simply represents the root. It is assumed that edges can be labelled with empty strings to terminate strings where necessary and that the root has no incoming edge. (The lookup algorithm described above will not work when using empty-string edges.) Deletion To delete a string x from a tree, we first locate the leaf representing x. Then, assuming x exists, we remove the corresponding leaf node. If the parent of our leaf node has only one other child, then that child's incoming label is appended to the parent's incoming label and the child is removed. Additional operations Find all strings with common prefix: Returns an array of strings that begin with the same prefix. Find predecessor: Locates the largest string less than a given string, by lexicographic order. Find successor: Locates the smallest string greater than a given string, by lexicographic order. History The datastructure was invented in 1968 by Donald R. Morrison, with whom it is primarily associated, and by Gernot Gwehenberger. Donald Knuth, pages 498-500 in Volume III of The Art of Computer Programming, calls these "Patricia's trees", presumably after the acronym in the title of Morrison's paper: "PATRICIA - Practical Algorithm to Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric". Today, Patricia trees are seen as radix trees with radix equals 2, which means that each bit of the key is compared individually and each node is a two-way (i.e., left versus right) branch. Comparison to other data structures (In the following comparisons, it is assumed that the keys are of length k and the data structure contains n members.) Unlike balanced trees, radix trees permit lookup, insertion, and deletion in O(k) time rather than O(log n). This does not seem like an advantage, since normally k ≥ log n, but in a balanced tree every comparison is a string comparison requiring O(k) worst-case time, many of which are slow in practice due to long common prefixes (in the case where comparisons begin at the start of the string). In a trie, all comparisons require constant time, but it takes m comparisons to look up a string of length m. Radix trees can perform these operations with fewer comparisons, and require many fewer nodes. Radix trees also share the disadvantages of tries, however: as they can only be applied to strings of elements or elements with an efficiently reversible mapping to strings, they lack the full generality of balanced search trees, which apply to any data type with a total ordering. A reversible mapping to strings can be used to produce the required total ordering for balanced search trees, but not the other way around. This can also be problematic if a data type only provides a comparison operation, but not a (de)serialization operation. Hash tables are commonly said to have expected O(1) insertion and deletion times, but this is only true when considering computation of the hash of the key to be a constant-time operation. When hashing the key is taken into account, hash tables have expected O(k) insertion and deletion times, but may take longer in the worst case depending on how collisions are handled. Radix trees have worst-case O(k) insertion and deletion. The successor/predecessor operations of radix trees are also not implemented by hash tables. Variants A common extension of radix trees uses two colors of nodes, 'black' and 'white'. To check if a given string is stored in the tree, the search starts from the top and follows the edges of the input string until no further progress can be made. If the search string is consumed and the final node is a black node, the search has failed; if it is white, the search has succeeded. This enables us to add a large range of strings with a common prefix to the tree, using white nodes, then remove a small set of "exceptions" in a space-efficient manner by inserting them using black nodes. The HAT-trie is a cache-conscious data structure based on radix trees that offers efficient string storage and retrieval, and ordered iterations. Performance, with respect to both time and space, is comparable to the cache-conscious hashtable. A PATRICIA trie is a special variant of the radix 2 (binary) trie, in which rather than explicitly store every bit of every key, the nodes store only the position of the first bit which differentiates two sub-trees. During traversal the algorithm examines the indexed bit of the search key and chooses the left or right sub-tree as appropriate. Notable features of the PATRICIA trie include that the trie only requires one node to be inserted for every unique key stored, making PATRICIA much more compact than a standard binary trie. Also, since the actual keys are no longer explicitly stored it is necessary to perform one full key comparison on the indexed record in order to confirm a match. In this respect PATRICIA bears a certain resemblance to indexing using a hash table. The adaptive radix tree is a radix tree variant that integrates adaptive node sizes to the radix tree. One major drawback of the usual radix trees is the use of space, because it uses a constant node size in every level. The major difference between the radix tree and the adaptive radix tree is its variable size for each node based on the number of child elements, which grows while adding new entries. Hence, the adaptive radix tree leads to a better use of space without reducing its speed. A common practice is to relax the criteria of disallowing parents with only one child in situations where the parent represents a valid key in the data set. This variant of radix tree achieves a higher space efficiency than the one which only allows internal nodes with at least two children. See also Prefix tree (also known as a Trie) Deterministic acyclic finite state automaton (DAFSA) Ternary search tries Hash trie Deterministic finite automata Judy array Search algorithm Extendible hashing Hash array mapped trie Prefix hash tree Burstsort Luleå algorithm Huffman coding References External links Algorithms and Data Structures Research & Reference Material: PATRICIA, by Lloyd Allison, Monash University Patricia Tree, NIST Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures Crit-bit trees, by Daniel J. Bernstein Radix Tree API in the Linux Kernel, by Jonathan Corbet Kart (key alteration radix tree), by Paul Jarc The Adaptive Radix Tree: ARTful Indexing for Main-Memory Databases, by Viktor Leis, Alfons Kemper, Thomas Neumann, Technical University of Munich Implementations FreeBSD Implementation, used for paging, forwarding and other things. Linux Kernel Implementation, used for the page cache, among other things. GNU C++ Standard library has a trie implementation Java implementation of Concurrent Radix Tree, by Niall Gallagher C# implementation of a Radix Tree Practical Algorithm Template Library, a C++ library on PATRICIA tries (VC++ >=2003, GCC G++ 3.x), by Roman S. Klyujkov Patricia Trie C++ template class implementation, by Radu Gruian Haskell standard library implementation "based on big-endian patricia trees". Web-browsable source code. Patricia Trie implementation in Java, by Roger Kapsi and Sam Berlin Crit-bit trees forked from C code by Daniel J. Bernstein Patricia Trie implementation in C, in libcprops Patricia Trees : efficient sets and maps over integers in OCaml, by Jean-Christophe Filliâtre Radix DB (Patricia trie) implementation in C, by G. B. Versiani Libart - Adaptive Radix Trees implemented in C, by Armon Dadgar with other contributors (Open Source, BSD 3-clause license) Nim implementation of a crit-bit tree rax, a radix tree implementation in ANSI C by Salvatore Sanfilippo (the creator of REDIS) Trees (data structures) String data structures

1481660

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomura

Anomura

Anomura (sometimes Anomala) is a group of decapod crustaceans, including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans include the word crab, all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura (the two groups together form the clade Meiura). Description The name Anomura derives from an old classification in which reptant decapods were divided into Macrura (long-tailed), Brachyura (short-tailed) and Anomura (differently-tailed). The alternative name Anomala reflects the unusual variety of forms in this group; whereas all crabs share some obvious similarities, the various groups of anomurans are quite dissimilar. The group has been moulded by several instances of carcinisation – the development of a crab-like body form. Thus, the king crabs (Lithodidae), porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae) and hairy stone crab (Lomisidae) are all separate instances of carcinisation. As decapods (meaning ten-legged), anomurans have ten pereiopods, but the last pair of these is reduced in size, and often hidden inside the gill chamber (under the carapace) to be used for cleaning the gills. Since this arrangement is very rare in true crabs (for example, the small family Hexapodidae), a "crab" with only eight visible pereiopods is generally an anomuran. Evolution The infraorder Anomura belongs to the group Reptantia, which consists of the walking/crawling decapods (lobsters and crabs). There is wide acceptance from morphological and molecular data that Anomura and Brachyura ("true" crabs) are sister taxa, together making up the clade Meiura. Anomura likely diverged from Brachyura in the Late Triassic period, with the earliest discovered Anomuran fossil Platykotta akaina dating from the Norian–Rhaetian aged Ghalilah Formation of the United Arab Emirates. The cladogram below shows Anomura's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al. (2019). Some of the internal relationships within Anomura can be shown in the cladogram below, which shows Hippidae as sister to Paguroidea, and resolves Parapaguridae outside of Paguroidea: Classification The infraorder Anomura contained seven extant superfamilies: The oldest fossil attributed to Anomura is Platykotta, from the Norian–Rhaetian (Late Triassic) Period in the United Arab Emirates. References External links Arthropod infraorders Norian first appearances Extant Late Triassic first appearances

1481661

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20de%20La%20Tour%20d%27Auvergne%2C%20Duke%20of%20Bouillon

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (titular Duke of Bouillon, jure uxoris, comte de Montfort et Negrepelisse, vicomte de Turenne, Castillon, et Lanquais) (28 September 1555 – 25 March 1623) was a member of the powerful House of La Tour d'Auvergne, the Prince of Sedan and a marshal of France. He was a prominent Huguenot figure. Biography The vicomte de Turenne was born at the castle of Joze-en-Auvergne, near Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne. His parents were François de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne and Éléonore de Montmorency, eldest daughter of Anne, 1st Duc de Montmorency. After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 he participated in the siege of La Rochelle, but subsequently re-converted to Protestantism. Compromised in the conspiracy of La Mole and Coconnat in 1574, he joined the party of the Malcontents headed by François, Duke of Alençon (younger brother of kings Charles IX and Henry III) in 1575. In 1576 he joined the Protestant party of Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV), negotiating the Peace of Nérac between Protestants and Catholics in 1579. Appointed lieutenant general of Upper Languedoc in 1580, he took part in the siege of Paris in 1590 after the accession of Henry IV to the throne, and conquered Stenay from the Catholic League in 1591. In 1591 Henry IV married him to Charlotte de La Marck, heiress to the duchy of Bouillon and of the Principality of Sedan. In 1592 Henry IV made him Marshal of France. After the death of his wife in 1594, he married Elisabeth of Nassau, a daughter of William the Silent, by his third wife Charlotte de Bourbon, in 1595. In 1593 and 1595, Henry and the Dutch Republic conducted two unsuccessful campaigns against Spanish-held Luxemburg. Defeated at Doullens, Picardy in 1595 by Fuentes, governor of the Spanish Low Countries, he was sent to England to renew the alliance of France with Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1596. Compromised in the conspiracy of Biron in 1602, he fled to Geneva the following year and had to accept a French protectorate over his duchy of Bouillon in 1606. At the death of Henry IV, he entered the Council of Regency during the minority of Louis XIII, and intrigued against Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully and Concini, the latter a favourite of the queen dowager and regent Marie de' Medici. In April 1612 the Duke came to London as the ambassador of Marie de' Medici. He was received at court in state, and brought 100 or 250 followers. His lodgings at the Charterhouse were hung with tapestries, including rooms for his teenage nephew Henri de La Trémoille. He was brought to his first reception at the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace by the Duke of Lennox in a convoy of 30 coaches. The court was wearing black mourning for the death of Anne Catherine wife of Christian IV of Denmark. According to the Venetian ambassador, Antonio Foscarini, his instructions included an offer of a marriage between Princess Christine, the second Princess of France, and Prince Henry. Anne of Denmark told one of his senior companions that she would prefer Prince Henry married a French princess without a dowry than a Florentine princess with any amount of gold. He died in Sedan in 1623. Issue Henri married on 19 November 1591, Charlotte de La Marck, suo jure Duchess of Bouillon. They had a son who was born and died on 8 May 1594. Henri married secondly Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau on 15 April 1595. Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (August 1596 – November 1607); Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne (1599 – 24 May 1665) married Henri de La Trémoille, Duke of Thouars and Prince de Talmont, titular King of Jerusalem (1605–1674) and had issue; Juliane Catherine de La Tour d'Auvergne (8 October 1604 – 6 October 1637) married François de La Rochefoucauld, Count of Roucy, and had issue; Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (22 October 1605 – 9 August 1652) married Eleonora Catharina van den Bergh and had issue; Élisabeth de La Tour d'Auvergne (1606 – 1 December 1685) married Guy de Durfort, mother of Jacques and Guy; Henriette Catherine de La Tour d'Auvergne (died 1677) married Amaury Gouyon, marquis de La Moussaye and had issue; Henri, vicomte de Turenne, (11 September 1611 – 27 July 1675) married Charlotte de Caumont, daughter of Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de la Force. Children by Adèle Corret, mistress; Henri Corret, ancestor of Théophile Corret de La Tour d'Auvergne. Ancestry References Sources 282 1555 births 1623 deaths People from Puy-de-Dôme Huguenots Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, 1st duke Henri Marshals of France French people of the French Wars of Religion Viscounts of Turenne

1481662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrinat%20International%20Airlines

Afrinat International Airlines

Afrinat International Airlines was an airline headquartered in Bakau, the Gambia. It was founded in 2002, and provided scheduled services within West Africa out of Banjul International Airport. In 2004, the airline ceased to exist. History Afrinat International Airlines was created in 2002 by West African businessmen looking to fill the gap left by the disparition of Air Afrique by directly connecting New York's JFK Airport to West African cities. Its first president was Samule Ofori. Afrinat was originally based in the USA. Afrinat started with 2 aircraft: 1 Boeing 747 (411 passengers, 32 in business) and 1 Boeing 767 (250 passengers, 32 in business). In April 2003, Afrinat started daily flights connecting New York and Banjul, and serving as a regional hub to West African countries (Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and Cameroon). Fleet The Afrinat International Airlines fleet consisted of a single McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jet aircraft. Destinations As of 2004, Afrinat served the following destinations: The Gambia Banjul (Banjul International Airport) Ghana Accra (Kotoka International Airport) Guinea Conakry (Conakry International Airport) Mali Bamako (Senou International Airport) Senegal Dakar (Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport) Sierra Leone Freetown (Lungi International Airport) See also List of defunct airlines of the Gambia Transport in the Gambia References External links via Wayback Machine Bakau Defunct airlines of the Gambia Airlines established in 2002 Airlines disestablished in 2004 2002 establishments in the Gambia 2004 disestablishments in Africa

1481666

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marques%20Houston

Marques Houston

Marques Barrett Houston (born August 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. A member of the R&B group Immature/IMx from 1990 to 2002, Houston went solo in 2003. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Roger Evans in the television comedy series Sister, Sister. Early life Houston was born on August 4, 1981, in Los Angeles, California, to Michael and Carolyn Houston. Music career Music beginnings In 1992, Houston became a founding member of the R&B group Immature (also known as IMx). The members of the group include Jerome "Romeo" Jones and Don "Half Pint" Santos (later replaced by Kelton "LDB" Kessee), along with Chris Stokes, who is their manager. During this period, Houston went by the nickname "Batman". In 1999, the group underwent a name change, releasing two albums under the name IMx: Introducing IMx (1999) and IMx (2001). The group also branched out into acting and appeared on shows such as A Different World and Sister, Sister. They recorded songs for soundtracks to the films House Party 3 and House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute, before disbanding in 2002. 2003–2005: MH and Naked In 2003, Houston began pursuing a solo career. Using his birth name, Marques Houston, he released his debut album, MH, on October 21, 2003. The album featured the singles "That Girl", "Clubbin'" (featuring Joe Budden and R. Kelly), "Pop That Booty" (featuring Jermaine Dupri) and "Because of You". In the United States charts, MH peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200 and at number 5 on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. On May 24, 2005, Houston released his second solo album, Naked. The album featured the singles "All Because of You" (featuring Young Rome), "Naked" and "Sex Wit You". In the United States, Naked peaked at number 13 on the Billboard and peaked at number 5 on Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. 2006–2008: Veteran Houston released his third solo album, Veteran, on March 20, 2007. The album featured the singles "Like This" (featuring Yung Joc), "Favorite Girl", "Circle" and "Wonderful". In the United States, Veteran debuted (and peaked) at number 5 on the Billboard 200 and debuted at number 1 on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, marking this release as Houston's first number-one solo album. 2009–2011: Mr. Houston, Mattress Music and IMx reunion Houston released his fourth solo album, Mr. Houston on September 29, 2009. It featured the singles, "I Love Her" and "Sunset". Videos for the album tracks "Body" and "Date" were released online by the singer in 2008. "How I Do" and "Case of You" received video premieres in 2009, followed by a video for "Tonight" in 2010. On September 14, 2010, Houston released his fifth studio album, Mattress Music, which contained the singles "Kickin' & Screamin'" and "Pullin' On Her Hair". A video for a third single, "Ghetto Angel" premiered in 2011. Houston announced on 106 & Park that IMx planned to record another group album together that year. This plan was eventually scrapped. 2012–2013: Famous In October 2012, Houston announced a new studio album, Famous, was slated for release on August 27. Marques released the song "Speechless" as a promotional preview via free digital download. The first single off the album, made available on iTunes, was "Give Your Love a Try" featuring Problem. 2014–present: White Party, soundtracks and Me Following the release of his previous album, Houston reunited with IMx and did some touring. Changing their name back to Immature, the band released a new single called "Let Me Find Out" in late 2014. Their comeback EP titled Remember was released in early 2015. Later that year, Houston released the solo single "Need You" from the soundtrack of his film Will to Love. In 2016, Houston released a new single "Complete Me" to digital/streaming outlets. He premiered a music video for the song in September. The track was slated to be the first single off his album White Party, set for release later that year. However, this album never materialized. In 2017, Houston recorded a trio of new songs for the film 'Til Death Do Us Part, for which he wrote the screenplay. His song "Together" was released as a single from the soundtrack. After nine years, Houston released a new album titled Me on February 4, 2022. His follow up EP, Me: Dark Water, was released on November 4, 2022. Acting career Houston made his acting debut in the animated comedy film Bebe's Kids (1992) in which he was the voice of Khalil, the leader and oldest child of the titular "Bebe's Kids". Houston later appeared in House Party 3 (1994), where he played a fictional version of himself along with fellow Immature bandmates Jerome "Romeo" Jones and Don "Half Pint" Santos. In the film, they portrayed Kid's trouble-making younger cousins who aspire to become musicians. Houston's breakthrough role came when he won the part of Roger Evans in the television comedy show Sister, Sister, playing the next-door neighbor of identical twin sisters Tia Landry and Tamera Campbell (Tia and Tamera Mowry). Marques played the role for five of the show's six seasons. The show wrote his character out of the script during the fifth season, but he made a guest appearance in the series finale. In 1997, he had a brief cameo in the movie "Good Burger", a spin-off from a sketch on the Nickelodeon show "All That" starring Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell. He played Jake, Kenan's friend. Houston and his IMx (formerly Immature) band members made an appearance in Destiny's Child's music video for the single "No, No, No Part 1" off their 1998 self-titled debut album. In 2000, shortly after Houston's run on Sister, Sister ended, Marques had a brief cameo in Destiny's Child's video rendition of The Writing's on the Wall single "Jumpin', Jumpin'" directed by Joseph Kahn. He also played the character Elgin Barrett Eugene Smith III in the 2004 film You Got Served. Following You Got Served, in both live-action and voice-over, he portrayed Dumb Donald in the film adaptation of Fat Albert, based on Bill Cosby's popular cartoon series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids. From 2005 to 2006, Houston starred as Kevin Barnes in his own television series, Cuts, which was a spin-off of One on One. Despite substantial ratings, the show only lasted two seasons due to UPN merging with The WB to become The CW which caused Cuts along with many other UPN shows to get cancelled. In 2007, Houston starred in the horror film Somebody Help Me. He then starred in the sequel, Somebody Help Me 2, in 2010. In 2012, Houston starred in a kids hip hop dance battle film, Battlefield America. He portrayed Sean Lewis, an ad executive who serves as a dance teacher after receiving a sentence of community service; however, he does not dance in the film. In 2015, Houston reunited with Sister, Sister co-star Tamera Mowry on the daytime talk show The Real (also with Tia Mowry in 2017) for two episodes. He also starred in 2016's A Weekend With The Family, alongside Karrueche Tran. He later reunited with his IMx bandmates for a brief storyline appearance on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood in 2019. Film producing career Houston began his journey into the behind the scenes world of filmmaking in 2010, partnering with longtime music manager Chris Stokes, who directed most of the films he wrote and produced. Houston is currently the CEO of a film production company, Footage Films, in California, along with fellow IMx bandmate Young Rome (Jerome Jones) as president and relative Jarell Houston, (J-Boog of B2K) as vice president. Chris Stokes is the chairman of the board and directs the majority of the productions. Marques serves as an executive producer and writer. The majority of the films are mostly made-for-TV features. Following in the paths of filmmakers John Waters, John Singleton and Spike Lee's casting tradition, Houston and Stokes often cast some of their actors more than once in different films portraying different roles. His first full writing and executive producer credit was the 2015 film Will to Love, starring Keisha Knight Pulliam, Draya Michele, and himself, respectively. He produced a thriller, Running Out of Time, starring Tasha Smith, RonReaco Lee and Telma Hopkins, that aired in December 2018 on BET. Since the start of this new career, he has written and produced over ten films so far, including one he co-wrote with Stokes that was released to theaters in 2017, titled 'Til Death Do Us Part starring Taye Diggs, Stephen Bishop, Annie Ilonzeh and Malik Yoba. Houston produced, wrote and starred in a thriller film alongside Love and Hip Hop star Erica Mena titled "The Stepmother" which premiered on Tubi in June 2022. A sequel was announced in November 2022. Personal life Houston's mother died from lymphoma in 1997. He became one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2016. Houston and his wife, Miya Dickey, have two children. Relationships Houston previously dated singer Jamila "Mila J" Chilombo and My Wife and Kids actress Jennifer Freeman, with whom he had starred in the 2004 film You Got Served. Rumors surfaced in November 2007 that Freeman and Houston had gotten engaged, but they broke up a few months later. He began a relationship with Marlena Campbell in 2008. Houston confirmed their relationship publicly in March 2010, celebrating their second anniversary on his Twitter page. The couple reportedly split in 2015. Marriage and age gap controversy In March 2019, Houston became engaged to Miya Dickey, whom he met and began dating in 2018. They were married on August 24, 2020 in Corona, California. Houston's relationship with Dickey, who is 19 years his junior, caused social media backlash due to their age gap, with users accusing Houston of pedophilia, coercion and predatory behavior. Although Houston defended his marriage and personal reputation, his response received more criticism and calls for the MeToo movement to cancel his entertainment career. Discography Studio albums MH (2003) Naked (2005) Veteran (2007) Mr. Houston (2009) Mattress Music (2010) Famous (2013) Me (2022) The Best Worst Year Ever (2024) Filmography Television Film As producer Awards and nominations References External links 1981 births Living people 20th-century African-American male actors 20th-century American male actors 21st-century African-American male actors 21st-century African-American male singers 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male singers African-American male child actors American contemporary R&B singers American hip hop singers American Jehovah's Witnesses American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses IMx members Singers from Los Angeles Universal Motown Records artists

1481667

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Rainsy

Sam Rainsy

Sam Rainsy (, UNGEGN: , ALA-LC: ; born 10 March 1949) is a Cambodian activist, economist and former politician who most recently served as the Leader of the Opposition. He is now the interim leader of the Cambodia National Rescue Party due to the continued ban on political activity by the party's leader, Kem Sokha. Between 1998 and 2017, he was the leading opposition figure in Cambodian politics and the main challenger to prime minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party. Since 2015, he has lived in exile, having been banned from entering the country. Sam Rainsy became a member of parliament for Siem Reap in 1993 in elections organized by UNTAC. He has had his parliamentary immunity revoked three times. He was MP for Siem Reap from 1993 until 1995 when he was expelled from the Constituent Assembly. A co-founder of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), Rainsy was previously a member of the royalist Funcinpec Party and served as the Minister of Economy and Finance during Norodom Ranariddh's administration from 1993 until his sacking in 1994. In June 1995, he was expelled from the National Assembly, and formed the Khmer Nation Party (KNP), which changed its name before the 1998 elections to the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) to avoid registration issues. From 2000 to 2002 and again from 2012 to 2014, Rainsy was the chairperson of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Sam Rainsy went into exile on February 3, 2005, citing fear of arrest after a vote in the National Assembly removed parliamentary immunity from himself and fellow SRP MPs Chea Poch and Cheam Channy. Rainsy faced multiple criminal defamation charges after accusing the Cambodian People's Party and Funcinpec of corruption in the formation of the current coalition government. He has also accused Prime Minister Hun Sen of involvement in the 2004 murder of SRP-affiliated union leader Chea Vichea. In September 2010, Rainsy was tried in absentia and sentenced to 10 years in prison for charges widely believed to be politically motivated. In 2012, the Sam Rainsy Party merged with the Human Rights Party to form the Cambodia National Rescue Party. Following his resignation from the Sam Rainsy Party to lead the newly formed opposition party, Kong Korm succeeded him as party leader in November 2012. On 12 July 2013, King Norodom Sihamoni granted a royal pardon to Rainsy at the request of the Prime Minister, Hun Sen, allowing the opposition leader to return to Cambodia without threat of imprisonment, although he remained ineligible for candidacy in the 2013 general election. Rainsy returned to Cambodia on 19 July 2013 where hundreds of thousands of his supporters waited along the roads. The CNRP gained 55 seats in the National Assembly although Sam Rainsy and Kem Sokha have denied these results and accused the ruling party of poll fraud. The opposition boycotted parliament in September 2013, until July 2014. In 2016, Rainsy again left Cambodia after being charged with defamation and incitement for accusing Hun Sen's government of orchestrating the high-profile murder of political activist Kem Ley. In October 2016, Rainsy's request for a royal pardon was rejected by the Prime Minister, Hun Sen. In February 2017, Rainsy resigned as President of the Cambodia National Rescue Party, and left the party just four months before local elections and a year before the general election. As of 20 February 2017, he has been banned from political activity. In 2019, Rainsy announced he would return to Cambodia on Independence Day, but was blocked following the Cambodian government's intervention with airlines and with Thailand, where he would have transited. Early life and political career Sam Rainsy was born in Phnom Penh on 10 March 1949. He moved to France in 1965, studied there and then worked as an investment manager and executive director in a variety of Parisian financial companies. He became a member of the Funcinpec Party, and after returning to Cambodia in 1992 was elected a member of parliament for Siem Reap Province the following year. He became Minister of Finance, but was expelled from the party after losing a vote of no-confidence in 1994. In 1995, he founded the Khmer Nation Party (KNP), which changed its name before the 1998 elections to the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) to avoid registration issues. In the 2003 elections, it polled 22% of the vote. At that time, the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh said it was "deeply concerned" that the government appeared to be trying to "silence the opposition". Other embassies, local and international organizations shared the same concerns. Sam was tried in absentia on 22 December 2005 in relation to the defamation lawsuits. The court sentenced him to 18 months in prison and ordered him to pay around US$14,000 in fines and compensation. On 5 February 2006, Rainsy received a Royal Pardon by Norodom Sihamoni at Hun Sen's request. He then returned to Cambodia on 10 February 2006. In April 2008, Rainsy accused Cambodia's then foreign minister Hor Namhong of having served under the Khmer Rouge as director of the Beoung Trabek prison, where torture and murder was carried out. Hor Namhong responded by suing Rainsy for defamation and this was upheld by Cambodia's courts, but Hor Namhong's case was rejected in April 2011 by France's Cour de Cassation. Following Rainsy's announcement on 7 July 2013, that he would return to Cambodia for the national legislative elections, he was pardoned for the "defamation" of Hor Namhong by King Norodom Sihamoni at the request of Hun Sen and returned to Cambodia on 19 July 2013. On 22 July 2014, the Cambodian political crisis ongoing since 2013 was officially ended in a deal reached between the CPP and CNRP. The opposition also agreed to accept their seats in parliament, thus ending the longest political deadlock in Cambodian history. The CNRP was also given leadership roles in parliament, with Kem Sokha as the first vice president of the National Assembly and other politicians chairing 5 of the 10 parliamentary commissions. Rainsy proposed the National Assembly to formally recognize an official opposition and pushed for a full shadow cabinet. Such changes would allow him to debate directly with Hun Sen, similar to the Westminster system. On 13 November 2015, the royal pardon that had been given to Rainsy in 2013 over the "defamation" of Hor Namhong was withdrawn. Three days later, he was unanimously removed from the National Assembly by the Cambodian People's Party while facing several charges. Sam Rainsy stood by his original claims that Hor Namhong had been responsible for prison deaths under the Khmer Rouge. On 1 December 2015, the Phnom Penh Municipal Court summoned Sam Rainsy in absentia to clarify a statement he posted to his Facebook account following a defamation complaint by parliamentary president Heng Samrin. Less than two weeks earlier, the same court had issued another summons for Sam Rainsy to appear for questioning over his alleged involvement in using a fake map to resolve a border dispute with Vietnam. On 11 February 2017, Rainsy resigned as President of the Cambodia National Rescue Party following a proposed amendment by Hun Sen barring convicted criminals from leading a political party. His resignation was accepted by his party on 12 February. His successor as leader, Kem Sokha, was arrested on 3 September 2017, and, as of March 2018, remains in prison without trial. Sam Rainsy responded by creating the Cambodia National Rescue Movement (CNRM), which seeks to increase international pressure on the Hun Sen regime. The US said in February 2018 that it was suspending or curtailing programs that support the Cambodian military, local government authorities and a major taxation body. Germany in February 2018 suspended visas for Cambodian government members in light of the crackdown on the opposition. In the same month, the EU said it was considering targeted measures against the Hun Sen regime. In March 2018, Kem Sokha's period of detention without trial was extended for six months, meaning that he will be in prison when the country's national parliamentary elections scheduled for July 2018 takes place. In the same month, Hun Sen rejected a proposal from Sam Rainsy for talks on a way of ending the crisis. In August 2019, Rainsy announced his intention to return to Cambodia on Independence Day on 9 November. The government confirmed that they would arrest him should he return on that date. The Cambodian government responded by threatening any airline that transported him to Cambodia with "serious consequences". The government of Thailand, from where he planned to travel to Cambodia by land, also denied him entry at the request of Cambodia. Rainsy was denied boarding on a Thai Airways flight from Paris to Bangkok, from where he planned to travel to Cambodia, on 7 November, despite having a valid ticket. He said he will find another way to return to his country. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sam Rainsy advocated the introduction of immunity passports based on tests for antibodies as a way to restart the international economy. In October 2020, Rainsy and the CNRP denounced China's military expansionism which involved agreement to establish military bases in Cambodia following the demolition of a US-built facility at the Ream Naval Base. Family Sam Rainsy's father, Sam Sary, had served as a minister in the education, planning and finance portfolios before becoming a Deputy Prime Minister in Sihanouk's government in the 1950s. Sam Rainsy's mother, In Em, was said to be the first Cambodian woman to have completed the Baccalauréat exam. Sam Sary fled the country in 1959 when Sam Rainsy was ten for suspected involvement in the Bangkok Plot, while his mother was thrown into prison. Sam Rainsy's grandfather, Sam Nhean had served as the President of the Royal Council of Cambodia and was a prominent member of the Democratic Party in the 1940s. Sam Rainsy is married to Tioulong Saumura (since 1971), who is also member of parliament for his current party, and has three children: Patrice Sam, Muriel Sam and Rachel Sam. Tioulong Samura's father, Nhiek Tioulong, was a military general who founded the Khmer Renovation party and briefly served as Prime Minister in 1962. His mother-in-law, former First Lady Measketh Samphotre, died in November 2016, aged 96, but neither was able to attend the latter's funeral at Wat Svay Pope. Both Sam Rainsy and his wife claim to have Chinese ancestry, the former having revealed that one of his great-great grandfathers was a Chinese immigrant, while Nhiek Tioulong revealed that he had a Chinese grandfather during a dialogue session with Zhou Enlai in 1954. Rainsy maintains a home in Paris' 15th arrondissement. University degrees Economics (Institut d'études politiques de Paris) Business Administration (Master of Business Administration from INSEAD - Fontainebleau - France) - 1980. Accounting (Diplôme d'études comptables supérieures issued by the French Ministry of Education) - 1979. Economics (Maîtrise + Diplôme d'études supérieures des Sciences économiques de la Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Paris - Panthéon-Assas) - 1973. Political Science (Diplôme de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris) - 1971. Footnotes Works Bibliography Brown, MacAlister Brown; Zasloff, Joseph Jermiah; Cambodia Confounds the Peacemakers, 1979-1998, Cornell University Press, 1998, External links Cambodia National Rescue Party Sam Rainsy Party homepage BBC profile of Rainsy BBC: "Cambodia opposition calls on king" BBC: "Sam Rainsy appeal on Cambodia" A web interactive documentary on CNRP and Rainsy exile during 2013 General Elections http://rainsysam.com/ Site grouping Sam Rainsy writings in Khmer and English created in 2017 |- |- |- |- 1949 births Living people Cambodian Buddhists Cambodian Theravada Buddhists 20th-century Cambodian politicians 20th-century economists 21st-century Cambodian politicians 21st-century Cambodian writers Cambodian anti-communists Cambodian democracy activists Cambodian exiles Cambodian emigrants to France Cambodian nationalists French economists Cambodia National Rescue Party politicians Cambodian politicians of Chinese descent Finance ministers of Cambodia FUNCINPEC politicians Government ministers of Cambodia INSEAD alumni Minority Leaders (Cambodia) Members of the National Assembly (Cambodia) Naturalized citizens of France Businesspeople from Paris People from Phnom Penh Political party founders Recipients of Cambodian royal pardons Candlelight Party politicians Sciences Po alumni Cambodian expatriates in France

1481673

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sau

Sau

Sau or SAU may refer to: Places Sau Reservoir, a Catalan water reservoir in the Ter river, named after the town drowned by its creation , a subdivision of the Manatuto Administrative Post of East Timor Sao, Kunar, a village in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan where the Sawi language is spoken Abbreviation for Saudi Arabia A German name for the river Sava People Eroni Sau, Fiji Sevens Rugby Player Sau Lan Wu, Chinese American particle physicist Universities Saint Ambrose University, in Iowa, US Shenyang Aerospace University in China Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, in Bangladesh Sichuan Agricultural University, in China Sindh Agriculture University in Pakistan South Asian University, in India Southern Adventist University, in the US Southern Arkansas University, in the US Southern Arkansas University Tech, in the US Spring Arbor University, in Michigan, US Organisations Sauti ya Umma, a political party in Tanzania Social Affairs Unit, a UK think-tank South American Union Transport SAU. the IATA code for Tardamu Airport, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia SAU, the National Rail code for St Austell railway station, Cornwall, UK Other uses Sau (壽; Cantonese Yale: Sauh), as one of the auspicious Three Star Gods, is revered as the God of Longevity Sau (band), a 1990s Catalan pop group Sau (Rotuman king), the title of the Rotuman king Sau language (disambiguation), several languages See also Saus, Catalonia, Spain Saou, a commune in France Sao (disambiguation) Saw (disambiguation)

1481699

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomeur

Chomeur

Chômeur is French for unemployed person. It may also refer to: Chômeur, a grammatical term to describe an element of a sentence that has been "demoted" Pouding chômeur, a dessert from Quebec Tichumaren or Tishoumaren, a style of music in Northern Africa

1481701

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Theodore

Saint Theodore

Saint Theodore may refer to: People St. Theodore (died 130), companion of St. Pausilippus St. Theodore of Perge (died 220), see Theodore, Philippa and companions St. Theodore the Martyr St. Theodore of Amasea or St. Theodore Tyron (died 306), military saint St. Theodore of Heraclea or St. Theodore Stratelates (281-319), military saint St. Theodorus of Tabennese (c. 314–368), disciple of Saint Pachomius Mar Theodore of Mopsuestia (c. 350–428), Christian theologian, and Bishop of Mopsuestia St. Theodore of Octodurum or St. Yoder (4th century), bishop of Octodurum St. Theodore of Vienne (died c. 575), Christian monk, abbot and hermit St. Theodore of Marseille (died 594), persecuted bishop St. Theodore of Sykeon (died 613), Byzantine ascetic St. Theodore of Tarsus (602–690), archbishop of Canterbury St. Theodore of Pavia (died 778), bishop St. Theodore (died 820), Orthodox monk St. Theodore the Studite (759–826), monk, opponent of iconoclasm, and hymnographer St. Theodorus, (ca. 775–ca. 842), see Theodorus and Theophanes St. Theodore of Komogovo (died 1788), Serbian Orthodox saint St. Théodore Guérin (1798–1856), French nun who died in Indiana Places Theotokos of St. Theodore, an icon named after Theodore Stratelates Saint-Théodore-d'Acton, Quebec, a small parish in Acton Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada See also Agioi Theodoroi (disambiguation) Saint Theodora (disambiguation) San Teodoro (disambiguation) Teodor Theodore (disambiguation) Theodore (name) Theodore

1481712

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipavav

Pipavav

Pipavav is a village located near the West coast of Gujarat, India. By road it is 2 hours (85 km) from Amreli, 30 minutes (16 km) from Rajula, 2.5 hours (130 km) from Bhavnagar on the East and 1.5 hrs (78 km) from Diu on the West. The nearest town to Pipavav is Rajula. The village gave its name to the nearby Port Pipavav. History The name 'Pipavav' has two parts; the name 'Pipa' originates from the name of Saint Pipaji, who was a king from Rajasthan who left his kingdom in search of the eternity along with his queen Sitadevi. 'Vav' in Gujarati refers to a well. Pipavav village still has a well that was dug by Saint Pipaji. There is temple of Radha and Krishna in the village and there is a saying that its idols were obtained during the digging of the well. Villagers mentions the importance of the place during the time of the Mahabharata, wherein Krishna (with Rukmini) stopped in the village on their way to Dwarka. Preacher Morari Bapu held a Ram Katha at Pipavav to collect funds for the development of the Pipavav temple. References Adapted from the Wikinfo article, "Pipavav" http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Pipavav Cities and towns in Amreli district

1481725

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubrette

Soubrette

A soubrette is a female minor stock character in opera and theatre, often a pert lady's maid. By extension, the term can refer generally to any saucy or flirtatious young woman. The term arrived in English from Provençal via French, and means "conceited" or "coy". Theatre In theatre, a soubrette is a comedy character who is vain and girlish, mischievous, lighthearted, coquettish and gossipy—often a chambermaid or confidante of the ingénue. She often displays a flirtatious or even sexually aggressive nature. The soubrette appeared in commedia dell'arte scenarios, often in the role of Columbina, where the actress would provide the details of her behaviour and dialogue. From there, she moved to the works of Molière, which were influenced by the Commedia; the role of Dorine in Tartuffe (1664) fits the description. A famous example, though a hundred years later, is Suzanne in Beaumarchais' Le Mariage de Figaro (1784). Opera In classical music and opera, the term soubrette refers to both a soprano voice type or fach, and a type of opera role. A soubrette voice is light with a bright, sweet timbre, a tessitura in the mid-range, but lacking extensive coloratura. A soubrette's vocal range extends approximately from middle C (C4) to "high D" (D6). The voice has a lighter vocal weight than other soprano voices with a brighter timbre. Many young singers start out as soubrettes but as they grow older and the voice matures more physically they may be reclassified as another voice type, usually either a light lyric soprano, a lyric coloratura soprano, or a coloratura mezzo-soprano. Rarely does a singer remain a soubrette throughout her entire career. The tessitura of the soubrette tends to lie a bit lower than the lyric soprano and spinto soprano. Soubrette roles are typically found in comic operas or operettas and they usually portray good-looking, youthful girls who are flirtatious, saucy, and street-wise. Typically these roles are sung by younger singers and both sopranos and mezzo-sopranos are cast in them. Many soubrette roles have a considerable amount of spoken German dialogue, and therefore the soubrette singer must possess both an excellent comprehension of the German language and considerable acting skills. It is rare to find true soubrettes singing in major opera houses as their voices are typically unable to carry over larger orchestras in larger halls. Often lyric, coloratura, and mezzo-sopranos are cast in soubrette roles, especially in the early part of their singing careers. This does not mean that these singers are soubrette sopranos but it does mean they can play soubrette roles. The coloratura soprano has a higher range, can sing more dexterous vocal passages and has a somewhat brighter sound than the soubrette. The lyric soprano has a richer voice and higher range than the soubrette soprano. The mezzo-soprano can sing as high as a soubrette but with a darker timbre and heavier weight in the voice. Mezzos also have a much more extensive range in the lower register. In addition, the beautiful light voice of the soubrette is ideal for baroque music, early music and baroque opera, as well as many art songs. However, the soubrette soprano voice is limited even in this repertoire by its lack of coloratura skill and relatively limited range. Many operettas and musicals include soubrette characters, such as Valencienne in The Merry Widow, and in Gilbert and Sullivan the Jessie Bond mezzo-soprano roles such as Pitti-Sing (The Mikado). Another example is the character Ellie Mae Chipley, who sings "Life Upon the Wicked Stage" in Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat. Roles in opera and operettas Source: Adele, Die Fledermaus (J. Strauss II) Alison, The Wandering Scholar (Holst) Amor, Orfeo ed Euridice (Gluck) Ännchen, Der Freischütz (von Weber) Ann Page, The Merry Wives of Windsor (Nicolai) Auretta, L'oca del Cairo (Mozart) Barbarina, The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart) Bärbele, Schwarzwaldmädel (Jessel) Bastienne, Bastien und Bastienne (Mozart) Belinda, Dido and Aeneas (Purcell) Berta, Il barbiere di Siviglia (Gioachino Rossini) Cis, Albert Herring (Britten) Clotilde, Norma (Bellini) Despina, Così fan tutte (Mozart) Echo, Ariadne auf Naxos (R. Strauss) Elisa, Il re pastore (Mozart) Emmie, Albert Herring (Britten) Giannetta, L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti) Hannele, Schwarzwaldmädel (Jessel) Hirte (Shepherd), Tannhäuser (Wagner) Lisa, Gräfin Mariza (Kálmán) Lisa, The Grand Duke (Gilbert and Sullivan) Lisette, La rondine (Puccini) Marie, Der Waffenschmied (Lortzing) Marie, Zar und Zimmermann (Lortzing) Marzellina, Fidelio (Beethoven) Musetta, La bohème (Puccini) Nannetta, Falstaff (Verdi) Norina, Don Pasquale (Donizetti) Ninetta, La finta semplice (Mozart) Olga, Fedora (Giordano) Papagena, The Magic Flute (Mozart) Phoebe, The Yeomen of the Guard (Gilbert and Sullivan) Pitti-Sing, The Mikado (Gilbert and Sullivan) Servilia, La clemenza di Tito (Mozart) Serpetta, La finta giardiniera (Mozart) Serpina, La serva padrona (Pergolesi) Sophie, Der Rosenkavalier (R. Strauss) Stasi, Die Csárdásfürstin (Kálmán) Susanna, The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart) Yniold, Pelléas et Mélisande (Debussy) Zerlina, Don Giovanni (Mozart) References Notes Sources Soubrettes Voice types Opera terminology Stock characters

1481734

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya

Machiya

are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto. ('townhouses') and ('farm dwellings') constitute the two categories of Japanese vernacular architecture known as ('folk dwellings'). originated as early as the Heian period and continued to develop through to the Edo period and even into the Meiji period. housed urban merchants and craftsmen, a class collectively referred to as ('townspeople'). The word is written using two kanji: and or , depending on the kanji used to express it. in Kyoto, sometimes called , formed the defining characteristic of downtown Kyoto architecture for centuries, representing the standard defining form of the throughout the country. The typical Kyoto is a long wooden home with narrow street frontage, stretching deep into the city block and often containing one or more small courtyard gardens, known as . incorporate earthen walls and baked tile roofs, and are typically one, one and a half or two stories high, occasionally stretching to three stories. The front of the building traditionally served as the retail or shop space, known as , typically having sliding or folding shutters that could open to display goods and wares. The plot's width was traditionally an index of wealth, and typical plots would be just wide but deep, leading to the nickname , or 'eel beds'. Behind the shop space, the remainder of the main building would be divided into the , composed of divided rooms with raised timber floors and tatami mats coverings. would also feature a or , an unfloored earthen service space that contained the kitchen, also serving as the passage to the rear of the plot, where storehouses known as would be found. A above the kitchen would serve as a chimney, carrying smoke and heat away, and also serve as a skylight, bringing light into the kitchen. The largest residential room in a , located in the rear of the main building and looking out over the garden which separated the main house from the storehouse, was known as the , and doubled as a reception room for special guests or clients. The sliding doors which made up the walls in a , as in most traditional Japanese buildings, provided a great degree of versatility; doors could be opened and closed or removed entirely to alter the number, size, and shape of rooms to suit the needs of the moment. Typically, however, the remainder of the building might be arranged to create smaller rooms, including an entrance hall or foyer (), , and , both of which mean simply 'central room'. One occasion when rooms would be altered significantly is during the Gion Matsuri, when families would display their family treasures, including (folding screen) paintings and other artworks and heirlooms in the . also provided space for costumes, decorations, portable shrines (), floats, and other things needed for the festival, as well as hosting spectators along the festival's parade route. The design of a was also well-suited for the climate of Kyoto; with cold winters and often exceedingly-hot, humid summers, multiple layers of sliding doors ( and ) could be added or removed to moderate the temperature inside; closing all the screens in the winter would offer some protection from the cold, while opening them all in the summer offered some respite from the heat and humidity. homes traditionally also made use of different types of screens which would be changed with the seasons; woven bamboo screens used in summer allowed air to flow through, but helped to block the sun. The open air garden courtyards likewise aided in air circulation and brought light into the house. Design elements The front of a features wooden lattices, or , the styles of which were once indicative of the type of shop the held. Silk or thread shops, rice sellers, (geisha houses), and liquor stores, among others, each had their own distinctive style of latticework. The types or styles of latticework are still today known by names using shop types, such as or . These lattices sometimes jut out from the front of the building, in which case they are known as . Normally unpainted, the of (geisha and communities) were frequently painted in , a vermillion or red ochre color. The façade of the second story of a is generally not made of wood, but of earthwork, with a distinctive style of window known as . The main entrance into a consists of two doors. The was generally used only to transport goods, or large objects, into the building, while the smaller , or 'side door', was for normal, everyday use, i.e. for people to enter and exit. often contain small courtyard gardens. Community communities can be compared to the s of Beijing. Small neighborhoods made up of closely grouped homes organized on both sides of a narrow street, sometimes with small alleyways () in between the homes, help to create a strong sense of community. In addition, many areas were traditionally defined by a single craft or product. The Nishijin neighborhood, for example, is famous for its textiles; sharing a craft contributed greatly to a sense of community among fellow textile merchants in this area. Destruction , despite their status as part of Japan's cultural heritage, have undergone rapid decline in numbers in recent decades, with many being demolished in order to provide space for new buildings. Many reasons for this decline exist; are considered to be difficult and expensive to maintain, are subject to greater risk of damage from fires or earthquakes than modern buildings, and are considered old-fashioned and outdated by some. In a survey conducted in 2003, over 50% of residents noted that it is financially difficult to maintain a . Between 1993 and 2003, over 13% of the in Kyoto were demolished. Roughly forty percent of those demolished were replaced with new modern houses, and another 40% were replaced with high-rise apartment buildings, parking lots, or modern-style commercial shops Of those remaining, over 80% have suffered significant losses to the traditional appearance of their façades. Roughly 20% of Kyoto's have been altered in a process called , retaining the basic shape of a , but their façades have been completely covered over in cement, which replaces the wooden lattices of the first story and windows and earthwork walls of the second story. Many of these have also lost their tile roofs, becoming more boxed-out in shape; many have also had aluminum or steel shutters installed, as are commonly seen in small urban shops around the world. In response to the decline in numbers, however, some groups have formed with the express aim of restoring and protecting the found in Kyoto. One such institution, the Fund, was established in 2005 with the backing of a Tokyo-based benefactor. The group works alongside individual owners to restore their buildings and to have them designated as ; under this designation, the structures are protected from demolition without the permission of the mayor of Kyoto, and a stipend is provided by the city government to the owners of the to help support the upkeep of the building. Many of these restored buildings serve, at least in part, as community centers. Iori, a company founded by art collector, writer, and cultural activist Alex Kerr in 2004 to save old , owns a number of which it restored, maintains, and rents to travelers. The company's main office, itself located in a , houses a traditional arts practice space, including a full-size Noh stage. Examples There are many remaining in Kyoto. Many are private residences, while others operating as businesses, notably cafes, and a few are museums. The largest in Kyoto is Sumiya in Shimabara, the traditional of Kyoto. See also Kura (storehouse) Terraced houses Notes References External links Virtual Tour of a Kyoto Machiya at the Boston Children's Museum (which shipped it from Japan). Kyoto Machiya Resource Living in Machiya Traditional Kyoto architecture Sugimoto Residence -- A Kyoto Machiya Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System: Machiya JNTO site -- Kyoto Machiya Japan Visitor -- Kyoto Townhouses The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum, and important research collection in regards to Machiya Architecture in Japan House types Housing in Japan Vernacular architecture Japanese home

1481735

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahe%20Dam

Oahe Dam

The Oahe Dam () is a large earthen dam on the Missouri River, just north of Pierre, South Dakota, United States. Begun in 1948 and opened in 1962, the dam creates Lake Oahe, the fourth-largest man-made reservoir in the United States. The reservoir stretches up the course of the Missouri to Bismarck, North Dakota. The dam's power plant provides electricity for much of the north-central United States. It is named for the Oahe Indian Mission established among the Lakota Sioux in 1874. The project provides flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and navigation benefits. Oahe Dam is one of six Missouri River mainstem dams, the next dam upstream is Garrison Dam, near Riverdale, North Dakota, and the next dam downstream is Big Bend Dam, near Fort Thompson, South Dakota. South Dakota Highway 204 runs directly atop the Oahe Dam, providing an automobile crossing of the Missouri River at the dam. History In September and October 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through what is now Lake Oahe while exploring the Missouri River. The Oahe Dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944, and construction by the United States Army Corps of Engineers began in 1948. The world's first rock tunnel boring machine (TBM) was invented in 1952 by James S. Robbins for the Oahe Dam project, which marked the beginning of machines replacing human tunnelers. The earth main dam reached its full height in October 1959. It was officially dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on August 17, 1962, the year in which it began generating power. The original project cost was $340,000,000. Statistics Dam height: Dam volume of earth fill: 92,000,000 cubic yards (70,000,000 m³) Dam volume of concrete: 1,122,000 cubic yards (858,000 m³) Spillway width: Spillway crest elevation: Lake maximum depth: Plant discharge Water speed through intake tunnels: 11 mph (5 m/s) Intake tunnel length: 3,650 feet (average) (1110 m) Number of turbines: 7, Francis type, 100 RPM Power generated per turbine: 112.29 MW reservoir storage capacity: . States served with electricity: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and Montana Number of recreation areas around lake: 51 Shore length: Counties bordering lake: 14, including 4 in North Dakota (Burleigh, Emmons, Morton, Sioux), and 10 in South Dakota (Campbell, Corson, Dewey, Haakon, Hughes, Potter, Stanley, Sully, Walworth, and Ziebach) Tours Tours of the powerplant are given daily, Memorial Day through Labor Day. Native American displacement As a result of the dam's construction the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation lost bringing it down to today. Standing Rock Reservation lost leaving it with . Much of the land was taken by eminent domain claims made by the Bureau of Reclamation. Over and above the land loss, most of the reservations' prime agricultural land was included in the loss. The regions where the populations were resettled had soil with a higher clay content, and resources such as medicinal plants were less prevalent. The loss of this land had a dramatic effect on the Natives who lived on the reservations. Most of the land was unable to be harvested (to allow the trees to be cut down for wood, etc.) before the land was flooded over with water. One visitor to the reservations later asked why there were so few older Natives on the reservations and was told that "the old people had died of heartache" after the construction of the dam and the loss of the reservations' land. As of 2015, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life. Huff Archeological Site is a fortified Mandan village site on what is now the bank of Lake Oahe. It is designated a National Historic Landmark, but is endangered by erosion pressure from the lake. 2011 flooding Excessive precipitation in the spring, along with melting snow from the Rocky Mountains forced the dam to open the release gates (not the spillway), releasing in June with another through the power plant totaling . The previous release record was in 1997. See also Keystone Pipeline List of reservoirs and dams in the United States Notes References Lawson, Michael L. Dammed Indians: the Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944–1980. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982. Lazarus, Edward. Black Hills, White Justice: The Sioux Nation Versus the United States, 1775 to the Present. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. . Cornell University site U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pamphlet "Oahe Power Plant", no date Summary of Engineering Data – Missouri River Main Stem System http://www.nwd-mr.usace.army.mil/rcc/projdata/summaryengdat.pdf External links U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Oahe Project Daily Reservoir Water Levels and Water Releases Information (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) Buildings and structures in Hughes County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Stanley County, South Dakota Dams completed in 1962 Dams in South Dakota Dams on the Missouri River Earth-filled dams Energy infrastructure completed in 1962 Hydroelectric power plants in South Dakota United States Army Corps of Engineers dams Environmental racism in the United States de:Lake Oahe

1481741

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Oahe

Lake Oahe

Lake Oahe () is a large reservoir behind the Oahe Dam on the Missouri River; it begins in central South Dakota and continues north into North Dakota in the United States. The lake has an area of and a maximum depth of . By volume, it is the fourth-largest reservoir in the US. Lake Oahe has a length of approximately and has a shoreline of . 51 recreation areas are located along Lake Oahe, and 1.5 million people visit the reservoir every year. The lake is named for the 1874 Oahe Indian Mission. Lake Oahe begins just north of Pierre, South Dakota and extends nearly as far north as Bismarck, North Dakota. Mobridge, South Dakota is located on the eastern shore of the central portion of the lake. Bridges over Lake Oahe include US Route 212 west of Gettysburg, South Dakota and US Route 12 at Mobridge. The former town of Forest City has been flooded beneath Lake Oahe, about 9 miles west of Gettysburg. Prehistoric archaeological sites have been explored in the area, including Molstad Village near Mobridge. It dates to before the emergence of the Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan as separate peoples, and has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. Recreation Species of fish in the reservoir include walleye, northern pike, channel catfish, and smallmouth bass. Chinook salmon, native to the Pacific Northwest, are artificially maintained in Lake Oahe and are a popular target for anglers. The lake also supports populations of the endangered pallid sturgeon. There are 50 public recreation areas that allow access to Lake Oahe. Many of these areas offer boat ramp facilities, marinas, campgrounds, picnic areas, and hiking trails, along with access to hunting and fishing opportunities. Some of the recreation areas include: Oahe Downstream Recreation Area Cow Creek Recreation Area Okobojo Point Recreation Area West Whitlock Recreation Area Indian Creek Recreation Area Revheim Bay Recreation Area West Pollock Recreation Area Beaver Creek Recreation Area Hazelton Recreation Area Indian reservations and cultural resources Both the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation and Standing Rock Indian Reservation occupy much of the western shoreline of Lake Oahe. Two possible burial sites of Sitting Bull, a Sioux leader, are located along Lake Oahe. One is near Fort Yates, North Dakota, while the other is near Mobridge. The shoreline and public lands around Lake Oahe contain various artifacts and cultural resources, especially important to many Native American tribes that have historically lived and traveled through the Missouri River Basin and the Lake Oahe area. All artifacts, including fossils and other objects, are prohibited from collecting or damaging. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, along with other Federal and Tribal Law Enforcement officers enforce the unauthorized collection, vandalism, and damaging of culturally important sites and artifacts through the Antiquities Act, National Historic Preservation Act, Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Penalties for violations can include fines and up to federal prison sentences. Forced relocation of Native Americans during construction In the 1960s, the Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation built five large dams on the Missouri River, and implemented the Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program, forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas. Over 200,000 acres on the Standing Rock Reservation and the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota were flooded by the Oahe Dam alone. As of 2015, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life. Dakota Access Pipeline Lake Oahe became a point of contention in protests to block the Dakota Access Pipeline. The construction project has been controversial for its environmental impacts, and several Native American tribes in the Dakotas and Iowa have opposed the project. These include several Sioux nations and the Meskwaki. In 2016, a group from the Standing Rock Indian Reservation brought a petition to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and sued for an injunction to stop the project. On December 4, 2016, USACE denied the easement that "would allow the Dakota Access Pipeline to cross under Lake Oahe" and Jo-Ellen Darcy, the United States Assistant Secretary of the Army, "said she based her decision on a need to explore alternate routes for the Dakota Access Pipeline crossing". Darcy stated, "that the consideration of alternative routes would be best accomplished through an Environmental Impact Statement with full public input and analysis". Then-president Donald Trump soon thereafter issued "a memorandum and an executive order asking USACE to expedite its consideration of the company’s application for an easement to start construction". The USACE subsequently "withdrew its call for the environmental study". On February 7, 2017, the USACE approved an easement through Lake Oahe. On February 9, 2017, the Cheyenne River Sioux filed the first legal challenge to the easement, citing an 1851 treaty and interference with the religious practices of the tribe. In 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit sided with the Standing Rock Sioux and other tribes that there should have been a thorough environmental review (there was only a 2015 preliminary review) for the 2-mile pipeline section below Lake Oahe. In February 2022, the US Supreme Court agreed with this decision. The pipeline's construction remains frozen. See also List of dams and reservoirs in North Dakota List of lakes in South Dakota References External links Lake Oahe (Official website), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Corps Lakes - Lake Oahe South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks North Dakota Department of Parks and Recreation North Dakota Department of Game and Fish Oahe Oahe Oahe Protected areas of Burleigh County, North Dakota Protected areas of Campbell County, South Dakota Protected areas of Corson County, South Dakota Protected areas of Dewey County, South Dakota Protected areas of Emmons County, North Dakota Protected areas of Hughes County, South Dakota Protected areas of Morton County, North Dakota Protected areas of Potter County, South Dakota Protected areas of Sioux County, North Dakota Protected areas of Stanley County, South Dakota Protected areas of Sully County, South Dakota Protected areas of Walworth County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Burleigh County, North Dakota Buildings and structures in Campbell County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Corson County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Dewey County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Emmons County, North Dakota Buildings and structures in Hughes County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Morton County, North Dakota Buildings and structures in Potter County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Sioux County, North Dakota Buildings and structures in Stanley County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Sully County, South Dakota Buildings and structures in Walworth County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Burleigh County, North Dakota Bodies of water of Campbell County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Corson County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Dewey County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Emmons County, North Dakota Bodies of water of Hughes County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Morton County, North Dakota Bodies of water of Potter County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Sioux County, North Dakota Bodies of water of Stanley County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Sully County, South Dakota Bodies of water of Walworth County, South Dakota Environmental racism in the United States

1481749

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becket%20hitch

Becket hitch

A becket hitch, including the double becket or figure-of-eight becket hitch, is any hitch that is made on an eye loop, i.e. on a becket. A becket hitch has the same structure as the sheet bend, which joins, or "bends", the ends of two ropes together. The becket hitch, in contrast, fixes a rope to a closed eye or hook. In this instance, a becket means the eye or hook of a pulley block, an eye in the end of a rope, or a rope handle on a sailor's sea chest. Tying For greater security, an additional round turn may be taken above the first before the line's working end is brought back under itself, creating a double becket or figure-of-eight becket. In the figure-of-eight becket hitch, the working end of the line is also passed through the becket loop, wrapped around the becket then under itself, but then the line is wrapped in the opposite direction over the incoming line, but tucked under and inside the first wrap to align with the length of the becket. The figure-of-eight becket hitch contains 2 bends: one bend around under the becket, and the other bend under and over the incoming line, then tucked under inside the first bend. See also List of knots List of hitch knots References

1481757

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20tortoise

Desert tortoise

The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, and to the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico. G. agassizii is distributed in western Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The specific name agassizii is in honor of Swiss-American zoologist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. The desert tortoise is the official state reptile in California and Nevada. The desert tortoise lives about 50 to 80 years; it grows slowly and generally has a low reproductive rate. It spends most of its time in burrows, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. It is most active after seasonal rains and is inactive during most of the year. This inactivity helps reduce water loss during hot periods, whereas winter brumation facilitates survival during freezing temperatures and low food availability. Desert tortoises can tolerate water, salt, and energy imbalances on a daily basis, which increases their lifespans. Taxonomy In 2011, on the basis of DNA, geographic, and behavioral differences between desert tortoises east and west of the Colorado River, it was decided that two species of desert tortoises exist: Agassiz's desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and Morafka's desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai). The new species name is in honor of the late Professor David Joseph Morafka of California State University, Dominguez Hills, in recognition of his many contributions to the study and conservation of Gopherus. G. morafkai occurs east of the Colorado River in Arizona, as well as in the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico. The acceptance of G. morafkai reduced the range of G. agassizii by about 70% In 2016, based on a large-scale genetic analysis, ecological and morphological data, researchers proposed a split between the Sonoran and Sinaloan populations. This southernmost member of the Gopherus genus was named G. evgoodei, Goode's thornscrub tortoise. Description These tortoises may attain a length of , with males being slightly larger than females. A male tortoise has a longer gular horn than a female, his plastron (lower shell) is concave compared to a female tortoise. Males have larger tails than females do. Their shells are high-domed, and greenish-tan to dark brown in color. The high domes of their shells allow for space for their lungs, which helps them maintain thermoregulation, also known as maintaining internal temperature. Desert tortoises can grow to in height. They can range in weight from 8 to 15 pounds, or 3.5 kg to 7 kg. The front limbs have sharp, claw-like scales and are flattened for digging. Back legs are skinnier and very long. Habitat Desert tortoises can live in areas with ground temperatures exceeding because of their ability to dig burrows and escape the heat. At least 95% of their lives are spent in burrows. There, they are also protected from freezing winter weather while dormant, from November through February or March. Within their burrows, these tortoises create a subterranean environment that can be beneficial to other reptiles, mammals, birds, and invertebrates. Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into three species: Agassiz's and Morafka's desert tortoises, with a third species, Goode's thornscrub tortoise, in northern Sinaloan and southern Sonora, Mexico. An isolated population of Agassiz's desert tortoise occurs in the Black Mountains of northwestern Arizona. They live in a different type of habitat, from sandy flats to rocky foothills. They have a strong proclivity in the Mojave Desert for alluvial fans, washes, and canyons where more suitable soils for den construction might be found. They range from near sea level to around in elevation. Tortoises show very strong site fidelity, and have well-established home ranges where they know where their food, water, and mineral resources are. Desert tortoises inhabit elevations from below mean sea level in Death Valley to in Arizona, though they are most common from around . Estimates of densities vary from less than on sites in southern California to over in the western Mojave Desert, although most estimates are less than . The home range generally consists of . In general, males have larger home ranges than females, and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall. Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type, owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter, reduction of water loss, and regulation of body temperature. The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse. Desert tortoises prefer sandy loam soils with varying amounts of gravel and clay, and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water-holding capacity, excess salts, or low resistance to flooding. They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels, and may prefer sites with higher calcium content. With the creation of off-road vehicles more humans are making their way in and out of the desert tortoises' home environment. Shelters Desert tortoises spend most of their lives in burrows, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. Burrows are tunnels dug into soil by desert tortoises or other animals, rock shelters are spaces protected by rocks and/or boulders, and pallets are depressions in the soil. The use of the various shelter types is related to their availability and climate. The number of burrows used, the extent of repetitive use, and the occurrence of burrow sharing are variable. Males tend to occupy deeper burrows than females. Seasonal trends in burrow use are influenced by desert tortoise sex and regional variation. Desert tortoise shelter sites are often associated with plant or rock cover. Desert tortoises often lay their eggs in nests dug in sufficiently deep soil at the entrance of burrows or under shrubs. Nests are typically deep. Shelters are important for controlling body temperature and water regulation, as they allow desert tortoises to slow their rate of heating in summer and provide protection from cold during the winter. The humidity within burrows prevents dehydration. Burrows also provide protection from predators. The availability of adequate burrow sites influences desert tortoise densities. Each desert tortoise uses about 5 to 25 burrows per year. Some burrows are used repeatedly, sometimes for several consecutive years. Desert tortoises share burrows with various mammals, reptiles, birds, and invertebrates, such as white-tailed antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus), woodrats (Neotoma), collared peccaries (Dicolytes tajacu), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii ), rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.), Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum), beetles, spiders, and scorpions. One burrow can host up to 23 desert tortoises – such sharing is more common for desert tortoises of opposite sexes than for desert tortoises of the same sex. Lifecycle Reproduction Tortoises mate in the spring and autumn. Male desert tortoises grow two large white glands around the chin area, called chin glands, that signify mating season. A male circles around female, biting her shell in the process. He then climbs upon the female and insert his penis (a white organ, usually only seen upon careful inspection during mating, as it is hidden inside the male and can only be coaxed out with sexual implication) into the cloaca of a female, which is located around the tail. The male may make grunting noises once atop a female, and may move his front legs up and down in a constant motion, as if playing a drum. Months later, the female lays a clutch of four to eight hard-shelled eggs, which have the size and shape of ping-pong balls, usually in June or July. The eggs hatch in August or September. Wild female tortoises produce up to three clutches a year depending on the climate. Their eggs incubate from 90 to 135 days; some eggs may overwinter and hatch the following spring. In a laboratory experiment, temperature influenced hatching rates and hatchling sex. Incubation temperatures from resulted in hatching rates exceeding 83%, while incubation at resulted in a 53% hatching rate. Incubation temperatures less than resulted in all-male clutches. Average incubation time decreased from 124.7 days at to 78.2 days at . The desert tortoise is one of the few known tortoises in existence that has been observed engaging in homosexual intercourse Same-sex intercourse happens in many species, There is no one answer as to why this occurs. One possible explanation for this could be the social component of gaining and establishing dominance. Maturation The desert tortoise grows slowly, often taking 16 years or longer to reach about in length. The growth rate varies with age, location, gender and precipitation. It can slow down from 12 mm/year for ages 4–8 years to about 6.0 mm/year for ages 16 to 20 years. Males and females grow at similar rates; females can grow slightly faster when young, but males grow larger than females. Desert tortoises reach their reproductive maturity at ages 15 to 20, when they become longer than 18 cm (7 in). However, it is possible for them to mature faster as 10-year-old females that are able to reproduce have been observed. Activity Their activity depends on location, peaking in late spring for the Mojave Desert and in late summer to fall in Sonoran Desert; some populations exhibit two activity peaks during one year. Desert tortoises brumate during winters, roughly from November to February–April. Females begin brumating later and emerge earlier than males; juveniles emerge from brumation earlier than adults. Temperature strongly influences desert tortoise activity level. Although desert tortoises can survive body temperatures from below freezing to over , most activity occurs at temperatures from . The influence of temperature is reflected in daily activity patterns, with desert tortoises often active late in the morning during spring and fall, early in the morning and late in the evening during the summer, and occasionally becoming active during relatively warm winter afternoons. The activity generally increases after rainfall. Although desert tortoises spend the majority of their time in shelter, movements of up to per day are common. The common, comparatively short-distance movements presumably represent foraging activity, traveling between burrows, and possibly mate-seeking or other social behaviors. Long-distance movements could potentially represent dispersal into new areas and/or use of peripheral portions of the home range. Lifespan The lifespan of a desert tortoise can vary from 50 to 80 years. The main causes of mortality in desert tortoises include predators, human-related causes, diseases, and environmental factors such as drought, flooding, and fire. The annual death rate of adults is typically a few percent, but is much higher for young desert tortoises. Only 2–5% of hatchlings are estimated to reach maturity. Estimates of survival from hatching to 1 year of age for Mojave Desert tortoises range from 47 to 51%. Survival of Mojave Desert tortoises from 1 to 4 years of age is 71–89%. Diet The desert tortoise is an herbivore. Grasses form the bulk of its diet, but it also eats herbs, annual wildflowers, and new growth of cacti, as well as their fruit and flowers. Rocks and soil are also ingested, perhaps as a means of maintaining intestinal digestive bacteria as a source of supplementary calcium or other minerals. As with birds, stones may also function as gastroliths, enabling more efficient digestion of plant material in the stomach. Much of the tortoise's water intake comes from moisture in the grasses and wildflowers they consume in the spring. A large urinary bladder can store over 40% of the tortoise's body weight in water, urea, uric acid, and nitrogenous wastes. During very dry times, they may give off waste as a white paste rather than a watery urine. During periods of adequate rainfall, they drink copiously from any pools they find, and eliminate solid urates. The tortoises can increase their body weight by up to 40% after copious drinking. Adult tortoises can survive a year or more without access to water. During the summer and dry seasons, they rely on the water contained within cactus fruits and mesquite grass. To maintain sufficient water, they reabsorb water in their bladders, and move to humid burrows in the morning to prevent water loss by evaporation. A desert tortoise can empty its bladder as one of its defense mechanisms. This can leave the tortoise in a very vulnerable condition in dry areas, since the tortoise will no longer have a backup water supply. If a tortoise is seen in the wild, you should not handle, or pick them up unless they are in imminent danger. Handling of tortoises may have consequences for the animal, such as the development of upper respiratory tract infections. Predation and conservation status Ravens, Gila monsters, kit foxes, badgers, roadrunners, coyotes, and fire ants are all natural predators of the desert tortoise. They prey on eggs, juveniles, which are long with a thin, delicate shell, or, in some cases, adults. Ravens are thought to cause significant levels of juvenile tortoise predation in some areas of the Mojave Desert – frequently near urbanized areas. The most significant threats to tortoises include urbanization, disease, habitat destruction and fragmentation, illegal collection and vandalism by humans, and habitat conversion from invasive plant species (Brassica tournefortii, Bromus rubens and Erodium spp.). Desert tortoise populations in some areas have declined by as much as 90% since the 1980s, and the Mojave population is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in 1990, after being listed as endangered, or threatened in the case of the Beaver Dam Slope, Utah population, under an emergency rule in 1989. All desert tortoises are protected under law of the United States based on similarity of appearance to tortoises of the protected Mojave population. It is unlawful to touch, harm, harass, or collect wild desert tortoises. It is, however, possible to adopt captive tortoises through the Tortoise Adoption Program in Arizona, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Desert Tortoise Adoption Program in Utah, Joshua Tree Tortoise Rescue Project in California, or through Bureau of Land Management in Nevada. When adopted in Nevada, they will have a computer chip embedded on their backs for reference. According to Arizona Game and Fish Commission Rule R12-4-407 A.1, they may be possessed if the tortoises are obtained from a captive source which is properly documented. Commission Order 43: Reptile Notes 3: one tortoise per family member. The Fort Irwin National Training Center of the US Army expanded into an area that was habitat for about 2,000 desert tortoises, and contained critical desert tortoise habitat (a designation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service). In March 2008, about 650 tortoises were moved by helicopter and vehicle, up to 35 km away. The Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee protects roughly of desert tortoise habitat from human activity. This area includes in Kern County, in San Bernardino County, and in Riverside County. Another potential threat to the desert tortoise's habitat is a series of proposed wind and solar farms. As a result of legislation, solar energy companies have been making plans for huge projects in the desert regions of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. The requests submitted to the Bureau of Land Management total nearly . While tortoises are made to withstand tough conditions and high temperatures, they are unable to cope with the dangers of human development, such as the use of off-roading vehicles. These vehicles that come along at high speeds have the potential to crush and kill tortoises, running over their eggs and burrows and significantly impacting their population. Human development Ivanpah solar power project Concerns about the impacts of the Ivanpah Solar thermal project led the developers to hire some 100 biologists and spend US$22 million caring for the tortoises on or near the site during construction. Despite this, in a 2011 Revised Biological Assessment for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, the Bureau of Land Management anticipated the loss or significant degradation of of tortoise habitat and the harm of 57–274 adult tortoises, 608 juveniles, and 236 eggs inside the work area, and 203 adult tortoises and 1,541 juvenile tortoises outside the work area. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) expects that most of the juvenile tortoises on the project will be killed. Lawsuits In the summer of 2010, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility filed a lawsuit against the National Park Service for not having taken measures to manage tortoise shooting in the Mojave National Preserve of California. Biologists discovered numerous gunshot wounds (holes) on dead tortoise shells which could likely have been caused long after natural death as these shells can take five years to disintegrate and make useful targets for well intentioned target shooters. These shells left behind by nature, droughts, roadkill, or vandals may have attracted ravens and threatened the healthy tortoises as any predator bird need only feed once on a small tortoise to remember it as a viable food source. The National Park Service did not take the measures they were urged to. They responded with "We simply do not believe that such regulations are warranted at this time." and no further action has been taken. Diseases Reptiles are known to become infected by a wide range of pathogens, which includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. More specifically, the G. agassizii population has been negatively affected by upper respiratory tract disease, cutaneous dyskeratosis, herpes virus, shell necrosis, urolithiasis (bladder stones), and parasites. Upper respiratory tract disease Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population. URTD is caused by the infectious agents Mycoplasma agassizii and Mycoplasma testudineum, which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small genome. Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others. The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower palpebra, or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and conjunctivitis, weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the integument, and lethargic or erratic behavior. These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in M. agassizii. Tests were conducted on blood samples, and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood, defined as being seropositive. Cutaneous dyskeratosis Cutaneous dyskeratosis (CD) is a shell disease of unknown origin and has unknown implications on desert tortoise populations. Observationally, it is typified by shell lesions on the scutes. Areas infected with CD appear discolored, dry, rough and flakey, with peeling, pitting, and chipping through multiple cornified layers. Lesions are usually first located on the plastron (underside) of the tortoises, although lesions on the carapace (upper side) and fore limbs are not uncommon. In advanced cases, exposed areas become infected with bacteria, fungi, and exposed tissue and bone may become necrotic. CD was evident as early as 1979 and was initially identified on the Chuckwalla Bench Area of Critical Environmental Concern in Riverside County, California. Currently, the means of transmission are unknown, although hypotheses include autoimmune diseases, exposure to toxic chemicals (possibly from mines, or air pollution), or a deficiency disease (possibly resulting from tortoises consuming low-quality invasive plant species instead of high-nutrient native plants). Impacts of disease Two case studies outlined the spread of disease in desert tortoises. The Daggett Epidemiology of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease project, which provides supporting disease research for the Fort Irwin translocation project, lends an example of the spread of disease. In 2008, 197 health evaluations were conducted, revealing 25.0–45.2% exposure to M. agassizii and M. testudineum, respectively, in a core area adjacent to Interstate 15. The spread of disease was tracked over two years, and clinical signs of URTD spread from the core area to adjacent, outlying locations during this time. Overlaying home ranges and the social nature of these animals, suggests that disease-free individuals may be vulnerable to spread of disease, and that transmission can occur rapidly. Thus, wild tortoises that are close to the urban-wildlife interface may be vulnerable to spread of disease as a direct result of human influence. The second study indicated that captive tortoises can be a source of disease to wild Agassiz's desert tortoise populations. Johnson et al. (2006) tested blood samples for URTD (n = 179) and herpesvirus (n = 109) from captive tortoises found near Barstow, CA and Hesperia, CA. Demographic and health data were collected from the tortoises, as well from other reptiles housed in the same facility. Of these, 45.3% showed signs of mild disease, 16.2% of moderate disease, and 4.5% of severe disease, and blood tests revealed that 82.7% of tortoises had antibodies to mycoplasma, and 26.6% had antibodies to herpesvirus (which means the tortoises were seropositive for these two diseases, and indicate previous exposure to the causative agents). With an estimated 200,000 captive desert tortoises in California, their escape or release into the wild is a real threat to uninfected wild populations of tortoises. Projections from this study suggest that about 4400 tortoises could escape from captivity in a given year, and with an 82% exposure rate to URTD, the wild population may be at greater risk than previously thought. Domestic pets Edwards et al. reported that 35% of desert tortoises in the Phoenix area are hybrids between either Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai, or G. morafkai and the Texas tortoise, G. berlandieri. The intentional or accidental release of these tortoises could have dire consequences for wild tortoises. Before obtaining a desert tortoise as a pet, it is best to check the laws and regulations of the local area and/or state. Desert tortoises may not be captured from the wild. They may, however, be given as a gift from one private owner to another. Desert tortoises need to be kept outdoors in a large area of dry soil and with access to vegetation and water. An underground den and a balanced diet are crucial to the health of captive tortoises. Management activities and spread of disease Research Wild populations of tortoises must be managed effectively to minimize the spread of diseases, which includes research and education. Despite significant research being conducted on desert tortoises and disease, a considerable knowledge gap still exists in understanding how disease affects desert tortoise population dynamics. It is not known if the population would still decline if disease were completely absent from the system; are tortoises more susceptible to disease during drought conditions? How does a non-native diet impact a tortoise's ability to ward off pathogens? What are the causes of immunity exhibited by some desert tortoises? The 2008 USFWS draft recovery plan suggests that populations of tortoises that are uninfected, or only recently infected, should likely be considered research and management priorities. Tortoises are known to show resistance to disease in some areas, an effort to identify and maintain these individuals in the populations is essential. Furthermore, increasing research on the social behavior of these animals, and garnering a greater understanding of how behavior facilitates disease transmission would be advantageous in understanding rates of transmission. Finally, translocation of tortoises should be done with extreme caution; disease is typically furtive and moving individuals or populations of tortoises across a landscape can have unforeseen consequences. Education As a corollary to research, education may help prevent captive tortoises from coming into contact with wild populations. Education campaigns through veterinarians, government agencies, schools, museums, and community centers throughout the range of the desert tortoise could limit the spread of tortoise diseases into wild populations. Strategies may include encouraging people to not breed their captive tortoises, ensure that different species of turtles and tortoises are not housed in the same facility (which would help to prevent the spread of novel diseases into the desert tortoise population), ensure captive tortoises are adequately housed to prevent them from escaping into the wild, and to ensure that captive turtles and tortoises are never released into the wild. Desert tortoises have been severely affected by disease. Both upper respiratory tract disease and cutaneous dyskeratosis have caused precipitous population declines and die-offs across the entire range of this charismatic species. Both of these diseases are extremely likely to be caused by people, and URTD is easily linked with people releasing captive tortoises into the wild. The combination of scientific research and public education is imperative to curb the spread of disease and aid the tortoise in recovery. State reptile The desert tortoise is the state reptile of California and Nevada. References External links The Desert Tortoise The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Desert Tortoise, National Park Service Desert Tortoise data and information portal, Mojave Desert Ecosystem Program Desert Tortoise documentary video: The Desert Tortoise: A Delicate Balance, NASA Dryden Desert Tortoise Council Further reading Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . (Gopherus agassizii, pp. 471–472 + Plate 328). Boulenger GA (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311p. + Plates I-III. (Testudo agasizii, p. 156). Cooper JG (1861). "New California Animals". Proc. California Acad. Sci. 2: 118-123. (Xerobates agassizii, new species, pp. 120–121). Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. . (Gopherus agassizi, p. 155). Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. (paperback), (hardcover). (Gopherus agassizi, pp. 62–63). Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. . (Gopherus agassizii, pp. 255–257 + Plate 22 + Map 63). Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Gopherus agassizii, p. 121). Reptiles described in 1861 Gopherus Taxa named by James Graham Cooper North American desert fauna Reptiles of Mexico Reptiles of the United States Fauna of the Mojave Desert Fauna of the Colorado Desert Fauna of the Sonoran Desert Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley Symbols of California Natural history of the Mojave Desert Symbols of Nevada ESA threatened species

1481761

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%2020%3A9

John 20:9

John 20:9 is the ninth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the Bible. Peter and the Beloved Disciple have been examining Jesus' empty tomb and the arrangement of the grave clothes. John 20:8 states that the Beloved Disciple looked in the tomb and believed, though there is conflict on what exactly he believed. John 20:9 seems to modify this statement but its exact meaning is also unclear. Content In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. The English Standard Version translates the passage as: for as yet they did not understand the Scripture, that he must rise from the dead. For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:9 Analysis Who they refers to is uncertain. John only makes clear that Peter and the Beloved Disciple were present, but it is possible that Mary Magdalene was also there at this point. Thus some scholars, such as Hartmann, believe they refers to Peter and Mary who were in ignorance while the Beloved Disciple did understand that Jesus had risen from the dead. The alternative is that they refers to Peter and the Beloved Disciple and shows that they were both still ignorant about the resurrection and that this verse thus clarifies the preceding one and confirms that the Beloved Disciple did not realize that Jesus had risen. Schnackenburg believes that John 20:8, and everything else referring to the Beloved Disciple, is a later addition to the chapter. In this model 20:9 would follow directly after 20:7 and would clearly be talking about Peter and Mary Magdalene. Brown reports that the word scripture is singular and most of the time this form is used to refer to a single piece of scripture. No piece is cited but it is possible the author of John assumed his readers would know what piece was referred to. Several passages from the Old Testament have been proposed as likely candidates for this source such as Psalm 16, Hosea 6:2, and Jonah 1:17. Some scholars have also speculated that since the Gospel of John was likely written after most of the New Testament had been penned the author could be referring to one of these works. Alternatively the singular form of the word scripture was sometimes used to refer to the entire body of scripture and this may be the usage the author intends. Bultmann has called John 20:9 "a gloss of the ecclesiastical redaction" and argues that the verse is a later addition to the text. One piece of evidence for this is the phrase "risen from the dead." The author of John, unlike the other Gospel writers, does not favour the usage of to rise preferring to ascend. Other scholars believe that the statement is original but misplaced, feeling it should follow John 20:11. Bruce disagrees arguing that the word for makes the link between 20:8 and 20:9 clear. References Further reading John Calvin's commentary on John 20:1-9 Jesus Appears to His Disciples 20:09

1481763

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Reid%20%28rapper%29

Christopher Reid (rapper)

Christopher Reid (born April 5, 1964), formerly known as Kid (shortened from his original MC name, Kid Coolout), is an American rapper, actor and comedian. During the peak of his career with the rap duo Kid 'n Play, with Christopher Martin, Reid was notable for both his seven-inch, vertical hi-top fade and freckles. Life and career Reid was born in The Bronx, New York, to a Jamaican father (1928–2019) and an Irish mother (1930–1973). He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1982. He also graduated in 1986 from Lehman College in the Bronx with his B.A. in English after first attending Miles College. He is best known as one half of late-1980s/early-1990s hip hop musical act Kid 'n Play with fellow rapper/actor Christopher "Play" Martin. Reid was particularly notable for his extremely large hi-top fade hairstyle. Reid has appeared on a number of television programs, including Martin and Sister, Sister, and has served as the host of amateur contest shows, such as Your Big Break and It's Showtime at the Apollo. Reid tours as a stand-up comedian. Reid's most recent musical contribution has been writing the theme song to HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher. He also appeared on the VH1 reality magician game show Celebracadabra in 2008. Pursuing a solo career, he released a music video for a song called "Why Don't You Stay", on which he raps and sings. He appeared in The Asylum's film War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave, a sequel to H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds. He has been a guest on The Dawn and Drew Show, Comics Unleashed, New England Sports Network's Comedy All-Stars, and Slanted Comedy. He played the role of The Rhymer on the TV series Supah Ninjas. He also appears in LMFAO's video for "Sorry for Party Rocking". In 2012, he broke into voice-over work in the military shooter video game Spec Ops: The Line, in which he plays Lieutenant Alphonso Adams, part of a three-man squad sent into a ruined Dubai to investigate a signal from an MIA military unit, The Damned 33rd. In an interview on the “Hip-Hop Confessions” podcast, Reid shared that he and Christopher Martin (“Play”) were heated about the cancellation of their animated series on NBC. Their anger at the time made their emotions outweigh their business mindset, and they missed out on a major TV deal, which went to Will Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff and resulted in the hit TV series Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Looking back on the time, Reid admitted that he and Martin failed to see past their wants and consider the bigger picture. He is a fan of the sports radio station in Dallas "The Ticket" 1310 AM/96.7 FM. He is "guest picker" of sports picks on the station and has guest-hosted "The Norm And D Invasion" with Donovan Lewis. Discography 1988: 2 Hype 1990: Funhouse 1991: Face the Nation Filmography 1990: House Party 1991: House Party 2 1992: Class Act 1992: Martin - Guest appearance (Season 1, Episode 6) 1994: House Party 3 1996-1997: Sister, Sister 1998: The Temptations 2001: Sealab 2021 2003: Pauly Shore Is Dead 2005: Barbershop: The Series 2008: War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave 2009: Hell's Kitchen 2010: Freaknik: The Musical 2011: Supah Ninjas 2012-2014: Black Dynamite: The Animated Series 2013: Mad 2013: House Party: Tonight's the Night 2021: Apple & Onion 2023: House Party Video games Spec Ops: The Line – 1st Lieutenant Alphonso Adams References External links 1964 births Living people 20th-century American rappers 21st-century American rappers 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American screenwriters 21st-century American male writers American male film actors American stand-up comedians Television personalities from New York City The Bronx High School of Science alumni American people of Irish descent American rappers of Jamaican descent Rappers from the Bronx American male television actors Lehman College alumni American male singers American male rappers American male video game actors American male voice actors American male television writers American television writers Comedians from New York (state) Screenwriters from New York (state) Kid 'n Play

1481773

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing%20at%20the%201980%20Summer%20Olympics

Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events. It took place in the Man-made Basin, located at the Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July. Due to the Western boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events. The quadruple sculls events, introduced in 1976, were again held without coxswain for men and with coxswain for women. Participating nations A total of 470 rowers from 25 nations competed at the Moscow Games: Medal table Medal summary Men's events Women's events References 1980 Summer Olympics events 1980 Summer Olympics

1481776

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Flemming

Walther Flemming

Walther Flemming (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics. He was born in Sachsenberg (now part of Schwerin) as the fifth child and only son of the psychiatrist Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799–1880) and his second wife, Auguste Winter. He graduated from the Gymnasium der Residenzstadt, where one of his colleagues and lifelong friends was writer Heinrich Seidel. Career Flemming trained in medicine at the University of Prague, graduating in 1868. Afterwards, he served in 1870–71 as a military physician in the Franco-Prussian War. From 1873 to 1876 he worked as a teacher at the University of Prague. In 1876 he accepted a post as a professor of anatomy at the University of Kiel. He became the director of the Anatomical Institute and stayed there until his death. With the use of aniline dyes he was able to find a structure which strongly absorbed basophilic dyes, which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus – the chromosomes (meaning coloured bodies), which were named thus later by German anatomist Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1841–1923). The Belgian scientist Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had also observed them, independently. The centrosome was discovered jointly by Walther Flemming in 1875 and Edouard Van Beneden in 1876. Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not see the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis both in vivo and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published first in 1878 and in 1882 in the seminal book Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung (1882; Cell substance, nucleus and cell division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase omnis nucleus e nucleo, after Virchow's omnis cellula e cellula). Flemming is also known for his philanthropy. He weekly fed those who were homeless, donating every year, 20% of his salary to homeless shelters. He taught especially young children who were too poor to attend school about mathematics and science. Flemming was unaware of the work of Gregor Mendel (1822–84) on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. The Science Channel named Flemming's discovery of mitosis and chromosomes as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all time, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology. Flemming's name is honoured by a medal awarded by the German Society for Cell Biology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zellbiologie). References Further reading and Reprinted in J. Cell Biol. 25:581–589 (1965). Flemming, W. "Zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Theilungs-Erscheinungen". In: Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein 3 (1878), 23–27. (Reprinted in ) Carlson, E.A. "The Analysis of Mitosis Shifts Attention to the Chromosomes". In: Mendel's Legacy. The Origins of Classical Genetics. p. 24–5, CSHL Press, 2004. . External links Walther Flemming Biography. Lasker Labs Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung. Original text of the book, as PDF (In German). Walter Flemming Medaille. In PDF, in German. Hardy, P. A., Zacharias, H. (2008): "Walther Flemming und die Mitose: Der Beitrag seiner ersten Kieler Jahre". Schr. Naturwiss. Ver. Schlesw.-Holst. 70, 3–15. Paper about his first description of mitosis. In German. 1843 births 1905 deaths People from Schwerin People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 19th-century German biologists German geneticists Cytogenetics Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

1481784

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Selma

Battle of Selma

The Battle of Selma was fought on April 2, 1865 in Dallas County, Alabama during the American Civil War. It was part of the Union campaign through Alabama and Georgia, known as Wilson's Raid, in the final full month of the Civil War. Brevet Major-General James H. Wilson, commanding three divisions of Union cavalry, about 13,500 men, led his men south from Gravelly Springs, Alabama, on March 22, 1865. Opposed by Confederate Lieutenant-General Nathan B. Forrest, Wilson skillfully continued his march and eventually defeated him in a running battle at Ebenezer Church, on April 1. Continuing towards Selma, Wilson split his command into three columns. Although Selma was well-defended, the Union columns broke through the defenses at separate points forcing the Confederates to surrender the city, although many of the officers and men, including Forrest and Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor, escaped. Selma demonstrated that even Forrest, whom some had considered invincible, could not stop the unrelenting Union movements deep into the Southern Heartland. Background On March 30, 1865, General Wilson detached Brigadier-General John T. Croxton's brigade to destroy all Confederate property at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. After capturing a Confederate courier who carried dispatches from Forrest describing the strength and disposition of his scattered forces, Wilson sent a brigade to destroy the bridge across the Cahaba River at Centreville. This effectively cut off Forrest from reinforcement. It also began a running fight that did not end until after the fall of Selma. Forrest had scattered his command through Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee, to refit his command following the Middle Tennessee Campaign, and Forrest spent several days in late March struggling to consolidate his force before Wilson's cavalry could advance south. On the afternoon of April 1, following skirmishing in the morning, Wilson's advance guard ran into Forrest's line of battle at Ebenezer Church, where the Randolph Road intersected the main Selma road. Forrest had hoped to bring his entire force to bear on Wilson. However, because of delays caused by flooding, plus earlier contacts with the enemy, Forrest could only muster less than 2,000 men, many of whom were not veterans but poorly trained militia consisting of old men and young boys. The outnumbered Confederates fought for over an hour, as Wilson deployed more Union cavalry and artillery on the field. Forrest himself was wounded by a saber-wielding Union captain, whom he killed with his revolver. Finally, a Union cavalry charge broke the Confederate militia, causing Forrest to be flanked on his right. He was forced to retreat under severe pressure. The battle failed to significantly delay or damage Wilson's force. Prelude Early the next morning Forrest arrived at Selma, Alabama, a town of about 10,000 inhabitants, "horse and rider covered in blood." He advised Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor, departmental commander, to leave the city. Taylor did so after giving Forrest command of the defense. Selma was protected by three miles of fortifications, which ran in a semicircle around the city. They were anchored on the north and south by the Alabama River. The works had been built two years earlier and, while neglected since then, they were still formidable. The defenses were from 8 to 12 feet high, 15 feet thick at the base, and had a ditch 4 feet wide and 5 feet deep along the front. Before this was a picket fence of heavy posts planted in the ground, 5 feet high, and sharpened at the top. At prominent positions, earthen forts were built with artillery in position to cover the ground over which an assault would have to be made. The Confederates defending Selma consisted of Armstrong, Roddey, and Crossland's brigades, Myrick's Artillery Battalion, Forrest's escort, and Alabama militia. Forrest's line of battle was so long that his 2,000 men were separated from each other from five to ten feet. There being from five to ten times as many Union troops, their line was close together. Just before the battle, it looked like they were all over the field to their front. Wilson's force arrived at the Selma fortifications at 2 p.m. He placed Gen. Long's division across the Summerfield Road, with the Chicago Board of Trade Battery in support. Upton's Division was placed across the Range Line Road with Battery I, 4th U.S. Artillery in support. Wilson had 9,000 well-armed and well-trained troops available to make the assault. Wilson's plan was for Upton to send in a 300-man detachment after dark to cross the swamp on the Confederate right, enter the works, and begin a flanking movement toward the center moving along the line of fortifications. Then a single gun from Upton's artillery would fire the signal for an attack by the entire Federal corps. At 5 p.m., however, the ammunition train in Wilson's rear was attacked by advance elements of Forrest's scattered forces who were moving toward Selma. Long and Upton had both positioned significant numbers of the troops in their rear to guard against such an event. However, Long decided on his own to begin an assault against the Selma fortifications to neutralize the attack in his rear. Battle Long's men attacked in a single rank in three main lines, dismounted and firing their 7-shot Spencer repeating rifles. They were supported by their artillery. The Confederates defenders replied with heavy small arms and artillery fire. The attackers suffered many casualties, including General Long himself, but the attack continued. Once the Union troops reached the works, vicious hand-to-hand fighting broke out. Many on both sides were struck down with clubbed muskets. Still, Union troops kept pouring into the works. In less than 30 minutes, Long's men had captured the works protecting the Summerfield Road from the hopelessly outnumbered defenders. Meanwhile, General Upton, observing Long's success, ordered his division forward. Soon, U.S. flags could be seen waving over the works from Range Line Road to Summerfield Road. Once the outer works had fallen, General Wilson, himself led the 4th U.S. Cavalry Regiment in a mounted charge down the Range Line Road toward the unfinished inner line of works. The retreating Confederate forces, having reached the inner works, rallied and poured a devastating fire into the charging Union column. This stopped the charge and sent General Wilson sprawling to the ground when his favorite horse was wounded. Wilson quickly remounted his injured horse and ordered a dismounted assault by several regiments. Mixed units of Confederate troops at the Selma railroad depot and the adjoining banks of the railroad bed tried to make a stand next to the Plantersville Road (present-day Broad Street). Fighting there was heavy, but by 7 p.m. the superior numbers of Union troops had allowed them to flank the Southern positions, causing the defenders to abandon the depot as well as the inner line of works. Aftermath Union troops rounded up hundreds of prisoners, but hundreds more escaped in the darkness down the Burnsville Road. These included Generals Forrest, Armstrong, and Roddey. To the west, many Confederate soldiers continued to fight the pursuing Union soldiers to the eastern side of Valley Creek. They then escaped in the darkness by swimming the Alabama River near the mouth of Valley Creek (where the present-day Battle of Selma Reenactment is held.) During his escape from the city, Forrest killed another Union trooper, the thirtieth he had killed in personal combat in the war. Wilson lost 359 men in the battle, while Forrest lost over 2,700 casualties, mostly prisoners and 32 artillery pieces. Jubilant Union troops looted the city that night. Wilson's men spent the next week destroying the arsenal and naval foundry. Finally, they left Selma and moved on to Montgomery and fought at Columbus on Easter Sunday, and finally marched to Macon, Georgia, when they learned of the war's end. On May 10, they captured Jefferson Davis in Irwinsville, Georgia. See also List of American Civil War battles Selma, Alabama in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865 References Sources Further reading External links 1865 in Alabama 1865 in the American Civil War April 1865 events Battles of the American Civil War in Alabama Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War Dallas County, Alabama Last stands Union victories of the American Civil War Selma

1481797

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20Safari%20Airways

African Safari Airways

Africa Safari Airways was an airline based in Mombasa, Kenya. It operated charter flights and inclusive tours beginning in 1967 from Europe, mainly to Mombasa. Its main base was Moi International Airport, Mombasa. It ceased operations in 2009. History Founded in 1967, African Safari Airways was part of the African Safari Club Group of companies. The airline operated charter flights from European hub airports including London, Frankfurt, Munich, Basel, Milan, Rome, Madrid, Vienna and Paris to Egypt and Kenya. Initial equipment was provided by Bristol Britannia turboprop airliners from summer 1969 until disposal in 1972. One of these aircraft was leased to Air Faisal. The airline bought a Douglas DC-8-53 intercontinental airliner from KLM Royal Dutch Airlines in August 1976 and operated the aircraft on its long-distance routes until it was sold in November 1982. In 1999, the Group, which included a domestic airline in Kenya operating a fleet of 7 aircraft, two cruise ships, 10 hotels, 5 lodges and a vast travel agency network in Europe, faced bankruptcy and engaged Kai Wulff (owner of Plexus Ltd. Consultancy) to manage all its operations and lead a turn-around. The group re-entered profitability in 2001 and Wulff replaced their aged Douglas DC-10 with an Airbus A310 in a 3-class configuration. After the end of the management term of Wulff in 2004, the company continued to operate as a vertically integrated group until its slow demise which started in 2008 after the post election violence in Kenya. ASA's domestic daughter company was Skytrails operating 7 planes between 1998 and 2005. African Safari Airways became Africa Safari Air in 2009. It is based in East Africa. The main hubs are Entebbe and Mombasa. It sometimes connected to Johannesburg in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The airline has one international connection to North America (Halifax, Canada). Destinations African Safari Airways operated the following services (at August 2009): Africa Kenya Mombasa (Moi International Airport) Hub Uganda Kampala (Entebbe International Airport) Rwanda Kigali (Kigali International Airport) North America United States New York(JFK Airport) Canada Halifax (Halifax Airport) Europe United Kingdom London (London Gatwick Airport) Fleet As of March 2007 the Africa Safari Air fleet included: 1 Airbus A310-308 (5Y-VIP) Previously operated From 1976 until 1982, African Safari operated a Douglas DC-8 and between 1992 and 2002, the airline operated a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (5Y-MBA) aircraft, however this was withdrawn from service. Bibliography References External links Africa Safari Air Africa Safari Air Fleet Defunct airlines of Kenya Airlines established in 1967 Airlines disestablished in 2009 2009 disestablishments in Kenya Kenyan companies established in 1967

1481806

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Wynants

Pierre Wynants

Pierre Wynants (born 5 March 1939) is a Belgian chef. He owned and led the Comme chez Soi restaurant in Brussels. Under his ownership, the restaurant held three Michelin stars from 1979 until 2006. In 2004, he created the menu of the Ostend Queen establishment. This restaurant received a rather good review in the 2005 Benelux edition Michelin restaurant guide (or Benelux Michelin Guide), although the restaurant had not opened at the time of publication of the guide. This breach of the renowned guide's rules created quite a stir in the Belgian press, particularly in Le Soir. Shortly after this scandal, the managers of the France-based restaurant guide recalled all fifty thousand copies of the newly published guide. In 2007 he passed over control of Comme chez Soi to his son-in-law Lionel Rigolet. See also Belgian cuisine References External links "Comme chez Soi" web site Who´s Who of Chefs 1939 births Living people Belgian chefs Head chefs of Michelin-starred restaurants

1481808

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%20in%20Germany

1923 in Germany

Events in the year 1923 in Germany. Incumbents National level President - Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrats) Chancellor - Wilhelm Cuno (Non-partisan) (to 12 August), Gustav Stresemann (German People's Party) (to 30 November), Wilhelm Marx (Centre) (from 30 November) Events 11 January – French and Belgian troops enter the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr because of Germany’s refusal to pay war reparations, causing strikes and a severe economic crisis. 20 April – Julius Streicher's antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer begins publication. 13 August – The First Stresemann cabinet was sworn in. 15 September – Germany's bank rate is raised to 90% due to hyperinflation. See 1920s German inflation. 26 September: Chancellor Gustav Stresemann calls for an end to passive resistance and protests by Germans against the French and Belgian Occupation of the Ruhr. The German government declares a state of emergency under Article 48 of the German Weimar Constitution. It will last until February 1924. October — as part of the German October, German communists scheme to seize power in the Weimar Republic. 6 October – The Second Stresemann cabinet was sworn in. 21 October – A separatist government is formed in the Rhineland Palatinate and is quickly recognized by the French government. 23 October – The communist Hamburg Uprising begins with left-wing extremists' attacks against numerous police stations in Hamburg and the erection of barricades. By the end of 24 October, the uprising was defeated. 9 November – In the Beer Hall Putsch, key members of the Nazi Party and their sympathizers, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring and Erich Ludendorff, attempt a coup against the German government. The coup attempt is crushed and fifteen Nazis are killed by the Bavarian Landespolizei. The killed would-be putschists are later designated as the movement's key "blood martyrs". The Blutfahne used during the coup attempt becomes a key artifact of Nazi party mythology. 15 November – The value of the German Papiermark falls to 4.2 mark to the United States dollar causing the German government to issue the Rentenmark as a replacement for the Papiermark to alleviate the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic. 23 November – Gustav Stresemann resigns as German Chancellor after a vote of no confidence from members of the government. 30 November – The First Marx cabinet was sworn in. 1 December – Centre Party member Wilhelm Marx forms a new coalition government becoming the new German Chancellor. 8 December: Germany signs an economic treaty with the United States. The Reichstag passes an enabling act empowering the government to take all measures it deems necessary and urgent with regard to the state of emergency. Popular culture Arts and literature Hermann Oberth publishes Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) Art Max Beckmann made a self-portrait of himself holding a cigarette. The painting is currently housed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Wassily Kandinsky painted his Composition VIII while he was working at the Bauhaus school of art in Weimar. This completely non-representational work exemplifies his ground-breaking movement toward abstraction. Births 8 January – Joseph Weizenbaum, German computer scientist (died 2008) 11 January – Ernst Nolte, German historian (died 2016) 16 January – Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg (died 2014) 17 January – Horst E. Brandt, German film director (died 2009) 19 January Hellmut Lange, German actor (died 2011) Markus Wolf, German head of the Main Directorate for Reconnaissance (died 2006) 9 February – Heinz Drache, German actor (died 2002) 10 March – Hans Riegel, German entrepreneur (died 2013) 15 March – Willy Semmelrogge, German actor (died 1984) 25 March – Reimar Lüst, German astrophysicist 26 March – Gert Bastian, German politician (died 1992) 22 April – Gero Wecker, German film producer (died 1974) 23 April – Reinhart Koselleck, German historian (died 2006) 23 May – Walter Wolfrum, German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace (died 2010) 26 May – Horst Tappert, German actor (died 2008) 27 May – Henry Kissinger, German-born United States presidential advisor (died 2023) 2 June – Margot Trooger, German actress (died 1994) 9 June – Gerald Götting, German politician (died 2015) 10 June – Georg Moser, German bishop of Roman-Catholic Church (died 1988) 14 June – Judith Kerr, German-born British writer and illustrator (died 2019) 7 August – Liane Berkowitz, German resistance fighter of the Red Orchestra organisation (died 1943) 26 August – Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor (died 2013) 10 September – Uri Avnery, German-born Israeli writer and founder of the Gush Shalom peace movement 20 October – Otfried Preußler, German writer (died 2013) 21 October – Erna de Vries, German Holocaust survivor (died 2021) 22 October – Bert Trautmann, German footballer and goalkeeper (died 2013) 4 November – Harry Valérien, German sports journalist (died 2012) 5 November – Rudolf Augstein, German journalist (died 2002) 12 November – Vicco von Bülow, German comedian, humorist, cartoonist, film director, actor and writer (died 2011) 15 November – Rüdiger von Wechmar, German diplomat (died 2007) 22 November – Hanna Maron, German-born Israeli actress 15 December: Uzi Gal, German-born Israeli gun designer, best remembered as the designer and namesake of the Uzi submachine gun (died 2002) Inge Keller, German actress (died 2017) 17 December – Jürgen Ponto, German bankier (died 1977) 25 December – Sonia Olschanezky, German-born French Jewish World War II heroine (executed by German) (died 1944 Deaths 1 February – Ernst Troeltsch, theologian and philosopher (born 1865) 3 February – Siegmund Guenther, German geographer, historian and naturalist (born 1848) 6 February – Gerdt von Bassewitz, German playwright and actor (born 1878) 10 February – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist (born 1845) 11 February – Helmuth von Maltzahn, German politician (born 1840) 22 February – Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen, German composer (born 1853) 23 April – Princess Louise of Prussia (born 1838) 24 April – William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born 1876) 11 March – Karl von Müller, German German Imperial captain (born 1873) 3 May – Ernst Hartwig, German astronomer (born 1851) 17 May – Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (born 1852) 21 May – Hans Goldschmidt, German chemist (born 1861) 5 June – Carl von Horn, German general (born 1847) 20 June – Princess Marie of Battenberg, German writer and translator (born 1852 in France) 12 July – Ernst Otto Beckmann, German chemist and pharmacist (born 1853) 4 September – Paul Friedländer, German chemist (born 1857) 29 September – Walther Penck, German geologist and geomorphologist (born 1888) 3 November – Carl Harries, German chemist (born 1866) 9 November – Theodor von der Pfordten, Nazi paramilitary (born 1873) 14 November – Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (born 1845) 16 November – Guido Herzfeld, German actor (born 1851) 20 November – Rudolf Havenstein, German lawyer and president of the Reichsbank (born 1857) 17 December – Paul von Krause, German politician and jurist (born 1852) References Years of the 20th century in Germany Germany Germany

1481810

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Wikipedia

Ukrainian Wikipedia

The Ukrainian Wikipedia () is the Ukrainian language edition of the free online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. The first article was written on 30 January 2004. the Ukrainian Wikipedia has articles and is the largest Wikipedia edition. it is the second most visited language Wikipedia in Ukraine, with 90 million page views, behind the Russian Wikipedia, at 100 million page views. There is a long-term trend for the Ukrainian language edition to be increasingly favored in comparison to the historically dominant Russian language edition. Quality of articles and popularity In the Ukrainian Wikipedia, one area of knowledge has been covered to an extent greater than all other Wikipedias—the subject of mining, due to the considerable contribution by one person, Volodymyr Biletsky, a professor at Donetsk National Technical University. Using the Mining Encyclopedia, Biletsky has contributed over 10,000 articles on the subject to Ukrainian Wikipedia. In 2013, the Institute of History of Ukraine at the National Academy of Science gave permission to the Ukrainian Wikipedia to use the digital version of the Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine that was published online. The Higher School Academy of Science and Forest Engineering also allowed Wikipedia to freely use their information resources. Generally, before the 2014 Maidan Revolution, Ukrainian Wikipedia hold approximately the 10 to 20 percent of the pageviews from Ukraine, depending on the season and steadily growing, reaching for first time a share of above 20% in late 2013. The success of Euromaidan and the subsequent improvement in Ukrainian language's status have positively impacted the reach of Ukrainian Wikipedia. One of the areas where activity is notable is in Wiki Loves Monuments project, an annual international photo contest focused on cultural and historical monuments. Ukrainian Wikipedians were ranked 4th among 36 participating countries for the number of uploads of images as part of this project in 2012. In 2014, Ukrainian Wikipedians were the winners of the contest that year. the Ukrainian Wikipedia is the second most popular Wikipedia in Ukraine, slightly below Russian, despite that both language versions have more than a million articles. This is attributed to the historic bilingualism in Ukraine, the Russification of Ukraine and the Ukrainian language during the Tsarist and Soviet era, and the popularity of Russian-language content in present-day Ukraine. However, the popularity of Ukrainian Wikipedia in Ukraine is increasing every year, compared to the Russian version. In January 2016, the ratio of Russian to Ukrainian Wikipedia use was 4.6 times, decreasing to 2.6 times in January 2019, 2.4 times in January 2020, and 2 times in January 2021. Extrapolation shows that in 2025, in Ukraine, the popularity of the Ukrainian Wikipedia will be higher than the popularity of the Russian Wikipedia. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the difference between the two languages has further decreased, and in October 2022 it was just ten million pageviews (100 million pageviews for Russian in Ukraine and 90 million pageviews for Ukrainian), the lowest ever recorded. Due to the fact that many students consult Ukrainian Wikipedia for information about the literature works, the writers and other parts of the school curriculum, the pageviews of Ukrainian Wikipedia are generally halving during the summer. This trend is observed in many other Wikipedias of the former Soviet space, including Kazakh and Uzbek ones. The impact of this trend tends however to decrease as of 2023. In July 2023 Ukrainian had 61 million pageviews and Russian 87 million pageviews in Ukraine which is lesser than half of the difference 72 million pageviews (112 to 40) in July 2021. Articles Some articles of the Ukrainian Wikipedia have been taken from various sources, such as the Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies (about 6500), the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, the Handbook of the History of Ukraine (edited by Podkova and Shust), the Encyclopedia of Mining of Volodymyr Biletskyy and from official sources of information of state institutions. History of the Ukrainian language A significant number of articles in Ukrainian Wikipedia relate to the history of the development of the Ukrainian language. A study in August 2012 counted over 8,000 articles mentioning the term "Ukrainian language" and over 1,400 articles with the term "history of Ukrainian language" and concluded that collectively represented a good coverage of its history and concepts. Articles about the history of Ukrainian language included articles about early publications like bibles printed in Ukrainian, grammar books, changes in phonetics through time, Ukrainian calligraphy, history of Ukrainian language within the context of the Soviet Union, linguicide and the banning of Ukrainian language by the Russian Government. History and science At the end of 2012, the Ukrainian Wikipedia contained over 1,500 articles relating to Ukrainian history. the Ukrainian Wikipedia contained 52 specific articles about Ukrainian astronomers and astronomo-geodesists, which have now been collated into a published book. Community Approximately twenty thousand users make at least one edit in Ukrainian Wikipedia. On average, three thousand editors are active per month. Despite that the population of Ukraine is decreasing, Ukrainian Wikipedia has recorded an ever-increasing amount of active contributors throughout the 2010s and the early 2020s. Wikimedia Ukraine is the chapter of Wikimedia foundation in Ukraine. It is charged with promoting Wikipedia in Ukraine. Apart from online editathons, Wikimedia Ukraine also hosts Wikimarathon, an article creation contest that includes article creation workshops which take place in various cities of Ukraine with the coordination of various Ukrainian Wikipedians. Wikimarathon takes place in late January, honouring the creation of Ukrainian Wikipedia on January 30, 2004. Wikimarathon workshops, as well the contest itself, have received significant coverage from Ukrainian media. The most contributors of Ukrainian Wikipedia are from Ukraine. Many of them are from Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Other Ukrainian oblasts which constitute the homeland of many Ukrainian Wikipedians are Lviv and Donetsk oblasts. Blackout On 21 January 2014, the Ukrainian Wikipedia community decided to block access to the portal every day between 4:00 and 4:30 PM in protest of "dictatorship laws" in Ukraine, that restrict the freedom of speech and pose a threat to the portal. Statistics On 1 October 2005, Ukrainian Wikipedia reached the 20,000-article mark. The milestone of 250,000 articles was officially reached on 21 December 2010, and 860,000 people had viewed 30 million articles in that month alone. By 2012, with over 400,000 articles and 100 million words, the Ukrainian Wikipedia by far had content larger than the largest printed encyclopedia at that time — the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. On 23 March 2020, the Ukrainian Wikipedia reached 1,000,000 articles, when user Oleh Kushch published an article about American folk singer Odetta. the Ukrainian Wikipedia has nearly 3.6 million visitors every day. The Ukrainian Wikipedia at that time was on the 16th place in the ranking of the world's Wikipedias. Milestones 30 January 2004 — 1st article 4 April 2004 — 1,000 articles 18 June 2004 — 5,000 articles 16 December 2004 — 10,000 articles 1 October 2005 — 20,000 articles 15 October 2006 — 30,000 articles 12 November 2006 — 40,000 articles 16 January 2007 — 50,000 articles 17 May 2007 — 60,000 articles 9 September 2007 — 70,000 articles 13 December 2007 — 80,000 articles 24 January 2008 — 90,000 articles 28 March 2008 — 100,000 articles 13 July 2008 — 120,000 articles 30 May 2009 — 150,000 articles 7 April 2010 — 200,000 articles 20 December 2010 — 250,000 articles 7 July 2011 — 300,000 articles 28 December 2011 - 350 000 articles 20 September 2012 — 400,000 articles 12 May 2014 — 500,000 articles 13 November 2015 — 600,000 articles 4 June 2017 — 700,000 articles 10 July 2018 — 800,000 articles 19 April 2019 — 900,000 articles 23 March 2020 — 1,000,000 articles 5 July 2021 — 1,100,000 articles 10 October 2022 — 1,200,000 articles 9 December 2023 — 1,300,000 articles Gallery Notes References External links List of Wikipedias and their ranking by number of articles Wikipedia Statistics Ukrainian Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Wikipedia Page Views Per Country Ukrainian Wikipedia Ukrainian Wikipedia mobile version Wikipedia at Wikimedia Ukraine Weblog Bozhena Sheremeta, Ukrainian Wikipedia hits growth peak with over 500,000 articles, Kyiv Post, November 24, 2014 Wikipedias in Slavic languages Ukrainian-language websites Education in Ukraine Internet properties established in 2004 Ukrainian-language encyclopedias Ukrainian online encyclopedias

1481816

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Masse

Brian Masse

Brian S. Masse (born July 9, 1968) is a Canadian politician. He has served in the House of Commons of Canada since 2002, representing the riding of Windsor West as a member of the New Democratic Party. Early life and career Masse was born in Windsor, Ontario. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology from Wilfrid Laurier University in 1991 and has completed coursework for a Master of Arts degree at the University of Windsor. During the 1990s, he was a job developer for the Association for Persons with Physical Disabilities and a program coordinator for the Multicultural Council of Windsor and Essex County. Masse was elected for Ward 2 of the Windsor City Council in 1997 and was re-elected in 2000. In 1998, he played a prominent role in preventing a rock-crushing operation from opening in the Wellington Avenue area. In May 2001, the Windsor City Council unanimously approved Masse's motion to prevent school boards from selling vacant property lots at the highest market value. His purpose was to dissuade boards from closing schools, though some criticized the motion as working against taxpayer interests. Masse later called for a referendum on a proposed new arena project, but this was not accepted by council. Masse is married to Terry Chow, with whom he has two children. Member of Parliament Masse joined the federal New Democratic Party in 1997 and was first elected to the Canadian Parliament in a by-election held on May 13, 2002. The election was called after the resignation of Herb Gray, a long-time Liberal cabinet minister who had been a member of Parliament (MP) since 1962. Masse won the NDP nomination without opposition and defeated Liberal candidate Richard Pollock by 2,477 votes to win the seat. He was re-elected by a greater margin in the 2004 general election. Masse's success in 2002 was partly due to support from Joe Comartin, a fellow Windsor New Democrat who was elected to the House of Commons in the 2000 federal election. In 2002–03, Masse supported Comartin's bid for the NDP leadership. Masse served as the NDP critic for Auto Policy, Canada Border Services, and Customs in the 38th Canadian Parliament. He also became a member of the newly formed all-party "Border Caucus", examining aspects of Canada-U.S. trade relations. In 2004, he introduced a motion to restrict pharmaceutical companies from renewing their patent protection. During his first campaign for the House of Commons, the Windsor Star ran an editorial opposing him as "a bench-warmer, a yes-man, a political careerist". Two years later, however, a Star columnist wrote that Masse had "vastly exceeded expectations and quickly developed into an able, hard-working representative who has stayed on top of riding issues." Masse was re-elected in the 2006 federal election with an increased majority over Liberal Werner Keller. He served as NDP Deputy Industry Critic. After the election, Masse and Comartin spoke out against the provincial NDP's decision to remove Canadian Auto Workers leader Buzz Hargrove from the party. Masse has criticized Industry Minister Maxime Bernier's plans to deregulate Canada's telecommunications market and ease restrictions on foreign ownership, arguing that the reforms could result in a small number of companies controlling the Canadian industry. Since 2015, Masse has sat on the NDP frontbench as the critic for Innovation, Science and Economic Development. Masse was re-elected in the 2019 Canadian federal election and the 2021 Canadian federal election, on both occasions finishing ahead of former Liberal MPP Sandra Pupatello. Electoral record Federal |- bgcolor="white" |align="left" colspan=2|New Democratic Party hold |- bgcolor="white" |align="left" colspan=2|New Democratic Party hold Municipal Results provided by the City of Windsor. Results are provided by the City of Windsor. Electors could vote for two candidates in the municipal elections. The percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes. All federal election information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available. References External links Official website 1968 births Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario New Democratic Party MPs University of Windsor alumni Windsor, Ontario city councillors Wilfrid Laurier University alumni 21st-century members of the House of Commons of Canada

1481820

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20Chronicle-Telegraph

Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph

The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, founded by William Brown (c. 1737–1789) as the Quebec Gazette on 21 June 1764, is the oldest running newspaper in North America. It is currently published as an English language weekly from its offices in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Formerly a bilingual French-English publication, the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2014. Origins and history Founded as the Quebec Gazette in 1764, it is a descendant of several newspapers published during the past three centuries. Until 1842, the newspaper published editions in both French and English. At its inception it originally began as a weekly, but in May 1832, it began appearing in English on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and in French on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The Quebec Gazette merged with the Morning Chronicle in 1873 to become the Quebec Chronicle and Quebec Gazette. On 25 July 1925 another merger occurred with the Quebec Daily Telegraph and the paper was then published under the banner of the Chronicle-Telegraph until 1934, when it added Quebec to its masthead, where it remains to this day. In 1959, the paper was sold to the Thomson Publishing Group (then owned by Canadian media mogul Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, now part of Thomson Reuters) which later sold the newspaper to publisher Herb Murphy. In 1972 it went from being a daily to its current weekly edition format. Quebec City is a virtually monolingual francophone city, and the area's anglophone population was too small for the paper to be viable as a daily. Then as now, its readership came mainly from anglophone provincial government workers and anglophone members of the National Assembly of Quebec. The paper was sold again in 1979 to lawyers David Cannon, Jean Lemelin, Ross Rourke and broadcaster Bob Dawson, who later passed it on to David Cannon. It was then bought by Karen Macdonald and François Vézina on 1 January 1993. On 1 August 2007 it was sold to Peter White, former Hollinger executive and Mr. White sold it to Pierre Little in 2009, a New Brunswick native. In November 2010, majority shares were sold to Ray Stanton of London, Ontario. Claims of seniority The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph claims to be North America's oldest newspaper due to the following: The Maryland Gazette began publication in 1727, though it ceased publication in its tenth year and the name was only revived in 1922. The New Hampshire Gazette began publication on 7 October 1756 and continues as a weekly today. However, the name disappeared for a time and the new version was started from scratch by a different owner who had not purchased the paper from a previous owner. In Canada, the Halifax Gazette, founded in 1752, claims to be "Canada's first newspaper." However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette, is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper. The Newport Mercury began as a weekly in 1758 and still publishes news today under the same name, ceasing publication only for a short period during the American Revolution. Finally, there is the Hartford Courant, founded 29 October 1764, a few months after the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph. However, the Courant claims that it, not the Chronicle-Telegraph, is the oldest newspaper in North America, since it has never missed a day of publication since its foundation while the Chronicle-Telegraph briefly ceased publication during the 1775 Siege of Quebec. The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph therefore has a defendable claim to being the oldest newspaper that still publishes news in Canada. Archive scanning partnership with Google News In 2008 the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph joined the Google News microfilm scanning project to make its newspaper archives more accessible via Google's free news archive search service. Publisher Pierre Little stated that: and that: See also Google News List of early Canadian newspapers List of newspapers in Canada List of online newspaper archives References External links First publications (June 21, 1764 - September 27, 1764) via The Internet Archive website Publications established in 1764 Newspapers published in Quebec City English-language newspapers published in Quebec Weekly newspapers published in Quebec 1764 establishments in the British Empire Quebec Anglophone culture in Quebec City

1481822

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Stokes%20%28filmmaker%29

Chris Stokes (filmmaker)

Chris Stokes is an American filmmaker and former record executive. He founded the record label the Ultimate Group (or TUG Entertainment) in 1997, whose roster included B2K, Omarion, Jhené Aiko, Marques Houston, IMx and NLT, among others. He has also directed the 2004 dance drama film You Got Served, as well as the direct-to-TV films House Party 4 (2001) and Somebody Help Me (2007). Career Stokes first became connected with film and television through the talent of whom he managed. In 1992, Marques Houston made his acting debut in the animated comedy film Bebe's Kids, and received his big break as a regular on Sister, Sister in 1994. All three members of Immature appeared in the film House Party 3 (1994). Stokes' first film credit came in 2001 as the writer and director of House Party 4, which starred Immature, which by then had transitioned to their new name IMx. He then served as the writer and director of the 2004 dance film You Got Served, which was commercially successful and starred members of his TUG label; The cast included Houston, as well as rapper Lil' Kim. In 2007 Stokes launched a clothing and fashion line, the Christopher Brian Collection, which debuted at Magic in Las Vegas February 2007. The line featured Kim Kardashian as the principal spokesmodel and was available at Dash, her Calabasas boutique. Promotional images for the brand featured topless pictures of Kim Kardashian wearing just the Christopher Brian pants. He also wrote and directed the horror films Somebody Help Me and Somebody Help Me 2. The first of which made a television premiere on BET on Halloween 2007, and released to DVD the following November. Both were distributed by Vivendi. The company's second feature, No Vacancy, another horror, was completed in 2011 and the first of Stokes' films not star talent from his musical career. It was distributed by Grindstone / Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Also in 2011, Stokes returned to the dance battle genre with the dance-drama Battlefield America, starring Houston, Gary Anthony Sturgis, and Lynn Whitfield. The film follows a young businessman whose community service obligations require him to turn a group of misfit kids into a dance team. In 2018, Stokes signed a 3-picture deal with Viacom for his films We Belong Together, Running Out of Time, and Fall Girls. The former launched BET Network's original movie franchise by premiering simultaneously on BET and BET Her, produced by Chris Stokes' Footage Films production company. In August 2019, BET+ announced their legal thriller, Sacrifice to be written, directed, and produced by Stokes, and to star Paula Patton. In May 2020, Stokes' new musical series "Howard High", starring Marques Houston debuts on subscription-based platform UrbanflixTV. In 2020, BET+ acquired Trigger, directed by Stokes. It is set to be released this summer as a BET Original on their streaming platform. That same year, the company released Always and Forever, directed by Stokes and starring Lauren London, Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Deborah Ayorinde, Rocsi Diaz, Wood Harris and Loretta Devine. In September 2020, BET+ launched Sacrifice into a television series, ordering 10 episodes to be written, directed, and produced by Stokes. Stokes announced in 2021 that Footage Films was greenlit to produce a new series, Foster Law, for the Black streaming network UrbanFlix. In 2023, Stokes released the third installment of The Stepmother, marking the first three-movie franchise in Tubi's history. Each film follows Elizabeth Carter (Erica Mena)'s escapades to find the perfect family and stars recurring Stokes cast members, including Houston. Tubi then released four new original Black cinema thrillers by Stokes in 2023: The Assistant, Best Friend, You’re Not Alone and No Way Out. Sexual assault allegations In December 2007, Stokes was accused of sexual assault by his cousin, B2K member DeMario "Raz-B" Thornton, alleged to have happened while Stokes was managing the group and Thornton was eleven or twelve years old. B2K group member Omarion defended Stokes, calling the allegations untrue. Stokes denied any wrongdoing, calling the accusation "ridiculous" and saying "all the allegations they made are false." The following day, Thornton retracted the allegation and apologized to Stokes, though Thornton's brother Ricardo implied the retraction was coerced and that Thornton will "come back around." In July 2008, Vibe magazine published an article in which singer Quindon Tarver, once signed to Stokes' TUG label, alleged he had been sexually abused by Stokes for four years, beginning at age twelve. Stokes called the accusations from both Thornton and Tarver "a cry for attention" and denied the allegations. Filmography References External links African-American film directors American music video directors Living people 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people Year of birth missing (living people)

1481826

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%2020%3A8

John 20:8

John 20:8 is the eighth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Peter and the Beloved Disciple are examining Jesus's empty tomb. Peter has been inside the tomb since John 20:6, while the Beloved Disciple had been examining it from outside. In this verse the Beloved Disciple enters the tomb. Content In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed. The English Standard Version translates the passage as: Then the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went in, and he saw and believed For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:8 Analysis The central debate over this verse is what exactly the Beloved Disciple believed. The earlier verses mention only Jesus' grave clothes as being in the tomb. The debate is whether the Beloved Disciple could have come to believe in the resurrection based on such minimal evidence. If he did suddenly understand what had happened, why did he not share this understanding with Peter, or with Mary Magdalene who is also believed to be present? Why, after this revelation, does the Beloved Disciple simply leave to go home in John 20:10? A long line of scholars including Saint Augustine have thus argued that the Beloved Disciple simply came to believe Mary Magdalene's story that the body was gone. The majority of scholars believe that this passage indicates the Beloved Disciple became aware of the resurrection albeit with limited understanding. Calvin said, "it is a poor exposition which some people give of these words, that John believed what he heard Mary say namely, that Christ's body had been carried away; there is no passage in which the word 'believe' carries this meaning, especially when it is used simply and on its own". Leonard argues that the fact that the grave clothes were left carefully in place clearly indicated that the body had not been stolen, and instead showed that Jesus had been resurrected. Bultmann believes that Peter had already realized what had happened, and in this passage the Beloved Disciple merely joins Peter in this understanding. Bruce disagrees, arguing the scripture implies that Peter remained ignorant. Luke 24:12 has Peter leaving the scene "wondering what had happened". Most scholars who read the verse as indicating that the Beloved Disciple understood the resurrection believe that he was the first person to reach this understanding. Schnackenberg takes a third approach. He argues that this passage does intend to report that Beloved Disciple understood the resurrection, but that the verse was a later addition to the text. This theory would explain why the verse does not mesh well with the rest of the narrative. The realization of the Beloved Disciple, despite its seeming importance, is not again mentioned in the narrative. John 20:9 further complicates this debate by stating that they remained ignorant, without clearly explaining who they are. It is also possible that the verse is an error. Brown reports that the Codex Bezae has the passage reading that "he saw and did not believe", which seems logically more in keeping with the rest of the chapter. Another issue is what this passage reveals about the architecture of Jesus's tomb. It seems to show that two grown men could enter with ease (unless the first exited before the second entered). This is somewhat unusual as tombs in this period were generally quite small. Passages such as John 20:11 also seem to describe a smaller tomb. References External links John Calvin's commentary on John 20:1-9 Jesus Appears to His Disciples 20:08

1481829

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhawk%20Wars%20%28game%29

Greyhawk Wars (game)

Greyhawk Wars is a fantasy board wargame that was published by TSR, Inc. in 1991. The game was designed by David Cook as a strategic simulation of the eponymous Greyhawk Wars on the fictional world of Oerth, the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Components Greyhawk Wars is a boxed game which included an eight-page rulebook, a 32-page Adventurer's Book, two fold-out color paper maps; two sheets of cardboard chits; 153 playing cards representing the various countries, events, mercenaries, and treasures; two ten-side dice, and a 32-page Adventurer's Book, containing a history of the war and a set of scenarios. The maps depicted the various lands and nations involved in the war, and were joined together along the edge to form the full game world. The map is sub-divided into areas of roughly equal size, with edges often lying along various boundaries, such as nation borders or terrain features. The nations are divided into good, neutral, and evil states, with green, gray, and red borders, respectively. The terrain types included plains, forest, marsh, mountains, hills, lakes, oceans, and wastes. The major rivers are also depicted, usually along area borders. The map contained a series of iconic symbols depicting the various capitols, ports, fortifications, and sites where treasure or mercenaries could be obtained. In addition to their place on the map, each of the countries in the game is represented by a card. Each player starts with one or more country cards representing their home nations. Additional nations can be gained through alliance, conquest, or by liberating a conquered nation. The cards for these nations are placed under the home nation cards. Every nation card includes their alliance ratings, which determine how easily good or evil nations can ally with it. The card also includes a modifier for alliance attempts to specific countries, and a roster of troops that the country can raise. Each player has a set of hero markers that they can use for various purposes each turn. These represent a band of heroes that can perform various special actions. They cannot be destroyed, although they can be hindered in various ways. Armies are represented by colored chits that are printed with a shield symbol of the owning nation. These are placed on top of a stack of up to 5 troop units. Troop chits have a strength rating, a silhouette symbol for the creature type, and sometimes special information indicating a unique ability. The color of the troop chits are based on the ethos of the creature, with good creatures being green, neutral creatures gray, and evil creatures in red (the same colors as the nation borders). There are a number of different creatures represented by these chits, and the various races or species are drawn from the Greyhawk world setting. Thus there are Elves, Bugbears, Orcs, Humans, and so forth. There are also counters to represent fleets for nations along the coast. The various scenarios require from 2 to 6 players, with the two-player scenarios only using one of the maps. Each scenario lists the initial set-up, any special rules, and the victory conditions. The scenarios attempt to replay the situations described in the war history. Gameplay The players command opposing armies struggling to kill enemies and control territory. The game begins with players selecting a scenario and receiving cards representing their countries, with each country card listing the available troops. Players deploy the counters for their armies on the map, a detailed rendering of Oerth, divided into dozens of discrete regions. Each region can hold a stack of up to five friendly troop counters. Players also receive a fixed number of hero counters, which function as super soldiers capable of a variety of special actions. Heroes may be deployed in any country controlled by a friendly player, one hero per region. A die-roll determines which player goes first. After making sure his heroes are properly positioned, the active player begins his turn by drawing an Event Card and following the instructions. Some events are played immediately, while others are held and played at the owner's discretion. The active player then completes an action for each of his troop stacks and heroes. Troops may move (up to three regions for infantry and four for cavalry, with forests and other rough terrain impeding normal movement rates), fortify (by constructing a castle to increase the defensive capacity of the region), or disband (the player removes a stack from the map, making the troops available for deployment elsewhere). Heroes may accompany troop stacks or split off on their own, moving up to six regions per turn. If a hero moves to an uncommitted country, he may engage in diplomacy by rolling a die and comparing the result to his home country's diplomacy rating. On a sufficiently high roll, the uncommitted country becomes an ally. Heroes can also recruit mercenaries by moving to a special mercenary recruitment area, then drawing a Mercenary Card. If the Mercenary Card's alignment is compatible with the hero, the player acquires the card and may use it to improve his chances in combat. Finally, heroes may search for treasure in regions designated as magic areas. Before he acquires a treasure, the hero must draw a Treasure Card and battle the indicated guardian monster. A single die-roll resolves the battle. A high roll means the hero triumphs, and the player adds one or more Treasure Cards to his hand. Heroes and troops may engage in combat when occupying the same region as enemy forces. Both sides remove their counters from the map and arrange them in parallel lines so that every friendly counter faces at least one enemy. The attacker makes an assault against an opposing piece by rolling a ten-sided die and comparing the result to the attacking unit's strength, printed on the counter. If the roll is equal to or less than its strength, modified by any applicable Mercenary or Treasure Cards, the enemy suffers a hit. Strong units suffer two hits before dying, while weaker units die after a single hit. Combat lasts for three rounds, although if a hero is present the battle may be extended to four rounds, with the winner taking possession of the area. A hero may also increase any unit's strength by one. Regardless of the outcome of combat, a hero never suffers damage. At the end of a player's turn, any damaged units that haven't taken any actions may be healed to their full strength. One new army may also be raised in any unoccupied home country. Each turn of play represents a full year in the game setting, and is divided into a series of phases. Every player must complete the procedure for a phase before continuing to the next phase. The first phase is used to determine the order in which each subsequent phase will be performed. The remaining phases are used to place heroes, draw event cards, and perform actions, in that order. A player's heroes can move across up to six contiguous areas each turn, although their path may be blocked by the occupying armies of another player. Areas with certain terrain features (such as desert, hills, and forests) cost more movement to enter, while entering a swamp and mountain area ends movement for that turn. The event cards produce a random element that can positively or negatively affect a player's situation. These can range from additional forces joining your side, to a sudden attack or rebellion that draws off some of your forces. The cards can also affect the actions of heroes. The main part of the game occurs during the action phase. Here the armies can move, attack, create fortifications, or disband. A player performs actions with their armies and heroes one at a time, with all actions being performed before moving to another marker. Land armies can move through up to 3 areas in a turn (or 4 if they are all cavalry). Fleets can move up to 6 areas, but can never enter a land area. Ship markers can be used to carry troops that are in a port, and can unload them along a coast or on an island. Certain special units have unique abilities in combat; cavalry can pursue a retreating enemy, or screen against pursuit (if the optional rule about pursuit is in play); marines can take part in sea battles; scouts can attack first in a round, with the result applied before being attacked. There are also specific races that gain a combat bonus in their native terrain, e.g. dwarves in mountains or hills. Relationship to WGS modules The events described in Greyhawk Wars occur chronologically just after the conclusion of the Greyhawk module WGS2: Howl from the North. The WGS, or World of Greyhawk Swords series, was originally intended to be a trilogy of modules beginning with WGS1: Five Shall Be One. The third module in the series, which would have been coded WGS3, was never produced. Instead, the material originally intended for WGS3 was reworked and incorporated into the Greyhawk Wars game. As such, in some sense this game serves as the third installment in the WGS trilogy. Credits The Greyhawk Wars game featured design by David Cook, editing by J. Robert King, and was published by TSR, Inc. The cover was by Roger Raupp, interior art by Ken Frank and Charles Frank, counter and card art was by Robin Raab and Karl Waller, and graphic design was provided by Dee Barnett. Reception Rick Swan reviewed Greyhawk Wars for Dragon magazine, appearing in their edition #188 in December 1992. In comparing this game with other military simulation games, especially concerning the difficulty in understanding the rules and in how long it takes to play a game, he felt that Greyhawk Wars "... has more in common with the Squad Leader system than the Minion Hunter game. But Dave Cook has bent over backward to make the mechanics as painless as possible without sacrificing the sophisticated interplay that makes the best military simulations so appealing". Swan considered combat "... the least satisfying aspect of the game ..." even though it was "... fast and easy ...". The three-round limit seems arbitrary, serving no clear purpose other than to minimize the number of casualties. Because the strength of an opponent isn't considered when resolving combat, an attack against a tough infantryman can be as effective as an attack against a puny goblin. And why must heroes be invulnerable? I don't care how tough he is, I don't think that any character ought to be able to survive an indefinite number of assaults. Swan concluded the review by saying: "Combat aside, the Greyhawk Wars game features sensible, easily mastered rules that make the game fluid and intense. The variety of units, ranging from ships to treants, encourages players to experiment with different strategies. The Mercenary and Treasure Cards increase the tactical choices, while the Event Cards keep things interesting by introducing a steady stream of variables. To put it all in context, the 32-page Adventurer's Book provides a detailed historical background, enabling ambitious players to incorporate the results of the board game into a Greyhawk campaign. An intelligent design, well-executed and handsomely presented, the Greyhawk Wars game is a war game for people who hate war games". In a later review, Swan called the Greyhawk setting a mess, but felt that after The City of Greyhawk, Greyhawk Wars "... took another step in the right direction by shaking things up with a much-needed dose of epic conflict". References External links Board games introduced in 1991 Dungeons & Dragons board games Fantasy board wargames Greyhawk books Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1991

1481831

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Lui

Ben Lui

Ben Lui () is a mountain in the southern Highlands of Scotland. It is a Munro with a height of . Ben Lui is in northeast Argyll and is the highest peak of a mountain chain that includes three other Munros. It has five well-defined ridges radiating out from the summit. Four corries lie between the ridges, including Coire Gaothaich on the northeast side of the mountain. Landscape Ben Lui is the highest and most famous of a group of four Munros that lie south of Glen Lochy, and about 10 km north of the top end of Loch Lomond. The other three Munros in the group are Beinn a' Chleibh, Ben Oss and Beinn Dubhchraig. Ben Lui stands on the main watershed of Scotland, and is a 'nodal peak', with its waters draining east to the Tay and North Sea, south to Loch Lomond and the Firth of Clyde, and west to the Lochy and Atlantic. It also appears to stand at the head of Glen Fyne, but waters which may once have flowed south-west to it are now captured east with a 50-metre-wide separating bar only a few metres high. Secondary divides which radiated north-east and east before glaciers cut across them have higher peaks along them - Ben Lawers, Ben More - which are subordinate in status. A lochan on the slopes of Ben Lui has been identified as the source of Scotland's longest river, the Tay. The Ben Lui range of peaks was formerly a National Nature Reserve. The cliffs and rocky outcrops are particularly moist, with lower than normal levels of acidity in the soil. This leads to an unusually lush growth of mountain plants, with saxifrages, mosses and lichens being especially evident. Climbing The simplest and shortest ascent of Ben Lui may be made from Glen Lochy, near the point where the burn of Eas Daimh flows into the Lochy. A path leads up through an area of forestry and then onto the northwest ridge, reaching the summit in just over 3 km. Descent may be varied by visiting Beinn a’ Chleibh, which lies 2 km to the south west. An approach from the east allows for appreciation of the mountain's most celebrated feature, the rocky circular bowl of Coire Gaothaich. One may either start from Tyndrum Lower station or Dalrigh in Strath Fillan; tracks from both starting points merge, and follow Glen Cononish (notable for its goldmine) to the foot of Ben Lui. From here the route follows the northern ridge of the mountain, Stob Garbh, to the summit, the distance being about 9 km. This route is particularly treacherous in winter, even as late as April, when the final third of the ascent is often extremely icy. Furthermore, it can be extremely difficult to navigate through the crags around the upper rim of the Coire Gaothaich in poor visibility. By descending via the south east ridge the walker may elect to include Ben Oss (and possibly Beinn Dubhcraig) in the route before returning to the start. If transport can be arranged a reasonably fit hillwalker can traverse all four Munros of the Ben Lui group in a day. See also List of Munro mountains Mountains and hills of Scotland External links Computer generated summit panoramas North South index Ben Lui NNR References Munros Marilyns of Scotland Mountains and hills of the Southern Highlands Mountains and hills of Stirling (council area) Mountains and hills of Argyll and Bute Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lorne Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid Argyll and Cowal Protected areas of Highland (council area) One-thousanders of Scotland

1481836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Freeman

Daniel Freeman

Daniel Freeman (April 26, 1826 – December 30, 1908) was an American homesteader and Civil War veteran. He was recognized as the first person to file a claim under the Homestead Act of 1862. Freeman was also the plaintiff in a landmark separation of church and state decision. Physician and soldier Freeman was born in Preble County, Ohio, and was raised in Genesee County, New York, and Knox County, Illinois. While he was a young man, his family moved frequently, to Iowa and Illinois before settling in Beatrice, Nebraska Territory. He was a graduate of a medical institute in Cincinnati, Ohio, and practiced medicine in Ottawa, Illinois. He enlisted in the 17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. Homesteader On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which gave adults of land if they filed paperwork and paid a small fee. The homesteader was required to build a 12x14-foot dwelling and farm the land for five years or plant trees. Although the land was cheap or free, many homesteaders did not last five years because of the blizzards, drought, disease, plagues of locusts, and loneliness on the open prairies. January 1, 1863, was the day the Homestead Act went into effect. Freeman may have been a scouter for the Union Army, and he said that he was leaving for St. Louis that morning for military duty. Freeman persuaded a clerk to open the land office just after midnight so he could file his claim. When five years was up, the homesteader had to have two or three witnesses sign a document called "Proof Required Under Homestead Acts May 20, 1862 . . . " Freeman had his neighbors, Joseph Graff and Samuel Kilpatrick, sign this first document. Marriages Freeman married Elizabeth Wilber, who may have died in 1861, though some sources indicate that they divorced. They had three children. Daniel Freeman proposed marriage by mail to Agnes Suiter of LeClaire, Iowa, and married her on February 8, 1865, in her parents' home. Agnes had been engaged to Daniel's younger brother, James, who was killed in the war. Daniel and Agnes had eight children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. Agnes lived on the Beatrice homestead until her death in 1931. In addition to homesteading his claim, Freeman was a physician, county coroner, and county sheriff. During their homesteading period, several structures were built, including a log cabin, a brick house, and several frame houses. None survive. In 1936, the Freeman homestead was recognized by Congress as the first homestead in the country and designated as Homestead National Monument of America. It is now maintained by the National Park Service. Religious separation case Freeman was the plaintiff in Daniel Freeman v. John Scheve, et al., a landmark case concerning the separation of church and state. In 1899, Edith Beecher, the teacher at the nearby Freeman School, was giving religious instruction, including reading passages from the Bible, offering prayers, and leading hymns. (It is not known if this school was named after Daniel Freeman or for Thomas Freeman, an unrelated brick maker and president of the local school board.) Freeman requested that Beecher stop, but she refused, claiming that she had permission from the school board. Freeman then took his complaint to the school board, which backed Beecher. Freeman filed suit in Gage County District Court, which found in favor of the school board. Freeman appealed, finally going to the Nebraska Supreme Court, which found that the actions of Beecher and the school board were unconstitutional under the Nebraska Constitution provisions (Article I-4) concerning the separation of church and state. References 1826 births 1908 deaths People from Preble County, Ohio People from Knox County, Illinois People from Beatrice, Nebraska Nebraska state case law People from Ottawa, Illinois People of Illinois in the American Civil War Physicians from Illinois Nebraska sheriffs American coroners People from Genesee County, New York

1481837

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon%20Phanom

Nakhon Phanom

Nakhon Phanom (, ; , ) is a town (thesaban mueang) in northeastern Thailand, capital of Nakhon Phanom Province. The town covers tambons Nai Mueang and Nong Saeng and parts of tambons At Samat and Nong Yat, all in Mueang Nakhon Phanom District. As of 2006, it had a population of 27,591. This town is located northeast of Bangkok. Geography Nakhon Phanom is on the right (west) bank of the Mekong River. The Laotian town of Thakhek lies on the other side of the Mekong. A long lake lies to the west of the city. The towns are joined by the Third Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge. Climate Nakhon Phanom has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at . The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Transportation Route 212 runs from Nong Khai along the Mekong River through Nakhon Phanom to Mukdahan, and then south to Ubon Ratchathani. Route 22 leads west through Sakhon Nakhon to Udon Thani. Nakhon Phanom is served by Nakhon Phanom Airport, west of downtown. Education The town is home to Nakhon Phanom University, which was formed in 2005 by the merger of several local schools, including the former Nakhon Phanom Rajabhat University. Sports Nakhon Phanom is home to the Madgoat Basketball Club, which plays in the Thailand Basketball League, the country's highest division. References External links Populated places in Nakhon Phanom province Laos–Thailand border crossings Cities and towns in Thailand Isan

1481850

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Harrow

West Harrow

West Harrow is a locality directly to the west/southwest of Harrow town in the London Borough of Harrow, in the county of Greater London and historically in the county of Middlesex. History At the start of the 20th century, fields and farmland comprised the area that is now present-day West Harrow. Situated on Bessborough Road at the western foot of Harrow Hill, three farms (Honeybun, Roxborough, and Roxeth) were developed into what became known as the Bessborough Estate. The Roxeth farmhouse still stands and gained Grade II listed status in 1951. As the Metropolitan Railway extended to Harrow late in the 19th century, residential developments, including on the nearby Roxborough Park, sprung up in the surrounding area. In the early 20th century, the Metropolitan Railway would market such developments as Metro-land. In John Betjeman’s acclaimed documentary Metro-Land (1973), he stands on Vaughan Road as he ponders the “nice little speculation” at the “foot of Harrow Hill, alongside the Metropolitan electric trains”, “built in the ‘80s or ‘90s”. In 1898, development began on the roads in the Bessborough Estate and they were largely completed by 1911. The roads in the estate were named after former Harrow School headmasters including Charles John Vaughan (Vaughan Road), George Butler or Henry Montagu Butler (Butler Road and Butler Avenue), Robert Carey Sumner (Sumner Road) and Joseph Drury (Drury Road). West Harrow Recreation Ground was added in 1923 and house building further west of the estate near Shaftesbury Avenue continued into the 1930s. The Metropolitan Railway laid tracks through the area in 1904 as it extended towards Uxbridge. Initially, no station was built in the area. However, as the Bessborough Estate expanded, landowners and residents pressured the Metropolitan Railway to build one nearby (Harrow-on-the-Hill being the closest at the time). In 1913, a wooden halt accessible from Vaughan Road was built. The station platforms were reconstructed in 1971 and the station further renovated in 1989. In 2024, Harrow Council recommended a resident consultation after proposing West Harrow Recreation Ground and parts of Butler Road and Lance Road for designation as Local Areas of Special Character (LASC). The well-preserved quality of Victorian and Edwardian architecture was noted, as was the historical association of the street names to Harrow School. Governance West Harrow lies within the London Borough of Harrow, governed under the local authority of Harrow London Borough Council. The West Harrow ward dates back to 1934 when it was established as a ward of the Harrow Urban District, albeit ward boundary revisions since then have changed the area it represents. Ahead of the 2022 revisions, focus groups noted the ward lacked community identity. The changes proposed by the council compacted the ward and transferred some areas from neighbouring wards, including Harrow on the Hill, to reflect what the community identifies as West Harrow. Additionally, the number of councillors representing the ward was reduced from three to two. In 2022, Labour candidates Rekha Shah and Asif Hussain were elected councillors to represent the ward while the Conservative Party took control of the council. West Harrow is in the Brent and Harrow constituency for the London Assembly which has been represented since 2021 by Krupesh Hirani (Labour). It is also in the Harrow West parliamentary constituency which has been represented since 1997 by Gareth Thomas (Labour). Geography West Harrow is located on the western side of Harrow, roughly covering the area to the west of Bessborough Road, to the south of Pinner Road and to the north of Whitmore Road. To the south east of West Harrow is Harrow on the Hill, to its north east is the town centre of Harrow, to its west is Rayners Lane, to its north is North Harrow, and to its south are Roxeth and South Harrow. Demography Harrow is the second safest borough in the Greater London Authority area. Transport West Harrow Station References Areas of London Districts of the London Borough of Harrow

1481856

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20Guinea-Bissau-related%20articles

Index of Guinea-Bissau-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Guinea-Bissau include: A Abdul Injai (Abdoul Ndaiye) - Abdul Rahman al-Sadi - Administrador - Africa Squadron - Leo Africanus - Agriculture in Guinea-Bissau - Aldeamento - Alfa - Alfa Mahmoud Kati - Alfa Molo - Alfa Yaya - Amarildo Almeida - Jose Eduardo Araujo - Fernando Arlete (sprinter) - Olympic sprinter Fernando Arlete (distance runner) - Olympic distance runner Armazens do Povo (People's Stores) - Armee de Liberation Nacionale Guineene (ALNG) - Art of Guinea-Bissau - Askia Mohammad - Assembleia Nacional Popular (ANP) - Assimilados - Diego da Azambuja - Gomes Eannes de Azurara B Badius - Bafatá - Bagas - Baiotes - Balafon - Balantas - Balantes - Baldé - Adul Baldé - Ibraima Baldé - Mamadi Baldé - Bambaras - Bana - Banco National Ultramarino (BNU) - Banyuns; Banhuns; Bainuk - Rafael Paula Barbosa - Rui Duarte de Barros - Honorio Pereira Berreto - Ibn Battuta - Batuko; Batuco; Batuque - Beafadas; Biafadas - Phillip Beaver - Berlin Congress - Antonio de Barros Bezerra - Bijagos; Bidyogos; Bijegas; Bissagos; Bojagos; Bujagos - Judice Joaquim Biker - Bissau - Bissau-Guineans - José Câmnate na Bissign - Black Ladino - Bolama Island - Bolama Region - Bolama (town) - Bolanhas - Balana - Bulana - Bolola - Brames - Buba - Benjamin Pinto Bull - Jaime Pinto Bull - C Alfredo Lopes Cabral - Amílcar Cabral - Juvenal Cabral - Luis de Almeida Cabral - Maria da Conceição Nobre Cabral - Pedro Álvares Cabral - Vasco Cabral - Cacheu - Alvise Cadamosto - Caderneta - Marcello Caetano - Canary Current - Canchungo - Diogo Cão - Capitacao - Caravel - Adilson Soares Cassamá - Cipriano Cassamá - Carlos Correia - Casa dos Estudantes do Imperio (CEI) - Casablanca Group - Casamance - Casangas - Centro do Instrucao Politico Militar (CIPM) - Cinema of Guinea-Bissau - Class in Guinea-Bissau - Cobianas - Cocolis; Kokolis - Coli Tenguela - Christopher Columbus - Comissao Permanente - Companhia do Cacheu e Cabo Verde - Companhia Geral do Grão Pará e Maranhão - Companhia Lusitana do Aluminio da Guine e Angola - Companhia Uniao Fabril (CUF) - Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas (CONCP) - Conhaques (Conhaguis) - Conselho de Guerra - Comite Executivo da Luta (CEL) - Conselho Superior da Luta (CSL) - Contratado - Corubal River (Rio Corubal) - Manuel Saturnino da Costa - Crioulo - Currency of Guinea-Bissau - D Duarte Lobo da Gama - Vasco da Gama - Silvino da Luz - Baciro Dabó - Degredados - Demographics of Guinea-Bissau - Denianke; Denanke - Antonio de Noli - Dialonkes; Djalonkes; Jaloncas; Jallonkes - Bartolomeu Dias - Diniz Dias - Diolas; Djolas; Jolas - Direcao Geral de Seguaranca (DGS) - Baciro Dja - Kimi Djabate - Mamadú Iaia Djaló - Donatario - Abilio Augusto Monteiro Duarte - Dulce Almada Duarte - Dyulas; Diulas; Julas - E Consalo Eannes - Gil Eannes - Economy of Guinea-Bissau - Education in Guinea-Bissau - Elections in Guinea-Bissau - Talata Embalo - Exploration of Guinea-Bissau - F Francisco Fadul - Louis Faidherbe - Farim - Farim River; Cacheu River - Feitor - Feotoria - Felupe - Gil Vincente Vaz Fernandes - Valentim Fernandes - Antonio Batica Ferreira - Fode Kaba (Alfa Molo) - Fonio - Forcas Armadas Revolucionarias do Povo (FARP) - Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau - Forrea - Fórum Cívico Guineense-Social Democracia (FCG/SD) - Frente de Libertacao da Guine (FLG) - Frente de Libertacao da Guiné Portuguesa e Cabo Verde (FLGC) - Frente de Luta Pela Independencia Nacional da Guiné-Bissau (FLING) - Frente Democratica (FD) - Frente Democratica Social (FDS) - Frente Revolucionaria Africana Para a Independencia Nacional das Colonias Portuguesas (FRAIN) - Front Uni de Liberation (FUL) - Fula language; Fula people; Fulbe; Fulani; Peul; Fellani; Ful; Foulah; Fellata - Fuladu - Funana - Fouta Djallon; Djalonkes; Jalonke; Dialonke; Jaalo - Futa Toro - G Gabú - Henriques Galvao - Rio de Geba; Geba River - Aristides Gomes - Carlos Gomes - Diogo Gomes - Fernando Gomes - Fernao Gomes - Flora Gomes - Antão Gonçalves - Goree - Griot - Grumetes; Grumettas - Grupo de Accao Democratica de Cabo Verde e da Guine (GADCVG) - Sofia Pomba Guerra - Guiledge - Guinala; Quinara - Guinea-Bissau Civil War H John Hawkins - Health in Guinea-Bissau - Henry the Navigator - Rogerio Araujo Adolfo Herbert - History of Guinea-Bissau - I Kumba Iala - Ilhas de Barlavento - Ilhas de Sotavento - Faustino Imbali - Indigena - Indigo - Antonio Indjai - Zamora Induta - Infali Sonco - Injai - Islam in Guinea-Bissau - Pansau na Isna - J Judaism in Guinea-Bissau - Juventude Africana Amilcar Cabral (JAAC) - K Kaabu; Gabu; Kabu - Inocencio Kani - Martinho Ndafa Kabi - Kansala; Cansala - Mahmoud Kati - Mamadu Ture Kuruma - Kussunde - L Henri Labery - Labor unions in Guinea-Bissau - Ladinos - Lançados - Landumas; Landomas - Languages of Guinea-Bissau - Lebanese in Guinea-Bissau - Legislative Assembly of Portugal - LGBT rights in Guinea-Bissau (Gay rights) - Liga Guineense - Aristides Raimundo Lima - List of companies based in Guinea-Bissau - Literature of Guinea-Bissau - M Antonio Malfante - Mali - Mamadu - Mandinka people; Mandinka language; Manding; Mandinga; Mandingo; Malinké; Mande - Ansumane Mané - Manjaco; Mandyako - Victor Saude Maria - Eneida Marta - Graciela Martins - Mansa Musa - Rio Mansoa; Mansoa River - Media in Guinea-Bissau - Francisco Mendes - Simoes Antonio Mendes - Jacira Mendonca - Mesticos - Mindelo - Minerals in Guinea-Bissau - Antonio Isaac Monteiro - António Mascarenhas Monteiro - Maria do Ceu Monteiro - Military of Guinea-Bissau - Moranca - Mouvement de Liberation des Iles du Cap Vert (MLICV) - Mouvement de Liberation de la Guinee Portugaise et des Iles du Cap Vert (MLGCV) - Mouvement des Forces Democratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) - Movimento Anti-Colonialista (MAC) - Movimento de Libertacao da Guine (MLG) - Movimento de Libertacao da Guine Portuguesa (MLGP) - Movimento de Unidade Para a Democracia (MUDe) - Movimento Para Democracia (MpD) - Movimento Para Independencia Nacional da Guine Portuguesa (MING) - Musa Molo Balde - Music of Guinea-Bissau - N Nalus; Nalous - Adiato Djalo Nandigna - Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo - Alamara Nhasse - Nova Lamego - Caetano N'Tchama - O Oil Palm - Ouri; Ayo; Mankala; Mankara; Ohwaree; Omweso; Wari - P Padrão - Pajadincas - Palmatoria - Pano - Mungo Park - Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) - Partido da Convergência Democrática (PCD) - Partido da Renovação Social (PRS) - Partido Democrático do Progresso (PDP) - Partido Para Renovacao e Desenvolvimento (PRD) - Partido Unido Social Democrata (PUSD) - Guinea-Bissauan passport - Mamadu Pate - Pepels; Pepeis - Aristides Maria Pereira - Carmen Pereira - Peoples of Guinea-Bissau - Duarte Pacheco Pereira - Francisca Pereira - Raimundo Pereira - Permanent Secretariat/Commission - Petrofina - Sociedade Anonima de Refinacao de Petroleos (SOCAR) - Pijiguiti - Joao Teixeira Pinto - Pionieros de Partido (PP) - Mamadu Saliu Djalo Pires - Mario Pires - Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires - Policia Internacional Para Defesa do Estado (PIDE) - Marquis de Pombal - Politics of Guinea-Bissau - Ponta - Prehistory of Guinea-Bissau - Helder Proenca - Q Adelino Mano Queita - Adelino Mano Queta - R Domingos Ramos - Rassemblement Democratique Africain de la Guinee (RDAG) - Regime do Indigenato - Regulo - Religion in Guinea-Bissau - Resistência da Guiné-Bissau-Movimento Bafatá (RGB-MB) - Rice in Guinea-Bissau - Henrique Rosa - S Antonio de Oliveira Salazar - Saloum; Salum - Sama Koli - Sao Tiago - Soares Sambu - Artur Sanha - Malam Bacai Sanhá - Mohamed Lamine Sanha - Saracotes; Saracole - Jose Carlos Schwarz - Veríssimo Correia Seabra - Senegambians - Serer - Abdulai Sila - Ernestina Sila - Holder da Silva - Pedro da Sintra - Slave trade - Songhai - Soninke - Sonko - Antonio de Spinola - Susus; Soussous; Sossos; Sosos - T Tabanca Committee - Umar Tall - Tandas; Tendas - Tangomaos; Tangomaus - Bubo Na Tchuto - Tekrur; Tukolor - Tenguella; Teengala; Tengella; Temala; Coli; Kooli; Koly - Constantino Teixeira - Timenes - Domingas Togna - Samori Toure - Transportation in Guinea-Bissau - Traore - Tiramakhan Traore - Nuno Tristão - U Uniao Caboverdeana Para a Independencia e Democracia (UCID) - Uniao da Populacoes das Ilhas de Cabo Verde (UPICV) - Uniao Democratica da Guine (UDG) - Uniao Democratica das Mulheres (UDEMU) - Uniao dos Naturais da Guine Portuguesa (UNGP) - Uniao Geral dos Estudiantes da Africa Negra (UGEAN) - Uniao Geral dos Trabalhadores da Guine-Bissau (UGTGB) - Uniao Nacional dos Trabalhadores de Guine (UNTG) - Uniao Popular Para Libertacao da Guine (UPLG) - Union des Ressortissants de la Guinee Portugaise (URGP) - V Carlos Veiga - João Bernardo Vieira - Osvaldo Vieira International Airport - W Women in Guinea-Bissau - Y World Universities Debating Championship Z Ziguinchor - Guinea-Bissau

1481865

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulm%C3%A4dchen

Schulmädchen

Schulmädchen (German for "schoolgirls") is a comedy series aired on RTL Television in Germany beginning in 2002. A total of fifteen episodes have been produced as of 2005. While the show's title is a clear reference to Schulmädchen-Report, a series of soft core porn movies made in Germany in the 1970s, the show itself is a parody of imported American teen dramas such as the 1988 movie Heathers and television series Beverly Hills, 90210, which have long been popular in Germany. The show follows the adventures of a group of pushy, wealthy teenage girls at the fictitious Franz Josef Strauss-Gymnasium in Munich. (Several of Strauss' descendants have protested the use of his name on the show.) The show stars Birthe Wolter as Laura, Laura Osswald as Cara, Simone Hanselmann as Stella and Arzu Bazman as Ramona. The show's theme song is "Hey Baby" by No Doubt. Seasons Season 1 Season 2 External links Schulmädchen on RTL.de German comedy television series RTL (German TV channel) original programming 2002 German television series debuts 2005 German television series endings German-language television shows

1481873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28II%29%20chloride

Copper(II) chloride

Copper(II) chloride, also known as cupric chloride, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . The monoclinic yellowish-brown anhydrous form slowly absorbs moisture to form the orthorhombic blue-green dihydrate , with two water molecules of hydration. It is industrially produced for use as a co-catalyst in the Wacker process. Both the anhydrous and the dihydrate forms occur naturally as the rare minerals tolbachite and eriochalcite, respectively. Structure Anhydrous copper(II) chloride adopts a distorted cadmium iodide structure. In this structure, the copper centers are octahedral. Most copper(II) compounds exhibit distortions from idealized octahedral geometry due to the Jahn-Teller effect, which in this case describes the localization of one d-electron into a molecular orbital that is strongly antibonding with respect to a pair of chloride ligands. In , the copper again adopts a highly distorted octahedral geometry, the Cu(II) centers being surrounded by two water ligands and four chloride ligands, which bridge asymmetrically to other Cu centers. Copper(II) chloride is paramagnetic. Of historical interest, was used in the first electron paramagnetic resonance measurements by Yevgeny Zavoisky in 1944. Properties and reactions Aqueous solutions prepared from copper(II) chloride contain a range of copper(II) complexes depending on concentration, temperature, and the presence of additional chloride ions. These species include the blue color of and the yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula . Hydrolysis When copper(II) chloride solutions are treated with a base, a precipitation of copper(II) hydroxide occurs: Partial hydrolysis gives dicopper chloride trihydroxide, , a popular fungicide. When an aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride is left in the air and isn't stabilized by a small amount of acid, it is prone to undergo slight hydrolysis. Redox and decomposition Copper(II) chloride is a mild oxidant. It starts to decompose to copper(I) chloride and chlorine gas around and is completely decomposed near : The reported melting point of copper(II) chloride of is a melt of a mixture of copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride. The true melting point of can be extrapolated by using the melting points of the mixtures of CuCl and . Copper(II) chloride reacts with several metals to produce copper metal or copper(I) chloride (CuCl) with oxidation of the other metal. To convert copper(II) chloride to copper(I) chloride, it can be convenient to reduce an aqueous solution with sulfur dioxide as the reductant: Coordination complexes reacts with HCl or other chloride sources to form complex ions: the red (found in potassium trichloridocuprate(II) ) (it is a dimer in reality, , a couple of tetrahedrons that share an edge), and the green or yellow (found in potassium tetrachloridocuprate(II) ). Some of these complexes can be crystallized from aqueous solution, and they adopt a wide variety of structures. Copper(II) chloride also forms a variety of coordination complexes with ligands such as ammonia, pyridine and triphenylphosphine oxide: (tetragonal) (tetrahedral) However "soft" ligands such as phosphines (e.g., triphenylphosphine), iodide, and cyanide as well as some tertiary amines induce reduction to give copper(I) complexes. Preparation Copper(II) chloride is prepared commercially by the action of chlorination of copper. Copper at red heat (300-400°C) combines directly with chlorine gas, giving (molten) copper(II) chloride. The reaction is very exothermic. A solution of copper(II) chloride is commercially produced by adding chlorine gas to a circulating mixture of hydrochloric acid and copper. From this solution, the dihydrate can be produced by evaporation. Although copper metal itself cannot be oxidized by hydrochloric acid, copper-containing bases such as the hydroxide, oxide, or copper(II) carbonate can react to form in an acid-base reaction which can subsequently be heated above to produce the anhydrous derivative. Once prepared, a solution of may be purified by crystallization. A standard method takes the solution mixed in hot dilute hydrochloric acid, and causes the crystals to form by cooling in a calcium chloride () ice bath. There are indirect and rarely used means of using copper ions in solution to form copper(II) chloride. Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride with copper electrodes produces (among other things) a blue-green foam that can be collected and converted to the hydrate. While this is not usually done due to the emission of toxic chlorine gas, and the prevalence of the more general chloralkali process, the electrolysis will convert the copper metal to copper ions in solution forming the compound. Indeed, any solution of copper ions can be mixed with hydrochloric acid and made into a copper chloride by removing any other ions. Uses Co-catalyst in Wacker process A major industrial application for copper(II) chloride is as a co-catalyst with palladium(II) chloride in the Wacker process. In this process, ethene (ethylene) is converted to ethanal (acetaldehyde) using water and air. During the reaction, is reduced to Pd, and the serves to re-oxidize this back to . Air can then oxidize the resultant CuCl back to , completing the cycle. The overall process is: In organic synthesis Copper(II) chloride has some highly specialized applications in the synthesis of organic compounds. It affects the chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons—this is often performed in the presence of aluminium oxide. It is able to chlorinate the alpha position of carbonyl compounds: This reaction is performed in a polar solvent such as dimethylformamide, often in the presence of lithium chloride, which accelerates the reaction. , in the presence of oxygen, can also oxidize phenols. The major product can be directed to give either a quinone or a coupled product from oxidative dimerization. The latter process provides a high-yield route to 1,1-binaphthol: Such compounds are intermediates in the synthesis of BINAP and its derivatives. Copper(II) chloride dihydrate promotes the hydrolysis of acetonides, i.e., for deprotection to regenerate diols or aminoalcohols, as in this example (where TBDPS = tert-butyldiphenylsilyl): also catalyses the free radical addition of sulfonyl chlorides to alkenes; the alpha-chlorosulfone may then undergo elimination with a base to give a vinyl sulfone product. Catalyst in production of chlorine Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in a variety of processes that produce chlorine by oxychlorination. The Deacon process takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a copper chloride: Copper(II) chloride catalyzes the chlorination in the production of vinyl chloride and dichloromethane. Copper(II) chloride is used in the copper–chlorine cycle where it reacts with steam into copper(II) oxide dichloride and hydrogen chloride and is later recovered in the cycle from the electrolysis of copper(I) chloride. Niche uses Copper(II) chloride is used in pyrotechnics as a blue/green coloring agent. In a flame test, copper chlorides, like all copper compounds, emit green-blue light. In humidity indicator cards (HICs), cobalt-free brown to azure (copper(II) chloride base) HICs can be found on the market. In 1998, the European Community classified items containing cobalt(II) chloride of 0.01 to 1% w/w as T (Toxic), with the corresponding R phrase of R49 (may cause cancer if inhaled). Consequently, new cobalt-free humidity indicator cards containing copper have been developed. Copper(II) chloride is used as a mordant in the textile industry, petroleum sweetener, wood preservative, and water cleaner. Natural occurrence Copper(II) chloride occurs naturally as the very rare anhydrous mineral tolbachite and the dihydrate eriochalcite.<ref name="xray18">Marlene C. Morris, Howard F. McMurdie, Eloise H. Evans, Boris Paretzkin, Harry S. Parker, and Nicolas C. Panagiotopoulos (1981) Copper chloride hydrate (eriochalcite), in Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 25, Section 18; page 33.</ref> Both are found near fumaroles and in some copper mines. Mixed oxyhydroxide-chlorides like atacamite () are more common, arising among Cu ore beds oxidation zones in arid climates. Safety and biological impact Copper(II) chloride can be toxic. Only concentrations below 1.3 ppm of aqueous copper ions are allowed in drinking water by the US Environmental Protection Agency. If copper chloride is absorbed, it results in headache, diarrhea, a drop in blood pressure, and fever. Ingestion of large amounts may induce copper poisoning, CNS disorders, and haemolysis. Copper(II) chloride has been demonstrated to cause chromosomal aberrations and mitotic cycle disturbances within A. cepa (onion) cells. Such cellular disturbances lead to genotoxicity. Copper(II) chloride has also been studied as a harmful environmental pollutant. Often present in irrigation-grade water, it can negatively affect water and soil microbes. Specifically, denitrifying bacteria were found to be very sensitive to the presence of copper(II) chloride. At a concentration of 0.95 mg/L, copper(II) chloride was found to cause a 50% inhibition (IC50) of the metabolic activity of denitrifying microbes. See also Copper(I) chloride References Further reading The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960. D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973. A. F. Wells, '''Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992. Fieser & Fieser Reagents for Organic Synthesis Volume 5, p158, Wiley, New York, 1975. External links Copper Chloride at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Copper (II) Chloride – Description and Pictures National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet Copper(II) compounds Chlorides Metal halides Semiconductor materials Coordination complexes Pyrotechnic colorants

1481874

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Lys%20%281918%29

Battle of the Lys (1918)

The Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres, was fought from 7 to 29 April 1918 and was part of the German spring offensive in Flanders during the First World War. It was originally planned by General Erich Ludendorff as Operation George but was reduced to Operation Georgette, with the objective of capturing Ypres, forcing the British forces back to the Channel ports and out of the war. In planning, execution and effects, Georgette was similar to (although smaller than) Operation Michael, earlier in the Spring Offensive. Background Strategic developments The German attack zone was in Flanders, from about east of Ypres in Belgium to east of Béthune in France, about south. The front line ran from north-north-east to south-south-west. The Lys River, running from south-west to north-east, crossed the front near Armentières in the middle of this zone. The front was held by the Belgian Army in the far north, by the British Second Army (under Plumer) in the north and centre and by the British First Army (under Horne) in the south. Prelude Tactical developments The German attacking forces were the Sixth Army in the south (under Ferdinand von Quast), and the Fourth Army in the north (under Friedrich Sixt von Armin). Both armies included substantial numbers of the new stosstruppen, trained to lead attacks with the new stormtroop tactics. The British First Army was a relatively weak force; it included several worn-out formations that had been posted to a "quiet sector". This included two divisions of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps, which were undermanned, lacked almost half of their officers, had very low morale and were set to be replaced the day of the German attack. German plan of attack The German plan was to break through the First Army, push the Second Army aside to the north, and drive west to the English Channel, cutting off British forces in France from their supply line which ran through the Channel ports of Calais, Dunkirk and Boulogne. Battle Battle of Estaires (9–11 April) The German bombardment opened on the evening of 7 April, against the southern part of the Allied line between Armentières and Festubert. The barrage continued until dawn on 9 April. The Sixth Army then attacked with eight divisions. The German assault struck the Portuguese Second Division, which held a front of about . The Portuguese division was overrun and withdrew towards Estaires after hours of heavy fighting. The British 55th (West Lancashire) Division, to the south of the Portuguese in a more defensible position, pulled back its northern brigade and held its ground for the rest of the battle, despite attacks from two German reserve divisions. The British 40th Division (to the north of the Portuguese) collapsed under the German attack and fell back to the north. Horne committed his reserves (First King Edward's Horse and the 11th Cyclist Battalion) to stem the German breakthrough but they too were defeated. The Germans broke through of front and advanced up to , the most advanced probe reaching Estaires on the Lys. There they were finally halted by British reserve divisions. On 10 April, the Sixth Army tried to push west from Estaires but was contained for a day; pushing north against the flank of the Second Army, it took Armentières. Battle of Messines (10–11 April) Also on 10 April, German Fourth Army attacked north of Armentières with four divisions, against the British 19th Division. The Second Army had sent its reserves south to the First Army and the Germans broke through, advancing up to on a front, and capturing Messines. The 25th Division to the south, flanked on both sides, withdrew about . By 11 April, the British situation was desperate; it was on this day that Haig issued his famous "backs to the wall" order. Battle of Hazebrouck (12–15 April) On 12 April, the Sixth Army renewed its attack in the south, towards the important supply centre of Hazebrouck, another to the west. The Germans advanced some and captured Merville. On 13 April they were stopped by the First Australian Division, which had been transferred to the area. The British Fourth Division defended Hinges Ridge, the Fifth Division held Nieppe Forest and the 33rd Division was also involved. Battle of Bailleul (13–15 April) From the Germans drove forward in the centre, taking Bailleul, west of Armentières, despite increasing British resistance. Plumer assessed the heavy losses of the Second Army and the defeat of his southern flank and ordered his northern flank to withdraw from Passchendaele to Ypres and the Yser Canal; the Belgian Army to the north conformed. Retirement from Passchendaele Ridge On 23 March, Haig had ordered Plumer to make contingency plans to shorten the line along the Ypres Salient and release troops for the other armies. On 11 April, Plumer authorised a withdrawal of the southern flank of the Second Army and ordered the VIII and II corps in the Passchendaele Salient to retreat the next day into the Battle Zone, behind outposts left in the Forward Zone of the British defensive system. The divisional commanders were ordered that the Forward Zone must be held and that the Germans must not be given the impression that a withdrawal was in progress. At noon on 12 April, the VIII Corps ordered the infantry retirement to begin that night and the 59th Division was withdrawn and transferred south, to be replaced by part of the 41st Division. The II Corps had begun to withdraw its artillery at the same time as VIII Corps on the night of and ordered the 36th and 30th divisions to conform to the VIII Corps withdrawal which were complete by 13 April, without German interference; VIII Corps HQ was transferred to reserve. During 13 April, General Headquarters (GHQ) discussed the retirements in the Lys valley, which had lengthened the British front line and Plumer agreed to a retirement in the Ypres Salient to the Mt Kemmel, Voormezeele ( south of Ypres), White Château ( east of Ypres) to Pilckem Ridge defence line but ordered only that artillery ammunition be carried to the rear; the 4th Army reported on 14 April, that the British were still occupying the Passchendaele Salient. The next day was quiet in the salient and the withdrawal of the II Corps and XXII Corps divisions was covered by the outposts in the original front line and artillery, which was divided into some active batteries which fired and a greater number of batteries kept silent, camouflaged and not to fire except in an emergency. Plumer gave orders to begin the retirement by occupying the line before the night of while maintaining the garrisons in the outpost line and holding the Battle Zone with a few troops as an intermediate line. During the night of the outpost line garrisons were to be withdrawn behind the new front line at and the intermediate line in front of the Battle Zone was to be held as long as possible, to help the troops in the new line to get ready. On 16 April, patrols went forward during the morning and found the area between the old and new front lines to be empty, the Germans still apparently in ignorance of the retirement; one patrol captured a German officer scouting for observation posts who did not know where the British were. Only in the late afternoon did German troops begin to close up to the new line and the British troops in the Battle Zone easily repulsed the German infantry, the 4th Army diary recorded that patrols discovered the withdrawal at that afternoon. Battle of Merckem (17 April) On 17 April, the Belgian Army defeated an attack from Houthulst Forest (The Battle of Merckem) against the 10th and 3rd Belgian divisions from Langemarck to Lake Blankaart by the 58th, 2nd Naval and the 6th Bavarian divisions, with help from the II Corps artillery. The Germans captured Kippe but were forced out by counter-attacks and the line was restored by nightfall. On the afternoon of 27 April, the south end of the outpost line was driven in when Voormezeele was captured, re-captured and then partly captured by the Germans; another outpost line was set up north-east of the village. Belgian losses were 619 killed, wounded or missing. The Germans lost between 1922 and 2354 men, of which 779 were taken prisoner. First Battle of Kemmel (17–19 April) The Kemmelberg is a height commanding the area between Armentières and Ypres. On 17–19 April, the German Fourth Army attacked and was repulsed by the British. Battle of Béthune (18 April) On 18 April, the German Sixth Army attacked south from the breakthrough area toward Béthune but was repulsed. Second Battle of Kemmel (25–26 April) French General Ferdinand Foch had recently assumed supreme command of the Allied forces and on 14 April agreed to send French reserves to the Lys sector. A French division relieved the British defenders of the Kemmelberg. From the German Fourth Army made a sudden attack on the Kemmelberg with three divisions and captured it. This success gained some ground, but there was no progress made toward a new break in the Allied line. Battle of the Scherpenberg (29 April) On 29 April, a final German attack captured the Scherpenberg, a hill to the north-west of the Kemmelberg. Aftermath Analysis During Georgette, the Germans managed to penetrate Allied lines to a depth of . However, they failed in their main objective to capture Hazebrouck and force a British withdrawal from the Ypres salient. More French reinforcements arrived in the latter part of April, after the Germans had suffered many casualties, especially among the . By 29 April, the German high command realized they could no longer achieve their objectives and called off the offensive. Casualties In 1937, C. B. Davies, J. E. Edmonds and R. G. B. Maxwell-Hyslop, the British official historians gave casualties from as and a similar number of German casualties. Total casualties since 21 March were British: and German: In 1978, Middlebrook wrote of casualties, and Middlebrook estimated French casualties as German as wounded. In 2002, Marix Evans recorded casualties and the loss of British losses of and and French losses of and 12 guns. In 2006 Zabecki gave and casualties. The German ace Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron," was killed in action. Notes Footnotes References Books Theses Websites Further reading External links CWGC map The Battle of the Lys 1918, 4th Battle of Ypres: Kemmel Operation Georgette Portugal in WWI List of British Forces involved in the battles 1918 in Belgium April 1918 events Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade Battles of the Western Front (World War I) Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving Belgium Battles of World War I involving Canada Battles of World War I involving France Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving Portugal Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War I involving the United States Battles in 1918 Battle

1481877

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMF

DMF

DMF may refer to: Science and technology Chemistry Dimethylformamide, a common solvent Dimethyl fumarate, a small molecule anti-inflammatory human medicine 2,5-Dimethylfuran, a liquid biofuel Computing Distribution Media Format, the computer floppy disk format DivX Media Format, the media container format Death Master File, a document listing deaths in the US Medicine Decay-missing-filled index for assessing dental caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations Drug Master File, a document in the pharmaceutical industry Other technology Digital microfluidics, a fluid handling technique Dual-mass flywheel, a rotating mechanical device Other uses Danish Musicians' Union, a Danish trade union Defensive midfielder, in association football

1481886

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis%20%28drug%29

Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis (), commonly known as marijuana (), weed, and pot, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, the cannabis plant has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional medicines for centuries. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis, which is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis has various mental and physical effects, which include euphoria, altered states of mind and sense of time, difficulty concentrating, impaired short-term memory, impaired body movement (balance and fine psychomotor control), relaxation, and an increase in appetite. Onset of effects is felt within minutes when smoked, but may take up to 90 minutes when eaten (as orally consumed drugs must be digested and absorbed). The effects last for two to six hours, depending on the amount used. At high doses, mental effects can include anxiety, delusions (including ideas of reference), hallucinations, panic, paranoia, and psychosis. There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis, though the direction of causality is debated. Physical effects include increased heart rate, difficulty breathing, nausea, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy; short-term side effects may also include dry mouth and red eyes. Long-term adverse effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents, chronic coughing, susceptibility to respiratory infections, and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug, although it may also be used for spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). It is the most commonly used largely-illegal drug in the world, with the highest use among adults in Zambia, the United States, Canada, and Nigeria. Since the 1970s, the potency of illicit cannabis has increased, with THC levels rising and CBD levels dropping. Cannabis plants have been grown since at least the 3rd millennium BCE and there is evidence of it being smoked for its psychoactive effects around 500 BCE in the Pamir Mountains, Central Asia. Since the 14th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and cultivation of cannabis has been illegal in most countries since the 20th century. In 2013, Uruguay became the first country to legalize recreational use of cannabis. Other countries to do so are Canada, Georgia, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, and Thailand. In the U.S., the recreational use of cannabis is legalized in 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia, though the drug remains federally illegal. In Australia, it is legalized only in the Australian Capital Territory. Etymology Cannabis is a Scythian word. The ancient Greeks learned of the use of cannabis by observing Scythian funerals, during which cannabis was consumed. In Akkadian, cannabis was known as qunubu (). The word was adopted in to the Hebrew as qaneh bosem (). Uses Medical Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana, refers to the use of cannabis to treat disease or improve symptoms; however, there is no single agreed-upon definition (e.g., cannabinoids derived from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids are also used). The rigorous scientific study of cannabis as a medicine has been hampered by production restrictions and by the fact that it is classified as an illegal drug by many governments. There is some evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS, or to treat chronic pain and muscle spasms. Evidence for its use for other medical applications is insufficient for drawing conclusions about safety or efficacy. There is evidence supporting the use of cannabis or its derivatives in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Lower levels of evidence support its use for AIDS wasting syndrome, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, and glaucoma. The medical use of cannabis is legal only in a limited number of territories, including Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and many U.S. states. This usage generally requires a prescription, and distribution is usually done within a framework defined by local laws. Recreational According to DEA Chief Administrative Law Judge, Francis Young, "cannabis is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man". Being under the effects of cannabis is usually referred to as being "high". Cannabis consumption has both psychoactive and physiological effects. The "high" experience can vary widely, based (among other things) on the user's prior experience with cannabis, and the type of cannabis consumed. When smoking cannabis, a euphoriant effect can occur within minutes of smoking. Aside from a subjective change in perception and mood, the most common short-term physical and neurological effects include increased heart rate, increased appetite, impairment of short-term and working memory, and impairment of psychomotor coordination. Additional desired effects from consuming cannabis include relaxation, a general alteration of conscious perception, increased awareness of sensation, increased libido and distortions in the perception of time and space. At higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to dissociative states such as depersonalization and derealization. Spiritual Cannabis has held sacred status in several religions and has served as an entheogen – a chemical substance used in religious, shamanic, or spiritual contexts – in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period. The earliest known reports regarding the sacred status of cannabis in the Indian subcontinent come from the Atharva Veda, estimated to have been composed sometime around 1400 BCE. The Hindu god Shiva is described as a cannabis user, known as the "Lord of bhang". In modern culture, the spiritual use of cannabis has been spread by the disciples of the Rastafari movement who use cannabis as a sacrament and as an aid to meditation. Consumption Modes of consumption Many different ways to consume cannabis involve heat to decarboxylate THCA into THC; common modes include: Smoking, involves burning and inhaling cannabinoids ("smoke") from small pipes, bongs (portable versions of hookahs with a water chamber), paper-wrapped joints, tobacco-leaf-wrapped blunts, or the like. Vaporizing, heating various forms of cannabis to , causing the active ingredients to form vapor without combustion of the plant material (the boiling point of THC is at atmospheric pressure). Edibles, adding cannabis as an ingredient to a wide variety of foods, including butter and baked goods. In India it is commonly consumed as the beverage bhang. Cannabis tea, prepared with attention to the lipophilic quality of THC, which is only slightly water-soluble (2.8 mg per liter), often involving cannabis in a saturated fat. Tincture of cannabis, sometimes known as green dragon, is an alcoholic cannabis concentrate. Capsules, typically containing cannabis oil, and other dietary supplement products, for which some 220 were approved in Canada in 2018. Consumption by country In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). Cannabis is by far the most widely used illicit substance, with the highest use among adults () in Zambia, the United States, Canada, and Nigeria. United States Between 1973 and 1978, eleven states decriminalized marijuana. In 2001, Nevada reduced marijuana possession to a misdemeanor and since 2012, several other states have decriminalized and even legalized marijuana. In 2018, surveys indicated that almost half of the people in the United States had tried marijuana, 16% had used it in the past year, and 11% had used it in the past month. In 2014, surveys said daily marijuana use amongst US college students had reached its highest level since records began in 1980, rising from 3.5% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2014 and had surpassed daily cigarette use. In the US, men are over twice as likely to use marijuana as women, and 1829-year-olds are six times more likely to use as over-65-year-olds. In 2015, a record 44% of the US population has tried marijuana in their lifetime, an increase from 38% in 2013 and 33% in 1985. Marijuana use in the United States is three times above the global average, but in line with other Western democracies. Forty-four percent of American 12th graders have tried the drug at least once, and the typical age of first-use is 16, similar to the typical age of first-use for alcohol but lower than the first-use age for other illicit drugs. A 2022 Gallup poll concluded Americans are smoking more marijuana than cigarettes for the first time. Adverse effects Short-term Acute negative effects may include anxiety and panic, impaired attention and memory, an increased risk of psychotic symptoms, the inability to think clearly, and an increased risk of accidents. Cannabis impairs a person's driving ability, and THC was the illicit drug most frequently found in the blood of drivers who have been involved in vehicle crashes. Those with THC in their system are from three to seven times more likely to be the cause of the accident than those who had not used either cannabis or alcohol, although its role is not necessarily causal because THC stays in the bloodstream for days to weeks after intoxication. Some immediate undesired side effects include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, reddening of the eyes, dizziness, feeling tired and vomiting. Some users may experience an episode of acute psychosis, which usually abates after six hours, but in rare instances, heavy users may find the symptoms continuing for many days. Legalization has increased the rates at which children are exposed to cannabis, particularly from edibles. While the toxicity and lethality of THC in children is not known, they are at risk for encephalopathy, hypotension, respiratory depression severe enough to require ventilation, somnolence and coma. Fatality There is no clear evidence for a link between cannabis use and deaths from cardiovascular disease, but a 2019 review noted that it may be an under-reported, contributory factor or direct cause in cases of sudden death, due to the strain it can place on the cardiovascular system. Some deaths have also been attributed to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. There is an association between cannabis use and suicide, particularly in younger users. A 16-month survey of Oregon and Alaska emergency departments found a report of the death of an adult who had been admitted for acute cannabis toxicity. Long-term Psychological effects A 2015 meta-analysis found that, although a longer period of abstinence was associated with smaller magnitudes of impairment, both retrospective and prospective memory were impaired in cannabis users. The authors concluded that some, but not all, of the deficits associated with cannabis use were reversible. A 2012 meta-analysis found that deficits in most domains of cognition persisted beyond the acute period of intoxication, but was not evident in studies where subjects were abstinent for more than 25 days. Few high quality studies have been performed on the long-term effects of cannabis on cognition, and the results were generally inconsistent. Furthermore, effect sizes of significant findings were generally small. One review concluded that, although most cognitive faculties were unimpaired by cannabis use, residual deficits occurred in executive functions. Impairments in executive functioning are most consistently found in older populations, which may reflect heavier cannabis exposure, or developmental effects associated with adolescent cannabis use. One review found three prospective cohort studies that examined the relationship between self-reported cannabis use and intelligence quotient (IQ). The study following the largest number of heavy cannabis users reported that IQ declined between ages 7–13 and age 38. Poorer school performance and increased incidence of leaving school early were both associated with cannabis use, although a causal relationship was not established. Cannabis users demonstrated increased activity in task-related brain regions, consistent with reduced processing efficiency. A reduced quality of life is associated with heavy cannabis use, although the relationship is inconsistent and weaker than for tobacco and other substances. The direction of cause and effect, however, is unclear. The long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. There are concerns surrounding memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, and the risk of schizophrenia in young people. Neuroimaging Although global abnormalities in white matter and grey matter are not consistently associated with cannabis use, reduced hippocampal volume is consistently found. Amygdala abnormalities are sometimes reported, although findings are inconsistent. Cannabis use is associated with increased recruitment of task-related areas, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is thought to reflect compensatory activity due to reduced processing efficiency. Cannabis use is also associated with downregulation of CB1 receptors. The magnitude of down regulation is associated with cumulative cannabis exposure, and is reversed after one month of abstinence. There is limited evidence that chronic cannabis use can reduce levels of glutamate metabolites in the human brain. Cannabis dependence About 9% of those who experiment with marijuana eventually become dependent according to DSM-IV (1994) criteria. A 2013 review estimates daily use is associated with a 10–20% rate of dependence. The highest risk of cannabis dependence is found in those with a history of poor academic achievement, deviant behavior in childhood and adolescence, rebelliousness, poor parental relationships, or a parental history of drug and alcohol problems. Of daily users, about 50% experience withdrawal upon cessation of use (i.e. are dependent), characterized by sleep problems, irritability, dysphoria, and craving. Cannabis withdrawal is less severe than withdrawal from alcohol. According to DSM-V criteria, 9% of those who are exposed to cannabis develop cannabis use disorder, compared to 20% for cocaine, 23% for alcohol and 68% for nicotine. Cannabis use disorder in the DSM-V involves a combination of DSM-IV criteria for cannabis abuse and dependence, plus the addition of craving, without the criterion related to legal troubles. Psychiatric From a clinical perspective, two significant school of thought exists for psychiatric conditions associated with cannabis (or cannabinoids) use: transient, non-persistent psychotic reactions, and longer-lasting, persistent disorders that resemble schizophrenia. The former is formally known as acute cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms (CAPS). At an epidemiological level, a dose–response relationship exists between cannabis use and increased risk of psychosis and earlier onset of psychosis. Although the epidemiological association is robust, evidence to prove a causal relationship is lacking. Cannabis may also increase the risk of depression, but insufficient research has been performed to draw a conclusion. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of anxiety disorders, although causality has not been established. A review in 2019 found that research was insufficient to determine the safety and efficacy of using cannabis to treat schizophrenia, psychosis, or other mental disorders. Another found that cannabis during adolescence was associated with an increased risk of developing depression and suicidal behavior later in life, while finding no effect on anxiety. Physical Heavy, long-term exposure to marijuana may have physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences. It may be "associated with diseases of the liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart, and vasculature". A 2014 review found that while cannabis use may be less harmful than alcohol use, the recommendation to substitute it for problematic drinking was premature without further study. Various surveys conducted between 2015 and 2019 found that many users of cannabis substitute it for prescription drugs (including opioids), alcohol, and tobacco; most of those who used it in place of alcohol or tobacco either reduced or stopped their intake of the latter substances. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a severe condition seen in some chronic cannabis users where they have repeated bouts of uncontrollable vomiting for 24–48 hours. Four cases of death have been reported as a result of CHS. A limited number of studies have examined the effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system. Chronic heavy marijuana smoking is associated with respiratory infections, coughing, production of sputum, wheezing, and other symptoms of chronic bronchitis. The available evidence does not support a causal relationship between cannabis use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Short-term use of cannabis is associated with bronchodilation. Other side effects of cannabis use include cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a condition which involves recurrent nausea, cramping abdominal pain, and vomiting. Cannabis smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemical compounds. This tar is chemically similar to that found in tobacco smoke, and over fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke, including; nitrosamines, reactive aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benz[a]pyrene. Cannabis smoke is also inhaled more deeply than tobacco smoke. , there is no consensus regarding whether cannabis smoking is associated with an increased risk of cancer. Light and moderate use of cannabis is not believed to increase risk of lung or upper airway cancer. Evidence for causing these cancers is mixed concerning heavy, long-term use. In general there are far lower risks of pulmonary complications for regular cannabis smokers when compared with those of tobacco. A 2015 review found an association between cannabis use and the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), particularly non-seminoma TGCTs. Another 2015 meta-analysis found no association between lifetime cannabis use and risk of head or neck cancer. Combustion products are not present when using a vaporizer, consuming THC in pill form, or consuming cannabis foods. There is concern that cannabis may contribute to cardiovascular disease, but , evidence of this relationship was unclear. Research in these events is complicated because cannabis is often used in conjunction with tobacco, and drugs such as alcohol and cocaine that are known to have cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking cannabis has also been shown to increase the risk of myocardial infarction by 4.8 times for the 60 minutes after consumption. There is preliminary evidence that cannabis interferes with the anticoagulant properties of prescription drugs used for treating blood clots. , the mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and possible pain relieving effects of cannabis were not defined, and there were no governmental regulatory approvals or clinical practices for use of cannabis as a drug. Emergency department visits Emergency room (ER) admissions associated with cannabis use rose significantly from 2012 to 2016; adolescents from age 12–17 had the highest risk. At one Colorado medical center following legalization, approximately two percent of ER admissions were classified as cannabis users. The symptoms of one quarter of these users were partially attributed to cannabis (a total of 2567 out of 449,031 patients); other drugs were sometimes involved. Of these cannabis admissions, one quarter were for acute psychiatric effects, primarily suicidal ideation, depression, and anxiety. An additional third of the cases were for gastrointestinal issues including cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, there were 455,000 emergency room visits associated with cannabis use in 2011. These statistics include visits in which the patient was treated for a condition induced by or related to recent cannabis use. The drug use must be "implicated" in the emergency department visit, but does not need to be the direct cause of the visit. Most of the illicit drug emergency room visits involved multiple drugs. In 129,000 cases, cannabis was the only implicated drug. Reproductive health Pharmacology Mechanism of action THC is a weak partial agonist at CB1 receptors, while CBD is a CB1 receptor antagonist. The CB1 receptor is found primarily in the brain as well as in some peripheral tissues, and the CB2 receptor is found primarily in peripheral tissues, but is also expressed in neuroglial cells. THC appears to alter mood and cognition through its agonist actions on the CB1 receptors, which inhibit a secondary messenger system (adenylate cyclase) in a dose-dependent manner. Via CB1 receptor activation, THC indirectly increases dopamine release and produces psychotropic effects. CBD also acts as an allosteric modulator of the μ- and δ-opioid receptors. THC also potentiates the effects of the glycine receptors. It is unknown if or how these actions contribute to the effects of cannabis. Pharmacokinetics The high lipid-solubility of cannabinoids results in their persisting in the body for long periods of time. Even after a single administration of THC, detectable levels of THC can be found in the body for weeks or longer (depending on the amount administered and the sensitivity of the assessment method). Investigators have suggested that this is an important factor in marijuana's effects, perhaps because cannabinoids may accumulate in the body, particularly in the lipid membranes of neurons. Chemistry Chemical composition The main psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is formed via decarboxylation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) from the application of heat. Raw leaf is not psychoactive because the cannabinoids are in the form of carboxylic acids. THC is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Detection in body fluids THC and its major (inactive) metabolite, THC-COOH, can be measured in blood, urine, hair, oral fluid or sweat using chromatographic techniques as part of a drug use testing program or a forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal offense. The concentrations obtained from such analyses can often be helpful in distinguishing active use from passive exposure, elapsed time since use, and extent or duration of use. These tests cannot, however, distinguish authorized cannabis smoking for medical purposes from unauthorized recreational smoking. Commercial cannabinoid immunoassays, often employed as the initial screening method when testing physiological specimens for marijuana presence, have different degrees of cross-reactivity with THC and its metabolites. Urine contains predominantly THC-COOH, while hair, oral fluid and sweat contain primarily THC. Blood may contain both substances, with the relative amounts dependent on the recency and extent of usage. The Duquenois–Levine test is commonly used as a screening test in the field, but it cannot definitively confirm the presence of cannabis, as a large range of substances have been shown to give false positives. Researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported that dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of THC and other drugs in urine. However, a 2013 study conducted by researchers at the University of Utah School of Medicine refute the possibility of self-administered zinc producing false-negative urine drug tests. Varieties and strains CBD is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, which is under laboratory research to determine if it has an anxiolytic effect. It is often claimed that sativa strains provide a more stimulating psychoactive high while indica strains are more sedating with a body high. However, this is disputed by researchers. A 2015 review found that the use of high CBD-to-THC strains of cannabis showed significantly fewer positive symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, better cognitive function and both lower risk for developing psychosis, as well as a later age of onset of the illness, compared to cannabis with low CBD-to-THC ratios. Psychoactive ingredients According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), "the amount of THC present in a cannabis sample is generally used as a measure of cannabis potency." The three main forms of cannabis products are the flower/fruit, resin (hashish), and oil (hash oil). The UNODC states that cannabis often contains 5% THC content, resin "can contain up to 20% THC content", and that "Cannabis oil may contain more than 60% THC content." Studies have found that the potency of illicit cannabis has greatly increased since the 1970s, with THC levels rising and CBD levels dropping. It is unclear, however, whether the increase in THC content has caused people to consume more THC or if users adjust based on the potency of the cannabis. It is likely that the higher THC content allows people to ingest less tar. At the same time, CBD levels in seized samples have lowered, in part because of the desire to produce higher THC levels and because more illegal growers cultivate indoors using artificial lights. This helps avoid detection but reduces the CBD production of the plant. Australia's National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre (NCPIC) states that the buds (infructescences) of the female cannabis plant contain the highest concentration of THC, followed by the leaves. The stalks and seeds have "much lower THC levels". The UN states that the leaves can contain ten times less THC than the buds, and the stalks 100 times less THC. After revisions to cannabis scheduling in the UK, the government moved cannabis back from a class C to a class B drug. A purported reason was the appearance of high potency cannabis. They believe skunk accounts for between 70% and 80% of samples seized by police (despite the fact that skunk can sometimes be incorrectly mistaken for all types of herbal cannabis). Extracts such as hashish and hash oil typically contain more THC than high potency cannabis infructescences. Laced cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids Hemp buds (or low-potency cannabis buds) laced with synthetic cannabinoids started to be sold as cannabis street drug in 2020. The short-term effects of cannabis can be altered if it has been laced with opioid drugs such as heroin or fentanyl. The added drugs are meant to enhance the psychoactive properties, add to its weight, and increase profitability, despite the increased danger of overdose. Preparations Marijuana Marijuana or marihuana (herbal cannabis) consists of the dried flowers and fruits and subtending leaves and stems of the female cannabis plant. This is the most widely consumed form, containing 3% to 20% THC, with reports of up to 33% THC. This is the stock material from which all other preparations are derived. Although herbal cannabis and industrial hemp derive from the same species and contain the psychoactive component (THC), they are distinct strains with unique biochemical compositions and uses. Hemp has lower concentrations of THC and higher concentrations of CBD, which gives lesser psychoactive effects. Kief Kief is a powder, rich in trichomes, which can be sifted from the leaves, flowers and fruits of cannabis plants and either consumed in powder form or compressed to produce cakes of hashish. The word "kif" derives from colloquial Arabic , meaning pleasure. Hashish Hashish (also spelled hasheesh, hashisha, or simply hash) is a concentrated resin cake or ball produced from pressed kief, the detached trichomes and fine material that falls off cannabis fruits, flowers and leaves, or from scraping the resin from the surface of the plants and rolling it into balls. It varies in color from black to golden brown depending upon purity and variety of cultivar it was obtained from. It can be consumed orally or smoked, and is also vaporized, or 'vaped'. The term "rosin hash" refers to a high quality solventless product obtained through heat and pressure. Tincture Cannabinoids can be extracted from cannabis plant matter using high-proof spirits (often grain alcohol) to create a tincture, often referred to as "green dragon". Nabiximols is a branded product name from a tincture manufacturing pharmaceutical company. Hash oil Hash oil is a resinous matrix of cannabinoids obtained from the cannabis plant by solvent extraction, formed into a hardened or viscous mass. Hash oil can be the most potent of the main cannabis products because of its high level of psychoactive compound per its volume, which can vary depending on the plant's mix of essential oils and psychoactive compounds. Butane and supercritical carbon dioxide hash oil have become popular in recent years. Infusions There are many varieties of cannabis infusions owing to the variety of non-volatile solvents used. The plant material is mixed with the solvent and then pressed and filtered to express the oils of the plant into the solvent. Examples of solvents used in this process are cocoa butter, dairy butter, cooking oil, glycerine, and skin moisturizers. Depending on the solvent, these may be used in cannabis foods or applied topically. Marihuana prensada ('pressed marijuana') is a cannabis-derived product widespread among the lower classes of South America, especially from the 90s. Locally it is known as "" or "", since its main producer is Paraguay. Marijuana is dried and mixed with binding agents that make it toxic and highly harmful to health. It is cut into the shape of bricks (ladrillos) and sold for a low price in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, and even the United States. History Ancient history Cannabis is indigenous to Central or South Asia and its uses for fabric and rope dates back to the Neolithic age in China and Japan. It is unclear when cannabis first became known for its psychoactive properties. The oldest archeological evidence for the burning of cannabis was found in Romanian kurgans dated 3,500 BC, and scholars suggest that the drug was first used in ritual ceremonies by Proto-Indo-European tribes living in the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Chalcolithic period, a custom they eventually spread throughout Western Eurasia during the Indo-European migrations. Some research suggests that the ancient Indo-Iranian drug soma, mentioned in the Vedas, sometimes contained cannabis. This is based on the discovery of a basin containing cannabis in a shrine of the second millennium BC in Turkmenistan. Cannabis was known to the ancient Assyrians, who discovered its psychoactive properties through the Iranians. Using it in some religious ceremonies, they called it qunubu (meaning "way to produce smoke"), a probable origin of the modern word cannabis. The Iranians also introduced cannabis to the Scythians, Thracians and Dacians, whose shamans (the kapnobatai"those who walk on smoke/clouds") burned cannabis infructescences to induce trance. The plant was used in China before 2800 BC, and found therapeutic use in India by 1000 BC, where it was used in food and drink, including bhang. Cannabis has an ancient history of ritual use and has been used by religions around the world. It has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional medicines for centuries. The earliest evidence of cannabis smoking has been found in the 2,500-year-old tombs of Jirzankal Cemetery in the Pamir Mountains in Western China, where cannabis residue were found in burners with charred pebbles possibly used during funeral rituals. Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices like eating by the Scythians occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BC, confirming previous historical reports by Herodotus. It was used by Muslims in various Sufi orders as early as the Mamluk period, for example by the Qalandars. Smoking pipes uncovered in Ethiopia and carbon-dated to around AD 1320 were found to have traces of cannabis. Modern history Cannabis was introduced to the New World by the Spaniards in 1530–1545. Following an 1836–1840 travel in North Africa and the Middle East, French physician Jacques-Joseph Moreau wrote on the psychological effects of cannabis use; he founded the Paris' Club des Hashischins in 1844. In 1842, Irish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, who had studied the drug while working as a medical officer in Bengal with the East India Company, brought a quantity of cannabis with him on his return to Britain, provoking renewed interest in the West. Examples of classic literature of the period featuring cannabis include Les paradis artificiels (1860) by Charles Baudelaire and The Hasheesh Eater (1857) by Fitz Hugh Ludlow. Cannabis was criminalized in some countries beginning in the 14th century and was illegal in most countries by the middle of the 20th century. The colonial government of Mauritius banned cannabis in 1840 over concerns on its effect on Indian indentured workers; the same occurred in Singapore in 1870. In the United States, the first restrictions on sale of cannabis came in 1906 (in the District of Columbia). Canada criminalized cannabis in The Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, 1923, before any reports of the use of the drug in Canada, but eventually legalized its consumption for recreational and medicinal purposes in 2018. In 1925, a compromise was made at an international conference in The Hague about the International Opium Convention that banned exportation of "Indian hemp" to countries that had prohibited its use, and requiring importing countries to issue certificates approving the importation and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes". It also required parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin". In the United States in 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was passed, and prohibited the production of hemp in addition to cannabis. In 1972, the Dutch government divided drugs into more- and less-dangerous categories, with cannabis being in the lesser category. Accordingly, possession of or less was made a misdemeanor. Cannabis has been available for recreational use in coffee shops since 1976. Cannabis products are only sold openly in certain local "coffeeshops" and possession of up to for personal use is decriminalized, however: the police may still confiscate it, which often happens in car checks near the border. Other types of sales and transportation are not permitted, although the general approach toward cannabis was lenient even before official decriminalization. In Uruguay, President Jose Mujica signed legislation to legalize recreational cannabis in December 2013, making Uruguay the first country in the modern era to legalize cannabis. In August 2014, Uruguay legalized growing up to six plants at home, as well as the formation of growing clubs (Cannabis social club), and a state-controlled marijuana dispensary regime. , when recreational use of cannabis was legalized in Canada, dietary supplements for human use and veterinary health products containing not more than 10 parts per million of THC extract were approved for marketing; Nabiximols (as Sativex) is used as a prescription drug in Canada. The United Nations' World Drug Report stated that cannabis "was the world's most widely produced, trafficked, and consumed drug in the world in 2010", and estimated between 128 million and 238 million users globally in 2015. Culture, legality and economics Culture Cannabis has been one of the most used psychoactive drugs in the world since the late 20th century, following only tobacco and alcohol in popularity. According to Vera Rubin, the use of cannabis has been encompassed by two major cultural complexes over time: a continuous, traditional folk stream, and a more circumscribed, contemporary configuration. The former involves both sacred and secular use, and is usually based on small-scale cultivation: the use of the plant for cordage, clothing, medicine, food, and a "general use as an euphoriant and symbol of fellowship." The second stream of expansion of cannabis use encompasses "the use of hemp for commercial manufacturers utilizing large-scale cultivation primarily as a fiber for mercantile purposes"; but it is also linked to the search for psychedelic experiences (which can be traced back to the formation of the Parisian Club des Hashischins). Legality Since the beginning of the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws against the cultivation, possession or transfer of cannabis. These laws have had an adverse effect on cannabis cultivation for non-recreational purposes, but there are many regions where handling of cannabis is legal or licensed. Many jurisdictions have lessened the penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis so that it is punished by confiscation and sometimes a fine, rather than imprisonment, focusing more on those who traffic the drug on the black market. In some areas where cannabis use had been historically tolerated, new restrictions were instituted, such as the closing of cannabis coffee shops near the borders of the Netherlands, and closing of coffee shops near secondary schools in the Netherlands. In Copenhagen, Denmark in 2014, mayor Frank Jensen discussed possibilities for the city to legalize cannabis production and commerce. Some jurisdictions use free voluntary treatment programs and/or mandatory treatment programs for frequent known users. Simple possession can carry long prison terms in some countries, particularly in East Asia, where the sale of cannabis may lead to a sentence of life in prison or even execution. Political parties, non-profit organizations, and causes based on the legalization of medical cannabis and/or legalizing the plant entirely (with some restrictions) have emerged in such countries as China and Thailand. In December 2012, the U.S. state of Washington became the first state to officially legalize cannabis in a state law (Washington Initiative 502) (but still illegal by federal law), with the state of Colorado following close behind (Colorado Amendment 64). On 1 January 2013, the first cannabis "club" for private marijuana smoking (no buying or selling, however) was allowed for the first time in Colorado. The California Supreme Court decided in May 2013 that local governments can ban medical cannabis dispensaries despite a state law in California that permits the use of cannabis for medical purposes. At least 180 cities across California have enacted bans in recent years. On 30 April 2024, the United States Department of Justice announced it would move to reclassify cannabis from a Schedule I to a Schedule III controlled substance. In December 2013, Uruguay became the first country to legalize growing, sale and use of cannabis. After a long delay in implementing the retail component of the law, in 2017 sixteen pharmacies were authorized to sell cannabis commercially. On 19 June 2018, the Canadian Senate passed a bill and the Prime Minister announced the effective legalization date as 17 October 2018. Canada is the second country to legalize the drug. In November 2015, Uttarakhand became the first state of India to legalize the cultivation of hemp for industrial purposes. Usage within the Hindu and Buddhist cultures of the Indian subcontinent is common, with many street vendors in India openly selling products infused with cannabis, and traditional medical practitioners in Sri Lanka selling products infused with cannabis for recreational purposes and well as for religious celebrations. Indian laws criminalizing cannabis date back to the colonial period. India and Sri Lanka have allowed cannabis to be taken in the context of traditional culture for recreational/celebratory purposes and also for medicinal purposes. On 17 October 2015, Australian health minister Sussan Ley presented a new law that will allow the cultivation of cannabis for scientific research and medical trials on patients. On 17 October 2018, Canada legalized cannabis for recreational adult use making it the second country in the world to do so after Uruguay and the first G7 nation. This legalization comes with regulation similar to that of alcohol in Canada, age restrictions, limiting home production, distribution, consumption areas and sale times. Laws around use vary from province to province including age limits, retail structure, and growing at home. The Canadian Licensed Producer system aims to become the Gold Standard in the world for safe and secure cannabis production, including provisions for a robust craft cannabis industry where many expect opportunities for experimenting with different strains. As the drug has increasingly been seen as a health issue instead of criminal behavior, cannabis has also been legalized or decriminalized in: Czech Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Portugal, South Africa and Canada. Medical marijuana was legalized in Mexico in mid-2017 and legalized for recreational use in June 2021. Germany legalized cannabis for recreational use in April 2024. Legal status by country As of 2022, Uruguay and Canada are the only countries that have fully legalized the cultivation, consumption and bartering of recreational cannabis nationwide. In the United States, 24 states, 3 territories, and the District of Columbia have legalized the recreational use of cannabis – though the drug remains illegal at the federal level. Laws vary from state to state when it comes to the commercial sale. Court rulings in Georgia and South Africa have led to the legalization of cannabis consumption, but not legal sales. A policy of limited enforcement has also been adopted in many countries, in particular Spain and the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis is tolerated at licensed establishments. Contrary to popular belief, cannabis is not legal in the Netherlands, but it has been decriminalized since the 1970s. In 2021, Malta was the first European Union member to legalize the use of cannabis for recreational purposes. In Estonia, it is only legal to sell cannabis products with a THC content of less than 0.2%, although products may contain more cannabidiol. Lebanon has recently become the first Arab country to legalize the plantation of cannabis for medical use. Penalties for illegal recreational use ranges from confiscation or small fines to jail time and even death. In some countries citizens can be punished if they have used the drug in another country, including Singapore and South Korea. Economics Production (Spanish for "without seed") is the dried, seedless (i.e. parthenocarpic) infructescences of female cannabis plants. Because THC production drops off once pollination occurs, the male plants (which produce little THC themselves) are eliminated before they shed pollen to prevent pollination, thus inducing the development of parthenocarpic fruits gathered in dense infructescences. Advanced cultivation techniques such as hydroponics, cloning, high-intensity artificial lighting, and the sea of green method are frequently employed as a response (in part) to prohibition enforcement efforts that make outdoor cultivation more risky. "Skunk" refers to several named strains of potent cannabis, grown through selective breeding and sometimes hydroponics. It is a cross-breed of Cannabis sativa and C. indica (although other strains of this mix exist in abundance). Skunk cannabis potency ranges usually from 6% to 15% and rarely as high as 20%. The average THC level in coffee shops in the Netherlands is about 18–19%. The average levels of THC in cannabis sold in the United States rose dramatically between the 1970s and 2000. This is disputed for various reasons, and there is little consensus as to whether this is a fact or an artifact of poor testing methodologies. According to Daniel Forbes writing for slate.com, the relative strength of modern strains are likely skewed because undue weight is given to much more expensive and potent, but less prevalent, samples. Some suggest that results are skewed by older testing methods that included low-THC-content plant material such as leaves in the samples, which are excluded in contemporary tests. Others believe that modern strains actually are significantly more potent than older ones. The main producing countries of cannabis are Afghanistan, Canada, China, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Lebanon, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Paraguay, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Price The price or street value of cannabis varies widely depending on geographic area and potency. Prices and overall markets have also varied considerably over time. In 1997, cannabis was estimated to be overall the number four value crop in the US, and number one or two in many states, including California, New York, and Florida. This estimate is based on a value to growers of ~60% of retail value, or . In 2006, cannabis was estimated to have been a $36 billion market. This estimate has been challenged as exaggerated. The UN World Drug Report (2008) estimated that 2006 street prices in the US and Canada ranged from about US$8.8 to $25 per gram (approximately $250 to $700 per ounce), depending on quality. Typical U.S. retail prices were $10–15 per gram (approximately $280–420 per ounce). In 2017, the U.S. was estimated to constitute 90% of the worldwide $9.5 billion legal trade in cannabis. After some U.S. states legalized cannabis, street prices began to drop. In Colorado, the price of smokable buds (infructescences) dropped 40 percent between 2014 and 2019, from $200 per ounce to $120 per ounce ($7 per gram to $4.19 per gram). The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that typical retail prices in Europe for cannabis varied from €2 to €20 per gram in 2008, with a majority of European countries reporting prices in the range €4–10. Cannabis as a gateway drug The gateway hypothesis states that cannabis use increases the probability of trying "harder" drugs. The hypothesis has been hotly debated as it is regarded by some as the primary rationale for the United States prohibition on cannabis use. A Pew Research Center poll found that political opposition to marijuana use was significantly associated with concerns about the health effects and whether legalization would increase cannabis use by children. Some studies state that while there is no proof for the gateway hypothesis, young cannabis users should still be considered as a risk group for intervention programs. Other findings indicate that hard drug users are likely to be poly-drug users, and that interventions must address the use of multiple drugs instead of a single hard drug. Almost two-thirds of the poly drug users in the 2009–2010 Scottish Crime and Justice Survey used cannabis. The gateway effect may appear due to social factors involved in using any illegal drug. Because of the illegal status of cannabis, its consumers are likely to find themselves in situations allowing them to acquaint with individuals using or selling other illegal drugs. Studies have shown that alcohol and tobacco may additionally be regarded as gateway drugs; however, a more parsimonious explanation could be that cannabis is simply more readily available (and at an earlier age) than illegal hard drugs. In turn, alcohol and tobacco are typically easier to obtain at an earlier age than is cannabis (though the reverse may be true in some areas), thus leading to the "gateway sequence" in those individuals, since they are most likely to experiment with any drug offered. A related alternative to the gateway hypothesis is the common liability to addiction (CLA) theory. It states that some individuals are, for various reasons, willing to try multiple recreational substances. The "gateway" drugs are merely those that are (usually) available at an earlier age than the harder drugs. Researchers have noted in an extensive review that it is dangerous to present the sequence of events described in gateway "theory" in causative terms as this hinders both research and intervention. In 2020, the National Institute on Drug Abuse released a study backing allegations that marijuana is a gateway to harder drugs, though not for the majority of marijuana users. The National Institute on Drug Abuse determined that marijuana use is "likely to precede use of other licit and illicit substances" and that "adults who reported marijuana use during the first wave of the survey were more likely than adults who did not use marijuana to develop an alcohol use disorder within 3 years; people who used marijuana and already had an alcohol use disorder at the outset were at greater risk of their alcohol use disorder worsening. Marijuana use is also linked to other substance use disorders including nicotine addiction." It also reported that "These findings are consistent with the idea of marijuana as a "gateway drug". However, the majority of people who use marijuana do not go on to use other, "harder" substances. Also, cross-sensitization is not unique to marijuana. Alcohol and nicotine also prime the brain for a heightened response to other drugs and are, like marijuana, also typically used before a person progresses to other, more harmful substances." Research Research on cannabis is challenging since the plant is illegal in most countries. Research-grade samples of the drug are difficult to obtain for research purposes, unless granted under authority of national regulatory agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration. There are also other difficulties in researching the effects of cannabis. Many people who smoke cannabis also smoke tobacco. This causes confounding factors, where questions arise as to whether the tobacco, the cannabis, or both that have caused a cancer. Another difficulty researchers have is in recruiting people who smoke cannabis into studies. Because cannabis is an illegal drug in many countries, people may be reluctant to take part in research, and if they do agree to take part, they may not say how much cannabis they actually smoke. See also Cannabis rights Glossary of cannabis terms List of books about cannabis List of celebrities who own cannabis businesses References Footnotes Citations External links Appetite stimulants Cannabis smoking Entheogens Euphoriants Herbalism Medicinal plants Psychoactive drugs Articles containing video clips

1481906

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3%20protein

14-3-3 protein

14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands. Elevated amounts of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid are usually a sign of rapid neurodegeneration; a common indicator of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Properties Seven genes encode seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins in most mammals (See Human genes below) and 13-15 genes in many higher plants, though typically in fungi they are present only in pairs. Protists have at least one. Eukaryotes can tolerate the loss of a single 14-3-3 gene if multiple genes are expressed, but deletion of all 14-3-3s (as experimentally determined in yeast) results in death. 14-3-3 proteins are structurally similar to the Tetratrico Peptide Repeat (TPR) superfamily, which generally have 9 or 10 alpha helices, and usually form homo- and/or hetero-dimer interactions along their amino-termini helices. These proteins contain a number of known common modification domains, including regions for divalent cation interaction, phosphorylation & acetylation, and proteolytic cleavage, among others established and predicted. 14-3-3 binds to peptides. There are common recognition motifs for 14-3-3 proteins that contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue, although binding to non-phosphorylated ligands has also been reported. This interaction occurs along a so-called binding groove or cleft that is amphipathic in nature. To date, the crystal structures of six classes of these proteins have been resolved and deposited in the public domain. Discovery and naming 14-3-3 proteins were initially found in brain tissue in 1967 and purified using chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In bovine brain samples, 14-3-3 proteins were located in the 14th fraction eluting from a DEAE-cellulose column and in position 3.3 on a starch electrophoresis gel. Function 14-3-3 proteins play an isoform-specific role in class switch recombination. They are believed to interact with the protein Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase in mediating class switch recombination. Phosphorylation of Cdc25C by CDS1 and CHEK1 creates a binding site for the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine binding proteins. Binding of 14-3-3 has little effect on Cdc25C activity, and it is believed that 14-3-3 regulates Cdc25C by sequestering it to the cytoplasm, thereby preventing the interactions with CycB-Cdk1 that are localized to the nucleus at the G2/M transition. The eta (YWHAH) isoform is reported to be a biomarker (in synovial fluid) for rheumatoid arthritis. In a systematic review, 14-3-3η has been described as a welcome addition to the rheumatology field. The authors indicate that the serum based 14-3-3η marker is additive to the armamentarium of existing tools available to clinicians, and that there is adequate clinical evidence to support its clinical benefits in the management of patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 14-3-3 proteins bind to and sequester the transcriptional coregulators YAP/TAZ to the cytoplasm, inhibiting their function. 14-3-3 regulating cell-signalling Raf-1 Bad – see Bcl-2 Bax Cdc25 Akt SOS1 – see RSK Human genes – "14-3-3 beta" – "14-3-3 epsilon" – "14-3-3 gamma" – "14-3-3 eta" – "14-3-3 tau" – "14-3-3 zeta" or – "14-3-3 sigma" (Stratifin) The 14-3-3 proteins alpha and delta (YWHAA and YWHAD) are phosphorylated forms of YWHAB and YWHAZ, respectively. In plants The presence of large gene families of 14-3-3 proteins in the Viridiplantae kingdom reflects their essential role in plant physiology. A phylogenetic analysis of 27 plant species clustered the 14-3-3 proteins into four groups. 14-3-3 proteins activate the auto-inhibited plasma membrane P-type H+ ATPases. They bind the ATPases' C-terminus at a conserved threonine. References Further reading External links Three-dimensional structure of 14-3-3 Protein Theta (Human) complexed with a peptide in the PDB. Drosophila 14-3-3epsilon - The Interactive Fly Drosophila 14-3-3zeta - The Interactive Fly Programmed cell death Protein families 14-3-3 proteins

1481924

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20Software

Superior Software

Superior Software Ltd (now known as Superior Interactive) is a video game publisher. It was one of the main publishers for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers in the 1980s and early 1990s, and occasionally published software to the Commodore 64, Amiga, ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC. It currently releases games for Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android, mostly updates of its original games. History Superior Software was established in 1982 by Richard Hanson and John Dyson, university graduates with degrees in Computational Science and Physics of Natural Resources respectively. They had previously programmed software published by Micro Power, and they wrote Superior's first four game releases for the BBC Micro; three were written by Hanson and one by Dyson. Describing the early days, Hanson commented: Key management included Steve Botterill as general manager, and Chris Payne as marketing manager. Releases In 1983, its unauthorised version of Hunchback reached the number one position in the BBC charts. Century Electronics took out an injunction to prevent the game from being sold, later reaching a licensing agreement. In 1986, it acquired the rights to use the Acornsoft brand name and back catalogue as Acorn wanted to focus on hardware. This led to the re-release of some of Acornsoft's most popular titles under the joint Superior Software / Acornsoft label, including David Braben and Ian Bell's Elite and Geoff Crammond's Revs. Their best-known games are the Repton series of games, which have sold over 125,000 units in total. Other notable Superior Software games for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron include Overdrive, Citadel, Thrust, Galaforce, Stryker's Run, Ravenskull and Exile. They also published Zarch for the Acorn Archimedes, as well as follow-up games using the same engine, Conqueror and Air Supremacy. As well as original titles, Superior also released a number of official conversions of popular games from other systems including Barbarian, The Last Ninja, Predator, Hostages and Sim City. They also published a number of educational and utility software titles including the speech synthesis program Speech!. The "Play It Again Sam" series of compilations included re-releases of their old titles, with four games for the usual price of one. The original Play It Again Sam featured four Superior games (Citadel, Thrust, Ravenskull, and Stryker's Run), while subsequent compilations increasingly featured games licensed from other software houses such as Micro Power or Alligata. These compilations also occasionally included some new games that were thought to be not quite up to the standard of their full price games. The series eventually ran to 18 entries for the BBC Micro. Current activity Under the brandname Superior Interactive, the company now mainly develops and publishes software for computers and devices running Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android. They have released several updated versions of some of their popular 1980s hits for these systems, including the original three Repton games, additional Repton levels, Galaforce Worlds, Ravenskull, Pipeline Plus and Ricochet. Software Games Compilations The Acornsoft Hits (1987) The Superior Collection (1987) Play It Again Sam (Electron: 1987-1991, BBC Micro: 1987-1993, Archimedes: 1992-1994) Educational / utility software Toolkit (1983) Assembler (1983) World Geography (1983) Disassembler (1984) Constellation (1984) Planetarium (1984) UK Geography (1984) Speech! (1985) References External links Superior Interactive website Superior Interactive profile from MobyGames Video game companies of the United Kingdom Video game publishers Acorn Computers RISC OS Video game companies established in 1982 1982 establishments in England

1481949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriqiyah%20Airways

Afriqiyah Airways

Afriqiyah Airways is a Libyan state-owned airline based in Tripoli, Libya. It was established in 2001 and operates both domestic and international flights. The airline's main hub is Tripoli International Airport (TIP), and it serves a wide range of destinations across Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Afriqiyah Airways operates a fleet primarily consisting of Airbus aircraft, including the A320, A319, and A330 models. These planes are used for both short-haul and long-haul flights. The airline offers various services and amenities to its passengers, including in-flight entertainment, onboard dining, and a loyalty program called "Afriqiyah Club,". Over the years, Afriqiyah Airways has faced some operational challenges due to political instability in Libya. However, it has strived to maintain its operations and expand its network to serve travelers from and to Libya. History Establishment and growth: 2001-2011 Afriqiyah Airways was established in April 2001 and commenced scheduled services on 1 December 2001. The name Afriqiyah comes from the Arabic word for African. It is wholly owned by the Libyan government and has 287 employees (at March 2007). The airline started with Boeing 737-400 aircraft, but in 2003, an all-Airbus fleet was introduced. The Italian airline Blue Panorama jointly set up the airline with the Libyan government. Afriqiyah Airways is one of the few airlines which does not serve alcoholic beverages on its flights. The airline generated US$120 million in revenue in 2006. Afriqiyah Airways signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the purchase of six Airbus A320s and three Airbus A319s plus an option on five, as well as for three Airbus A330-200s, with an option for three. The new A320s and A319s entered service on Afriqiyah's growing international network, covering routes from its base at Tripoli to seventeen destinations in North, West, and Central Africa and the Middle East, as well as to European destinations such as Paris, Brussels, London, Rome, and Amsterdam. Afriqiyah's A319s carry 124 passengers in a two-class configuration, while the A320 seats 144 in two class configurations (J16/Y128). The A330s serve the long-distance operations on routes to Southern Africa, Asia and Europe, and have a two-class configuration with 230 seats (J30/Y200). As of 2015 the airline no longer flies to some of these destinations anymore. On 20 August 2009, an Air Afriqiyah aircraft (registration 5A-IAY) - the private aircraft of Colonel Gaddafi - flew to Glasgow Airport to collect Abelbasset al-Megrahi (who had been convicted of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing and released on compassionate grounds by the Cabinet Secretary for Justice in the Scottish Government). He was flown directly from Glasgow to Tripoli. Three A330s that were delivered in 2009 were used to inaugurate new routes to Dhaka, Johannesburg and Kinshasa. In the winter 2010, two new routes were added to the airline's network - Beijing and Nouakchott. In mid-October 2010, Afriqiyah Airways and Libyan Airlines (Libya's other state flag carrier) were expected to merge into one airline, and, although postponed, the merger is still planned. Suspended operations: 2011 As a consequence of the First Libyan Civil War and the resulting no-fly zone over the country enforced by NATO, in accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, all flight operations by Afriqiyah Airways were terminated on 17 March 2011. Point 17 of the United Nations resolution specifically banned flights into members of the United Nations by aircraft registered in Libya (5A). This was to have been rescinded when Afriqiyah Airways was officially 'unsanctioned' on 22 September 2011, when Libyan-registered aircraft should have been again permitted to enter EU airspace. This did not happen and up to 5 March 2013 however no such easing had been announced and Libyan-registered aircraft are still banned from Europe, even overflying through the airspace. The Tripoli - Istanbul route has to route further east, via over Alexandria, which adds an hour each way to the sector time. Afriqiyah Airways announced that they expected to resume flights between Tripoli and London by the end of the year, subject to the issuance of air transport and security permits, using A320 equipment. However, flights did not resume until 3 July 2012. In order to get round the EU ban, Afriqiyah wet-leased an A320 (ER-AXP) from Air Moldova that complied with the EU requirements. Rebuilding post-war services: 2012 onwards After suffering badly during the civil war, Afriqiyah Airways expressed renewed optimism in the future on 12 November 2012 when it increased its order for Airbus A350 aircraft, announcing a new firm order for four A350-900s, and converting its original order for six A350-800s to six of the larger A350-900 model, taking the total number of A350s on order to 10 A350-900s. Deliveries were scheduled to start in 2020, and the airline planned to deploy the aircraft on new routes to the United States, the Middle East and Asia. On 19 December 2012, the airline unveiled its new livery, featuring a white fuselage and black tail fin adorned with three blue stripes, representing the neck markings of the turtle dove. The design replaced the former 9.9.99 tail fin logo. The airline's hub, Tripoli International Airport, was shut down on 13 July 2014 and remains closed to all passenger and cargo flights as of July 2020. Afriqiyah Airways instead currently operates a small route network out of Mitiga International Airport. Destinations These are the current and former destinations of Afriqiyah Airlines: Corporate affairs Ownership Afriqiyah Airways is a subsidiary of the Libyan African Aviation Holding Company (LAAHC), itself owned by the Libyan National Social Fund, the Libyan National Investment Company, the Libya-Africa Investment Fund and the Libyan Foreign Investment Company; the airline is ultimately owned by the Libyan government. LAAHC is also the holding company for Libyan Airlines; although separate operations, a merger of the two carriers had been progressing slowly, though completion of the merger, expected in the first half of 2013 appear to have repeatedly been delayed, and in June 2014 it was reported that the merger was "not currently being worked on". Corporate identity The Gaddafi-era 9.9.99 logo on the side of Afriqiyah's aircraft referred to the date of the Sirte Declaration, signed on 9 September 1999. The declaration marked the formation of the African Union. On Muammar Gaddafi's orders, the date was placed on the fuselage of all of the aircraft when the airline was founded. Tom Little of the Libya Herald said "Gaddafi saw the declaration as one of his proudest achievements". In 2012, the airline decided to use new branding to replace the previous one's association with Gaddafi. Saeed Al-Barouni, In-Flight Services and Catering Manager, created a new logo that was selected from a pool of sixty proposals. The logo, made up of three blue stripes, is based on the neck markings of turtle doves. The new branding was unveiled on 19 December 2012 at the Rixos Al Nasr Hotel in Tripoli. Business trends Scant management data for Afriqiyah Airways have been published, even before the civil war of 2011. Mainly based on statements by airline or government officials, or AFRAA reports, trends for recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December): Fleet Current fleet , the Afriqiyah Airways fleet consists of an all-Airbus fleet made up of the following aircraft: Historical fleet 2 Airbus A300-600 4 Boeing 737-400 (leased from Blue Panorama Airlines and Lauda Air 1 Airbus A340-200 4 Airbus A330-200 (one crashed as Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771) Accidents and incidents On 12 May 2010, at 04:10 UTC (06:10 Tripoli time) an Airbus A330-202, flying from Johannesburg in South Africa to Tripoli, crashed on approach to Tripoli airport. 11 crew members and 93 passengers were killed. The sole survivor was a nine-year-old Dutch boy. On 25 August 2011, two Afriqiyah jets were caught in the middle of a crossfire battle at Tripoli Airport. The former, an Airbus A300B4 registered 5A-IAY, was totalled and written off when a grenade hit the aircraft, while an Airbus A320, 5A-ONK, bore severe damage when an RPG hit the wing root, possibly puncturing the centre wing tank in the process. On 20 July 2014, two Airbus A330 aircraft with registrations 5A-ONF and 5A-ONP were hit by rockets fired by one of the rival militias (Misratah and Zintan) fighting for control of the facility at Tripoli International Airport. 5A-ONF exploded, burned to the ground and was written off; however, 5A-ONP suffered minor to moderate damage, and was stored for repair. On 23 December 2016, Flight 209 from Sebha Airport to Mitiga International Airport, operated by Airbus A320 5A-ONB, was hijacked and diverted to Luqa Airport, Malta. References External links Official website Afriqiyah Airways at ATDB: profile, history and events, contacts and management, historical/current/planned aircraft in fleets Airlines banned in the European Union Airlines established in 2001 Airlines of Libya Arab Air Carriers Organization members Government-owned airlines Organizations based in Tripoli, Libya 2001 establishments in Libya

1481954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20Silver%20Hammer

Maxwell's Silver Hammer

"Maxwell's Silver Hammer" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Abbey Road. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. The song is about a student named Maxwell Edison who commits murders with a hammer, with the dark lyrics disguised by an upbeat sound. McCartney described the song as symbolic of the downfalls of life, being "my analogy for when something goes wrong out of the blue, as it so often does". The song was initially rehearsed during the Get Back sessions in January 1969. During the recording of Abbey Road in July and August, the band devoted four recording sessions to completing the track. These sessions were an acrimonious time for the Beatles, as McCartney pressured the group to work at length on the song. All three of his bandmates were vocal in their dislike of "Maxwell's Silver Hammer". In a 2008 interview, Ringo Starr remembered it as "the worst session ever" and "the worst track we ever had to record". Background While in Rishikesh, India, in early 1968, McCartney began to write the first verse of the song. Having completed most of it by October that year, he intended for its inclusion on the album The Beatles, but it was never properly recorded during those sessions due to time constraints. It was rehearsed again three months later, in January 1969, at Twickenham film studios during the Get Back sessions but would not be recorded for another six months. McCartney's wife Linda said that he had become interested in avant-garde theatre and had immersed himself in the writings of the experimental French author Alfred Jarry. This influence is reflected in the story and tone of "Maxwell's Silver Hammer", and also explains how McCartney came across Jarry's word "pataphysical", which occurs in the lyrics. In 1994, McCartney said that the song epitomises the downfalls of life, being "my analogy for when something goes wrong out of the blue, as it so often does, as I was beginning to find out at that time in my life. I wanted something symbolic of that, so to me it was some fictitious character called Maxwell with a silver hammer. I don't know why it was silver, it just sounded better than Maxwell's hammer." Recording The Beatles began recording the song at EMI Studios (later Abbey Road Studios) in London on 9 July 1969. John Lennon, who had been absent from recording sessions for the previous eight days after being injured in a car crash in Scotland, arrived to work on the song, accompanied by his wife, Yoko Ono, who, more badly hurt in the accident than Lennon, lay on a large double-bed in the studio. Sixteen takes of the rhythm track were made, followed by a series of guitar overdubs. The unused fifth take can be heard on Anthology 3. Over the following two days the group overdubbed vocals, piano, Hammond organ, anvil and guitar. The song was completed on 6 August, when McCartney recorded a solo on a Moog synthesiser. The recording process subsequently drew unfavourable comments from Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. Lennon said, "I was ill after the accident when they did most of that track, and it really ground George and Ringo into the ground recording it", adding later: "I hate it, 'cos all I remember is the track ... [Paul] did everything to make it into a single, and it never was and it never could have been." In the recollection of engineer Geoff Emerick, Lennon dismissed it as "more of Paul's granny music". Harrison recalled: "Sometimes Paul would make us do these really fruity songs. I mean, my God, 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer' was so fruity. After a while we did a good job on it, but when Paul got an idea or an arrangement in his head …" Starr told Rolling Stone in 2008: "The worst session ever was 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer.' It was the worst track we ever had to record. It went on for fucking weeks. I thought it was mad." McCartney recalled: "The only arguments were about things like me spending three days on 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer.' I remember George saying, 'You've taken three days, it's only a song.' – 'Yeah, but I want to get it right. I've got some thoughts on this one.'" Commentary by band members In a taped recording of a band meeting conducted in September 1969, Lennon raised the possibility of individual songwriting responsibilities being split equally between the three of them in future. In this arrangement, each of the writers would contribute four songs to an album, and Starr would have the opportunity to contribute two. Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn comments on the exchange that proceeded between the three bandmates (Starr was not present): Paul... responds to the news that George now has equal standing as a composer with John and himself by muttering something mildly provocative. "I thought until this album that George's songs weren't that good," he says, which is a pretty double-edged compliment since the earlier compositions he's implicitly disparaging include Taxman and While My Guitar Gently Weeps. There's a nettled rejoinder from George: "That's a matter of taste. All down the line, people have liked my songs." John reacts by telling Paul that nobody else in the group "dug" his Maxwell's Silver Hammer... and that it might be a good idea if he gave songs of that kind – which, John suggests, he probably didn't even dig himself – to outside artists in whom he had an interest... "I recorded it," a drowsy Paul says, "because I liked it." Contemporary reviews In his 1969 review of Abbey Road, for Rolling Stone, John Mendelsohn wrote: "Paul McCartney and Ray Davies are the only two writers in rock and roll who could have written 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer', a jaunty vaudevillian/music-hallish celebration wherein Paul, in a rare naughty mood, celebrates the joys of being able to bash in the heads of anyone threatening to bring you down. Paul puts it across perfectly with the coyest imaginable choir-boy innocence." Writing in Oz magazine, Barry Miles described the song as "a complex little piece" and said that, aside from McCartney's casual interest in Jarry's work, "The only British pop group holding any pataphysical honours are The Soft Machine". Miles also said it was "a perfect example of Paul's combination of American Rock with British brass band music". Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times found the album "refreshingly terse and unpretentious", but lamented the inclusion of "cod-1920s jokes (Maxwell's Silver Hammer)". In 1974, Robert Christgau referred to "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" as "a McCartney crotchet". Retrospective assessments and legacy Among Beatles biographers, Ian MacDonald said that "If any single recording shows why The Beatles broke up, it's 'Maxwell's Silver Hammer'." He continued: Author Jonathan Gould cites "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" as an example of the selfishness inherent in the Beatles' creative partnership, whereby a composition by McCartney or Lennon would be given preference over a more substantial song by Harrison. He also rues McCartney's penchant for a light entertainment style that the Beatles had sought to render obsolete, and concludes: In 2009, PopMatters editor John Bergstrom concluded his list "the worst of the Beatles" with the song. He said that while McCartney had previously created "some borderline-schmaltzy, music hall-inspired songs", "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" was "where even the secret admirer of 'Rocky Raccoon' must draw the line". Bergstrom described it as "Unnervingly 'cute', unrelentingly obnoxious, too literal-minded by half" and "the single Beatles song out of nearly 200 that is basically unlistenable". Cover versions In 1972, the Canadian band the Bells covered "Maxwell's Silver Hammer". Their version became a hit in Canada. It reached number 83 on the Pop chart and number two on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart. In the 1978 film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the song is performed by comedian Steve Martin, who portrays the character Maxwell Edison. Frankie Laine also covered the song as part of the musical documentary All This and World War II, which featured stock and newsreel footage of the Second World War set to performances of music by the Beatles. The MonaLisa Twins covered "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" with a 2015 video published on YouTube Music in 2015. Personnel According to Kevin Howlett, except where noted: The Beatles Paul McCartney lead and harmony vocals, piano, acoustic guitar, Moog synthesizer George Harrison harmony vocal, bass, electric guitars Ringo Starr harmony vocal, drums, anvil Additional musician George Martin Hammond organ Notes References Sources External links 1969 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon–McCartney The Beatles songs Black comedy music Murder ballads Works about fictional serial killers Songs published by Northern Songs Music hall songs

1481957

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth%20Powell

Gwyneth Powell

Gwyneth Leith (5 July 1946 – 8 September 2022), better known by her stage name Gwyneth Powell, was an English actress. She was best known for her portrayal of headmistress Bridget McClusky in the BBC television series Grange Hill for eleven series between 1981 and 1991. Background Powell was born on 5 July 1946 in Levenshulme, Manchester, and attended Cheadle County Grammar School for Girls, during which time she appeared to some acclaim as Fat Urs in the National Youth Theatre's production of Ben Jonson's Bartholemew Fair. She originally trained as a teacher at Goldsmiths, University of London, but instead chose to act in repertory theatre. Career Powell's first major television role was in the 1971 LWT dystopian drama series, The Guardians. She was a regular, if minor, player in many television dramas until being cast in Grange Hill, in which she played the "firm but fair" headmistress Bridget ("The Midget") McClusky for eleven years. Of her role, she said in 2008: Eventually, however, Powell wanted to pursue other interests and gave the Grange Hill producers and writers a year to write McClusky out of the series. She bought the rights to E. M. Delafield's Diary of a Provincial Lady and adapted it as a self-financed one-woman show in Edinburgh, also touring the production. Powell went on to appear in other television programmes such as Heartbeat, A Touch of Frost, Holby City, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates and Father Brown, and in 2008, Echo Beach. She played the role of a school teacher in a Victorian School Day in an episode of the BBC Schools TV series Watch. In 2009, using archive footage, coupled with some newly recorded lines, Powell reprised her Grange Hill role as Mrs McClusky for a cameo appearance in an episode of Ashes to Ashes, set in 1982. She also appeared in Arsenic and Old Lace at the Salisbury Playhouse. In 2010, Powell starred as Nana in The Gemma Factor. Subsequently, in 2011–2013, she became a support character in the teen programme House of Anubis, playing the role of Nina Martin's gran who ends up in hospital but is later released. She featured in seven episodes. In 2013 she took the role of Greg Davies' mother Polly Davies in the Channel 4 comedy Man Down. Personal life Powell married actor Alan Leith in 1971. She lived in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, where she was a patron of a local drama group, the Hurstpierpoint Players. She died in Brighton on 8 September 2022, aged 76. Her death was attributed to complications following surgery for a perforated colon. Filmography References External links 1946 births 2022 deaths Actresses from Manchester Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London English television actresses People from Hurstpierpoint People from Levenshulme 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses

1481994

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20chloride

Copper chloride

Copper chloride may refer to: Copper(I) chloride (cuprous chloride), CuCl, mineral name nantokite Copper(II) chloride (cupric chloride), CuCl2, mineral name eriochalcite

1481996

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Blackett%20%28cutter%29

Nancy Blackett (cutter)

Nancy Blackett is a , 7-ton (Thames Measurement), Bermuda rigged sailing cutter built in 1931. The boat is now owned and operated by The Nancy Blackett Trust. Built by David Hillyard and originally named Spindrift at her launch in 1931 (and then renamed Electron by her next owner), she was bought by children's author Arthur Ransome in 1934 and renamed Nancy Blackett after the major character of the same name in his Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. He sailed her mostly on the east coast of England and the southern North Sea from her home port of Pin Mill near Harwich. She is most notable for being the original of the fictional yacht Goblin in Ransome's book We Didn’t Mean to Go to Sea (1937), which recounts a voyage across the North Sea to the Dutch port of Vlissingen, called by the English name of Flushing in the book. Ransome made a similar voyage from Harwich to the Netherlands in 1936 and used his personal experience in the book. Ransome's cruises also provided material for another book Secret Water (1939) set in the Walton backwaters. Ransome sold Nancy Blackett in 1939 but always said that she was "the best little ship". In 1988, she was found rotting in Scarborough and subsequently purchased and restored. Following the restoration, she was sold to a private owner, who put her up for sale again in 1996. An appeal to Arthur Ransome fans raised the asking price and she was purchased and a Trust set up which owns, operates and maintains her. The Nancy Blackett Trust was formed as a registered charity to preserve and sail her and to promote the sort of sailing activities dear to Ransome. The trust's patron is Ellen MacArthur. There have been some modern equipment updates to allow for her safe use by Trust members. She is available for sailing trips as well as appearing at maritime festivals and events and events associated with Ransome. References External links The Nancy Blackett Trust The Arthur Ransome Society, an organisation devoted to Arthur Ransome with links to other sites Swallows and Amazons information and news website Arthur Ransome Individual sailing vessels

1482008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Wiberg

Per Wiberg

Per Jonas Wiberg (born 8 June 1968) is a Swedish musician who has been a member of the bands Spiritual Beggars (1998-) as a keyboardist, King Hobo (2007-) as a keyboardist, guitarist, and vocalist, and Kamchatka (2015-) as a bassist and vocalist, his solo band, Per Wiberg (2019-), and Switchblade (2020-) as a Bassist. Wiberg was formerly in the bands, Death Organ (1993-1997) as an Organist, Boom Club (1994) as a Vocalist, and Opeth (2003-2011) as a Keyboardist / Backing vocalist. Before joining Spiritual Beggars, Wiberg was a member of Death Organ, a band based in Borlänge. He has also fronted the band Boom Club, of the same area. Wiberg toured with Opeth from the 2003 Deliverance/Damnation tour onward, and joined Opeth officially in 2005. Wiberg provided backing vocals for Opeth in addition to his keyboard duties. It was announced on 6 April 2011 that Wiberg was leaving Opeth as part of a mutual decision between him and the other band members. Wiberg played the keyboard in the intro to "Enemy Within" by the melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. He has also played piano on Swedish progressive rock band Anekdoten's 1993 release Vemod. In 2007, Wiberg collaborated on a project called King Hobo with Clutch drummer Jean-Paul Gaster and Kamchatka guitarist Thomas Andersson. Since 2012 he has been a live musician for the Swedish doom metal band Candlemass as well as joining Swedish band Switchblade on selected dates as a keyboard player. He also played bass when needed. Wiberg has collaborated on all Big Scenic Nowhere releases since 2019, including two studio albums and two EPs. Equipment Per Wiberg uses Nord & Mellotron keyboards, EBS & Blackstar amps, and Fender & Gibson guitars and basses. Discography {| class="wikitable sortable" !Release!!Band!!Instrument!!Membership!!Year |- |Lamentations (Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire 2003) (DVD)||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2003 |- |Ghost Reveries ||Opeth||Various - Grand piano, Hammond organ, Mellotron, & Moog synthesizer||Ex-Member||2005 |- |The Roundhouse Tapes ||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2007 |- |Watershed||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2008 |- |God of War: Blood & Metal||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2010 |- |In Live Concert at the Royal Albert Hall||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2010 |- |The Throat of Winter (7-inch)||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2011 |- |Heritage||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2011 |- |The Devil's Orchard - Live at Rock Hard Festival 2009||Opeth||Keyboards||Ex-Member||2011 |- |Head Without Eyes||Per Wiberg||Vocals, Bass guitar, Guitars, Keyboards, Photography, Production, Songwriting||Current||2019 |- |All Is Well In The Land Of The Living||Per Wiberg||Vocals, Bass guitar, Guitars, Keyboards, Production, Songwriting|||Current||2021 |- |The Serpent's Here||Per Wiberg||Vocals, Bass guitar, Guitars, Keyboards, Production, Songwriting|||Current||2024 |} With Spiritual BeggarsMantra III (1998)Violet Karma 10-inch (1998)Ad Astra (2000)It's Over split 7-inch with Grand Magus (2001)On Fire (2002)Demons (2005)Live Fire DVD (2005)Return to Zero (2010)Return to Live: Loud Park 2010 (2011)Earth Blues (2013)Spiritual Beggars - Reissue (2013)Sunrise to Sundown (2016)Thumbsucker/Stoned Woman 7-inch (2016)European Rock Invasion Vol 1: Svenskt Anfall split 12-inch with Siena Root & Truckfighters (2021) With KamchatkaThe Search Goes On (2014)Doorknocker Blues 7-inch (2014)Ain't Fallin' (digital single) (2014)Long Road Made of Gold (2015)Devil Dance (digital single) (2016)No One That Can Tell (digital single) (2016)Stone Cold Shaky Bones/Midnight Charmer 7-inch (2018)Hoodoo Lightning (2019) With Switchblade Switchblade - "2012" (album) (2012) Switchblade - "2016" (album) (2016) With Slutavverkning Slutavverkning - "Levande Charader" (album) (2023) With MojoboneTales From the Bone (1999)Crossroad Message (2002)Cowboy Mode (2010)Crossroad Message & Tales From the Bone - Reissue (2010) With King HoboKing Hobo (2008) Mauga (2019) With Death Organ9 to 5 (1995)Universal Stripsearch (1997) With Boom ClubBuy One or Be One (1994) Guest appearances Anekdoten - Vemod (1993) Anekdoten - Chapters (2009) Anekdoten - Until All the Ghosts Are Gone (2015) Arch Enemy - Burning Bridges (1999) Arch Enemy - Wages of Sin (2001) Arch Enemy - Anthems of Rebellion (2003) Arch Enemy - Rise of the Tyrant (2007) (uncredited on the album) Arch Enemy - Khaos Legions (2011) Arch Enemy - War Eternal (2014) Arch Enemy - Covered in Blood (2019) Apollo - Waterdevils (2016) Automatism - Sonar Split EP with Pavallion (2019) Automatism - Immersion (2020) Bacon - Like It Black (2010) Bacon Brothers - Pit Stop (2000) The Bakerton Group - El Rojo (2009) Beat Under Control - The Introduction (2004) Big Scenic Nowhere - Dying on the Mountain (2019) Big Scenic Nowhere - Vision Beyond Horizon (2020) Big Scenic Nowhere - Lavender Blues (2020) Big Scenic Nowhere - The Long Morrow (2022) Big Scenic Nowhere - The Waydown (2024) cKy - Lost in Departures (2021) Conny Bloom - Been There, Done What Live! (2003) Candlemass - Psalms for the Dead (2012) Candlemass - (Candlemass vs Entombed, Limited edition CD, recorded for Sweden Rock Magazine's 100th issue)(2013) Carcass - Despicable (2020) Carcass - Torn Arteries (2021) Dool - Summerland (2020) Dotty Blue - Perfect Free Choice (2009) Dun Ringill - Welcome (2019) Dun Ringill - Library of Death (2020) Enslaved - Roadburn Live (2017) Fear Falls Burning - Function Collapse Live (2021) General Surgery - Split w/ Bodybag (2017) Greenleaf - Nest of Vipers (2012) Grand Magus - Sword Songs (2016) Hexandagger - Nine of Swords 7-inch (2016) Hans Hjelm - Into The Night (2024) Sivert Høyem - Endless Love (2014) Ulf Ivarsson/Bill Laswell - Nammu (2022) Kamchatka - Volume III (2009) Kamchatka - Bury Your Roots (2011) Little Chris - At Last (2002) Mirror Queen - Starliner/Career Of Evil (2016) Mount Mary - Mount Mary (2021) Mount Mary - Diamonds Of A Fool (2023) The Mushroom River Band - Music for the World Beyond (2000) Nate Bergman - Metaphysical Change (2022) Oaf - "Birth School Oaf Death" (2013) Renaissance of Fools - Fear, Hope & Frustration (2011) Roadhouse Diet - Won't Bend or Break (2018) Roadhouse Diet - Electric Devilry (2019) Science - Weird Science (2023) Sista Maj - Localized Pockets of Negative Entropy (2018) Sista Maj - The Extreme Limit (2019) Sky High - Highlights 1978-1998 (1998) Sky High - Bluester (1999) Sky High - On the Cover: 25 Years of Madness (2002) Sky High - Soul Survivor (2004) Sky High - Have Guitar Will Travel - Reissue ( 2005) Sky High - Safe Sex Live - Reissue ( 2005) Sky High - 28 Years of Madness DVD (2006) Sky High - Stone & Gravel (2015) Sky High - 20 Från Fyrtio (2020) Sovereign Eagle - Sovereign Eagle (2022) Thoughts & Prayers - Alive In The Night Of The Wicked - PA version (2022) Vokonis - Odyssey (2021) Vokonis - Null & Void (2021) Watertouch - We Never Went to the Moon'' (2004) References External links Opeth members Living people Swedish heavy metal keyboardists 1968 births Musicians from Stockholm Swedish death metal musicians Progressive rock musicians Spiritual Beggars members Swedish bass guitarists

1482016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Seals%20%28PCL%29

San Francisco Seals (PCL)

The San Francisco Seals were a minor league baseball team in San Francisco, California, that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 until 1957 before transferring to Phoenix, Arizona. The organization was named for the abundant California sea lion and harbor seal populations in the Bay Area. The 1909, 1922, 1925, and 1928 Seals were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Early history Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Portland Beavers, Oakland Oaks, Sacramento Solons, and Seattle Indians, the Seals were charter members of the Pacific Coast League, which was founded in 1903. The team played their home games at Recreation Park at Harrison and 8th Streets until it was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The mild climate of the west coast allowed the PCL to play a much longer season than the major leagues and the other eastern professional baseball leagues. Seasons often ran 200 games or more, especially in the early years. In the 1905 season, the Seals set the all-time PCL record by playing 230 games (Pacific Coast Baseball League Record Book 1903–1969, compiled by William J. Weiss, League Statistician; published by the PCL, 1969; p. 30). The Seals finished the 1906 season playing home games at Freeman's Park in Oakland. A new Recreation Park was constructed at 14th and Valencia Streets for the 1907 season. The Seals won their first PCL pennant in 1909, finishing games over the runner-up Portland Beavers. They won flags also in 1915, 1917, 1922, 1923 and 1925. During the 1914 season, the Sacramento Solons were moved to San Francisco, where they finished out the season playing as the San Francisco Missions, representing the city's Mission District. That same year, the Seals moved across town to play their inaugural and only season at foggy Ewing Field. The idea of a second team in San Francisco remained alive and, after the 1925 season, the Vernon Tigers were purchased by a group headed by San Francisco businessman Herbert Fleishhacker and moved to San Francisco and renamed the Mission Reds or simply the "Missions", again representing the Mission District as this team played their games five blocks from Mission San Francisco de Asís. From 1926 through 1930, they played their home games at Recreation Park, playing at home while the Seals were on the road. In 1918, financially strapped owner Henry Berry put the San Francisco Seals up for sale and Charles H. Strub, George Alfred (Alfie) Putnam and Charles H. Graham each acquired a one-third share in the team. In 1931, the Seals moved to their own park, Seals Stadium, an 18,600-seat facility located at 16th and Bryant Streets. Seals Stadium was unusual in that it boasted three clubhouses: one for the visitors, one for the Seals, and one for the Missions, who moved there with the Seals and were the Seals' tenants from 1931 through 1937, after which the team moved back to Los Angeles to become the Hollywood Stars in 1938. There were three breweries on the adjoining northwest corners of Seals Stadium, which included Hamm's, Budweiser and Lucky Lager. The Seals celebrated their inaugural year in Seals Stadium by winning the PCL pennant in 1931. The following year, Seals outfielder Vince DiMaggio arranged a tryout for his younger brother Joe. In 1933, Joe DiMaggio hit safely in 61 straight games, a harbinger of his 56-game hitting streak for the New York Yankees in 1941. The team won the pennant again in 1935. Change of control In 1945, a controlling interest in the team was purchased by businessman Paul Fagan, with the stated intention of bringing Major League Baseball to the west coast by having the Pacific Coast League becoming the nation's third major league. He spent thousands of dollars upgrading Seals Stadium to perceived major league standards. He hired former major league player Lefty O'Doul, a native San Franciscan and fan favorite, as manager. Though the Seals won the pennant in 1946, subsequent teams under Fagan's watch did not fare as well, typically finishing in the second division. Rival clubs did not buy into Fagan's major league ambitions. Rather, they established working agreements with major league teams, and fared better than did the independent Seals. Fagan gave up his aspirations and sold his interest in the Seals, who became an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. After their Bay Area rival, the Oakland Oaks, moved to Vancouver after the 1955 season, the Seals won their last PCL pennant in 1957, which proved to be their final season. Late in that season, the New York Giants announced their move to San Francisco for the 1958 season, and the Seals were forced to relocate. As part of the Giants' transfer to San Francisco, the Seals became its top affiliate after a swap on October 15, 1957 in which the Minneapolis Millers joined the Red Sox organization. They moved to Phoenix, Arizona for the 1958 season and were renamed the Phoenix Giants. The franchise then moved to Tacoma, Washington, where they played from 1960 to 1965, returning to Phoenix for the 1966 season. The team remained in Phoenix–from 1986 onward as the Firebirds–until 1998, when they were displaced by MLB's Arizona Diamondbacks. In a complicated deal, the Firebirds' ownership group bought the Tucson Toros, inheriting the Toros' staff and facilities. After an interim one-year affiliation with the Milwaukee Brewers, the Toros affiliated with the Diamondbacks and changed their name to the Sidewinders. The Giants' affiliation was transferred to the displaced Tucson AAA franchise, which became the Fresno Grizzlies until their reassignment to Low-A. In 2009, the Sidewinders franchise moved to Reno, Nevada. They retained their affiliation with the Arizona Diamondbacks as the Reno Aces, and play their home games at Greater Nevada Field. The Tucson Toros returned under the same ownership as the Sidewinders, but they are not affiliated with a major league club. The new Toros played their home games at Hi Corbett Field, the longtime home of minor league baseball in Tucson, until 2010. The Giants played their home games at Seals Stadium in 1958 and 1959, moving to Candlestick Park in 1960. Seals Stadium was subsequently torn down to make way for a White Front store. When this chain of stores went out of business, the building stayed empty for some years. It was finally turned into a car dealership and later a Safeway grocery store. The legacy of the Seals lives on in the Giants' mascot Lou Seal, as well as in a statue of the Seals' cartoon mascot (c. 1947) at Oracle Park, and with a marker on the 16th & Bryant sidewalk placed where Seals Stadium home plate stood. Rebirth in 1985 The Seals were reborn as a collegiate woodbat team in 1985 by Bay Area high school and college coach as well as former scout Abel Alcantar. Seals Alumni include many current California Junior College, Division I, and Division II coaches. The Seals played out of Albert Park in San Rafael, CA until 2002, until the historic team moved to Sonoma, CA, and then most recently Alameda, CA where he put together teams at various levels from 8U-18U while continuing the collegiate summer team. The collegiate team played in the Far West League in 2012 and 2013, the Great West League in 2018, and the California Collegiate League in 2019, but has been known for being an independent summer collegiate team that travels more than any summer collegiate team in the nation, simulating the grind of minor league professional baseball. They have made appearances in the Alaska Baseball League, the West Coast League, Canada, and the National Baseball Congress World Series in Wichita, KS. Affiliations The Seals were largely independent of major league farm systems except for the following affiliations: Notable alumni Earl Averill, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame Frank Bodie, Major League Baseball outfielder Sam Bohne (originally "Sam Cohen"; 1896–1977), Major League Baseball infielder Syd Cohen, Major League Baseball pitcher Frank Crosetti, Major League Baseball infielder Dominic DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder Joe DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame Vince DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder Babe Ellison, MLB player and member of Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame Ferris Fain, Major League Baseball Infielder, 2-time American League batting champion Harry Feldman, Major League Baseball pitcher Vernon "Lefty" Gomez, Major League Baseball pitcher, Hall of Fame Smead Jolley, Major League Baseball outfielder Frank Malzone, Major League third baseman and 8 time MLB All Star Jack Mealey (born 1899), catcher, manager in minor leagues and president of Sooner State League Lefty O'Doul, Major League Baseball outfielder; Seals manager, Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame Albie Pearson, Major League Baseball outfielder, 1958 AL Rookie of the Year, 1963 All-Star Babe Pinelli, Major League Baseball infielder and umpire Gus Suhr, Major League Baseball outfielder Paul Waner, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame George "Buck" Weaver, Major League Baseball infielder, Member of the 1919 Chicago "Black Sox" Gene Woodling, Major League Baseball outfielder See also List of San Francisco Seals no-hitters References Notes Sources Kelley, Brent P.. The San Francisco Seals, 1946–1957. McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995. . O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903–1988. Eakin Press, Austin TX, 1990. . Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903–1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995. . External links Minor League Baseball's "Top 100 Teams" entry on the 1925 San Francisco Seals (team #10) Minor League Baseball's "Top 100 Teams" entry on the 1922 San Francisco Seals (team #44) Minor League Baseball's "Top 100 Teams" entry on the 1928 San Francisco Seals (team #50) Minor League Baseball's "Top 100 Teams" entry on the 1909 San Francisco Seals (team #71) Baseball teams in San Francisco 01 Defunct baseball teams in California Defunct Pacific Coast League teams Mission District, San Francisco Baseball teams established in 1903 Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates New York Yankees minor league affiliates New York Giants minor league affiliates Brooklyn Dodgers minor league affiliates 1903 establishments in California 1957 disestablishments in California Baseball teams disestablished in 1957

1482019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negar%20Khan

Negar Khan

Negar Khan (born 18 July 1984; also credited as Nigar Khan) is an Iranian-born Norwegian actress. She is best known for her time in bollywood from 2000-2010. Personal life Khan is fluent in the Persian, Azeri, Norwegian, English and Urdu languages. Khan has a bachelor's degree in Marketing & Advertising and two master's degree in international business and film & television. She married Sahil Khan on September 21, 2004, but divorced in July 2005. In 2009, she had a new romance with someone from India while keeping a low profile. Career Khan gained fame when she appeared in the music video of a remix of the classic Indian Hindi movie song "Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani". She was a contestant in the Norwegian version of the Paradise Hotel reality show, where she was accused of having multiple plastic surgeries. She claimed that she had not undergone any surgery. Filmography Controversies Khan allegedly posed topless for the Norwegian men's magazine VI Menn in 2004. She denied this and said that the pictures had been graphically manipulated. She was deported from India to Norway in February 2005 for allegedly providing false documents to procure her work visa. She had been working while on tourist visa. However, she and Sahil Khan claimed that she had married him and hence was eligible to become an Indian national. References External links 1984 births Living people Iranian emigrants to Norway Norwegian expatriates in Australia Western Sydney University alumni Norwegian female models Norwegian television actresses Norwegian film actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Norwegian expatriates in India Iranian expatriates in India People deported from India People from Tabriz

1482021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Freitag

Jacques Freitag

Jacques Freitag (11 June 1982 – ) was a South African high jumper. Freitag is one of only eleven athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Usain Bolt, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Armand Duplantis, Yelena Isinbayeva, Kirani James, Faith Kipyegon, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels, and David Storl) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event. Freitag grew up in Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng (50 km east of Pretoria). His mother, Hendrina Pieters, was South African high jump champion in 1973 with a personal best of 1.74 metres. Freitag was found shot, and murdered in July 2024, two weeks after going missing, at the age of 42.. Competition record Awards 2003 University of Pretoria Sportsman of the year. Education He was in Hoërskool Erasmus in Bronkhorstspruit, then he attended Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool (Afrikaans High School for Boys, also known as Affies), located in Pretoria. See also List of solved missing person cases References External links 1982 births 2020s missing person cases 2024 deaths African Games competitors for South Africa Afrikaner people Alumni of Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 All-Africa Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Athletes from Gauteng Deaths by firearm in South Africa Formerly missing people Missing person cases in Africa Olympic athletes for South Africa South African male high jumpers Sportspeople from the Northern Cape University of Pretoria alumni World Athletics Championships medalists World Athletics Championships winners

1482026

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland%20Oaks%20%28PCL%29

Oakland Oaks (PCL)

The Oakland Oaks were a minor league baseball team in Oakland, California that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 through 1955, after which the club transferred to Vancouver, British Columbia. The team was named for the city and used the oak tree and the acorn as its symbols. Team history Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Portland Beavers, Sacramento Solons, San Francisco Seals, and Seattle Indians, the Oaks were charter members of the Pacific Coast League which was founded in 1903. In their first year of competition, 1903, the team finished last, and finished either last or next to last place four more times before winning its first PCL pennant in 1912. The Oaks (or "Acorns" as they were also called) played their home games at Freeman's Park at 59th Street and San Pablo Avenue and at Recreation Park in San Francisco. After the 1912 season, the Oaks opened their new stadium, named Oakland Ball Park (or simply Oaks Park) though it was located in the neighboring city of Emeryville at San Pablo and Park Avenues. In their first season at Oaks Park the Acorns finished last, and were mired in the second division for more than a decade. In 1916, a struggling Oaks team made history by (inadvertently) breaking the professional baseball color line, as Jimmy Claxton pitched in both ends of a double-header on May 28, 1916. He was introduced to the team as an American Indian, but once the team discovered that his ancestry was both Native American and African, he was fired. The Oaks were owned by PCL founding father J. Cal Ewing from 1903 until the 1920s. Ewing also owned the San Francisco Seals, which allowed the clubs to share their ballparks at various times with no problem, but the leaders of Organized Baseball eventually made Ewing choose one or the other, and he divested his interests in the Oakland club. In 1927, the Oaks won their first pennant at Oaks Park, finishing 120–75 (.615), games over the runner-up Seals. In 1943, a controlling interest in the Oaks was purchased by C. L. "Brick" Laws, who operated the team for its remaining seasons. In 1946, Laws hired Casey Stengel, the former manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Braves of the National League, to manage the Oaks. He responded with second and fourth-place finishes, before the club won its most celebrated pennant in 1948. It was in Oakland that Stengel developed his talent for platooning, which later served him as manager of the New York Yankees. The 1948 Oaks were nicknamed the "Nine Old Men" in that many of the star players were older veterans, including Ernie Lombardi, Billy Raimondi, Cookie Lavagetto, Nick Etten and Catfish Metkovich. There were younger players on the team as well, including rookie second baseman Billy Martin. Rooming with Martin and playing shortstop was Artie Wilson, the first black player on the Oaks since Jimmy Claxton was fired. Wilson won the PCL batting title with a .348 average and also led in stolen bases with 47. In 1950, he led the PCL in runs with 168 and hits with 264, helping the Oaks to the 1950 PCL championship. Stengel's success with the Oaks did not go unnoticed, and he became manager of the Yankees in 1949. Stengel was replaced by Chuck Dressen, who led the Oaks to a second-place finish in 1949 and the PCL pennant in 1950. Again, the Oaks' manager's success resulted in a promotion to the major leagues, with Dressen hired to manage the Dodgers in 1951. Former New York Giants star Mel Ott was hired as his replacement. Ott led the Oaks to an 80–88 record in 1951 (seventh place) and a 104–76 mark in 1952 (second place). Augie Galan replaced Ott as the Oaks' skipper in 1953, and the team stumbled to a 77–103 record and seventh place in the PCL. After three seasons in charge of the Dodgers in Brooklyn, Chuck Dressen returned as Oaks manager in 1954. The Acorns finished third with an 85–82 record under Dressen, but won the postseason series to capture their last PCL pennant. In spite of this, attendance at the now-dilapidated Oaks Park had dropped dramatically. Dressen returned to managing at the major-league level in 1955, taking over in the Washington Senators' dugout, making way for San Francisco Seals legend Lefty O'Doul in Oakland. Under O'Doul, the Oaks finished seventh (77–95) in 1955, and their attendance was the worst of the eight-team league. Owner Laws felt he had no other choice but to move the team. When officials of Vancouver, British Columbia made him an offer, Laws moved the Oaks to Vancouver, where they were renamed the Vancouver Mounties. Oaks Park was demolished in 1957, replaced by a Pepsi-Cola bottling plant. Presently, the site is the headquarters of Pixar Animation Studios. The only thing left in the area to suggest that baseball was ever played at Park and San Pablo Avenues is a cardroom and restaurant across the street, appropriately named the Oaks Club. There is also a plaque commemorating Stengel and the Oaks on 59th. On October 18, 1967, twelve years after the Oaks played their last game in Emeryville, the American League owners gave Kansas City Athletics president Charles O. Finley permission to move the Athletics to Oakland for the 1968 season. Notable Oaks players with MLB experience Buzz Arlett George Bamberger Charlie Beamon Gene Bearden Sam Bohne (originally "Sam Cohen") Roger Bowman Ernie Broglio Sam Chapman Bill Conroy Vince DiMaggio Chuck Dressen Ed Fernandes Augie Galan Billy Herman (HOF) Jackie Jensen Spider Jorgensen Harry Krause Ray Kremer Cookie Lavagetto Thornton Lee Ernie Lombardi (HOF) Billy Martin Hersh Martin Catfish Metkovich Joe Gordon (HOF) Johnny Ostrowski Mel Ott (HOF) Jackie Price Earl Rapp Jimmie Reese Bill Rigney Neill Sheridan Floyd Speer Casey Stengel (HOF) Jim Tobin Artie Wilson Chuck Workman Roy Zimmerman Affiliations The Oaks were independent of farm systems for most of their existence; they were affiliated with the following major league teams: Tributes The Oakland Athletics have worn Oaks uniforms on occasion in a "1950s throwback night" promotion. See also List of Oakland Oaks no-hitters References Notes Sources O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903–1988. Eakin Press, Austin TX, 1990. . Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903–1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995. . External links Oakland Oaks Web Site Baseball teams established in 1903 Baseball teams disestablished in 1955 Defunct Pacific Coast League teams Sports clubs and teams in Oakland, California Defunct baseball teams in California Baseball in Oakland, California

1482031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellon%20Institute%20of%20Industrial%20Research

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research

The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was a research institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that became part of Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded in 1913 by Andrew Mellon and Richard B. Mellon as part of the University of Pittsburgh, and was originally located in Allen Hall. After becoming an independent research center and moving to a new building on Fifth Avenue in 1937, the Mellon Institute merged with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1967 to form Carnegie Mellon University. While it ceased to exist as a distinct institution, the landmark building bearing its name remains located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bellefield Avenue in Oakland, the city's university district. It is sited adjacent to The Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI) and the University of Pittsburgh's Bellefield Hall and is across Bellefield Avenue from two other local landmarks: the University of Pittsburgh's Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Cathedral of Learning. Designed by architect Benno Janssen (1874–1964), the Mellon Institute building has neo-classical architecture and elegant construction, with its signature monolithic limestone columns (the largest monolithic columns in the world). Andrew Mellon, who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury, specified to Janssen a building with a monumental ionic colonnade similar to the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. The proportions of the Mellon Institute's street facades are nearly those of the long lateral facade of the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Mellon Institute building was completed and dedicated posthumously to the Mellon brothers in May 1937. The Mellon Institute building houses the Office of the Dean for Carnegie Mellon University's Mellon College of Science, as well as the administrative offices and research laboratories for the Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry. From 1986 until 2006, it also housed the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. History The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was first established as the Department of Industrial Research at the University of Pittsburgh. It conducted research for firms on a contractual basis; a company would contract the institute to solve a specific problem, and the institute would then hire an appropriate scientist to do the research. The results of the research then became the property of the contracting company. In 1928, the institute was incorporated as a nonprofit, independent research center and planning for a new Mellon Institute building began that same year. When completed in 1937, the institute moved into its new building which sat directly across from the newly completed Cathedral of Learning, and handed its original facility, now known as Allen Hall, back to the University of Pittsburgh. The original design called for two more pillars than architect Janssen decided on. The two extra pillars were buried in the large lawn beside the Cathedral of Learning. The pillars are set to be unburied in 2014 as a new pipe system is installed in the basement of the Cathedral. In 1967, declining use of independent research institutes for the outsourcing of corporate industrial research led Mellon Institute to merge with the Carnegie Institute of Technology to form Carnegie Mellon University. The "Carnegie Institute of Technology" name was retained to refer to the engineering portion of Carnegie Mellon's "College of Engineering and Science". In 2013, the American Chemical Society recognized the Mellon Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark for its contributions to industrial research and training from its inception in 1913 until its merger with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Researchers at the Mellon Institute had contributed more than 4,700 papers, 1,600 patents, and other research products, including George O. Curme, Jr.'s discovery of a method for producing acetylene from petroleum that resulted in the production of ethylene and research in organosilicones and the resulting establishment of the Dow Corning Corporation. For decades, the columns of the Mellon Institute building have served as a popular background for photographers shooting Pittsburgh wedding parties. Fictional portrayals Exterior shots of the Mellon Institute were used to portray the fictitious Tanner Museum in the series premiere of the short-lived 2006 CBS television drama Smith starring Ray Liotta and Amy Smart. The 1990 film Citizen Cohn starring James Woods used the exterior to depict 1960s-era Washington, D.C. The 1992 film Hoffa starring Danny DeVito and Jack Nicholson filmed on location to depict Federal Courthouses and other government buildings. The 1992 film Lorenzo's Oil shows an interior shot of a lecture hall in Mellon Institute. The 2002 film The Mothman Prophecies starring Richard Gere depicted the building as a fictional institute for paranormal studies in Chicago. The 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises starring Christian Bale filmed on location to depict "Gotham City Hall". References External links Mellon College of Science Mellon Institute architecture Documentary on the construction of the Mellon Institute 1987 news feature on Institute's history Schools and departments of Carnegie Mellon Educational buildings in Pittsburgh Research institutes established in 1913 University and college buildings completed in 1937 Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania 1913 establishments in Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh

1482035

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Atl%C3%A9tico%20V%C3%A9lez%20Sarsfield

Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield

Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield () is an Argentine sports club based in Liniers, Buenos Aires. Its football team plays in Primera División, the highest level of the Argentine league system. Founded in 1910, the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Argentine football. The club's home ground is the 49,540-capacity José Amalfitani Stadium, where they have played since 1951. One of the most successful clubs in Argentine football, Vélez Sarsfield had their first major success in 1968, when they won the league championship, and subsequently made regular seasons between 1970 and 1990. The club have enjoyed their greatest period of success in the past two decades, winning 15 trophies since 1993. Domestically, Vélez have won ten Primera División titles, while in continental competitions have won five international cups (including both the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup). It is one of eight teams to have won CONMEBOL's treble. Vélez Sarsfield's regular kit colours are white shirts and shorts, with some details in blue. The club's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image. It is one of the most supported clubs in Argentina. Apart from football the club takes part in other sports such as athletics, basketball, gymnastics, handball, field hockey, martial arts, tennis, roller skating and volleyball. History The beginning Vélez foundation dates back to the last days of 1909, when rain interrupted an informal football game played near the Vélez Sarsfield railway station of the Buenos Aires Western Railway, which served the barrio of Vélez Sársfield, named after jurist Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield (Vélez Sarsfield station is in Floresta barrio and was renamed Floresta station in 1944). Three of the young men whose game got interrupted, Julio Guglielmone, Martín Portillo and Nicolás Marín Moreno, sheltered in the station and discussed the possibility of founding a football club to practice the sport more seriously. The club was officially founded on 1 January 1910, in Marín Moreno's house. The founders decided to call the new club Club Atlético Argentinos de Vélez Sarsfield (), and appointed Luis Barredo as their first chairman. They also decided to form two teams (one for the Argentine third division and the other for the fourth) and chose to sport white shirts, that were easy to obtain for everyone. In 1912, however, the directive board decided to change the uniform to navy blue shirts and white shorts. Vélez Sarsfield first home ground was a piece of land located between the streets of Ensenada, Provincias Unidas (currently Juan Bautista Alberdi), Mariano Acosta and Convención (currently José Bonifacio). This block is in Floresta barrio, where it meets Vélez Sársfield and Parque Avellaneda barrios. First steps in the league Vélez affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (AFA) in 1912. Nonetheless, on 5 September, the board decided to disaffiliate the club from AFA and affiliate it to the recently created Federación Argentina de Football (FAF), citing as reason AFA's detrimental attitude towards the club. In that same year, the team was strengthened by the joining of some former players of San Lorenzo de Almagro, who had left that club due to its internal problems. With this help, Vélez reached the Federation's second division championship final on their first year of affiliation, losing 2–4 to Tigre in GEBA's ground. On 7 February 1913, 10 new people were accepted as members of the club. Among them was José Amalfitani, who later would go on to be club president for 30 years. Subsequently, on 23 November, the board of directors decided to shorten the club's name, eliminating the term "Argentinos" and leaving the club with its current name: "Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield". The board also decided that players from the different teams had to contribute an initial membership fee of $1 Argentine pesos, plus a monthly $0.50 of the same coin. In that year, Vélez rented a terrain in the neighbourhood of Mataderos known as Quinta de Figallo, located in the Tapalqué street, between Escalada and Chascomús streets. This new ground had the advantage that a wind mill could provide water for the dressing rooms. The club's stay in Mataderos was short however, as they moved again in 1914, this time to the neighbourhood of Villa Luro. There, they bought a terrain between the streets of Bacacay, Víctor Hugo and Cortina, and the Maldonado Stream (parallel to what today is the Gaona avenue). In 1915, Vélez re-affiliated to AFA after the disappearance of FAF. One year later, on 14 March, and owing to the great number of members of the club who were Italian immigrants, the kit was changed again. The new colours adopted were green, red and white, the colours of the Italian flag. From then on the club played in green, red and white stripes. During the decade, the team fought to achieve promotion to Primera División, the Association's first division. On 2 December 1917, Vélez lost the Intermedia (second division) final to Defensores de Belgrano in GEBA's ground. The club regularly took part in the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, in which both first and second division teams could compete. In 1919, however, Vélez left AFA in protest of alleged discriminatory policies that hindered the club's prospects of achieving promotion. Another 6 teams protested against these maneuvers and were expelled from the Association, while another 7 were expelled for protesting the expulsion of the first 6. All together, the expelled clubs formed a rival association, the Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAF). Primera División Therefore, in 1919 Vélez competed in the first division for the first time in their history, in the AAF's inaugural season. The team played their first game against Independiente, winning 2–1 with two goals scored by Martín Salvarredi. On their debut season, the club finished as runner-up, behind Racing Club, who were seven times consecutive champions of AFA's league. During the campaign, Vélez won 9 games, drew 2 and lost 2; scoring 21 goals and conceding 8. The most frequent line-up was: Acacio Caballero, Atilio Braneri, Atilio Barderacco, Miguel Fontana, José Luis Boffi, Julio Giachi, Juan Bru, Humberto Bassadone, Marcelino Martínez, Martín Salvarredi, Alberto Granara. Vélez made its debut in Primera División playing at dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football in 1919, where the team finished 2nd to Racing. The following championship Vélez finished 6th, and team's forward Salvador Carreras was the first player of the club to become top scorer in an Argentine league. In 1921, José Luis Boffi became the first player of the club to represent the Argentina national football team, playing against Chile in Valparaíso, a game which Argentina won 4–1. On 13 March 1923, José Amalfitani was elected president of the club for his first two-year period. One year later, the club rent a new field to establish its home ground, staying in the neighbourhood of Villa Luro, but this time in the intersection of the streets Basualdo, Schmidel, Pizarro and Guardia Nacional. The stadium's main wood stand was finished in November of that year, and was inaugurated on 16 March 1924, in a 2–2 draw with River Plate (Vélez' scorer was Ángel Sobrino). Four years later, in 1928, the Basualdo St. stadium hosted the first night game in Argentine football history, between the Argentina Olympic national team (silver medalist in that year's Olympics) and a team formed by players from the AAF's league. The Olympic team won 3–1, with goals by Roberto Cherro, Manuel Ferreira and Cesáreo Onzari for the Olympics, and Manuel Seoane for the AAF. Vélez Sarsfield was also the first Argentine football team to have a manager. The job was held by Luis Martín Castellano (a physical education teacher) from 1928 to 1936. Between 1930 and 1931, Vélez made a Pan-American tour playing against teams from Chile, Peru, Cuba, Mexico and the United States. The team played a total 25 games, winning 20, drawing 4, and losing 1 (against Fall River in Rhode Island); scoring 84 goals and conceding 32. The team was formed with 17 players, 10 from the club and another 7 loaned freely by other teams, a common practice during the amateur era. The club's players were: Celio Caucia, Eleuterio Forrester, Manuel de Sáa, Alfredo Sánchez, Rodolfo Devoto, Norberto Arroupe, Saúl Quiroga, Alberto Álvarez, Eduardo Spraggón and Ernesto Garbini; while the loaned players were Fernando Paternoster (Racing Club), Bernabé Ferreyra (Tigre), Francisco Varallo (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), Carlos Volante (Platense), Gerónimo Díaz and Agustín Peruch (both from Newell's Old Boys) and Alberto Chividini (Central Norte de Tucumán). Varallo (who had played the inaugural World Cup previously that year) and Ferreyra (who was later sold by Tigre to River Plate) were the top scorers, scoring 16 and 38 goals respectively. In 1931, Vélez Sarsfield and another 17 clubs broke away from the official AFA league (that remained amateur) to form the Liga Argentina de Football, the first professional league in Argentine football. The team debuted on the first fixture of the 1931 inaugural championship, in a 0–1 defeat to Platense. Vélez would eventually finish the competition in the 9th place. In 1932, the club's nickname el Fortín (in English: "the Small Fort") was coined by journalist Hugo Marini (Crítica) in reference to the club's Villa Luro stadium, to describe Vélez strength while playing at home. Vélez had a 24 games unbeaten run at the old Villa Luro stadium between 1934 and 1935. However, the club's home unbeaten record of 28 games was achieved at the current Liniers stadium, the José Amalfitani Stadium, between 1967 and 1969. In 1933, the club changed their kit to the present colors, when a sports-equipment merchant offered a white jerseys with a blue "V" on the chest ordered by a rugby union team that had not claimed them. The new design has remained unchanged to the present day, replacing the red, white and green shirt used since 1915. However, Vélez has used the original Italian flag colors in alternate jerseys throughout their history. On 1935, Agustín Cosso became the first Vélez' player in the professional era to become Primera División top scorer. During the following year, Vélez toured South America again, playing games in Chile, Peru and Brazil. Relegation and return During the 1940 season, Vélez was relegated from the first division for the only time to date. Vélez finished penultimate, one point behind Atlanta that defeated Independiente on their final fixture for 6–4 (being 6–0 at the end of the first half, on a match suspected to be fixed). With the club on the second division, it entered a crisis and was forced to vacate the stadium's lot. José Amalfitani returned to the club's presidency, and eventually the team moved to the Liniers neighbourhood. Vélez stayed three seasons in the second division, returning to the Primera División in 1943 after winning the Segunda División championship on the category's first professional season. Vélez confirmed the championship on 20 November by defeating Dock Sud 5–2 at home at Ferro Carril Oeste's stadium. The team's manager during the season was the former club captain Victorio Spinetto, while Juan José Ferraro was the top goal scorer. During that same 1943, the club inaugurated the Liniers' stadium on the ground over the Maldonado Stream, the same spot where now stands the subsequently rebuild José Amalfitani Stadium. On 1945, Vélez achieved its biggest win in history by defeating Independiente 8–0 (goals from di Bella (3), Scliar (3), Bottini and Cano). That team was formed by Miguel Ángel Rugilo, Héctor Cuenya, Blas Angrisano, Armando Ovide, Víctor Curuchet, Héctor Herrero, Marco Aurelio, Eduardo Heisecke, Juan José Ferraro, Ángel Fernández and Alfredo Bermúdez, being Victorio Spinetto the coach. Other players were Osvaldo Bottini, Jorge Cano, Alfredo Costa, Salvador di Bella, Emilio Díaz, Simón Fredotivich, Adriano Garrone, Luis Orué, Pedro Perrota, José Puisari, and José Scorzo. Decade of 1950s During 1949, Vélez' goalkeeper Miguel Ángel Rugilo, formed at the club's youth divisions, saved 5 penalty kicks in 5 consecutive games. Moreover, in 1950, he saved two penalties in a match against River Plate. The club's player represented Argentina 5 times, most notably in a 1–2 away defeat by England at Wembley. Despite the defeat, journalist Luis Elías Sojit nicknamed him El León de Wembley (The Lion of Wembley) for his performance. On 22 April 1951, Vélez reinaugurated the Liniers' stadium, rebuild to be almost entirely made of cement. On the reinauguration, the team defeated Huracán 2–0 with goals by Raúl Nápoli. On the 1953 championship, Vélez Sarsfield was runner-up for the first time in the professional era of Argentine football, finishing 4-point behind River Plate. The team was coached by Victorio Spinetto (the same who had achieved promotion in 1943), and had a strong forward quintet formed by Norberto Conde, Ernesto Sansone, Juan José Ferraro, Osvaldo Zubeldía, and Juan Carlos Mendiburu. Conde was subsequently Argentine Primera División top scorer in the 1954 season. The line-up in those years was: Nicolás Adamo, Oscar Antonio Huss, Ángel Allegri, Armando Ovide, Jorge Ruiz, Rafael García Fierro, Norberto Conde, Ernesto Sansone, Juan José Ferraro, Osvaldo Zubeldía and Juan Carlos Mendiburu, coached by Victorio Spinetto. The rest of the squad were Juan Carlos Cerretani, Emilio Espinoza, Argentino Geronazzo, Roberto Iglesias, Pablo Mallegni, Joaquín Martínez, Carlos Sardá and José Viglienghi. On May 24, 1959, the first official change of goalkeeper in a First Division match took place, when at 45 minutes, Floreal Rodríguez replaced Roque Marrapodi at the Velez Sarsfield fence, in a 1-0 defeat against San Lorenzo in the gasometer of Avenida La Plata. First championship During the 1960s decade, Vélez finished among the top positioned teams in the 1966 championship (5th), the 1967 Metropolitano (3rd in its group) 1967 Nacional (3rd), and the 1968 Metropolitano (1st in its group and eliminated in the semi-finals by Estudiantes de La Plata). Moreover, in 1965 the team's striker Juan Carlos Carone finished as the league's top scorer. Vélez Sarsfield clinched its first national championship on the 1968 Nacional. Coached by Manuel Giúdice, the team finished first on the final league standings, sharing the position with River Plate and Racing Club. Therefore, the three teams had to play a championship playoff, where Vélez drew 1–1 with River (goal by José Luis Luna) and defeated Racing 4–2 (goals by Omar Wehbe (3) and Roberto Moreyra). Vélez finished tied with River, who had defeated Racing 2–0, in both points and goal difference. However, Vélez won the championship for having more goals for in the regular championship (39, over River's 35). During this tournament, Vélez also achieved its biggest victory in official matches, 11–0 against Huracán de Bahía Blanca. Moreover, Omar Wehbe was league top scorer with 16 goals. In total, the team played 17 games, winning 11, drawing 3, and losing another 3; with 44 goals for and 17 against. The 1968 champion line up was: Miguel Marín, Luis Gregorio Gallo, Iselín Santos Ovejero, Luis Atela, Eduardo Zóttola, Alberto Ríos, Roberto Moreyra, José Solórzano, Daniel Willington, José Luis Luna, Omar Wehbe, Carlos Bianchi, Mario Nogara. Manuel Giúdice was the coach, and the rest of the roster were Osvaldo Biaggio, Carlos Caballero, Juan Carlos Carone, Juan Manuel Gómez, Roque Nieva, Jorge Pérez, Néstor Sinatra, and Carlos Zeballos. Vélez would have played its first international tournament in the 1969 Copa Libertadores, however the club refused to play for economic reasons. The team did however play internationally during the decade, both a friendly against Pelé's Santos (played in the José Amalfitani Stadium to re-inaugurate the lighting systems), and a friendly tournament in Montevideo, Uruguay against Nacional, Torpedo Moscow, and Sparta Prague. During the final tournament of the decade, Vélez finished 3rd in its group in the 1969 Metropolitano. 1970s and 1980s During the 1970 Nacional, Vélez came 3rd in its group and was unable to challenge the title (only the first two of each group advanced to the semi-finals). One year later, on the 1971 Metropolitano, the team came second to Independiente after losing its first place on the last two fixtures of the championship (1–2 defeats with Racing and Huracán). On both of the mentioned championships, Vélez' striker Carlos Bianchi was the overall top scorer. The club also had good participation in the 1972 Nacional (3rd in its group), 1973 Nacional (again 3rd in its group), 1974 Nacional (first in its group and 3rd in the final tournament group), 1977 Metropolitano (3rd overall), and 1978 Nacional (2nd in its group and eliminated by River Plate). Vélez was again runner-up in the 1979 Metropolitano, after losing the tournament final with River Plate. In that year's Nacional, the team was first in its group but was again eliminated by River Plate (this time in the quarter-finals through a penalty shootout). Vélez did however defeat Unión in the runners-up play-off to define the second team qualified for the Copa Libertadores. Vélez started the year 1980 by playing its first Copa Libertadores. The team came first on its group (over River Plate and Peruvians Sporting Cristal and Atlético Chalaco), but was eliminated in the semifinals (ending last its group behind Brazilian Internacional and Colombian América de Cali). In the local league, Vélez reached the semi-finals of the 1981 Nacional, where it was eliminated by Ferro Carril Oeste. Vélez' striker Carlos Bianchi, who had returned to the club after a period in French football, was for the third time league top scorer. Subsequently, the club was third in its group in the 1982 Nacional, and fifth in the 1982 Metropolitano. The following season, Vélez' was eliminated in the round of 16 of the 1983 Nacional, and came fourth in the 1983 Metropolitano, 4 points behind champions Independiente. The team was again runner-up of the Argentine Primera División during the 1985 Nacional, losing the final to Argentinos Juniors. Vélez striker Jorge Comas was the tournament's top scorer with 12 goals. The beginning of greatness The 1990s decade started with Vélez finishing third in the 1990 Apertura tournament. In the last fixture of the championship, Vélez defeated River Plate 2–1 (goals from Ricardo Gareca and Esteban González) at the Monumental, thwarting River's chances of winning the title. Vélez goalkeeper, former Argentine international Ubaldo Fillol, saved a penalty kick during the game, and retired at the age of 41. The 1990–91 season also saw the team's striker Esteban González finish as league top scorer, with 18 goals. Subsequently, the club finished fourth in the 1991 Apertura and second in the 1992 Clausura. In December 1992, former striker Carlos Bianchi was appointed as the club's manager. Bianchi, who had been league champion and three times top scorer with the team, had no coaching experience in Argentine football. In his first tournament as manager (the 1993 Clausura), Vélez won the Argentine Primera División title after 25 years. The championship was defined in the penultimate fixture (8 June), when the team drew 1–1 with Estudiantes de La Plata (with goalkeeper José Luis Chilavert scoring his first goal in Vélez). The team played 19 games, winning 10, drawing 7 and losing 2, with 23 goals for and 7 against. Its most frequent line-up was: José Luis Chilavert, Héctor Almandoz, Roberto Trotta, Víctor Hugo Sotomayor, Raúl Cardozo, José Basualdo, Marcelo Gómez, Christian Bassedas, Walter Pico, José Oscar Flores, Omar Asad and Esteban González. Carlos Bianchi was the coach, and the roster was also formed by Mariano Armentano, Horacio Bidevich, Patricio Camps, Carlos Campagnucci, Juan Carlos Docabo, Cecilio Galeano, Claudio Husaín, Mauricio Pellegrino, Martín Posse, Leonardo Ramos, Fabián Vázquez and Sergio Zárate. On that year's Apertura, the team was runner-up, one point behind River Plate. Vélez played the last games of the tournament with substitutes, as they were already participating in the 1994 Copa Libertadores (the 1993 Apertura finished in February 1994). International titles On 31 August 1994, in the club's second participation in the Copa Libertadores, they won the title by defeating defending champions São Paulo in the final. The first series final was played at the José Amalfitani Stadium, with Vélez winning 1–0 (goal by Omar Asad). The return game was played at the Estádio do Morumbi, with São Paulo winning by the same margin. The champion had to be defined via penalty shootout, with Vélez winning 5–3 (the last penalty was scored by Roberto Pompei). On its way to the championship, the team had finished first in their group, ahead Boca Juniors (with results of 1–1 and 2–1), and Brazilians Palmeiras (1–0 and 1–4) and Cruzeiro (1–1 and 2–0). Subsequently, Vélez had defeated Uruguayan Defensor Sporting in the round of 16 (1–1 and 0–0, 4–3 in penalties), Venezuelan Minervén in the quarter-finals (0–0 and 2–0) and Colombian Junior in the semi-finals (1–2 and 2–1, 5–4 in penalties). As Copa Libertadores champion, Vélez played the 1994 Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan, facing Italian side AC Milan (winner of the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League). On 1 December 1994, Vélez defeated Milan 2–0, with goals from Roberto Trotta (from a penalty kick at the 5th minute of the second half), and Omar Asad (13th minute of the second half), successfully becoming club world champion for the first time in history. Moreover, Asad was selected as the game's best player, and was awarded an automobile from Toyota, the tournament's sponsor. The team was formed by the same players that had won the domestic title, with Roberto Pompei replacing Pico. Other players of the roster were Mariano Armentano, Patricio Camps, Carlos Campagnucci, Juan Carlos Docabo, Federico Domínguez, Esteban González, Sandro Guzmán, Claudio Husaín, Guillermo Morigi, Martín Posse, Ricardo Rentera, Flavio Zandoná and Marcelo Herrera. Among the starting eleven of the Intercontinental Cup title, 7 players and the manager were from the club's youth divisions (Almandoz, Asad, Bassedas, Cardozo, Flores, Gómez, Pompei and Bianchi). Subsequently, the team came third in the 1994 Apertura and in the 1995 Clausura. In this last championship, Turu Flores was the top scorer, with 14 goals. The club won its third national championship in the 1995 Apertura, finishing 6 points above runner-up Racing Club. Vélez won the last 6 games of the tournament, including a 3–0 away victory over Independiente in the final fixture (goals by Roberto Trotta (p.k.), Patricio Camps and José Basualdo). The team played 19 games, winning 13, drawing 2 and losing 4; with 29 goals for and 13 against. On 24 February 1996, Vélez won its third international competition by defeating Costa Rican Cartaginés in the Copa Interamericana (0–0 away and 2–0 at home, with goals by José Oscar Flores). During that year, the team also won the 1996 Clausura, finishing one point above Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. By winning successively the Apertura and Clausura of the 1995–96 season, Vélez became the sixth club in the Argentine professional football history to win two championships in a row. Osvaldo Piazza, a former club player, replaced Carlos Bianchi as coach for the last four fixtures of the season. In total, Vélez won 11 games, drew 7 and lost 1, scoring 40 goals and allowing 18. Under Piazza's coaching, Vélez won the 1996 Supercopa Sudamericana unbeaten, defeating Grêmio (3–3 and 1–0), Olimpia (3–0 and 1–0), Santos (1–0 and 2–0) and Cruzeiro (1–0 and 2–0). With 4 goals, Patricio Camps was the tournament's top scorer. On 13 April 1997, the team won the Recopa Sudamericana, defeating River Plate 4–2 in the penalty shootout, after drawing in the regular time 1–1 (goal by José Luis Chilavert, from a penalty kick). This was Vélez's 5th and, to date, last international championship. After the Recopa, Vélez finished fifth in the 1997 Clausura and fourth in the 1997 Apertura. Subsequently, under Marcelo Bielsa's coaching, the club won their fifth national championship by finishing first in the 1998 Clausura, 6 points above runner-up Lanús. Vélez secured the championship in the penultimate fixture, with a 1–0 home win over Huracán (goal by Martín Posse). The team played 19 games, winning 14, drawing 4 and losing 1; with 39 goals for and 14 against. 2000–present During the first years of the 2000s decade, Vélez was unable to finish in the league's top positions until the 2003 Clausura, when the team finished third behind River Plate (champion) and Boca Juniors. In the 2004 Clausura, striker Rolando Zárate was league top scorer with 13 goals, and in the 2004 Apertura Vélez was again runner-up. The team finished two points behind Newell's Old Boys, after drawing 1–1 in the last fixture with Arsenal de Sarandí. In the following championship, the 2005 Clausura, Vélez won their 6th national championship. The team finished 6 points above Banfield, effectively winning the tournament in the penultimate fixture, after defeating Estudiantes de La Plata 3–0 (goals by Fabián Cubero, Rolando Zárate and Lucas Castromán). Vélez was coached by Miguel Ángel Russo, and had a team formed mostly by players formed in the club's youth divisions, who averaged 25 years of age. In the starting eleven, only Gastón Sessa and Fabricio Fuentes were not from Vélez' youths. The team played 19 games in total, winning 11, drawing 6 and losing 2, scoring 32 goals and allowing 14. The team's lineup was: Sessa; Cubero, Fuentes, Maximiliano Pellegrino, Ariel Broggi/Marcelo Bustamante; Jonás Gutiérrez, Leandro Somoza, Marcelo Bravo; Leandro Gracián; Castromán and Rolando Zárate. Other players who played regularly for the first team during the tournament were Juan Manuel Martínez, Santiago Ladino, Maximiliano Bustos, Emanuel Centurión, Hernán Pellerano and Mauro Zárate, among others. Vélez subsequently finished third in the 2005 Apertura, reached the semi-finals of the 2005 Copa Sudamericana and the quarter-finals in the 2006 Copa Libertadores. In the 2006 Apertura, Mauro Zárate was the 13th player in the club's history to finish as Argentine Primera top scorer (counting both professional and amateur eras), sharing the honour with Rodrigo Palacio. By the end of 2008, Christian Bassedas, former player of the club during the successful 1990s era, was appointed as director of football; while Ricardo Gareca, former club player in the late 1980s and early 1990s, was contracted as manager. In the first tournament under Gareca's coaching, Vélez became Argentine league champion for the seventh time in history, by winning the 2009 Clausura. In the final fixture of the tournament, the team played against Huracán (who was first, one point above Vélez) at home, winning 1–0 (goal by Maximiliano Moralez) and therefore securing the championship. In total, the team won 11 games, drew 7 and lost 1, scoring 29 goals and allowing 13. Moreover, goalkeeper Germán Montoya was awarded the Ubaldo Matildo Fillol Award for having the lowest goals-to-games ratio in the tournament. The starting eleven for the final against Huracán was: Montoya; Gastón Díaz, Sebastián Domínguez, Nicolás Otamendi, Emiliano Papa; Cubero, Franco Razzotti, Víctor Zapata; Moralez; Juan Manuel Martínez and Hernán Rodrigo López. Other players who took part of the first team squad during the tournament were Jonathan Cristaldo (who could not play the last fixture due to an injury), Joaquín Larrivey, Nicolás Cabrera (who was a starter until he suffered a knee injury in the fifth fixture), Darío Ocampo, Waldo Ponce, Roberto Nanni, Leandro Coronel and Ariel Cabral, among others. Captain Leandro Somoza was out for the entire tournament due to an injury. During the 2009–10 season Vélez Sarsfield contributed with 8 players to the different South American national teams: 6 for Argentina (Emiliano Papa, Nicolás Otamendi –who went on to play the 2010 FIFA World Cup–, Sebastián Domínguez, Jonathan Cristaldo, Gastón Díaz and Franco Razzotti), one for Chile (Waldo Ponce) and one for Uruguay (Hernán Rodrigo López). On 1 January 2010 the club's fans celebrated Vélez' 100th anniversary by marching from Floresta to the José Amalfitani Stadium in Liniers. A group of more than 50,000 people took part of the celebration. During 2010, the team's best tournament was in the Apertura, in which they were runners-up. Vélez made a 43-points campaign, 3 more than in their latest Clausura championship, but finished 2 points behind Estudiantes de La Plata. In that tournament, the Uruguayan forward Santiago Silva was the joint-top scorer, while goalkeeper Marcelo Barovero won the Ubaldo Fillol Award, conceding only 6 goals. On the first semester of 2011, Vélez contested both the national championship and the Copa Libertadores. In the latter, after qualifying second in their group, they defeated LDU Quito in the round of 16 and Libertad in the quarter-finals with overall scores of 5–0 and 7–2 respectively. Vélez reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1994, however, they were eliminated by Peñarol on away goals rule, after losing 0–1 in Montevideo and winning 2–1 in Buenos Aires. In this second match, Vélez' forward Santiago Silva missed a penalty with the game 2–1. Despite being eliminated from the Copa Libertadores, Vélez had managed to maintain themselves as serious contesters of the 2011 Clausura. On the penultimate fixture, Vélez defeated Huracán 2–0 and, after Lanús' defeat to Argentinos Juniors 4 hours later, won the national championship. During the whole season the team kept a regular starting lineup with Marcelo Barovero; Fabián Cubero, Sebastián Domínguez, Fernando Ortiz, Emiliano Papa; Augusto Fernández, Leandro Somoza / Franco Razzotti, Víctor Zapata; Maximiliano Moralez; Juan Manuel Martínez and Santiago Silva. Ricky Álvarez, Guillermo Franco, David Ramírez, Iván Bella, Jonathan Cristaldo, Fernando Tobio, Héctor Canteros and Agustín Vuletich also played regularly. Goalkeeper Barovero retained his Ubaldo Fillol Award during the tournament Despite losing three of its key offensive players for the second half of the year (Maximiliano Moralez, Ricky Álvarez and Santiago Silva, who were purchased by Atalanta, Inter Milan and Fiorentina respectively), the team finished up 2011 with another semi-finalist finish in an international competition, this time losing to LDU Quito in the Copa Sudamericana, as well as a joint runner-up position in the 2011 Apertura (behind undefeated Boca Juniors). With Gareca's contract renewal, Vélez prepared 2012 to once again challenge the Copa Libertadores. The club retained its key players and brought three footballers for its attack: Federico Insúa, Lucas Pratto and Iván Obolo. However, Vélez faced defending champions Santos in the quarter-finals and were eliminated in the penalty shootout. Nonetheless, a third-place finish in the 2012 Clausura secured them a spot in the next season's Copa Libertadores. The 2012–13 Argentine Primera División season appeared to be a transition championship for the team, after losing many of its key players in the last transfer window (Juan Manuel Martínez, Augusto Fernández, Marcelo Barovero and Víctor Zapata), replacing them mainly with players from its youth divisions. Uruguayan goalkeeper Sebastián Sosa and youngsters Facundo Ferreyra and Jonathan Copete were the only signings. Despite these changes, Vélez went on to win the 2012 Inicial and Ferreyra was joint top-scorer of the league. The championship-winning regular starters were Sebastián Sosa (although Germán Montoya was the starter during the first half of the tournament); Fabián Cubero, Fernando Tobio, Sebastián Domínguez, Emiliano Papa; Iván Bella, Francisco Cerro, Ariel Cabral; Federico Insúa; Lucas Pratto and Facundo Ferreyra. Other important first team players were Gino Peruzzi, Juan Ignacio Sills, Lucas Romero, Jonathan Copete, Agustín Allione, Brian Ferreira and Ezequiel Rescaldani. With the Copa Libertadores as the main objective, Vélez signed Argentine international Fernando Gago on loan for the start of 2013. However, and despite finishing first in the group, the team was eliminated by Newell's Old Boys in the round of 16, on away goals rule. Vélez could take revenge however by defeating Newell's (2013 Final champions) by 1–0 in the 2012–13 Superfinal, earning the 10th league championship for the club. The starting eleven for the Superfinal were Sosa; Cubero, Tobio, Domínguez, Papa; Bella, Franco Razzotti, Gago; Insúa; Pratto (who scored the winning goal) and Ferreyra. Peruzzi, Cerro and Romero entered in the second half. After the end of the season, Ricardo Gareca left the managerial position after four years, in which he won four titles. His replacement was his assistant José Oscar Flores, former club forward and part of the 1990s multi-champions. Flores started his spell as Vélez manager winning the 2013 Supercopa Argentina against Arsenal de Sarandí (champions of the 2012–13 Copa Argentina). In June 2015, the club announced a financial loss of ARS 198,3 million. Uniform evolution Uniforms worn by Vélez Sársfield since 1910: Notes Rivalries Vélez Sarsfield direct rival is Ferro Carril Oeste, based in the neighbourhood of Caballito. The matches played between them are known as the Clásico del Oeste (in English: "Western Derby"). They have not faced each other since 2000 (because to relegation of Ferro Carril Oeste, that has not yet returned to first division), when Vélez Sarsfield beat Ferro Carril Oeste away 1–0. Stadium The José Amalfitani Stadium (named after José Amalfitani, club's president for 30 years) holds 49,540 people, although it does not provide seating for all of them. It is also frequently used for concerts and Argentina national rugby union team test matches. The stadium, nicknamed el Fortín (in English: "the Small Fort"), was built between 1941 and 1943, later rebuild in cement between 1947 and 1951, and again remodeled in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The stadium is located on 9200 Juan B. Justo avenue, in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires, a short walk from the Liniers railway station. Chairmen 1910–13: Luis Barredo 1913–14: Plácido Marín 1914: Roberto Piano 1914–17: Eduardo Ferro 1917–19: Antonio Marín Moreno 1919: Eduardo Ferro 1920–21: Antonio Marín Moreno 1921–23: Esteban Aversano 1923–25: José Amalfitani 1925–32: Enrique D'Elía 1932–35: Nicolás Marín Moreno 1936–37: Juan C. Sustaita 1937: Narciso Barrio 1937–38: Inocencio Bienati 1938–39: Nicolás Marín Moreno 1940–41: Roberto Orstein 1941–69: José Amalfitani 1969: Leonardo Pareja 1969–70: Domingo Trimarco 1970–76: José Ramón Feijóo 1976: Domingo Trimarco 1976–79: Osvaldo Guerrero 1979–85: Ricardo Petracca 1985–91: Francisco Antonio Pérez 1991–93: Ricardo Petracca 1993–96: Héctor Gaudio 1996–99: Raúl Gámez 1999–02: Carlos Eduardo Mousseaud 2002–05: Raúl Gámez 2005–08: Álvaro Balestrini 2008–11: Fernando Raffaini 2011–14: Miguel Calello 2014–17: Raúl Gámez 2017–23: Sergio Rapisarda 2023-present: Fabian Berlanga Players Current squad Other players under contract Out on loan Records Most appearances Total games with the team, counting both league and international competitions. All-time topscorers Total goals scored for the team, counting both league and international competitions. Top goalscorers National championships The following players have been Argentine Primera División top scorers playing for the club. International competitions The following players have been top scorers in an official international competition playing for the club. Individual awards The following players have won an official individual award while playing for Vélez. World Cup players The following players represented their national team in a FIFA World Cup while playing for the club. The player in bold was part of a squad that also won that edition of the World Cup. The following players were formed in the club's youth divisions and participated in a FIFA World Cup, regardless if they did so while playing for the club. Managers Victorio Spinetto (1942–43, 1944–55, 1958, 1961) Juan José Ferraro (1964) Victorio Spinetto (1966–67) Carlos Cavagnaro (1967–68) Manuel Giúdice (1968) Jorge Solari (1980) Juan Carlos Lorenzo (1982–83) José Yudica (1986–87) Daniel Willington (1987–88) Héctor Veira (1989) Alfio Basile (1 July 1989 – 30 June 1990) Eduardo Luján Manera (1992) Carlos Bianchi (1 July 1993 – 31 Dec 1995) Osvaldo Piazza (1996–97) Marcelo Bielsa (1 July 1997 – 30 June 1998) Julio César Falcioni (1 July 1997 – 30 June 2000) Óscar Tabárez (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2001) Edgardo Bauza (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2002) Carlos Ischia (1 Jan 2002 – 30 June 2004) Alberto Fanesi (1 Jan 2004 – 30 June 2004) Mario Zanabria (17 May 2004 – 23 June 2004) Miguel Ángel Russo (1 July 2004–??) Ricardo La Volpe (1 Jan 2007 – 15 Nov 2007) Pedro Larraquy (interim) (2007) Hugo Tocalli (1 Dec 2007 – 31 Dec 2008) Ricardo Gareca (16 Dec 2008 – 31 Dec 2013) José Oscar Flores (1 Jan 2014–14) Miguel Ángel Russo (1 Jan 2015 – 29 Oct 2015) Christian Bassedas (13 Nov 2015 – Sept 25, 2016) Omar De Felippe (Sept 30, 2016 – 7 Nov 2017) Gabriel Heinze (12 Dec 2017 – 12 Nov 2019) Mauricio Pellegrino (17 Apr 2020 – 23 Mar 2022) Julio Vaccari (interim) (24 Mar 2022 – 24 May 2022) Alexander Medina (30 May 2022 – 25 Feb 2023) Ricardo Gareca (8 Mar 2023 – 4 Jun 2023) Sebastián Méndez (27 Jun 2023 – 8 Dec 2023) Gustavo Quinteros (23 Dec 2023 – ) Honours National League Primera División Winners (10): 1968 Nacional, 1993 Clausura, 1995 Apertura, 1996 Clausura, 1998 Clausura, 2005 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Inicial, 2012–13 Segunda División Winners (1): 1943 National cups Supercopa Argentina Winners (1): 2013 International Copa Libertadores Winners (1): 1994 Copa Intercontinental Winners (1): 1994 Supercopa Sudamericana Winners (1): 1996 Copa Interamericana Winners (1): 1994 Recopa Sudamericana Winners (1): 1997 Other sports Basketball Vélez Sarsfield has both men's and women's basketball teams. The men's team currently plays at the Liga Nacional B (3rd level). On the other hand, the women's team is the most successful in Argentina, having won the Liga Nacional de Básquet Femenino (Argentine first division) 6 times, including the 2010 season. Vélez's starting five during the 2010 championship (Sandra Pavón, Marina Cava, Paula Gatti, Paula Reggiardo, and Florencia Fernández) were selected to represent Argentina at the 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women. Volleyball The club also has men's and women's volleyball teams in Buenos Aires' metropolitan leagues. See also Works team List of world champion football clubs References External links Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield v v v v v v v v v V V

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmis%20Expedition

Balmis Expedition

The Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition (), commonly referred to as the Balmis Expedition, was a Spanish healthcare mission that lasted from 1803 to 1806, led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis, which vaccinated millions of inhabitants of Spanish America and Asia against smallpox. The vaccine was transported through children: orphaned boys who sailed with the expedition. Background Smallpox, a devastating disease that was endemic throughout much of the Old World, decimated the populations of the Americas after it was introduced by the Spanish conquistadors in the 1500s. By the late 16th century, smallpox had become endemic throughout Spain's holdings in the Americas and epidemics occurred periodically over the next 300 years. In the 18th century there were scattered attempts in the colonies to use variolation, an older, less-effective method of inoculation using smallpox material. These efforts did little to mitigate the epidemics and sometimes actually increased the spread of the contagion. In 1798, English physician Edward Jenner pioneered the use of a vaccine to immunize persons with an inoculation of cowpox material. The new vaccine was a much safer and more effective way to prevent smallpox. At the time, about 400,000 Europeans died each year from the disease which was also responsible for one-third of all cases of blindness in Europe. The use of Jenner's new vaccine spread rapidly through Europe and had a significant positive impact on the severity and frequency of smallpox epidemics. The vaccine first reached Spain in late 1800 and by the end of 1801, several thousand persons had been vaccinated across the country. The efforts were well publicised in Spain and by 1804, dozens of papers, treatises, newspaper articles, and editorials had been published on the smallpox vaccine. Francisco Javier de Balmis was a military physician. Expedition In November 1794 the daughter of King Charles IV of Spain, Infanta Maria Teresa, had died from smallpox. He had heard of the vaccine discovery. Colombia and Ecuador experienced a smallpox epidemic and called on the king for supplies. On 30 November 1803, the expedition set off from A Coruña in northwest Spain sailing on Maria Pita. It carried 22 orphan boys (aged 3 to 10) to act as carriers of the cowpox virus. The boys were necessary because the vaccine consisted of infecting patients with cowpox, which is a virus closely related to smallpox but produces a much milder disease that confers immunity to both. However, only an active infection could be transferred to successive patients, so two boys were infected with cowpox at the beginning of the voyage, with two more infected at a time as it progressed across the Atlantic and beyond. The medical staff and caretakers for the boys consisted of Balmis, a deputy surgeon, two assistants, two first-aid practitioners, three nurses, and Isabel Zendal Gómez, the rectoress of Casa de Expósitos, an A Coruña orphanage. The mission took the vaccine to the Canary Islands, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, the Philippines and China. The ship carried also scientific instruments and translations of the Historical and Practical Treatise on the Vaccine by Moreau de Sarthe to be distributed to the local vaccine commissions to be founded. In Puerto Rico, the local population had already been inoculated from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas. In Venezuela, the expedition divided at La Guaira. Balmis went to Caracas and later to Havana. At Balmis' request Cuba sent three enslaved girls to Campeche, Mexico, as additional carriers of the vaccine; following Mexican independence and emancipation, Mexico continued to bring in slaves from Cuba as vaccine carriers. The Venezuelan poet Andrés Bello wrote an ode to Balmis. José Salvany, the deputy surgeon, went toward today's Colombia and the Viceroyalty of Peru (Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia). The voyage took seven years and cost Salvany his life, as he died in 1810 in Cochabamba. In New Spain, Balmis took on 25 more orphans to maintain the infection during the crossing of the Pacific. In the Philippines, they received help from the Catholic church, which was initially reluctant until Governor-General Rafael Aguilar made an example by vaccinating his five children. Balmis sent most of the expedition back to New Spain while he went on to China, where he visited Macau and Canton. On his way back to Spain in 1806, Balmis offered the vaccine to the British authorities in Saint Helena, despite the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808). Legacy Balmis expedition may be considered the first international healthcare expedition in history. Jenner himself wrote, "I don't imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this." In 2006, Julia Alvarez wrote Saving the World, a fictional account of the expedition from the perspective of its only female member. References Further reading External links En el nombre de los Niños. Real expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna 1803-1806. Spanish language PDF book by the Spanish Pediatry Association. History of A Coruña History of the Philippines (1565–1898) Spanish colonization of the Americas Science and technology in Spain Smallpox Explorers of South America South American expeditions Pacific expeditions 1803 in science Expeditions from Spain Vaccination 1800s in Spain 1800s in New Spain 1800s in Peru 1800s in Venezuela 1805 in China 1800s in Cuba 1800s in Ecuador Science and technology in Galicia (Spain) History of medicine

1482061

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekenstein%20bound

Bekenstein bound

In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or conversely, the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the quantum level. It implies that the information of a physical system, or the information necessary to perfectly describe that system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy are finite. Equations The universal form of the bound was originally found by Jacob Bekenstein in 1981 as the inequality where S is the entropy, k is the Boltzmann constant, R is the radius of a sphere that can enclose the given system, E is the total mass–energy including any rest masses, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, and c is the speed of light. Note that while gravity plays a significant role in its enforcement, the expression for the bound does not contain the gravitational constant G, and so, it ought to apply to quantum field theory in curved spacetime. The Bekenstein–Hawking boundary entropy of three-dimensional black holes exactly saturates the bound. The Schwarzschild radius is given by and so the two-dimensional area of the black hole's event horizon is and using the Planck length the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy is One interpretation of the bound makes use of the microcanonical formula for entropy, where is the number of energy eigenstates accessible to the system. This is equivalent to saying that the dimension of the Hilbert space describing the system is The bound is closely associated with black hole thermodynamics, the holographic principle and the covariant entropy bound of quantum gravity, and can be derived from a conjectured strong form of the latter. Origins Bekenstein derived the bound from heuristic arguments involving black holes. If a system exists that violates the bound, i.e., by having too much entropy, Bekenstein argued that it would be possible to violate the second law of thermodynamics by lowering it into a black hole. In 1995, Ted Jacobson demonstrated that the Einstein field equations (i.e., general relativity) can be derived by assuming that the Bekenstein bound and the laws of thermodynamics are true. However, while a number of arguments were devised which show that some form of the bound must exist in order for the laws of thermodynamics and general relativity to be mutually consistent, the precise formulation of the bound was a matter of debate until Casini's work in 2008. The following is a heuristic derivation that shows for some constant . Showing that requires a more technical analysis. Suppose we have a black hole of mass , then the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole is , and the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of the black hole is . Now take a box of energy , entropy , and side length . If we throw the box into the black hole, the mass of the black hole goes up to , and the entropy goes up by . Since entropy does not decrease, . In order for the box to fit inside the black hole, . If the two are comparable, , then we have derived the BH bound: . Proof in quantum field theory A proof of the Bekenstein bound in the framework of quantum field theory was given in 2008 by Casini. One of the crucial insights of the proof was to find a proper interpretation of the quantities appearing on both sides of the bound. Naive definitions of entropy and energy density in Quantum Field Theory suffer from ultraviolet divergences. In the case of the Bekenstein bound, ultraviolet divergences can be avoided by taking differences between quantities computed in an excited state and the same quantities computed in the vacuum state. For example, given a spatial region , Casini defines the entropy on the left-hand side of the Bekenstein bound as where is the Von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrix associated with in the excited state , and is the corresponding Von Neumann entropy for the vacuum state . On the right-hand side of the Bekenstein bound, a difficult point is to give a rigorous interpretation of the quantity , where is a characteristic length scale of the system and is a characteristic energy. This product has the same units as the generator of a Lorentz boost, and the natural analog of a boost in this situation is the modular Hamiltonian of the vacuum state . Casini defines the right-hand side of the Bekenstein bound as the difference between the expectation value of the modular Hamiltonian in the excited state and the vacuum state, With these definitions, the bound reads which can be rearranged to give This is simply the statement of positivity of quantum relative entropy, which proves the Bekenstein bound. However, the modular Hamiltonian can only be interpreted as a weighted form of energy for conformal field theories, and when V is a sphere. This construction allows us to make sense of the Casimir effect where the localized energy density is lower than that of the vacuum, i.e. a negative localized energy. The localized entropy of the vacuum is nonzero, and so, the Casimir effect is possible for states with a lower localized entropy than that of the vacuum. Hawking radiation can be explained by dumping localized negative energy into a black hole. See also Margolus–Levitin theorem Landauer's principle Bremermann's limit Kolmogorov complexity Beyond black holes Digital physics Limits of computation Chandrasekhar limit References External links Jacob D. Bekenstein, "Bekenstein-Hawking entropy", Scholarpedia, Vol. 3, No. 10 (2008), p. 7375, . Jacob D. Bekenstein's website at the Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which contains a number of articles on the Bekenstein bound. Limits of computation Thermodynamic entropy Quantum information science Black holes

1482062

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About%E2%80%93Picard%20law

About–Picard law

The 2001 About–Picard law [abu pika:r], officially the , is French legislation passed by the National Assembly in 2000. The law is targeted at movements deemed to be "cults" () that "undermine human rights and fundamental freedoms", as well as "mental manipulation". The law has caused controversy internationally, with some commentators alleging that it infringes on religious freedom while proponents contend that it reinforces religious freedom. Background Freedom of religion and separation of church and state have formed part of the French idea of the state since at least the French Revolution and in some ways long before, since the 16th-century period of the Reformation and of the Wars of Religion. Separation of religion and state in France takes the form of laïcité, by which political power avoids interference in the sphere of religious dogma, and religion avoids interference in public policies. The French understand "freedom of religion" primarily as the freedom of the individual to believe or not to believe what any religion teaches. Also, because of a long history of one single dominating church (the Catholic Church), the French state sees its duty less in protecting religion from state interference than in protecting the individual from interference by religion. In the wake of the Order of the Solar Temple murders and suicides, the French Parliament established the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France to investigate cults. In December 1995, the Commission delivered a report on cults which caused much controversy, some of it due to a list extracted from a report by the French National Police on purported cults. Following the recommendations of the report, Prime Minister Alain Juppé set up in 1996 the "Interministerial Board of Observation of sects", followed in 1998 by the "Interministerial Mission in the Fight Against Sects" (MILS). In 2002 the "Interministerial Monitoring Mission Against Sectarian Abuses" (MIVILUDES) replaced MILS. Other action of the French government against potential abuses by cults resulted in the passing of the About–Picard law. The About–Picard law Commentators often refer to the Law 2001-504 of June 12, 2001 as the About–Picard law, from the name of its rapporteurs (parliamentarians who report upon the draft law), senator Nicolas About (UDF center-right party) and deputy Catherine Picard (PS center-left party). The French parliament adopted the law with broad cross-party support under the government of center-right president Jacques Chirac and socialist prime minister Lionel Jospin. Article 223-15-2 of Penal code:(Act no. 2001-504 of June 12, 2001, article 10 Official Journal of June 13, 2001; Ordinance No. 2000-916 of September 19, 2000, article 3 Official Journal of September 22, 2000, into force January 1, 2002) The additional penalties that natural or legal persons may incur are mentioned in the following articles 223-15-3 and 4. Main points Notable new points introduced by the law include: In the case of certain crimes, the law extends legal responsibility from individuals to organizations (corporations, associations, and other legal entities...). Courts can order the dissolution of organizations if they or their executives have been found guilty of these crimes. The initial draft of the About–Picard law included the criminalization of "mental manipulation". Many organizations criticised this clause for its vagueness. Minister of Justice Élisabeth Guigou pushed for the removal of this clause, which the legislators excluded from the final version of the law. However, the law makes it a crime to defraud a person weakened by illness, old age, etc., but also of a person in a state of psychological or physical subjection resulting from grave or reiterated pressures or techniques able to alter judgement. Application The first application of the law was its usage against Arnaud Mussy, leader of the , a small apocalyptic group. Mussy claimed to be Jesus Christ and declared the apocalypse was approaching. In 2002 one of his followers killed himself, and two more were alleged to have attempted suicide. Mussy was charged using the law's provision for "abuse of weakness", and after a high profile trial, was declared guilty. He was sentenced to a three-year suspended prison sentence and fine. He appealed the sentence, but it was upheld 6 June 2005. The verdict was celebrated by anti-cultists. Mussy later stated that "It was clear the National Assembly had a new law and they wanted to try it out on some little group to make an example—not a big powerful [cult] like Scientology that has lots of money to defend itself. I have no money. I knew I could not win." Cult researcher Susan J. Palmer argued that the application of the brainwashing concept in this specific case was flawed, even apart from the wider concerns about the legitimacy of the concept and how it is supposed to be proven. Criticism The law has caused controversy internationally, with some commentators alleging that it infringes on religious freedom while proponents contend that it reinforces religious freedom. The French government, when challenged on issues of religious discrimination, states that it has no concern in any way with religious doctrine per se. The government has taken the position that it will deal with the concrete consequences of cult affiliation, especially with respect to children. The government sees this as particularly important in the light of past abuse committed in some criminal cults, such as sexual slavery and mass suicide. According to government sources, none of the criteria listed in related government documents on sects discuss theology; they only focus on the actions and the methods of the groups. Reactions inside France The Bishop of Soissons, Marcel Herriot, defended the law on June 25, 2000, asserting it was necessary to protect by law persons, family, society and religions themselves from sects that are violating fundamental freedoms and human dignity. Human rights activists dubbed the law "un délit d'opinion" (a thought crime). Reactions outside of France In an open letter dated June 2000 to Alain Vivien about religious freedom in France, Aaron Rhodes, Executive Director of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHFHR), wrote: We question ourselves how such a law can claim to guarantee human rights when it goes against the rights of association, expression, religion and conscience; when it puts in danger the right of minorities and maintains prejudices that are so incompatible with the concept of tolerance intrinsic to that of human rights. France must deal with its responsibilities and obligations as a signatory for the International Conventions and respect the European laws and its interpretation by the Court of Strasbourg, before one of its citizens become a victim of discrimination due to the law which you propose. Alain Vivien responded: "[The IHFHR] seems today to have passed into the hands of Scientologists and perhaps other transnational organizations". Aaron Rhodes then acknowledged that the Moscow office of the IHFHR had received funding from the Church of Scientology to print a leaflet about religious freedom in Russia, and voiced his astonishment at the charge. Rhodes voiced his embarrassment: "[...]for you and your fellow French citizens by your recourse to methods of denunciations and insinuations that remind us of those sometimes used by totalitarian and backward regimes." Reaction of the government of the United States of America In the United States, the Church of Scientology utilised pressure groups against the French government, and had some success with the Clinton administration, which repeatedly brought the matter before the French government. According to pastor Jean-Arnold de Clermont, head of the French Protestant federation and himself a strong critic of the first draft of the law, the complaints originating in the United States concerning religious freedom in France were largely based on biased, poor information. According to a newspaper article published in The Guardian in June 2000, the French government considered American interference regarding religious freedom in France as unwarranted meddling by the US government in France's internal affairs. Paul Webster wrote that President Jacques Chirac told Clinton that religious freedom would no longer be a subject for bilateral presidential talks, "in the light of what has been officially described as 'shocking' White House support for Scientologists and Moonies". The French government also described the United States Congress's introduction of laws protecting religious freedom internationally as "an unacceptable intrusion into internal affairs". Alain Vivien, former chairman of the French ministerial mission to combat the influence of cults (MILS), and the president of the Centre Contre les Manipulations Mentales (Centre Against Mental Manipulation), said many observers believed that Clinton was making his peace with big religious movements, "because they offer an indispensable source of political financing", and that with the help of Scientologists, cults were infiltrating UN and European human rights associations and collaborating on virulent reports against France's policies. The French did not alter their law following these requests; and the claims and actions of the US government regarding the religious situation in France largely ceased with the Bush administration. Some critics of French legislation have voiced concerns that countries which do not have the same legal safeguards and constitutional rights as France may emulate this legislation. In the words of a US official:On September 15, 2006, the United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor released a report on religious freedom in France. This report noted that "The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice." It reported mostly anonymous concerns over repression of religious freedom in France, notably in regards to what the report referred to in one case as "cult groups", as well as the law banning religious symbols in schools, and rising anti-semitism in France. Notes References Sources Further reading Law 2001-504 of June 12, 2001 (unofficial translation into English) Law of France 2001 in law Law about religion in France 2001 in France Freedom of religion Government opposition to new religious movements Political repression in France

1482063

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuna

Cuna

Cuna may refer to: Credit Union National Association CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia Kuna language, spoken by the Kuna people Cuna (bivalve), a genus of bivalve mollusc

1482072

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrosquyoake%20Shire

Warrosquyoake Shire

Warrosquoake Shire (with numerous variant spellings, including Warrascoyack, Warrascocke and "Warwick Squeak") was officially formed in 1634 in the Virginia colony, but had already been known as "Warascoyack County" before this. It was named for an Algonquian-speaking tribe that was part of the Powhatan Confederacy. The county was renamed Isle of Wight County in 1637, after an island in the English Channel. History Shortly after the establishment of Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. The shoreline region of the Warrascoyack River was occupied by the Warraskoyak tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, under their weroance, Tackinekintaco. In December 1608, Captain John Smith left his page Samuel Collier with Tackinekintaco to learn the language. The main Warraskoyak village was located where present-day Smithfield, Virginia developed. A satellite village called Mokete was at Pagan Point, and another called Mathomank was on Burwell's Bay, led by a sub-weroance named Sasenticum. The first English plantation in the region, dating to 1618, was that of Puritan merchant Christopher Lawne. Several other Puritans also settled nearby. Edward Bennett, an English merchant and a free member of the London Company, was among those who got a land patent and founded his plantation in 1621. He named his plantation Warrosquoake, after the river which the indigenous people called by that name. His plantation suffered high fatalities of colonists in the Great Massacre of 1622, losing 53 persons. A total of the 347 colonists were killed that day, as the Powhatan tribes tried to kill and expel the English. The surviving English retreated to a small number of plantations near Jamestown until an expedition was mounted against the Warraskoyak and Nansemond peoples. The colony built a fort nearby Bennett's plantation. In reprisals during the following years, they drove off the Native Americans from their villages. A census of settlers at Bennett's plantation on 16 February 1623 showed a total of "33, including 4 negroes", with 20 settlers recorded at nearby Basse's Choice. A year later, a census showed a total population of 31 settlers for the region. Two of Bennett's brothers had managed his plantation and died in the colony, in 1624 and 126. Edward Bennett finally went to Virginia himself for a time, representing his plantation in the 1628 House of Burgesses, then returned to England. His nephew Richard Bennett came out to manage the plantation, and stayed in the colony. He became a large landowner and eventually governor of the colony. In 1629, the "County of Warascoyack" was represented in the House of Burgeses was represented by Richard Bennett, Captain Nathaniel Basse (who owned Basse's Choice), Thomas Jordan and two others, all Puritans. This was the Puritans' strongest representation in a colony dominated by members of the Anglican Church. By 1634, by order of the King of England, Charles I, eight shires of Virginia were formed, with a total population of 4,914 settlers. Warrosquoake Shire included 522 persons at the time. It and Accomac Shire were the only shires given Native-American names, honoring the friendly tribes nearby. In 1637 the English renamed it Isle of Wight County, after an island of the same name in the English channel between England and France. They also renamed the Warrosquoake river the Pagan River. During the three years when it was officially Warrosquoake Shire, Richard Bennett led the small Puritan community to neighboring Nansemond. They later moved to Maryland when under religious pressure in Virginia. He returned during the Cromwellian period with a Parliamentary Commission to take over from the Royalist government and served as Governor of Virginia. As population increased, land was drawn from Warrosquoake Shire and Isle of Wight County to form many other counties to the immediate southwest, in the region now defined as Southside Virginia. The counties of Isle of Wight, Southampton, Greensville and Brunswick were all created within the limits of what had been Warrosquoake Shire. See also Weyanoke people References Boddie, John Bennett (1973). Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia, Genealogical Publishing Company. . Virginia shires 1634 establishments in the Colony of Virginia Populated places established in 1634

1482082

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castorama

Castorama

Castorama () is a French retailer of DIY and home improvement tools and supplies, headquartered in Templemars, France, and is part of the British group Kingfisher plc, which has 101 stores in France and 90 in Poland. The company became a subsidiary of Kingfisher plc in May 2002, along with Castorama's own subsidiary Brico Dépôt. Some outlets have been converted or relocated under the Brico Dépôt format "DIY warehouse", based on the B&Q Warehouse fascia in the United Kingdom. In February 2009, Kingfisher sold 31 stores of Castorama in Italy to French retailer Leroy Merlin. In 1969, Christian Dubois founded in Englos, near Lille, France's first large-scale (5000 m2) DIY store. The rapid expansion of the chain meant that 20 years later Castorama had 80 stores in France. A second store opened in 1972, followed by a third in 1973. In 1975, Castorama set up shop in Plaisir (Yvelines), outside its home region. In 1977, Castorama launched its famous slogan "Chez Casto, y a tout ce qu'il faut!", a phrase coined by Lucky Blondo and taken up two years later by Pierre Perret. References External links Castorama France Castorama Poland Retail companies established in 1969 French companies established in 1969 Hardware stores Kingfisher plc Retail companies of France French brands

1482083

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20coordinate%20space

Real coordinate space

In mathematics, the real coordinate space or real coordinate n-space, of dimension , denoted or , is the set of all ordered -tuples of real numbers, that is the set of all sequences of real numbers, also known as coordinate vectors. Special cases are called the real line , the real coordinate plane , and the real coordinate three-dimensional space . With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. The coordinates over any basis of the elements of a real vector space form a real coordinate space of the same dimension as that of the vector space. Similarly, the Cartesian coordinates of the points of a Euclidean space of dimension , (Euclidean line, ; Euclidean plane, ; Euclidean three-dimensional space, ) form a real coordinate space of dimension . These one to one correspondences between vectors, points and coordinate vectors explain the names of coordinate space and coordinate vector. It allows using geometric terms and methods for studying real coordinate spaces, and, conversely, to use methods of calculus in geometry. This approach of geometry was introduced by René Descartes in the 17th century. It is widely used, as it allows locating points in Euclidean spaces, and computing with them. Definition and structures For any natural number , the set consists of all -tuples of real numbers (). It is called the "-dimensional real space" or the "real -space". An element of is thus a -tuple, and is written where each is a real number. So, in multivariable calculus, the domain of a function of several real variables and the codomain of a real vector valued function are subsets of for some . The real -space has several further properties, notably: With componentwise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. Every -dimensional real vector space is isomorphic to it. With the dot product (sum of the term by term product of the components), it is an inner product space. Every -dimensional real inner product space is isomorphic to it. As every inner product space, it is a topological space, and a topological vector space. It is a Euclidean space and a real affine space, and every Euclidean or affine space is isomorphic to it. It is an analytic manifold, and can be considered as the prototype of all manifolds, as, by definition, a manifold is, near each point, isomorphic to an open subset of . It is an algebraic variety, and every real algebraic variety is a subset of . These properties and structures of make it fundamental in almost all areas of mathematics and their application domains, such as statistics, probability theory, and many parts of physics. The domain of a function of several variables Any function of real variables can be considered as a function on (that is, with as its domain). The use of the real -space, instead of several variables considered separately, can simplify notation and suggest reasonable definitions. Consider, for , a function composition of the following form: where functions and are continuous. If is continuous (by ) is continuous (by ) then is not necessarily continuous. Continuity is a stronger condition: the continuity of in the natural topology (discussed below), also called multivariable continuity, which is sufficient for continuity of the composition . Vector space The coordinate space forms an -dimensional vector space over the field of real numbers with the addition of the structure of linearity, and is often still denoted . The operations on as a vector space are typically defined by The zero vector is given by and the additive inverse of the vector is given by This structure is important because any -dimensional real vector space is isomorphic to the vector space . Matrix notation In standard matrix notation, each element of is typically written as a column vector and sometimes as a row vector: The coordinate space may then be interpreted as the space of all column vectors, or all row vectors with the ordinary matrix operations of addition and scalar multiplication. Linear transformations from to may then be written as matrices which act on the elements of via left multiplication (when the elements of are column vectors) and on elements of via right multiplication (when they are row vectors). The formula for left multiplication, a special case of matrix multiplication, is: Any linear transformation is a continuous function (see below). Also, a matrix defines an open map from to if and only if the rank of the matrix equals to . Standard basis The coordinate space comes with a standard basis: To see that this is a basis, note that an arbitrary vector in can be written uniquely in the form Geometric properties and uses Orientation The fact that real numbers, unlike many other fields, constitute an ordered field yields an orientation structure on . Any full-rank linear map of to itself either preserves or reverses orientation of the space depending on the sign of the determinant of its matrix. If one permutes coordinates (or, in other words, elements of the basis), the resulting orientation will depend on the parity of the permutation. Diffeomorphisms of or domains in it, by their virtue to avoid zero Jacobian, are also classified to orientation-preserving and orientation-reversing. It has important consequences for the theory of differential forms, whose applications include electrodynamics. Another manifestation of this structure is that the point reflection in has different properties depending on evenness of . For even it preserves orientation, while for odd it is reversed (see also improper rotation). Affine space understood as an affine space is the same space, where as a vector space acts by translations. Conversely, a vector has to be understood as a "difference between two points", usually illustrated by a directed line segment connecting two points. The distinction says that there is no canonical choice of where the origin should go in an affine -space, because it can be translated anywhere. Convexity In a real vector space, such as , one can define a convex cone, which contains all non-negative linear combinations of its vectors. Corresponding concept in an affine space is a convex set, which allows only convex combinations (non-negative linear combinations that sum to 1). In the language of universal algebra, a vector space is an algebra over the universal vector space of finite sequences of coefficients, corresponding to finite sums of vectors, while an affine space is an algebra over the universal affine hyperplane in this space (of finite sequences summing to 1), a cone is an algebra over the universal orthant (of finite sequences of nonnegative numbers), and a convex set is an algebra over the universal simplex (of finite sequences of nonnegative numbers summing to 1). This geometrizes the axioms in terms of "sums with (possible) restrictions on the coordinates". Another concept from convex analysis is a convex function from to real numbers, which is defined through an inequality between its value on a convex combination of points and sum of values in those points with the same coefficients. Euclidean space The dot product defines the norm on the vector space . If every vector has its Euclidean norm, then for any pair of points the distance is defined, providing a metric space structure on in addition to its affine structure. As for vector space structure, the dot product and Euclidean distance usually are assumed to exist in without special explanations. However, the real -space and a Euclidean -space are distinct objects, strictly speaking. Any Euclidean -space has a coordinate system where the dot product and Euclidean distance have the form shown above, called Cartesian. But there are many Cartesian coordinate systems on a Euclidean space. Conversely, the above formula for the Euclidean metric defines the standard Euclidean structure on , but it is not the only possible one. Actually, any positive-definite quadratic form defines its own "distance" , but it is not very different from the Euclidean one in the sense that Such a change of the metric preserves some of its properties, for example the property of being a complete metric space. This also implies that any full-rank linear transformation of , or its affine transformation, does not magnify distances more than by some fixed , and does not make distances smaller than times, a fixed finite number times smaller. The aforementioned equivalence of metric functions remains valid if is replaced with , where is any convex positive homogeneous function of degree 1, i.e. a vector norm (see Minkowski distance for useful examples). Because of this fact that any "natural" metric on is not especially different from the Euclidean metric, is not always distinguished from a Euclidean -space even in professional mathematical works. In algebraic and differential geometry Although the definition of a manifold does not require that its model space should be , this choice is the most common, and almost exclusive one in differential geometry. On the other hand, Whitney embedding theorems state that any real differentiable -dimensional manifold can be embedded into . Other appearances Other structures considered on include the one of a pseudo-Euclidean space, symplectic structure (even ), and contact structure (odd ). All these structures, although can be defined in a coordinate-free manner, admit standard (and reasonably simple) forms in coordinates. is also a real vector subspace of which is invariant to complex conjugation; see also complexification. Polytopes in Rn There are three families of polytopes which have simple representations in spaces, for any , and can be used to visualize any affine coordinate system in a real -space. Vertices of a hypercube have coordinates where each takes on one of only two values, typically 0 or 1. However, any two numbers can be chosen instead of 0 and 1, for example and 1. An -hypercube can be thought of as the Cartesian product of identical intervals (such as the unit interval ) on the real line. As an -dimensional subset it can be described with a system of inequalities: for , and for . Each vertex of the cross-polytope has, for some , the coordinate equal to ±1 and all other coordinates equal to 0 (such that it is the th standard basis vector up to sign). This is a dual polytope of hypercube. As an -dimensional subset it can be described with a single inequality which uses the absolute value operation: but this can be expressed with a system of linear inequalities as well. The third polytope with simply enumerable coordinates is the standard simplex, whose vertices are standard basis vectors and the origin . As an -dimensional subset it is described with a system of linear inequalities: Replacement of all "≤" with "<" gives interiors of these polytopes. Topological properties The topological structure of (called standard topology, Euclidean topology, or usual topology) can be obtained not only from Cartesian product. It is also identical to the natural topology induced by Euclidean metric discussed above: a set is open in the Euclidean topology if and only if it contains an open ball around each of its points. Also, is a linear topological space (see continuity of linear maps above), and there is only one possible (non-trivial) topology compatible with its linear structure. As there are many open linear maps from to itself which are not isometries, there can be many Euclidean structures on which correspond to the same topology. Actually, it does not depend much even on the linear structure: there are many non-linear diffeomorphisms (and other homeomorphisms) of onto itself, or its parts such as a Euclidean open ball or the interior of a hypercube). has the topological dimension . An important result on the topology of , that is far from superficial, is Brouwer's invariance of domain. Any subset of (with its subspace topology) that is homeomorphic to another open subset of is itself open. An immediate consequence of this is that is not homeomorphic to if – an intuitively "obvious" result which is nonetheless difficult to prove. Despite the difference in topological dimension, and contrary to a naïve perception, it is possible to map a lesser-dimensional real space continuously and surjectively onto . A continuous (although not smooth) space-filling curve (an image of ) is possible. Examples n ≤ 1 Cases of do not offer anything new: is the real line, whereas (the space containing the empty column vector) is a singleton, understood as a zero vector space. However, it is useful to include these as trivial cases of theories that describe different . n = 2 The case of (x,y) where x and y are real numbers has been developed as the Cartesian plane P. Further structure has been attached with Euclidean vectors representing directed line segments in P. The plane has also been developed as the field extension by appending roots of X2 + 1 = 0 to the real field The root i acts on P as a quarter turn with counterclockwise orientation. This root generates the group . When (x,y) is written x + y i it is a complex number. Another group action by , where the actor has been expressed as j, uses the line y=x for the involution of flipping the plane (x,y) ↦ (y,x), an exchange of coordinates. In this case points of P are written x + y j and called split-complex numbers. These numbers, with the coordinate-wise addition and multiplication according to jj=+1, form a ring that is not a field. Another ring structure on P uses a nilpotent e to write x + y e for (x,y). The action of e on P reduces the plane to a line: It can be decomposed into the projection into the x-coordinate, then quarter-turning the result to the y-axis: e (x + y e) = x e since e2 = 0. A number x + y e is a dual number. The dual numbers form a ring, but, since e has no multiplicative inverse, it does not generate a group so the action is not a group action. Excluding (0,0) from P makes [x : y] projective coordinates which describe the real projective line, a one-dimensional space. Since the origin is excluded, at least one of the ratios x/y and y/x exists. Then [x : y] = [x/y : 1] or [x : y] = [1 : y/x]. The projective line P1(R) is a topological manifold covered by two coordinate charts, [z : 1] → z or [1 : z] → z, which form an atlas. For points covered by both charts the transition function is multiplicative inversion on an open neighborhood of the point, which provides a homeomorphism as required in a manifold. One application of the real projective line is found in Cayley–Klein metric geometry. n = 3 n = 4 can be imagined using the fact that points , where each is either 0 or 1, are vertices of a tesseract (pictured), the 4-hypercube (see above). The first major use of is a spacetime model: three spatial coordinates plus one temporal. This is usually associated with theory of relativity, although four dimensions were used for such models since Galilei. The choice of theory leads to different structure, though: in Galilean relativity the coordinate is privileged, but in Einsteinian relativity it is not. Special relativity is set in Minkowski space. General relativity uses curved spaces, which may be thought of as with a curved metric for most practical purposes. None of these structures provide a (positive-definite) metric on . Euclidean also attracts the attention of mathematicians, for example due to its relation to quaternions, a 4-dimensional real algebra themselves. See rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space for some information. In differential geometry, is the only case where admits a non-standard differential structure: see exotic R4. Norms on One could define many norms on the vector space . Some common examples are the p-norm, defined by for all where is a positive integer. The case is very important, because it is exactly the Euclidean norm. the -norm or maximum norm, defined by for all . This is the limit of all the p-norms: . A really surprising and helpful result is that every norm defined on is equivalent. This means for two arbitrary norms and on you can always find positive real numbers , such that for all . This defines an equivalence relation on the set of all norms on . With this result you can check that a sequence of vectors in converges with if and only if it converges with . Here is a sketch of what a proof of this result may look like: Because of the equivalence relation it is enough to show that every norm on is equivalent to the Euclidean norm . Let be an arbitrary norm on . The proof is divided in two steps: We show that there exists a , such that for all . In this step you use the fact that every can be represented as a linear combination of the standard basis: . Then with the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality where . Now we have to find an , such that for all . Assume there is no such . Then there exists for every a , such that . Define a second sequence by . This sequence is bounded because . So because of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem there exists a convergent subsequence with limit . Now we show that but , which is a contradiction. It is because and , so . This implies , so . On the other hand , because . This can not ever be true, so the assumption was false and there exists such a . See also Exponential object, for theoretical explanation of the superscript notation Geometric space Real projective space Sources N Topological vector spaces Analytic geometry Multivariable calculus Mathematical analysis

1482085

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean%20topology

Euclidean topology

In mathematics, and especially general topology, the Euclidean topology is the natural topology induced on -dimensional Euclidean space by the Euclidean metric. Definition The Euclidean norm on is the non-negative function defined by Like all norms, it induces a canonical metric defined by The metric induced by the Euclidean norm is called the Euclidean metric or the Euclidean distance and the distance between points and is In any metric space, the open balls form a base for a topology on that space. The Euclidean topology on is the topology by these balls. In other words, the open sets of the Euclidean topology on are given by (arbitrary) unions of the open balls defined as for all real and all where is the Euclidean metric. Properties When endowed with this topology, the real line is a T5 space. Given two subsets say and of with where denotes the closure of there exist open sets and with and such that See also References Topology Euclid

1482096

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Forgotten%20Tales

The Forgotten Tales

The Forgotten Tales is the first compilation album by German power metal band Blind Guardian. It was published in 1996. The cover artwork was created by . "'The Forgotten Tales'" contains several cover versions of popular songs, including "Mr. Sandman", "Surfin' U.S.A.", and "Spread Your Wings" as well as alternate versions of the band's previous works. Remastered and re-released on 15 June 2007, with bonus tracks and videos. Track listing Lineup Hansi Kürsch – vocals, bass André Olbrich – lead, rhythm and acoustic guitars Marcus Siepen – guitar Thomas "Thomen" Stauch – drums Guest musicians Mathias Wiesner – effects (tracks 1, 4, 11–13), bass (track 6) Michael Shüren – piano (track 2) Piet Sielck – backing vocals (track 2), effects (track 8) Otto Sidenius – organ (track 5) Jacob Moth – acoustic guitar (tracks 5, 11) Billy King – backing vocals (tracks 5–6) Thomas Hackmann – backing vocals (tracks 5, 10) Ronnie Atkins – backing vocals (track 5) Rolf Köhler – lead vocals (track 10), backing vocals (tracks 6, 10) Kalle Trapp – lead guitars (track 10), lead vocals (track 10), backing vocals (track 10) Aman Malek – backing vocals (track 10) Stefan Will – piano (track 6) Personnel Ralph Kessler – mastering Andreas Marschall – cover paintings Dirk Zumpe – photos Flemming Rasmussen – recording (tracks 1, 5, 7, 11), mixing and engineering (tracks 1, 5, 11), producing (tracks 1, 5) Piet Sielck – recording (tracks 2–4, 7–8, 12–13), mixing and producing (tracks 2–4, 7–9, 12–13), engineering (tracks 1–3, 6, 12) Kalle Trapp – recording, mixing, producing and engineering (tracks 6, 10) Henrik Vindeby – recording (tracks 4, 7, 8), engineering (tracks 2, 12), assistant engineering (tracks 1, 5, 11) Blind Guardian – producing (tracks 3–4, 7–9, 12–13) Charts References 1996 compilation albums Blind Guardian albums Albums produced by Flemming Rasmussen Virgin Records compilation albums

1482099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinic%20languages

Mordvinic languages

The Mordvinic languages, also known as the Mordvin, Mordovian or Mordvinian languages (, mordovskiye yazyki), are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language, both spoken in Mordovia. Previously considered a single "Mordvin language", it is now treated as a small language grouping. Due to differences in phonology, lexicon, and grammar, Erzya and Moksha are not mutually intelligible. The two Mordvinic languages also have separate literary forms. The Erzya literary language was created in 1922 and the Mokshan in 1923. Phonological differences between the two languages include: Moksha retains a distinction between the vowels while in Erzya, they have merged as . In unstressed syllables, Erzya features vowel harmony like many other Uralic languages, using in front-vocalic words and in back-vocalic words. Moksha has a simple schwa in their place. Word-initially, Erzya has a postalveolar affricate corresponding to a fricative in Moksha. Next to voiceless consonants, liquids and the semivowel are devoiced in Moksha to . The medieval Meshcherian language may have been Mordvinic or close to Mordvinic. Classification Traditionally, Uralicists grouped the Mordvinic and Mari languages together in the so-called Volgaic branch of the Uralic family; this view was however abandoned in the late 20th century. Instead, some Uralicists now prefer a rapid expansion model, with Mordvinic as one out of nine primary branches of Uralic; others propose a close relation between Mordvinic with the Finnic and Saamic branches of Uralic. References Languages of Russia Mordovian culture

1482105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis is a phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot). When it occurs repeatedly in different locations, it is known as thrombophlebitis migrans (migratory thrombophlebitis). Signs and symptoms The following symptoms or signs are often associated with thrombophlebitis, although thrombophlebitis is not restricted to the veins of the legs. Pain (area affected) Skin redness/inflammation Edema Veins hard and cord-like Tenderness Complications In terms of complications, one of the most serious occurs when the superficial blood clot is associated with a deep vein thrombosis; this can then dislodge, traveling through the heart and occluding the dense capillary network of the lungs This is a pulmonary embolism which can be life-threatening. Causes Thrombophlebitis causes include disorders related to increased tendency for blood clotting and reduced speed of blood in the veins such as prolonged immobility; prolonged traveling (sitting) may promote a blood clot leading to thrombophlebitis but this occurs relatively less. High estrogen states such as pregnancy, estrogen replacement therapy, or oral contraceptives are associated with an increased risk of thrombophlebitis. Specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis include superficial thrombophlebitis which affects veins near the skin surface, deep vein thrombosis which affects deeper veins, and pulmonary embolism. Those with familial clotting disorders such as protein S deficiency, protein C deficiency, or factor V Leiden are also at increased risk of thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis can be found in people with vasculitis including Behçet's disease. Thrombophlebitis migrans can be a sign of malignancy – Trousseau sign of malignancy. Diagnosis The diagnosis for thrombophlebitis is primarily based on the appearance of the affected area. Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, and temperature may be required. If the cause is not readily identifiable, tests may be performed to determine the cause, including the following: Doppler ultrasound Extremity arteriography Blood coagulation studies (Blood clotting tests) Prevention Prevention consists of walking, drinking fluids and if currently hospitalized, changing of IV lines. Walking is especially suggested after a long period seated, particularly when one travels. Treatment In terms of treatment for this condition the individual may be advised to do the following: raise the affected area to decrease swelling, and relieve pressure off of the affected area so it will encounter less pain. In certain circumstances drainage of the clot might be an option. In general, treatment may include the following: Epidemiology Thrombophlebitis occurs almost equally between women and men, though males do have a slightly higher possibility. The average age of developing thrombophlebitis, based on analyzed incidents, is 54 for men and 58 for women. See also Mondor's disease Phlebothrombosis References Further reading External links Vascular diseases Inflammations Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

1482114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riya%20Sen

Riya Sen

Riya Sen (born Riya Dev Varma; 24 January 1981) is an Indian actress and model who predominantly appears in Hindi, Bengali, English, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam films. Sen comes from a royal background; her father Bharat Dev Varma hails from the royal family of Tripura. He was the son of Ila Devi, a princess of Cooch Behar and nephew of Maharani Gayatri Devi of Jaipur. Sen's mother Moon Moon Sen and grandmother Suchitra Sen were reputed veteran actresses. She began her acting career when she was five years old, playing her mother's daughter on screen for the first time. Later in 1991 she worked as a child actress in the film Vishkanya. Her first commercial success in her film career was with Style, a 2001 Hindi low-budget comedy directed by N. Chandra. Some of her other notable films include producer Pritish Nandy's musical film, Jhankaar Beats (2003) in Hinglish, and Malayalam horror film Ananthabhadram (2005). She won the Star Guide Award as best actress for her performance in Noukadubi. Sen was first recognised as a model when she performed in Falguni Pathak's music video Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi at the age of seventeen in 1998. Since then, she has appeared in music videos, television advertisements, fashion shows, and on magazine covers. Sen has worked as an activist and appeared in an AIDS awareness music video with the aim of dispelling popular myths about the disease. She also helped raise funds for paediatric eye-care and underprivileged children. Acting career Riya first appeared as a child artist in the film when she was five years old later in 1991 she worked as a child actress in the film Vishkanya., where she played the role of the young Pooja Bedi. At the age of 19, she did National Film Awards winning director Bharathiraja's Tamil film, Taj Mahal (2000) which was written by Mani Ratnam while music was composed by A. R. Rahman, which did not achieve commercial success. She was scheduled to make her Bollywood film debut in Love You Hamesha, opposite actor Akshaye Khanna; however, the film was stalled, and she finally made her debut in N. Chandra's Style in 2001. This low-budget comedy was the first commercial success in over a decade for the director. A launch pad for Riya, cast in the female lead along with fellow-newcomers, Sharman Joshi, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal, the film pioneered a trend of commercial success for small budget films in India. Riya and the second female lead of the film were replaced by aspirant actresses Sonali Joshi and Jaya Seal in Xcuse Me. Her next success was Jhankaar Beats, comedy revolving around the music of legendary composer R D Burman, which saw her playing a small and glamorous role alongside Shayan Munshi, Juhi Chawla, Rahul Bose, Rinke Khanna and Sanjay Suri. Produced by Pritish Nandy, publishing director of The Times of India, the film was made on a budget of Rs. 25 million (US$525,000), marking the sixth in a row of small to medium budget films made by Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC). Despite being part of a wave of offbeat films that mostly failed to make an impact at the box office, it drew public attention upon its release, which led to a commercial success among a restricted audience targeted by a selective release in twenty cities. It was one of the first films made in Hinglish, a mixture of Hindi and English. Her films Style and Jhankar Beats have done wonders commercially. Her latter films Harry Baweja's Qayamat and Subhash Ghai's Apna Sapna Money Money were also box office hits and that ran for 150 days. These films were 4 consecutive hits in a row. While many of her appearances have been item numbers and cameos, few of her leading roles have been in Low-budget films. Though she had small roles in Dil Vil Pyar Vyar (2002), Qayamat (2003) and Plan (2004), attention was drawn to her item numbers in all three, especially the one in Qayamat that featured her in a bubble-bath. Besides this, she performed another item number in James (2005) on director-producer Ram Gopal Varma's behest, who has a history of casting aspirant actress-models like Sameera Reddy, Isha Koppikar and Koena Mitra in similar roles. Furthermore, she took part in a dance number for Sajid Khan's Heyy Babyy (2007) that featured several mainstream Bollywood actresses. Non-Hindi films Riya has, in addition to Hindi films, appeared in Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and English films. Her film career began in the earnest with Tamil films such as Bharathi Raja's Taj Mahal, co-starring Manjoj Bharatiraja in the male lead, and Manoj Bhatnaghar's Good Luck, opposite Prashanth. Both of the films failed commercially, she also did a dance number for N. Maharajan's Arasatchi. Her first English language movie was It Was Raining That Night, a remake of the Bengali film Hei Brishtir Raat, scripted by Sudeshna Roy and directed by Mahesh Manjrekar. In the film, she collaborated with her mother Moon Moon Sen. Riya was slated to appear in Anjan Dutt's Bengali-English bilingual film The Bong Connection with her sister, but she was eventually dropped from the project and replaced by Peeya Rai Chaudhary. The two sisters were later cast together in director Ajai Sinha's 3 Bachelors, a Bengali film that started as The Bachelor in 2002 and was released in 2012. Her most successful non-Hindi film has been director Santhosh Sivan's Ananthabhadram (2005). The first Malayalam venture for both Riya and Sivan, was both a critical and commercial success. It won five Kerala State Film Awards and surfaced as one of the biggest Malayalam successes that year. She played the role of Bhama in the film, a village girl who is lured by Digambaran, the evil magician portrayed by Manoj K. Jayan. In a song-and-dance sequence showing Digambaran turning Bhama into a medium for demonic rituals, the choreographer Aparna Sindoor made abundant use of Kathakali movements. The use of Kathakali has been a high point in the resurgence of the classical dance form in other major Indian films as well, including Shaji Karun's Vanaprastham (1999) and Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair (2005). She made her Telugu debut with Nenu Meeku Telusa?, in which she was paired opposite Manoj Manchu. In 2012 Sen won the Star Guide Award as best actress for her performance in Noukadubi. She was also featured in video song of Kamaal Khan album Suno To Deewana Dil in song Jaana. Modelling career Riya became a popular model when she appeared in numerous music videos for songs by popular singers, including Falguni Pathak's Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi (alternative title: Chudi Jo Khankayi), Asha Bhosle's Jhumka Gira Re, Jagjit Singh and Bhosle's Jab Samne Tum and Kahin Kahin Se, Lata Mangeshkar, Bhonsle and Singh's Dil Kahin Hosh Kahin, Sonu Nigam's Jeena Hai Tere Liye and Shaan's Sutta Maro. She shot for her first music video, Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi, at the age of sixteen. This led to her being identified primarily as a performer for music videos early in her career, an image she aimed to shed in 2005. Riya has appeared on several magazine covers, including Femina, Elaan, Man's World, Gladrags, Savvy and Indian versions of Elle, Maxim and Cosmopolitan, as well as on the ramp of major fashion shows like Lakmé Fashion Week (2005–07) and Wills Fashion Week (2006–2007). She participated in fashion shows along with her elder sister, Raima Sen. Besides modelling, Riya has ventured into the advertisement world as well. A high point of her modelling career came in 2006, when she became the soft drink, Limca's brand ambassador, replacing Deepika Padukone. Her other notable assignments include Colgate, Dabur Vatika, Reliance Industries, Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, and Nirma. In 2004, she was featured partially nude in leading Indian photographer Dabboo Ratnani's annual calendar, which is a major happening in the Indian glamour industry. According to Daboo, "Her mother saw it much later, after the calendar released. She thought it was too sexy, and Riya shouldn't have done it. But the response to the photograph was superb. Riya was so thrilled that for her next ad campaign, she asked me to light her up like I did in this." A career highlight for the model, it led to a three-year contract with Ratnani to feature her on his annual calendar. She is the only female face to be featured on the calendar for five consecutive years (2003–2007). Personal life and family Born on 24 January 1981 in Kolkata, West Bengal, Riya is the daughter of Moon Moon Sen, a former actress, and granddaughter of Suchitra Sen, a legend in Bengali cinema. Before leaving for Mumbai, she lived in Kolkata with her parents and sister Raima Sen, also an actress. Her father Bharat Dev Varma is a member of the royal family of Tripura. Her paternal grandmother, Ila Devi, was a princess of Cooch Behar, whose younger sister Gayatri Devi was the Maharani of Jaipur. Her paternal great-grandmother Indira was the only daughter of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda. Riya's maternal great-grandfather Adinath Sen was a prominent Kolkata businessman, whose father Dinanath Sen – a relative of former Union Law Minister Ashoke Kumar Sen- was the Diwan or a Minister of the Maharaja of Tripura. The sisters are credited on-screen under their mother's maiden name, although their official papers carry the surname Dev Varma. Riya completed her schooling in ICSE from Loreto House in Kolkata. She went on to studying philosophy in a Bengali uccha madhyamik school Rani Birla Girls' College (a University of Calcutta affiliate). Riya had a degree from the National Institute of Fashion Technology NIFT Mumbai in fashion designing and information technology. She went to London to the Pinewood Actors Studio for acting course and simultaneously did voice and dubbing classes. She also did a couple of private acting workshops with renowned British teachers. She learnt the Queens English -British accent with renowned voice coach Barbara Berkeley. She studied in New York at the TV1 acting studio in Times Square. Riya has also done a course in Paris at the Institute Marangoni for fashion and image styling. Riya also did a course at the University of Arts in London in ‘branding' and a cooking course in Thailand at the blue elephant culinary school. Riya briefly practised kickboxing and karate. She is passionate about painting and has been painting since she was a baby. She's a certified yoga teacher. She did her 200 hours Teacher training course in Rishikesh for hatha vinyasa, Yin yoga teacher training course in dharamsala at the Trimurti school and Aerial yoga teacher training course from Ulu yoga in Bali. During the filming of Shaadi No. 1 in France, she was knocked unconscious after being accidentally run over by a stuntman's motorbike, but she was not seriously injured. In August 2017, Sen married her boyfriend Shivam Tewari in a private Bengali Hindu ceremony. She was in a relationship with actor Ashmit Patel in which Patel had leaked a private MMS of their intimate moments. Public persona Riya's on-screen performances have established her as a bold youth icon in India. Since entering the film industry, she has gained attention for wearing a bikini in Shaadi No. 1 and sharing on-screen kisses with co-stars Ashmit Patel in Silsiilay and Sharman Joshi in Style, respectively. Such performances garnered negative attention because of the relatively conservative outlook of Indian cinema at that time and her own statements about such practices. Riya's public persona is compared to her mother Moon Moon, who was seen as a sex symbol of her time,. Although her film career has yet to achieve large-scale success, Riya has generated considerable media attention. She was ranked ninth on Femina 50 Most Beautiful Women, published in the magazine's September 2007 issue. She was a jury member for the 2008 Final of the Mr. India contest. Riya appeared in Haath Se Haath Mila, an HIV/AIDS awareness music video. She made charity appearances at McDonald's India to raise money for paediatric eye-care during World Children's Week (14–20 November) in 2003 and also for underprivileged children during the Corona virus pandemic in 2020. Filmography Web series See also List of Indian film actresses List of Bollywood Clans: The Sens References External links Interview with Riya Sen in The Telegraph Riya and Raima compared in The Telegraph Riya Sen on her mother in Hindustan Times Indian film actresses Female models from Kolkata 1981 births Actresses in Malayalam cinema Living people Actresses from Kolkata Actresses in Tamil cinema University of Calcutta alumni 20th-century Indian actresses 21st-century Indian actresses Actresses in Bengali cinema Actresses from Tripura Actresses in Hindi cinema Actresses in Odia cinema Actresses in Telugu cinema Bengali actresses Tripuri actors

1482116

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur%20High%20School

Decatur High School

Decatur High School could refer to: Decatur High School (Alabama) — Decatur, Alabama Decatur High School (Arkansas) — Decatur, Arkansas Decatur High School (Georgia) — Decatur, Georgia Stephen Decatur High School (Decatur, Illinois), (1911–2000) Decatur High School (Michigan) — Decatur, Michigan Decatur High School (Texas) — Decatur, Texas Decatur High School (Federal Way, Washington) — Federal Way, Washington Decatur Central High School — Indianapolis, Indiana Stephen Decatur High School (Maryland) — Berlin, Maryland

1482119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipse

Clipse

Clipse, also known as the Clipse, is an American hip hop duo, mainly active from 1994 to 2010. It consists of brothers Gene "No Malice" and Terrence "Pusha T" Thornton. Pusha T was known as Terrar during the group's early years, while No Malice was originally known as Malicious, but changed his stage name to Malice soon after the group's formation, before changing it to No Malice once more in 2012 following his conversion to Christianity. Based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, the duo was discovered by producer and fellow Virginia Beach native, Pharrell Williams, who convinced the artists to work in tandem. Williams served as executive and lead producer for each of their albums, as part of the Neptunes and as a frequent guest performer. As key figures in establishing Virginia as one of the East Coast's strongholds in hip hop, the duo's frequent subject matter is based around illegal drug trade. Williams led Clipse to sign with Elektra Records, for whom they recorded an album, Exclusive Audio Footage. The album was shelved, and the duo dropped by the label after the lukewarm commercial reception of its lead single, "The Funeral". In 2001, Williams signed the duo to Arista Records as the first act to sign with his newfound Star Trak Entertainment imprint. Their debut studio album, Lord Willin' (2002), peaked at number four on the Billboard 200, received gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and received widely positive reviews from critics. After a several-year delay due to record-label reshuffling, the duo's second album, Hell Hath No Fury, was released in 2006. Despite modest sales, it received widespread critical acclaim. A third album, Til the Casket Drops, was released in 2009. In 2010, the duo went on hiatus and both members pursued solo careers. Clipse officially reunited to guest appear alongside Kenny G on Kanye West's 2019 song "Use This Gospel". They have since then appeared as guest artists on several artists' songs, and No Malice appeared on Pusha T's song "I Pray For You" from his 2022 album It's Almost Dry. History 1993–2000: Formation and Exclusive Audio Footage The Thornton brothers were born in The Bronx, and in 1979 their family moved to Virginia Beach. It was here that the brothers were exposed to the illegal cocaine trade, and this would become an essential part of their musical career. In junior high school, Malice began rapping in a group called Def Dual Productions, for whom the producer was classmate Timbaland, at the time going by "DJ Timmy Tim". During this time, Malice also began selling the drugs that would form the basis of much of the duo's lyrical subject matter. A mutual friend introduced him to Chad Hugo in 1988, with whom he started recording songs as a solo act. In 1990 he met Hugo's friends Magoo , Larry Live , & Pharrell Williams through other mutual friends. Williams and Hugo formed the production duo The Neptunes a few years later and continued recording with Malice. After graduating high school in 1991, Malice enlisted to serve in the Army to support his family, working as a generator mechanic. It would not be until 1994 when Malice's enlistment ended that the brothers would start recording together. Pusha, five years Malice's junior, would accompany his brother to recording sessions at Hugo's house. Eventually he decided to rap as well, and they recorded their first song together Thief in the Night, featuring vocals from Pharrell, who suggested they should become a duo, calling themselves "Full Eclipse", later shortening their name to "Clipse". The Neptunes helped them secure a recording contract with Elektra Records in 1996. Under Elektra, and with the Neptunes handling its production, the Clipse recorded its debut album, Exclusive Audio Footage. The group's 1st single, "The Funeral", helped to generate fan interest in the album, but failed to make a significant chart impact. With "The Funeral" deemed a failure, Exclusive Audio Footage itself was shelved. The Clipse was released from Elektra shortly thereafter but promotional CDs of the album still exist and would get an official release on May 2, 2022 via Spotify. ===2001–2002: Breakthrough and Lord Willin'''=== In early 2001, Williams signed the duo to Arista Records through his recently established Star Trak imprint. With the backing of the record label and the Neptunes, Clipse proceeded to record material for their debut album. The lead single "Grindin'" was released on May 14, 2002, and was an instant hit. It peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song would go on to become Clipse's most famous song, and many publications ranked the single highly on their year-end lists. The second single, "When the Last Time", was dropped on July 30. It would become the group's highest-charting song, peaking at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100, and staying on the chart for 21 weeks. Clipse then released its commercial debut Lord Willin' on August 20, 2002. The album opened at Number 1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and Number 4 on the Billboard 200, selling 122,000 in its first week. On October 1, 2002—a month after its release—Lord Willin' was certified Gold by the RIAA. A third single, "Ma, I Don't Love Her" featuring Faith Evans was released on December 3, 2002. It was a modest hit, peaking at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100, and staying on the chart for 6 weeks. Also in 2002, Clipse were guest artists on Justin Timberlake's first solo single, "Like I Love You", another Neptunes-produced crossover radio hit. It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. Clipse also featured on the song "What Happened to That Boy" with Birdman. Pusha T featured in singer Nivea's 2nd single "Run Away (I Wanna Be with U)", which peaked at #47 in Australia. In 2003, Clipse went on tour with rapper 50 Cent. 2003–2006: Label dispute and Hell Hath No Fury In late 2003, Clipse began recording material for their second album, Hell Hath No Fury. However, further work on the album ground to a halt in 2004, when Arista Records's urban artists were absorbed by its sister label Jive Records as part of a larger merger between Sony Music Entertainment and BMG. Due to contractual requirements, Clipse was forced to stay on Jive, while Star Trak and the rest of its roster moved to a new home at Interscope Records. While Clipse resumed work on the album, and eventually finished its recording, the duo became increasingly frustrated with Jive, as the label overlooked it in favor of the more pop-oriented acts on its roster, which caused numerous delays in the release of Hell Hath No Fury. As delays continued, the group asked for a formal release from its contract. When Jive refused to grant this request, the duo sued the label. While the litigation took place, Clipse released new material through their legendary We Got It 4 Cheap mixtape series, which featured Clipse and Philadelphia rappers Ab-Liva and Sandman. The group was known collectively as the Re-Up Gang. We Got it 4 Cheap Vol. 1, which was the first official collection of new material from Clipse since the release of their debut album Lord Willin', was released in 2004 and received positive reviews from critics. Vol. 2 of the series was released in 2005 received widespread critical acclaim. It is considered to be one of the best mixtape of the 2000s. Online music magazine Pitchfork placed the tape at number 130 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s, and number 2 on their list of the top 50 rap mixtapes of the millennium. On May 9, 2006, Clipse finally reached an agreement with Jive Records. They were to release the album through its own Re-Up Records label along with Jive. They then toured with Ice Cube throughout May, and set the release date as August 29. Clipse dropped the first single, "Mr. Me Too" with Pharrell Williams on May 23, 2006. It peaked at number 65 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. However, the release date of the album was pushed to October 31. On October 31, Clipse did not drop the album, instead dropped the single "Wamp Wamp (What It Do)" with Slim Thug. The song peaked at number 96 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Hell Hath No Fury was finally released on November 28, 2006. The album received universal acclaim with many publications citing it to be the duo's best. The hip hop magazine XXL gave the album a "XXL" rating, marking it as a five-star album. Only five albums had previously received that honor. The album currently holds an average score of 89 on Metacritic. It debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200, selling 80,000 copies in its first week. The album would go on to receive high positions on many publications year and decade end charts, and is considered to be one of the best albums of the 2000s. 2007–2009: Columbia Records and Til the Casket Drops In a May 19, 2007, interview with Eye Weekly, Clipse revealed that the group had been officially released from its recording contract with Jive. After this, the duo began discussions with several record labels, eventually signing with Columbia Records on October 26, 2007. On February 5, 2008, the duo released the 3rd installment in the We Got it 4 Cheap mixtape series as a free download on their website. On August 8, 2008, the duo released the Re-Up Gang's debut studio album, Clipse Presents: The Re-Up Gang through Koch Records. The album's first single, "Fast Life", was produced by Scott Storch. The single was originally slated for the duo's third album, but they felt it would be better used for the Re-Up Gang album. Only Malice and Pusha-T appear on the track. It is the only studio album from the group as after the release of the album, Sandman left the group. In November 2008, Clipse announced the launch of their fashion line, Play Cloths. A mixtape called Road to Till the Casket Drops was released on December 1, 2008, in promotion of the line and their upcoming album. Their final studio album, Til the Casket Drops was released on December 8, 2009. In a departure from the group's previous works, which only featured production from the Neptunes, the album features production from Diddy's production team the Hitmen, and DJ Khalil. The album did not fare as well commercially as the group's first two albums, peaking at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart, selling only 31,000 copies in its first week. 2010–present: Solo endeavors, hiatus, and return At a concert on April 30, 2010, Malice announced that he and Pusha T would release solo albums later in the year. On September 12, 2010, Pusha T confirmed to MTV that he had signed to Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music label. He would go on to work with Kanye on his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and be featured on the hit single Runaway. He has gone on to embark a successful solo career and has released 4 studio albums. In 2015, he was named president of G.O.O.D. Music. In 2011, Malice published his book Wretched, Pitiful, Poor, Blind & Naked. The book is a memoir about his life, including fearing contracting HIV, as well as his conversion to Christianity. In 2012, he changed his stage name to No Malice. He felt his previous name had a negative meaning and now wanted to spread positive messages. He collaborated with Lecrae on his mixtape Church Clothes, in the song "Darkest Hour". He also appeared on the music video for the Lecrae song off his "Lord Have Mercy", which features Tedashii and is from the 2013 Grammy Award winning Best Gospel Album Gravity. In 2013, he released his debut studio album Hear Ye Him via Reinvision. In 2016, he released the documentary The End Of Malice, which recalled the exact moment Clipse broke up and why. His second studio album, Let the Dead Bury the Dead was released in 2017 by Reinvision. Despite various rumors of a Clipse reunion, No Malice said at SXSW 2014 that the band was finished, that there would not be another Clipse album. However, in a 2016 interview, No Malice said, about the possibility of a reunion, "I'ma tell you that I learned to never say never, and I don't shut the door on anything. I really don't. In fact, I would like to see Clipse do it... I’ve said it before, my brother and I would definitely make clown soup out of all these MCs. Now that much I know." In 2019, Clipse finally reunited to feature on Kanye West's album Jesus Is King on the track "Use This Gospel". Pusha T expressed his feelings towards the duo collaborating again in an interview with Vulture, stating "I'm the younger brother, man. I mean, I'm happier than — I can't even express it!" He claimed that "The whole theme of the Jesus Is King album totally speaks to where my brother is". In 2022, Clipse reunited again to feature on Japanese fashion designer and DJ Nigo's album I Know Nigo, on the track "Punch Bowl" produced by The Neptunes. No Malice also featured on the track "I Pray for You" on Pusha T's 2022 album, It's Almost Dry; he was credited for this feature under the name Malice. Lyrical content Clipse's songs frequently discuss drug dealing, specifically cocaine, often using creative metaphors to refer to this activity. This has led some critics to refer to their style as "coke rap," along with other artists such as Raekwon and Young Jeezy. Other themes include clubbing, guns, sexual relationships and infidelity, and braggadocio. Discography Studio albums Exclusive Audio Footage (1999) Lord Willin' (2002) Hell Hath No Fury (2006) Til the Casket Drops (2009) Let God Sort Em Out'' (2024) References External links Official website Clipse at MTV African-American musical duos American hip hop duos Sibling musical duos Musical groups established in 1994 Musical duos from Virginia Rappers from Virginia East Coast hip hop groups American male musical duos 1994 establishments in Virginia

1482121

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockert%20Cilliers

Ockert Cilliers

Ockert Cilliers (born 21 April 1981) is a South African 400 m hurdler. Born in Vanderbijlpark, Cilliers now lives in Sydney (Australia). He is 1.84 m tall and weighs 74 kg. His athletics career started in 1996 at school, where he also played rugby union. The rugby coach forced all players to take part in athletics as well. Cilliers chose 200m and 300m hurdles, and hurdling quickly became his primary interest. He is a member of the Fenerbahçe S.K. athletics club in Turkey. His current coach is Dr. Ria van den Berg. Competition record References External links Focus on Athletes article from IAAF South African male hurdlers 1981 births Living people People from Vanderbijlpark Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for South Africa Fenerbahçe athletes Athletes from Gauteng

1482126

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horniman%20Circle%20Gardens

Horniman Circle Gardens

The Horniman Circle Gardens is a large park in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, which encompasses an area of . It is situated in the Fort district of Mumbai, and is surrounded by office complexes housing the country's premier banks. Designed to be a large open space with grand buildings in the middle of the walled city, the area had been known as Bombay Green in the 18th century, later Elphinstone Circle. Following India's independence in 1947, the area was renamed in honour of Benjamin Horniman, editor of The Bombay Chronicle newspaper, who supported Indian independence. History The Horniman Circle was preceeded by a vast circular expanse of land, called the Bombay Green. The building was begun in 1821 and not completed for twelve years. In 1842, the area had been just a dump of coconut shells and debris. The Police Commissioner, Charles Forjett, thought of converting the Green into a circle surrounded by buildings. He was supported by governors Lord Elphinstone and Sir Bartle Frère. The garden was planned in 1869 and completed in 1872 with well laid out walkways and trees planted all around. An ornamental fountain was placed in the centre, but it was replaced by a modern art deco iron pipes design. The Asiatic Society of Mumbai overlooks the Horniman Circle Gardens and the Reserve Bank of India. Close by, in Nariman Street is St. Thomas Cathedral, the first Anglican church in Mumbai, completed in 1718. Events Horniman Circle hosts the annual Sufi and mystic music festival, Ruhaniyat. It is also one of the venues of the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival when several music and dance concerts are held at the park. Gallery References Further reading Kamala Ganesh, Usha Thakkar and Gita Chadha. eds., Zero Point Bombay: In and Around Horniman Circle, Lotus Collection, Roli Books (2008) External links Elphinstone Circle, Bombay, 1870 British Library Parks in Mumbai 1872 establishments in India

1482129

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmarg

Gulmarg

Gulmarg (), known as Gulmarag (; ) in Kashmiri, is a town, hill station, tourist destination, skiing destination, and a notified area committee in the Baramulla district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located at a distance of from Baramulla and from Srinagar. The town is situated in the Pir Panjal Range in the Western Himalayas and lies within the boundaries of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary. Etymology Kashmir has many summer retreats suffixed with the word -marg: Sonamarg, Tangmarg, Gulmarg, Khilanmarg, Youmarg, and Nagmarg. Gulmarg is one of the Margs that has historical importance for Kashmiris. Gulmarg is a compound word or portmanteau of two Persian words, Gul and Marg. Gul means flowers and Marg means meadow. History Yousuf Shah Chak, who ruled Kashmir from 1579 to 1586, frequented the place with his queen Habba Khatoon and renamed it 'Gulmarg' ("meadow of flowers"). Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the Mughal emperor Jahangir for his gardens in Gulmarg. In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women. One of the golf courses is located at an altitude of is the world's highest golf course. In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted, one during Christmas and Easter. Central Asian explorer Aurel Stein also visited Gulmarg during this period. After the end of British rule in India, Gulmarg became a part of the independent Dogra princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called Operation Gulmarg. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the Haji Pir pass and Gulmarg headed towards the state capital Srinagar. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian Army, led by the 1st Sikh Regiment, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar. Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back - many towns, including Gulmarg, were recaptured. In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the High Altitude Warfare School. On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the Line of Control (LOC) by the Shimla Agreement of 1972, was established near Gulmarg. After Indian Independence, Indian planners sought to develop a destination for winter sports in India. In 1960, the Department of Tourism of the Government of India invited Rudolph Matt to select a suitable location for such a purpose. Matt determined Gulmarg would serve as a suitable location as a winter sports destination. In 1968, the Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade, Indian planners invested to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became a centre for skiers from Asian nations. In the mid-1980s, heli-skiing was introduced in Gulmarg. In the 1990s, the rise of insurgents in Jammu and Kashmir affected tourism in Gulmarg. However, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the cable car project between Gulmarg and Apharwat Peak, which was commissioned in 1988 by Government of Jammu and Kashmir, resumed in 1998 after being put on hold due to security concerns. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was completed, making it one of the longest and highest ropeways of Asia. The chairlift installed as a part of Phase 3 of the project began its operations in 2011. The National Winter Games were held in Gulmarg in 1998, 2004 and 2008. In 2014, Government of Jammu and Kashmir drafted a Master Plan–2032 for Gulmarg. The plan includes development of a solid-waste treatment plant on 20 acres of land close to Gulmarg. Geology and geography Gulmarg lies in a cup-shaped valley in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, at an altitude of, , 56 km from Srinagar. The soil in Gulmarg comprises glacial deposits, lacustrine deposits, and moraines of Pleistocene age covering shales, limestones, sandstones, schists and other varieties of rocks. The natural meadows of Gulmarg, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, forget-me-nots and buttercups during spring and summer. The meadows are interspersed by enclosed parks and small lakes, and surrounded by forests of green pine and fir. Skiing and other winter sports in Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes of Apharwat peak at a height of . Many points on Apharwat peak and Khilanmarg offer a panoramic view of Nanga Parbat and Harmukh mountains. Climate Due to its high elevation, Gulmarg has a humid continental climate where the wet winter season sees heavy snowfall, especially for its latitude. Summers are moderate in temperature and length, whereas shoulder seasons are relatively cool. Demographics At the 2011 Indian census, Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. The male population in the town stood at 1,957 while there were only eight females and no children between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Gulmarg had an average literacy rate of 99.24%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituted 0.61% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Gulmarg has few permanent residents with most residents being tourists or those involved in the tourism industry. Tourism According to CNN, Gulmarg is the "heartland of winter sports in India" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination. The town is accessible from Srinagar by road via Tangmarg. The road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing through forests of pine and fir. Winter sports like skiing, tobogganing, snowboarding and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a Gondola lift. Gulmarg Gondola Built by the French company Pomagalski, the Gulmarg Gondola is one of the highest in the world reaching 3,979 metres. The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour between Gulmarg and a shoulder of nearby Apharwat Peak (). The first stage transfers from Gulmarg at to Kongdoori at . The second stage which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes passengers to a height of on the Apharwat Peak . A chair lift system connects Kongdoori with Mary's shoulder for taking skiers to higher altitudes. The high inflow of tourists has had an effect on the fragile eco-system of Gulmarg and activists have demanded tighter regulation to save the environment of the area from over-tourism. An accident occurred on 15 June 2017 due to an enormous pine tree being uprooted by a gust of wind and breaking the perspex windows on one of the gondola cabins, causing it to swing violently and its seven occupants to fall to the ground. Igloo cafe and Igloo restaurant In February 2022, the world's largest igloo cafe was opened in Gulmarg. It was made with a height of 37.5 feet and a diameter of 44.5 feet. Around 40 people can eat there at a time. In 2023, a glass igloo restaurant was developed by Kolahoi Green Heights, a hotel in Gulmarg. Maharani Temple Maharani Temple (commonly known as Shiv Temple of Gulmarg) was built by a Hindu ruler Maharaja Hari Singh for his wife Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia in 1915. This temple was considered as the stately possession of the Dogra kings. The temple is dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. This temple is visible from all corners of Gulmarg. The temple is a popular tourist destination and shooting of some of the popular songs like “Jai Jai Shiv Shankar” from 1974 Hindi film Aap Ki Kasam was done here. St Mary's Church St Mary's Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg. It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder". In 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of Bruce Bairnsfather; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as "very prettily decorated" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir. St Mary's was closed for years but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service there for 14 years. The church belongs to the Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India. Sport Gulmarg Winter Games 2020 The first-ever Khelo India Winter Games were held from 7 March at Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir. Around 955 participants took part in the 5-day event. Organised by Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council in collaboration Union Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, the Games included various sports disciplines at the ski resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir from 7 to 11 March. Avalanche information center In 2008, an American avalanche forecaster named Brian Newman began an NGO named Gulmarg Avalanche Center. The purpose of this organization was to dispense daily avalanche risk bulletins to visitors entering the unmanaged backcountry surrounding the Gulmarg ski area. The center provides avalanche education including a free weekly avalanche awareness talk during the winter season. Events An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival. In popular culture Gulmarg has been the shooting location many Bollywood films like Bobby, Aap Ki Kasam, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Highway, Phantom, Haider, etc. See also Dal lake Peer Ki Gali Aharbal Gurez Keran, Jammu and Kashmir Gangabal Kokernag Dachigam National Park Sonamarg Verinag Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden Kausar Nag Zabarwan Range Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport Jammu-Baramulla line Mughal Road Kolahoi Peak Martand Sun Temple Amarnath Cave Chiranbal Kashmir Railway Kheer Bhawani Pahalgam Gurez References Ski areas and resorts in India Hill stations in Jammu and Kashmir Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir Cities and towns in Baramulla district

1482132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyld%C3%A9n%20%28crater%29

Gyldén (crater)

Gyldén is the remnant of a lunar impact crater that is located to the northeast of the walled plain Ptolemaeus on the Moon. Its diameter is 48 km. It is named after the Finland-Swedish astronomer Hugo Gyldén. It lies along the prime meridian of the selenographic coordinate system, and less than 150 km south of the lunar equator. Nearby craters of note include Herschel to the west, the flooded Réaumur to the north, and Hipparchus to the east. The heart-shaped rim of this crater is in poor condition, having been eroded by impacts until the disintegrating remnants form an uneven ring of peaks and valleys around the interior floor. The satellite crater Réaumur A is attached to the northern rim. A wide cleft cuts through the western rim, continuing to the north-northwest past Spörer. The interior floor is relatively featureless, although the small crater Gyldén K is located just to the southeast of the midpoint. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gyldén. See also 806 Gyldénia, minor planet References External links Gylden at the Moon Wiki LTO-77B4 Gyldén — L&PI topographic map Impact craters on the Moon

1482138

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured%20program%20theorem

Structured program theorem

The structured program theorem, also called the Böhm–Jacopini theorem, is a result in programming language theory. It states that a class of control-flow graphs (historically called flowcharts in this context) can compute any computable function if it combines subprograms in only three specific ways (control structures). These are Executing one subprogram, and then another subprogram (sequence) Executing one of two subprograms according to the value of a boolean expression (selection) Repeatedly executing a subprogram as long as a boolean expression is true (iteration) The structured chart subject to these constraints, particularly the loop constraint implying a single exit (as described later in this article), may however use additional variables in the form of bits (stored in an extra integer variable in the original proof) in order to keep track of information that the original program represents by the program location. The construction was based on Böhm's programming language P′′. The theorem forms the basis of structured programming, a programming paradigm which eschews goto commands and exclusively uses subroutines, sequences, selection and iteration. Origin and variants The theorem is typically credited to a 1966 paper by Corrado Böhm and Giuseppe Jacopini. David Harel wrote in 1980 that the Böhm–Jacopini paper enjoyed "universal popularity", particularly with proponents of structured programming. Harel also noted that "due to its rather technical style [the 1966 Böhm–Jacopini paper] is apparently more often cited than read in detail" and, after reviewing a large number of papers published up to 1980, Harel argued that the contents of the Böhm–Jacopini proof were usually misrepresented as a folk theorem that essentially contains a simpler result, a result which itself can be traced to the inception of modern computing theory in the papers of von Neumann and Kleene. Harel also writes that the more generic name was proposed by H.D. Mills as "The Structure Theorem" in the early 1970s. Single-while-loop, folk version of the theorem This version of the theorem replaces all the original program's control flow with a single global while loop that simulates a program counter going over all possible labels (flowchart boxes) in the original non-structured program. Harel traced the origin of this folk theorem to two papers marking the beginning of computing. One is the 1946 description of the von Neumann architecture, which explains how a program counter operates in terms of a while loop. Harel notes that the single loop used by the folk version of the structured programming theorem basically just provides operational semantics for the execution of a flowchart on a von Neumann computer. Another, even older source that Harel traced the folk version of the theorem is Stephen Kleene's normal form theorem from 1936. Donald Knuth criticized this form of the proof, which results in pseudocode like the one below, by pointing out that the structure of the original program is completely lost in this transformation. Similarly, Bruce Ian Mills wrote about this approach that "The spirit of block structure is a style, not a language. By simulating a Von Neumann machine, we can produce the behavior of any spaghetti code within the confines of a block-structured language. This does not prevent it from being spaghetti." p := 1 while p > 0 do if p = 1 then perform step 1 from the flowchart p := resulting successor step number of step 1 from the flowchart (0 if no successor) end if if p = 2 then perform step 2 from the flowchart p := resulting successor step number of step 2 from the flowchart (0 if no successor) end if ... if p = n then perform step n from the flowchart p := resulting successor step number of step n from the flowchart (0 if no successor) end if end while Böhm and Jacopini's proof The proof in Böhm and Jacopini's paper proceeds by induction on the structure of the flow chart. Because it employed pattern matching in graphs, the proof of Böhm and Jacopini's was not really practical as a program transformation algorithm, and thus opened the door for additional research in this direction. Reversible version The Reversible Structured Program Theorem is an important concept in the field of reversible computing. It posits that any computation achievable by a reversible program can also be accomplished through a reversible program using only a structured combination of control flow constructs such as sequences, selections, and iterations. Any computation achievable by a traditional, irreversible program can also be accomplished through a reversible program, but with the additional constraint that each step must be reversible and some extra output. Furthermore, any reversible unstructured program can also be accomplished through a structured reversible program with only one iteration without any extra output. This theorem lays the foundational principles for constructing reversible algorithms within a structured programming framework. For the Structured Program Theorem, both local and global methods of proof are known. However, for its reversible version, while a global method of proof is recognized, a local approach similar to that undertaken by Böhm and Jacopini is not yet known. This distinction is an example that underscores the challenges and nuances in establishing the foundations of reversible computing compared to traditional computing paradigms. Implications and refinements The Böhm–Jacopini proof did not settle the question of whether to adopt structured programming for software development, partly because the construction was more likely to obscure a program than to improve it. On the contrary, it signalled the beginning of the debate. Edsger Dijkstra's famous letter, "Go To Statement Considered Harmful," followed in 1968. Some academics took a purist approach to the Böhm–Jacopini result and argued that even instructions like break and return from the middle of loops are bad practice as they are not needed in the Böhm–Jacopini proof, and thus they advocated that all loops should have a single exit point. This purist approach is embodied in the Pascal programming language (designed in 1968–1969), which up to the mid-1990s was the preferred tool for teaching introductory programming classes in academia. Edward Yourdon notes that in the 1970s there was even philosophical opposition to transforming unstructured programs into structured ones by automated means, based on the argument that one needed to think in structured programming fashion from the get go. The pragmatic counterpoint was that such transformations benefited a large body of existing programs. Among the first proposals for an automated transformation was a 1971 paper by Edward Ashcroft and Zohar Manna. The direct application of the Böhm–Jacopini theorem may result in additional local variables being introduced in the structured chart, and may also result in some code duplication. The latter issue is called the loop and a half problem in this context. Pascal is affected by both of these problems and according to empirical studies cited by Eric S. Roberts, student programmers had difficulty formulating correct solutions in Pascal for several simple problems, including writing a function for searching an element in an array. A 1980 study by Henry Shapiro cited by Roberts found that using only the Pascal-provided control structures, the correct solution was given by only 20% of the subjects, while no subject wrote incorrect code for this problem if allowed to write a return from the middle of a loop. In 1973, S. Rao Kosaraju proved that it's possible to avoid adding additional variables in structured programming, as long as arbitrary-depth, multi-level breaks from loops are allowed. Furthermore, Kosaraju proved that a strict hierarchy of programs exists, nowadays called the Kosaraju hierarchy, in that for every integer n, there exists a program containing a multi-level break of depth n that cannot be rewritten as program with multi-level breaks of depth less than n (without introducing additional variables). Kosaraju cites the multi-level break construct to the BLISS programming language. The multi-level breaks, in the form a leave label keyword were actually introduced in the BLISS-11 version of that language; the original BLISS only had single-level breaks. The BLISS family of languages didn't provide an unrestricted goto. The Java programming language would later follow this approach as well. A simpler result from Kosaraju's paper is that a program is reducible to a structured program (without adding variables) if and only if it does not contain a loop with two distinct exits. Reducibility was defined by Kosaraju, loosely speaking, as computing the same function and using the same "primitive actions" and predicates as the original program, but possibly using different control flow structures. (This is a narrower notion of reducibility than what Böhm–Jacopini used.) Inspired by this result, in section VI of his highly-cited paper that introduced the notion of cyclomatic complexity, Thomas J. McCabe described an analogue of Kuratowski's theorem for the control-flow graphs (CFG) of non-structured programs, which is to say, the minimal subgraphs that make the CFG of a program non-structured. These subgraphs have a very good description in natural language. They are: branching out of a loop (other than from the loop cycle test) branching into a loop branching into a decision (i.e. into an if "branch") branching out of a decision McCabe actually found that these four graphs are not independent when appearing as subgraphs, meaning that a necessary and sufficient condition for a program to be non-structured is for its CFG to have as subgraph one of any subset of three of these four graphs. He also found that if a non-structured program contains one of these four sub-graphs, it must contain another distinct one from the set of four. This latter result helps explain how the control flow of non-structured program becomes entangled in what is popularly called "spaghetti code". McCabe also devised a numerical measure that, given an arbitrary program, quantifies how far off it is from the ideal of being a structured program; McCabe called his measure essential complexity. McCabe's characterization of the forbidden graphs for structured programming can be considered incomplete, at least if the Dijkstra's D structures are considered the building blocks. Up to 1990 there were quite a few proposed methods for eliminating gotos from existing programs, while preserving most of their structure. The various approaches to this problem also proposed several notions of equivalence, which are stricter than simply Turing equivalence, in order to avoid output like the folk theorem discussed above. The strictness of the chosen notion of equivalence dictates the minimal set of control flow structures needed. The 1988 JACM paper by Lyle Ramshaw surveys the field up to that point, as well proposing its own method. Ramshaw's algorithm was used for example in some Java decompilers because the Java virtual machine code has branch instructions with targets expressed as offsets, but the high-level Java language only has multi-level break and continue statements. Ammarguellat (1992) proposed a transformation method that goes back to enforcing single-exit. Application to Cobol In the 1980s IBM researcher Harlan Mills oversaw the development of the COBOL Structuring Facility, which applied a structuring algorithm to COBOL code. Mills's transformation involved the following steps for each procedure. Identify the basic blocks in the procedure. Assign a unique label to each block's entry path, and label each block's exit paths with the labels of the entry paths they connect to. Use 0 for return from the procedure and 1 for the procedure's entry path. Break the procedure into its basic blocks. For each block that is the destination of only one exit path, reconnect that block to that exit path. Declare a new variable in the procedure (called L for reference). On each remaining unconnected exit path, add a statement that sets L to the label value on that path. Combine the resulting programs into a selection statement that executes the program with the entry path label indicated by L Construct a loop that executes this selection statement as long as L is not 0. Construct a sequence that initializes L to 1 and executes the loop. This construction can be improved by converting some cases of the selection statement into subprocedures. See also Structured programming Turing completeness References Further reading Material not yet covered above: Programming language theory Models of computation Theorems in computational complexity theory

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Asiatic%20Society%20of%20Mumbai

The Asiatic Society of Mumbai

The Asiatic Society of Mumbai (formerly Asiatic Society of Bombay) is a learned society in the field of Asian studies based in Mumbai, India. It can trace its origin to the Literary Society of Bombay which first met in Mumbai on 26 November 1804, and was founded by Sir James Mackintosh. It was formed with the intention of "promoting useful knowledge, particularly such as is now immediately connected with India". After the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was established in London in 1823, the Literary Society of Bombay became affiliated with it and was known as the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (BBRAS) since 1830. The Bombay Geographical Society merged with it in 1873, followed by the Anthropological Society of Bombay in 1896. In 1954, it was separated from the Royal Asiatic Society and renamed the Asiatic Society of Bombay. In 2002, it acquired its present name. It is funded by an annual grant from the Central Government of India. Aims and objectives The aims and objectives of the Society when it was formed in the year 1804 were "to promote useful knowledge particularly such as is now immediately connected with India". Thereafter, on several occasions, some more aims and objectives were added such as encouraging the research studies in the language, philosophy, arts and natural and social sciences in relation to India and Asia, publishing journals, maintaining a library and museum, establishing institutes and centres which fulfill aims and objects of the Society. Holdings The library of the Society has over a hundred thousand books out of which 15,000 are classified as rare and valuable. It also has priceless artifacts and over 3,000 ancient manuscripts in Persian, Sanskrit and Prakrit, mostly on paper but some on palm leaf. The numismatic collection of 11,829 coins includes a gold coin of Kumaragupta I, a rare gold mohur of Akbar and coins issued by Shivaji maharaj. Its map collection comprises 1300 maps. The collection of the Society include: One of only two known original copies of Dante's Divine Comedy. The manuscript of Vasupujyacharita (1242), a Sanskrit text on the life of the Jain Tirthankara Vasupujya. The manuscript of Shahnama of Firdausi (1853), written in Persian. The Aranyakaparvan (16th century) manuscript contains illustrated text from the Mahabharat and is written in Sanskrit. Five Buddhist caskets excavated in the ancient port town of Sopara near the suburb of Nala Sopara. The Divine Comedy The manuscript of the Divine Comedy, a poem composed by Dante Alighieri in the 14th century, was written in the second half of the 15th century. It is a beautiful codex on parchment and richly illustrated. It was given to the Society by Mountstuart Elphinstone, governor of Bombay and President of the Society from 1819–1827 and bears his signature. It is said that, in the 1930s, the Italian government under Benito Mussolini offered the society one million pounds, calling the book a national treasure. Mussolini believed that the offer could not be refused, but to his shock, the Society turned down his request stating that it was donated by an ex-member of the Society and hence it was their property. Functions of the society Holding: Preserving, conserving, cataloguing and documenting holdings. Research: Generating supporting and disseminating research in its chosen fields. Public interface: Providing a forum for debate and discussions on topics of public interest. The adopt-a-book scheme was recently introduced by the Society which allows patrons to fund the upkeep of rare books. The Society is financially in the red with a loss of Rs 1 crore (10 million). Due to the availability of information from the internet, membership has dropped significantly in recent years. Journal Initially, the Literary Society of Bombay published its transactions under the title, Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay. In 1841, the Asiatic Society of Bombay commenced publishing its journal titled, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. From 1955 to 2002, it published its journal under the name, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay and from 2002, its journal has been published under the name, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai. Digitization of Collection The Society has undertaken digitization of all its collection including books, newspapers, manuscripts, government publications, journals and maps and has made them available on the Society's digital platform ‘Granth Sanjeevani'. Awards Campbell Memorial Gold Medal The Campbell Memorial Gold Medal was established in 1907 and is awarded to recognize distinguished services on the subject of Oriental History, Folklore or Ethnology which further the investigation and encouragement of Oriental Arts, Sciences and Literature. The first winner was archaeologist Aurel Stein in 1908. MM.Dr. P.V.Kane Gold Medal Established in 1946, the medal is awarded for valuable research work in Vedic Studies or in Classical Sanskrit with special reference to Dharma Shastra and Poetics. Silver Medal The Silver Medal is awarded to a member of the Society who has written a book adjudged as the best in the given 3-year period. Town Hall The Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall or just Town Hall (colloquially Called "Tondal" in the 19th century) that houses the Asiatic Society of Mumbai was not built in 1804, the year in which the Literary Society of Bombay was formed. Though Sir James Mackintosh mooted the proposal for a grand edifice, it was not completed until the year 1 after many fits and starts, when the Government of Bombay agreed to make up for the shortfall in funds in return for office-space. Apart from the Asiatic Society of Mumbai, the building also houses State Central Library and a museum, Maharashtra Women's Association, and the Additional Stamp Controller Office. The edifice is in the prime Fort area of South Mumbai overlooking the Horniman Circle Gardens and the Reserve Bank of India. Administration The Managing Committee looks after the administration of the Society. The Managing Committee consists of a President, Four Vice Presidents, an Hon. Secretary, who is also the Chief Executive Officer of the Society, and Fifteen members who are elected from among the Resident members. In addition to the elected members, the Central Government and State Government have one representative each. In September 2019, Vispi Balaporia became the first woman president of The Asiatic Society of Mumbai in its 215-year-old history. Early Presidents Literary Society of Bombay (1804) 1804 Hon. Sir James Mackintosh 1811 Dr R. Stewart 1815 William Taylor Money 1818 Olyett Woodhouse 1819 Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone (Governor of Bombay) 1827 Sir John Malcolm (Governor of Bombay) Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1829) 1830 John Romer (Acting Governor of Bombay) 1831 Lt-Col Vans Kennedy 1835 Rev. John Wilson, FRS 1843 Hon. George William Anderson (Acting Governor of Bombay) 1846 Hon. Lestock Robert Reid (Acting Governor of Bombay) 1849 Hon. John Pollard Willoughby 1853 Rev. John Stevenson 1855 Hon. William Edward Frere 1864 Hon. Justice Henry Newton 1869 Hon. Henry Pendock St George Tucker 1875 Hon. James J. Gibbs 1881 Hon. Sir Raymond West 1893 Hon. Justice Kashinath Trimbak Telang 1894 Hon. Herbert Mills Birdwood (Acting Governor of Bombay) 1895 Hon. Justice Sir John Jardine 1897 Dr. Peter Peterson 1900 Hon. Justice Edward Townshend Candy 1903 Hon. E.M.H. Fulton See also The Asiatic Society Notes and References External links Official website Education in Mumbai Culture of Mumbai Libraries in Mumbai Asian studies Deposit libraries Government buildings completed in 1830 1830 establishments in India Neoclassical architecture in India

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL%20Airport

HAL Airport

HAL Airport is an airport that serves Bangalore, the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Located about 12 km east of the city centre, it has one runway and operates 24/7. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a state-owned defence company, owns the airfield and runs a testing facility in conjunction with the Indian Armed Forces. The airport also caters to non-scheduled civilian traffic, including general, business and VIP aviation. For over 60 years, it received all domestic and international flights to the city; the Airports Authority of India shut down its civil enclave, officially known as "Bangalore International Airport", upon the opening of the Kempegowda International Airport in Devanahalli in 2008. The airport commenced operations in January 1941 as the home of India's first aircraft factory, established by the company Hindustan Aircraft. The Allies employed the airfield during the Second World War, and by 1946 commercial flights had begun. Activity at the airport grew gradually over the next several decades until the 1990s, when it started to increase rapidly in parallel to Bangalore's economic expansion. In response, the airport underwent a series of expansions and upgrades. Meanwhile, HAL declared it wanted the airport completely to itself, resulting in the planning of another airfield to replace the civil enclave. Although HAL later modified its stance and some residents of the city protested, an agreement between the new airport's operator and the state and national governments obligated the enclave to close. Consequently, airlines moved to the Devanahalli airport on the night of 23–24 May 2008. History During World War II, Indian magnate Walchand Hirachand sought to build and repair planes in India, which at the time did not have any aircraft industry of its own. He found a partner in American businessman William Pawley, and the two received authorization from the British War Cabinet to set up a factory. Meanwhile, the princely state of Mysore offered 200 acres in Bangalore for the construction of an airfield. Hirachand, his colleagues, and the Mysore government jointly formed a company called Hindustan Aircraft Limited (the original name of present-day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, or HAL) and in December 1940 laid the cornerstone of the facility, which began operations just one month later. The colonial government joined the venture in 1941. As fears of Japanese ambitions rose following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the British Raj took over HAL in April 1942, thereby requisitioning the airfield as well. It then allowed the US Tenth Air Force to repair its aircraft in Bangalore, and the following year the Americans began running the factory. With the US Air Force in charge, the facility focused on fixing and overhauling aircraft and engines, as well as producing drop tanks. Workers tended to a wide range of planes, including Catalinas and C-47 Dakotas. Upon the war's conclusion, the Indian government reassumed control of the airport. On the civilian front, commercial flights had started by 1946, when Deccan Airways introduced service to Hyderabad. Six years later, three other airlines were also flying to the airport, linking it to a handful of destinations in South India. The national government then combined all domestic carriers into a single company called Indian Airlines, which was providing nonstop service from Bangalore to six cities by 1970. Additionally, jet aircraft had reached the airport by this time, with Caravelles performing routes to Hyderabad and Bombay. During the 1980–1981 fiscal year, the HAL airport served approximately 550,000 passengers. Before the end of the decade, Bangalore had acquired one more airline, Vayudoot, which operated flights within Karnataka as well as to neighbouring Tamil Nadu. Meanwhile, Indian Airlines' network from the city had expanded to 13 destinations, from Delhi in the north to Trivandrum in the south. During the 1990s, Bangalore's rising global stature and bustling economy led passenger numbers at the HAL airport to rise at a quick rate. While 1,000 travellers were passing through the terminal daily in 1991, more than six times that number were doing so by 1997. Additionally, Air India delivered Bangalore its first international destination, Singapore, in January 1995. To keep pace with the growing civilian air traffic, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) constructed an instrument landing system for the runway and another terminal. The arrivals section of the two-storey building could serve 700 domestic and 300 international passengers at a time, while the departures area had a capacity for 300 international travellers. At the inauguration ceremony in January 1999, then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee observed that the city's accelerated pace of growth meant that the expansion would only help in the short-term, so government leaders needed to work toward building a new airport. Plans for another airport had originated earlier in the decade, when HAL conveyed that it no longer wished to share its airfield with commercial airlines. The company owned the land of the airport and managed all facilities besides the AAI's civil enclave. A group of private companies evinced interest in the new-airport project and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka government; the agreement specified that airline flights would switch to the new facility upon its inauguration. However, HAL later dropped its demand. The enterprise and the AAI divided the earnings from the civil enclave among themselves, and HAL feared the impact the closure would have on its revenue. While the union government supported HAL, the consortium insisted that the civil enclave would need to cease operations in order to ensure the new airport's profitability. State officials added that the lake, apartment complexes, and other buildings surrounding the HAL airport made it impossible to significantly expand the site to accommodate future growth in air traffic. Although the businesses ultimately decided to abandon the endeavour, it gradually moved forward. The year 2000 saw the Bangalore airport land its first foreign carrier, Royal Nepal Airlines, which initiated a route to Kathmandu. One year later, Lufthansa launched flights to Frankfurt using Airbus A340s, signalling the first time the South Indian metropolis had a direct link to Europe. Bangalore's IT and other industries continued to flourish, driving passenger counts further up as the decade progressed. Air Deccan established its first base at the HAL airport upon starting operations in 2003. Two years later, Bangalore ranked third on the list of the busiest airports in India with respect to domestic operations, and more international travellers were arriving as well. Carriers like British Airways and Air France, which began service to the city in the same week, contributed to this growth. In 2006, HAL complained that the booming civilian operations were hindering the company's activities, which ranged from flying sorties to evaluating aircraft prototypes. In fact, over the past fiscal year the airport had operated at about 1.6 times its capacity of 3.5 million passengers per year. Meanwhile, a private company called Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) signed a concession agreement with the state and national governments to erect a new, much larger airport. In 2005, BIAL started construction at a site 30 km from the downtown area of the city in the suburb of Devanahalli. Similar to the memorandum that the original consortium had signed in the 1990s, the contract barred commercial flights from operating at the HAL airport for 25 years after the new airfield opened. The large amount of traffic placed great strain on the HAL airport, creating congested terminals and overflowing parking lots. Additionally, since the tarmac had only eight parking stands for passenger aircraft, the high number of flights was producing delays. As the new airport would not be ready for another few years, the AAI attempted to improve the present situation in different ways. Worried about the dangers of a crowded airspace, officials requested domestic airlines to consider discontinuing the addition of flights and operating fewer services during the busiest hours. The airports authority also collaborated with HAL to construct extra parking bays, and by late 2006 it had finished enlarging the two terminals, thereby raising the yearly capacity by 800,000 people. The airport remained significantly busy in the meantime. 10 domestic airlines and 11 foreign carriers were serving it in 2007, and greater than 10 million passengers passed through the terminals in the 2007–2008 fiscal year. In April 2008, Air Mauritius added a route to Bangalore using Airbus A330 aircraft. The flight from Bangalore to Port Louis operated via Chennai, while the inbound one was direct. Transfer of civilian operations As work on the new airport neared its end, a controversy grew in the city regarding the civil enclave's impending closure. Local business leaders and others claimed, for example, that the authorities were going to eliminate a potential competitor to BIAL. Even the managing director of HAL's Bangalore branch supported retaining some domestic flights, as he believed the immense demand for air travel made it sensible for the city to have two airports. At the same time, the defence company noted that keeping the passenger terminals open was not one of its primary concerns. Additionally, 20,000 AAI workers across India walked off their jobs in March 2008 over the shutting of the civil enclaves in Bangalore and Hyderabad; they did not end their strike until the union government affirmed that the airports would remain operational for other purposes. The Karnataka government suggested to BIAL that the HAL airport could continue receiving short-haul flights, but the company would not change its stance. On 23 May 2008, the high court of the state rejected a petition by a local organisation to delay the new airport's opening, ensuring that the transfer of passenger and revenue cargo flights between the airfields would take place at midnight. Nevertheless, one plane did not take-off from the HAL airport until 1:30 am on 24 May, as rainy weather forced the incoming flight to land late. In light of the protests, the court offered the central government and BIAL 12 weeks to determine the future of the civil enclave. BIAL still sought to adhere to the 2004 agreement, and New Delhi concurred after assessing the Devanahalli airport's capabilities. Since the last commercial flights took off, the level of activity at the HAL airport has decreased greatly. In 2015, between 60 and 70 aircraft movements occurred per day, a significant drop from 310 in 2007. Meanwhile, HAL has spoken various times with BIAL and the government in an effort to reopen the civil enclave and increase the airport's revenue. Although the defence ministry sided with HAL, BIAL remained opposed to amending the concession agreement for several years. In 2020, however, the company stated that once Kempegowda Airport was operating at maximum capacity, it would contemplate allowing passenger operations to resume at the HAL airport. Facilities and operations HAL Airport has one asphalt runway, which is oriented to 90/270 degrees and measures 3,306 by 61 metres. It is equipped with a category I instrument landing system and can cater to aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. The airfield, which remains operational 24/7, also contains 30 parking spots and two helipads. The airport accommodates a wide array of non-scheduled civilian operations, including VIP aircraft movements, charter flights, and air ambulances. However, it does not generally function as a diversion alternative to Kempegowda International Airport in case of emergencies; the AAI no longer maintains the terminal buildings to handle passengers, and no airline flight may touch down at the airfield per the concession agreement. As of 2017, the civil aviation ministry seeks to permit airlines to divert to the HAL airport, as it does not believe the contract with BIAL applies to such contingencies. In regards to facilities available for civilian use, the airport offers a VIP lounge, air-freight warehouse, and maintenance hangar. The closed civil enclave possessed two terminals, one for domestic flights and the other for international services. With respect to defence activities, HAL and the Indian military perform test flights from the airfield. Incidents and accidents On 15 September 1951, an Air India Douglas C-47 Dakota departed with the autopilot switched on, causing the plane to crash. Of the 27 people on board, one crew member died in the accident. On 21 October 1963, a Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar belonging to the Indian Air Force collided with trees as it was preparing to land, killing eight of the 21 people aboard. 14 February 1990: Indian Airlines Flight 605, an Airbus A320, crashed on final approach with 92 fatalities. 28 December 1996: A Blue Dart Aviation Boeing 737 made a heavy, off-centre landing, causing damage to the aircraft and runway. 12 February 2004: A helicopter being used by the HAL Rotary Wing Academy crashed, injuring both occupants. 26 October 2005: An Indian Air Force MiG-21 crashed, killing the pilot. 11 March 2006: A Deccan ATR 72 with 40 passengers and 4 crew members made a heavy landing. There were no major injuries, but the aircraft was written off. 4 May 2006: A Transmile Air Services 727-2F2F suffered damage to the left-wing fuel tank. 21 August 2006: A Kiran Mark II trainer aircraft landed on its fuselage after the wheels failed to deploy. 6 June 2007: A Sri Lankan Cargo Antonov An-12 lost engine power on the runway. 6 March 2009: A NAL Saras aircraft prototype that had taken off from HAL Airport crashed in a field near Bidadi, killing the three-man crew of test pilots. 1 February 2019: An Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 modified by HAL on an acceptance flight crashed 500 metres outside the airport perimeter wall after an unsuccessful touch-and-go on runway 09; both pilots ejected but landed on burning wreckage and died. References External links Airports in Bangalore Airports in Karnataka Airports established in 1940 Airports disestablished in 2008 1940 establishments in India 2008 disestablishments in India 20th-century architecture in India Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treetops%20Hotel

Treetops Hotel

Treetops Hotel is a hotel in Aberdare National Park in Kenya from the township of Nyeri, above sea level on the Aberdare Range and in sight of Mount Kenya. First opened in November 1932 by Eric Sherbrooke Walker, it was built into the tops of the trees of Aberdare National Park as a treehouse, offering the guests a close view of the local wildlife. The idea was to provide a machan (hunting platform on a tree during shikar in India) experience in relative safety and comfort. From the original modest two-room tree house built into the top of a tree, it grew into a 35-room hotel. The original structure was replaced by a larger structure, also in the tree, but additionally supported on legs; this was burnt down by the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA) during the 1954 Mau Mau Uprising. The hotel was rebuilt near the same waterhole and became fashionable for wealthy clientele. It includes observation lounges and ground-level photographic hides from which guests can observe the local wildlife at the nearby waterholes. The hotel closed in October 2021 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic but reopened in 2024. Treetops is where Elizabeth II (then Princess Elizabeth) was staying in 1952 when she acceded to the thrones of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, upon the death of her father, King George VI. Beginnings The original idea of Major Eric Sherbrooke Walker, who owned land in the Aberdare Range, was to build a treehouse for his wife Lady Bettie. The idea grew, and in 1932 the couple oversaw the construction of a two-room treehouse in a huge 300-year-old fig tree well away from Nyeri itself; this was intended as an adjunct facility to the Outspan Hotel in Nyeri, which they had also built and owned. Initial construction was hampered by the presence of wild animals, as the treehouse was purposely built beside animal trails leading to a nearby waterhole. Labourers and supervisors were often chased away by wild animals, which led to increased labour costs. This first structure was open only on Wednesday nights as a night-viewing platform for guests staying at the Outspan Hotel; although beds were provided, these were intended for resting or dozing, rather than sleeping. Rising demand prompted the Walkers to expand to accommodate more visitors. The visit of Princess Elizabeth and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in 1952 included a visit to Treetops as personal guests of the Walkers. The Treetops was reinforced, and its capacity increased to four rooms, including one for a resident hunter. Royal visit The visit of Princess Elizabeth and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh to Kenya in 1952 included a visit to Treetops as personal guests of the Walkers. The visit cemented the fame of the Treetops. The princess' stay, which coincided with the death of her father King George VI on the night of 5–6 February 1952, and consequently her succession to the throne, involved the Treetops in the worldwide publicity surrounding these events. The same night, before the event was known, Sir Horace Hearne, then Chief Justice of Kenya, had escorted the princess and her husband, Prince Philip, to a state dinner at Treetops. After word of George VI's death reached the new Queen the following daywhen she had already left Treetops and was by this time at Sagana Lodgeshe returned immediately to Britain. She was the first British monarch since King George I to be outside the country at the moment of succession. The renowned hunter Jim Corbett, who was invited by the princess to accompany them during their stay there, wrote in the visitors' book: For the first time in the history of the world, a young girl climbed into a tree one day a Princess and after having what she described as her most thrilling experience she climbed down from the tree next day a Queen – God bless her. Corbett, the resident "hunter" at Treetops, also wrote about the visit in his final book Tree Tops, which was published by the Oxford University Press in October 1955, six months after Corbett's death (19 April 1955). Archival footage of the royal visit has also survived. Queen Elizabeth II made a return visit in 1983. Political unrest The Mau Mau Uprising, which began as a protest in 1951 and 1952 of British control in the Kikuyu homeland quickly became a violent uprising. It was suppressed by the British over the period 1953–1954. In 1953, the Aberdare forest provided refuge to many hundreds of Mau Mau rebels, led by Dedan Kimathi. In June 1953, the entire region was declared off-limits for Africans, and orders to shoot Africans on sight were set in place. A major military operation in late 1953 ("Operation Blitz") left 125 guerillas dead. This was followed in January 1954 by "Operation Hammer", led by the King's African Rifles, which however failed to encounter many guerillas as most had already left the area. As a protest against the shoot-on-sight orders, and repeated military action, Mau Mau rebels burnt down the Treetops Hotel (which acted as a lookout for the King's African Rifles) on 27 May 1954 in a contentious military action or act of terror. The incident took place as the uprising was slowly being brought to an end by British military action. Second structure and enlargement Treetops was rebuilt in a nearby chestnut tree overlooking the same waterhole and salt lick near the elephant migration pathway to Mount Kenya. The facility became so popular that rising demand required a new, larger structure, and this was supported further by poles as well as the tree itself. Further demand required the Walkers to accommodate more visitors. Treetops had another level added, and was reinforced - see picture below right. Its capacity was increased to four rooms, including one for a resident hunter. Recent years Further increased demand flowing from the publicity surrounding the Queen's accession there, the name Treetops was transferred, with the addition of the word "Hotel" to a new 35-room structure on additional stilt supports. It had four decks and a rooftop viewing platform. Due to the quick change in profile of the rustic tree lodge, National Geographic ran an article A New Look at Kenya's "Treetops" in October 1956. Treetops' popularity was additionally due to their "no see, no pay" policy during their early yearsa common business policy on safaris, where guests were not charged for services if they failed to see any big game. Visitors could observe the wildlife from the top deck, the viewing windows in the communal space, or from ground level hides. They could also take motor tours from the Treetops. While an overnight destination, only overnight luggage was allowed, with visitors being driven in from the Outspan Hotel for the night. Other facilities included a thousand-watt artificial moon used to illuminate animals at the waterhole during darkness. Another unusual restriction at the Treetops was a low-decibel noise-level restriction due to the hearing sensitivity of many animals; this included a ban on all hard-soled footwear. The hotel closed in October 2021; it had been unable to host any guests for over a year due to a drop in tourism caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It reopened in August 2024 during a ceremony which was attended by Deputy President Rigathi Gachagua and other dignitaries, including British High Commissioner Neil Wigan. Management In 1966, when Eric Walker was 79, he sold the Outspan Hotel, and with it, Treetops, to the Block Hotel group. Eric Walker died in 1976, aged 89. Aberdare Safari Hotels acquired the two properties in 1978. Following the success of Treetops, another treetop lodge – the Shimba, was opened by the Aberdare Safari Hotels group in the Shimba Hills National Reserve. Aberdare Safari Hotels embarked on an initiative dubbed "Return the Bush" in conjunction with the Kenya Wildlife Service. The initiative involved the rehabilitation of of the Aberdare National Park that has been degraded by the toll the fenced-in elephant population has exerted on the ecosystem. Electric fencing for the paddock covering an area of around the lodge was installed. The paddocking allowed reforestation as well as the natural regeneration of the local flora within the paddock. Notable visitors Famous personalities who have visited the Treetops include Charlie Chaplin, Joan Crawford and Lord Mountbatten, and a return visit by Elizabeth II in 1983. Lord Baden-Powell, founder of the Boy Scouts movement, was a resident of Nyeri and a frequent visitor to Treetops. In 1938, he commissioned a cottage on the grounds of The Outspan Hotel, which he named Paxtu. The final resting place of Lord and Lady Baden-Powell is located nearby. Jim Corbett, hunter, conservationist, and author, who accompanied Elizabeth II during her stay at Treetops on 6 February 1952, lived in the same house as Baden-Powell, and is buried nearby, next to Lord Baden-Powell and his wife Olave, Lady Baden-Powell. Author Willard Price visited while researching his novel Safari Adventure. Paul McCartney and Beatles roadie Mal Evans stayed at the hotel while on safari in 1966. Returning from the safari trip, McCartney stated that he came up with the concept of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" on the flight from Nairobi to London. References External links 1954 disasters in Africa 1954 fires 20th-century fires in Africa Hotel buildings completed in 1932 Hotels in Kenya Tourist attractions in Kenya Attacks on hotels in Kenya Arson in Kenya Buildings and structures destroyed by arson Former buildings and structures in Kenya Building and structure fires in Africa 1954 in Kenya 1932 establishments in Kenya Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1950s Arson in the 1950s

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally%20recognized%20statistical%20rating%20organization

Nationally recognized statistical rating organization

A nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) is a credit rating agency (CRA) approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to provide information that financial firms must rely on for certain regulatory purposes. History The use of the term NRSRO began in 1975 when the SEC promulgated rules regarding bank and broker-dealer net capital requirements (). Prior to 1975, the SEC did not adopt specific standards for determining which credit rating agencies were "nationally recognized", and instead addressed the question on a case-by-case basis. NRSRO recognition was granted by the SEC through a "No Action Letter" sent by the SEC staff. Under this approach, if a CRA (or investment bank or broker-dealer) were interested in using the ratings from a particular CRA for regulatory purposes, the SEC staff would research the market to determine whether ratings from that particular CRA were widely used and considered "reliable and credible." If the SEC staff determined that this was the case, it would send a letter to the CRA indicating that if a regulated entity were to rely on the CRA's ratings, the SEC staff would not recommend enforcement action against that entity. These "No Action Letters" were made public and could be relied upon by other regulated entities, not just the entity making the original request. The SEC later sought to further define the criteria it uses when making this assessment, and in March 2005 published a proposed regulation to this effect. According to the SEC: In 2006, following criticism that the SEC's "No Action letter" approach was simultaneously too opaque and provided the SEC with too little regulatory oversight of NRSROs, the U.S. Congress passed the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006, . This law required the SEC to establish clear guidelines for determining which credit rating agencies qualify as NRSROs. It also gives the SEC the power to regulate NRSRO internal processes regarding record-keeping and how they guard against conflicts of interest, and makes the NRSRO determination subject to a Commission vote (rather than an SEC staff determination). Notably, however, the law specifically prohibits the SEC from regulating an NRSRO's rating methodologies. In June 2007, the SEC promulgated new regulations that implemented the provisions of the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act. In February 2009, the SEC promulgated amended regulations designed to address concerns about the integrity of the process by which NRSROs rate structured finance products, particularly mortgage-related securities. Since 2010, there have also been changes in laws and regulations due to the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, including the January 2011 Final Rule: Disclosure for Asset-Backed Securities Required by Section 943 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Controversies Many private users (pension funds, banks) of ratings data now demand that ratings be from an NRSRO. Consequently, there is some debate that, by "recognizing" certain CRAs, the SEC bestows a competitive advantage on them. This view is supported by the vigor by which many non-NRSRO CRAs seek NRSRO recognition. On the other hand, many private users of ratings data prefer Standard & Poor's and Moody's. (S&P and Moody's are the oldest, most widely respected, and by far the largest of the CRAs.) Accordingly, it is conceivable that the NRSRO designation has actually increased competition in the industry by providing an unintended government "seal of approval" on certain smaller CRAs (such as DBRS, Kroll Bond Rating Agency, HR Ratings de México, S.A. de C.V., and Egan-Jones). If true, this of course raises the question of whether this is something the government should do, and whether the NRSRO recognition process is the best mechanism to achieve this goal. The larger NRSROs have also been criticized for their reliance on an "issuer-pays" business model, whereby the bulk of their revenue comes from the issuers of the bonds being rated, so that the company receiving the credit rating pays the CRA directly. While this is recognized by regulators as a potential conflict of interest (since the bond issuer paying for the rating has an incentive to seek out the CRA most likely to give it a high rating, possibly creating a "race-to-the-bottom" in terms of rating quality), the larger NRSROs claim that the issuer-pays model is the only feasible model for them, because, in an age of email and faxes, the ratings of the larger CRAs are so widely and so quickly shared that a subscription-based model would not be profitable. Conversely, the predominance of the issuer-pays model has led to concerns that a CRA will be tempted to artificially inflate its rating to retain a valued customer. This threat has been taken seriously by U.S. regulators who have adopted amendments to existing regulations designed to separate the payment negotiation and the credit assessment branches within a firm. The larger CRAs often receive non-public information from issuers and, under the SEC's Regulation FD, a CRA may only use such information if its ratings are made available to the public for free. Some smaller CRAs, including Egan-Jones (the only NRSRO to do so), use a subscription-based business model whereby ratings are not made public but are available only to subscribers, who pay a monthly fee for access to credit rating information. These smaller CRAs argue that such a business model makes them less reliant on the good will of the issuers they rate, thereby eliminating one major potential conflict of interest. Subprime mortgages, collateralized debt obligations, and the financial crisis The ratings agencies were heavily involved in the markets that enabled the subprime credit bubble of 2000-2008 and the subsequent financial crisis. In 1984 the federal government of the United States passed the Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act (SMMEA) to improve the marketability of private-label (non-agency) mortgage-backed securities, which declared NRSRO AA-rated mortgage-backed securities to be legal investments equivalent to Treasury securities and other federal government bonds for federally-charted banks (such as federal savings banks, federal savings associations, etc.), state-chartered financial institutions (such as depository banks and insurance companies) unless overridden by state law by October 1991 (of which 21 states did so), and Department of Labor-regulated pension funds. By 2000, the NRSROs were making substantial profits from rating collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), residential mortgage-backed securities, and other varieties of structured finance connected to the subprime lending industry. The ratings on these products were essential to the way the banks marketed the products. Buyers, like pension funds, university endowments, and local governemnts (Narvik Municipality, Norway lost the equivalent of US$ million), relied on these ratings in their decisions to purchase CDOs and other structured finance products. The activities of the ratings agencies have been detailed in many books, including The Big Short by Michael Lewis, Confidence Game by Christine S. Richard, All The Devils are Here by Bethany McClean and Joe Nocera. Janet Tavakoli, author of Structured Finance and Collateralized Debt Obligations, has suggested that these agencies lose their NRSRO status in relation to certain financial products. In 2011, the US Senate released the Levin-Coburn report on "Wall Street and the Financial Crisis"; it did a case study of the behavior of some of the CRAs during the crisis. List of NRSROs ten organizations were designated as NRSROs, including the Big Three. AM Best DBRS (under Morningstar, Inc.) Demotech Egan-Jones Ratings Company Fitch Ratings HR Ratings de México, S.A. de C.V. Japan Credit Rating Agency Kroll Bond Rating Agency Moody's Investors Service S&P Global Ratings Notes Bibliography Report on the Role and Function of Credit Rating Agencies in the Operation of the Securities Markets Rating Agencies and the Use of Credit Ratings under the Federal Securities Laws External links Definition of NRSRO by SEC List of credit rating agencies currently registered as NRSROs Financial regulation in the United States Financial services companies of the United States

1482158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Boston%20Gordon

Thomas Boston Gordon

Thomas Boston Gordon (February 4, 1816 – January 25, 1891) was an American educator, attorney, and county judge in Kentucky. He was a founding member of Beta Theta Pi national fraternity. Biography Gordon was born in Elbert County, Georgia. He attended Miami University, receiving an A.B. in 1840 and an A.M. in 1841 or 1845. While there, he and seven other male students formed Beta Theta Pi national fraternity at Miami University on August 8, 1839. He was the fraternity's second president. In April 1840, he was part of the committee that formed the fraternity's Beta chapter at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a member of the Erodelphian Literary Society. Career From 1841 to 1843, Gordon was the principal of the Collingsworth Institute near Talbotton, Georgia. In November 1845, he represented Monroe County, Georgia in the Democratic Convention of the Third Congressional District. He studied law in Forsythe, Georgia and was admnitted to the State Bar of Georgia in February 1842 and began practicing law. Gordon was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Georgia in 1847. Gordon began practicing law in Owingsville, Kentucky by 1850. He was elected a judge in Bath County, Kentucky from 1854 to 1858. During the Civil War, he enrolled in the Confederate States Army in 1861 at the age of 45, along with his sons John and Angus who were fifteen and sixteen years old, respectively. Gordon initially served with Company C, 5th Kentucky Infantry. He became a captain in the First Kentucky Brigade, also known as the Orphan Brigade when Company C was transferred in the spring of 1863. However, he was transferred to a command in the cavalry. By January 1, 1865, Gordon has signed a bond, committing to peace and honoring the laws of the United States. After the war, Gordon returned to Owingsville and the education profession. He took a position with a school in Pinckard Station in Woodford County and became the principal of Smithfield College in Smithfield in 1876. He retired from teaching in 1879. Personal life Gordon married Frances Greer of Forsythe, Georgia on June 11, 1845. They moved to a farm in Bath County, Kentucky in 1848. They had six children, including Thomas R. Gordon who became a judge, Angus Neal Gordon who was a college professor, and Fannie I. Gordon who was a high school teacher. Gordon was a Mason, serving as the master of the Maury Lodge in 1852. After he retired, Gordan and his wife moved to Fayette County; he spent his latter days in Nicholasville, Kentucky, near Lexington. In 1891, Gordon died from paralysis in the Lexington home of his son, Angus. He is buried in the Lexington Cemetery. See also List of Beta Theta Pi members References External links 1816 births 1891 deaths People from Hartwell, Georgia Miami University alumni Beta Theta Pi founders Confederate States Army officers 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century American judges 19th-century American educators American Freemasons College fraternity founders Burials at Lexington Cemetery

1482164

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwig%20%28lunar%20crater%29

Hartwig (lunar crater)

Hartwig is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western limb of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern rim of the prominent crater Schlüter, to the northeast of the Montes Cordillera mountain range that surrounds the Mare Orientale. To the east-northeast of Hartwig is the larger crater Riccioli. This crater lies within the outer blanket of ejecta that surrounds the Mare Orientale impact basin, and its form has been modified by this material. Much of the eastern rim of the crater is overlaid by this ejecta, and only a portion of the western rim near Schluter remains well-formed. The interior floor has likewise been modified. There is a small crater on the floor near the northeastern rim. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hartwig. References Impact craters on the Moon

1482178

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Social%20Survey

General Social Survey

The General Social Survey (GSS) is a sociological survey created in 1972 by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago and funded by the National Science Foundation. The GSS collects information biannually and keeps a historical record of the concerns, experiences, attitudes, and practices of residents of the United States. Since 1972, the GSS has been monitoring societal change and studying the growing complexity of American society. It is one of the most influential studies in social sciences and is frequently referenced in news media, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Associated Press. The data collected for this survey includes both demographic information and respondents' opinions on matters ranging from government spending to the state of race relations to the existence and nature of God. Because of the wide range of topics covered and the comprehensive gathering of demographic information, survey results allow social scientists to correlate demographic factors like age, race, gender, and urban/rural upbringing with beliefs and thereby determine whether, for example, an average middle-aged black male respondent would be more or less likely to move to a different U.S. state for economic reasons than a similarly situated white female respondent; or whether a highly educated person with a rural upbringing is more likely to believe in a transcendent God than a person with an urban upbringing and only a high school education. In 2011, the GSS was linked to the National Death Index. This freely available dataset allows researchers to explore the association between variables in the General Social Survey and human longevity. For instance, it is possible to explore the association between happiness and life expectancy. The dataset and codebook are available for download to the public. Objectives The General Social-Survey has three main purposes: Gather data to monitor and explain trends, changes, and constants in attitudes, behaviors, and attributes as well as examine the structure, development, and functioning of society in general as well as the role of various sub-groups Compare the United States to other societies to place American society in comparative perspective and develop cross-national models of human society Make up-to-date, important, high-quality data easily accessible to scholars, students, policymakers, and others with minimal cost and waiting History The GSS was first conducted in 1972. Until 1994, it was conducted annually (with the exceptions of the years 1979, 1981, and 1992). Since 1994, the GSS has been conducted in even-numbered years. In 1984, the GSS was a cofounder of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), a collaboration between different nations that conducts surveys for social science research. The first ISSP questions were asked as part of the GSS. Since 1985, the ISSP has conducted an annual cross-national survey and the GSS has participated in each ISSP round. In 1991, the first auxiliary study to the GSS was conducted. Called the National Organizations Study (NOS), this study gathered a sample of national employers by asking GSS respondents for information on their place of work. In 1998, the second auxiliary study to the GSS was conducted, called the National Congregations Study (NCS). In 2002, the survey moved its questionnaire to computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) methods from the previous method of paper-based questioning. Also this year, the second NOS was conducted. In 2006, a large part of the GSS was administered in Spanish for the first time. In addition, the National Voluntary Associations Study, which also gathered its sample from the GSS by asking respondents about the voluntary associations in which they took part, was conducted. Also this year, the second wave of the NCS was conducted. From 2008 through 2014, in addition to the sample of respondents selected randomly every round, the GSS sample included one to two rotating panel samples consisting of cases interviewed in a previous round of the survey. Also this year, the full GSS interview was translated into and administered in Spanish for Spanish-speaking US residents. In 2012, the third wave of the NCS was conducted. Methodology The GSS is intended for people (18 and above) living in US homes. The GSS sample is derived from an area probability methodology that selects respondents at random. As a result, participants in the GSS come from a wide spectrum of urban, suburban, and rural areas. Participation in the study is purely voluntary. With only a few thousand people questioned in the original study, every person chosen can contribute significantly to its findings. Several innovations for the GSS took place. The 2016 survey included an Internet mode experiment. Starting in 2018, respondents have been asked for permission to link to selected administrative records to enable linkage to secondary data. In 2020, post-stratification weights have been introduced. The survey is administered in person by NORC at the University of Chicago and takes approximately 90 minutes to complete. 30 national samples with 59,599 respondents and 5,900+ variables had been collected as of 2014. Results The online GSS Data Explorer allows users to download GSS data that can be imported to statistical programs (e.g., R/SAS/SPSS/Stata). It also allows searching for information about GSS questions, variables, and publications, testing hypotheses, as well as conducting basic analyses. A bibliography maintained by GSS shows more than 25,000 entries of articles, chapters, books, and presentations known to have used GSS data. See also European Social Survey German General Social Survey International Social Survey Programme References External links General Social Survey – Official website for the GSS The GSS Data Explorer allows users to search GSS information, test hypotheses, and look for interesting correlations GSS Overview on NORC Website SDA – GSS 1972–2016 Cumulative Datafile – Tool from Berkeley for querying GSS data Works on social surveying edited by Paul U. Kellogg (1879–1958) Statistical data sets Social statistics data

1482179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Zhijian

Zhang Zhijian

Zhang Zhijian (born May 1934) is a general (shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China. Biography Zhang was born in 1934 in Wenxi, Shanxi. He joined the PLA in 1951. In 1992 he became the Deputy Commander of the Beijing Military Region, and later served as Political Commissar of the Chengdu Military Region. He attained the rank of major general in 1988, lieutenant general in 1990, and full general in 1998. References 1934 births Living people People's Liberation Army generals from Shanxi People from Yuncheng Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress Delegates to the 8th National People's Congress Deputy commanders of the Beijing Military Region 20th-century Chinese military personnel

1482191

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington%20%28disambiguation%29

Islington (disambiguation)

Islington is a district in London. Islington may also refer to: Places United Kingdom Related to the district of London: London Borough of Islington, the local authority containing the district Metropolitan Borough of Islington, the historical former authority Islington East (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1974 Islington North (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–present Islington South (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1950 Islington South West (UK Parliament constituency), 1950–1974 Islington South and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency), 1974–present Islington West (UK Parliament constituency), 1885–1950 Islington (electoral division), Greater London Council Islington East (London County Council constituency), 1889–1965 Islington North (London County Council constituency), 1889–1965 Islington South West (London County Council constituency), 1949–1965 Islington West (London County Council constituency), 1889–1949 The Islington, a live music venue Islington, a village in Tilney St Lawrence, Norfolk Islington, a district in Liverpool City Centre Australia Islington, New South Wales, a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales Islington, South Australia, now Dudley Park, a suburb of Adelaide Canada Islington-City Centre West, a central business district in Toronto Islington Avenue, a major street in Toronto Islington station (Toronto), a Toronto subway station Heart's Delight-Islington, a town in Newfoundland and Labrador United States Islington, a neighborhood of Westwood, Massachusetts Other places Islington, Jamaica, a village in the parish of Saint Mary Islington, Mpumalanga, a populated place in South Africa Islington, New Zealand, a suburb of Christchurch Other uses Islington (horse) (foaled 1999), a Thoroughbred racehorse Islington College, Kathmandu, Nepal The Angel Islington, a character in the fantasy series Neverwhere See also Islington Station (disambiguation) New Islington, Manchester Ilsington, a village in Devon, England Ingliston, an area in Edinburgh, Scotland

1482196

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberCash

CyberCash

CyberCash, Inc. was an internet payment service for electronic commerce, headquartered in Reston, Virginia. It was founded in August 1994 by Daniel C. Lynch (who served as chairman), William N. Melton (who served as president and CEO, and later chairman), Steve Crocker (Chief Technology Officer), and Bruce G. Wilson. The company initially provided an online wallet software to consumers and provided software to merchants to accept credit card payments. Later, they additionally offered "CyberCoin," a micropayment system modeled after the NetBill research project at Carnegie Mellon University, which they later licensed. At the time, the U.S. government had a short-lived restriction on the export of cryptography, making it illegal to provide encryption technology outside the United States. CyberCash obtained an exemption from the Department of State, which concluded that it would be easier to create encryption technology from scratch than to extract it out of Cyber-Cash's software. In 1995, the company proposed RFC 1898, CyberCash Credit Card Protocol Version 0.8. The company went public on February 19, 1996, with the symbol "CYCH" and its shares rose 79% on the first day of trading. In 1998, CyberCash bought ICVerify, makers of computer-based credit card processing software, and in 1999 added another software company to their lineup, purchasing Tellan Software. In January 2000, a teenage Russian hacker nicknamed "Maxus" announced that he had cracked CyberCash's ICVerify application; the company denied this, stating that ICVerify was not even in use by the purportedly hacked organization. On January 1, 2000, many users of CyberCash's ICVerify application fell victim to the Y2K Bug, causing double recording of credit card payments through their system. Although CyberCash had already released a Y2K-compliant update to the software, many users had not installed it. Bankruptcy The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on March 11, 2001. VeriSign acquired the Cybercash assets (except for ICVerify) and name a couple of months later. On November 21, 2005 PayPal (already an eBay company) acquired VeriSign's payment services, including Cybercash. See also Digital currency References External links CyberCash opens Net to small change Cybercash Disputes Hacker's Claim CyberCash moves to thin wallet Payment systems Mobile payments Online payments Payment service providers Electronic funds transfer Financial technology companies American companies established in 1994 Financial services companies established in 1994 1994 establishments in Virginia Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001