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69429817

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Ismail%20Syed%20Azizan

Syed Ismail Syed Azizan

CP Dato' Paduka Syed Ismail bin Syed Azizan,(born 1954) is a retired Malaysian police officer who served as Director of Bukit Aman Commercial Crime Investigation Department. Police career Started as a Probationary Inspector in 1978. Prior to that he worked as a bank staff first assigned to Kelantan in the Special Branch in 1978 for three and a half years and was involved with intelligence to detect communist militant activities that were still active at the time. In 1981, he was transferred to Penang for three years in the same branch but the scope of his duties this time was focused on detecting extremist activities. He then worked in Kedah in the Narcotics Branch (1989-1991). Then, he was promoted to Kulim District Deputy Police Chief (1992-1995) and Staff Officer of the Perak Criminal Investigation Department (1995-1995). He was later appointed Head of the International Police Unit (Interpol) Malaysia and was involved in drafting the basic training syllabus for Interpol with the Interpol Secretariat based in Lyon, France. From 2002-2004, he was the Head of Penang Criminal Investigation Department, Deputy Director of Bukit Aman Criminal Investigation Department (2004-2006) before becoming the Kedah Police Chief in 2007. On 20 October 2010, he became the Director of the Bukit Aman Commercial Crime Investigation Department. He was retired on 2014. Honours Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (J.M.N.) (2009) Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service (P.J.N.) - Datuk (2013) Royal Malaysia Police : Courageous Commander of The Most Gallant Police Order (PGPP) (2011) Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (D.S.D.K.) - Dato’ (2006) Knight Commander of the Glorious Order of the Crown of Kedah (D.G.M.K.) - Dato’ Wira (2010) Knight Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (D.H.M.S.) - Dato’ Paduka (2014) Knight Commander of the Order of the Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan (D.P.S.K.) - Dato’ (2010) Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (S.S.A.P.) - Dato' Sri (2013) References 1954 births Living people Malaysian police officers Commanders of the Order of Meritorious Service Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm

69429854

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddalore%20Municipal%20corporation

Cuddalore Municipal corporation

Cuddalore Municipal Corporation is the civic body governing city of Cuddalore in Indian state of Tamilnadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Cuddalore Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner. History and Administration Cuddalore Municipal Corporation in Cuddalore district was formed in year 2021 and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamilnadu. Cuddalore Municipal Corporation will have a Commissioner, Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works. Factors driving Cuddalore Municipal Corporation Cuddalore Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors: Population Growth. Increase in annual Income. Improvement of Roads. Providing drinking water. Improving landscape. Improving employment opportunities. Improving relations between police and public. Waste Management. Arranging facilities during natural calamities. Establishing industrial units. Providing sewage connection. Cuddalore Municipal Corporation Local Body Polls Cuddalore Municipal Corporation members are elected through local body polls. They then elect the Mayor from among themselves. The first election to the Corporation was held on 19 February 2022. List of Mayors of Cuddalore Related Articles List of Municipal Corporations in India. References External links Official Website Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu Cuddalore

69430020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Mokhnatkin

Sergey Mokhnatkin

Sergey Yevgenievich Mokhnatkin (; March 6, 1954 — May 28, 2020) is a Russian political activist and human rights activist. On December 31, 2009, Mokhnatkin was arrested while participating in the Strategy-31 protest action on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow (he was accused of beating up an officer of the 2nd operational police regiment of the Main Internal Affairs Directorate in Moscow, police sergeant Dmitry Moiseyev) and was sentenced to 2 years 6 months in a general regime colony. While in the colony, Mokhnatkin defended his rights and the rights of other prisoners, for which he was repeatedly subjected to unlawful punishments. The Russian human rights community recognized him as a political prisoner. On April 21, 2012, Mokhnatkin was pardoned without admitting guilt by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev. After the pardon, Mokhnatkin continued his human rights activities and participation in protest actions. In December 2014, Mokhnatkin was again convicted on charges of using violence against a government official. In 2016, he was also convicted on charges of insulting a government official, and in 2017 on charges of disrupting the work of the colony. In prison, Mokhnatkin received a spinal injury. He developed complications after an injury sustained during his stay in correctional colony No. 4 in the city of Arkhangelsk. The FSIN officers broke his spine. In December 2018, Mokhnatkin was released, but at the end of 2019, due to the consequences of an injury, he lost the ability to walk, was hospitalized and operated on. Mokhnatkin spent the next several months in the hospital. On May 28, 2020, he died due to complications after surgery. References External links Блог Сергея Мохнаткина на радио «Эхо Москвы» 1954 births 2020 deaths Russian dissidents Russian human rights activists Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Russia People from Izhevsk

69431290

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rodney%20McRae

John Rodney McRae

John Rodney McRae (November 20, 1934 – June 28, 2005) was an American murderer and suspected serial killer. A psychopath with sadistic tendencies, McRae was officially convicted of two sexually-motivated murders of young boys, one committed at age 15, but is the prime suspect in at least three more. He never admitted his guilt, and died in prison while serving a life sentence. Early life John Rodney McRae was born on November 20, 1934 in the small town of Belleville, Michigan to John Alexander and Josephine Smith McRae, who also had a younger daughter. In the early 1940s, the family left Michigan and moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where McRae attended a military school for some time, before they eventually returned to Michigan in 1946. There, the elder McRae found lodging in suburban St. Clair Shores, where the family earned a positive reputation for leading law-abiding, honest lives. McRae went to the Lakeview High School, where he mainly engaged in sports and was on the football team, but by this time, he also started to engage in small-time crime. In 1948, McRae and a friend ran away from home, for which missing persons reports were filed, only to later be found in an auto repair shop in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where McRae had been working as a day laborer. By the age of 15, he was 5'2" and weighed 90 pounds, but was unpopular in school and the neighborhood because of his aggressive and disruptive behavior towards other children and students. As a result, McRae was frequently disciplined by the school administration, and earned a reputation as a bully. During this period, he also stole money from his parents and other people's property such as cars and boats, and even more disturbingly, he dissected a dog near the family home. McRae also began to exhibit signs of an apparent sexual disorder, as he started started assaulting and sexually harassing children of both sexes who were significantly younger than him. Murder of Joseph Housey In early September 1950, 8-year-old Joseph "Joey" Housey, Jr. went missing from St. Clair Shores. A search operation was organized by police and local residents, who found the boy's mutilated body in a lovers' lane only two blocks away from his house on September 23. Housey's jugular vein and carotid artery, as well as blood vessels on both wrists, had been slashed with a dull paring knife, after which he had been hit on the head several times with a rock. The body had then been buried in a shallow grave with a small concrete slab, which had been washed away by rain over the following days, allowing the grave to be located. A forensic autopsy concluded that Housey had been sexually abused. McRae lived near the Houseys and was among the volunteers who assisted the police in the search. Like most local teenagers, he was interrogated by the officers as part of procedure, but quickly became a suspect after he alleged that he "accidentally" discovered the location of a beam headlight Housey had been playing with the day he disappeared. McRae was unable to provide an alibi as to his whereabouts on the day of the disappearance, after which law enforcement officers showed up at his home with an offer that he undergo a polygraph test. However, McRae had fled the day before, leaving behind a note addressed to his mother which read ""I want you to know I hart nothing to do with the Housey boy. I love you and I've caused you too much trouble." During a search of the house, the officers found a razor stained with dried blood amongst McRae's belongings, which was seized for forensic examination. He was considered missing for a few days before being located in the Canadian city of Sarnia, where his uncle resided. McRae was returned to St. Clair Shores' police station, where he confessed to killing Housey during interrogations on October 1, 1950. However, he refused to admit to raping the victim and was unwilling to explain his motive for the murder, claiming that it had occurred to him in a dream. McRae also stated that shortly before he escaped, he had confessed the killing to his mother and father, who later confirmed this claim. His father later told the policemen that after his son had informed him of the deed, he said the following to him: "If you did do it, you better go out to the lake and start swimming. Its better that way. Remember son, I'm only asking you to swim if you are guilty." According to McRae's father's testimony, after a brief conversation with his son, he shook his hand, asked him to write a letter after his arrival in Canada, and walked him to the coast. McRae later testified that he managed to sail some distance from shore, but was soon forced to turn back due to fatigue, after which he stole a neighbor's motorboat and fled to Sarnia. In the months that followed, McRae recanted his testimony and declared himself insane. At the request of his attorney, a psychiatric exam was conducted in late October of that year, which found him to be completely sane and aware of his actions. On February 21, 1951, by a jury verdict, McRae was found guilty of killing Joseph Housey, and on February 29, the court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. During his sentencing, McRae remained calm and showed little to no emotion, and later refused to say anything to the court when the judge asked him. Later on, when reporters asked him for comments, he simply said: "I'm disgusted, that's all." Commutation, release and suspected murders Following his conviction, McRae was transferred to the Michigan Reformatory in Ionia, where he learned the trade of an auto mechanic and underwent several sex offender rehabilitation programs. During his incarceration, he never exhibited violent tendencies, was never disciplined and was considered a model prisoner. In 1971, after a series of decisions by the Supreme Court questioned the imposition of the death penalty and life without parole on juvenile offenders, Governor William Milliken commuted McRae's sentence to life imprisonment with a chance of parole by executive order. McRae was paroled from prison on February 2, 1972, after spending 21 years behind bars. He then returned to Detroit, where, with the support of his parents, he soon found housing and work. In 1973, he married Barbara Ann Heckman, who gave birth to his son Martin in 1974. The following year, McRae was finally allowed to leave Michigan, moving to Brevard County, Florida to work as a guard at a juvenile detention facility. One theory purports that McRae provided fake documents that concealed his criminal record upon entering the institution. For the remainder of his stay in Florida, McRae came under police suspicion several times in connection with the disappearances of local children. On April 28, 1977, 13-year-old Keith Fleming vanished from Cocoa Beach after last being seen on the highway near a beach, just a few hundred yards from McRae's house. According to investigators, Fleming, who was trying to hitchhike his way back home, voluntarily got into McRae's car and was promptly killed. While McRae was questioned regarding the case, he was never arrested as no direct evidence indicated his responsibility. Fleming's whereabouts, or possibly those of his body, remain unknown. Two years later, McRae came under police scrutiny again after 12-year-old Kipling Randolph Hess III disappeared. Hess was last seen alive on March 27, 1979, walking on his way to school in the Merritt Island area. However, he never showed up to class that day, and was declared missing. Upon leaving home, the boy left a note addressed to his parents that read "Goodbye, Mom and Dad." During the investigation, McRae became the main and only suspect in his disappearance, as it was determined that he and his son Martin had met Hess at a Catholic church carnival a few days prior to his disappearance. As in the Housey case, McRae joined the volunteer searches and assisted police in the search right up to the time he beceme a suspect. After the search ended, McRae was questioned while his apartment and the interior of his car were searched. Despite this, no evidence implicating him in Hess' disappearance was uncovered, and Hess remains missing. The investigators think that he was murdered, but his body has never been found. On December 12, 1979, there was an escape from the Brevard Correctional Institution in Sharpes, where McRae worked. It was orchestrated by a 20-year-old inmate named Charles Edward Collingwood, who was serving a 4-year sentence for stealing an automobile, but due to his immaculate prison record, he was put in the minimum security section. On the afternoon of December 12, Collingwood was doing landscaping work outside the facility with minimal security personnel, using his chance to escape. While investigating the incident, circumstantial evidence established that McRae might have been involved in the escape, as a number of informants told the prison authorities that McRae had been sexually harassing Collingwood for several months, after which Collingwood started blackmailing and threatening to expose him. McRae himself denied having any inappropriate relations with the prisoner since, according to his testimony, Collingwood himself had been an informant and had given him information about other prisoners' activities. The subsequent search for Collingwood proved unsuccessful, and he was never found. The investigators suspected that Collingwood was murdered by McRae once he was outside, but ultimately, no charges were filed against him due to lack of evidence. In 1980, McRae was forced to resign from his job, after which he left Florida and returned to Michigan, settling in Clare County, where he purchased a trailer and set it up on a leased piece of land. Murder of Randy Laufer and capture In September 1987, McRae came under police attention yet again, this time concerning the disappearance of 15-year-old Randy Laufer since September 15. The teenager was a close friend of Martin McRae, his son, went to the same school as him, knew McRae himself and had even visited his trailer a few times. McRae was questioned, but at the time, no evidence implicating him was found. Months after Laufer vanished, McRae and his family left Michigan and moved to Mesa, Arizona. In August 1997, Clinton Goodenow, a hired hand who was digging a hole to get rid of junk on McRae's property, found the skeletal remains of what appeared to be a young boy. The skeleton was sent to the county coroner, who soon identified it as belonging to Randy Laufer. Based on the chipped bones on the spine, neck and pelvis, the examiner stated that the victim had been tortured before his death and had been repeatedly stabbed with a knife in various places. Using the bones as evidence, the 63-year-old McRae was arrested together with his son in Mesa on October 15, but Martin was subsequently released. Trial and imprisonment McRae's trial began in September 1998. Since there was no upfront evidence to incriminate him in Laufer's murder, prosecutors used evidence from the Housey trial, arguing that both cases showed a similar modus operandi. In both cases, McRae was the last person seen with the victim and was involved in the searches, while both victims had numerous cuts on their bodies and were found buried near McRae's home. McRae was eventually convicted of killing Laufer in December 1998, and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. After his conviction, his attorneys appealed the decision on the grounds that McRae had been provided ineffective assistance counsel, which the court granted. In the meantime, Martin McRae was convicted for molesting his daughter in Nevada, for which he was given a 10-years-to-life sentence. In 2004, McRae's conviction was overturned and he was given a new trial, which began on May 3, 2005. Again, he was found guilty, and was re-sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Death In the early 2000s, McRae began having health problems, eventually being diagnosed with a stomach ulcer. On June 28, 2005, just thirteen days after the conclusion of his retrial, he died from complications relating to his ailment at the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility in Jackson. See also List of youngest killers External links FindAGrave People v. John Rodney McRae Keith Fleming on The Charley Project Kipling Hess on The Charley Project Charles Collingwood on The Charley Project References 1934 births 2005 deaths 20th-century American criminals American male criminals American murderers of children Suspected serial killers American people convicted of murder People convicted of murder by Michigan Murder committed by minors American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Michigan Prisoners who died in Michigan detention Pedophilia in the United States Criminals from Michigan LGBT people from Michigan People from Belleville, Michigan Incidents of violence against boys

69431635

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbirpur

Banbirpur

Banbirpur also spelled as Banveer Pur is a village near Tikunia in Lakhimpur Kheri district, Uttar Pradesh, India. History In 2021, Lakhimpur Kheri violence occurred on the Tikonia-Banbirpur road near Banbirpur village in the Tikunia area. It was a vehicle-ramming attack and mob lynching incident during farmers’ protest against the three farm laws passed by the BJP led Union Government. It happened on 3 October 2021 at Tikunia in Lakhimpur Kheri district, Uttar Pradesh, India resulting in deaths of eight people and injuries to 10 others. Four protesters and a journalist were run over by the car, three others were killed in the subsequent violence. Two First information reports (FIR) on the incident were filed in the Tikunia police station. Demographics Population The town had a population of 5,578 in 2011. Male population of 2,952 and 2,626 females. There were 1101 households in the village. Administration and politics The village is part of the Nighasan (Assembly constituency). Shashank Verma of BJP is the MLA from the constituency since the 2019 bye polls. Services Tikunia police station serves the area. Transport Tikonia-Banbirpur road connects the village with Tikunia nagar panchayat. References Villages in Lakhimpur Kheri district

69431920

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear%20Dead%20Woman

Dear Dead Woman

Dear Dead Woman is a 1940 mystery detective novel by Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. It is the seventh in her long-running series featuring the unscrupulous London solicitor and detective Arthur Crook. In 1942 it was published in America under the alternative title Death Takes a Redhead. Synopsis Beatrice Barton disappears after announcing she is leaving her husband Jack. It is long believed she died in a shipwreck while eloping with her lover. In fact her murdered body lies hidden in the cellar. Seven years later, police search the house of the now remarried Jack Barton and find his first wife's corpse. Arthur Crook is called in to handle Barton's defence following his arrest. References Bibliography Magill, Frank Northen . Critical Survey of Mystery and Detective Fiction: Authors, Volume 2. Salem Press, 1988. Murphy, Bruce F. The Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. Springer, 1999. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1940 British novels British mystery novels British thriller novels Novels by Anthony Gilbert Novels set in London British detective novels Collins Crime Club books

69432150

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022%20Serbian%20environmental%20protests

2021–2022 Serbian environmental protests

In September 2021, a series of environmental protests began in Belgrade and other cities across Serbia over the adoption of the modified expropriation law, the law on the referendum and people's initiative, and Rio Tinto's planned lithium mine investment. Rio Tinto was previously given permission in 2004 to only explore the mines near the Jadar Valley, although in 2017 the government of Serbia signed an agreement to implement the "Project Jadar", which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit the jadarite mineral. The project was initially scheduled to start in 2023. Following the 2020 parliamentary election, the ruling Serbian Progressive Party won a supermajority of seats in the National Assembly. In November 2021, it adopted the law on referendum and people's initiative and modifications of the expropriation law. Both laws were met with strong opposition from the public, which triggered the escalation of the environmental protests that had begun in January. The protests from September and onward have been mainly organized by environmental organizations, of which the "Ecological Uprising" and "Kreni-Promeni" received the most attention. The protests that took place on 11 September remained peaceful, and organizations there stated their three main demands which were for the government to withdraw expropriation and referendum laws and for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia. The protests then continued in November, and soon after they garnered greater attention and in late November, a series of roadblock protests across Serbia began, which turned out violent and numerous demonstrators were detained shortly after the protests. The government-aided activists and armed hooligans participated in the incidents. Protests continued through December and into 2022, with tens of thousands of people participating in them, including the Serbian diaspora. The protests were supported by most opposition parties, and numerous actors, scientists, sportspeople and celebrities voiced their support for the protests, with some of them even participating in the protests. The government and its supporters have criticized the protests and spread misinformation. The president of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, who initially stated that he wouldn't repeal the laws, expressed populistic sentiment following the escalation of the protests, and on 8 December he withdrew the expropriation law and amended the law on referendum, while on 16 December, the City Assembly of Loznica abolished the spatial plan that included Rio Tinto's mine investment, effectively delaying Rio Tinto's start of operations until further notice, after Vučić commented on it two days prior the vote. In January 2022, the government annulled all administrative acts related to Rio Tinto. Background The jadarite mineral was discovered in a mine near the Jadar Valley by Rio Tinto in December 2004. Rio Tinto was previously given permission to explore the mines in July 2004 during Vojislav Koštunica's administration, and in several documents that were signed later, its boundaries of exploration were extended further. The mineral was recognized by the International Mineralogical Association in November 2006. In 2017, the government of Serbia signed a memorandum with Rio Tinto to implement the "Project Jadar" which would effectively give Rio Tinto total ownership to exploit mines near the Jadar Valley. The project was set to start in 2023, while the production of jadarite batteries was set to begin in 2027. In November 2021, the National Assembly adopted the law on referendum and people's initiative and the modification of the expropriation law. The law on referendum and people's initiative abolished the general 50% threshold that was needed for referendums to pass, and some politicians have speculated that it would be abused in cases such as Rio Tinto. On 25 November, president Aleksandar Vučić signed the law, and he then stated that he won't repeal it. The expropriation law was met with more opposition, and it mostly gained negative coverage. It was criticized by politicians, activists and lawyers, all of whom have called for its withdrawal. Government officials have stated that the laws have nothing to do with Rio Tinto. Related protests Environmental protests were held as early as in January 2021 by the Initiative "Eco Guard". Protests which were dubbed as "Protests for Harmless Air", were attended by a couple of thousand protesters. Several professors and activists, such as Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, attended the protests which remained peaceful. Ćuta announced in March, that he and his "Defend the Rivers of Stara Planina" organization were planning to organize an "Ecological Uprising" protest on 10 April. The protest gained popularity and around 60 environmental organizations participated in the protests. It was held in front of the House of the National Assembly, and it was attended by a couple of thousand protesters with the demand to suspend all projects harmful to the environment, as well as to adapt regulations to the highest environmental standards. Organizations that participated in the protests also published a document that included more demands for the government. Prime minister Ana Brnabić criticized the protesters, although she later affirmed that she was ready to discuss the demands. Timeline 2021 11 September The "Ecological Uprising" organization announced in mid-August that they would be organizing protests on 11 September in Belgrade. Some opposition parties, such as the Party of Freedom and Justice, Democratic Party, People's Party, and the Do not let Belgrade drown voiced their support for the protests, including actors Svetlana Bojković, Seka Sablić, Petar Božović and other academics and public figures. Nebojša Zelenović called for everyone to join the protests regardless of their political affiliation. Protesters gathered at the Pioneers Park in Belgrade around 14:00 (UTC+01:00), with demands for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia. Protests were attended by a couple of thousand people. During his speech, Ćuta stated their demands and he emphasized that they would block the road on Branko's Bridge, and if the mechanization appeared towards Loznica, they would start roadblocking across Serbia. Besides Ćuta and Bojković, academic Nenad Kostić, professor Ratko Ristić, citizen of Gornje Nedeljice Zlatko Kokanović, and scientist Dragana Đorđević gave speeches. Shortly after, the protesters walked towards Branko's Bridge where they blocked the traffic for two hours. Prime minister Brnabić commented on the protests by saying that "ecology is a very important topic and that it is not clear to her why protests are happening when Serbia finally has a government that cares about the environment". Deputy prime minister Zorana Mihajlović criticized the protesters by assessing that "the protests were used to promote individuals who want to make a political career through environmentalism". Vučić compared the protesters to anti-vaxxers. The Democratic Party has called the "Ecological Uprising" movement to distance themselves from a speaker that stated that Zoran Đinđić "criminalized the laws on privatization". A day later, Ćuta stated that he considered the speech to be absolutely inappropriate. 6 November The next protest was announced for 6 November, and it was held in front of the building of Radio Television of Serbia. A day before the protest, the drawn plan for the "Project Jadar" was released to the public by whistleblowers. The Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) allowed RTS to advertise Rio Tinto's messages regarding the project, although the decision was met with opposition by 30 organizations that demanded that it be taken down because it allegedly violated the Act on Advertisement. The protest was attended by several activists who demanded that RTS should remove the advertisements of the project. The protest remained peaceful. 19 November Another protest was held in front of the building of RTS on 19 November, although, this time the "Kreni-Promeni" organization planned the protests. It was attended by a couple of hundred protesters, and they demanded RTS to broadcast the anti-Rio Tinto advertisement. RTS publicly denied to broadcast the video. 22–24 November On 21 November, the "Ecological Uprising" organization announced that they would be organizing protests in Makiš on the day when the construction of the Belgrade Metro begins. Ćuta invited other opposition leaders to protest together, and some of them accepted the request. Besides opposition leaders, activists and organizations also participated in the protests. Protesters blocked the road at the construction site for an hour, although no incidents were reported and they did not interfere with the workers. Vučić labelled the protesters as "losers". A day later, the "Assembly of Free Serbia" called for protests to be held in front of the House of the National Assembly after they adopted the expropriation law and the law on referendum and people's initiative. The protest was attended by a couple of hundred people, and it remained peaceful. They demanded the government to repeal both laws. Bojana Novaković also participated in the protests. Savo Manojlović, the campaign director of the "Kreni-Promeni" organization announced that they had sent a petition with 68,000 signatories that were against the referendum law, and over 200,000 signatories against Rio Tinto. On the same day, protests were held in front of the Novi dvor, in which thousands of protesters participated. Manojlović was the main organizer of the protest, although besides him, actor Jelena Stupljanin, lawyer and former minister Božo Prelević, and farmer Dragan Kleut gave speeches. The protesters requested from the government to repeal the referendum law, and chanted slogans against Rio Tinto. Vučić commented on the protests by stating that the law had nothing to do with Rio Tinto. 27–29 November Shortly after the protests ended on 24 November, the "Ecological Uprising" organization and many others called for a protest to be held on 27 November where they would be roadblocking major roads across Serbia for two hours. The "Kreni-Promeni" organization announced that they would be roadblocking the Gazela Bridge as well as a bridge in Novi Sad, while other organizations and protesters blocked roads in other major cities across Serbia. Organizers had called the police to stand by their side, although during the protests the police blocked the demonstrators and police brutality was present at the protests. It was reported that thousands of protesters were seen across Serbia where they chanted anti-government and anti-Rio Tinto slogans. The demonstrators demanded the same as previously stated, and they blocked roads for an hour. Several demonstrators were arrested during the protests, and it was reported that masked men attacked demonstrators. A violent incident in Šabac gained the most attention, where unknown people tried to drive through a group of demonstrators with bulldozers, although one protester managed to stop a bulldozer. The demonstrator was detained soon after, although two days later he was released from custody. Numerous incidents and detentions also took place, where armed hooligans and pro-government activists, including a Serbian Progressive Party MP, attacked demonstrators. The "Assembly of Free Serbia" and main opposition parties demanded for detainees to be freed, and some called for the armed hooligans that attacked demonstrators to be detained. During the protests, the governing populist Serbian Progressive Party () held a solemn party assembly, where some of the attendees were allegedly positive to COVID-19. Vučić spread misinformation that only 120 citizens had blocked the Gazela Bridge, and claimed that the demonstrators attended the protests to disturb the peace, while Brnabić compared the protests to "unseen destruction and fascism" and threatened the citizens with criminal charges. Internal affairs minister Aleksandar Vulin also criticized the protests, and stated that "the protests have nothing to do with environmentalism" and called for the police to use violence. Mayor of Novi Sad Miloš Vučević claimed that the armed hooligans were not sent by SNS. Two more protests were held a day later in Belgrade. They remained peaceful and were attended by a couple of thousand citizens, and they demanded the release of the demonstrator that stopped a bulldozer. Deputy mayor Goran Vesić criticized the protests by saying that "a minority harassed tens of thousands of people during the protests". SNS organized a counter-protest in Šabac on 29 November in support of the pro-government activist that rode the bulldozer. The protest remained peaceful until two observers were beaten up by SNS activists after they asked them if they are against Rio Tinto, one observer who chanted anti-SNS slogans was later chased by a group of men, although the men ended up capturing the wrong person, and one photographer was beaten up and his equipment was stolen. On the same day, protests were held in Loznica and the demonstrators demanded that if the president does not withdraw the laws, they will roadblock the entire Serbia. 4 December Leading organizations called for protests to continue until the demands were met, and shortly before the protests began on 4 December, they announced that roads in over 50 cities would be blocked. Manojlović called for nonviolence, and he stated if the provocateurs arrive, the protesters should withdraw. A group of lawyers also voiced support and participated in the protests. A day before the protests took place, police broke into a house of a citizen who called for protests, and a non-existing citizens' association "Lila revolucija" () called for people to go out to the protests and to throw purple paint buckets at cars that are trying to block the traffic. Their message was mostly spread by government-associated media. Non-governmental organizations called for the police to protect journalists during the protests. Protests across Serbia were attended by tens of thousands of demonstrators, while the Gazela Bridge in Belgrade itself was roadblocked by a couple of thousand demonstrators. The protests remained peaceful, although some incidents occurred in Belgrade and Novi Sad. In Novi Sad, multiple incidents were reported during the protests, and pro-government activists attacked demonstrators, while in Belgrade a group of men held torchlights in front of the protesters. It was reported in a video that a police officer in civilian clothes tried to arrest film directors Goran Marković and Maja Lalić in Belgrade, while a journalist was attacked with pepper spray in Novi Sad. Serbian diaspora also held protests in the New York City, Berlin, Paris and London. Some demonstrators were charged with misdemeanor after the protests. Following the protests, the organizers stated that the protests were successful and they proclaimed a "great victory for the citizens". Multiple ministers criticized the protests as a "terror on citizens", while Brnabić stated that the protests had nothing to do with environmentalism. During the protests, Vučić visited Gornje Nedeljice where he held a press conference. Vučić stated that he was willing to propose amendments to the expropriation law. 11–14 December Lead organizers of these protests, Manojlović and Zelenović, had a polemic during the Utisak nedelje show, which was held on 5 December. Zelenović, who heads the Green-Left bloc, expressed support for the expansion of the demands, while Manojlović opposed the move because, as he stated "the story would be diluted", and he compared the move to the 1 of 5 million protests which failed due to this move. Two days later, Manojlović asserted that the protests won't end until the demands get met. On 8 December, during the "Morning Program" on RTS, actors Marko Grabež and Nedim Nezirović voiced support for the upcoming protests. Following the announcement that Vučić withdrew the expropriation law and amended the referendum law, Manojlović controversially declared the "big national celebration" and called for a celebration to be held in Belgrade. Manojlović overturned his statement a day later, and he stated that "we cannot trample on the word we have given" and that no one should have monopoly over the protests. Other leading organizations stated their support for the continuation of the protests. On the day of the protests, Vučić stated that "all wishes of the protesters have been fulfilled". Organizations announced that roads in 50 cities would be blocked, and over 40 organizations participated in the protests. Manojlović and his "Kreni-Promeni" organization did not participate in the protests. After the two main demands were adopted by the government, the protesters continued to demand Rio Tinto to leave Serbia. Although this time, the protests were only held for an hour due to rain and bad weather. The protests mostly remained peaceful, with some incidents happening in Belgrade and Niš. In Belgrade, a group of right-wing and anti-vax activists participated in the protests, and a group of pro-government activists waved pro-Rio Tinto slogans. Serbian diaspora also held protests in Brussels, Prague, Washington, D.C., Berlin, New York City and London. During the protests, Ćuta affirmed that "the protests won't stop until Rio Tinto leaves Serbia". Following the protests, minister Mihajlović claimed that Ćuta supports "a violent change of government" and is "abusing environmentalism for the election campaign". A day later, protests were also held in Zrenjanin. On 14 December, a few hundred of high schoolers protested in Čačak against Rio Tinto. 16–18 December The Association of Environmental Organizations of Serbia (SEOS) and "Eco Brigade" organized a protest in Jagodina on 16 December. It was attended by a couple of hundred demonstrators that expressed their opposition to the opening of a lithium mine on the Morava Valley. A day before, Ćuta stated that "protests will continue until the Rio Tinto project ends legally", and on 16 December he announced that next major protests would be held on 18 December. Activists from multiple environmental organizations stated that they demand the government to withdraw the document which determines the spatial plan for Jadar project. The "Ecological Uprising" organization stated that road blocks won't take place on 18 December, and that they would instead protest in front of local government buildings. Ćuta called for radicalization of protests after the Christmas if demands were not met. The protests on 18 December began at 14:00 (UTC+01:00) in front of the building of the government of Serbia, including in other cities across Serbia. The protests were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators that chanted anti-Rio Tinto slogans, although it was noticed that the number of demonstrators was smaller, even in 2022. Besides Ćuta, some prominent activists, journalists and professors gave speeches. In Užice, police identified multiple journalists and demonstrators that participated in the protest. The protests remained peaceful and they lasted for an hour, after which the traffic was resumed. Following the protests, ministers Mihajlović and Vulin again criticized the protests. 24–25 December The centre-left Together for Serbia party announced that they would hold a protest in Šabac on 25 December, together with other environmental organizations. A day before the protest, a group of high schoolers protested in Čačak. On 25 December, a couple of hundred demonstrators attended the protests in which journalists and activists gave speeches, mainly criticizing the city government of Šabac and Rio Tinto. Another protest was held on the same day in Laznica, a village located near Žagubica, which was organized by "Ecological Uprising". Ćuta gave a speech in which he criticized minister Mihajlović. 2022 3 January After Vučić commented that the Jadar project would not be abolished, SEOS announced that it would organize protests on 3 January. The "Ecological Uprising" and "Assembly of Free Serbia" stated that they would be joining the protests, while "Kreni-Promeni" only announced their support for the protests. Protests were announced to begin at 13:00 (UTC+01:00) and to last three hours in total. They were held in Gornje Nedeljice and other cities across Serbia, and in London, in front of the Rio Tinto building. The protests, in which a couple of thousand demonstrators participated, remained mostly peaceful. Demonstrators in Novi Sad started a protest walk around 14:00, and it ended just before 16:00. An incident occurred in Preljina, a village near Čačak, in which a woman was hit by a car. In Belgrade, a group of anti-vax activists blocked the highway for around 15 minutes. Ćuta and Zelenović announced that protests would continue until "Rio Tinto leaves Serbia". Vučić stated after the protests that "the government fulfilled the demands, and the continuation of the protests is only political". 8–12 January Following the protests on 3 January, the "Ecological Uprising" commented that if the government does not release the documents about Rio Tinto to the public it would organize longer roadblocks and radicalize the protests. Minister Mihajlović stated that such documents do not exist. The police announced that they would record the demonstrators during the protests. This time, protests were only held in seven locations across Serbia. Shortly before the protests, prime minister Brnabić stated that the government is close to annulling all permits that were given to Rio Tinto. The "Ecological Uprising" stated that "before the government annuls the permits, they should release every signed document to the public". The protests mostly remained peaceful although an incident occurred in Novi Sad, and later also in Belgrade. Mayor of Novi Sad Miloš Vučević criticized the protests, including minister Mihajlović that claimed that "the demonstrators want to stop the development of Serbia". Another protest was held a day later in Gornji Milanovac. On 10 January, a group of "We Won't Give Jadar" activists threw eggs at the Rio Tinto building, and one activist was later detained. Ćuta stated that "if the government does not accept our demands, we will organize a general strike". Protests which were held in front of the building of the government of Serbia continued on 12 January. They were called a day earlier by the "Ecological Uprising" and SEOS, and they demanded the government to publish signed documents that are related to Rio Tinto to the public and to abolish Rio Tinto's spatial plan. They have stated that "if the government doesn't publish documents, we will re-continue roadblocks". On the same day, the "Ecological Uprising" announced protests for 15 January. 15–16 January Ćuta announced on 13 January that roadblocks would be organized across Serbia on 15 January. This time, protests were only held on eleven locations, and they were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators. Initially, no incidents were reported although later around 14:00 (UTC+01:00), a group of people tried passing through the crowd of demonstrators near Preljina, and in Belgrade, a driver tried to pass through the crowd but was forced to go back. In Šabac, a driver tried to pass through the protesters and ended up injuring one of them. The protests ended one hour later. Marčelo, who also participated in the 2018–2020 protests, participated in the protests in Belgrade. Shortly after the protests, Brnabić commented that "these protests are controlled by politicians". A day later, a group of Serbian citizens held a protest in Brussels. 18–22 January An incident occurred in front of the building of the National Assembly on 18 January, when Savo Manojlović and other "Kreni-Promeni" activists wanted to request an urgent verification of the people's initiative in the parliament regarding the ban on the exploitation of lithium. Manojlović was then contacted by the president of the National Assembly Ivica Dačić in order to organize a discussion regarding the initiative, although Manojlović rejected this, and later announced protests to be held on 20 January, with demands for the government to repeal Rio Tinto's spatial plan and to introduce a moratorium on banning lithium and boron mining for the next 20 years. Activists and organizations have also stated their support for the introduction of a moratorium. The protest was held in front of the Novi dvor, and it remained peaceful, although at the end of the protest, a group of police officers demanded to see identity documents from some demonstrators. Manojlović affirmed his support for the introduction of a moratorium. On the same day of the protest, prime minister Brnabić scrapped the spatial plan. Manojlović and Ćuta have stated that "the abolition of the spatial plan was done in a legally incorrect manner, and that Rio Tinto would come back after the April elections". Another series of roadblocks were announced by SEOS and the "Ecological Uprising" to be held on 22 January in Loznica, although the "Ecological Uprising" movement also stated that "our main demands were met and we are suspending roadblocks in Belgrade". The Assembly of Free Serbia (SSS) called for the organizations to formulate a unified strategy for the upcoming protests. The protest was attended by a group of activists and environmental organizations, and it lasted for an hour. The "Kreni-Promeni" organization has stated that they would be organizing protests on 27 January. 27 January–3 February A day prior to the protests, it was announced that an Australian corporation "Volt Resources" would begin to drill in the Jadar Valley area in late 2021. The protests were mainly organized by the "Kreni-Promeni" organization alongside other environmental activists, and it remained peaceful. It began in front of the building of the presidency, after which a protest walk was held that ended in front of the building of the government. Manojlović also affirmed his position for the introduction a 20-year-long moratorium, although he also rejected the implementation of a one-year-long one. The "Eco Guard" initiative organized protests on 30 January, which were attended by a couple of hundred demonstrators. Unlike previous protests, the organizers only had one demand for the government, which was to respect the already existing Law on Air Quality. The protests were also attended by members of the "Kreni-Promeni" organization and the Do not let Belgrade drown movement. A minor protest was held in New Belgrade on 1 February. Manojlović stated that protests would continue until the dissolution of the National Assembly, which is expected to happen on 15 February. Further mass protests continued in Valjevo on 2 February, which were organized by "Kreni-Promeni". Manojlović was contacted by the police a day later, in which the police stated that further organized protests would be considered illegal. Manojlović ignored it, and called for protests to be held on the same day in Belgrade. The protests were attended by a couple of thousand demonstrators, that stated their demands, while Manojlović stated that if the government does not implement the moratorium, protests would continue up to the general election in April. He also stated that further protests would be radicalized. A member of the We Must coalition, Dragoljub Bakić, stated his support for radicalization of protests. 8–15 February SEOS and "Kreni-Promeni" held protests in Kragujevac on 8 February, where they announced that they will camp outside the Novi dvor building until the government implements a moratorium for lithium and boron mining. Manojlović stated that they demand this to be done until the dissolution of the National Assembly, which took place on 15 February. A protest was also organized on 10 February, and it was participated by activists, such as whistleblower Aleksandar Obradović, and politicians, and in total, it was participated by around a thousand demonstrators. After addressing the demonstrators, they held a protest walk that ended in front of the Novi dvor building. Ćuta also participated in the protests, and visited the activists that were camping in front of the Novi dvor building. Activists had announced further protests to be held on 13 February, and the protests remained peaceful. A day before the dissolution of the National Assembly, Manojlović announced that protests would be organized in front of the Palace of Serbia on 15 February. On the day of the protests, a police cordon was deployed around the Palace of Serbia in order to prevent the activists from approaching the building, and multiple incidents occurred, one of the demonstrators was hit by a moving car, while two more demonstrators were ran down by another car. Response and reactions Support and opposition The government of Serbia's decision to support Rio Tinto's investment, alongside the adoption of the modified expropriation law was met with fierce opposition from environmental activists, academics, geologists and non-governmental organizations. Bishops Grigorije Durić and Fotije Sladojević voiced support for the protests, while Patriarch Porfirije called to "end the fight". Former president Boris Tadić also stated his support. The presidency of the Serbian Movement "Dveri" participated in the protests in Niš, and the Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Liberation Movement, and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina voiced support for the protests. The president of the Democratic Party of Serbia Miloš Jovanović stated that he strongly condemns the violence that took place on 27 November, and that "it turned out to be disastrous when the government neglected democratic procedures". Former minister Goran Trivan voiced support for the protests. According to an opinion poll that was published in early December, around 14% of Serbian Progressive Party adherents supported the protests, while a majority of respondents also supported the protests. On 4 December, Novak Đoković and Prince Philip of Yugoslavia stated their support for the protests. Numerous actors voiced support for the protests, and some of them even participated. Bojana Novaković was one of the most prominent actors who participated in protests in Belgrade. Emir Kusturica, Darko Perić, Vladimir Vuletić, Nevena Ignjatović, Mihail Dudaš, Milica Mandić, Jovana Preković, Ratko Varda, Tamara Dragičević, Sloboda Mićalović, Nikola Mijailović, Mirko Ivanić, Vujadin Savić, and Ognjen Koroman also stated support for the protests. Professor at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade commented that the government committed three illegal offenses related to the protests, and on 11 December dean Ratko Ristić voiced his support for the protests. A Croatian MEP Ivan Vilibor Sinčić, leader of the Human Shield party, criticized the approach of the government of Serbia towards Rio Tinto. The president of the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) Olivera Zekić stated that "everyone who protests should be arrested", while the president of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS) Vojislav Šešelj voiced his opposition to the protests by saying that the "blockades are being directed from outside [of Serbia] and that these are not environmental protests". Nebojša Krstić threatened the "Kreni-Promeni" organization by stating that "they should practice jumping from the bridge", and called for the arrest of Savo Manojlović. Deputy mayor of Čačak Aleksandar Maksimović stated that "there are people who are ready to get in their vehicles and drive into the crowd". Vladimir Đukanović criticized the protests and stated his support for Rio Tinto. Bratislav Jugović, a SNS MP, stated that the "protests are justified", but, as he says, the "fact is that Đilas and his clique are abusing them". Following Brnabić's statement that "the government abolished the spatial plan", Jugović stated that "I don't trust her regarding the situation around Rio Tinto". Government response On 29 November, Vučić stated that he would wait for his legal team's opinion before signing the expropriation law, and following the protests on 4 December, Vučić stated he would propose amendments to the expropriation law, which would enter the National Assembly by an urgent procedure, so that it could be adopted before the New Year. Vučić announced on 8 December, that he decided to withdraw the expropriation law that was sent by the National Assembly and to amend the law on referendum. He also stated that "all environmental standards are met now regarding Rio Tinto" and that further-held protests are only "political protests". On 10 December, the National Assembly adopted the amendments for the law on referendum. Vučić stated on 14 December that the City Assembly of Loznica would abolish the spatial plan that was planned for Rio Tinto, effectively delaying Rio Tinto's start of operations until further notice. The City Assembly of Loznica abolished the plan two days later. Some activists assessed this move as opportunistic. On 27 December, Vučić stated that they would not abolish the Jadar project. On 8 January, prime minister Brnabić stated that the government was close to annulling all permits given to Rio Tinto. The "Ecological Uprising" movement responded in a statement that all contracts signed with the corporation should be made public first. Deputy prime minister Mihajlović stated that "the Project Jadar has been stopped temporarily at the requests of the citizens" until all environmental-impact studies are made, and added that "three months before the elections every subject is political". A day later, Brnabić stated that "an agreement with Rio Tinto was never made, and that they haven't even met". On 18 January, Brnabić stated that "if citizens want Rio Tinto to leave, I will then support that decision", and later she stated that "the government abolished the spatial plan". It was also announced that the Brnabić-led government signed the most amount of documents with Rio Tinto. Brnabić previously stated that "Serbia has committed itself, and it gave permits [to Rio Tinto]". She also accused Western governments of supporting the protests, which was denied by their embassies. Aftermath In mid-November, Ćuta announced that the "Ecological Uprising" movement would participate in the upcoming general election, and on 14 November he signed an agreement with Zelenović's Together for Serbia party to participate on a joint list in upcoming general election. Their coalition was polled at 9% on the national-level and 13% in Belgrade. They also voiced their opposition to the constitutional referendum, and called for citizens to vote no. In January 2022, the coalition was formalized under the name We Must. The general director of "Rio Sava Exploration", the Serbian branch of Rio Tinto, Vesna Prodanović stated on 23 December that they are planning to stop with the Project Jadar. Even though they announced to stop with the project, their workers have allegedly been going home by home and have been sending SMS messages to residents of Gornje Nedeljice. Ćuta criticized Prodanović's statement and called for Rio Tinto to leave Serbia. Vučić claimed that "in order to make Rio Tinto leave, we will have to pay one billion euros". In mid-January, Vučić stated that "he hopes that the government will terminate the contracts with Rio Tinto". Multiple non-governmental organizations have called the government to "stop manipulating with empty promises". Rio Tinto expressed their concern regarding Brnabić's comment on the nullification of the spatial plan. It was also reported that Rio Tinto's stock fell down after the announcement. Activists have claimed that Rio Tinto has continued working near Gornje Nedeljice even after Brnabić's claims. Savo Manojlović announced that a collection of signatures for a people's initiative against the explotiation of lithium would begin on 20 January. Bratislav Jugović and Ljubiša Stojmirović stated their support, and have said that they would sign the initiative. On 14 January, Manojlović handed over 290,000 digital signatures against Rio Tinto. See also 2020 Serbian protests 2022 Serbian general election Police brutality Notes and references Notes References Further reading 2021 in Serbia 2022 in Serbia 2021 protests 2022 protests Ongoing protests Protests in Serbia September 2021 events in Serbia November 2021 events in Serbia December 2021 events in Serbia January 2022 events in Serbia February 2022 events in Serbia Environmental protests Political history of Serbia

69432808

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ongulumbashe

Battle of Ongulumbashe

The Battle of Ongulumbashe (also known as Operation Blouwildebees) was an armed confrontation between the South African Defence Force (SADF)/ South African Police (SAP) and the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) in northern South West Africa (today Namibia). Though SWAPO had carried already carried out several attacks in 1965 and early 1966, the battle marked the first time that elements of the South African security forces directly clashed with SWAPO insurgents and is considered to be the start of the South African Border War. Background In 1962, the UN General Assembly adopted the position that South Africa's mandate over South West Africa (in force since the end of World War I) should be terminated and that the territory should be given independence. South Africa, at this time under the rule of the Apartheid regime, refused to recognize this decision and no substantial moves towards independence for the territory were made. The inaction of the South African's emboldened SWAPO, who had been preparing for an armed struggle against the South African authorities in South West Africa since the early 1960s. SWAPO Infiltration and South African Response In September 1965, the first group of SWAPO insurgents (numbering only about seven men) moved across the thinly guarded Angola/SWA border and began attacking targets in northern South West Africa. These included a local administrative building, a local tribal headman suspected to be in the employ of the South Africans, and a Portuguese shop owner. SWAPO established a camp at Ongulubashe from which further operations could be conducted. Incidentally, this was the only semi-permanent camp established by SWAPO on South West African soil for the duration of the conflict. SWAPO's presence in the region soon expanded until the total number of active insurgents numbered about 17. By early 1966, the South African authorities had become aware of SWAPO's presence and two Alouette III helicopters were dispatched to the region to aid the detachment of South African police assigned to guard the border. Using an informer within the group of insurgents, the South Africans were able to pinpoint the location of the SWAPO guerillas to Ongulubashe. To dislodge the guerillas, the South Africans devised Operation Blouwildebees, the first ever heliborne assault undertaken by the South African armed forces. Battle On the 26th of August 1966, seven Alouette III helicopters, each carrying a six man assault team, took off from Ruacana and flew north towards Ongulubashe. The helicopters deposited the combined force of South African police and paratroops at pre-determined locations around the camp. A gun-battle ensued between the insurgents, entrenched around the camp, and the security forces. The South Africans quickly overpowered the insurgents at the camp, killing 1 wounding 1, and capturing 8. A short follow-up operation was then launched in which another insurgent was killed. At least 2 insurgents were known to have escaped the battle. Aftermath Despite the South African's success, the battle did not immediately stop SWAPO activities in Ovamboland. From the remainder of 1966 and into 1967, SWAPO would carry out a number of attacks, including arson and the murder of tribal headmen. However, by September 1967 8 insurgents had been killed and 59 captured. These losses effectively curtailed SWAPO operations in Ovamboland until the early 1970s but small scale SWAPO attacks and infiltrations did take place. References Bibliography Ongulumbashe Ongulumbashe

69433286

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Phillips%20%28actor%29

Robert Phillips (actor)

Robert R. Phillips (April 10, 1925 – November 5, 2018) was an American film and television actor. Life and career Phillips was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a self-defense instructor while Phillips served in the United States Marine Corps, in which he served in World War II and later played football for the Chicago Bears and the Washington Redskins. Phillips was also a police officer at Los Angeles Police Department and Illinois State Police. He was a personal bodyguard of the 31st Governor of Illinois, Adlai Stevenson II. Phillips began his film and television career in the 1950s, in which a film producer told him to become a actor. Phillips attended at a acting school, where he had studied about acting. He retired from being a police officer, in 1963. In his film and television career, Phillips was preferred as a "tough guy", in which he was frequently hired by studios to appear on Lee Marvin's films in Hollywood, California. He then began to appear in two films with actor, Richard Jaeckel, such as, The Dirty Dozen and The Gun Runners. Robert guest-starred in numerous television programs, including, Star Trek: The Original Series (in the episode "The Cage"), Gunsmoke, The Rockford Files, Bonanza, The Dukes of Hazzard, The Wild Wild West, Rawhide, Mission: Impossible, The High Chaparral, Mannix, The Fall Guy and Planet of the Apes. His last credit from the western television series Bordertown. Death Phillips died in November 5, 2018, at the age of 93. References External links Rotten Tomatoes profile 1925 births 2018 deaths Male actors from Chicago American male film actors American male television actors 20th-century American male actors American police officers Players of American football from Chicago Chicago Bears players Washington Redskins players Bodyguards Los Angeles Police Department officers United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II

69433391

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ingersoll%20%28actor%29

William Ingersoll (actor)

William Ingersoll (October 9, 1860 – May 5, 1936) was an American actor on stage, in musical theatre and in film. During a career spanning over five decades, he played more than 800 roles on stage. After performing in his first silent motion picture in 1920, he appeared in a handful of "talkies" in the 1930s, playing mainly character roles such as doctors, judges and a police commissioner. Early life William Ingersoll was born in Lafayette, Indiana to a physician father, in a family that had never produced any actors; most of his relatives were shocked when, as a boy, he considered acting as a career, on the suggestion of his elder brother. He studied mining engineering at the Colorado School of Mines in Denver after graduating from Purdue University, where he made such an impression in The Pirates of Penzance that friends urged him to become an actor. Career Ingersoll joined the Boston Museum Company in 1882, where he remained for five years. In the beginning, he divided his time between acting and supporting the company as a backstage hand and general utility man, eventually making his first professional appearance as a fully fledged actor in 1885. He performed with Marie Wainwright in Twelfth Night at Palmer's Theatre in New York and went on tour with her for three seasons; she rated Ingersoll as "the best leading man on the American stage." In 1894, Ingersoll joined the summer stock theatre company that James F. Neill and R.L. Giffen had organized at the Manhattan Beach, Denver. In September of the same year, he joined the first winter stock company that Neill and Giffen also organized at the Lyceum Theatre, Denver. When T. Daniel Frawley—who had placed another company in Salt Lake City in December 1894—later purchased the Neill-Giffen interests and moved the organization to San Francisco, Ingersoll remained on the roster of the combined Denver and Salt Lake City company. Ingersoll then married and left the stage, but resumed his acting career after his wife's death. He first joined the Nat Goodwin Company, with whom he performed in In Mizzoura when it opened at the Baldwin Theatre in San Francisco in June 1896; immediately after the play closed, the whole company sailed to Australia on June 25. Ingersoll remained with the Goodwin company for a period that included four seasons in Australia. In addition to performing with the Nat Goodwin company, Ingersoll played in the supporting companies of Mary Shaw, William H. Crane, Marie Cahill and Charles Richman. He played leading parts at the Grand Opera House in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He acted in many roles as a visiting star in Columbus, Cincinnati, at the Elitch Theatre in Denver, Colorado, and in Washington, D.C., Providence, Rhode Island, Richmond, Virginia, Salt Lake City, and on Broadway, among many others. He performed with stars of the period, such as Margaret Maher, Ethel Barrymore, Mrs. Fiske, and William DeWolf Hopper. In 1928–1929, he played in Brothers at the 48th Street Theatre in New York, learning his part perfectly in two days, one of the instances of his exceptional memory; this was the 821st he had learned. After appearing on stage for 55 years and trying his hand in a silent film in 1920, he progressed into sound films in the 1930s, and one of his final talkies was Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), in which he played the role of the Doctor. Personal life At the time of his death in 1936, Ingersoll was married to Mabel Tate, and they had a daughter, Mrs Ira Minnick. Memberships Ingersoll was elected to The Lambs Theatre Club in 1893, and was also a member of The Players Club and of the council of the Actors' Equity Association. Selected works Stage In the table below, all theatres are located in New York, NY, except where indicated. Film Partners of the Night (1920), as Police Commissioner Thorne The Cheat (1931), as Croupier Fifi (1933), as Uncle Mary Burns, Fugitive (1935), as Judge Whipsaw (1935), as Dr. Williams Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), as the Doctor Half Angel (1936), as Judge And Sudden Death (1936), as Judge Explanatory footnotes References Citations Sources Books Newspapers Theatre programs/playbills Websites External links William Ingersoll at Playbill.com William Ingersoll at AFI Catalog William Ingersoll as Dr. Williams in Whipshaw (1935) 1860 births 1936 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American male singers 19th-century American singers 19th-century American dancers 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers 20th-century American dancers American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male film actors Vaudeville performers Members of The Lambs Club

69434849

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Chalk

Black Chalk

Black Chalk is the debut novel by English author Christopher J. Yates published in 2013 by Harvill Secker. It was named a 'Best Book of the Year' by NPR in 2015. Set between the University of Oxford and New York City where the author studied and where he now lives. Plot The story has two main threads, firstly set in fictional Pitt College in the University of Oxford in 1990 and secondly set in Manhattan 14 years later. The main protagonists are students Chad - a shy American exchange student and the charismatic Jolyon, who becomes friends at University and gather in friends Emilia, Dee, Mark and Jack. The six become embroiled in a game of dares and consequences, with the enigmatic Tallest, Middle and Shortest, members of the Game Soc, who police the game and enforce its rules - 10,000 pounds is the cash prize. One by one the players lose resulting in one of their deaths. The remaining two members, Chad and Jolyon meet up again 14 years later in New York to decide on the winner... Reception Dennis Drabelle writing in The Washington Post enjoyed the premise: "A circle of bright college friends who feed on one another's cleverness and trump one another's insults until the steady diet of cynicism ends in tragedy - this is the stuff of two fine first novels: Donna Tartt's The Secret History (1992) and, now, Christopher J. Yates's Black Chalk. Yates's characters are even wittier than Tartt's, but then, as undergraduates at Oxford University, they would be, wouldn't they?" and concludes that "Like a locked-room mystery, a boarding-school or college novel reduces the world to a compartment filled with quasi-incestuous conflict. By adding gamesmanship and mental illness to the mix, Yates has achieved something new and impressive." Marcel Berlins also praises the novel: "Black Chalk is an inventive and intricate psychological puzzle thriller that mystifies, torments, disturbs, beguiles and occasionally irritates...A touch pretentious, in parts overcomplicated, Black Chalk is nevertheless a powerfully intelligent debut for Christopher J. Yates." Jason Sheehan in NPR praises Yates "who writes like he has 30 books behind him; like he's been doing this so long that lit games and deviltry come to him as natural as breathing...This is the smart summer thriller you've been waiting for. The black and harmful little book you want in your carry-on. The novel you should be reading tonight. Because The Game never really ends. It's out there, just waiting for you to make the first move." Kirkus Reviews is generally impressed: "Yates’ unreliable narrator makes the story a puzzle in itself, and while frustrating, it’s all fun and games…right? Parts of this story are downright unrealistic, you won’t get much character development, and key elements are left unexplained, but if you’re in this for the game, you’ll leave satisfied. You can’t help but admire how Yates slowly unravels his players’ safety nets—their minds—one roll of the dice at a time." References 2013 British novels 2013 debut novels Novels set in University of Oxford Harvill Secker books Novels set in Manhattan Fiction set in 1990 Fiction set in 2004 Fiction with unreliable narrators

69435164

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Tresvant

Albert Tresvant

Albert Tresvant (April 15, 1926 – July 25, 2004) was an American politician who served as the first African-American commissioner and mayor of Opa-Locka, Florida and first African-American mayor in Dade County. Biography Tresvant was born in Brunswick, Georgia. When he was five, his mother died and he moved to Liberty City neighborhood of Miami where he was raised by his aunt and grandmother. He attended Liberty City Elementary School and is a graduate of D.A. Dorsey Senior High School. After school he ran his own upholstery business before getting involved in politics. In 1956, he established the Opa-locka Civic Club to organize the Black community on improving the city. In 1964, his first run for the City Commission received national attention although he lost receiving little white support. In January 1972, Tresvant was nominated by commissioner Bert T. Goodson to fill a vacancy on the City Commission and unanimously appointed due to his record of civic involvement and the commission's desire to have minority representation. His appointment followed on riots that occurred in 1971 after a white police officer shot a black man. At the time, Opa-locka was roughly 35-40% Black and there was no district gerrymandering as City Commissioners in Opa-locka were elected at-large with the largest vote-getter becoming mayor. In April 1972, after serving the 3 months of his predecessor's term, Tresvant won a seat on the City Commission finishing third (656 votes) after Ronald Pierson (831 votes) and Lawrence Bowers (672 votes). His term was for two years (In Opa-Locka, elections to the 5-member City Commission are held every two years; the top two vote getters are elected to 4-year terms with the first serving a 2-year term as mayor and then a 2-year term as commissioner; the second serving a 2-year term as deputy mayor and then a 2-year term as commissioner; and the third vote-getter serving a 2-year term as commissioner). In the 1974 election, Tresvant tied for first place with Kenton Wells; they decided to split the two-year mayoral term with Wells serving the first year and Tresvant's term beginning in 1975. Both men would serve as city commissioner during the other's mayor ship. He was sworn in on April 18, 1975. Upon becoming mayor, he inherited a tense situation as riots had occurred during Well's term which Tresvant blamed on Dade county for repeatedly rejecting Opa-locka's requests for additional funds to provide better housing and drug programs. He also worked to hire more Black police officers inheriting a department where only 3 out of 28 officers were Black. During his administration, he was able to secure more police protection for Black neighborhoods, appointed more Blacks into city government, and developed infrastructure. In the April 1976 general election, Candido Giardino was elected as mayor (Tresvant was unable to run due to his remaining two-year term on the City Commission). In June 1977, he was suspended as commissioner by Governor Rubin Askew over corruption allegations. In July 1977, he was found guilty of conspiracy, soliciting bribes and accepting unlawful compensation in connection with a city building contract along with then mayor Candido Giardino (the Rev. Willie R. Young was elected mayor in April 1978); the sentence was overturned and a new trial ordered by Circuit Court Judge Wilkie Ferguson after one juror failed to disclose a past criminal conviction and another juror complained that Tresvant had followed her into the parking lot during the trial. The Third District Court of Appeal reinstated the conviction. Personal life He was married to Virginia Wilkinson; they had five daughters and a son. He died on July 25, 2004. References 1926 births 2004 deaths Mayors of places in Florida Florida Democrats African-American mayors in Florida People from Opa-locka, Florida People from Brunswick, Georgia 20th-century African-American people Florida politicians convicted of crimes

69435181

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Arthur%20Labinjo-Hughes

Murder of Arthur Labinjo-Hughes

On 16 June 2020, in Solihull, West Midlands, England, Arthur Labinjo-Hughes was severely beaten by his stepmother, Emma Tustin, causing what was described as "an unsurvivable brain injury." Arthur was taken to Birmingham Children's Hospital where he died the following day - 17 June. This followed a prolonged period during which Arthur suffered a campaign of violence, intimidation, torture and abuse from both Tustin and his father Thomas Hughes. Tustin and Hughes were respectively found guilty of murder and of manslaughter by Coventry Crown Court on 4 December 2021. The sentences (Tustin 29 years, Hughes 21 years) were then reviewed by the Attorney General, Ms Suella Braverman, who in turn referred them to the Court of Appeal as she believed they were "too low." Background Family upheaval Arthur Labinjo-Hughes was the son of Olivia Labinjo-Halcrow and Thomas Hughes. The two separated shortly before his second birthday and though Arthur would live with his mother, both his parents shared custody of him until Labinjo-Halcrow stabbed her new abusive partner to death in an alcohol and drug fuelled rage in February 2019. This led to Hughes becoming Arthur's sole carer. The boy changed schools and moved along with his father into an annex behind his paternal grandparents' home. According to his grandmother he was initially 'nervous' but quickly became a 'happy, well-rounded child'. In August 2019, Hughes met Emma Tustin on the dating website Plenty of Fish. Tustin did not mention initially that she had made a suicide attempt in 2013 and her two eldest children had gone to live with their fathers. Hughes introduced his son to his girlfriend early on in the relationship and she later claimed that they were 'friends straight away'. As Arthur returned to school after the summer holidays a teaching assistant stated that she had 'no concerns' about his condition. However, the child's uncle, with whom he had a close bond, soon began to notice that Hughes seemed to be becoming stricter with the boy, who appeared to be more fearful of getting into trouble. An official at school noted that the child became less happy as autumn progressed, and met with his father and grandmother about her concerns that the boy was developing an obsession with topics such as guns, death and the news, along with fears about being separated from or killed by his father. There was also an incident during a School Nativity play where Arthur became upset when a baby doll was removed from its crib. COVID-19 pandemic In early 2020, Hughes took his son to multiple medical appointments but the boy was not diagnosed with any mental health problems. Meanwhile the COVID-19 pandemic was spreading around the world which led to the closure of all schools in the UK and a national lockdown by the end of March 2020. On the day of the lockdown, Arthur and his father were staying in Tustin's home. Hughes' mother asked that he and Arthur come to her house but he refused, instead deciding to merge his household with Tustin's at her home in Solihull, Birmingham for the duration of the lockdown. The following month, Hughes returned home for a few days after he was allegedly punched by Tustin's ex-boyfriend over an accusation he had hit the man's young son. Whilst he was at his grandparents' house, Arthur said that he had been pinned against the wall by Tustin and called a "horrible ugly brat" and his grandmother found several bruises on his back. When Hughes went back to his partner's house and refused his mother's request to leave the boy at her house for longer, she reported him to social services. A social worker went to visit Hughes, Tustin and the children the following day; she was told that Arthur's injuries had been sustained in his fight with Tustin's son and felt that he was 'very happy and very safe' and that there were no safeguarding issues in the household. Tustin later said she had coached the boys to lie about the incident and Hughes said that she warned him they would have their children taken away if he didn't go along with it as well. The incident was later reported to the police again by Arthur's uncle with no effect. Abuse In May 2020, Arthur was frequently forced to stand in the hallway for hours on end as a punishment for his supposed misbehaviour. Tustin reported these incidents to Hughes via text messages and audio clips of him crying. In these clips, the child could be heard crying for his grandmother and uncle, and at one point said "nobody loves me". The couple used insults such as "Satan", "Hitler", "Devilchild", "weasel" and various swear words to refer to the boy. Hughes frequently threatened violence against his son. Tustin said at one point to Hughes that "I want you but I don't want him". By the end of the month, he was moved out of Tustin's son and daughter's bedroom and made to sleep on the living room floor, where he was kept even when the other children slept elsewhere. When Arthur's school reopened on 8 June he was not in attendance; Hughes was contacted by the school about the matter but provided various excuses for the child's absence. The couple installed a camera at home to monitor Arthur during his isolation. Arthur spent 35 hours of the three-day period between 12 and 14 June in the hallway, having been sent out. He was slapped by Tustin for entering the living room. The camera also recorded the couple and Tustin's children enjoying food and leisure activities which Arthur was not allowed to participate in. On the morning of 15 June Tustin woke the boy up by ripping his bedding out from under him. She then took him with her to spend most of the day at her hairdresser's house. Throughout the six or so hours she was there, she forced the boy to stand by the door, and frequently shouted and swore at him. The child collapsed to the floor as they left the hairdresser's but was not helped by either Tustin or Hughes. Later that evening, Hughes belted Arthur on the legs. Hughes also told Tustin to "Just end him". Day of the murder On the morning of 16 June, Arthur appeared on CCTV footage to be weak, in visible pain, and struggling to lift his bedclothes. Hughes, Tustin and Arthur went back to the hairdresser's house where Arthur was constantly shouted at by the former two. The child was secretly given a drink of water by the hairdresser's partner, who later described him as "gaunt", "malnourished" and "a poor little kid who was broken". After getting home, Tustin claimed the boy hit his head against the bathroom door. She is believed to have carried out a fatal assault at 2:29 p.m. Twelve minutes later, after phoning Hughes, she called 999 and told medics that he "fell and banged his head and while on the floor banged his head another five times". Arthur was left with an unsurvivable brain injury. She took a photo of the dying boy, which she sent to Hughes. After he was taken to Birmingham Children's Hospital, it was decided that nothing could be done to save him and he died later that night. He was six years old at the time. At the time of his death, a medical review found that he was covered in 130 bruises, that he had been poisoned with salt, and that the extent of his injuries amounted to torture. Aftermath Emma Tustin was convicted of murdering Arthur Labinjo-Hughes at Coventry Crown Court in December 2021, and was given a life sentence with a minimum of 29 years. She is being held at HMP Peterborough. Thomas Hughes was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 21 years. The Attorney General's office said on 4 December that the sentences would be reviewed to "determine whether they were too low". Mister Justice Mark Wall, the presiding judge, described the case in his sentencing remarks as among the most "distressing and disturbing" cases that he has dealt with. A local review was launched into the incident soon after the boy's death. Shortly after the conviction, the government announced that there would be a national inquiry into the case. The child was honoured at various football matches on 4 December. The incident provoked discussion of the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the welfare of vulnerable children. Anne Longfield, the former children's commissioner for England, said that "...a lot of the services went on to the screens for children, and this child in particular, Arthur, wasn’t in school. And it's much easier for families who want to evade view to do that when they haven’t got someone in the room. So there’s a big lesson there, instantly about if there is a crisis, there are children who are going to slip from view and we have to make sure they have the protection, which does need face to face contact." Statistics for England suggested that there had been a 20% decrease in referrals to local authorities' children's departments but a 20% increase in reported cases of child harm and a 19% increase in child deaths. See also Murder of Sylvia Likens Murder of Victoria Climbié Death of Baby P Murder of Star Hobson List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention References 2020 in England 2020 murders in the United Kingdom 2020s trials Child abuse resulting in death Deaths by person in England June 2020 events in the United Kingdom Trials in England June 2020 crimes in Europe Murder trials Social care in England Violence against children in England Solihull 2020s in the West Midlands (county) Incidents of violence against boys

69435270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Frederick%20Carr

Robert Frederick Carr

Robert Frederick Carr III (December 22, 1943 – July 6, 2007) was an American serial killer and pedophile who killed three children and one woman in the states of Florida and Connecticut between 1972 and 1976. Carr, a former television repairman, additionally admitted to molesting more than a dozen children until his apprehension. Following his arrest, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until his death in 2007. Early life Robert Frederick Carr III was born on December 22, 1943, in Virginia. According to his confession, he had a troubled childhood, reportedly being forced into prostitution at 11-years-old and stealing cars as a teen. As an adult, he moved to Connecticut, where he would ultimately start a relationship and get married, as well as getting a job fixing TVs. Carr would later admit that when having sex he would fantasize about committing rape and murder. Murders In late 1972, Carr temporarily visited Florida. While in Miami, Carr strolled around Biscayne Boulevard. On November 13, 1972, he picked up 11-year-olds Mark Payton and Todd Wilson, who were hitchhiking from North Miami Beach. The inside back doors in the car were dismantled, thus Carr kidnapped the boys and took them to a secluded location, where he raped and strangled both boys to death. After the murders he drove the car with the boys bodies in the trunk to Mississippi and Louisiana, where he subsequently buried one of each in each state, respectively. Both boys were subsequently reported missing by their parents when they had not returned home, but their bodies would not be located limitedly. A few months later, Carr picked up, raped and later killed 16-year-old Tammy Ruth Huntley. In 1973, Carr was convicted of rape in Connecticut, but was paroled in 1976. Upon his release in Connecticut, he remained in the state, where he would kill his fourth and final victim, raping and killing 21-year-old Rhonda Holloway, before burying her body in a rural area. Trial and imprisonment On May 30, 1976 Carr committed another sex attack, this time raping a hitchhiker whom had gotten into his car at knife point. During the attack, a Metro police officer during a routine checkup stumbled upon the car, and witnessed the rape, arresting Carr and taking him into custody. Once in interrogation, Carr surprised detectives by blurting a confession to all four murders he committed. He explained the crimes in great detail, things only the killer would know. Carr, along with detectives David Simmons and Charles Zatrepalek, along with deputy medical examiner Ronald Wright, went on a state long mission to uncover the bodies. Both the disappearances of Payton and Wilson attracted high publicity, but by the time of Carr's confession neither one of the boy's bodies were located. In addition, Carr admitted responsibility in dozens of rapes of young boys and girls. Carr was forced into a life sentence after pleading guilty, meaning he would be spared the death penalty. He attended some of his sentence at a state mental hospital, but was kicked out after it was found he was hoarding wire cutters and pliers. Afterwards he began mailing letters to prosecutor Ed O'Donnell, who had previously worked on the case. Death On July 6, 2007, Carr died at the Union Correctional Institution from unspecified causes. See also List of serial killers in the United States Bibliography References 1943 births 2007 deaths 1972 murders in the United States 1976 murders in the United States American male criminals American people convicted of murder People convicted of murder by Florida 20th-century American criminals Serial killers who died in prison custody Prisoners who died in Florida detention

69436148

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths%20in%20January%202022

Deaths in January 2022

The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2022. Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. January 2022 1 Ramiz Abutalibov, 84, Azerbaijani diplomat and historian. Paul Adegboyega Olawoore, 60, Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate, coadjutor bishop (2018–2019) and bishop (since 2019) of Ilorin. Edna Brown, 81, American politician, member of the Ohio Senate (2011–2018) and House of Representatives (2002–2010). Gary Burgess, 46, British broadcaster (ITV Channel Television), cancer. Barbara Chilcott, 99, Canadian actress (The Full Treatment, The Trap, M. Butterfly). Maurice Blanchard Cohill Jr., 92, American jurist, judge (since 1976) and chief judge (1985–1992) of the U.S. District Court for Western Pennsylvania, complications from a stroke. Jean-Pierre Defontaine, 84, French politician, deputy (1978–2007). Francesco Forte, 92, Italian politician, economist and academic, MP (1979–1994), minister of European affairs (1983–1986) and of finance (1982–1983). Richard Freed, 93, American music critic, heart attack. Sir Victor Garland, 87, Australian politician and diplomat, MP (1969–1981) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1981–1983). Gergely Homonnay, 46, Hungarian writer, journalist and LGBTQ activist. Arnold Jeter, 82, American college football coach (Delaware State, New Jersey City). Max Julien, 88, American actor (The Mack, Getting Straight) and screenwriter (Cleopatra Jones). Andreas Kunz, 75, German Nordic combined competitor, Olympic bronze medalist (1968). Roger-Xavier Lantéri, 91, French journalist. Bob Leamy, 87, New Zealand Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Rarotonga (1984–1996). Janusz Łęski, 91, Polish film director (Janna) and screenwriter. Mighty Bomber, 93, Grenadian-born Trinidad and Tobago calypsonian. Anthony Obi, 69, Nigerian politician, military administrator of Osun State (1996–1998). Pierre Parsus, 100, French painter and illustrator. Dan Reeves, 77, American football player (Dallas Cowboys) and coach (Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons), Super Bowl champion (1972), complications from dementia. Calisto Tanzi, 83, Italian food industry executive and convicted fraudster, founder of Parmalat and owner of Parma Calcio (1989–2003), lung infection. Jean-Charles Terrassier, 81, French psychologist. Jim Toy, 91, American LGBTQ activist. Xu Xingchu, 87, Chinese engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2 Saliu Adetunji, 93, Nigerian traditional ruler, Olubadan of Ibadan (since 2016). Juan Manuel Albendea Pabón, 84, Spanish economist, bullfighting critic, and politician, deputy (1996–2015). Larry Biittner, 75, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Washington Senators/Texas Rangers, Montreal Expos), cancer. Afra Bukhari, 83, Pakistani writer. Jean-Guy Couture, 92, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Chicoutimi (1979–2004). Edward J. Cowan, 77, Scottish historian, lung cancer. Da Hoss, 29, American racehorse. John Efford, 77, Canadian politician, MP (2002–2006) and Newfoundland and Labrador MHA (1985–2001). Eric Walter Elst, 85, Belgian astronomer. Jody Gibson, 64, American convicted procurer. Bob Halloran, 87, American sportscaster (CBS Sports). Jens Jørgen Hansen, 82, Danish football player (Esbjerg fB, national team) and manager. Karl Homole, 80, Austrian politician. Jarmo Jääskeläinen, 84, Finnish journalist and documentary filmmaker. Jorma Katrama, 85, Finnish double bassist. Kenny J, 69, Trinidad and Tobago calypsonian and soca parang singer, COVID-19. Richard Leakey, 77, Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and politician, co-founder of Safina and WildlifeDirect. Maharram Mammadyarov, 97, Azerbaijani chemist, member of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Abd al-Mawla Naqi, 90, Libyan politician, deputy (1960–1964). Hamish More, 81, Scottish cricketer (national team). Ion Niculiță, 82, Moldovan archaeologist. Charles Njonjo, 101, Kenyan jurist and politician, attorney general (1963–1973), minister of justice (1978–1982) and MP (1980–1983), pneumonia. John Quinn, 67, British legal adviser, attorney general of the Isle of Man (since 2017). Basti Vaman Shenoy, 87, Indian writer and political activist, founder of World Konkani Centre. R. N. Singh, 74, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLC (since 2016), heart disease. Joan Soler i Amigó, 80, Spanish pedagogue and writer. Traxamillion, 42, American hip hop producer, cancer. Zhou Xiaofeng, 57, Chinese entrepreneur and politician, member of the National People's Congress (2008–2012). 3 Oussou Konan Anicet, 32, Ivorian footballer (Makkasa, HJK, Nam Dinh), poisoned. George Bălan, 92, Romanian philosopher, COVID-19. Odell Barry, 80, American football player (Denver Broncos) and politician, mayor of Northglenn, Colorado (1980–1982), heart disease. Egle Becchi, 91, Italian pedagogist, historian and academic. Mordechai Ben-Porat, 98, Israeli politician, MK (1965–1984). Igor Bogdanoff, 72, French television presenter and academic fraudster (Bogdanov affair), COVID-19. Gina Cabrera, 93, Cuban actress (The White Rose, Star Without Light). Gianni Celati, 84, Italian writer and translator, complications from a broken hip. Daniel Colliard, 91, French politician, deputy (1993–1997). Olga Gavrilova, 64, Russian javelin thrower. John D. Hawke Jr., 88, American lawyer and politician, under secretary of the Treasury for domestic finance (1995–1998). Nancy B. Jackson, 65, American chemist. Ulysses Kokkinos, 73, Turkish-born Australian footballer (South Melbourne Hellas, Melbourne Juventus). Mario Lanfranchi, 94, Italian film director (Death Sentence, Merciless Man, The Mistress Is Served) and screenwriter. Kamel Lemoui, 82, Algerian football player (Béziers, MC Alger) and manager (national team), COVID-19. Jud Logan, 62, American four-time Olympic hammer thrower, complications from COVID-19. Zbigniew Łój, 76, Polish Olympic field hockey player (1972). Adam Maldzis, 89, Belarusian historian and literary critic. Tu'u Maori, 33, New Zealand-born Papua New Guinean rugby league player (national team), motor neurone disease. Willie McCray, 68, American football player (San Francisco 49ers). Beatrice Mintz, 100, American embryologist. Silvino Adolfo Morais, 65, East Timorese politician, MNP (since 2018), complications from a heart attack. Jiří Patera, 85, Czech-born Canadian mathematician. Carter Revard, 90, American poet and scholar. Viktor Saneyev, 76, Georgian triple jumper, Olympic champion (1968, 1972, 1976). S. H. Sarma, 99, Indian vice admiral, FOCEF (1971–1973) and commandant of the National Defence College (1975–1977). Richard Sinnott, 74, Irish academic, political commentator and broadcaster. Harvey G. Stack, 93, American numismatist. Claude Taittinger, 94, French businessman, director of Taittinger. Bashir Tofa, 74, Nigerian politician, MP (1977–1979). Jay Wolpert, 79, American television producer (The Price Is Right) and screenwriter (Pirates of the Caribbean, The Count of Monte Cristo), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Zheng Min, 101, Chinese poet. Vladan Živković, 80, Serbian actor (England Made Me, Cross of Iron, A Tight Spot). 4 Rolf-Dieter Amend, 72, German slalom canoeist, Olympic champion (1972). Leanne Armand, 53, Australian marine scientist, cancer. Javier Astúa, 53, Costa Rican footballer (Puntarenas, Palestino, national team), heart disease. Michael Billen, 66, German politician, member of the Rhineland-Palatinate Landtag (1996–2020), leukemia. Ross Browner, 67, American Hall of Fame football player (Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Cincinnati Bengals, Green Bay Packers), COVID-19. David Carpenter, 86, English cricketer (Gloucestershire). Hilton Cheong-Leen, 99, Hong Kong politician, member (1957–1991) and chairman (1983–1986) of the Urban Council, member of the Legislative Council (1973–1979, 1985–1988). Joan Copeland, 99, American actress (Search for Tomorrow, Brother Bear, The Peacemaker). Jim Corsi, 60, American baseball player (Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox, Houston Astros), cancer. Sergio Dangelo, 89, Italian surrealistic painter. William M. Ellinghaus, 99, American business executive, president of AT&T (1979–1984). Julio Ferrer, 68, Puerto Rican Olympic sprinter (1976). Max Fordham, 88, British engineer. Aranka Goijert, 80, Dutch politician, senator (2007–2011). Percy Hobson, 79, Australian high jumper, British Empire and Commonwealth Games gold medallist (1962). William Terrell Hodges, 87, American jurist, judge (since 1971) and chief judge (1982–1989) of the U.S. District Court for Middle Florida. Jaakko Jonkka, 68, Finnish jurist, chancellor of justice (2007–2018). Kevin Kalkhoven, 77, Australian telecom (JDS Uniphase) and motorsport (Champ Car World Series) executive and motor racing team owner (KV Racing Technology). Anatoliy Kuksov, 72, Ukrainian football player (Zorya Luhansk, Soviet Union national team) and coach (Hirnyk Rovenky), Olympic bronze medallist (1972). Carl Linhart, 92, Czechoslovakian-born American baseball player (Detroit Tigers). Tommy Matchick, 78, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, Milwaukee Brewers), World Series champion (1968), complications from COVID-19. María Mérida, 96, Spanish folk singer. Andreas Michalopoulos, 73, Greek footballer (Panachaiki, national team). Irma Mico, 107, Austro-Hungarian-born French resistance fighter. Henny Orri, 96, Dutch actress (Puppet on a Chain, Dokter Pulder zaait papavers). Darryl Owens, 84, American politician, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (2005–2019). Craig Ruddy, 53, Australian artist, complications from COVID-19. Sindhutai Sapkal, 73, Indian social worker, heart attack. Darwin Semotiuk, 76, Canadian football coach (Western Mustangs) and basketball player (national team). Stelios Serafidis, 86, Greek football player (AEK Athens, national team) and coach, cancer. Keishu Tanaka, 83, Japanese politician, minister of justice (2012) and three-time MP. 5 Josephine Abercrombie, 95, American horse breeder. Francisco Álvarez Martínez, 96, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Tarazona (1973–1976) and Orihuela-Alicante (1989–1995), archbishop of Toledo (1995–2002). Lowell Amos, 79, American convicted murderer. Rose Beauchamp, 75, New Zealand puppeteer and pianist. Enrico Berti, 86, Italian philosopher. Robert Blust, 81, American linguist, cancer. Lawrence Brooks, 112, American supercentenarian, nation's oldest living man and oldest WWII veteran. Bill Bryden, 79, Scottish theatre and film director. Dale Clevenger, 81, American horn player, Grammy winner (1994, 2001), complications from Waldenstrom's disease. Antoni Dalmau, 70, Spanish politician and writer, member of the Catalan parliament (1988–1999) and president of the Provincial Deputation of Barcelona (1982–1987). Alyaksandr Fyedarovich, 48, Belarusian football player (BATE Borisov, Dnepr Mogilev, Naftan Novopolotsk) and coach. Valeriy Gorbach, 53, Tajik footballer (Fakel Voronezh, Lokomotiv Liski, national team), heart failure. Keith Goullet, 89, Australian footballer (North Melbourne). Mohamed Hilmi, 90, Algerian film director and actor. Filza Khamidullin, 86, Russian economist and politician, senator (2003–2005). Kim Mi-soo, 29, South Korean actress (Hi Bye, Mama!, The School Nurse Files, Snowdrop). Jack Kissane, 92, Irish Gaelic footballer (Galway) and brigadier general. Saleh Al-Luhaidan, 89, Saudi Arabian Islamic scholar. Marian Machowski, 89, Polish footballer (Wisła Kraków, national team). John Moriarty, 91, American conductor. Ralph Neely, 78, American football player (Dallas Cowboys), Super Bowl champion (1972, 1978). Neil Nongkynrih, 51, Indian pianist, founder of Shillong Chamber Choir. Anatole Novak, 84, French road bicycle racer. Siiri Perälä, 28, Finnish futsal player, B-cell lymphoma. Aiyappan Pillai, 107, Indian lawyer and politician, heart disease. Sir Allan Ramsay, 84, British diplomat, ambassador to Lebanon (1988–1990), Sudan (1990–1991) and Morocco (1992–1996). Greg Robinson, 70, American football coach (Syracuse University, UCLA Bruins, Denver Broncos), complications from Alzheimer's disease. George Rossi, 60, Scottish actor (The Bill, Roughnecks, The Singing Detective). Peter Saville, 75, British psychologist. Shahid Uddin Ahmed Selim, 69, Bangladeshi footballer (Brothers Union, national team), oral cancer. Mircea Stoenescu, 78, Romanian footballer (Dinamo București) and referee. Arnljot Strømme Svendsen, 100, Norwegian economist, politician, and writer. Olga Szabó-Orbán, 83, Romanian fencer, Olympic silver medallist (1956). 6 Peter Bogdanovich, 82, American film director (The Last Picture Show, What's Up, Doc?, Paper Moon), actor and writer, complications from Parkinson's disease. Ray Boyle, 98, American actor (Zombies of the Stratosphere, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp) and production designer (A Boy and His Dog). José Cardoso Dutra, 84, Brazilian politician, deputy (1987–1995), cardiac arrest. Maria Victoria Carpio-Bernido, 60, Filipino physicist, colon cancer. Gritakumar E. Chitty, 82, Sri Lankan jurist and diplomat. Bob Falkenburg, 95, American Hall of Fame tennis player and businessman, founder of Bob's. Vladimir Gudev, 81, Russian diplomat, Soviet ambassador to Iran (1987–1993), Egypt (1995–2000) and Georgia (2000–2002). Larry Haylor, 76, Canadian football coach (Western Ontario Mustangs), heart attack. Barbara Jacket, 87, American track and field coach (Prairie View A&M) and athletic director. F. Sionil José, 97, Filipino writer (Po-on, Sin, Three Filipino Women). Maria Klenskaja, 70, Estonian actress (Autumn, Rahu tänav, Vana daami visiit). E. F. K. Koerner, 82, German linguist. Mariano Laurenti, 92, Italian film director (Ubalda, All Naked and Warm, The Schoolteacher Goes to Boys' High, How to Seduce Your Teacher) and actor. Jo Manning, 98, Canadian etcher, painter and author, euthanasia. Carlo Meliciani, 92, Italian operatic baritone. Rómulo Méndez, 83, Guatemalan football referee. Volodymyr Pak, 87, Ukrainian politician, deputy (2005–2006). Murray Peden, 98, Canadian Air Force pilot and author. Gloria Piedimonte, 66, Italian actress (The Face with Two Left Feet), singer and dancer (Discoring), complications from COVID-19. Sidney Poitier, 94, Bahamian-American actor (In the Heat of the Night, Lilies of the Field, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner), Oscar winner (1963), heart failure. Calvin Simon, 79, American Hall of Fame singer (Parliament-Funkadelic). Tony Tallarico, 88, American cartoonist. Yoram Taharlev, 83, Israeli songwriter and poet. Samuel K. Tan, 88, Filipino historian and academic, complications from COVID-19. Kwasi Wiredu, 90, Ghanaian philosopher. Clive Zanda, 82, Trinidad and Tobago jazz musician and architect, complications from diabetes. Zhang Jiqing, 83, Chinese Kunqu artist. 7 Amanda Asay, 33, Canadian baseball player (national team), injuries sustained in skiing accident. Ishmael Ashitey, 67, Ghanaian politician, MP (1997–2009). Ahmad Bamba, 79, Ghanaian Islamic scholar. Stéphane Blet, 52, French classical pianist and composer, fall. Laurence Boissier, 56, Swiss writer and artist. Dee Booher, 73, American professional wrestler (GLOW) and actress (Brainsmasher... A Love Story, Spaceballs). Edward Bozek, 71, American Olympic fencer (1972, 1976). Harpdog Brown, 59, Canadian blues musician. Guy Cavagnac, 87, French filmmaker. Tom Corston, 72, Canadian Anglican prelate, bishop of Moosonee (2010–2013), cancer. Gerson da Cunha, 92, Indian actor (Electric Moon, Cotton Mary, Water). Mino De Rossi, 90, Italian road bicycle and track cyclist, Olympic champion (1952). Jack Dromey, 73, British politician, MP (since 2010), heart failure. José Évrard, 76, French politician, deputy (since 2017), COVID-19. Mark Forest, 89, American bodybuilder and actor (Goliath and the Dragon). Lani Guinier, 71, American civil rights theorist, complications from Alzheimer's disease. Bobby Harrison, 82, English rock drummer and singer (Procol Harum, Freedom, Snafu). Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside, 90, British politician, MP (1970–1997) and chair of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (1976–1995). Anatoly Kvashnin, 75, Russian military officer, chief of the general staff (1997–2004), COVID-19. Francisco Laína, 85, Spanish politician. Liu Siqi, 91, Chinese public figure. Raymond Malenfant, 91, Canadian businessman. Robbie Moore, 67, Canadian ice hockey player (Philadelphia Flyers, Washington Capitals). Ruby Moscoso de Young, 80, Panamanian politician, first lady (1999–2004). Luis Pareto González, 93, Chilean politician, three-time member and president (1973, 2001–2002) of the Chamber of Deputies. François Perigot, 95, French businessman and trade unionist, president of BusinessEurope (1988–1998) and CNPF (1986–1994). Jimmy Smith, 91, English footballer (Chelsea, Leyton Orient). Jorge Sotomayor Tello, 79, Peruvian-born Brazilian mathematician. John Swantek, 88, American Polish Catholic prelate, prime bishop (1985–2002). R. Dean Taylor, 82, Canadian singer-songwriter ("Indiana Wants Me", "There's a Ghost in My House") and producer ("Love Child"). Alexander Timofeevskiy, 88, Russian writer, songwriter and screenwriter (The Stone Flower). Vitaliano Trevisan, 61, Italian writer, playwright, and actor (First Love, Riparo), suicide by drug overdose. Eberhard Zeidler, 95, German-born Canadian architect. 8 Baktash Abtin, 48, Iranian poet and filmmaker, complications from COVID-19. Ramesh Babu, 56, Indian film producer (Arjun, Athidhi) and actor (Mugguru Kodukulu), liver disease. Eddie Basinski, 99, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Portland Beavers). Marilyn Bergman, 93, American Hall of Fame songwriter ("The Way We Were", "The Windmills of Your Mind", "You Don't Bring Me Flowers"), Oscar winner (1969, 1974, 1984), respiratory failure. Hanef Bhamjee, 75–76, South African-British anti-apartheid activist. Lourdes Castro, 91, Portuguese abstract artist. Bill Cornish, 84, Australian-British legal scholar. José Curiel, 84, Venezuelan politician, governor of Falcón (1996–2000). Truus Dekker, 99, Dutch actress (Turkish Delight, Soldier of Orange). Don Dillard, 85, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Milwaukee Braves). Robin Fernando, 84, Sri Lankan actor (Veera Puran Appu, Saptha Kanya, Kolompoor), complications from Parkinson's disease. Mike Gore, 87, British-born Australian physicist. Frank Hasenfratz, 86, Hungarian-born Canadian businessman (Linamar). Andrew Jennings, 78, British investigative journalist, aortic aneurysm. Ramdas Kamat, 90, Indian musician and actor. Attila Kelemen, 73, Romanian politician, deputy (1996–2016) and MEP (2007). Michael Lang, 77, American concert producer, co-creator of Woodstock, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Aleksandr Lebedev-Frontov, 61, Russian painter, collagist, and musician. Peter G. Levine, 61, American medical researcher. Viktor Mazin, 67, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion (1980). Jaime Ostos, 90, Spanish bullfighter, heart attack. Michael Parks, 78, American journalist and editor (The Los Angeles Times, The Baltimore Sun), heart attack and kidney failure. Carmelo Pujia, 94, Italian politician, president of the Province of Catanzaro (1970–1975) and deputy (1983–1994). John Rambo, 78, American high jumper, Olympic bronze medallist (1964), heart attack. Nina Rocheva, 73, Russian cross-country skier, Olympic silver medallist (1980). Stanislav Rudolf, 89, Czech writer, screenwriter and dramaturge. Hiranmay Sen Gupta, 87, Bangladeshi nuclear physicist, member of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. Sinan Al Shabibi, 80, Iraqi economist, governor of the central bank (2003–2012). Howard Solomon, 94, American businessman (Forest Laboratories). Sornphet Sornsuphan, 73, Thai luk thung singer. Manfred Srb, 80, Austrian politician, MP (1986–1994). Kazuo Takahashi, 91, Japanese politician, governor of Yamagata Prefecture (1993–2005). Keith Todd, 80, Welsh footballer (Swansea Town, Pembroke Borough). 9 Jim Bakhtiar, 88, Iranian-born American college football player (Virginia Cavaliers). Harley Balic, 25, Australian footballer (Fremantle, Melbourne). Khalid Balti, 48–50, Pakistani militant commander, spokesman of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, shot. Bill Boomer, 84, American swim coach (University of Rochester). Moe Brooker, 81, American artist. Franco Cavallo, 89, Italian sailor, Olympic bronze medalist (1968). Viktor Chakrygin, 37, Russian footballer (Dynamo Makhachkala, Zenit Penza, Anzhi Makhachkala). Michael Joe Cosgrave, 83, Irish politician, TD (1981–1992, 1997–2002). Fiona Denison, 51–52, Scottish academic, suicide. Shakuntala Devi, 90, Indian politician, MP (1957–1967). Nicholas Donnelly, 83, British actor (Grange Hill, Dixon of Dock Green, Lifeforce). Richard Dorman, 96, British diplomat, high commissioner to Vanuatu (1982–1985). Wael el-Ebrashy, 58, Egyptian journalist and television presenter, COVID-19. Maria Ewing, 71, American opera singer. Andrée Fortin, 68, Canadian sociologist and academic. Tahani al-Gebali, 71, Egyptian judge, vice president of the supreme constitutional court (2003–2012), COVID-19. Derek Goldby, 81, Australian theatre director. Dwayne Hickman, 87, American actor (The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, The Bob Cummings Show, Cat Ballou) and television director, complications from Parkinson's disease. Akira Inoue, 93, Japanese film director (Zatoichi's Revenge, Sleepy Eyes of Death 7: The Mask of the Princess, Lone Wolf and Cub: Final Conflict), stroke and pneumonia. Toshiki Kaifu, 91, Japanese politician, prime minister (1989–1991), pneumonia. Roman Karpyuk, 57, Ukrainian teacher and politician, member (since 2010) and deputy chairman (since 2014) of the Volyn Oblast Council. Abdelkrim Kerroum, 85, Algerian footballer (FC Sète 34, Troyes, national team). Dušan Klein, 82, Czech film director and screenwriter (How the World Is Losing Poets, How Poets Are Losing Their Illusions, How Poets Are Enjoying Their Lives). Jean Maheu, 90, French government official, president of the Centre Pompidou (1983–1989), président-directeur général of Radio France (1989–1995). James Maraniss, 76, American academic and librettist, Pulitzer Prize winner (2000), heart attack. James Mtume, 76, American musician (Mtume) and songwriter ("Juicy Fruit", "The Closer I Get to You"). Nguyễn Côn, 105, Vietnamese politician, deputy prime minister (1967–1976). Giacomo Properzj, 82, Italian politician, president of the Province of Milan (1990–1992). Bob Saget, 65, American comedian, television presenter (America's Funniest Home Videos) and actor (Full House, How I Met Your Mother), blunt head trauma. Jouni Seistamo, 82, Finnish Olympic ice hockey player (1960, 1964). Bob Shearer, 73, Australian golf player and course architect, heart attack. Desmond de Silva, 78, Sri Lankan singer, heart attack. Marc Wilkinson, 92, Australian-British composer and conductor. 10 Herbert Achternbusch, 83, German film director (Hades, Der Neger Erwin, The Ghost), writer, and painter. Robert Allan Ackerman, 77, American television and theatre director (Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows, The Reagans, Bent), kidney failure. Johan Anuar, 56, Indonesian politician, regent of Ogan Komering Ulu (2021), cancer. Garry Bradbury, 61–62, British-born Australian electronic musician. (death announced on this date) Marion Brash, 90, German-born American actress (Search for Tomorrow, Slaughter). Jan Ciechanowicz, 75, Lithuanian politician, member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1989–1991). Vladimir Dolgov, 61, Ukrainian swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (1980), stomach cancer. James Drake, 89, American photographer (Sports Illustrated), lung cancer. Jim Drake, 77, American film and television director (Night Court, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol). Gérard Drouot, 69, French artistic director and live performance organizer, leukemia. Ciro Durán, 84, Colombian screenwriter and film director (Gamín). Robert Durst, 78, American convicted murderer, subject of The Jinx, cardiac arrest. Joyce Eliason, 87, American television writer and producer (The Jacksons: An American Dream, Titanic, A Loss of Innocence). Alfred Gager, 79, Austrian footballer (Austria Wien, Wacker Wien, national team). Christian Gasc, 76, French costume designer (Madame Butterfly, Farewell, My Queen). Christian Görlitz, 78, German film director. Gerry Granahan, 89, American singer-songwriter ("Leave Me Alone (Let Me Cry)") and record producer. Ian Greenberg, 79, Canadian businessman, co-founder of Astral Media. Brian Hannon, 85, Irish Anglican prelate, lord bishop of Clogher (1986–2001). Aura Herzog, 97, Israeli social activist, first lady (1983–1993) and founder of the Council for a Beautiful Israel. Francis Jackson, 104, British organist and composer. Khan Jamal, 75, American jazz vibraphonist, kidney failure. Glyn Jones, 85, English footballer (Sheffield United, Rotherham United, Mansfield Town). (death announced on this date) Friedrich Kurrent, 90, Austrian architect and author. Deon Lendore, 29, Trinidad and Tobago sprinter, Olympic bronze medallist (2012), traffic collision. Liu Xianping, 83, Chinese writer. Øystein Lønn, 85, Norwegian writer. Taskeen Manerwal, 72, Pakistani poet. Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este, 91, Italian aristocrat. Don Maynard, 86, American Hall of Fame football player (New York Titans / Jets, New York Giants, St. Louis Cardinals), Super Bowl champion (1969). Ali Mitgutsch, 86, German illustrator, pneumonia. Shinji Mizushima, 82, Japanese manga artist (Yakyū-kyō no Uta, Dokaben, Abu-san), pneumonia. Miguel Muñiz, 82, Spanish economist, president of Official Credit Institute (1986–1995) and director of Teatro Real (2004–2012). Valentine Palmer, 86, English voice coach, singer and actor (Doctor Who, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Emmerdale). Chandrashekhar Patil, 82, Indian poet and playwright. Olavi Rinteenpää, 97, Finnish Olympic steeplechase runner (1952, 1956). Nils A. Røhne, 72, Norwegian politician, deputy MP (1997–2009). Burke Shelley, 71, Welsh bassist and vocalist (Budgie). Colin Slater, 87, English football commentator (BBC Radio Nottingham). Ronald Stewart, 94, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1988). Zhanat Suleimenov, 59, Kazakh military leader and politician, deputy minister of internal affairs (2017–2019), suicide. Gerald Tanner, 100, Australian footballer (Richmond). Silvia Tortora, 59, Italian journalist. Abdurrahman Vazirov, 91, Azerbaijani politician, leader of Azerbaijan SSR (1988–1990). Gary Waldhorn, 78, English actor (The Vicar of Dibley, Brush Strokes, All at No 20). 11 Anatoly Alyabyev, 70, Russian biathlete, Olympic champion (1980 individual, 1980 relay), COVID-19. Clyde Bellecourt, 85, American civil rights activist, co-founder of the American Indian Movement, cancer. Jana Bennett, 66, American-born British media executive, brain cancer. Orlando Busino, 95, American cartoonist. Ahmet Yılmaz Çalık, 27, Turkish footballer (Galatasaray, Konyaspor, national team), traffic collision. Jeffery Paul Chan, 79, American author (Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers) and scholar. Mike Cochran, 85, American journalist (Associated Press, Fort Worth Star-Telegram). Evence-Charles Coppée, 68, Belgian press director, director of Libération (1996–2005). Jerry Crutchfield, 87, American music executive. Mihir Das, 62, Indian actor (To Bina Bhala Lagena, Dream Girl, Tu Mo Love Story). Razmik Davoyan, 81, Armenian poet. Louis Dupré, 96, Belgian religious philosopher. Francesco Focardi, 72, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of Camiri (2009–2017). Richard Folmer, 79, American actor (The St. Tammany Miracle, Mad Money, Straw Dogs). Dinos Hadjinicolas, 66, Cypriot politician, member of the House of Representatives (2003–2011). Marleen Hutchful, 35, Ghanaian actress (Things We Do for Love), acute myeloid leukemia. Boris Khazanov, 93, Russian writer. Magawa, 8, Cambodian African giant pouched rat, HeroRAT. Duryodhan Majhi, 83, Indian politician, Odisha MLA (1990–2019). Kay McNamee, 91, Canadian Olympic swimmer (1948, 1952). Abdillahi Nassir, 89, Kenyan Islamic scholar. Hans Nisblé, 76, German politician. Pang Chien-kuo, 68, Taiwanese politician, member of the Legislative Yuan (2002–2005), fall. Karl Harrington Potter, 94, American Indologist. A. G. S. Ram Babu, 59, Indian politician, MP (1989–2001), COVID-19. Herman Rechberger, 74, Austrian-born Finnish composer. Tim Rosaforte, 66, American golf writer (Sports Illustrated, Golf Digest) and broadcaster (ESPN), complications from Alzheimer's disease. Jordi Sabatés, 73, Spanish pianist. Guy Sajer, 94, French writer (The Forgotten Soldier) and cartoonist. Phil Samis, 94, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs), Stanley Cup champion (1948). Noureddine Sammoud, 90, Tunisian author. David Sassoli, 65, Italian politician and journalist, member (since 2009) and president (since 2019) of the European Parliament, complications from multiple myeloma. Arna Schram, 53, Icelandic journalist (DV, Morgunblaðið, Viðskiptablaðið). Ernest Shonekan, 85, Nigerian politician, interim head of state (1993). Snowfall, 3, Japanese-bred Irish racehorse, euthanized. (death announced on this date) Valentina Sorokina, 85, Russian politician, member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1971–1975). Don Sutherin, 85, American Hall of Fame football player (Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders, Pittsburgh Steelers) and coach. Charles V. Willie, 94, American sociologist. Jules Wright, 88, American politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1967–1969). 12 Christopher Alao-Akala, 71, Nigerian politician, governor of Oyo State (2006, 2007–2011). Luis Castañeda, 76, Peruvian politician and lawyer, mayor of Lima (2003–2010, 2015–2018), cardiopulmonary arrest. CPO Boss Hogg, 58, American rapper. Marie-José Denys, 71, French politician, MEP (1989–1994, 1997–1999). Jan Einar Greve, 88, Norwegian lawyer. Colin Harburn, 83, Australian cricketer (Western Australia). William Hogan, 84, Canadian politician, Newfoundland and Labrador MHA (1989–1993). Marc Janson, 91, Belgian-born French painter. Willem Jewett, 58, American politician, member of the Vermont House of Representatives (2003–2017), assisted suicide. Serge Koster, 81, French writer and academic. Stjepan Lamza, 81, Croatian footballer (Dinamo Zagreb, Châteauroux, Yugoslavia national team). Everett Lee, 105, American violinist and conductor. Frank Moe, 56, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (2005–2008), brain cancer. Chu Okongwu, 87, Nigerian economist and politician, minister of finance (1986–1990). Iraj Pezeshkzad, 94, Iranian writer (My Uncle Napoleon). Waiphot Phetsuphan, 79, Thai luk thung singer. Didier Poidyaliwane, 55, New Caledonian politician and pro-independence activist. Richard W. Sabers, 83, American jurist, justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court (1986–2008). Stephen H. Sachs, 87, American politician, attorney general of Maryland (1979–1987). Meier Schwarz, 95, German-born Israeli plant physiologist. Shebby Singh, 61, Malaysian footballer (Johor, Kuala Lumpur, national team), heart attack. Adi Andojo Soetjipto, 89, Indonesian jurist and lecturer. Ronnie Spector, 78, American Hall of Fame singer (The Ronettes), cancer. Sun Bigan, 80, Chinese diplomat, ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1990–1994), Iraq (1994–1998), Iran (1999–2002). Taffy Thomas, 76, Welsh jockey. Ahmed Touili, 79, Tunisian academic. Aminata Touré, 69, Guinean politician, mayor of Kaloum (since 2018). Eduard Vaytsyakhovich, 61, Belarusian politician, deputy (1996). Geoff Wilson, 82, Australian footballer (Hawthorn). George O. Wood, 80, American Pentecostal minister, general superintendent of the Assemblies of God USA (2007–2017), cancer. J. Robert Wright, 85, American Episcopalian priest and church historian. Joseph Zangerle, 72, Luxembourgish footballer (Union Luxembourg, national team). 13 Joe Babich, 81, New Zealand winemaker. Jean-Jacques Beineix, 75, French film director (Diva, Moon in the Gutter, Betty Blue), leukaemia. Mario Cámpora, 91, Argentine diplomat, ambassador to the United Kingdom (1990–1994) and Belgium (1995–1999). Rick Cook, 77, American author. Werner Delmes, 91, German field hockey player, Olympic bronze medalist (1956). Israel S. Dresner, 92, American Reform rabbi and civil rights activist, colon cancer. Jim Forest, 80, American writer and lay theologian. Larry Forgy, 82, American politician. Arturo Frei Bolívar, 82, Chilean politician, deputy (1969–1973) and senator (1990–1998). Lisa Goddard, 55, American climate scientist, breast cancer. Donald Gurnett, 81, American space physicist. Kalamandalam Kuttan Asan, 84, Indian Kathakali artist. Ashling Murphy, 23, Irish music teacher and traditional music performer, strangled. Cholly Naranjo, 87, Cuban baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates), complications from COVID-19. Darby Nelson, 81, American politician and environmentalist. Troy Pickard, 48, Australian politician, president of the Australian Local Government Association (2014–2016), mayor of Joondalup (2006–2017). Wajeeh Qassim, 83, Palestinian politician and diplomat, ambassador to Morocco (1988–2005). S. Ramesan, 69, Indian poet, orator and literary activist. Chiara Samugheo, 86, Italian photographer. Rudolf Schwemmbauer, 78, German politician. Junior Siavii, 43, American football player (Kansas City Chiefs, Dallas Cowboys, Seattle Seahawks). Abdul Sajid Tamrin, 69, Indonesian politician, mayor of Baubau (since 2013). Lambert Amon Tanoh, 95, Ivorian politician, minister of education (1963–1970), COVID-19. Terry Teachout, 65, American playwright and critic (The Wall Street Journal). Len Tillem, 77, American attorney and radio broadcaster (KVON, KSRO, KGO). Claire Tomlinson, 77, British polo player and coach. Sonny Turner, 83, American singer (The Platters), throat cancer. Fred Van Hove, 84, Belgian jazz musician. Giacomo Vianello, 74, Italian footballer (Como). Raúl Vilches, 67, Cuban volleyball player, Olympic bronze medallist (1976), cancer. Caroline Wickham-Jones, 66, British archaeologist, amyloidosis. Lynn Yeakel, 80, American politician and academic administrator. Farrukh Zeynalov, 79, Azerbaijani politician, deputy (2005–2010). 14 H. P. S. Ahluwalia, 85, Indian mountaineer. J. Alexander, 83, Indian civil servant and politician, Karnataka MLA (1999–2004), heart attack. Ann Arensberg, 84, American book publishing editor and author, COVID-19. Flo Ayres, 98, American radio actress. Ricardo Bofill, 82, Spanish architect, founder of Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura, COVID-19. Boris Brozhovsky, 86, Russian cinematographer (The Mysterious Wall, The Cold Summer of 1953, Dreams). Maria Aurora Couto, 84, Indian writer and educationalist. Leonid Derkach, 82, Ukrainian politician, head of the security service (1998–2001). Jim Fahy, 75, Irish journalist (RTÉ News and Current Affairs). Dallas Frazier, 82, American country musician and songwriter ("There Goes My Everything", "All I Have to Offer You (Is Me)", "Elvira"). Angelo Gilardino, 80, Italian composer, guitarist and musicologist. Ron Goulart, 89, American author and comics historian. Alice von Hildebrand, 98, Belgian-born American philosopher and theologian. Kamal Khan, 61, Indian news reporter. Thiago de Mello, 95, Brazilian poet and translator. Lol Morgan, 90, English footballer (Rotherham United, Darlington) and manager (Norwich City). Sean Rice, 49, Canadian figure skater. Edward Roberts, 81, Canadian politician, Newfoundland and Labrador MHA (1966–1985, 1992–1996) and lieutenant governor (2002–2006). Maoi Roca, 47, Filipino basketball player (Batangas Blades) and actor, complications from diabetes. Angelo Rossetto, 75, Italian Olympic rower (1972). John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover, 94, British businessman and politician, chairman of Sainsbury's (1969–1992) and member of the House of Lords (since 1989). Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry, 96, Indian Vedic scholar. Paolo Schiavocampo, 97, Italian painter and sculptor. Peter Seabrook, 86, British gardening writer and television broadcaster, heart attack. Jaswant Singh, 90, Indian field hockey player, Olympic silver medallist (1960). Carol Speed, 76, American actress (Abby, Disco Godfather, Dynamite Brothers). Anastasia Voznesenskaya, 78, Russian actress (Major Whirlwind, The Garage, Station for Two), COVID-19. Kameshwar C. Wali, 94, Indian-born American physicist. Dave Wolverton, 64, American writer (The Runelords), fall. Yuri Zhuravlyov, 87, Russian mathematician. 15 Rink Babka, 85, American discus thrower, Olympic silver medallist (1960). Amit Bhardwaj, 38, Indian businessman and convicted fraudster, cardiac arrest. Marlon Bundo, 8–9, American rabbit and book subject (A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo, Marlon Bundo's A Day in the Life of the Vice President). Ebrahim Buzhu, 52, Dutch drug trafficker, shot. Nino Cerruti, 91, Italian stylist, founder of Cerruti 1881, complications from hip surgery. Ed Cheff, 78, American college baseball coach (Lewis–Clark State College). Claire D. Clarke, American politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (2001–2011). Dan Einstein, 61, American record producer, Grammy winner (1987, 1988). Ralph Emery, 88, American Hall of Fame disc jockey and television host. Michelle Alyssa Go, 40, American financial advisor, struck by train. Michelle Grangaud, 80, Algerian-born French poet. Joe B. Hall, 93, American Hall of Fame basketball coach (Kentucky Wildcats). Paul Hinshelwood, 65, English footballer (Crystal Palace). (death announced on this date) Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki, 93, Japanese philosopher and scholar, stomach cancer. Michael Jackson, 87, British-American Hall of Fame talk radio host (KABC, KGIL), complications from Parkinson's disease. Stephen Kovacs, 50, American saber fencer and coach. Jon Lind, 73, American songwriter ("Save the Best for Last", "Crazy for You") and musician, cancer. Jean-Claude Lord, 78, Canadian film director (Deliver Us from Evil, Toby McTeague, Tadpole and the Whale) and screenwriter, stroke. Aurora del Mar, 87, Argentine actress (Aquellos años locos, Había una vez un circo, Crazy Women). Robert E. McCarthy, 82, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1971–1975) and Senate (1975–1981). Alexa McDonough, 77, Canadian politician, Nova Scotia MLA (1981–1995) and MP (1997–2003), complications from Alzheimer's disease. John McIndoe, 87, British Church of Scotland minister, moderator of the General Assembly (1996–1997). Félix Ormazabal, 81, Spanish politician, member of the Basque parliament (1980, 1984–1995). Scot Palmer, 84, Australian sports journalist. Robert Péri, 80, French footballer (Bordeaux, FC Metz, Toulon). Quarto Pianesi, 81, Italian Olympic field hockey player (1960), COVID-19. Beverly Ross, 87, American musician (Ronald & Ruby) and songwriter ("Lollipop", "The Girl of My Best Friend"), dementia. Ramazan Rragami, 77, Albanian football player (Vllaznia Shkodër, Partizani Tirana, national team) and manager. Michel Ruhl, 87, French actor (Death of a Corrupt Man, Wild Reeds). María Cristina Sangri Aguilar, 81, Mexican politician, deputy (1985–1991). Steve Schapiro, 87, American photojournalist, pancreatic cancer. Nazim Hussain Siddiqui, 81, Pakistani politician and lawyer, Chief Justice (2003–2005). Tong Wai Ki, 82, Hong Kong politician, member of the People's PCC (2008–2013). Hossein Valamanesh, 72, Iranian-Australian artist, heart attack. Andrew P. Vayda, 90, Hungarian-born American anthropologist. Reidar Webster, 87, Norwegian civil servant, state conciliator (1988–2004). 16 Ibrahim Ashk, 70, Indian poet and lyricist, complications from COVID-19. Jacob Azafrani Beliti, 89, Spanish football player (UD España, Rayo Vallecano) and manager (San Fernando). Tova Berlinski, 106, Polish-born Israeli painter. Ethan Blackaby, 81, American baseball player (Milwaukee Braves). Morton J. Blumenthal, 90, American politician, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1971–1975). Michael Brecher, 96, Canadian political scientist. Rocco J. Carzo, 89, American football (Tufts) and lacrosse coach (Delaware). Carmela Corren, 83, Israeli singer ("Vielleicht geschieht ein Wunder") and actress (His Best Friend, Don't Fool with Me). William Daley, 96, American ceramist and academic. Brian DeLunas, 46, American baseball coach (Seattle Mariners, Missouri Tigers), kidney disease. Rod Driver, 89, British-born American mathematician and politician, member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives (1987–1995, 2009–2011). Bas Edixhoven, 59, Dutch mathematician and academic. Sten Elliot, 96, Swedish Olympic sailor (1960). Alekos Fassianos, 86, Greek painter. Richard J. Ferris, 85, American business executive (United Airlines Limited), complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Kevin Flynn, 82, Irish rugby union player (Wanderers, national team). Françoise Forton, 64, Brazilian actress (Estúpido Cupido, Tieta). Bob Gajda, 81, American bodybuilder. John Rice Irwin, 91, American cultural historian, founder of the Museum of Appalachia. Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, 76, Malian politician, president (2013–2020), prime minister (1994–2000) and president of the National Assembly (2002–2007). Tafazzal Hossain Khan, 101, Bangladeshi jurist and politician, MP (1979–1982), pneumonia. Birju Maharaj, 83, Indian Kathak dancer, heart attack. Charles McGee, 102, American fighter pilot (Tuskegee Airmen). Shaoli Mitra, 74, Indian playwright and actress (Jukti Takko Aar Gappo). Lucienne Moreau, 88, French actress. Andrei Mudrea, 67, Moldovan painter and plastic artist. Paul Myners, Baron Myners, 73, British politician, member of the House of Lords (since 2008). Georges Pelletier, 82, Canadian doctor. Alleppey Ranganath, 72, Indian composer (Pappan Priyappetta Pappan, Captain), film director and screenwriter (Ambadi Thannilorunni), COVID-19. Jill Robb, 87, English-born Australian film producer and executive. Shizuo Satō, 90, Japanese politician, councillor (1992–1998), heart attack. Jeremy Sivits, 42, American army reservist and convicted war criminal, COVID-19. Gale Wade, 92, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs). Rabia Zuberi, 81, Pakistani sculptor, founder of the Karachi School of Art. 17 Carlos Mario Álvarez, 54, Colombian politician, mayor of Armenia (2016–2018). Oliver Braddick, 77, British developmental psychologist. Juan Caviglia, 92, Argentine Olympic gymnast (1952, 1960). Jackie Fisher, 96, English footballer (Millwall, Bournemouth). Armando Gama, 67, Portuguese singer-songwriter ("Esta balada que te dou"). Edward Irons, 98, American economist, heart disease. Bill Jackson, 86, American television personality (The BJ and Dirty Dragon Show, Gigglesnort Hotel). Dean Jaensch, 85, Australian political scientist. Michel Konen, 70, Belgian journalist. Björn Natthiko Lindeblad, 60, Swedish economist and Buddhist monk, assisted suicide. Benoît Lwamba, 76, Congolese magistrate, president of the Court of Cassation (2015–2020). Gilbert S. Merritt Jr., 86, American jurist, judge (since 1977) and chief judge (1989–1996) of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Joseph M. Minard, 90, American politician, member of the West Virginia Senate (1990–1994, 1998–2013). Rasheed Naz, 73, Pakistani actor (Qayamat – A Love Triangle In Afghanistan, Khuda Kay Liye, Baby). Stan Neilly, 79, Australian politician, NSW MLA (1981–1988, 1991–1999). Keiji Nishikawa, 60, Japanese shogi player. Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols, 100, American Hall of Fame field hockey player (national team) and WASP pilot. Karim Ouellet, 37, Senegalese-born Canadian singer-songwriter. M. K. Prasad, 89, Indian environmentalist, COVID-19. Balram Singh Rai, 100, Guyanese politician, minister of home affairs (1961–1962). (death announced on this date) Roger Samuels, 61, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants), cancer. Mihir Sengupta, 75, Indian writer. Raima Islam Shimu, Bangladeshi actress. (body discovered on this date) Michel Subor, 86, French actor (Le petit soldat, Topaz, Beau Travail), traffic collision. Ronald G. Tompkins, 70, American physician and academic. Jennifer Toye, 88, British opera singer. Hale Trotter, 90, Canadian-American mathematician. Va'ai Papu Vailupe, Samoan politician, MP (1991–2001, 2006–2011) and minister of justice (1996–1998). Neela Wickramasinghe, 71, Sri Lankan singer, heart attack. 18 Lorenzo Alocén, 84, Spanish Olympic basketball player (1968). Jonathan Brown, 82, American art historian. Hilario Candela, 87, Cuban-born American architect, COVID-19. Sir David Cox, 97, British statistician (Cox process, Point Processes). Narayan Debnath, 96, Indian cartoonist (Handa Bhonda, Bantul the Great, Nonte Phonte). Guillaume Domingue, 36, Mauritian radio broadcaster. Fanita English, 105, Romanian-born American psychoanalyst. Burton M. Fine, 89, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1961–1965). Dave Finney, 88, American politician, member of the Texas House of Representatives (1962–1977). Ron Franklin, 79, American sportscaster (ESPN). Francisco Gento, 88, Spanish football player (Real Madrid, national team) and manager (Granada). Dick Halligan, 78, American musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears) and film composer (Go Tell the Spartans, Fear City), Grammy winner (1970). Lusia Harris, 66, American Hall of Fame basketball player (Delta State Lady Statesmen, Houston Angels), Olympic silver medalist (1976). Paavo Heininen, 84, Finnish composer and pianist. Michelangelo La Neve, 62, Italian comics writer (Dylan Dog, Martin Mystère) and screenwriter (Diabolik). Jean Laborde, 99, French resistant and politician, deputy (1977–1995). Ankica Lepej, 73–74, Croatian whistleblower, COVID-19. Tito Matos, 53, Puerto Rican requinto player, heart attack. Paddy Mendis, 88, Sri Lankan aviator, commander of the air force (1971–1976). Jordan Michallet, 29, French rugby union player (FC Grenoble, CS Bourgoin-Jallieu, Rouen Normandie Rugby), suicide by jumping. Alberto Michelotti, 91, Italian Hall of Fame football referee and player (Fidenza). Arnold Mickens, 49, American football player (Indianapolis Colts). Yvette Mimieux, 80, American actress (The Time Machine, The Black Hole, Jackson County Jail). Anatoliy Novikov, 75, Ukrainian judoka, Olympic bronze medalist (1972). Arvid Nyberg, 93, Norwegian politician, mayor of Trysil (1972–1999). Jan Økern, 69, Norwegian business executive. Don Pepot, 88, Filipino comedian, actor (Hee-Man: Master of None, My Bugoy Goes to Congress, Enteng the Dragon) and radio host, COVID-19. Donald Philbrick, 87, American politician, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (1993–2007). Elio Pietrini, 83, Argentine-Venezuelan actor (Abigail, Amores de fin de siglo, Destino de Mujer), COVID-19. Manoel Henriques Ribeiro, 76, Brazilian politician, mayor of Manaus (1986–1988). Peter Robbins, 65, American actor (Peanuts, Blondie, A Ticklish Affair), suicide. Badal Roy, 77, Indian tabla player, percussionist and recording artist, COVID-19. Vic Roznovsky, 83, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies). Eliezer Schweid, 92, Israeli philosopher. Stepan Shalaev, 93, Russian politician, chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1982–1990). Shi Jiuyong, 95, Chinese jurist, judge (1994–2010) and president (2003–2006) of the International Court of Justice. Jan Smith, 76, American Olympic speed skater (1964), complications from a stroke. André Leon Talley, 73, American fashion journalist (Vogue), complications from COVID-19. Eloy Tato Losada, 98, Spanish-born Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Magangué (1969–1994). Jamie Vincent, 46, English footballer (Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Swindon Town), heart attack. 19 Yevgeny Aryeh, 74, Israeli theater director, playwright, and set designer. Bill Beeny, 95, American Baptist minister. Sonya Biddle, 64, Canadian actress (Rebel High, Snake Eater II: The Drug Buster, The Bone Collector) and politician. Antonio Borrometi, 68, Italian politician, deputy (1996–2001). Leland Byrd, 94, American basketball player, coach and athletics administrator (Western Michigan Broncos, West Virginia Mountaineers). Hans-Jürgen Dörner, 70, German football player (Dynamo Dresden, East Germany national team) and manager (Werder Bremen), Olympic champion (1976). Dan Dworsky, 94, American architect and football player (Michigan Wolverines). Nils Arne Eggen, 80, Norwegian football player (Vålerenga, national team) and manager (Rosenborg). Elmar Fischer, 85, Austrian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Feldkirch (2005–2011), COVID-19. Kirsten Fründt, 54, German politician. Antonina Girycz, 82, Polish actress (Katastrofa, Hunting Flies, A Woman's Decision). Bob Goalby, 92, American golfer, Masters winner (1968). Stanisław Grędziński, 76, Polish Olympic sprinter (1968), European champion (1966). Qazi Anwar Hussain, 85, Bangladeshi writer (Masud Rana). Kenneth Norman Jones, 97, Australian public servant. Michael Jones, 79, Canadian new-age pianist and composer. Haig H. Kazazian Jr., 84, American geneticist, heart failure. Fraser Kelly, 87, Canadian journalist and broadcaster. Hardy Krüger, 93, German actor (Barry Lyndon, A Bridge Too Far, The Wild Geese) and author. Anatoly Malofeyev, 88, Belarusian politician, speaker of the House of Representatives (1997–2002) and member of the Politburo (1990–1991). Gloria McMillan, 88, American actress (Our Miss Brooks). Tom Mount, 82, American diver. Aleksandr Nazarenko, 74, Russian historian, COVID-19. Pan Ziqiang, 85, Chinese engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Marcus Reichert, 73, American painter, photographer, and film director. Nigel Rogers, 86, English tenor. Rafael Rojas, 59, Mexican operatic tenor. Mohan Prasad Sharma, 87, Nepalese jurist, chief justice of the Supreme Court (1998–1999). Lyman F. Sheats Jr., 55, American pinball designer, suicide. Billy Taylor, 69, British Olympic boxer (1972). Gaspard Ulliel, 37, French actor (Hannibal Rising, Saint Laurent, It's Only the End of the World), César winner (2017), skiing accident. Jamye Coleman Williams, 103, American activist. 20 Sir Martin Berthoud, 90, British diplomat, high commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago (1985–1991). Heidi Biebl, 80, German alpine skier, Olympic champion (1960). Bobs Worth, 16, Irish racehorse. Gernot Böhme, 85, German philosopher and author. Randy Boyd, 59, Canadian ice hockey player (Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks). David Bramwell, 79, British botanist. Bernardo Caraballo, 87, Colombian boxer, heart disease. Athan Catjakis, 90, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1985–1993). José Augusto Curvo, 72, Brazilian politician, deputy (1991–1995, 2016), complications from COVID-19. Frank Dutton, 72, South African police officer. Eduardo Flores, 77, Argentine footballer (Estudiantes), cancer. Carla Galle, 73, Belgian Olympic swimmer (1968). Ron Grey, 91, Australian senior army officer and Commissioner of the Federal Police (1983–1988). Gary W. Johnston, 57, American major general. Benjamin Kogo, 77, Kenyan steeplechase runner, Olympic silver medalist (1968), prostate cancer. Sergio Lepri, 102, Italian journalist, director of ANSA (1961–1990). Emil Mangelsdorff, 96, German jazz musician. Meat Loaf, 74, American singer ("Two Out of Three Ain't Bad", "I'd Do Anything for Love") and actor (The Rocky Horror Picture Show), complications from COVID-19. Juro Mětšk, 67, German composer. Camillo Milli, 92, Italian actor (Fantozzi subisce ancora, L'allenatore nel pallone, Il Marchese del Grillo), complications from COVID-19. Domingo Miras, 87, Spanish dramatist. Klaus Peter Möller, 84, German politician, member (1977–2003) and president (1988–1991, 1995–2003) of the Landtag of Hesse. Hideo Onchi, 88, Japanese film director (Warabi no kō), lung cancer. Popcorn Deelites, 23, American racehorse and animal actor (Seabiscuit), colic. René Robert, 85, Swiss-born French photographer, hypothermia. Clyde Sanger, 93, British-Canadian journalist and author. Egon Schübeler, 94, German politician, member of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein (1967–1987). Elza Soares, 91, Brazilian singer. Earl Swensson, 91, American architect (AT&T Building, Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center). Karolos Trikolidis, 74, Austrian conductor. Kostiantyn Yastrub, 86, Ukrainian politician, chairman of the Cherkasy Oblast Council (1991–1992). Irwin Young, 94, American film stock businessman, Oscar winner (2000). 21 Louie Anderson, 68, American comedian, actor (Life with Louie, Baskets), and game show host (Family Feud), Emmy winner (1997, 1998, 2016), large B-cell lymphoma. Rex Cawley, 81, American hurdler, Olympic champion (1964) and men's 400 meter hurdles world record-holder (1964–1968). Romualdo Coviello, 81, Italian politician, senator (1987–2006). Felicia Donceanu, 90, Romanian painter, sculptor, and composer. James Forbes, 69, American basketball player, Olympic silver medalist (1972), complications from COVID-19. Francesco Paolo Fulci, 90, Italian diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations (1993–1999). Krzysztof Gawedzki, 74, Polish-French mathematical physicist. Clark Gillies, 67, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (New York Islanders, Buffalo Sabres), four-time Stanley Cup champion. G. William Hamilton, 88, American politician, member of the Vermont House of Representatives (1973–1975, 1977–1983). Jean Jamin, 76, French ethnologist and anthropologist. Arnie Kantrowitz, 81, American LGBT activist and author, complications from COVID-19. Aftab Ahmed Khan, 81, Indian police officer, founder of the Anti-Terrorism Squad. Czesław Krakowski, 71, Polish politician, senator (1993–1997). Arlo U. Landolt, 86, American astronomer. Arnis Līcītis, 76, Latvian actor (The Favorite, Aquanauts, The Fairfax Millions). Adolfo Lugo Verduzco, 88, Mexican politician, president of PRI (1982–1986), senator (1982–1987) and governor of Hidalgo (1987–1993). Elsa Malpartida, 60, Peruvian politician, member of the Andean Parliament (2006–2011). Marcel Mauron, 92, Swiss footballer (FC La Chaux-de-Fonds, national team). Valentin Mazikin, 76, Russian politician and volleyball administrator (VC Kuzbass Kemerovo). Fred Moore, 99, Australian miner and trade unionist. Anatoly Naiman, 85, Russian poet, translator, and writer. Mace Neufeld, 93, American film producer (The Hunt for Red October, Invictus, The Equalizer). Tatyana Nikolayeva, 102, Russian politician. Axel Nikulásson, 59, Icelandic basketball player (Keflavík, Grindavík, KR) and coach. Leonor Oyarzún, 102, Chilean family therapist, first lady (1990–1994). Jean-Luc Parodi, 84, French political scientist. Howard Radford, 91, Welsh footballer (Bristol Rovers). Petro Sardachuk, 83, Ukrainian diplomat, ambassador to Slovakia (1993–1994), Poland (1994–1998) and Finland (2001–2003). Haim Shahal, 99, Israeli naval engineer. Dennis Smith, 81, American writer and firefighter, complications from COVID-19. Arthur Tarnow, 79, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for Eastern Michigan (since 1998), heart disease. Terry Tolkin, 62, American music journalist and music executive (Elektra Records, Touch and Go Records, No.6 Records). Mario Trafeli, 93, American speed skater. Antonino Valletta, 83, Italian politician, senator (1994–2001). Billy Waddy, 67, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Minnesota Vikings). Gerald Weiß, 76, German politician, MP (1998–2009). Zhang Jie, 84, Chinese novelist. 22 Emilbek Abakirov, 92, Kyrgyz politician. Denise Allen, 68, Australian politician, Victorian MLA (2000–2002), cancer. Judy Banks, 86, Australian television presenter (Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A-Go-Go). Hartmut Becker, 83, German actor (Escape from Sobibor, o.k., He Who Loves in a Glass House). Subhash Bhowmick, 71, Indian football player (East Bengal, Mohun Bagan, national team) and manager, kidney disease. Marc Crousillat, 62, French Olympic water polo player (1988). Gianni Di Marzio, 82, Italian football manager (Napoli, Catania, Catanzaro). Rasmi Djabrailov, 89, Russian actor (Lăutarii, Drama from Ancient Life, The Return of the Battleship) and stage director. Pierre Escourrou, 84, French rugby league player (AS Carcassonne, national team). Raphaël Esrail, 96, Turkish-born French resistance member and engineer, cancer. René Gagnon, 93, Canadian painter, cancer. Johan Hultin, 97, Swedish-born American pathologist. Kathryn Kates, 73, American actress (The Many Saints of Newark, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Shades of Blue), lung cancer. Katuutire Kaura, 80, Namibian politician, MP (1990–2015). Colm Keane, 70, Irish journalist (RTÉ Radio 1). Craig McGregor, 88, Australian journalist. Ralph Natale, 86, American mobster (Philadelphia crime family). Agripino Núñez Collado, 88, Dominican Roman Catholic clergyman and scholar, rector of the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (1970–2015). Phyllis E. Oakley, 87, American diplomat, assistant secretary of state for population, refugees and migration (1994–1997). Hugo Ott, 90, German historian and academic. Bill Owens, 84, American politician, member of the Massachusetts Senate (1975–1982, 1989–1992), COVID-19. António Lima Pereira, 69, Portuguese footballer (Porto, Maia, national team). Tuomo Polvinen, 90, Finnish historian, chief of the National Archives (1970–1974). Emerich Roth, 97, Czechoslovakian-born Swedish Holocaust survivor and writer. Patrick Shai, South African actor (Red Scorpion, Schweitzer, Generations), suicide by hanging. Kirti Shiledar, 69, Indian classical singer. Sverre Stensheim, 88, Norwegian Olympic cross-country skier (1960, 1964). Thích Nhất Hạnh, 95, Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk (The Art of Communicating, Love Letter to the Earth), co-founder of Plum Village Monastery. Michael Thornhill, 80, Australian film producer, screenwriter, and director (Between Wars, The FJ Holden, The Everlasting Secret Family). Roger Wallis, 80, British-Swedish journalist and radio presenter. Alon Wieland, 86, American politician, member of the North Dakota House of Representatives (2003–2014). Joe Yukica, 90, American college football player and coach (Boston College Eagles, Dartmouth Big Green, New Hampshire Wildcats). 23 Beegie Adair, 84, American jazz pianist. William Álvarez, 87, Colombian-Spanish tennis player and coach. Kenes Aukhadiev, 83, Kazakh politician. Edgar S. Cahn, 86, American law professor and counsel. Renato Cecchetto, 70, Italian actor (Parenti serpenti, Fracchia la belva umana, Pierino colpisce ancora) and voice actor, traffic collision. Marie-Claire Chevalier, 66, French abortion rights activist. Narciso Debourg, 96, Venezuelan sculptor. Božidar Đurašević, 88, Serbian chess player. Maiquel Falcão, 40, Brazilian mixed martial artist, stabbed. Enzo Fasano, 70, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2006, since 2018), cancer. Trude Feldman, 97, American journalist (The New York Times, The Washington Post), member of the White House Press Corps. Antonio Fernández, 79, Spanish football player and coach (Málaga). Guo Shuyan, 86, Chinese politician, governor of Hubei (1990–1993). Hiroyuki Konishi, 85, Japanese politician, councilor (1980–1992). Serge Korber, 85, French film director (An Idiot in Paris, A Little Virtuous, L'homme orchestre) and screenwriter. Barbara Krafftówna, 93, Polish actress (Tonight a City Will Die, How to Be Loved, The Saragossa Manuscript). Keto Losaberidze, 72, Georgian archer, Olympic champion (1980). Lourdes Maldonado López, 52, Mexican journalist, shot. Jean-Claude Mézières, 83, French comic book artist (Valérian and Laureline). Bruce Miller, 99, New Zealand soil chemist and scientific administrator. Thierry Mugler, 73, French fashion designer. Baillieu Myer, 96, Australian businessman and philanthropist. R. Nagaswamy, 91, Indian historian, archaeologist and epigraphist. Osea Naiqamu, 60, Fijian politician, MP (since 2014). Carlo Parietti, 71, Italian journalist and trade unionist. Roberto Romulo, 83, Filipino businessman and diplomat, secretary of foreign affairs (1992–1995). Guy Saint-Pierre, 87, Canadian politician and businessman, Quebec MNA (1970–1976). Larry Salmans, 84, American politician, member of the Kansas Senate (1997–2005). Alan A. Stone, 92, American lecturer and psychologist, laryngeal cancer. Armido Torri, 83, Italian Olympic rower (1960). Lavrentije Trifunović, 86, Serbian Orthodox prelate, eparch of Western Europe (1973–1989) and Šabac (since 1989). Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, 72, Ugandan economist and banker, governor of the Bank of Uganda (since 2001), complications from diabetes. Zofia Walasek, 89, Polish Olympic middle-distance runner (1960). Rolf Zehetbauer, 92, German production designer (Cabaret, The NeverEnding Story, Das Boot), Oscar winner (1973). 24 Theresa Amayo, 88, Brazilian actress (S.O.S. Mulheres ao Mar, The Pilgrim). John Arrillaga, 84, American real estate developer and philanthropist. Aftab Baloch, 68, Pakistani cricketer (national team). Tadeusz Bradecki, 67, Polish actor (Camera Buff, The Constant Factor, Schindler's List) and stage director. Olavo de Carvalho, 74, Brazilian polemicist and conspiracy theorist, COVID-19. Szilveszter Csollány, 51, Hungarian gymnast, Olympic champion (2000), COVID-19. Constance Edjeani-Afenu, Ghanaian military officer. Ron Esau, 67, American racing driver. Ronnie Fearn, Baron Fearn, 90, British politician, MP (1987–1992, 1997–2001), member of the House of Lords (2001–2018). Greta Ferušić, 97, Bosnian architect and academic, survivor of Auschwitz and the Siege of Sarajevo. Fatma Girik, 79, Turkish actress (Karakolda Ayna Var, Kız Kolunda Damga Var, Seviştiğimiz Günler), complications from COVID-19. Silvia Gmür, 82, Swiss architect. Tomoo Ishii, 98, Japanese golfer. Hubertus Kramer, 62, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (since 2005). Miriam Naor, 74, Israeli jurist, president of the Supreme Court (2015–2017). Sally Olsen, 87, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1979–1992). Stevan K. Pavlowitch, 88, Serbian-born British historian. Ayberk Pekcan, 51, Turkish actor (Mustang, Winter Sleep), lung cancer. Osvaldo Peredo, 91, Argentine tango singer. Joaquim Amado Quevedo, 75, Brazilian politician, mayor of Tatuí (1983–1987, 1993–1996). Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar, 74, Pakistani politician, MNA (2013–2018). Sheldon Silver, 77, American politician, member (1977–2015) and speaker (1994–2015) of the New York State Assembly. Arnaud Spire, 82, French journalist (L'Humanité). Borislav Stevanović, 46, Serbian footballer (Radnički Niš, Rad, BASK). 25 Ekundayo Adeyinka Adeyemi, 84, Nigerian academic and architect. Judd Bernard, 94, American film producer (Double Trouble, Blue. The Marseille Contract). Hector Borda Leaño, 94–95, Bolivian politician, anthropologist, and poet, member of the Chamber of Senators (1982–1985). Wyn Calvin, 96, Welsh comedian and entertainer. Svetlana Căpățînă, 52, Moldovan politician, deputy (since 2021), complications from COVID-19. Etchika Choureau, 92, French actress (Children of Love, A Girl from Paris, Darby's Rangers). Jean-Claude Corbeil, 89, Canadian linguist and lexicographer. Barry Cryer, 86, English comedian (I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue) and screenwriter (Doctor in the House). Hardev Dilgir, 82, Indian lyricist ("Tere Tille Ton"), heart attack. Erwin Eisch, 94, German artist. Vladimir Gubarev, 83, Russian writer and journalist. Wim Jansen, 75, Dutch football player (Feyenoord, national team) and manager (Celtic), complications from dementia. Fredrik Johansson, 47, Swedish heavy metal musician (Dark Tranquillity), cancer. Mirza Khan, 97, Pakistani Olympic hurdler (1952). Pat King, 77–78, Scottish bassist (Manfred Mann's Earth Band). David Elliot Loye, 96, American author and psychologist. Donald Mahler, 88, American ballet dancer, choreographer and stage director. Ramón Martínez, 73, Venezuelan politician, senator (1998–2000) and governor of Sucre (1992–1998, 2000–2008), COVID-19. David G. Mugar, 82, American businessman and philanthropist. Joseph T. O'Neill, 90, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1967–1971) and Senate (1971–1977). Edna O'Shaughnessy, 97, South African-born British psychoanalyst. Ozzie, 60, African-born American western lowland gorilla, oldest male gorilla in captivity. Dojčin Perazić, 76, Montenegrin footballer (Red Star Belgrade, Vojvodina, FC Den Haag). Andy Ross, 65, British music executive. José Ruiz Baos, 75, Spanish bullfighter, complications from a stroke. Milena Salvini, 84, Italian-born French Kathakali dancer. Gert Schutte, 82, Dutch politician, MP (1981–2001). Sir Crispin Tickell, 91, British environmentalist and diplomat, permanent representative to the United Nations (1987–1990), pneumonia. Esteban Edward Torres, 91, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–1999). Mark Tseitlin, 78, Kyrgyz-born Israeli chess grandmaster. Heinz Werner Zimmermann, 91, German composer. 26 Esther Alzaibar, 91, Venezuelan ceramic artist. Juan Báez, 86, Puerto Rican Olympic basketball player (1960, 1964). David Bannett, 100, American-Israeli electronics engineer, inventor of the Shabbat elevator. Hamman Bello, 78, Nigerian customs officer, comptroller-general of the Nigerian Customs Service (2008–2009). Bud Brown, 94, American politician, secretary of commerce (1987), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1965–1983). Augusto Cicaré, 84, Argentine inventor, engineer, and aviation designer (Cicaré CK.1), founder of Cicaré. Philippe Contamine, 89, French historian. Gérald Ducimetière, 81, Swiss-born French artist. Ludmila Ferber, 56, Brazilian Christian singer-songwriter and writer. Iván Guzmán de Rojas, 87, Bolivian artist, mathematician, and scientist. Rosalie Kunoth-Monks, 85, Australian actress (Jedda) and Aboriginal activist. Narcélio Limaverde, 90, Brazilian radiologist and politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Ceará (1987–1990). Janet Mead, 84, Australian Roman Catholic nun and singer ("The Lord's Prayer"), cancer. Jan Michalik, 73, Polish Olympic wrestler (1968, 1972). Moses J. Moseley, 31, American actor (The Walking Dead, Queen of the South, Watchmen). (body discovered on this date) Ludwig Müller, 90, German Olympic middle-distance runner (1960). Thomas M. Neuville, 71, American politician, member of the Minnesota Senate (1990–2008). Víctor Paredes Guerra, 77, Peruvian politician, member (1990–1992), and president (1990–1991) of the Congress of the Republic. Ruy Pérez Tamayo, 97, Mexican pathologist and immunologist. Mohamad Jemuri Serjan, 92, Malaysian jurist, chief judge of Sabah and Sarawak (1991–1994). Jeremiah Stamler, 102, American cardiovascular epidemiologist. Ernst Stankovski, 93, Austrian actor (To Be Without Worries, The Good Soldier Schweik, Help, I Love Twins). Morgan Stevens, 70, American actor (Fame, A Year in the Life, Melrose Place), heart disease. Tony Urquhart, 87, Canadian painter. Tim Van Galder, 77, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals) and broadcaster (KMOV), cancer. Kenneth Wannberg, 91, American composer (The Tender Warrior, The Great American Beauty Contest, The Four Deuces) and sound editor. Peter Wood, 70, English cricketer (Nottinghamshire). Glenn Yates Jr., 94, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1965–1971). 27 Alain Bancquart, 87, French composer. Georg Christoph Biller, 66, German choral conductor, Thomaskantor (1992–2015). Tommy Brennan, 89, Scottish trade unionist and political activist. Buck's Boy, 29, American thoroughbred racehorse. Gwinyai Chingoka, 39, Zimbabwean tennis player, complications from a traffic collision. Gene Clines, 75, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers), World Series champion (1971). Dai Yongnian, 92, Chinese engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Antoine Dalla Cieca, 90, French football player (Racing Club de France Football) and manager (Paris FC). Mohammad Ali Farrokhian, 86, Iranian wrestler. Edwin F. Flowers, 91, American judge, justice on the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1975–1976). Lady Veronica Gibson, 85, Scottish arts patron. Gary K. Hart, 78, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1974–1982) and Senate (1982–1994). Pavlo Kuznietsov, 71, Ukrainian politician, deputy (1998–2002), COVID-19. Martin Leach-Cross Feldman, 87, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (since 1983). Mark Levine, 83, American jazz musician, author, and educator, pneumonia. Woody Mann, 69, American guitarist. Nedjeljko Mihanović, 91, Croatian politician, speaker of the Parliament (1994–1995) and member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Max Moszkowicz, 95, German-born Dutch lawyer. René de Obaldia, 103, French playwright and poet, member of the Académie Française. László Palácsik, 62, Hungarian Olympic biathlete (1984). María Pellicer, 72, Spanish politician, deputy (1993–1996), member of the Aragonese Courts (1999–2011) and mayor of Castejón de Sos (2003–2011). Matthew Reeves, 44, American murderer, execution by lethal injection. Ri Yong-mu, 97, North Korean military officer, vice president of the National Defence Commission (since 2007), heart attack. Mick Ryan, 80, British racehorse trainer. Salih Šehović, 85, Bosnian footballer (Leotar, Sarajevo, Dinamo Zagreb). Susan Shaw, 78, American environmental health scientist, ocean conservationist, and author, founder of the Shaw Institute. Charanjit Singh, 90, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion (1964). Karl Spiehs, 90, Austrian film producer (Dance with Me Into the Morning, Always Trouble with the Teachers, Cola, Candy, Chocolate). John St. Cyr, 86, American politician, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1967–1972). Coulson Tough, 95, American architect. Diego Verdaguer, 70, Argentine singer-songwriter, COVID-19. 28 Alphabet Soup, 30, American racehorse, euthanized. Joseph Belmont, 74, Seychellois politician, vice president (2004–2010). Sir Erik Bennett, 93, British Royal Air Force vice-marshal. Richard Christiansen, 90, American theatre and film critic (The Chicago Tribune). Richard L. Duchossois, 100, American Hall of Fame racetrack (Arlington Park, Churchill Downs) and racehorse owner. Paolo Gioli, 79, Italian film director and photographer. Werner Großmann, 92, German Stasi general. Lali Gulisashvili, 66, Georgian poet. John Hare, 87, British conservationist, author and explorer. Heidemarie Koch, 78, German Iranologist. Brigitte Kowanz, 64, Austrian artist. Hans-Peter Lanig, 86, German alpine skier, Olympic silver medalist (1960). Guy Laporte, 69, French rugby union player (SC Graulhet, national team), heart attack. Donald May, 92, American actor (Colt .45, The Edge of Night, Texas), laryngeal cancer. Mel Mermelstein, 95, Czechoslovakian-born American Holocaust survivor, complications from COVID-19. Gilles Mirallès, 55, French chess player. Abang Muhammad Salahuddin, 100, Malaysian politician, governor of Sarawak (1977–1981, 2001–2014). Harry Steele, 92, Canadian businessman. Wayne Stenehjem, 68, American politician, member of the North Dakota House of Representatives (1976–1979) and Senate (1980–2000), and attorney general (since 2000). Elis Svärd, 25, Swedish golfer. John Tuttle, 70, American politician, member of the Maine Senate (1984–1988, 2012–2014) and four-time member of the House of Representatives. Vladimir Virchis, 48, Ukrainian boxer, suicide by hanging. 29 Suresh Bansal, 78, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (2012–2017), COVID-19. Tony Barrand, 76, British-born American folk singer and academic. Marie-Françoise Baslez, 75, French historian and academic. Jean-Paul Bordeleau, 78, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA (1976–1985). Rashid Byramji, 88, Indian horse trainer. Barbara A. Curran, 81, American politician and judge, member of the New Jersey General Assembly (1974–1980), judge of the New Jersey Superior Court (1992–2000). Des Drummond, 63, British rugby league player (Leigh, Warrington, national team). Marty Engel, 90, American Olympic hammer thrower (1952). Leonard Fenton, 95, English actor (EastEnders). David Gordon, 85, American dancer and choreographer. David Green, 61, Nicaraguan baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants), respiratory failure. Rainer Hannig, 69, German Egyptologist. Howard Hesseman, 81, American actor (WKRP in Cincinnati, This Is Spinal Tap, Head of the Class), complications from colon surgery. Jo Kendall, 81, British actress (Emmerdale), comedian (I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again) and writer. Sam Lay, 86, American Hall of Fame drummer (Little Walter, Muddy Waters, Paul Butterfield Blues Band). Simon Lokodo, 64, Ugandan politician. Michelle Marquais, 95, French actress (The Taking of Power by Louis XIV, Villa Amalia). Ralph Mellanby, 87, Canadian sportscaster and television producer (Hockey Night in Canada). Mary Ryan Munisteri, 83, American soap writer. Bernard Quilfen, 72, French road racing cyclist. 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Rajagopalan, 64, Indian folklore researcher, COVID-19. Isabel Robalino, 104, Ecuadorian lawyer and politician, senator (1968–1970). Bienvenu Sene Mongaba, 55, Congolese writer. Leon Silver, 96, American geologist. Rajeev Kumar Singh, 69, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1985–1991, 1996–2017). Gloria Tew, 98, American abstract sculptor. References 2022-1 1

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings%20Over%20Jordan%20Choir

Wings Over Jordan Choir

The Wings Over Jordan Choir was an African-American a cappella spiritual choir, founded and based in Cleveland, Ohio. This choir is also known for a weekly religious radio series, also titled Wings Over Jordan, that was created as a showcase for the group. Debuting over Cleveland radio station WGAR in 1937 as the Negro Hour, the radio program was broadcast over the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from 1938 to 1947 and over the Mutual Broadcasting System through 1949. Wings Over Jordan broke color barriers as the first radio program produced and hosted by African-Americans to be nationally broadcast over a network. This program was also the first of its kind to be easily accessible to audiences in the Deep South, featuring distinguished black church and civic leaders, scholars and artists as guest speakers. One of the highest-rated religious radio programs in the United States, this show additionally had an international audience via the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the Voice of America (VOA), Armed Forces Radio, and their respective shortwave capacities. The radio program has also been credited for both WGAR and CBS winning inaugural Peabody Awards in 1941. Founded in Cleveland by Baptist minister Glynn Thomas Settle (born Glenn Thomas Settle; October 10, 1894 – July 16, 1967), the choir performed in concerts throughout the country during their pinnacle, often in defiance of Jim Crow laws, and toured with the USO in support of the American war effort during both World War II and the Korean War. Billed as one of the "world's greatest Negro choirs", Wings Over Jordan Choir is regarded as a forerunner for the civil rights movement and a driving force in the development of choral music, helping to both preserve and introduce traditional spirituals to a mainstream audience. Multiple iterations of the group emerged from the 1950s onward, and a Cleveland-based tribute choir bearing this name has actively performed since 1988. History 1935–1938: Formations Origins in Cleveland Wings Over Jordan had its origins as a church choir at Gethsemane Baptist Church in Cleveland's Central neighborhood under the direction of the Rev. Glenn Thomas Settle. Born in Reidsville, North Carolina, on October 10, 1894, to sharecroppers Ruben and Mary B. Settle as one of nine children, Settle's paternal grandfather Tom Settle was an African prince captured and sold into slavery in the 1850s, while his maternal grandfather had been a member of the Cherokee Nation. The Settle family moved to Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1902, where Glenn became involved in local churches and worked as many as three jobs following his father's death. Moving to Cleveland in 1917 with his first wife Mary Elizabeth Carter, Settle studied at the Moody Bible Institute after being inspired to become better educated, taking classes in the evening while working as a metallurgist in a foundry during the day. Prior to his ordination, Settle headed a church in Painesville and was assigned to a Baptist church in Elyria that split into two congregations in 1933. While in Elyria, Settle became known for sermons that helped promoted easing of racial tensions and social justice advocacy. Settle then was assigned as Gethsemane's pastor in November 1935 as the church was in the middle of a significant fiscal crisis, successfully leading a turnaround to a "very healthy" financial state. In addition to heading up Gethsemane, Settle worked as a clerk for Cleveland's street department. Like Settle, the majority of Gethsemane's congregation consisted of migrant families from the South, and was not one of the city's more prominent churches, but did boast a choir of rich and natural, yet untrained, voices. These singers had humble backgrounds: they consisted of laborers, maids, beauticians and elevator operators, among other professions. As Gethsemane had no music ministry, Settle promptly established an a cappella choir with these singers, along with singers from other choirs and from Cleveland's Central High School, where much of the congregation had attended. James E. Tate, who had become involved with Gethsemane when Settle was appointed pastor, was appointed as director. The choir's repertoire of spirituals documented the psychology of African-Americans throughout their enslavement in the United States, and while falling out of favor among blacks after emancipation, experienced a resurgence in popularity with the Great Depression's onset. Settle saw spirituals as a dignified art form and sought to preserve their authenticity with the choir; consequently, performances often held a deeply emotional atmosphere, a reflection of Settle's work as a minister. While regarded as "sorrow songs", spirituals also held hope for a better future among blacks, and choir members felt comfort and relief in singing their ancestor's songs helping them overcome feelings of hopelessness. Settle's granddaughter Teretha Settle Overton later compared spirituals to gospel songs, saying the former are songs of woe while the latter proclaim salvation and redemption. The choir quickly became popular in Cleveland with concert bookings throughout the city and even embarked on a regional tour early in 1937 that included Settle's hometown of Uniontown. The WGAR Negro Hour After consulting a colleague in Cleveland's street department that was also an ethnic radio broadcaster, Settle enrolled the choir into an on-air amateur contest hosted by Cleveland station WJAY. The choir was ruled ineligible as the station considered them professional artists, but Worth Kramer, program director for WGAR radio, was in the audience, unbeknownst to Settle. Following the WJAY audition and learning of Worth Kramer's position, Rev. Settle approached him with a request to add a weekly show aimed at the African-American population to WGAR's existing Sunday lineup of ethnic fare. A network affiliate of NBC Blue, WGAR recently removed a Sunday morning Blue program featuring the Southernaires from their schedule after a local nationality group purchased the timeslot, and despite an array of programming for other European-based ethnic groups, had nothing for Cleveland's black population. Kramer was impressed by a subsequent audition held for the choir that he promptly launched the Negro Hour on July 11, 1937, which Settle's choir provided music for. In addition to the choir's music performances, the Negro Hour boasted guest speakers who would talk about issues facing black people; the debut program's guests were the Rev. H. C. Bailey and Cleveland mayor Harold Hitz Burton. Not only was the Negro Hour the first known radio program autonomously produced and directed by African-Americans, it is also regarded as the first program of any kind to feature black people in a way that wasn't demeaning or burlesque. Kramer became an early supporter of the choir after having developed a personal interest in spirituals and researched their origins, and considered it to be "the only true form of early American music". Settle and the choir—now known as the Negro Hour Choir—were featured performers at the Ohio Baptist General Association's 1937 conference, which WGAR broadcast live. James E. Tate was also bestowed $450 by Gethsemane's congregation for his planned studies at Oberlin College, Settle having praised Tate for a "natural ability ... to train and direct singing groups". Going national via CBS On September 26, 1937, WGAR switched affiliations from NBC Blue to the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). The sudden success of WGAR's Negro Hour quickly caught the attention of CBS, in particular network executive director Sterling Fisher and musical director Davidson Taylor. A special 15-minute prime time slot was awarded to the choir by the network on Tuesday, November 9, 1937. Entitled Wings Over Jordan, the program featured a performance of the Robert Nathaniel Dett piece "Keep Me From Sinking Down". Another prime time slot was granted to the choir by CBS on December 14, 1937, allowing network executives another chance to hear the choir with the potential of offering a regularly scheduled feature. Nashville religious leader Henry Allen Boyd appeared on the December 5, 1937, Negro Hour, marking the first time an individual outside of Cleveland was a guest speaker. CBS officially picked up the program, officially re-titled Wings Over Jordan, for national distribution on January 9, 1938. What was already the first program independently produced and hosted by African-Americans now became the first such program to be broadcast nationwide over a radio network. The choir concurrently adopted "Wings Over Jordan" as their permanent name onward. While the origins of this name are directly attributed to Rev. Settle, he never offered or provided an exact meaning for its creation, rendering it an enigma. A Newsweek article later explained its meaning as a reference to the African-American Christian cultural belief of crossing the River Jordan upon one's death and hearing the "winged chorus of angels" while completing the journey to the afterlife. Settle's administrative assistant Alice Harper McCrady speculated it emerged from his penchant of using analogies in sermons with "Wings Over Jordan" as a metaphor; many spirituals regarded wings as representative of "flying away" from slavery, and both "The River of Jordan" and "Deep River" were frequently performed by the choir. One newspaper article promoting a 1949 concert asserts that Settle adopted the phrase from lyrics to a song that had been sung by his mother. Another theory suggests that Settle simply thought the phrase "had a nice ring to it" when CBS used it for the two prime time programs. In any event, the name proceeded to serve both Settle and the choir for the next 30 years. 1938–1942: Widespread popularity Worth Kramer's direction When the program went national, Settle replaced James E. Tate as the choir's director with WGAR's Worth Kramer, who was white. Settle initially said Kramer's role would be for a period of four weeks citing his prior experience with chorales, but Kramer remained in the position for several additional weeks, prompting Tate to resign the following month. While Tate was offered—and had accepted—his former position back after significant discontent expressed by other members, Tate permanently left the choir one month later. The director position was consequently given to Kramer outright, with Tate's former assistant Williette Firmbanks becoming a secondary director, including road performances that Kramer could not attend. Kramer left his position as WGAR program director in 1939 to head an "artists service" department established by the station, allowing him to devote more attention to the choir. Ultimately, Kramer's four week period as Wings choir director lasted four years, helping to set a standard with his knowledge of radio production and musical sensitivities that subsequent conductors all emulated. Despite Settle's insistence no one, even Kramer, would be taking undue credit for the choir's success, Kramer received disproportionate credit in media coverage and concert promotions which was controversial among the members. A 1940 Time profile on the program claimed Kramer "drummed his arrangements into the musically illiterate group by rote... for weeks before he put them on the air". While Kramer, sometimes in collaboration with Firmbanks, did compose multiple arrangements for the choir, it was to help compliment the many members who could not read sheet music proficiently. Kramer publicly defended the choir in a 1941 open letter to multiple swing band leaders demanding they refrain from appropriating spirituals for their purposes. In the letter, Kramer said, "to many of the opposite race, (this) is exceedingly distasteful. Imagine your disgust, in tuning in a late evening dance program, to hear... the blatant strains of a band "jiving" "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name" or "The Old Rugged Cross"... you would run immediately to the telephone to protect such irreverent expression of musical prowess". Historians and family of surviving choir members have retrospectively seen Kramer as helping them gain legitimacy and the pickup over Columbia; Teretha Overton said of Kramer, "(he) opened doors that my grandfather could not get in". Even still, some CBS affiliates in the Deep South, including Shreveport, Louisiana's KWKH, advertised the show as "Wings Over Jordan ... the Worth Kramer Choir." Extensive concert tours Wings Over Jordan became CBS's highest-profile sustaining program, with the network agreeing to cover all costs for the airtime allotted to the show, negating the need for any commercial sponsorship. While it was estimated that the program had an audience of ten million listeners every week and was billed as one of the most-listened to religious radio programs, sustained programs were not officially rated like sponsored programs were, and thus no definitive measurements exist. Still, it was not uncommon for predominantly black neighborhoods in Cleveland to have the majority of radios tuned in to WGAR with radios placed on porches or open windows, broadcasting the program for all to hear. The summer of 1938 also saw the first significant concert tour for the choir, including cities in Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, with Settle making arrangements for choir members to stay in the homes of black families if the organizations hosting them could not provide lodging. Settle refused to let the choir perform to segregated audiences, resulting in the choir being occasionally jailed for violating Jim Crow laws, prompting them to broadcast from historically black colleges and universities. Worth Kramer's presence as their white director has also been largely credited for the group being able to be booked in places otherwise hostile to blacks. Within the program's first 18 months on CBS, Wings had performed in over 150 concerts throughout the East Coast and Midwest. While these tours initially lasted only a matter of days before returning to Cleveland, the choir began receiving fan mail from all over the country as 1938 ended. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt became one of the choir's most visible supporters, inviting some of the members to a luncheon at the White House on December 5, 1938. This followed three successful engagements in Washington, D.C. and a remote broadcast originating from CBS-owned WJSV, the latter a first for the choir. Roosevelt was later credited in the choir's 1940 Newsweek profile as a fan of the choir. A June 1, 1939, concert at the Baltimore Armory drew a crowd of over 18,000 people; it was immediately followed by an recital at Harlem's Abyssinian Baptist Church that was a capacity crowd despite little advance promotion. The choir formally incorporated as a non-profit organization in May 1939, initially headquartered at Gethsemane Baptist Church. By May 1941, it moved into the Call and Post building and held offices in Knoxville, New York City, Los Angeles and Atlanta; the black-oriented Call and Post referred to Wings upon this move as "...perhaps one of the Nation's largest Negro enterprises." Initially, WGAR executive Maurice Condon handled the choir's marketing and management, but by December 1939, Neil Collins was hired as their first promotion director. Working under Worth Kramer, who became the choir's vice president upon incorporation, a full-time position became necessary to handle requests for concerts of all types and sizes. Collins visited approximately 400 radio stations during his 19-month tenure to make necessary arrangements, including all lodging accommodations in segregated towns. Additionally, Collins created the first press kits about the choir, provided advance publicity, and accompanied the choir on tour, making sure all proceeds were distributed appropriately. Like Kramer, Collins was white, which afforded the choir opportunities for concerts and publicity that would not have existed otherwise, with bookings that ranged from nearly empty houses to crowds that refused to leave between concerts, forcing a separate venue to be obtained. Collins later referred to it as "a tour of the United States for a young man, expenses paid". Concert tours during this time included performances on a daily basis, almost always at a different venue, and as many as three different concerts in one day. A March 1940 visit to New York City included Mayor Fiorello La Guardia bestowing the choir a key to the city after they performed in his office, telling the choir, "if I could hear singing like that every morning, my day would be a lot happier". Wings returned to New York City for a performance at the 1939–40 New York World's Fair that July. The largest recorded attendance for any Wings concert took place at Cleveland Municipal Stadium on July 4, 1940, with 75,000 in attendance and 25,000 turned away. Persie Ford was one of several choir members who continuously participated with Wings throughout this period; according to grandson Glenn A. Brackens, she was on the road for a span of nine years while she did take a sabbatical in 1942 to concentrate on her marriage. Guest speakers The guest speaker segment became a regular five-minute feature for the radio program upon the CBS pickup in what was billed as a "round-robin drop" system, allowing the speakers to present their speeches from either Cleveland, New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis or Washington, D.C. Rev. Settle's narrations for each program were carefully written and structured to tie in the song selections—which he had typically chosen beforehand—with the subject material of the guest speakers. Ben A. Green, mayor of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, appeared on the April 10, 1938, program to talk about the town's founding under emancipated slaves; Green was provided a police escort to the WGAR studios and bestowed a key to the city by Cleveland mayor Harold Burton. Bishop Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, founder of the Palmer Memorial Institute, gave a March 10, 1940, address titled "The Negro and the Social Graces". The list of guest speakers is voluminous and varied from local church leaders to celebrities, politicians and distinguished scholars. Hattie McDaniel, the first black to win an Academy Award for her role in Gone with the Wind, appeared on the July 7, 1940, program. Historian Dr. Carter G. Woodson gave a February 5, 1939, speech entitled "The Negro's part in history." Channing H. Tobias, president of the YMCA's New York City chapter, talked about that organization's relationship with blacks on March 12, 1939. Francis M. Wood, longstanding director for Baltimore's Negro schools, appeared on the January 21, 1940, installment. E. Washington Rhodes, publisher of The Philadelphia Tribune, delivered "The Fight for Negro Freedom" on September 6, 1942. Additionally, W. E. B. Du Bois, Charles H. Wesley, Langston Hughes and Mary McLeod Bethune have been credited as guest speakers. Ohio governor John W. Bricker, Cleveland mayor Harold Burton, New York mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Coca-Cola Company president George W. Woodruff would be the most prominent white guest speakers. Bricker—who was honored by the Phillis Wheatley Association afterwards—appeared on the program's third anniversary over CBS on January 12, 1941, extended to 45 minutes for the occasion and broadcast from Cleveland's Antioch Baptist Church, the first time a network radio program originated from a black church. Likewise, La Guardia gave an address for the show's fourth anniversary on January 11, 1942. Advance coordination between La Guardia, who gave his remarks in New York City, and the show's production team in Ohio took place via telegraph; the spiritual "When I've Done The Best I've Can" followed the address by request from La Guardia, noting the song's themes of "inconsolation and reward for unappreciated labor". The presence of these distinguished black artists and scholars on the radio program were revolutionary and further broke color barriers. For the first time on network radio, substantive talks were taking place among black people regarding racial inequities, disfranchisement and suppressive actions like lynching, which were typically avoided by white-controlled media. Because Wings Over Jordan was a sustained radio program and not dependent on commercial sponsors, these speeches were almost always given without any fear of backlash. W. O. Walker's April 12, 1941, Call and Post column noted that black actress Ethel Waters was the first person of color to host a sponsored radio show in 1933 via the American Oil Company, but it was cancelled after stations in the South protested to the network. In contrast, the FCC looked favorably on sustaining programs and frequently used them to help assess if a broadcaster was operating in the public interest. By capitalizing on indifference by white ownership of CBS affiliates in the Deep South, Wings Over Jordan also helped introduce these issues to a white audience for the first time. International reach The radio program was broadcast live on Sunday mornings throughout its entire run on CBS. Initially airing at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time, the start time was moved to 9:30 a.m. by September 1938, then to 10:30 a.m. on September 17, 1939. Air times for Wings Over Jordan varied between 9:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. for the next two years on a seasonal basis before finally adopting a 10:30 a.m. start on November 2, 1941, directly following Church of the Air on the CBS schedule in all instances. While the later 10:30 a.m. start was meant to accommodate listeners on the West Coast (where it aired at 7:30 a.m. Pacific Time) that were displeased affiliates had to play transcription discs the following week, East Coast listeners were upset over it conflicting with their church's worship services; in an attempt to diffuse the conflict, Rev. Settle suggested that churches broadcast the program to parishioners as a part of their Sunday school curriculum. The most ambitious move, however, took place when CBS offered the choir an additional 15-minute weekday program beginning on July 28, 1941. The choir originated these daily broadcasts out of Cleveland's Euclid Avenue Baptist Church for six weeks after overwhelming demand for tickets and the chapel having an auditorium with a seating capacity of 300 people, much larger than any of WGAR's studios at the Hotel Statler. While merely an experimental program, it was heralded by the Call and Post as "another glorious chapter in (the choir's) unusual success story". The choir's reach became international in September 1938, when the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) picked up the radio program as part of a goodwill exchange, broadcasting it over their shortwave radio service. By 1939, the radio program was available to stations in Canada, Mexico, South America, India and elsewhere, with the choir receiving congratulatory messages from many of these countries and regions. This international audience was an addition to the existing CBS affiliate base in the United States, which Time estimated in 1940 at 107 stations that carried the program. Shortwave station WRUL in Scituate, Massachusetts, transmitted the program to Europe on December 17, 1940, as part of a "Friendship Bridge" between Great Britain and the U.S. This accentuated the BBC's ongoing relationship with the choir, as their rebroadcasts of Wings Over Jordan had been taking place as part of an ongoing series regarding American music appreciation. CBS selected the choir to be a part of their Columbia School of the Air educational series in 1942, which was transmitted throughout North and South America, bolstering their international presence further. Acclaim, records and awards New York City-based artist management firm Alber-Zwick Corporation signed the choir to an $85,000 contract () in January 1941, taking over all aspects of management and talent booking; the signing followed weeks of negotiations that delayed publication of the agency's annual "Alber Blue Book of World Celebrities" so Wings Over Jordan Choir could be included. When asked what helped prompt the agency to affiliate with the choir, Alber-Zwick head Louis Alber cited a January 15, 1941, column from Cleveland Press editor-in-chief Louis B. Seltzer as his justification. Seltzer's column, "There Is A Foundation," was an emotionally-driven response to a Wings recital he had attended at the Hotel Cleveland with several other local dignitaries, lauding the choir and their spiritual repertoire as a direct counterpoint and compliment to the laments of Arab in William Saroyan's play The Time of Your Life. Alber, who had been a talent manager for Will Rogers, Lowell Thomas, Vilhjalmur Stefansson and William Howard Taft, said of Seltzer's column, "if you'll read this, you'll understand... the world needs what this Negro Chorus has to give as never before in my lifetime. Louis Seltzer has stated it much better than I can." Alber-Zwick's plans for the choir included additional tours on the West Coast, South America and other world ports, along with potential inclusion in motion pictures. The program's highest recognition within the radio industry occurred when WGAR and CBS received George Foster Peabody Awards in 1941, the award's inaugural year. WGAR won the Peabody for medium-market stations for actively serving Cleveland's ethnic communities and cultural groups, with Wings Over Jordan directly cited as "begun (by the station) five years ago to bring about a better understanding between the white and colored peoples", lauding this and other successes despite the station's (at the time) technically disadvantaged signal. CBS was accordingly awarded for public service on the network level, having devoted significant airtime on their broadcast schedule for educational and informative programs. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), which conducts the award ceremony, directly credited Wings as the reason WGAR and CBS were jointly awarded. Because many of the choir's singers were of a very young age when Settle formed the choir, some singers were reportedly unimpressed with the Peabody Awards but it would be mentioned in press releases for upcoming concerts in the years that followed. The New York Public Library's Schomburg Collection also placed both Settle and Wings Over Jordan on their Honor Roll of Race Relations, a nationwide poll conducted annually by Dr. Lawrence D. Reddick to recognize people and groups that distinguished themselves with improving race relations "in terms of real democracy." Settle was placed on the 1939 Honor Roll for his role with the program, "outstanding of radio series rendered by Negros the previous year," and accepted the honor during the February 18, 1940, broadcast. The radio program was placed on the 1941 Honor Roll for having successfully reached more listeners than any other program of its kind. CBS, in turn, featured the choir on the front cover of their March 1942 program guide in recognition of this honor. Several weeks earlier, Wings Over Jordan commemorated its fifth year on CBS, with the choir boasting that many of their original members were still actively singing with them. Schomburg Collection Honor Roll recipients for 1939, 1943, 1945 and 1946 were announced live during Wings Over Jordan broadcasts. April 12, 1941, saw the choir signed to a recording deal with CBS's record division, Columbia Records, for their Masterworks label. A four-disc 78-rpm boxed set album produced by Worth Kramer and narrated by Settle was released the following May. As Kramer's commitments to the choir continued to deepen, he started encountering friction among WGAR management who felt he was failing to give enough attention to other artists that had been signed to the station's artists services department. With Alber-Zwick now managing all aspects of the choir, Kramer left WGAR and his positions with Wings Over Jordan to become the general manager of WGKV in Charleston, West Virginia, on December 26, 1941, but remained on the choir's board of trustees. The new position at WGKV also included a ownership stake in the station for Kramer which was not disclosed to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) until Kramer neared induction into the U.S. Army at the end of 1943, which temporarily put the station's license in doubt. Still, Kramer was fondly remembered by former singers, Persie Ford recalled that the choir was so responsive to Kramer's direction that it reminded her of "puppets on a string moving only in concert with his fingers". 1942–1946: The war years Emerging OWI alliance The December 7, 1941, broadcast of Wings Over Jordan at 10:30 a.m. Eastern took place like any other broadcast, with Anna M. P. Strong, president of the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers, as the guest speaker. Four hours later, news bulletins of the Attack on Pearl Harbor broke, prompting the United States to declare war on Japan, in turn thrusting the U.S. into World War II. Immediately, the subject matter of guest speakers on Wings changed for future broadcasts, with titles like "This troubled world today", "The meaning of democracy", "Towards racial unity in these times", "Divine help in a time of peril" and "Our second emancipation". The changes would be further involved with the United States Office of War Information (OWI) designating Wings Over Jordan as an official source for news items regarding black military personnel and documenting contributions to the war industry by black people. By October 1942, Rev. Settle and OWI radio bureau head William B. Lewis established an arrangement for OWI to provide guest speakers for Wings, along with news bulletins at the beginning of the program. The choir began recording material for the Voice of America (VOA)—which the OWI established as a shortwave counterpropaganda effort—along with transcriptions of the CBS program, but only the songs themselves are confirmed to have been broadcast; this practice would continue until 1946. The radio show was additionally transcribed to the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS) and the choir recorded two 78-rpm V-Discs strictly for use overseas. This partnership was not insignificant. Researchers had actively studied ways to counteract Adolf Hitler's efficiency with multifaceted propaganda, and saw the accidental terror incurred by Orson Welles' The War of the Worlds as a testament to radio's effectiveness on the general public. The OWI's task under director Elmer Davis, a former CBS newsman, was to influence and control opinion with the American populace via radio, and recognized the significant audience Wings enjoyed among blacks regarding said task. The OWI was lobbied significantly by internal advisors and even one anonymous letter sent to the agency, and Davis recognized it was a disservice for the agency to disregard the "state of mind of Negro citizens" as documented in black-owned media. Most existing white-owned media, particularly newspapers and magazines like Life, either ignored black people or downplayed them significantly in coverage. Archibald MacLeish, director of OWI's Facts and Figures department, issued a memo urging the radio industry to develop programming highlighting the contributions of blacks which Billboard magazine published in their June 6, 1942, issue. This memo was sent to all radio networks and stations on May 30, 1942, requesting that they understand the issues of black people and that recognition be given "to the fact that among the 130,000,000 Americans fighting this war for survival, there are 13,000,000 liberty-loving Negroes doing everything they can to win just like everyone else." Legitimate concern existed within the U.S. government of the Axis powers exploiting existing racial tensions through propaganda and manipulation. Even with these changes, guests still occasionally approached controversial subjects on-air that involved the war effort. Edwin B. Jourdain, Jr., Evanston, Illinois's first duly-elected black alderman, appeared on the November 8, 1942, program to discuss racial discrimination in the armed forces. His address was done in support of the Double V campaign, launched by the Pittsburgh Courier on February 7, 1942, to rally blacks to fight for democracy both overseas and at the home front, "against our enslavers at home and those abroad who would enslave us." Jourdain asserted the fighting capabilities of black soldiers in the war movement not just to assist in the defeating of the Axis powers, but to work and fight after the war to end oppression; his speech was well-received among the black audience, with Settle calling it "a masterpiece" and multiple requests for written copies, including the OWI itself. The parents of Doris Miller, the first black recipient of the Navy Cross for operating an anti-aircraft gun against Japanese bombers during the Pearl Harbor attack despite no experience, appeared as honored guests on the May 10, 1942, program. Miller's feat was initially anonymous, in fact, he had been inducted into the Schomburg's 1941 Honor Roll of Race Relations alongside the radio program as "an unnamed messman". Changes and adaptations These were not the only changes the choir faced, as Worth Kramer's departure necessitated a search for a new conductor. Alabama State College professor Dr. Frederick D. Hall was named as interim director with Gladys Olga Jones as his assistant. Existing choir member George McCants served as acting director for at least one performance. Hall's involvement was temporary due to existing commitments at Alabama State, with Jones officially taking over by March. In addition to singing contralto/soprano for the choir, Jones trained under Dr. Hall while a student at Dillard University. This promotion to director after prior work with a Louisiana local church choir was regarded by the Pittsburgh Courier as an "almost fairy-like story" and "a success story of which Dillard is justly proud". Jones' appointment occurred shortly before a March 1942 concert in her hometown of New Orleans which friends and family treated as a homecoming, with similar sentiments held with an August recital. Including Jones, five new singers were introduced into the choir at this time; while many of the original members still remained, the roster of 30 singers included people from 11 different states, primarily the Midwest, Deep South, California and New York. However, Jones held the conductor position briefly and was replaced by Joseph S. Powe by October 1942; like Jones, Powe also studied under Dr. Hall at Dillard. Williette Firmbanks also had left the choir to focus more exclusively on her role as Gethsemane Baptist Church's minister of music. Despite all the changes, the choir's performances continued unabated. One tour of the Deep South included a February 28, 1943, Houston, Texas, concert with 4,400 in attendance; the concert's start time was delayed for 30 minutes due to the size of the audience and shortage of seating. A return to Cleveland and Gethsemane on Mother's Day 1943 had Settle and the choir honoring the congregation's mothers, including Settle's late mother Mary B. Settle, and was immediately followed with another Deep South tour. The choir finally took an extended vacation in late July 1943, the first such instance in five and a half years, albeit with commitments to multiple singing engagements in the Cleveland area. The relentless traveling had already prompted Rev. Settle's wife Elizabeth Carter Settle to leave the choir in 1941 to tend to their Cleveland family home, which was seen as a sign of marital estrangement. The choir took advantage of the layover to have their tour bus sent in for maintenance and renovations, boasting numerous conveniences when completed including refrigeration, cooking facilities and restrooms. It is unknown how the choir was able to afford these, let alone basic materials like gasoline and tires, due to wartime rationing. The vacation in Cleveland also marked the end of Joseph S. Powe's tenure as conductor after 14 months, having left the choir to enlist in the United States Navy. Already a featured soloist, Guthrie, Oklahoma, native Hattye Easley was promptly elevated to the conductor position to highly positive reviews. Settle ultimately hired Maurice Goldman—already an nationally renowned composer and the Cleveland Institute of Music's director of ensemble—to be the permanent conductor in December 1943. Goldman would become the choir's second white director, with Easley retained as his assistant. Goldman's hiring was explained as the result of "a long, patient search" for Worth Kramer's successor that involved all Wings board members including Kramer, and was made with postwar intentions of touring "every country on the globe". Choir member Rev. Henry Payden would later say of Goldman, "he was brilliant, he was excellent, he felt how we (blacks) sang". USO Europe tour The choir's most significant involvement in the war effort came when they were selected by the United Service Organizations (USO) in mid-February 1945 to be part of their Camp Shows unit for six months, providing entertainment for U.S. soldiers on active duty. A collaboration of six social service organizations, the USO was established in 1941 to help with morale among military personnel. While some USO canteens in the U.S. either were integrated or encouraged the practice, others were not. Two former WOJC singers, Paul Breckenridge and Albert Meadows, performed for a black-only audience of 1,000 at Shreveport, Louisiana's Barksdale Air Force Base on January 3, 1945. The USO chose to abide by Jim Crow laws but started arranging camp shows for black troops for two years after having begun them for white troops. The first such "Negro Unit" camp show toured in 1943 with performers Willie Bryant, Kenneth Spencer and Ram Ramirez; upon returning, Bryant said, "the boys want more entertainment and especially live entertainment". The following year, Harlem-based producer Dick Campbell—the USO's coordinator of Camp Show Negro talent—staged the musical Porgy and Bess over a six-month tour. Likewise, Campbell was tasked with overseeing the choir's activities throughout their engagement. The USO's commission was the first time a religious musical organization had ever been invited and constituted the largest group of entertainers ever taken overseas. For a full year prior, active servicemen and chaplains sent requests to Rev. Settle asking for the choir to perform overseas. A poll that the USO took of servicemen for future camp shows in the fall of 1944 showed the choir beating all other religious and spiritual groups by a commanding margin. Consequently, the radio program was placed on hiatus after 372 consecutive Sunday broadcasts over CBS, with the final broadcast prior taking place on February 25, 1945, at the normal 10:30 a.m. Eastern time; later that evening, the choir was featured on Quentin Reynolds' Radio Reader's Digest dramatizing the history of both the choir and radio program. The following day, the group of 20 people—18 choir members including conductor Hattye Easley, Rev. Settle and business manager Mildred Ridley—reported to the USO's New York City headquarters to begin a preparation process that included vaccinations for smallpox, yellow fever and typhoid fever, fittings for uniforms at Saks Fifth Avenue, and securing passports. Cecil Dandy, one of the singers chosen for the USO tour, had a brother returning from active duty in Europe at the same time. CBS assisted with preparation and commissioned a picture of the choir, Settle, Easley and Ridley posing in the V formation which was taken by a Life photographer. The Call and Post heralded the choir's tour and Settle in an editorial, considering it Settle's "greatest assignment" and the choir "a beacon light of better racial understanding". For security purposes, including the threat of aerial and submarine warfare, the choir's departure was kept a military secret. Boarding the USS West Point (AP-23) on March 21, 1945, with approximately 5,000 other military and service personnel, everyone was designated a captain for protective purposes in the event of capture. While in transit, news was received about the death of President Roosevelt, which emotionally affected everyone on board. Landing at Le Havre, France, and transported to Peninsular Base Section (PBS) headquarters in Naples, Italy, the six-month tour in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) formally began on April 29, 1945. The 98th Regiment of Engineers stationed in Italy constructed a venue for the choir boasting multiple modern lighting and sound features, dubbed "The Wings Over Jordan Stadium". Rev. Settle told the Call and Post that the choir was "setting things on fires", playing to enthusiastic crowds of servicemen. The choir was able to do some sightseeing at both Rome and Vatican City despite performing as much as six days a week. Settle subsequently told a Stars and Stripes reporter, "in some places they've been hanging from the rafters, and they keep shouting their favorites and making requests for numbers we've been singing since 'Wings' was organized". One concert included a prolonged standing ovation as the choir walked out on stage, ended with multiple encores from the audience of G.I.s, and were invited to a social by the company's commanding officer. With the MTO and ETO The choir was most closely involved during the first phase of their engagement with the 92nd Infantry Division, an all-black unit led by Major General Edward Almond. Almond invited the choir to sing for the 92nd Division on Easter Sunday 1945, with the choir dedicating "We'll Understand It Better, Bye and Bye" for the entire unit, followed by an impromptu rendition of "My Lord What a Mornin'". The choir's arrival also held family bonds: Private first class Carl Slaughter of Columbus, Ohio, was the brother of tour participant Kenneth Slaughter, who had joined the choir in 1942. Settle's conviction about servicemen wanting to turn back to religion was fortified by the choir's two more popular songs being "He'll Understand And Say "Well Done"" and "Just A Closer Walk With Thee". The choir opened a series of concerts to celebrate V-E Day on May 7, 1945, then hosted a Mother's Day program. Their reception among G.I.s was immediately positive, so much so that the choir was promptly offered the full six-month tour commitment. Members of the 92nd Division and the all-white 473rd Infantry Regiment were tasked with finding any remaining Nazi collaborators, liberating both La Spezia and Genoa on April 27, 1945. The rare integrated front lines were likened by Pittsburgh Courier war correspondent Collins George as resembling "a League of Nations, what with Japanese-Americans, American Negros, whites, Brazilians and the British all joined in the inspired race to cover the territory in Northern Italy". The 92nd Division was most famously tasked with returning a golden urn to Genoa's Municipio purportedly containing the remains of Christopher Columbus in an outdoor ceremony on June 6, 1945, with the 370th Infantry Regiment assisting and the choir performing for all 5,000 servicemen, along with the Genoa citizenry. The townspeople of Genoa requested that the choir perform at the ceremony, which was unprecedented for any occupied European nation but reflective of the attention the choir was garnering with Italians, many of whom were in the audience for the USO Camp Shows. The claims of Columbus' ashes being in the urn were contested even during re-interment, the Encyclopædia Britannica asserted the actual remains were in the Seville Cathedral; the 92nd Division treated the ceremony as returning property moved due to the war while the choir claimed the remains were Columbus's in many postwar promotional stories. According to Mildred Ridley, the choir frequently spent time in infirmaries to spend time with wounded servicemen, ate and socialized in mess halls with G.I.s, and used wit and humor to brighten up the atmosphere during appearances, taking their USO responsibilities to heart. The entire choir, and Settle in particular, received citations from Almond for meritorious service and "fine spirit of patriotism exhibited by the group", the highest award given by the military to civilians. Ridley's son, Sergeant Theodore Johnson, presented her with roses when they met in Leghorn. The five-month MTO tour for the choir was immediately followed up by a four-month tour in the European Theater of Operations (ETO). Announced by Rev. Settle on September 9, 1945, this extended the choir's USO commitment from six months to ten and directly followed a successful week of engagements in Rome, having performed throughout the entire country. An October 24, 1945, CBS press release cited "urgent appeals from the Special Service section and from many Army chaplains in the ETO" as a reason for the extension. The transfer to the ETO took place after reporting in Le Harve on October 6, 1945; while en route, the choir flew to Paris shortly after blackout restrictions were lifted resulting in the city being lit up "like a huge jewel". Settle called the MTO tour "the grandest six months of our career" and prayed for every serviceman to return home to their native lands as soon as possible for "a greater opportunity to serve humanity's cause in a lasting peace, for which they have nobly fought". Three military personnel were assigned to the group, which traveled in a six-by-six truck containing stage equipment including scenery, props and floodlights, a public address system and kerosene-powered stoves. Along with existing material recorded for the VOA, several performances were broadcast live over AFRS, including the Genoa concert and a Christmas program also featuring Red Skelton, Mickey Rooney and Fred Waring's orchestra; the Christmas program was transcribed for broadcast in the U.S. When the ETO phase of the USO tour ended on January 27, 1946, the choir had performed in Le Harve and Paris, the Belgium towns of Brussels, Liège and Antwerp, and the German cities of Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt and Stuttgart. ETO headquarters in Paris also honored Mildred Ridley as the most efficient manager for any overseas Camp Show unit. By Rev. Settle's suggestion, CBS kept the timeslot active throughout by hosting a rotation of prominent black choirs which performed under the Wings Over Jordan banner, all of which were produced and directed by Settle's son, Glenn Howard Settle. The first choir selected as a "pinch hitter" for Wings were the Fisk University choir, a selection noted for ties to the Jubilee Singers, which in 1871 helped popularize spirituals. Originating from Nashville's WLAC, the Fisk choir's Easter broadcast on April 1, 1945, under the Wings banner was also transmitted overseas via shortwave. Other groups performing in the timeslot included the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina's Choral Society from Greensboro, North Carolina, The Legend Singers of St. Louis, the Camp Meetin' Choir of Charlotte, North Carolina and the Tuskegee Institute Choir of Tuskegee, Alabama. The Fisk University Choir returned to perform in the timeslot during the month of November; this stint was extended into December and included a program of Christmas carols. The Tuskegee Institute Choir was the last group to substitute throughout the month of February 1946, with Wings Over Jordan resuming upon the choir's return on March 3, 1946, concluding a year-long hiatus. The choir returned to the U.S. with the male members sailing on the SS Westminster Victory and the females on the SS Hood Victory, then traveled from New York City back to Cleveland where multiple churches teamed up to host a gala celebration concert. Not all of the singers were present from start to end, as Kenneth Slaughter withdrew after being hospitalized for three weeks, returning to the U.S. in late 1945 with three other singers. While this ended Slaughter's involvement with the choir, the USO issued him and everyone else service awards for their efforts. 1946–1955: Postwar activities Unprecedented touring Following their return in February 1946, and after a few days with family members, the singers immediately launched one of the largest concert tours in the choir's history: between April 1946 and April 1947, the choir traveled over and performed in front of over 250,000 people. Highlights included high-profile performances at Madison Square Garden and the Hollywood Bowl, the latter with director James Lewis Elkins personally invited afterwards by New York Philharmonic director Artur Rodziński to perform with the symphony the following spring. On January 7, 1947, the choir bestowed the first winner of a college scholarship bearing their name, with the ceremony being held in Cleveland in recognition of it being the choir's birthplace; Settle promised to name 20 scholarships in music by the end of the year. Demand for concerts was now such that, by November 1946, the choir had the entirety of 1947 and significant portions of 1948 completely booked. Charles King was appointed as the interim conductor in the middle of this tour when Elkins took a brief vacation due to the extensive concert schedule that spanned over 44 states; King's work was so positively received that he and Elkins were named as joint conductors. Elkins was already recognized as the highest-paid black conductor in the country. The choir also now utilized two different buses for traveling, enabling either bus to be properly serviced and maintained without impacting the tour schedule. One of these buses was defaced during a concert in Rockingham, North Carolina, when a white man covered up the signage with aluminum paint; local businessmen promptly provided the choir paint thinner for repairs and the individual was later sentenced to six months on the chain gang and a $500 fine for what the judge called, "tampering with the works of God". The choir returned to Cleveland for the first time in over one year on May 7, 1947, for a benefit concert at Gethsemane Baptist Church. However, relations between Settle and Gethsemane had deteriorated due to his prolonged absences, with several members holding a 'secret' meeting on April 8, 1946, to render the pulpit as "vacant". Settle voluntarily resigned as pastor in response, admitting he had not served as an active pastor for over a year. As the choir's activities were largely based in New York City and Brooklyn, CBS flagship WCBS was recognized in at least one instance as the originating station for Wings Over Jordan, but due to the extensive touring and lack of definitive records, this might be impossible to determine. Said distinction was likely nominal due to the choir having to originate from a different affiliate every week. Still, construction was underway on a new office building in Cleveland for the choir's administrative functions, and Settle also announced plans for a shrine in honor of his mother that would include an auditorium with a pipe organ and radio facilities. Rev. Glenn Settle even announced a change to the spelling of his first name to Glynn; this followed his being named as heir to ownership of an island in the Dan River via his grandfather's will, which stipulated that the heir had to have "Glynn" and "Settle" in their name. Settle was also admitted into the West Palm Beach Sailfish Club after unexpectedly catching a record-sized sailfish, becoming the fraternity's first black member. August 1947 walkout The CBS program remained popular even with the 10-month USO tour hiatus. The remote broadcasts timed with their extensive touring—which now totaled 400 different cities in 46 states—now occurred with the choir meeting at the respective affiliate's studios hours in advance. On August 10, 1947, the show celebrated its 500th episode, and the choir embarked on another trip to California that included a cameo in a forthcoming Warner Bros. motion picture. Behind the scenes, however, these postwar activities were taking a substantial toll on the choir's membership. While annual auditions for singers had taken place as early as 1939, they became more extensive after a majority of the original roster departed. By 1942, auditions for singers were held in every town that hosted a concert, a method that yielded 20 singers from fifteen different states. While Wings had approximately 40 singers on the original roster and many were still singing for the radio program's fifth anniversary in 1942, the number decreased to 17 singers in the summer of 1947, with one estimate of as many as 250 people that had participated in the choir in some capacity. Original member Tommy Roberts had rejoined the choir for the postwar tour as a featured soloist and recruited wife Evelyn Freeman Roberts—a classically trained pianist and swing band leader—as an arranger. Several months later, Settle fired Evelyn when her work started to rival his in popularity, prompting Tommy to quit in protest, later saying, "when (Settle) fired her, he fired me". Two weeks after the landmark 500th episode, on August 24, 1947, the choir staged a walkout against Settle by refusing to perform at the San Diego CBS affiliate, having departed the previous night for Los Angeles. Settle's son, Wings business manager Glenn T. Settle, Jr., vowed the choir would return to the radio the following week, referring to the action as a "revolt" and telling the Call and Post, "you can say that the choir is not destroyed... that is all I can say on the record." In addition to the missed radio broadcast, several concerts were cancelled due to the walkout, including one in Tucson. The choir members expressed deep resentment towards Settle, accusing him of inhumane working conditions and low wages. Further allegations were raised of "a total lack of consideration for the members of the organization" as Settle refused to grant any vacation time and laid them off whenever they were not on tour. Several members, including Emory Barnes and John Carpenter, resigned in protest the week prior. Barnes' resignation was over Settle's "unchristian attitude", with Settle accusing him in turn of "being a very miserable failure." None of the singers were salaried employees, which had pressured past singers to leave in order to pursue gainful employment. Typical weekly compensation for singers was only $52.50 (), and conductor James Elkins only receiving $150 (), but everyone was responsible for their own expenses outside of travel; Elkins' unrelated planned departure was met with bitter insults from Settle, who claimed Elkins was the worst conductor the choir had ever had, despite the recognition from the New York Philharmonic. While there had been prior walkouts by the choir, this was the first time it prevented an episode of Wings from being broadcast. The members had considered a walkout several months earlier, but felt an obligation to perform for the public and still agreed with the principles behind Settle's Spiritual Preservation Fund. CBS cancellation and aftermath Settle attempted to resolve the dispute by persuading the singers to return, but only one agreed to do so. In response, Settle dismissed all 17 singers and started a nationwide canvassing effort for replacement singers that included auditions in places like San Angelo, Texas. Among the singers that joined the reconstituted choir were original singers Lois Waterford (Parker) and Olive Thompson; with their return billed as "many original choristers (that) have returned to the organization." CBS ended up cancelling the program after the October 12, 1947, broadcast, offering the timeslot to college chorales from black universities, including the Atlanta-Morehouse-Spelman choir that originated from Atlanta's WGST. Daily Press columnist Paul Luther suggested in his column that the cancellation was only temporary due to the choir's touring that made it difficult to conduct the program from affiliate stations. In later years, director Clarence H. Brooks would state the CBS show ended in order for the choir "to promote Christian fellowship and song". In truth, CBS dropped the program after the no-show and accusations against Settle and stated their move was permanent. Consequently, the choir agreed to go on a tour throughout Mexico throughout November 1947, with the CBS cancellation having played an indirect role. Following that, Wings performed with the San Antonio Symphony on November 22, 1947, a concert seen as an achievement for the choir after having endured discrimination in the city in previous years. Despite the circumstances leading up to the CBS cancellation, the choir continued to remain a popular concert draw in 1948, performing in 45 of the 48 states and raising over $1 million () for various charities. Under newly appointed conductor Gilbert Allen, the choir signed a contract with RCA Records to record songs over the Victor label; the first 78-rpm single, "Until I Found The Lord" and "He'll Understand And Say 'Well Done'", was released in October 1948. It was the third recording deal after prior releases through Columbia and King Records's Queen label. Out of the choir's RCA output, the December 1948 release of "Sweet Little Jesus Boy" and "Amen" were the most popular and enduring. A call-and-response-style hymn, "Amen" would become a staple of concerts and future recordings, and was the title of a 1956 King compilation album. WGAR was already in the process of moving on: earlier in 1947, they debuted a program featuring the local "Dixieteers" quartet that aired on Sunday nights. After the cancellation of Wings, WGAR offered a limited-run program in 1948 featuring the "Kingdom Choir", composed of multiple former Wings members and conducted by King. Another program, the Karaleers of Karamu House, was launched over WGAR on January 1, 1950, to positive reception. Meanwhile, Settle would again attract negative publicity after a complaint was filed accusing neglect at his Cleveland residence that presented a fire hazard; the case was settled in court on August 12, 1949, with Settle paying a $250 fine. A new business model The radio program was revived over the Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS), with the January 9, 1949, debut promoted as the show's 510th episode. At the time, MBS boasted more than 500 affiliates, more than any other U.S. radio network. Despite the show being presented as a continuation of the CBS show, which had been a sustained program, the Mutual version was sponsored by the U.S. Treasury Department as a promotional imitative for their United States Savings Bonds program. Additionally, while guest speakers were still a core feature of the program, the emphasis on their appearances shifted from discussions regarding issues facing black people to "the life stories of prominent American Negroes in words and song". The choir did travel to Mutual affiliates for remote broadcasts, again for the purposes of hosting guest speakers and to accommodate their travel itinerary which involved another tour in the Deep South, as well as recording additional material for RCA Victor. The MBS show was scheduled on a Saturday afternoon for two weeks, then moved to Sundays at 12 p.m. and again to 9:30 a.m. by July. While a similar program featuring different black college choral groups would debut over Mutual on Saturday afternoons, Wings Over Jordan was quietly dropped from the lineup at the end of 1949 when the U.S. Treasury withdrew their sponsorship. Around this time, press releases for the choir began openly promoting a different business model. While admissions were previously charged and proceeds distributed accordingly, concerts were now free to the public in exchange for any free-will offerings. For some concerts, a portion of money raised from donations would go to the Spiritual Preservation Fund, from which the Wings scholarship fund operated from. In some instances, booklets featuring the choir were given Settle instituted this change claiming admissions were now a hindrance for people who wished to attend their concerts and stated it was made "to combat the influence of communism in America as it affects the Negro". Concert reviews would commend the choir for this practice, with one calling it an "unselfish effort". Membership turnover in the choir continued at a frequent pace, with Settle declining to properly integrate some of the newer singers that auditioned; these younger and inexperienced singers were expected to know the repertoire or pantomime their performances, slowly impacting the sound quality and running contrary to the choir's founding principles. The choir's past reputation still preceded itself as the USO invited Wings to again perform for overseas personnel, this time stationed in Hawaii, the Philippines, South Korea and Japan, starting on December 15, 1953. This was the second time the choir would sing on what were still foreign battlefields. Concerts in South Korea were frequently met with overflowing crowds, prompting the singers to go outside afterwards and visit the crowd overflow, sometimes in sub-zero temperatures. While in Japan, the choir was broadcast over television for the first time, making several appearances over NHK television, and broadcast over radio to all military. In a letter to the Uniontown Evening Standard, Settle expressed intentions to have the choir tour the world as a way to further the fight against communism. Settle's wife Elizabeth Carter Settle accompanied the choir on this tour but otherwise resided in Uniontown; Elizabeth died in Cleveland on May 17, 1955, while visiting one of their daughters. Several days later, on June 1, 1955, Settle married the choir's business manager, Mildred C. Ridley—who had given birth to one of Settle's sons extra-maritally in 1947—and relocated to Los Angeles. 1955–1978: Later performances "Satellite" choirs and reorganizations Owing to the choir losing all of their original members and continued demand for concert bookings, Settle broke up the choir into several "satellite" groups that would use the Wings name. The Legend Singers of St. Louis—who were one of several substitute choirs on the CBS radio show during the 1945 USO tour—were designated as one of these groups by Settle in January 1950, and were joined by an East Coast choir under Clarence H. Brooks' direction. These were reorganized back into two choruses by 1957: the West Coast group led by Rev. Settle and Frank Everett which boasted 20 singers, and the East Coast group under Brooks that remained at nine singers. This reorganization was billed as a "crusade" on the part of Settle and Everett to preserve spirituals "as an American tradition" and these choirs were now marketed as a "successor to the original great Wings Over Jordan Choir". During this period, several albums were recorded by both choirs: the 1958 Dial title The World's Greatest Negro Choir and the 1960 ABC-Paramount title The World's Greatest Spiritual Singers, the latter celebrating the group's 25th anniversary. The ABC-Paramount album was recorded in the auditorium of an abandoned USO building in Mineral Wells, Texas, and the difficulties associated with production were detailed in the album's liner notes. An additional King album of previously released material, An Outstanding Collection of Traditional Negro Spirituals, was also published in 1958. Both choirs continued touring throughout the next several years throughout the country to varying groups and sizes, with promotional stories typically noting, "the sponsors have expressed confidence that, with this group's fame going ahead of them, the... auditorium will be filled to capacity". Still, an August 1964 tour for the East Coast choir went awry after two planned concerts in Tifton and Brunswick, Georgia, were cancelled on consecutive nights when the choir failed to show up at either venue. This followed a concert in Americus two nights earlier where local police repeatedly pulled them over on suspicions of leading civil rights demonstrations. The two no-shows prompted requests for the Georgia State Patrol to search for the missing group, but a formal all-points bulletin was never issued due to a lack of information including the license plate of the tour bus. All nine singers showed up in Albany the next day for a planned concert at Bethel A.M.E. Church, which was cancelled due to the audience being deemed too small. While the East Coast choir vowed to "press on" with their 1964 tour, it and the West Coast choir folded as the year ended, ending Brooks' tenure as a director. A few months later, Los Angeles musician and composer Leroy Hurte reorganized the West Coast iteration of Wings, briefly directing it along with two other chorales. The extent of Hurte's involvement is undetermined, as Frank Everett would eventually re-assume the director role. The choir performed at an interfaith music program at Settle's First Baptist Church on July 25, 1965, along with other Protestant and Catholic denominations. Death of Rev. Settle and decline Settle continued to be involved with the choir and music ministries up to his death on July 16, 1967; one week earlier, Settle directed the First Baptist Church's ninth annual Brotherhood Festival in Song. Without Settle's involvement, the choir's activities decreased significantly. A tribute concert to Settle took place at First Baptist on February 16, 1969, with Wings and other choruses singing, while the choir marked its 35th anniversary with an awards banquet on February 21, 1971, at the Hollywood Palladium that also benefited a memorial scholarship under Settle's name. Two additional overseas tours to Japan took place in 1970 and 1972, respectively. Frank Everett's tenure as director is documented to have ended in 1978, even though the last documented concert in the United States under his name took place in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 23, 1972. Widow Mildred Settle reportedly destroyed documents belonging to Settle in 1970, but donated other documents and items pertaining to Wings to the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, including recorded material from an unfinished 1971 album. Many of the original surviving members would frequently reunite in the years following the original choir's demise. The first major reunion took place on April 14, 1957, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the radio program's launch; many of the surviving members, in addition to some of the show's guest speakers, were in attendance. An annual reunion of Wings alumni started taking place in 1971, with onetime assistant director Willette Firmbanks Thompson heading the alumni association. Firmbanks maintained her role as Gethsemane's minister of music until relinquishing the duties following the death of her husband in 1950; an honorary "Appreciation Tea" was held for Firmbanks by Gethsemane's Senior Choir on February 3, 1952, with multiple parishioners, choir members and civic leaders in attendance, with Rev. Settle, Worth Kramer and congressperson Frances P. Bolton sending cards and telegraphs in recognition. Legacy Historical appraisals Rev. Settle's objectives with the choir upon formation were to help bridge race relations through music and preserve the authenticity of the African-American spiritual, which were successfully met both in the concert hall and on the radio dial. The choir's original members were all parishioners at Gethsemane Baptist Church, a small, modest church near Cleveland's downtown, and were humble lower-class workers and laborers during the Great Depression's peak. While they never had any formal music training until Worth Kramer's involvement, these singers learned how to sing spirituals through oral tradition, having kept the form alive in a pure, authentic manner. This is especially notable as despite popular groups like the Fisk Jubilee Singers touring internationally, these songs were not necessarily popular among blacks post-Reconstruction and underwent mutations via minstrel acts and burlesque. Kramer's presence as their white conductor, coupled with his open-minded social beliefs, provided the choir avenues for outreach—a radio show promoted to CBS less than six months after their WGAR debut, integrated concert bookings and a recording contract with a prestigious record label—that would have been otherwise impossible. Additionally, Kramer's musical background and experience in written compositions helped to preserve spirituals in proper print form. That prominent white people such as First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Cleveland Press editor-in-chief Louis B. Seltzer all publicly supported and admired the choir, coupled with the weekly radio program becoming a substantive and popular outlet among blacks, speaks to a tangible and lasting interracial impact. John Ball's novel In the Heat of the Night, which begat an acclaimed motion picture of the same name, is dedicated to Rev. Settle, "whose authoritative knowledge and stimulating conversation contributed so much to the making of this book". Scholarly and critical analysis has contextualized Wings Over Jordan as an early forerunner for the civil rights movement that emerged in 1954, four years after the radio program ended. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, spirituals were embraced by leaders and activists for social and political impact, with many of the songs having a context of merely fighting to survive. As theologian Howard Thurman explained, "the spirituals were to meet the need of the present journeys". In particular, the spiritual "We Shall Overcome" became a defining protest song of that era. Fittingly, Harold Hitz Burton, who as Cleveland mayor was one of the two guests for the debut of WGAR's Negro Hour, was elected to the United States Senate while serving on the choir's board of trustees. His elevation to the Supreme Court of the United States under President Harry S. Truman ended this involvement, but is he best known for presiding over Brown v. Board of Education. Nearly lost to time Despite its status as CBS's most prominent sustained program during much of the "Golden Age of Radio", the radio program has been nearly lost to time. Historian Erik Barnouw's anthology series A History of Broadcasting in the United States did not include any information on the program. CBS made no mention of Wings Over Jordan during the network's 50th anniversary retrospective in 1977 despite records and clippings of the show still existing in their archives. Likewise, while WGAR mentioned the success of Wings Over Jordan in a 1948 dissertation prepared to the FCC for their license renewal, the station would undergo multiple changes in the years that followed. After the death of founder George A. Richards in 1951, WGAR was sold to the antecedent of Nationwide Communications in 1953, ended their CBS affiliation in 1962, moved their studios to Broadview Heights in 1971, and ultimately became an outright simulcast of WGAR-FM in 1986. Nationwide divested WGAR to separate owners in 1990 but retained WGAR-FM, which again moved their studios to Independence. WGAR-FM inherited the AM station's legacy and heritage, but a 1995 Akron Beacon Journal profile on the country music-formatted station "perhaps always associated with greatness" had no mention of the radio program. Not all has been forgotten. KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, CBS's West Coast television flagship, produced a half-hour documentary on the choir titled Wings Over Jordan: We Remember that aired on February 18, 1989; it would be nominated for an NAACP Image Award later that year. The Library of Congress also selected the May 10, 1942, installment of Wings Over Jordan for preservation in their National Recording Registry on May 14, 2008, with many of the transcriptions made of the show by AFRS also available in their collection. Worth Kramer re-entered radio broadcasting after the war, becoming the program director for WJR (WGAR's then-sister station in Detroit) in 1946 where he remained until 1963, distinguishing WJR as a public service leader while also helping sign-on TV adjunct WJRT-TV in Flint. Eventually, Kramer entered station ownership again with Sarasota, Florida's WSPB, along with WMRN and WMRN-FM in Marion. His death on July 19, 1998, at age 89 was noted for his stewardship of Wings Over Jordan as well as his commitment to on-air decency, fighting against usage of profanity and prohibiting it on his stations. Wayne Mack, who announced the introductions and closes to all episodes of Wings that WGAR ever produced, was also remembered for his involvement with the show upon his death on October 15, 2000. "That which is worthy must be preserved" The "Wings Over Jordan Celebration Chorus" was formed in 1988 as a tribute act and continuation of the original choir. Glenn T. Brackens, who was the choir director for Gethsemane Baptist Church and a music teacher, established this choir with assistance from Dr. Samuel Barber, a historian at The Ohio State University credited with researching and archiving the history of Wings. The grandson of original Wings singer Persie Ford, Brackens grew up listening to stories and memories of Ford's activities in the choir. Ford also had an extensive collection of memorabilia of the original choir's activities and travels at her Cleveland home, but a photo scrapbook was misplaced by Brackens and is believed to be lost. This chorus had its first public performance on June 11, 1988, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the national debut of Wings Over Jordan over CBS, and was so well-received that additional singers were recruited. The Wings Over Jordan Alumni and Friends, Inc. (WOJAF) was established as both an administrative body for the chorus and an alumni association, open to surviving members of Wings and current members of the chorus. Brackens has utilized the phrase "that which is worthy must be preserved", Rev. Settle's long-standing motto for the original choir, as the chorus' slogan. Since 1988, members of Gethsemane Baptist Church along with WOJAF have expressed interested in a library devoted to the history of Wings Over Jordan, but have not been acted on due to lack of funding and other monetary issues. Unlike Wings, the Celebration Chorus also includes several gospel songs in their repertoire, and some spirituals also feature piano accompaniments. Brackens considers it to be in agreement with Rev. Settle's philosophy to preserve the spirituals, and that artistic license does allow him to interpret the songs in a way he sees fit. Some purists have deemed it unacceptable, noting both their sacred stature and Worth Kramer's public admonishment of swing band leaders who attempted to appropriate spirituals for their benefit, abusing the music. Conversely, researcher Babette Reid Harrell recognizes the Celebration Chorus as "stylized adaptions" of spirituals similar to the Fisk Jubilee Singers, who helped elevate spirituals into an art form as early as the 1870s. Zora Neale Hurston has asserted that no genuine performance of spiritual music, let alone in a concert hall, has taken place since the Fisk Jubilee Singers, with composers merely basing their printed compositions on an art form that can never be duplicated. Wings researcher Regennia Nanette Williams has defended the piano additions, considering it a nod to former assistant director Williette Firmbanks' work as a pianist. Still, the Celebration Chorus boasted members with direct and indirect ties to Wings when they formed. Persie Ford joined the Celebration Chorus upon its formation and became one of its most vocal supporters, fondly comparing it to the original choir. Rev. Settle's granddaughter, Teretha Settle Overton, is also a member of the chorus and has been interviewed for several retrospective pieces on the choir. John Foxhall was a member of the original choir and president of WOJAF, with family ties to the church that dated back to the early 1900s. In recent years, the Celebration Chorus has limited public performances to three times each year. Kenneth Franklin Slaughter was believed to be the last known living member of Wings upon his death on August 25, 2014, at the age of 92. Slaughter, who frequently related his experiences with the choir through lectures and interviews, was honored as a "living legend" by the African American Museum in Philadelphia in 2011. John Foxhall's death on February 25, 2021, at the age of 94 was noted for his long stewardship of WOJAF and his vast archival work; Foxhall's WEWS-TV obituary noted, "there's no legacy of Wings Over Jordan Choir without Foxhall". Personnel Conductors Conductors and directors for the Wings Over Jordan Choir include: James E. Tate (1935–38), director of the Gethesame Baptist Choir through their radio debut on WGAR and national pickup by CBS Worth Kramer (1938–41), program director of WGAR radio, arranged and published much of the choir's repertoire, directed their 1941 Columbia Masterworks album Willette Firmbanks Thompson (1935–41), pianist, assistant director under both Tate and Kramer, believed to be the first female director of a nationally known choir Frederick D. Hall (1941–42), interim conductor, professor at Alabama State College Gladys Olga Jones (1942), New Orleans native and Dillard University graduate who trained under Fredrick D. Hall Joseph S. Powe (1942–43), conductor until leaving to join the United States Navy Hattye Easley (1943–46), who also was a soloist; conducted the choir during their 1945–46 USO tour in Europe Maurice Goldman (1944–45), shared duties with Hattye Easley and the choir's second white director after Worth Kramer James Lewis Elkins (1946–47), led the choir through the initial part of their postwar tour and recognized by the New York Philharmonic as a guest conductor Charles E. King (1946–47), later a director of the "Wings Over Hollywood" choir and the Cleveland-based "Kingdom Choir" Gilbert F. Allen (1947–49), final conductor for the choir's CBS program, directed their RCA Victor records including "Amen" Frank Everett (1949–78), conductor for the choir's "second generation" that continued performing after Rev. Settle's 1995 retirement and 1967 death Kenneth Brown Billups (1950–57), conductor for the Legend Singers of St. Louis, which was designated as a satellite unit of Wings by Rev. Settle Clarence H. Brooks (1950–64), conductor for the East Coast satellite unit of Wings Singers and soloists The following is a list of verified singers and soloists involved with Wings Over Jordan. Because of the total number of singers that were ultimately associated with the choir, either in their original incarnation or the varied satellite units that bore the "Wings Over Jordan Choir" name after 1950, a definitive list is almost impossible to compile. Original roster Former members have estimated that the choir originally had a roster of between 40 and 50 members in the summer of 1937, consisting of mostly unmarried men and women, with an age range between 17 and 30. Two 1957 Call and Post articles that covered a 20th anniversary reunion for the original members of Wings Over Jordan Choir listed the following singers: Mabel Allen Bertha Austin Louis Lucas Baker Rufus Baker Paul Breckenridge Robert Bullock Ruth Wyatt Burke Ralph Caldwell Mary R. Carpenter Alice Carroll Elizabeth Settle Carter Jesse Chaney Ezekiel Samuel Dearon Helen Springs Dixon Ben Dortch Persie Ford Gladys Hauser-Bates Goodloe Grace Spearman Goodman George H. Grant Alice Harper Norman Harris Neil Harrison Cynthia Hayes Marvin Hayes Leroy Johson William Johnson Lucille Jones Julia Kelly William Kelly Walter Malloy David Martin Lois Waterford Parker Fred Parks Rev. Henry Payden Rev. Earl Preston, Jr. Gwendolyn Settle Rates Rev. Montgomery Rates Lewis Richardson Evelyn Freeman Roberts Thomas Roberts Anne Mae W. Ross Glenn Thomas "Buddy" Settle Imedla Herring Shaw Gene Shell Mildred Caslin Simmons Martha Spearman Helen Springs Olive Thompson Williette Firmbanks Thompson Hazel Morris Warner Cleva Webster 1942 partial roster The following 11 singers were identified in an October 27, 1942, concert review in The Pantagraph out of a roster of 20: Emory Barnes John Carpenter Dorothy Clark Cecil Dandy Hattie Easley Gladys Hauser-Bates Goodloe Thomas Hunter Esther Overstreet Joseph S. Powe Clarence Small Alice Thompson 1945 USO tour roster Along with Rev. Glenn T. Settle, business manager Mildred Ridley and conductor Hattye Easley, the following singers took part in a ten-month tour in Europe to perform for overseas military personnel on behalf of the USO: Sylvia Avery John Carpenter Rheda Chatman Dorothy Clarke Cecil Dandy Ezekiel Dearon Cynthia Groverly Marvin Hayes Mildred Hunter Myrtle Jones William Peoples Rell Pierce George Rates Kenneth Slaugter Sherman Sneed Eugene Strider Ellison White 1950 roster The following singers were listed as members in a 1950 promotional booklet: Sylvia Avery Charles T. Blackburn Ernest C. Bledsoe Robert G. Brown Joseph M. Cabiness Walter T. Clark Orlando Donan Ruth Fomby Eddie Givens, Jr. DuWayne Griffin Helen Hallums Gerald L. Hutton Amie Lee Johnson Samuel R. Johnson Pattie Jean Moore Gussie Mae Southall Olive Thompson 1951 West Coast roster The following singers were listed in a September 27, 1951, concert conducted by Frank Everett, who primarily headed the choir's West Coast "satellite unit": Thomas Brown Walter T. Clark Delores Cordell Neil Harrison Lorraine Jeffries Barbara Mills Christine Schooler Travestine Underwood Leslie Wells 1955 East Coast roster These singers were listed in an October 3, 1955, concert conducted by Clarence H. Brooks, who headed the East Coast-based group: Clarence H. Brooks Edna Mae Brooks Adell Emerson James Green Billye Mathews Clementine Patrick Alvin Washington Bobbie Williams Additional singers The following are additional members of the choir in any incarnation that have been cited and verified elsewhere: Sarah Alexander Marian Anderson Rev. Paschal R. Banks Vivian Bradford Samuel Brooks, father of actor Avery Brooks Dorothy Farmer Web Fleming Elizabeth James Oscar Lindsay Steffan Long Albert Meadows George McCants Hazel Morris Rev. John H. Ogletree Rosemae Ogletree William Peebles Mildred Pollard Herb Reed, later with The Platters Leonard Robinson Yvonne Ross Pinkey Scott Mary Carter Settle Helen Springs Esther Sweet Ronald Townson, later with The 5th Dimension Edward M. Turner Virginia Wright Board of trustees The following people were listed as members of the Wings Over Jordan Choir's board of trustees in December 1943: Rev. Glenn T. Settle, Wings Over Jordan Choir founder and director Senator Harold H. Burton (R-OH), former mayor of Cleveland Rev. Charles H. Crable, president of the Ohio Baptist General Assembly Attorney Jules Eshmer, of law firm Davies and Eshner Dr. David V. Jemison, president of the National Baptist Convention Worth Kramer, general manager of WGKV radio Lawrence O. Payne, Cleveland councilman and Call and Post co-publisher Discography Musical scores Singles 1945: "The Old Ark's A'Moverin'" (V-Disc 353A) 1945: "I Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray" (V-Disc 397A) 1946: "Deep River" / "Old Ship Of Zion" (Queen 4140) 1946: "Were You There?" / "Take Me To The Water" (Queen 4141) 1946: "I'm Rollin'" / "When You Come Out The Wilderness" (Queen 4142) 1946: "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" / "Trampin'" (Queen 4154) 1946: "My Lord's Gonna Move This Wicked Race" / "You Got To Stand The Test In Judgement" (Queen 4155) 1946: "Plenty Good Room" / "I Will Trust In The Lord" (Queen 4156) 1948: "Until I Found The Lord" / "He'll Understand And Say 'Well Done'" (RCA Victor 20-3128) 1948: "Sweet Little Jesus Boy" / "Amen" (RCA Victor 20-3242) 1948: "Just A Closer Walk With Thee" / "Pray On" (RCA Victor 22-0006) 1949: "Rock A-My Soul" / "Sweet Little Jesus Boy," (Sterling WOJ 1-2) 1953: "Wings Over Jordan Choir Vol. 1" (King EP-232) 1953: "Wings Over Jordan Choir Vol. 2" (King EP-233) 1953: "Wings Over Jordan Choir Vol. 3" (King EP-234) 1956: "Take Me To The Water" / "Hush Children, Somebody's Calling My Name" (Dial 1238) Studio albums 1942: Wings Over Jordan (Columbia Masterworks M-499) . 1956: Amen (King LP-395-519) . 1958: World's Greatest Negro Choir (Dial LP-5163) 1960: The World's Greatest Spiritual Singers (ABC-Paramount LP-338) Compilation albums 1958: An Outstanding Collection of Traditional Negro Spirituals (King LP-560) 1961: My Soul Is a Witness (Electrola E 41 295) 1974: Wings Over Jordan (ABC Songbird SBLP-246) . 1978: Original Greatest Hits (King/Gusto K-5021) 2007: Trying to Get Ready (Gospel Friend PN-1505) See also WHKW — the originating radio station for Wings Over Jordan, which identified as WGAR from 1930 to 1990. Music & the Spoken Word — a similar religious radio program continuously broadcast since 1929. Notes References Bibliography Documentaries External links Wings Over Jordan Choir (WOJC) at Case Western Reserve University's Encyclopedia of Cleveland History The Praying Grounds Interviews at Cleveland State University's Cleveland Memory Project The Wings Over Jordan Collection at the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center 1935 establishments in Ohio 1930s American radio programs 1937 radio programme debuts 1940s American radio programs 1949 radio programme endings CBS Radio programs 20th-century African-American singers American Christian radio programs American music radio programs Columbia Records artists Cleveland King Records artists Musical groups from Cleveland Mutual Broadcasting System programs

69436388

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laumatiamanu%20Ringo%20Purcell

Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell

Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell (born ~1968) is a Samoan politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa. He is a member of the FAST Party. Laumatiamanu was educated at Saint Joseph’s College and is a former police officer. He later worked for the Samoa Shipping Corporation. He first ran for election at the 2016 Samoan general election as a candidate for the Human Rights Protection Party. He switched allegiance to the FAST Party to contest the 2021 election, but lost to Nonu Lose Niumata. He subsequently lodged an election petition, resulting in Nonu resigning in a settlement. Both candidates contested the resulting by-election, with Laumatiamanu winning by over 100 votes. References Living people 1968 births Members of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa Faith in the One True God politicians Samoan police officers

69437544

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism

Anti-Palestinianism

Anti-Palestinianism refers to prejudice and discrimination against Palestinians. Anti-Palestinianism is sometimes referred to as a form of racism. Anti-Palestinian sentiment is common in Israel, the United States, and Lebanon. Directed at an Arab group that is predominantly Muslim, anti-Palestinianism often overlaps with anti-Arabism and Islamophobia. Emad Moussa, writing in Mondoweiss, says that anti-Palestinianism is a form of bigotry, "a multi-layered form of prejudice, inseparable from the overall anti-Muslim and anti-Arab sentiment in the West". Author and professor Sunaina Maira, citing historian Shahzad Bashir in the context of labelling, says "...an important aspect of anti-Palestinianism, that is, the moral panic whipped up about the "radicalization" of Muslim and Arab American youth is often accompanied by the charge that they are automatically anti-Semites if they are critical of the Israeli state's policies." By location Australia On 15 September 2021, Australian author Stuart Rees argued that "a statement of anti-Palestinianism is desperately needed." and explains "it is not difficult to anticipate principles which would illustrate a significant document and the evidence on which it is based." and goes on to elucidate a human rights approach based in International law. The same month, the Arab Australian Federation (AAF) produced a document titled the "Sydney Statement on anti-Palestinianism". The statement was created as a response to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's Working Definition of Antisemitism. The document claims that the statement was necessitated by "decades of discrimination against the Palestinian people", reflected through "Israel's military occupation of Palestinian land", the plight of Palestinian refugees, attacks against Palestinian life and property, and widespread anti-Palestinian stereotyping. The statement also claims that anti-Palestinianism "target[s] media, institutions, students and academics if they criticise Israel or sympathise with the Palestinian people". The Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC) called the statement "odd and concerning", claiming that the statement entails a "broad and opportunistic appropriation of international rights" to suit a "self-serving narrative". Austria In 2020, the Austrian Parliament adopted a resolution condemning the BDS movement. The BDS movement condemned the resolution as "anti-Palestinian" and "anti-democratic". Canada In 2018, author and political activist Yves Engler criticized the New Democratic Party (NDP) for its conduct in respect of the Palestine Resolution that called for support of efforts to ban "settlement products from Canadian markets, and using other forms of diplomatic and economic pressure to end the [Israeli] occupation.". Engler said it "demonstrated the need to directly confront anti-Palestinianism within the party." In 2020, the University of Toronto allegedly blocked the hiring of Valentina Azarova as director of the International Human Rights Program (IHRP) due to her pro-Palestinian activism. Dania Majid, president of the Arab Canadian Lawyers Association (ACLA), described this as an example that "anti-Palestinian racism is alive and well" in Canada. France In May 2021, the French interior minister Gérald Darmanin requested that the police ban a pro-Palestinian protest in Paris. The Parisian journalist Sihame Assbague described the decision as an expression of "French colonial solidarity with the Israeli occupation forces." Germany Anti-Palestinian sentiment is common in Germany. The German left, particularly the Antideutsch movement, has been noted for anti-Palestinian sentiment. Many pro-Israel Zionists on the German left regard being anti-Palestinian as connected to their solidarity with Jews. In 2019, the Bundestag declared the BDS movement to be a form of antisemitism. In response, the BDS movement condemned the motion as anti-Palestinian. The Palestinian B.D.S. National Committee issued a statement declaring the motion an "anti-Palestinian...McCarthyite and unconstitutional resolution passed by the German Parliament." British musician Brian Eno has argued that pro-Palestinian artists are subjected to "censorship and inquisitorial McCarthyism" due to the actions of the German government and anti-Palestinian groups. Israel Lebanon Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are treated as second-class residents. Palestinians in Lebanon are denied citizenship, restricted from certain jobs, excluded from formal education, and forced to live in refugee camps. United States American public opinion has tended in favor of Israel and against Palestinians for a number of years, although pro-Palestinian sentiment has increased in the United States during the 21st century. In 2021, according to Gallup, only 30% of Americans had a favorable view of the Palestinian National Authority. Only 25% of Americans sympathized more with Palestinians than with Israelis, with 58% sympathizing with Israel. Only 34% of Americans believed that the United States should place more pressure on Israel in regards to the Israel-Palestine conflict. However, 52% of Americans supported an independent Palestinian state. Democrats are more likely than Republicans to have pro-Palestinian sentiments. In May 2021, the Tayba Islamic Center in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn was vandalized with anti-Palestinian graffiti reading "Death 2 Palestine". The incident was investigated by the NYPD as a hate crime. Student leaders at the University of Michigan issued a statement denouncing the anti-Palestinian sentiment they alleged had been allowed to "run rampant" on campus, stating that Palestinian students had been "profoundly marginalized through censorship and threats." In November of 2021, Palestine Legal filed a complaint with Washington, D.C.'s Office for Human Rights against George Washington University, alleging that the university had discriminated against Palestinians in its offering of trauma services. Examples Opponents of anti-Palestinianism sometimes allege that it is as serious a moral failing as antisemitism, but believe that anti-Palestinianism goes unrecognized or underrecognized within Western societies. After fashion retailer Zara condemned anti-Palestinian comments made by one of its senior designers in June 2021, the East Jerusalem born and raised model Qaher Harhash said the fashion industry should stand up against anti-Palestinian sentiment: We usually see brands standing against anti-Semitism, but it's also time we see brands standing against anti-Palestinianism. In 2015, Spanish BDS activists accused the Jewish-American rapper Matisyahu of being anti-Palestinian and temporarily succeeded in having his appearance at the Rototom Sunsplash festival cancelled. Digital anti-Palestinianism The censorship of Palestinian and pro-Palestinian voices on the internet, particularly on social media, has been referred to as "digital apartheid" or "digital occupation". Facebook has been accused of anti-Palestinian bias by digital rights activists. Other websites accused of anti-Palestinian bias include Zoom, YouTube, Twitter, and PayPal. See also Anti-BDS laws Characterizations of Zionism as racist List of people who oppose the BDS movement Palestinianism Notes Citations Sources External links Amazon, Israel, and the Occupation of Palestine, International Solidarity Movement In British Politics, Pro-Palestinian Activism Is Now Considered Criminal, Jacobin Anti-Arabism Anti-national sentiment Racism

69437548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Adisadel%20College%20alumni

List of Adisadel College alumni

This is a list of alumni of Adisadel College found on Wikipedia. Academia William Emmanuel Abraham, Ghanaian philosopher, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of California, and the first African to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College Ebenezer Laing, Ghanaian botanist Joshua Owusu-Sekyere, Agricultural Engineer, Rector of Perez University College John S. Pobee, Theologian, Emeritus Professor of Theology, and Former Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Ghana Kwasi Wiredu, philosopher Thomas Mensah (engineer), pioneer in fibre optic technology, and lead engineer in first laser guided weapons for US Department of Defense guided missile program Arts and entertainment Kofi Antubam, Ghanaian artist Terry Bonchaka, Hip life artist Ian Jazzi, Actor and musician M3NSA, Musician Koo Nimo -born Kwabena Boa-Amponsem, aka Daniel Amponsah, a Ghanaian folklorist and recording artist Frank Kobina Parkes, poet Shatta Rakon Musician Captain James Hackman Tachie-Menson, First black African ship's captain & first African south of the Sahara to man a ship across the Atlantic Ocean; musician and composer of “Where is Our God?”, “Leonora”, “New Born Prince of Peace” and preferred Ghanaian tune to “Hark, Hark, my Soul”. George Brigars Williams, former Ghanaian actor. Business Prince Kofi Amoabeng, Businessman and co-founder of defunct UT Bank Nana Appiah Mensah (aka NAM1), a businessman and Chief Executive Officer of MenzGold Dealership Sam E. Jonah KBE, Executive Chairman of Jonah Capital; previously President of AngloGold Ashanti W. Paatii Ofosu-Amaah, Vice President and Corporate Secretary of the World Bank Group, 2003 to 2007. Special Advisor to the President of the African Development Bank, 2008 to 2015. Ernest Bediako Sampong, Pharmacist and businessman; CEO of Ernest Chemist Limited; Multiple award winner including multiple CEO of the year awards, Ghana’s Order of the Volta Award, and the CIMG Marketing Man of The Year Nii Quaynor, Network Computer Systems Clergy Robert Okine, former Archbishop of West Africa Government Thomas Kwame Aboagye - Politician, Deputy minister in the second republic Kwadwo Afari-Gyan, Chairman of the Electoral Commission of Ghana from 1993 to 2015. Kennedy Agyapong - Member of Parliament Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa, head of state of Ghana and leader of the military government in 1969 Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi, former Minister for Education in the Kufuor government John Peter Amewu, Minister for Lands and Natural Resources Akenten Appiah-Menka - Politician, Deputy minister in the second republic James Appietu-Ankrah, Member of parliament for the Lower West Akim constituency (2005–2009) George Aryee, Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1991–1992) Edward Asafu-Adjaye, diplomat Frank Bernasko, former minister of state in the NRC and SMC regime, founder and leader of the erstwhile Action Congress Party. Freddie Blay - lawyer, Former Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana and Chairman of the New Patriotic Party Alex Blankson, Member of parliament for the Akrofuom Constituency (2021–) Kojo Botsio, minister of state in the first republic Kweku Budu-Acquah, diplomat Nana Ato Dadzie, Former Ghanaian Chief of Staff, and a United Nations consultant on peacebuilding and political transitions B. J. Da Rocha, first chairman of the New Patriotic Party Joseph Ampah Kojo Essel, member of parliament for the Dompim constituency (1965 – 1966) Robert K. A. Gardiner, diplomat Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, Minister of state in the first republic, founder and leader of the National Alliance of Liberals Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph, a judge and also the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana during the Third Republic Joseph Essilfie Hagan, Minister of state in the first republic of Cape Coast. F. A. Jantuah, Minister of state in the first republic and in the PNDC regime Kofi Koranteng, Politician and businessman; Independent Presidential Candidate Alan John Kyerematen, Ghanaian politician and former diplomat Joseph Yaw Manu, Politician, Deputy minister in the second republic Andrew Egyapa Mercer, MP James Mercer, Former diplomat Edward Nathaniel Moore, former attorney general of Ghana (SMC regime). Kwamena Minta Nyarku, Member of parliament for the Cape Coast North constituency (2021–) Samuel Kobina Casely Osei-Baidoo, Member of parliament for the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem during the second republic Edward Osei-Kwaku, deputy Minister for Presidential Affairs, and Minister of Youth and Sports Fritz Kwabena Poku, diplomat Samuel Ernest Quarm, Diplomat Kweku George Ricketts-Hagan, Member of Parliament for Cape Coast South, Former Central Regional Minister and Deputy Minister of Finance, and Trade and Industry Ebenezer Sekyi-Hughes, Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana Kojo Yankah, former minister of state. Law Chief Justice George Kingsley Acquah, Chief Justice Philip Edward Archer L.J. Chinery-Hesse, parliamentary draftsman, Solicitor-General and Acting Attorney General (1979) Godfred Yeboah Dame, current Attorney General of the Republic of Ghana Edward Nathaniel Moore, former Attorney General of the Republic of Ghana Justice Charles Hayfron-Benjamin, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana (1993 – 1999) Justice Robert John Hayfron-Benjamin, Chief Justice of Botswana (1977 – 1981) A. K. P. Kludze, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana (2003 – 2004) Koi Larbi, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana (1970 – 1972) Henry K. Prempeh, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana (1971 – 1972) Chief Justice Edward Kwame Wiredu Monarchs Azzu Mate Kole II, 4th monarch or king, Konor of the Manya Krobo Traditional Area Opoku Ware II, 15th Emperor-King of the Ashanti people and Ashanti Public service Patrick Kwateng Acheampong, former Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service (IGP). Louis Casely-Hayford, Engineer, former Chief Executive Officer of the Volta River Authority William Frank Kobina Coleman, Engineer, Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1960–1970) E. R. T. Madjitey, first Ghanaian commissioner of police and a former politician Science and technology Ave Kludze, a Rocket Scientist, Senior NASA Engineer and first African to fly (command and control) a spacecraft in orbit including the ERBS and TRMM spacecraft for NASA. Thomas Mensah - scientist whose single-handed work was most important in making fibreoptic technology commercial. Sports Samuel Appiah, footballer Ibrahim Ayew, footballer Baffour Gyan, retired footballer References Lists of Ghanaian people by school affiliation

69437572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Stranger%20Things

Lego Stranger Things

Lego Stranger Things is a Lego theme based on the 2016 Netflix sci-fi horror series of the same name. It is licensed from Netflix. The theme was first introduced in May 2019. Overview Lego Stranger Things is based on the Stranger Things 2016 Netflix sci-fi horror series, which focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy (Will Byers) amid supernatural events occurring around the town, including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities (Eleven). Lego Stranger Things aimed to recreate the main characters in Lego form, including Barbara "Barb" Holland, Eleven / Jane Hopper, Mike Wheeler, Lucas Sinclair, Dustin Henderson, Will Byers, Joyce Byers, Chief Jim Hopper and the Demogorgon. Development In 2019, Lego Senior Model Designer Justin Ramsden discuss the process behind developing the intricate build that is The Upside Down (set number: 75810) and explained, "We were really lucky to work closely with Netflix, so they gave us loads of behind the scenes images and plans. You had the TV show out there for everyone to watch and rewatch, so we had plenty of visual goodness showing how they would set up the house in the show, where they would leave a cup on the side when Joyce is talking, or where the cushion goes on the sofa, so really mundane stuff, but that is what I love as a fan, where you get this behind the scene look. We were not shown anything of Season 3 really – which is cool because it leaves it exciting for me, it means I get to build the set in the run-up to the new series and get really hyped for it." Lego Senior Model Designer Justin Ramsden discuss the character selection for the set and explained, "That is the beauty of the show, it was really hard to narrow it down. We were lucky enough to work with Netflix to decide which characters are relevant, for the scene. We also got the chance to create three new elements for the set as well, they are head gear for the Demogorgon, a hair piece for Dustin and also the hair for Will. It is fantastic to bring newness into the LEGO assortment and stuff that just really nails the characters’ aesthetics, it is really great." Lego Senior Model Designer Justin Ramsden discuss about the Stranger Things brief and explained, "First steps vary designer to designer. As long as we nail the brief and hit the timings, you can work however you like. Some LEGO designers like to use their computers, others use pen and paper, but I’m old fashioned – I like to pour bricks onto the floor and get building. That’s what the consumer will be doing!" and continued, "With the Stranger Things set, we started off with a concept sketch. There was an elite team of LEGO designers that joined together to discuss what this model could be. From that meetings, one of the concept designers drew a quick sketch and that became the basis for what the model could look like. We followed the sketch and had a close dialogue with Netflix. There was some back and forth with them, and we did iterations that made the set more stable, more playable and with more functions." Launch In 2019, Lego Stranger Thing theme was launched at The LEGO Store Flatiron District, New York. Later, it also launched in the UK at Lego Store Leicester Square, London. As part of the marketing campaign, The Lego Group released The Upside Down (set number: 75810) based on a version of the Byers' home. Characters Barbara "Barb" Holland: An introvert and best friend of Nancy Wheeler. She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy's relationship with Steve. Barb is one of the first victims of the Demogorgon. Eleven / Jane Hopper: A young girl with telepathic and psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary. Her real name is Jane, and she is the biological daughter of Terry Ives. Mike Wheeler: A middle child of Karen and Ted Wheeler, brother of Nancy and Holly, and one of three friends of Will Byers. He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends. He develops romantic feelings for Eleven. Lucas Sinclair: One of Will's friends. He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her. Dustin Henderson: One of Will Byers' friends. His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp. Will Byers: The son of Joyce Byers and younger brother of Jonathan Byers. He is captured by a monster from the "Upside Down", an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists. Joyce Byers: The mother of Will and Jonathan Byers. She is divorced from Lonnie Byers. Chief Jim Hopper: Chief of Hawkins Police Department. After his young daughter Sara died of cancer, Hopper divorced and lapsed into alcoholism. Eventually he grows to be more responsible, saving Joyce's son as well as taking Eleven as his adopted daughter. It is revealed that he and Joyce have feelings for each other. Demogorgon: Predatory creatures from the Upside Down that serve as the Mind Flayer's initial invasion force, murderous and violent with limited intelligence. Demogorgons start off as slug-like creatures that are incubated in a victim's body, growing into a tadpole-like creature and gradually molting into an adolescent form called a "Demodog" before fully maturing. Toy line Construction sets According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released a total of 2 Lego sets as part of Lego Stranger Things theme. In 2019, The Lego Group had a partnership with Netflix. The Lego Group introduced a Stranger Things set called The Upside Down (set number: 75810), based on a version of the Byers' home and its replica in the Upside Down was released in May 2019. The largest set consists of 2287 pieces with 8 minifigures. The Byers' house had 4 rooms including a front porch with furniture, living room, dining room and Will's bedroom. It also included Chief Jim Hopper's police truck and variety of accessories. The set included Lego minifigures of Eleven, Mike Wheeler, Lucas Sinclair, Dustin Henderson, Will Byers, Joyce Byers, Chief Jim Hopper and the Demogorgon. The sets were designed primarily for adults with an age rating of 16+ or above. The set was designed by Lego Senior Model Designer Justin Ramsden. In 2021, The Lego Group announced The Upside Down (set number: 75810) was retired on 31 December 2021. In July 2019, San Diego Comic-Con had announced that an exclusive Barb minifigure would be given away to the winners. In January 2022, a Demogorgon Keyring will be released in February 2022. BrickHeadz Demogorgon & Eleven (set number: 40549) will be released on 1 February 2022 as part of the Lego BrickHeadz theme. The set consists of 192 pieces and 2 baseplates. Web shorts The product line was accompanied by a series of animated short films that was released on YouTube. Welcome to The Upside Down is an official web short was released on YouTube on 15 May 2019 that inspired by both The Upside Down (set number: 75810) as well as the Stranger Things 2016 Netflix sci-fi horror series. The Upside Down 75810 Collector’s Item is an official web short was released on YouTube on 1 June 2019 that inspired by both The Upside Down (set number: 75810) as well as the Stranger Things 2016 Netflix sci-fi horror series. It features Lucas Sinclair, Dustin Henderson, Mike Wheeler, Eleven, Joyce Byers and Chief Hopper are ready to banish the Demogorgon from the Byers’ home. Awards and nominations In 2020, The Upside Down (set number: 75810) was awarded "Toy of the Year" and also "Specialty Toy of the Year" by the Toy Association. See also Lego Monster Fighters Lego Ghostbusters Lego Scooby-Doo Lego Hidden Side Lego BrickHeadz References External links Official website Lego themes Products introduced in 2019 Stranger Things (TV series)

69437987

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Nap%C3%A3t%C3%B4%E1%B4%8B%27

Jens Napãtôᴋ'

Jens Napãtôᴋ, also known as Jens Napaattooq, is a Greenlandic politician. He is a member of the Inatsisartut, the parliament of Greenland, representing the Naleraq party. He was elected in 2021, and took a leave of absence after a video surfaced allegedly showing him threatening to attack someone in his home. He underwent treatment for alcohol, and returned to the Inatsisartut by September 2021. Political career In 2005, Napãtôᴋ' resigned from the government after improperly using government funds to buy personal products, including beer, two packs of cigarettes, and services at a strip club. He was a member of the national board for housing, and after four years of appeals, his sentence—having to serve four months in jail and pay a fine of over 100,000 Danish kroner—was upheld, albeit with the fine somewhat reduced. He was elected to the Inatsisartut in the 2021 election. He was elected with the Naleraq party, and was simultaneously elected to the municipal council of Avannaata. In April 2021, he applied for sick leave from the Inatsisartut due to family problems, shortly after he was appointed chairman of the committee on finance and tax. He was allegedly shown in a video threatening to attack someone at his home, and the Siumut party reported him to the police. He was then stripped of his chairmanship for the committee on finance and tax, as well as his chairmanship of the committee on fisheries. His party's chairman wished him well, saying that it was taboo to ask for help when needed. The next month, he stated that he had started treatment for alcohol, and he wished to return to the Inatsisartut once it was completed. He returned by September, and threatened to vote against his party's budget proposal, unless a tax on halibut were removed. He was again made chairman of both committees. References Citations Bibliography 21st-century Greenlandic politicians Greenlandic politicians Living people Members of the Parliament of Greenland Naleraq politicians Year of birth missing (living people)

69438196

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit-as-a-Service

Exploit-as-a-Service

Exploit-as-a-service or EaaS is a scheme of cybercriminals whereby zero-day vulnerabilities are leased to hackers. EaaS is typically offered as a Cloud Service. By the end of 2021, EaaS became more of a trend among ransomware groups. In the past, zero-day vulnerabilities were often sold on the Dark Web, but this was usually at very high prices, like millions of US dollars per zero-day. A leasing model makes such vulnerabilities more affordable for many hackers. Even if such zero-day vulnerabilities will ever be sold at high prices, they can be leased for some time. The scheme can be compared with similar schemes like Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), Phishing-as-a-Service and Hacking-as-a-Service (HaaS). The latter includes such services as DoS and DDoS and botnets that are maintained for hackers who use these services. Parties who offer Exploit-as-a-service need to address various challenges. Payment is usually done in cryptocurrencies like the bitcoin. Anonymity is not always guaranteed when cryptocurrencies are used, and the police have been able to seize criminals on various occasions. Zero day vulnerabilities that are leased could be discovered and the software that is used to exploit them could be reverse engineered. It is as yet uncertain how profitable the exploit-as-a-service business model will be. If it turns out to be profitable, probably the amount of threat actors that will offer this service will increase. Sources of information on Exploit-as-a-Service include discussions on the Dark Web, which reveal an increased interest in this kind of service. See also Exploit (computer security) Computer security Computer virus Crimeware Exploit kit IT risk Metasploit Shellcode w3af Notes External links Exploit-as-a-service: Cybercriminals exploring potential of leasing out zero-day vulnerabilities as saved in the Internet Archive Exploit-as-a-Service, high rollers and zero-day criminal tactics as saved in the Internet Archive Hacking as a Service as saved in the Internet Archive Dark web

69438199

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Silver%20Sickle%20Case

The Silver Sickle Case

The Silver Sickle Case is a 1938 detective novel by the Irish-born writer Lynn Brock. Best known for his Colonel Gore series of mysteries, the novel introduced an alternative detective character Sergeant Venn of Scotland Yard assisted by Detective Constable Kither. It was followed by two sequels. Synopsis Two murders take place in the seaside resort town of Southmouth near the New Forest: the first is a former army officer beaten to death and left by a rubbish tip while the second, found near by, is impossible to identify. Investigating police officers conclude that both crimes are connected to a fashionable night club The Silver Sickle. References Bibliography Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Garland Publishing, 1984. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1938 British novels British mystery novels Novels by Lynn Brock Novels set in England British detective novels Collins Crime Club books

69438311

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Riddle%20of%20the%20Roost

The Riddle of the Roost

The Riddle of the Roost is a 1939 mystery detective novel by the Irish-born writer Lynn Brock. It was the third and last in his trilogy featuring the characters of Scotland Yard detective Sergeant Venn and Constable Kither. It was Brock's penultimate novel, followed the next year by The Stoat a final entry into the series of his best-known character Colonel Gore. Synopsis In the picturesque settlement of Pinehill the peace and quiet is disturbed by the double murders of Winfred Dorbin and his twin brother Hector, at their country house. The local police and inhabitants suspect a simple-minded villager of the murder. Only the arrival of Sergeant Venn towards the end of the story brings some clarity. References Bibliography Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Garland Publishing, 1984. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1939 British novels British mystery novels Novels by Lynn Brock Novels set in England British detective novels Collins Crime Club books

69438401

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%20Ah%20Cheoh

Sim Ah Cheoh

Sim Ah Cheoh (沈亚彩 Shěn Yàcăi; – 30 March 1995) was a Singaporean drug trafficker of Chinese descent. She was originally sentenced to death in 1988 for the crime, for which she was arrested in 1985, and Sim's two accomplices Lim Joo Yin and Ronald Tan Chong Ngee were also arrested and received the same sentence, and like Sim, both also lost their appeals against their sentence. Subsequently, while Lim and Tan were executed in April 1992, Sim was granted clemency and her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, making her the fourth person since 1959, as well as the second female and second drug convict on death row to be pardoned from execution by the President of Singapore. A year later, Sim was diagnosed with cancer while in prison. As she was found to have around 12 more months left to live, Sim was granted clemency a second time after she applied to the President of Singapore to pardon her and release her to let her receive treatment and spend the final days of her life with her family and sons outside prison. She died at the age of 47 in March 1995, a month after she regained her freedom. Early life Sim Ah Cheoh was born in Singapore in 1948. While it is not known if she has any siblings, she has an overall tragic life which was riddled with poverty, suffering and a lack of love. Sim's mother died at the age of three, and she was living under the care of her grandparents and other relatives until the age of ten. Later, Sim went to live with her father, who has remarried, but she was unloved and neglected by her stepmother while living with her father. After five years of living with her father, Sim became independent. Due to extreme poverty, Sim was only educated till primary three in a Chinese-educated school, and she also worked as a servant, and took up part time jobs at 13 years old. Sim remained unmarried in her adulthood, but she have two lovers who were married men, and bore a son from each of these two affairs. The elder son was born in 1975 while the younger son was born in 1979. Her eldest son's birth father abandoned her when Sim was four months pregnant in 1975, while her second son's father remained living with his own family (but he did still provide the child living expenses), leaving Sim alone having to raise her sons under extreme poverty. Sim later have one boyfriend Lim Eng Kee, who remained so as of the time she was caught trafficking drugs. After Sim gave birth to her eldest son, she went to work as a bar hostess and then later became an illegal bookie, but her latter business failed, and she owed around $50,000 to loan sharks, which sent her to further financial trouble. Crime and sentence Due to her immense debts and her desperation to discharge them, Sim Ah Cheoh, then 36 years old, was willing to help two drug traffickers to smuggle heroin to the United States of America (USA), after the duo - 31-year-old contractor Lim Joo Yin (alias Ah Hai) and a 31-year-old unemployed man Ronald Tan Chong Ngee (alias Ah Aw; Lim's henchman) - offered to recruit her. The promised payment for the job was S$30,000. On 26 April 1985, Lim, who supplied the heroin, went to Hotel Negara at Claymore Drive with Tan to meet up with Sim. There were a total of ten packets of heroin, which the men strapped to the body of Sim. Sim was also given a HK$10 (then S$2.60) note and was ordered to hand the drugs to a man, who would give her another HK$10 note with a sequence number similar to her note. She was also told to take a plane bound for Honolulu and thus she headed to Changi Airport. Upon arrival at the airport however, Sim was arrested by the narcotics police and it also led to the arrests of Tan and Lim at the hotel. All three were charged with drug trafficking. A total of 1.37 kg of heroin, which has an estimated worth of US$2 million (or S$4.08 million), is weighed from the ten bundles carried by Sim. With the amount of heroin found having exceeded the minimum of 15g required under the Misuse of Drugs Act, the mandatory death penalty will be imposed if the trio were found guilty. After the arrest of Sim, her two sons were cared for by their relatives and guardians. Sim's younger son went to live with his father and his father's second wife but eventually moved back to live with his guardian. Lim fruitlessly tried to kill himself while he was in remand facing investigations for his crime. Sim and her two bosses stood trial in the High Court of Singapore on 7 July 1988. Despite confessing to their respective roles in the crime, all three defendants tried to challenge the validity of their statements, claiming that they were not made voluntarily. In the end, the confessions were ruled admissible as evidence by both the trial judges Lai Kew Chai and Joseph Grimberg. After the prosecutor-in-charge Lee Sing Lit presented his case, the trio were ordered to enter their defence, but they chose to remain silent. Sim's defence lawyers R Palakrishnan and Grace Chacko tried to argue that Sim should not be guilty of trafficking but of possession, since there is a 30-minute lapse between her arrest and arrival at the airport, which means that Sim might have the heroin strapped to her body in the airport's toilet rather than the hotel. On 29 July 1988, all three accused - Sim Ah Cheoh, Ronald Tan Chong Ngee and Lim Joo Yin - were convicted of drug trafficking and sentenced to death by hanging. All three accused later appealed to the Court of Appeal of Singapore against their sentences, but their appeals were rejected in 1989. Clemency and reprieve After losing her appeals, through her lawyers, Sim Ah Cheoh decided to appeal to Wee Kim Wee, then President of Singapore, for clemency. In the petition, Sim's lawyer R Palakrishnan stated that his client has led a tragic and poor life, and she has no marketable skills, no schooling, and upkeep from home, and was a housewife and single mother of two sons. He stated that these life difficulties resulted in Sim's mental weakness, and caused her to be tempted into crime with the desperation to pay off her debts. John Nicholson of the Salvation Army also pleaded for clemency on behalf of Sim and her younger son. Amnesty International also asked the Singapore government to show mercy on Sim's life on humanitarian grounds. On 25 March 1992, Sim was granted clemency by President Wee and had her death sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Before the landmark appeal by Abdul Nasir Amer Hamsah on 20 August 1997, life imprisonment at the time of Sim's offence, conviction and pardon was considered as a fixed jail term of 20 years, with the possibility of one-third reduction of the sentence for good behaviour. Since Sim maintained good behaviour in prison and her seven-year period of incarceration after her arrest and before her pardon was included into her newly-imposed life sentence, Sim would only need to serve six years and a few months before she can be released. Cancer and death In November 1993, Sim fell sick while serving her life sentence and was later diagnosed with cervical cancer in August 1994. In early 1995, after she was told that she had at most one year left to live, Sim appealed to President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong (who succeeded Wee) to be released so that she could spend the final moments of her life with her sons and relatives. The clemency petition was granted, and Sim was released on 16 February 1995, and reunited with her son, boyfriend and relatives. She was set to go for surgery on 19 March 1995. Despite the unfavourable medical results, Sim clinged on to hope for the sake of her son. Still, she did not respond to medical treatments despite her efforts. Six weeks after her release, on 30 March 1995, Sim died. She was reportedly accompanied by her younger son and boyfriend Lim Eng Kee, and her relatives at her deathbed. Her elder son was in a drug rehabilitation centre at the time his mother passed away. Aftermath Fate of Sim's two sons Sim's elder son, who was reportedly named Michael in news reports, was later adopted by a couple in Canada in around 1990. He later moved back to Singapore, and he reportedly went astray and became estranged from his younger brother. Sim's younger son, who declined to be named, was approached for an interview relating to his mother's case. While the boy fondly remembered her as a good mother who often took care of him and his brother, he stated that he wept when he heard about his mother being sentenced to death in 1988, and he was relieved when his mother was reprieved from imminent execution and death row. He kept the newspaper clippings of his mother's case and vowed to not go astray; he turned to reading books, listening to songs on the radio and window shopping with his friends to not adopt any ill habits. The boy said that he feared that his friends might bully him if they found out that his mother was a condemned drug trafficker. Still, he forgave his mother and waited for her return. The news of his mother's illness, which was given by his school principal, was a huge blow to Sim's younger son, who thought that he may be able to live with her again once she regained her freedom. Subsequent cases Sim was not the last person in Singapore to be pardoned from execution in Singapore. There will be two more people after her who will escape the gallows after a successful plea to clemency. The first was Koh Swee Beng, a 22-year-old Singaporean who, out of rage and vengeance, gathered his three sworn brothers and two friends to attack 31-year-old moneylender Tay Kim Teck, who earlier assaulted Koh's foster father on 16 February 1988. Tay was killed in the fight after Koh stabbed him fatally twice. After receiving the death sentence in 1990, Koh was originally scheduled to hang on 15 May 1992 before Singapore's then president Wee Kim Wee pardoned him on 13 May, two days before he was to be executed. Koh was released on parole in September 2005 due to good behaviour. The second was 18-year-old gang member Mathavakannan Kalimuthu, who teamed up with his two friends to fight 25-year-old rival gang member Saravanan Michael Ramalingam, who died in the fight on 26 May 1996. Mathavakannan and his friends were sentenced to death in November of the same year, but Mathavakannan would end up as the sole member of the trio to receive clemency in April 1998, which commuted his sentence to life imprisonment while his friends were executed in May 1998. Mathavakannan, who is released on parole since 2012, remains as the last person in Singapore to be granted clemency as of December 2021. Sim's case is once again mentioned more than 30 years later when Malaysian drug trafficker Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam is facing imminent execution in 2021, wtih many death penalty opponents appealed for mercy on his life based on his low IQ and alleged intellectual disability. Some also cited Sim's illness which allowed her to be pardoned. See also Capital punishment in Singapore Mathavakannan Kalimuthu List of major crimes in Singapore (before 2000) List of major crimes in Singapore (2000–present) References 1948 births 1995 deaths Capital punishment in Singapore Recipients of Singaporean presidential pardons Singaporean prisoners and detainees Prisoners and detainees of Singapore Singaporean criminals People paroled from life sentence Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Singapore Singaporean prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Singaporean drug traffickers

69438444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20vacancy%20in%20the%20Presidency%20of%20Brazil

1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil

With the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, on April 2 the National Congress of Brazil declared the presidency of the Republic occupied by João Goulart vacant. Since the vacancy was foreseen for the president's departure from the country without the authorization of Congress, which was not the case, the act had no constitutional support. However, it formalized the coup, transferring the post to the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Ranieri Mazzilli, until the indirect election of General Castelo Branco, the first military president of the dictatorship (1964-1985), days later. The and branches had clashed in Goulart's government, which failed to pass its in Congress and in its final stages governed without a parliamentary majority. Some congressmen participated in the conspiracy against his government, such as Auro de Moura Andrade, president of the Federal Senate. With the beginning of the coup, General Nicolau Fico, the army commander in Brasilia, had to choose between garrisoning Congress and policing the city, as Auro wished, or not offering this support, as Goulart and Darcy Ribeiro, the head of the President's , wanted. The president was in the city on the 1st, but in the evening he went to Porto Alegre, in Rio Grande do Sul. When he left, General Fico had sided with the President of the Senate and Congress had been summoned to a joint session. The defined three forms of removal of the President of the Republic: resignation, which did not occur, impeachment, for which the opposition would not have the votes, and vacancy after unauthorized departure from the country. Although Goulart's whereabouts were communicated to the parliamentarians, Auro de Moura Andrade declared the presidency vacant and quickly closed the tumultuous early morning session. With the acquiescence of the Judiciary, Ranieri Mazzilli was sworn in at 03:45 am. His inauguration and a subsequent indirect election were provided for by law, but not the vacancy under those conditions. Meanwhile, on April 2 Goulart still had some power in Porto Alegre, which could even lead to duality of government, but he did not want the conflict and went to the interior of the state. Only on April 4 did he leave the country, heading for Uruguay. The declaration of the vacancy occurred as Goulart's government collapsed with the coup and it was the participation of Congress that was important in its outcome to confer legitimacy on it, but in the new balance of power Congress fell short of the military. In 2013 Congress symbolically annulled the session. Goulart's relationship with Congress The political system in the Populist Republic was dominated by three parties, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the National Democratic Union (UDN) and the Brazilian Labor Party (PTB). PSD and PTB were allied for most of this period. President Goulart was from the PTB, which had 28.4% of the seats in the Chamber in the 1962 legislative elections, and thus depended on the PSD, with 28.9%; however, he ended up governing without a majority, just like his predecessor, Jânio Quadros, who also did not make it to the end of his term. The PSD, a mediating force located in the center, destabilized the system when it ceased to balance it: from 1963 on, he was on the side of the UDN opposition, being "faithful of the balance" in the fall of the president. Goulart's government was marked by conflicts between the Executive and Legislative branches. Due to the great polarization, few projects were approved in the Legislative, including proposals from the Executive. The number of actors with veto power, including the two parliamentary fronts (Nationalist Parliamentary Front and Parliamentary Democratic Action), was high, preventing changes from taking place. The president got legislative support to bring forward the referendum on presidentialism, regaining the powers lost to the , but Congress overturned a constitutional amendment for land reform in May 1963. Land reform would be one of the basic reforms, the PTB's ambition. With the loss of support for the president in Congress and the PSD's swing to the right, it became difficult to carry out the reforms through it. This is attributed both to the president's political incapacity, as done by politicians at the time and later authors (Elio Gaspari and Marco Antonio Villa), and, conversely, to the social conflict of the moment making it impossible to build support in Congress. The basic reforms are also accused, as by , of being, except for the agrarian one, obscure and unclear, only exposed in the presidential message to Congress in 1964, with little initiative taken by the president. However, they had been discussed in society since before Goulart's government. The controversy was that they benefited and harmed certain sectors of society. Candidates opposed to the reforms advocated by the left were financed by the Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action, with foreign financial involvement, in the 1962 elections. Members of the UDN and PSD participated in the conspiracies that would lead to the coup of 1964. The request for a state of siege in November 1963 was rejected by the left and right and defeated by the parliamentarians, demonstrating the president's isolation. In the last moments of his government, as in the Central Rally, the president, as desired by the left, abandoned conciliation and sought to mobilize popular pressure to get the reforms from Congress, thus alarming conservative congressmen. Brasília during the coup d'état Military situation in the Central Planalto On March 31, 1964, the , in Minas Gerais, went into revolt against the government and started an towards the former capital in Guanabara. At midnight the Second Army, from São Paulo, joined the coup and also against Rio de Janeiro. Both the Second Army and the 4th Military Region also ordered operations against the new capital. The 16th Hunters Battalion, a Second Army unit based in Cuiabá, entered Goiás by road and air transport. In Brasilia the Military Command and the , headed by General Nicolau Fico, were in a confused situation, with many officers rejecting the government's authority. The 4th Company of the Presidential Guard Battalion (BGP) left Brasília to defend the Goiás/Minas border. As the border was still unoccupied, the 10th Battalion of the Military Police of Minas Gerais was hurriedly transferred to prevent the BGP from entering Minas Gerais territory. Later on April 1, knowing that the First Army, in Rio de Janeiro, had joined the coup, the BGP retreated. Subsequently, and Army converged on Brasilia. Congress status Auro de Moura Andrade published a manifesto breaking the Senate from the government and calling for the Armed Forces to intervene in the political process. However, on the night of the 31st he protested in the plenary: the coming and going of parliamentarians was impossible with the blocking of the airport and highways. Radio and television were under censorship and he could not address the nation: the chief of police in the Federal District had seized the videotape of his speech. The transfer of the Congress to another city was under consideration: , governor of Goiás, offered Goiânia, and on the 30th Deputy had talked about a transfer to São Paulo or Belo Horizonte. In Congress, "the stage for harsh, vehement dialogues, congressmen anxiously followed the news of the adhesion of General , commander of the Second Army. Congressman Francisco Julião claimed to have 60,000 armed men from the Peasant Leagues willing to defend the government, which was nothing but bravado, but it intimidated the congressmen. Auro's greatest fear was about the agglomeration at the Teatro Experimental de Brasília, which, it was said, would attack the deputies' apartments. So he requested an army presence around the Congress and in the city, but he was not granted. In the Theater, Darcy Ribeiro, head of Goulart's Civil Cabinet, had organized about a thousand on the morning of the 1st to, according to him, peacefully occupy the Chamber and Senate on the following day. Elio Gaspari also registers the participation of the in the organization and that they could be the starting point for a popular militia; they informed name, address and profession, were registered by the Civil Servants Union and were to receive on the following day, in a rural colonization nucleus, weapons and instructions. In another moment, the head of the Civil Cabinet handed weapons and a list of politicians to be arrested or executed (depending on the version), among them the presidents of the Supreme Court (STF) and Senate, to two leaders of the . They refused the act, considering it terrorism. Goulart arrived in Brasília on the 1st from Rio de Janeiro, but flew to Porto Alegre at night. In Brasília he was isolated and under military risk. General Fico swore loyalty, although it was doubtful. The president's allies predicted an impeachment attempt in Congress; congressman Tancredo Neves imagined a situation equivalent to that of presidents Café Filho and Carlos Luz. They considered it essential, in order to avoid it, that the security of Congress should remain with the police, without the Army going out into the streets; the Army's presence would stimulate Congress to act against the President of the Republic. Thus, General Fico was supposed to collaborate. However, on their way back from the airport they found the Esplanade of the Ministries occupied by the Army, which had ignored Jango's wishes and started carrying out the order of the Senate President. Congress was illuminated: "The process of parliamentary struggle had begun." The statement at the Congress Legal aspects Under the 1946 Constitution, there were three ways to remove the president of the Republic: impeachment, resignation or, according to art. 85, Goulart did not resign and the opposition knew it did not have the votes necessary for an impeachment. PTB was prepared for impeachment and could prevent or delay it within the Rules of Procedure, if necessary for lack of a quorum. Likewise, during the Congress session in the early morning of the 2nd, a communiqué was read informing of the president's presence in Porto Alegre (in reality he was flying from Brasília to Porto Alegre). After Goulart left Porto Alegre, Mayor declared in the afternoon that he had left the country, but Goulart was on his farms in Rio Grande do Sul until April 4, and only then did he go into exile in Uruguay. The congressmen had no patience to wait for the president to leave the country, and so the vacancy was declared without constitutional basis: Goulart not only remained on national territory, but also informed Congress of this fact. The line of presidential succession was the president of the Republic, vice-president and president of the Chamber of Deputies. The president of the Republic elected in 1960, Jânio Quadros, had resigned in 1961. Goulart was the vice-president of the 1960 election and was sworn in after the Legality Campaign. The president of the Chamber was Ranieri Mazzilli. Thus, once the vacancy was declared, power was transferred to Mazzilli, obeying the line of succession defined in article 79. The pro-coup press praised the constitutionality of the succession, but did not consider the conditions under which the vacancy was declared, taking it for granted. Joint session Around midnight, Auro de Moura Andrade was meeting with the leaders of the PSD and UDN, and Tancredo Neves suspected that they were plotting Goulart's deposition. Suspecting that he would be declared in an uncertain place or outside the country, Waldir Pires drafted an official letter, to be signed by Darcy Ribeiro, clarifying the president's whereabouts. A joint session of the National Congress began, attended by 212 congressmen (29 senators and 183 deputies). Due to the tumult, it was suspended for 20 minutes. It was during the suspension that Pedro Aleixo allegedly, Tancredo Neves was informed, suggested a summary coup, making the statement and suspending the session. When the session was reopened, Auro declared that Goulart had left the government. At the insistence of the governing bench, he allowed the reading of the letter signed by Darcy Ribeiro: Without answering this, Auro continued: The session ended at 03:00 in the morning. Auro closed the session, turning off the speaker and the lights in the Plenary. The atmosphere had been heavy, with both cheers and protests and turmoil. The vacancy decree was not voted on by the parliamentarians, but only communicated by the president of the Senate. The allied base tried to obstruct this declaration, and, under great uproar, tried to reopen the session. Despite having a few MPs of great physical vigor forming a personal safety device, Auro was slapped by deputy , but managed to quickly get out to Ranieri Mazzilli's office. Fearing a crowd at the bus station and lacking full confidence in the Army, Congress had on hand, on loan from Mauro Borges, three machine guns at strategic points and some ammunition. Two military congressmen were working on security. Darcy Ribeiro also mentions the sending of goons by the Goias governor. In 2013, Congress annulled the session on a symbolic basis. Relevance Auro de Moura Andrade's declaration of the vacancy of Goulart's office was made when the disintegration of the government was perceptible. Before the statement, Deputy Pedro Aleixo said that the attitude was expected by the military. It is referred to as a precipitation of events, with the deposition of Goulart; the Legislative's strategic participation in the coup; the consummation of the coup; and a legitimate-looking outcome. It was important to give legitimacy to the new regime in the face of public opinion. On the other hand, the first (AI), days later, explicitly denied that Congress gave legitimacy to the "Revolution" because, in its words, "the victorious revolution (...) legitimizes itself" and "the constitutional processes did not work to unseat the government"; the Act recognized the break with the previous normativity, and the "Revolution" was not restricted by it. Statements from military personnel recognize the lack of Congressional obstacles to the deposition of the president and its role in institutionalizing the coup, but while some evaluate positively the motivations of the congressmen, for others they were opportunistic. Most congressmen justified the measure as a way to restore public order and defend the democratic regime from a socialist revolution or from carrying out base reforms without the consent of Congress. For them, the president of the Senate was only complying with the Constitution, and this compliance gave a democratic character to his action. According to Senator , "there was abandonment - a fact. It was not our place, because we are judges, to investigate the causes of the fact. We would have to take the fact and look for it, in an effort to save Democracy, in an effort to reestablish the absolute and full rule of our Constitution". However, congressmen from the PTB and the Nationalist Parliamentary Front denounced the act, such as Senator Oscar Passos, for whom the session was conducted in a "brutal, illegal and violent" way. For months before the coup, Auro de Moura Andrade participated in the conspiratorial group of Marshal and São Paulo Governor Ademar de Barros. In his memoirs, he justified his action at the time of the coup: "no nation can sleep without a president"; "What I needed was to dismiss the president, in order to liberate the III Army and relieve it from fighting against those who had risen up in defense of constitutional integrity". On April 2, the Third Army's adhesion to the coup was still incomplete. Auro also had a personal motive: in July 1962, during the parliamentary regime, the president nominated him as Prime Minister, under the condition that he kept a letter of resignation. Two days later, while Auro was concluding the negotiations for his ministry, Goulart used this letter to remove him from his post. The course of events up to Castelo Branco's inauguration was remarkably similar to that envisaged in a 1963 American contingency plan: Goulart would be "persuaded" to step aside and Ranieri Mazzilli would occupy his position until the election of a new president by Congress. This was the third hypothesis of the plan. The second envisaged the formation of an "alternative provisional government" that could request American support, especially logistical, in a conflict with the Jango supporters. This provisional government is associated both with the administration that emerged from the action of Congress and the initiative of the governor of Minas Gerais, Magalhães Pinto, who appointed as secretary of government to obtain recognition abroad of a state of belligerency. Presidential succession Mazzilli's inauguration Darcy Ribeiro planned to prevent the inauguration by isolating Congress, cutting off the water and electricity, and preventing the motorcade from entering the Planalto Palace, but the few remaining legalist military were too indecisive. Ranieri Mazzilli had "the smallest inauguration party of a president in the republican history". With Auro and the president of the STF, Judge , he drove in a few cars to the Palace. Four armed deputies served as security. The president of the STF represented there the approval of the judiciary to the coup, although the STF did not conspire against Goulart or actively participate in his overthrow. The Planalto was dark, and a deputy climbed the stairs by the light of matches. Two others searched the building, where some ushers were sleeping in their armchairs, and managed to get one to open the doors. The inauguration took place at 03:45 am, on the third floor, with some deputies present. A member of the entourage suggested the presence of a general. The one found, by telephone, was General , without command or prestige. General Fico had been invited, but was undecided. He was found on the fourth floor, in the company of Waldir Pires and Darcy Ribeiro. Three deputies went up to convince him to participate, but he would not come down. A tense argument arose between Fico and Darcy Ribeiro about his loyalty, since he was already taking orders from General Costa e Silva, who had taken over the Ministry of War in Rio de Janeiro. Darcy called him a "monkey traitor". He and Waldir Pires, the last representatives of janguism in the Planalto, left by private elevator. Mazzilli began his government in Brasilia, but power was concentrated in the military constituted in the in Rio de Janeiro. Castelo Branco's election Upon arriving in Rio Grande do Sul, Goulart intended to reinstall his government in Porto Alegre, which would set up a dual government in Brazil. The loyalist civilians were mobilized in the city and the Third Army command was legalistic, but the loyalist troops were still few, a military defeat was imminent and Jango did not want bloodshed. So at 11:30 am on the 2nd he left the city, headed for São Borja, and then on to Uruguay. Mazzilli's term of office was temporary. The Constitution provided: AI-1, granted by the Supreme Command of the Revolution on April 9, anticipated the choice of the new president to two days later. The indirect election determined General Castelo Branco as the successor. The Act strengthened the Executive Branch to the detriment of the Legislative Branch and defined the guidelines for purging the civil service and the legislatures. It expressed the supremacy of the military over Congress, since its implementation ignored a more limited law proposed by PSD and UDN congressmen. The preamble of the Act defined that the dissolution of Congress was the prerogative of the unrestricted power of the "Revolution", but that it chose to retain it. Notes References Sources Books Articles and academic papers News External links Minutes of the joint session of April 2, 1964 in the Congressional Record Audio of the session on the Chamber's website 1964 in Brazil 1964 crimes Cold War in Latin America

69438755

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia%20Teck%20Leng

Chia Teck Leng

Chia Teck Leng (谢德龙 Xìe Délóng; born 11 October 1959) is a convicted white-collar criminal from Singapore, who was known for his four-year commercial fraud which involved the swindling of $117 million from four foreign major banks to feed his gambling addiction during his time as a financial manager at Asia Pacific Breweries (APB). Chia's crime was known to be Singapore's worst commercial crime committed in the city-state, surpassing that of Teo Cheng Kiat, who embezzled $35 million from Singapore Airlines for 13 years while he was employed there before his capture and sentencing of 24 years' imprisonment in 2000. Chia Teck Leng was arrested on 2 September 2003 when the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) somehow got wind of his fraudulent activities, and he thus faced a possible life sentence when there were 46 fraud-related criminal charges brought against him. Although Chia managed to escape the maximum term of life imprisonment after pleading guilty to 14 proceeded charges in a brief trial, he was nevertheless sentenced to a lengthy 42-year term of imprisonment for his crime, which reportedly became the longest term of imprisonment ever meted out by the courts of Singapore for a commercial crime. Early life Chia Teck Leng, presumably the only child and son of his family, was born in Singapore on 11 October 1959. During his early years, Chia completed his elementary and secondary school education. During his pre-university years, Chia studied at Victoria School and with good grades, he studied accountancy in National University of Singapore (NUS), and he thus graduated after completing his degree. After his graduation from university, Chia Teck Leng began to work at the accounting firm Arthur Andersen. He went on to take several high-flying positions, including the vice president at UOB, and a financial controller at marine services company Swire Pacific Offshore. His latest job was a finance manager at Asia Pacific Breweries beginning from 20 January 1999, with an annual salary of between $200,000 and $300,000. During the period, Chia married a teacher. He had two sons born in 1987 and 1989 respectively. According to his family, friends and colleagues, Chia was an unassuming but committed family man who was filial to his parents and a loving and caring father and husband, as well as a sociable and hard working man who owned a condominium at Serangoon Road. Unknown to them however, Chia was secretly leading a double life as a high-rolling hustler, and he secretly owned expensive cars, luxury apartments, and had a mistress half his age. Criminal career Gambling addiction and commercial fraud In 1994, while he was still employed at Swire Pacific Offshore, Chia Teck Leng began to gamble. Chia gradually became heavily addicted to gambling, which led to him suffering from huge debts during 1995 to 1996 and owed several banks about $100,000 in the form of overdrafts and credit card dues. It was only in 1997 when Chia went to visit Star Cruise ships almost every fortnight for gambling sessions, he began to rake in winnings that were worth fortunes, and he received a credit offer of $75,000. His winnings grew to about $1 million within less than a year. However, in August 1998, Chia lost his winnings of $1 million from one gambling spree, and he suffered from new debts as a result of his losses. Chia’s debts were mounted sky-high when he joined Asia Pacific Breweries (APB) as its financial manager on 20 January 1999. Out of desperation to pay off the debts, Chia began to forge documents merely five days after he took up his new job. During his four-year forgery crime spree, Chia targeted four foreign banks - one European bank Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB), two Japanese banks Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) and the Mizuho Corporate Bank and one German bank Bayerische Hypo-und Vereinsbank Aktiengesellschaft (HVB) - and swindled a total of $117 million from them. Using his fake documents, Chia was able to open bank accounts under APB’s name, and he designated himself as the sole signatory. Chia had a credit facility for $500,000 from SEB for his use, among the four banks he targeted. Chia was the sole controller of these accounts because he was able to forge the director board resolutions which gave him the authority to receive the credit and loan facilities, sign the transactions and manage the bank accounts on behalf of APB. Chia also successfully forged the signatures of the various directors of APB, after he practiced using the specimens of annual reports and internal documents as references to allow the signatures look authentic. Chia’s modus operandi was to withdraw money from the three banks - SMBC, Mizuho and HVB - through the fake accounts he opened under APB’s name before he transferred them to the SEB bank accounts. Through the SEB account, Chia was able to stake out funds for gambling by transferring them to his two personal accounts with DBS before it was remitted to casinos in Australia, Britain, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the Philippines. Before his criminal ways were exposed, the banks deeply trusted Chia as a reliable and credit-worthy client, as he was able to make timely deposits to the accounts whenever repayments were due, for which the deposits came from the funds he swindled from any of the other banks. There was once in November 1999, when Chia withdrew $53 million from an APB account with OCBC, he was able to replace the entire amount by October 2002, thus narrowly escaping detection. Aside from this, Chia’s gambling feats were increasing so that he was recognised by many casinos around the world. From July 2000 onwards, Chia would go to the Crown Casino in Melbourne through private chartered jets provided by the casino. He was given VIP treatment and was invited to stay in the casino’s most expensive room, which provided a butler service. At that time, it cost A$25,000 just to spend one night there. He was also a regular at London Ritz’s Club, where he could engage in higher-stake gambling. Originally coping with $200 bets during his sessions at Star Cruise casino, Chia went up to place single bets of between A$20,000 and 25,000 in British casinos.There was one occasion where he placed a single bet of A$400,000 at the Crown Casino. Chia’s lavish lifestyle and mistress In April 2002, aboard a casino cruise ship, Chia first met 22-year-old Chinese national Li Jin, who would later become his mistress. Chia won $1 million from her that same night. Due to this, Chia began to request Li Jin as his opponent in gambling, considering her as his “good luck charm”, and he was also able to win every time he gambled against her. The resultant huge losses suffered by the casino prompted the casino to decide to give Li a day off whenever Chia arrived on board. Li, who graduated from Nanjing University, later resigned and she came to Singapore to begin a relationship with Chia, therefore becoming Chia's mistress. As a result of his gambling feats, Chia spent lavishly on shopping, and his purchases included a $150,000 Mercedes-Benz and a $530,000 apartment in Grange Road. He also gave expensive gifts worth a total of $300,000 to various people, including his girlfriend. Chia even staked out $10,000 to procure a fake Taiwanese passport on behalf of Li, which made it easier for her to enter and leave Singapore. Under the alias Chu Chiao-Ling, Li travelled in and out of Singapore between November 2002 and January 2003 with the help of the fake passport. Arrest and investigations On 2 September 2003, 43-year-old Chia Teck Leng was arrested at his home by the police, after the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD), through unknown means, were notified of and discovered Chia's criminal activities. Li Jin was also arrested and she spent six months in jail for using a forged passport. Upon his arrest, Chia was charged two days later on 4 September 2003, of two counts, one of cheating and one of forgery involving $3 million, which he swindled from SEB in February 1999. As further investigations were conducted, the gradual revelation of the true magnitude of Chia's crimes resulted in more charges levelled against Chia. By 11 September 2003, he was facing eight new charges. He was accused of earlier cheating the four banks - SMBC, Mizuho, HVB and SEB - into giving him a total credit of about $113 million. On 17 September 2003, the newfound details of Chia's crimes attracted 18 more charges relating to money withdrawals from the four banks, such as US$25 million from SEB, and US$10 million from SMBC. On 24 September 2003, Chia was charged with four more counts of forgery in relation to opening of bank accounts and transferring funds from APB’s OCBC bank account to a fictitious Citibank account. It was on 5 December 2003 when Chia, with finality, was slapped with 14 new criminal charges. Altogether, Chia faced a total of 46 charges: 14 charges of forgery 18 charges of cheating four charges of criminal breach of trust two charges of money-laundering eight charges of abetment of forgery of a passport (related to Li Jin) Among the charges faced by Chia, the most serious charge was forgery, which attracts the maximum penalty of life imprisonment or alternatively, up to ten years of imprisonment, along with a possible fine. Should Chia be found guilty, he would possibly be sentenced to life imprisonment. From the beginning of investigations, Chia was fully cooperative with the police. He gave them every detail of what he had done during these four years. he not only answered their questions but also volunteered information on the other bank accounts, where most of the funds were held, and on the flow of the funds. He also helped in the tracing and the recovery of the money by signing all necessary papers. In total, over $34.8 million were recovered, while the remaining $82.3 million remained missing. Some thousands out of Li Jin’s confiscated money, which were $1.2 million in total, were also included in the funds recovered by the police. The police speculated that Chia lost an estimated amount of $62 million to gambling. The foreign authorities also yielded some money amounting to $11 million and $230 million from both Chia Teck Leng's casino and bank accounts in Australia and Switzerland respectively. Trial and sentencing Guilty plea and submissions On 2 April 2004, Chia Teck Leng stood trial in the High Court of Singapore for the various financial crimes he committed. The sole prosecutor-in-charge, Thong Chee Kun, decided to proceed with 14 charges out of 46, with the remaining to be taken into consideration during sentencing. Chia, who was represented by defence lawyers Edmond Pereira and Benjamin Choo, was convicted on the same day after pleading guilty to six charges of forgery and eight charges of cheating. He also reportedly expressed his intention to plead guilty prior to his trial. The prosecutor Thong Chee Kun, in his closing submissions on sentence, submitted a very strong case. Thong argued that the sentence for Chia should reflect the sentencing principles of retribution and deterrence as ruled by law. He described this case as “the largest case of commercial fraud in the history of Singapore”, where an unprecedented $117 million was cheated from the four banks, who provided the funds based on their interests of wanting to establish business relationships but unfortunately fell victim to Chia’s selfishness. The premeditation and planning behind Chia’s offences were also aggravating and they amounted to an abuse of the trust placed on him by his employers and banks, as well as damaging Singapore's reputation as a honest and efficient financial hub. Even if Chia was a first-offender and had pleaded guilty, the highly aggravating nature of his crimes and abundance of evidence had diminished the mitigating factors of his case, hence a long custodial sentence is necessary. The defence lawyer Edmond Pereira submitted his mitigation plea to the courts, pleading for a lenient sentence. They raised the testimonies of people who knew Chia to substantiate his good character and his contribution to charity over the years leading up to his capture: even Chia’s two sons submitted a touching personal letter to the judge asking him to give their father a lenient sentence as they considered him a good, caring and loving father and husband. His full cooperation and voluntary admission of his offences and embezzled funds were other factors that should be taken into consideration as mitigating factors in his favour. Pereira also said that Chia committed the offences due to his desperation to discharge his financial debts, and he did not do so to satisfy his greed and hambling addiction, and the banks should have been mindful in lending Chia money when they received the forged documents. The banks should also have adopted more stringent measures to avoid themselves being swindled and these were necessary to maintain Singapore’s reputation as a honest and efficient financial hub, rather than imposing a harsh sentence to deter like-minded offenders. Finally, Pereira also argued that life imprisonment is not necessary as Chia did not siphon off any money to secret accounts and therefore would not have any opportunity of enjoying the fruits of his illegal acts upon his release from prison. Verdict On the same day Chia was convicted, High Court judge Tay Yong Kwang was ready with his sentencing verdict. He decided to sentence Chia to a total of 42 years’ imprisonment, for which the sentence was to take effect from the date Chia was arrested (2 September 2003). Justice Tay described in his judgement that Chia’s crime was the work of a “criminal genius”, noting how Chia had managed to deceive banks undetected over a period of four years. He stated that these foreign bankers were eager to forge business relationships, and not be the unwitting victims of forgery, thus dismissing Chia’s argument that the banks approached him first with money and had been too naive, trusting and negligent, making it easy for him to commit the crimes, which the judge described as casting blame on the victims. He also condemned Chia for using the funds for an expensive lifestyle for himself and to feed his gambling habits. Justice Tay also stated that Chia’s actions have also caused damage to Singapore’s reputation as a transparent financial hub. These crimes had caused blows at the heart of banking and commerce, and may erode the open halls of trust and erect the high walls of suspicion. They lead to ever more stringent checks by banks on honest businesses with the attendant impact in terms of time and cost. Chia may not have kept any secret accounts elsewhere, but he had squandered enough money that could feed many people for life. Hence, Chia should face the harshest penalty possible for his crime. Despite his strongly-worded judgement, Justice Tay took note of the instances of Chia’s good character and the letter by Chia’s two sons, whom he regarded as good children who gave very moving accounts of their father. He also assured the boys that he was not punishing their father for gambling, and encouraged them to continue loving their father. For the charges Chia was convicted of, Justice Tay Yong Kwang sentenced Chia to six years’ jail for each of the 14 charges. Seven of these six-year jail terms were ordered to run consecutively with effect from Chia’s date of arrest. In total, Chia was ordered to serve 42 years of imprisonment. Chia initially expressed he would appeal against his sentence, but no outcome was reported. It was most likely that Chia either withdrew his appeal or lost his appeal against the sentence, since his length of imprisonment remained at 42 years. Imprisonment and writing After his sentencing, Chia Teck Leng was escorted to Changi Prison to serve his 42-year sentence. While he was still serving his sentence, in light of the government’s plans and debates to build integrated resorts (which have casinos), Chia penned down a 13-page essay titled "Taming The Casino Dragon", which recounted his gambling experience in casinos: how they operated; the risks involved, and his view on safeguards that should be put in place should the government decide to build a casino. The overall reception of Chia's published paper was mixed, as some felt that Chia was merely trying to deflect blame from his criminal conduct, and others find Chia’s essay as insightful. Chia reportedly wrote it to reflect on his crimes and as to remind other people to not follow in his footsteps. Currently, Chia Teck Leng is serving his 42-year sentence. Should he serve with good behaviour, he will be entitled to one-third remission for good behaviour and be released on parole after serving at least 28 years of imprisonment, at which time he would be 72 years old. Aftermath Subsequent lawsuits In the aftermath of the case, the four banks - SMBC, Mizuho, HVB and SEB - then filed lawsuits against APB for the fraud committed by its employee Chia Teck Leng, and sought repayments for the losses they suffered from Chia's crimes. Mizuho later withdrew its suit, while the remaining three had their suits rejected. In rejecting the litigation suits of both SEB and HVB on the same day, Supreme Court judge Belinda Ang said in her verdict that the two banks made themselves easy preys by neglecting their own banking procedures and failing to take note of any discrepancies or inconsistencies in Chia's forged documents that were "staring bank officers in the face". In the media The serial financial crimes of Chia Teck Leng were considered a notable crime that shook Singapore. In July 2015, Singapore's national daily newspaper The Straits Times published a e-book titled Guilty As Charged: 25 Crimes That Have Shaken Singapore Since 1965, which included Chia's case as one of the top 25 crimes that shocked the nation since its independence in 1965. The book was borne out of collaboration between the Singapore Police Force and the newspaper itself. The e-book was edited by ST News Associate editor Abdul Hafiz bin Abdul Samad. The paperback edition of the book was published and first hit bookshelves in June 2017. The paperback edition first entered the ST bestseller list on 8 August 2017, a month after publication. While the list of cases in the book mostly consisted of murder cases (like the Adrian Lim murders and murder of Huang Na), Chia Teck Leng's case, as well as those of Nick Leeson and James Phang Wah were the three among Singapore’s most notorious financial crimes that made it in the list. See also List of major crimes in Singapore (2000–present) List of major crimes in Singapore (before 2000) Nick Leeson James Phang Wah References 1959 births Living people Commercial crimes 2004 crimes in Singapore People convicted of fraud Singaporean white-collar criminals Singaporeans convicted of fraud Singaporean fraudsters National University of Singapore alumni Victoria School, Singapore alumni Prisoners and detainees of Singapore Singaporean criminals

69439058

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Security%20and%20Intelligence%20Directorate

State Security and Intelligence Directorate

State Security and Intelligence Directorate (, DSN) is a state executive body of Austria, a special service designed to ensure the protection of the constitutional order and ensure the national security of the country in the political, economic, military, scientific and technological, information, social, demographic and environmental spheres, conducting counterintelligence, combating terrorism and maintain foreign intelligence operations. Established on December 1, 2021, in order to replace the old BVT service. Mission ensuring state security and intelligence activities.  The state security unit deals with the prevention of terrorist attacks and the prevention of threats to the constitutional order, collection of information, its analysis and research of threats. History The decision to create the Office came after the intelligence failures of the Federal Office for Constitutional Protection and the War on Terror (BVT), which was unable to prevent the attacks in Vienna in 2020, despite numerous warnings and previous surveillance of terrorists. In September 2021, it was announced that Omar Haijawi-Pirchner, an Austrian police officer of Jordanian origin, had been appointed head of the new body and that he would take office concurrently with the establishment of the organization on December 1, 2021. See also 2020 Vienna attack Chiefs References External links Official website Government agencies established in 2021 Domestic intelligence agencies Federal law enforcement agencies of Austria Landstraße Counterintelligence Austrian intelligence agencies

69441133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village%20Green%2C%20Bar%20Harbor

Village Green, Bar Harbor

Village Green is an urban park in Bar Harbor, Maine, United States. Located centrally in the town, compared to the coastal Agamont Park about to the north, it is bounded by Firefly Lane to the north, Main Street to the east, Mount Desert Street (Maine State Route 3) to the south and Kennebec Street to the west. (Main Street is also Route 3 up until it reaches the park from the south. It then turns onto Mount Desert Street.) The park has a free public Wi-Fi network. The town's fire and police departments are located on Firefly Lane, across from the Green. Although the park is not fenced, its six paved entrances are at Main Street and Mount Desert Street, Mount Desert Street and Kennebec Street, Kennebec Street, two on Firefly Lane, and one at Main Street and Firefly Lane. The bisecting paths encourage pedestrians to pass through the park, instead of walk around it. A granite bench, in memory of John Whittington Roberts (1870–1904), is in the middle of the Main Street side, beside the original 1896 cast-iron street clock (moved to this location in 1905), while a dog fountain is beside the Main and Mount Desert entrance. A memorial also stands on its Mount Desert side, just beyond the fountain. A bandstand stands near the northern (Firefly Lane) side of the park. A 17th-century tiered Italian fountain with 21 spigots, donated by John Callendar Livingston in 1909, is in the southwestern corner of the park. It was restored in 1992 by sculptor Clark Fitz-Gerald after having not been functional for thirty years. Bar Harbor's Island Explorer buses leave and drop off passengers on the park's western edge, at Kennebec Street. History The short-lived Grand Central Hotel occupied the corner of Main and Mount Desert Streets from 1873 to 1899, when it was demolished and the space given to the town's Village Improvement Association. The bandstand was originally the park's only amenity, albeit in a different location in the park than it is today. After a visit from sitting United States president William Howard Taft in 1910, however, a desire for additional development was kickstarted. In the 1920s, Beatrix Farrand designed the pathways and had the bandstand rebuilt, as well as the arranging the landscaping present today. A six-year renovation of the park began in 1999. In 2010, the park underwent further improvements — to the footpaths, lighting, planting, and the fountain area. In 2012, the American Planning Association named the park as one of their top ten Great Places in America for Public Spaces. Gallery References External links Public Parks - Town of Bar Harbor, Maine Buildings and structures in Bar Harbor, Maine Parks in Bar Harbor, Maine Urban public parks

69441164

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20museum

Crime museum

The Crime Museum is a private museum of the Metropolitan Police in London. Crime museum may also refer to: Fürth Crime Museum, a museum in Fürth, Germany Vienna Crime Museum, a museum in Vienna, Switzerland Zürich Crime Museum, a museum in Zurich, Switzerland See also National Museum of Crime and Punishment, a museum in the United States The Museum of Crime, a 1945 Mexican film List of police museums

69441421

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Neal

Howard Neal

Howard Monteville Neal (born September 14, 1953) is an American murderer and self-confessed serial killer. Convicted and sentenced to death for killing his half-brother and two nieces in Arm, Mississippi in 1981, his sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment after it was concluded that Neal was intellectually disabled. In 2017, he confessed to the 1980 double murder of a John and Jane Doe in Ludlow, California, who were later identified as Pamela Duffy and William "Digger" Lane. He has yet to be charged with their killings, but is considered the prime suspect. Triple murder Shortly before January 24, 1981, Neal quit his job at an oil field in Wheeler, Texas and traveled to Mississippi together with his wife and young daughter. After leaving the pair at Della's Motel in Brookhaven, Neal went to visit her half-brother, 41-year-old Bobby Clifford Neal, who lived on a small ranch in Arm together with his 13-year-old daughter Amanda. At the time, a cousin of Amanda's, 12-year-old Melanie Sue Polk, was also visiting them. After talking for some time, all four of them decided to go on a ride in Bobby's car. Along the way, however, one of the girls complained that Howard kept playing with her leg, causing Bobby to get angry at his half-brother. After reaching a wooded area, the two men got out for a walk. When he determined that they were far away from the car, Howard accosted Bobby and tied his hands behind his back, before shooting him once in the chest with a concealed handgun. He then returned to the car and threatened the girls at gunpoint into another area of the forest, where he raped Amanda and also attempted to rape Polk. After he was done with them, Neal made them line up to the car and shot both girls, before proceeding to additionally beat and strangle Amanda. On February 6, Clifford Brown and his wife were travelling along a logging route near the Pearl River when he saw Amanda Neal's body. The pair quickly went back to town and phoned the police, who rushed to the scene to take photographs of the corpse and sent it a coroner. Said coroner, Dr. Sergio Gonzalez, later concluded that her death was the result of a gunshot wound. Later that same day, Polk's body was discovered in a different location, indicating that one of the two had likely survived long enough to crawl away but had succumbed to their injuries. Initially, Bobby was considered the prime suspect in the case, until his own body was found on March 1. Shortly after Bobby's body was discovered, Neal was arrested on a shoplifting charge in Stockton, California and later illegal weapons possession, as a .22-caliber pistol, a .44 Magnum and two sets of handcuffs were found in his vehicle. Further inquiries into his criminal record, relationship to the victims and the testimony of his wife resulted in him being charged with solely with Amanda's murder. Trial, sentence and imprisonment Neal's trial was scheduled for February 1982, but a few days before it was set to begin, Justice R. I. Pritchard ordered that the accused should undergo a psychiatric evaluation to determine whether he was sane or not. On February 2, 1982, the trial began in Purvis. During the proceedings, one of the prosecution's witnessess, Sgt. Dean Wilson, produced an alleged confession detailing how Neal had carried out his crimes. In response, Neal's defense attorneys filed a motion to have this confession suppressed, arguing that their client should be acquitted. Justice Pritchard denied these motions and allowed the confession to be admitted as evidence. After a three-day long trial, Neal was found guilty by jury verdict and subsequently sentenced to death. The judge set his execution date for March 8, 1982, which was automatically appealed. That same August, Neal was charged with the murder of his half-brother, with an abundance of evidence and witness testimonies placing him on the crime scene. Two days later, Neal was convicted, but as the jury were not unanimous in their decisions for his punishment, he was given an automatic life sentence instead. Years later, the Sheriff's Department conducted IQ test on Neal which showed that his intelligence was low enough to be considered borderline mentally challenged, as a result of which his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Confessions and investigation On November 17, 1980, an archeologist studying a remote area near Ludlow, California accidentally found a shallow grave containing the naked bodies of a young man and woman. Both showed signs of being shot and beaten, but neither had any identification on them. Despite extensive efforts to identify the pair over the years, all of them proved unsuccessful. At the time, Neal was considered a person of interest in the case, as he was residing in Ludlow in the timeframe when the bodies were discovered. However, his attorney at the time prevented the California investigators from interviewing him, and his involvement remained a mere speculation for decades. In November 2017, investigators finally managed to interview Neal, who readily confessed to the double murder. According to his statements, he had picked up the pair while they were hitchhiking and then took them to his home, where he attempted to sexually assault the woman, but was prevented from doing so by her male companion. In response, he killed the man, raped the woman and then shot her as well, before burying their bodies in the desert. When pressed for their identities, Neal stated that he never learned who they were, claiming that he thought the woman, who was possibly from Arkansas, had ditched her child to hitchhike across the country in the company of her friend, whom he described as a hippie. The case was eventually brought to the attention of Othram by the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department, as well as a private investigator who had been hired by a woman from Virginia, Christina Marie Salley, to locate her biological mother. DNA was extracted from the bodies, and in December 2020, thanks to the DNA sample provided by Salley, authorities positively identified the female victim as 20-year-old Pamela Duffy. The male, 19-year-old William "Digger" Lane, a former prison inmate, was identified via DNA from his mother, who was living in Florida. See also Othram External links Neal v. State Inmate Details References 1953 births Living people 20th-century American criminals American male criminals American murderers of children American rapists Suspected serial killers American people convicted of murder People convicted of murder by Mississippi American people convicted of rape Fratricides American prisoners and detainees Prisoners and detainees of Mississippi American prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by Mississippi American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Mississippi Violence against women in the United States Criminals from Mississippi People from Ellisville, Mississippi

69441708

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Old%20Lady%20Dies

An Old Lady Dies

An Old Lady Dies is a 1934 mystery detective novel by Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. It is the ninth of ten novels in a series featuring her amateur detective and politician Scott Egerton, a precursor to her better known creation Arthur Crook. It was reviewed in the Sunday Times by Dorothy L. Sayers. Synopsis A wealthy old lady enjoys keeping her impecunious relatives on tenterhooks about her will, enjoying the power she wields over them. When she dies from an overdose of morphine her niece is arrested by the police. References Bibliography Magill, Frank Northen . Critical Survey of Mystery and Detective Fiction: Authors, Volume 2. Salem Press, 1988. Murphy, Bruce F. The Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. Springer, 1999. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1934 British novels British mystery novels British thriller novels Novels by Anthony Gilbert Novels set in London British detective novels Collins Crime Club books

69441741

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appointment%20at%20the%20Tower

Appointment at the Tower

Appointment at the Tower (, translit.Maww’ed fi el bourg aliases: Rendezvous in the Tower or Meeting at the Tower) is a 1962 Egyptian film written and directed by Ezz El-Dine Zulficar. The film stars Salah Zulfikar and Soad Hosny. Synopsis Adel and Amal meet while they return from a cruise, love binds them, they pledge to marry after six months and that the date will be at the Cairo Tower. They plan to seize Amal's fiancé's money. Adel decides to look for an honorable job. He works in a small job in a hotel and becomes a deputy manager. At the same time, Amal leaves her fiancé. She is dismissed from her job as a hostess because of her brother Alaa's crimes. Six months ends. The police storms Alaa's apartment, who kills In the end, Adel and Amal meet in the Cairo Tower on time. Primary cast Salah Zulfikar as Adel Refaat Soad Hosny as Amal Fouad El-Mohandes as Hassan Soraya Helmy as ship passenger Zainab Sedky as Amal’s mother Zain Al-Ashmawi as Alaa See also List of Egyptian films of the 1960s Salah Zulfikar filmography Soad Hosny filmography References External links Appointment at the Tower on elCinema 1962 films Egyptian films Egyptian films in the 20th century Films shot in Egypt 1960s Arabic-language films Egyptian black-and-white films

69443045

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symcha%20Spira

Symcha Spira

Symcha Spira (? – 1944), also known as Symche Spira, was a Jewish person who served as the head of the Krakow ghetto Jewish police during the Holocaust. Biography According to survivors' testimony, before World War II Spira was an impoverished glazier and carpenter who practiced Orthodox Judaism. He was known to wear a full beard and kapoteh. In the early days of the Krakow ghetto, Spira served as a low level clerk for the Judenrat. In the summer of 1940 the Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst (OD) of Krakow was established, and Spira filed for a transfer. While serving there he quickly found favor in the eyes of the Germans, despite being near illiterate and having difficulty communicating in both German and Polish. After his transfer, he became a commander of the Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police, at the recommendation of the German forces. After taking this role his appearance would change, adopting the police uniform in place of religious wear and removing his beard entirely. One power that Spira's proximity gave to the SS gave, was his ability to facilitate bribes for work identification cards on behalf of the residents of the ghetto. The ghetto residents came to distrust him, believing that he was a Gestapo collaborator and giving him the nickname "SS," after the Nazi force. Many have even gone as far to accuse him of megalomania and using his position to enrich himself. In 1942 an orphanage was established in the ghetto, which also acted as a daycare. This building was placed under the jurisdiction of Spira. He held religious services there for the High Holy Days. Several people, both Jews and ethnic Poles, joined his police force in 1942. After the liquidation of the Krakow ghetto, the Krakow Jews Police and Judenrat were deported to Płaszów. Spira was arrested alongside the other members of the OD, but was released for a short period at the request of the Gestapo. He was rearrested in December of 1943, and was executed in 1944 on the orders of Amon Göth. Legacy Spira's actions were included in Thomas Keneally's book Schindler's Ark, the basis of the film Schindler's List. References Glaziers Carpenters Kraków Ghetto inmates Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany Former Orthodox Jews Jewish Ghetto Police Oskar Schindler People who died in Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp Year of birth missing 1944 deaths

69443679

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karur%20Municipal%20corporation

Karur Municipal corporation

Karur City Corporation is the civic body governing city of Karur in Indian state of Tamilnadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Karur Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner. Karur is also one of the Largest contributors of Revenue to the State of TN along with it's sibling Cities of Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur, Namakkal and Salem (Kongunadu) , which alone contribute to almost 45% of the GDP of Tamilnadu. History and Administration Karur Municipal Corporation in Karur district was formed in year 2021 and is and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamilnadu. It is one of the oldest municipalities in Tamilnadu with 145 years. Karur Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works. Thiru N. RAVICHANDRAN is the current commissioner of Karur Municipal Corporation. Factors driving Karur Municipal Corporation Karur Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors: Population Growth. Increase in annual Income. Improvement of Roads. Providing drinking water. Improving landscape. Improving employment opportunities. Improving relations between police and public. Waste Management. Arranging facilities during natural calamities. Establishing industrial units. Providing sewage connection. Karur Municipal Corporation Local Body Polls Karur Municipal Corporation members are elected through local body polls. Related Articles List of Municipal Corporations in India. References External links official website Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu Karur

69443723

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsuri%20Arshad

Samsuri Arshad

Tan Sri Samsuri bin Arshad (born 5 May 1942) was a former senior police officer who served as Deputy Inspector-General of Police. Early life Samsuri Arshad was born on 5 May 1942 in Mersing, Johor. Police career Samsuri joined the Police Force on 01 November 1962 as Probationary Inspector. He had held position as: 1. RMP College Commander. 2. Head of Perak Criminal Investigation Department. 3. Deputy Director of RMP Training. 4. Deputy Director of Criminal Investigation Department. 5. Selangor Police Chief. 6. Perak Police Chief. 7. Sabah Police Chief. 8. RMP Managing Director. 9. Deputy Inspector General of Police Post career He currently is a Member of the Board of Trustees of Yayasan Pengalaman (Malaysia). Honours : Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (A.M.N.) (1974) Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (K.M.N.) (1983) Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (J.M.N.) (1991) Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) - Tan Sri (1996) : Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (P.T.S.) (1980) : Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (D.S.S.A.) - Dato’ (1989) References 1942 births Living people Malaysian police officers Members of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Officers of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia

69447383

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleem%20Siddiqui

Kaleem Siddiqui

Kaleem Siddiqui (born 23 September 1957) is an Indian Islamic scholar, preacher, educationist and a prominent member of Tablighi Jamaat. He was arrested by the BJP government in Uttar Pradesh for running the largest conversion racket in India. According to police, more than half a million people have converted to Islam through him. He is a disciple of Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi and Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi. Aapki Amanat Aapki Sewa Mein is one of his popular book. Biography Kaleem Siddiqui was born on September 23, 1957 in Phulat village of Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India. His father Haji Muhammad Amin was a Zamindar and murid of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. His mother's name is Zubaida Khatun. He was educated at the Faizul Islam Madrasa in phulat, founded by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, now known as Jamia Imam Wali Ullah. In class V, he memorized first 7 Para of Quran. He passed his higher secondary in science from Pact Inter College. He completed his BSc from Meerut College. He then appeared for the All India Pre Medical Test and finished 57th across India. He later came in contact with Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi and was admitted to Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama to study Islamic subjects. He did not get admission even after getting the opportunity to get admission in MBBS. Books His most popular book is Aapki Amanat Aapki Sewa Mein. His other books include: Hume Hidayat Kaise Mili Dawat E Deen : Kuch Ghalat Fahmiyaan Kuch Haqaaiq Hadiya Dawat Tohfah Dawat Dawat Fikr O Amal Armughaan E Dawat Usway Nabi E Rahmat Aur Hamaari Zindagi Rafeeq Bano Fareeq Nahi Har Marz Ki Dawa Hai Sallay A’laa Muhammad Deeni Madaris Aur Hamaari Zimmaydaariyaan Naseem Hidayat Kay Jhokay References 1957 births Living people Indian Islamic religious leaders Scholars from Uttar Pradesh 21st-century Muslim theologians Muslim apologists 20th-century Muslim theologians Indian Muslims 21st-century Muslims 21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam Critics of Hinduism Hanafis Deobandis Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni Disciples of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi

69448697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sporting%20Spirit

The Sporting Spirit

"The Sporting Spirit" is an essay by George Orwell published in the magazine Tribune on 14 December 1945, and later in Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays, a collection of Orwell's essays published in 1950. The essay was written on the heels of the 1945 tour of Great Britain by the Soviet football team FC Dynamo Moscow. The essay became famous for Orwell's description of international sporting competitions as "war minus the shooting", a phrase that has since been used as a metaphor for sports when referred to in popular media and for actions evoking hyper-nationalism and national pride. Orwell uses the examples of football, cricket, and boxing to argue that sport, while never intended to generate bonds of friendship, generates politicized and hyper-nationalistic emotions that can only stoke ill-will between nations. Background Orwell wrote "The Sporting Spirit" in 1945 close on the heels of the publication of Animal Farm the same year. While Orwell was not known to have written extensively about sport earlier, the essay was considered to be in recognition of the political symbolism that sport represented as a tool that could invoke feelings of hyper-nationalism. The essay represented some of Orwell's own hostile attitude towards the Stalin regime in the Soviet Union, as drawn out by his response to the 1945 tour of Great Britain by the Soviet football team FC Dynamo Moscow. The tour itself was considered groundbreaking and came after the combined Allied victory in World War II. While the tour was seen as an opportunity for the English to see the sport behind the Iron Curtain, on the Soviet side there was a meeting that the team members had with Stalin along with Lavrentiy Beria, chief of the Soviet secret police and patron of the football club where the need for victory over the capitalist opponents was emphasized. Summary Orwell starts the essay with a critical view on the then just concluded Great Britain tour by the Moscow-based football club, FC Moscow, and makes the assertion that the events during the tour eroded whatever little goodwill existed between the Soviets and the British. He specifically notes the incidents during the game between the visiting side and the Arsenal team where two of the players came into blows on the pitch, and a later game with Glasgow that was a "free for all" before the visiting team ended the tour refusing to play an all-England team. He summarizes his view of the tour as an exercise that only created fresh animosity between the sides and viewpoints that varied based on the position on the political spectrum a person was on. Orwell does not hide his contempt for using sport as a metaphor for creating goodwill between international sides be it in cricket, football, or even the Olympic Games and says that sport was never intended to create bonds of friendship between nations. He cites the example of the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, as an international event that generated "orgies of hatred". He uses cricket as an example and goes on to say that a game as graceful and as well mannered as it is on the outside is prone to hyper-competitive events like the Bodyline series, or the behaviour of the visiting Australian cricket team in England in 1921. He calls sports like football and boxing as being significantly worse, specifically calling out boxing games between the whites and the "coloured" boxers in front of cheering mixed crowds as being amongst the most horrible sights. He further goes on to emphasize the role of competitive sport in younger nations where the notion of nationalism as well as competing in games at a national level is relatively new. He uses the examples of Burma, India, and Spain to talk about riots and violence that break out in football games that often require riot police to temper. He does not spare the audiences either and accuses them of being charged with jingoism as they cheer their own and attempt to rattle out the opposition. It is here that Orwell makes an assertion that sport does not have much to do with fair play and it encourages a perverse pleasure in watching violence and calls it as "war minus the shooting". Orwell goes on to talk about the evolution of sport from the ancient Roman times, but the notion of national rivalry as a relatively newer addition. He further calls the financial motivations in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, as another reason for degeneration of the sport to events that can generate and arouse savage passions in the quest to attract the maximum crowds. He calls this shift in sport as being bound to the rise of nationalism, the urge to associate with the larger power units and seeing all of the actions as contributing to a nation's "competitive prestige". He returns to the rivalry between nation states and says that one could not do worse than organising games between traditional rivals like the Germans and Czechs, Indians and British, Russian and Poles, or Jews and Arabs, and hoping for the game to better the relations between the groups, arguing that the politically charged hyper-nationalistic events would only increase the ill-will between the groups. Orwell returns to the tour of the Moscow Dynamos, and makes the case that Britain should very much send a team to the Soviet Union, but, it should be a "second rate" team which would stand no chance of winning. He ends the essay by saying that there are sufficient troubles in the world already and Britain should not add to them by "encouraging young men to kick each other on the shins amid the roars of infuriated spectators." Other media Books War Minus the Shooting, a 1996 book by Mike Marqusee on his travels through the Indian subcontinent during the 1996 Cricket World Cup Olympism or "War Minus the Shooting"?, a 2006 book by Christopher Dyck on the role of sport in grassroots peacebuilding in Sierra Leone Television "War Minus the Shooting", a 1969 episode of the British TV documentary series, Scene, telecast on BBC See also George Orwell bibliography References External links The Sporting Spirit at The Orwell Foundation Essays by George Orwell 1945 essays Works originally published in Tribune (magazine) Works about sports Works about warfare Works about nationalism

69448732

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Cook

Maria Cook

Maria Cook (1779 - December 21, 1835) was the first woman to be recognized as a Universalist preacher. Biography Maria Cook likely grew up around the Geneva, New York area, although details of her early life are hard to come by. She was born during the American revolution, and was attracted to Christian universalism because of the belief that everyone would go to heaven eventually, rather than some people being sent eternally to hell. Cook's father died before she was thirty, and she inherited some of his wealth. She felt called to be a preacher, and although her family disapproved they did not try to stop her. She talked with everyone she could about Universalism, and she had begun holding small Universalist gatherings in Sheshequin, Pennsylvania by at least 1810, as is recorded by Nathaniel Stacy, a Universalist missionary, and she was asked to preach before the Western Association of Universalists in Bainbridge, New York the following year. The invitation aroused notable controversy however, as many did not believe a woman should be preaching; however there was so much curiosity and interest in hearing a woman preacher, the objections were finally withdrawn. Afterwards she was sent a letter of fellowship by the Association, but her experience with some of its members led her to believe the letter was not unanimous or sincere, and she destroyed it. Over the next year she preached around the state of New York. Cook gathered larger crowds, and many people went to hear her only out of curiosity. She was apparently was very talented however, and managed to persuade a large number to convert to Universalism; and offerings at the meetings made her the highest paid itinerant preacher in New York. Cook still encountered significant resistance however, including from other Universalist preachers, and even other women. She began spending more and more of her time preaching on defending her right as a woman to be a preacher, and as a result many felt her preaching became less interesting and her popularity declined. She went on another tour of preaching in New York in 1813, but was less successful than the first time, and moved in with friends in Otsego, New York. She still aroused controversy though, and an anonymous complaint led her to being arrested, officially under the charge of vagrancy. However, she had been staying with friends at the time, and therefore was not homeless as the charges stated. Her friends and family pledged to continue supporting her in addition to her inherited wealth, but she was forcibly taken to the nearby Cooperstown, New York. Although she did not resist arrest, she also refused to cooperate; she needed to be carried to and from the police wagon, told the judge she did not recognize his authority, and refused to answer his questions. She was subsequently put in jail for contempt of court. In prison she preached to the other prisoners, and was released after a few weeks. After her arrest, she retired from preaching in 1814 to live with her family. She considered starting a socialist utopian community inspired by the Shakers, making a number of attempts, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In the 1830s she again tried preaching, but illness forced her to retire again. Cook died in Geneva on December 21, 1835. References 1779 births 1835 deaths Female clergy People from Geneva, New York Unitarian Universalist clergy

69448846

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%203/2008%20in%20Macau

Case 3/2008 in Macau

Case 3/2008 in Macau was a habeas corpus case heard before the Macau Tribunal of Ultimate Instance. The applicant A filed a request of habeas corpus to the court, as he believed his elder sister B was in unlawful detention by the Judiciary Police in Macau, when in fact B had been transferred to the Public Security Bureau of Zhuhai, China, one day before the request. The court has no jurisdiction outside Macau, so it ruled that there was no further need to adjudicate, on grounds of supervening impossibility of the remedy sought. The judgment, however, went on to cite a previous decision by the same court in 2007, which allowed a similar application. The court this time reiterated that before specific legislation is introduced, it is illegal to transfer fugitives to mainland China, and the acts by the authority in the present case "discredit justice, undermine the Rechtsstaat and do not bring prestige to the Macau Special Administrative Region." The case has since been cited by jurists in academic papers concerning the lack of extradition legislation between Macau and mainland China. After the Hong Kong Causeway Bay Books disappearances in 2015, a report in February 2016 by South China Morning Post recalled this case. The day after, Secretary for Security Wong Sio Chak, who was the head of Judiciary Police in 2008, emphasised that the extradition had followed the law, and the criticism by the court was due to different interpretation of the law. Background A Hong Kong permanent resident B of Chinese nationality arrived at Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal in Macau on the afternoon of 6 February 2008. She was then held by the Migration Service personnel of the Public Security Police. Since she was the suspect of a credit card fraud case in Fuzhou, China, the Interpol had issued a Red Notice, which included the request that after her arrest, she be transferred to mainland China. The Public Security Police therefore handed her to the . On the same day, an Assistant Procurator General gave the order to transfer B to the Public Security Bureau of Zhuhai. This was carried out on 7 February. The applicant's reason On 8 February, B's younger brother, A, sent a habeas corpus request by fax to the Tribunal of Ultimate Instance. In his application, A said, B's family members had visited the Judiciary Police branch at on 7 February evening. They asked B's whereabouts, only to be told that B was not there. A thought that, had B been released, then she would have been in touch with her family, but that was not the case. After the 48 hours time limit for detention had elapsed, A said he was still oblivious to B's situation, and thus believed that she was illegally detained. This was the reason he filed the case. The respondent The (or Public Prosecutor's Office) was listed as the respondent in the case. After receiving the habeas corpus request, the court notified Wong Sio Chak, who then was the Director of the , to submit an explanation. In the official letter to the court, he explained, if an Interpol member state found an individual wanted in a Red Notice, then according to Interpol regulations, they must immediately notify the National Central Bureau and the Interpol General Secretariat, and so they did. Having communicated with the Chinese National Central Bureau, they knew that the Public Security Bureau in Fuzhou had issued an arrest warrant on 4 June 2004 and demanded that, once B was arrested, she be sent to mainland China, and the extradition that had happened was justified by the order of an Assistant Procurator General. Decision The court held a public hearing as the Code of Penal Procedures prescribed. In the first part of the analysis, the court confirmed that before the habeas corpus petition, B had already been transferred to mainland China, where the court in Macau has no jurisdiction. The court had no remedy available to hand down, or in other words, supervenient impossibility appeared and the court ruled to terminate the proceedings. However, the judgment went on to cite Case 12/2007 in Macau, in which the same court had decided that extraditing fugitives to a place other than Macau requires special provision of the law, but the law at that time had no such provision governing the transfer to mainland China. The conclusion was that, even with a Red Notice from the Interpol, neither the Public Ministry nor the Judiciary Police might detain the person for extradition purposes. The court acknowledged that there were probably voices objecting them, but prior to the judgment, the objections they had seen were "mere slogans without substantive content", and even if there were diverging opinions, court decisions within their jurisdiction shall prevail over all other authorities in a territory governed by law. Regarding judicial action notifications and producing evidence on civil and commercial matters, the cooperation between Macau and mainland China had required a set of agreement, and hence it should be more so for extraditing fugitives, or otherwise its legality cannot be guaranteed, considering that the two kinds of matters are incomparable in their aggressiveness to the fundamental personal rights. Therefore, the court reprimanded, saying that despite the decision in 2007, it persists in making such extraditions, without the provision of law or agreement, without organised process, without the possibility for the detainee to defend, and without the order from a judge for that. These acts discredit justice, undermine the state of law and do not bring prestige to the Macau Special Administrative Region. Response In 2009, a Macau University of Science and Technology law professor Fang Quan agreed with parts of the criticism in the judgment, that the government failed to comply with the 2007 decision, whereby the doctrine of res judicata and persuasiveness of judicial decisions were harmed, damaging the judicial authority. Meanwhile, she said the court's stance was "self-contradictory": according to the Código de Processo Penal, if an official does not comply with the court's decision on the imprisoned person in response to his habeas corpus request, then that official is punishable with the penalty equivalent to that for misfeasance ("prevarication"). However, on one hand the court condemned the non-compliance, but on the other hand, it made no further action to hold the Assistant Procurator General responsible. She also identified that the detention should be the sole of a habeas corpus case, not the extradition, but the court had "bound and confounded" the two issues. They relied on the reasoning that "since the extradition is illegal, the same must hold for the detention", while neither is the necessary condition of the other. The Macau branch of Interpol in certain circumstances has the authority to detain individuals sought by foreign authorities, and to present the person to a competent magistrate, so in this way it is possible to detain a fugitive (subject to the criminal procedural law), and "there should not be any question to its legality". In 2013, another law Professor, from the University of Macau, commented that this case, together with the 2007 case, reflected the practical disagreement between the prosecution office and the court, on how extraditions should be handled, and this needed to be resolved. Zhao also explicitly supported the prosecution office's opinion, and questioned the court's reasons. He thought that the court's decision was based on incorrect ideas, and however good faith the decision might come with subjectively, the connivance of criminals was its objective consequence, "Is it really what Macau wants, the 'prestige' of being the heaven for criminals?" Instead, he opined, "without any agreement or specific law, but following the 'One country, two systems' policy, and the principle of 'reciprocal benefit'", it should be possible to extradite fugitives, but of course it is still preferable to have a proper agreement as soon as possible. It was the court that with its incorrect understanding of extradition practices, and by "specious" reasons, "abruptly intervened the tacit agreement and tradition" of extradition between Macau and mainland China. In a previous paper, Zhao wrote that the court's ideal of "extradition according to law" still "makes some sense", and it was only the lack of progress in resolving the extradition dilemma that disappointed him, and extradition has surprisingly become more difficult after the handover of Macau to China. After the Hong Kong Causeway Bay Books disappearances in 2015, the South China Morning Post published an article in February 2016 which described this case and the deportation of Wu Quanshen in 2015 as "extrajudicial". When , President of the (counterpart of the Bar association), was interviewed, he commented that no matter how many or few such cases there were, "the principle is wrong". Several news media in Hong Kong and Macau quoted the SCMP report. An op-ed on the news page Macau Concealers wrote that it was the SCMP report that brought the case back to people's attention after so many years. One day after the report, Wong Sio Chak, having been promoted to the Secretary for Security of Macau, chaired the press conference on the 2015 crime figures. There, he mentioned that the extradition was according to law and that the court's criticism was due to their different interpretation of the law. Also, he clarified that to avoid further conflicts between the prosecution office and the court, the government no longer handled similar cases, and Macau had not extradited any Hong Konger to mainland China from 2008. He pointed out that no law forbade the extradition of Hong Kong citizens, and emphasised that they would handle cases in the "one country, two systems" way, that were "absolutely, hundred percent, never" involved, and that in general principles it was absolutely not allowed to extradite Macau residents. In 2019, another two Assistant Professors from the University of Macau, Miguel Manero de Lemos and Teresa Lancry Robalo, wrote that the conflict between the two judicial institutions of Macau was instructive. The court upheld the rule of law and procedural justice, but in doing so made it possible for Macau to surrender fugitives to everywhere in the world, but impossible to mainland China and Hong Kong. In contrast, the prosecution office considered it important to co-operate to fight crime, and gave "possibly, a prevalence of politics over law", and in consequence whether to extradite a person would be determined by the prosecution or police authorities without procedural protections. Both sides lead to consequences which are "hard to stomach". Right before the paper was published, the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which de Lemos and Robalo thought might be a key step to cooperation on transferring fugitives within the “one country”. Macau social activist Jason Chao also commented on this case during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests against the bill mentioned above. He considered that the Macau government (in handling extradition cases) "sought ways to circumvent potential legal challenges" after the 2007 ruling. Notes References Extradition Macau law 2008 in law

69449120

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mark%20Edwards

Robert Mark Edwards

Robert Mark Edwards (born 1961) is an American murderer who killed two female realtors in sexually-motivated murders, one in California in 1986 and another in Hawaii in 1993. In separate trials, he was sentenced to death and to life imprisonment in the respective states, and is currently awaiting execution at the San Quentin State Prison. Murders In May 1986, Edwards went to the Los Alamitos home of 55-year-old realtor Marjorie Elaine Deeble, the mother of his then-girlfriend Katherine Valentine. Once inside, he bound her hands and legs bound, a gag put in her mouth and a belt tied around her neck. After sexually assaulting her and sodomizing her with a hair mousse can, Edwards proceeded to beat her to death before stealing jewelry from her home and leaving the premises. After being reported missing for several days, police were called in to inspect Deeble's home, only to find her apartment door slightly open and her body lying on the floor. An autopsy was conducted on the day of the discovery, with Lt. Orville Lewis announcing in a press statement the following day that Deeble's death was ruled a murder, and that she was possibly sexually assaulted. At the time, Edwards was routinely questioned regarding the murder, but was not considered a serious suspect. Sometime after the murder, Edwards, a convicted criminal with a record for offences such as burglary, theft, auto theft and drug offences, violated his parole conditions by moving to Maui County, Hawaii, where he took up work as a roofer, to escape a car theft conviction. In 1990, he was arrested for attempting to stab a woman and charged with assault, but the case was not prosecuted as he was extradited back to California to serve out his parole violation, which he served until early 1991. Afterwards, he and a girlfriend returned to Hawaii, where they bought an apartment in Kihei and Edwards found work at a roofing company called Pat's Quality Roofing, where he was considered "normal" by his colleagues and employer alike. On January 25, 1993, Edwards broke into the Kanoe Resort condominium of 67-year-old realtor Muriel E. Delbecq, an Indiana-born employee for Heritage Real Estate in Anchorage, Alaska who often vacationed in Kihei. After encountering her, he proceeded to tie her to the bed, before beating and strangling her to death. Afterwards, Edwards inserted a mousse can into Delbecq's vagina, shaved off her pubic hair and mutilated parts of her body. After he was done violating the corpse, Edwards stole her wedding ring and several articles of clothing including a pair of panties and a bra, which he later dumped in a nearby trash bin. Delbecq's body was found on January 26, but was identified two days later. On February 2, Edwards was arrested and charged with Delbecq's murder, in addition to two counts of sexual assault, robbery and kidnapping relating to the case. His initial bail was set at $500,000. Trials and imprisonment Edwards' trial for the Delbecq murder was initially scheduled for October 25, 1993, but it was delayed until February 28, 1994, as his attorney filed a successful request for a mental evaluation at the Hawaii State Hospital. Around the same time, California authorities announced their intentions to charge him with the cold case murder of Deeble back in Los Alamitos after noticing that many details from the crime scenes matched, such as the victims having the same initials, their occupations and the way they had been murdered. His trial began on March 1, 1994, and lasted two weeks. During the proceedings, Maui Deputy Prosecutor Joseph Barbaro presented the autopsy report of Delbecq's body, which showcased the many severe injuries she had suffered both pre and post-mortem, in addition to an abundance of physical and DNA evidence located at the crime scene. In spite of claims by Edwards' court-appointed attorney Keith Tanaka, who claimed that none of this proved that his client had actually murdered the woman, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on March 11. In early June 1994, Edwards was sentenced to five consecutive life terms plus $304,600 in restitutions to the Delbecq family. Shortly after the sentence was handed down, extradition procedures to California were initiated. Two years later, Edwards' trial in California commenced in Santa Ana. As Justice John J. Ryan had ruled that jurors could not be notified of the defendant's conviction in the Hawaii murder, prosecutor David L. Brent had to present evidence that showed the remarkable similarities in both murders, indicating that they were committed by a single perpetrator. In response, Edwards' defense attorney Daniel P. Bates pointed out that there were obvious differences, such as Deeble's neck being broken, as well as having bite marks and scratches, which Delbecq's body lacked. Despite these notable differences, the jurors found Edwards guilty, with his sentencing date scheduled for November 4. As he was facing a possible death penalty, one of his attorneys, Tim Severin, pleaded that the jurors be willing to spare his life, pointing out Edwards' history of abuse at the hands of his father, his drug and alcohol addictions, and most notably, his undying love for his young son. In contrast, his former girlfriends said that he was violent during sex, often trying to choke them and even attempting to sodomize one with a bottle. At the initial sentencing phase, the jury were deadlocked deadlocked in a 9-3 decision in favor of the death penalty, resulting in a mistrial. As a result, a new trial with a new set of jurors was rescheduled for November 1997. Like with the previous trial, both the prosecutor and attorney presented similar evidence and arguments for and against the death penalty. On September 9, 1998, the jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty on all charges, resulting in a swift death sentence for Edwards. Status As of December 2021, Edwards remains on death row at the San Quentin State Prison. He and his lawyers have unsuccessfully attempted to commute his sentence on several occasions, the latest being in 2013, which was shot down by the Supreme Court of California. See also Capital punishment in California List of death row inmates in California External links State v. Edwards (1996) Petition for writ of certiorari (2014) References 1961 births Living people 20th-century American criminals American male criminals American people convicted of murder American people convicted of rape People convicted of murder by Hawaii People convicted of murder by California American prisoners sentenced to death American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners sentenced to death by California Prisoners and detainees of California Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hawaii Violence against women in the United States Criminals from California People from Long Beach, California

69449271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Boys%20Aren%27t%20Blue

All Boys Aren't Blue

All Boys Aren't Blue is a young adult non-fiction "memoir-manifesto" by journalist and activist George M. (Matthew) Johnson, published April 28 2020 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book consists of a series of essays following Johnson's journey growing up as a queer Black man in Plainfield, New Jersey, and Virginia. In addition to describing Johnson's own experience, it directly addresses Black queer boys who may not have someone in their life with similar experiences. Plot The book consists of a series of essays following Johnson's journey growing up as a queer Black man in Plainfield, New Jersey, and Virginia. In addition to describing Johnson's own experience, it directly addresses Black queer boys who may not have someone in their life with similar experiences. The book discusses consent, agency, and sexual abuse, alongside various other topics. It also describes two sexual encounters and statutory rape. Background Johnson was motivated to write All Boys Aren't Blue by Toni Morrison, whose maxim "If there's a book you want to read, but it hasn't been written yet, then you must write it," which Johnson has tattooed on their right arm. The "blue" in the title carries several meanings, being the color of masculinity and the color of police officers, who have disproportionately invoked violence against queer Black people. The title also pays homage to the character Blue from Queen Sugar, as well as the appearance of Black skin in Moonlight and the play it is based upon, In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue. Reception Critical reception All Boys Aren't Blue received a starred review from Kirkus, as well as positive reviews from School Library Journal, Booklist, and Publishers Weekly. Kirkus called the book "[a] critical, captivating, merciful mirror for growing up Black and queer today." Publishers Weekly noted, "Though at first glance the book lacks the synthesizing call to action that "manifesto" would imply, its "be yourself" message remains a radical stance for doubly marginalized individuals." They continued to say, “In a publishing landscape in need of queer black voices, readers who are sorting through similar concepts will be grateful to join him on the journey,” and called it "a balm and testimony to young readers as allies in the fight for equality." The New York Times called it "[a]n exuberant, unapologetic memoir infused with a deep but clear-eyed love for its subjects." HuffPost wrote that it was "an unflinching testimony that carves out space for Black queer kids to be seen." Bitch Magazine said that "All Boys Aren't Blue is a game changer". Kirkus named All Boys Aren't Blue one of the best young adult biographies/memoirs of 2020. The New York Public Library and Chicago Public Library also included it in their list of the top ten books of 2020 for young adults. Awards and honors Controversy All Boys Aren't Blue has frequently been censored. School boards in ten states have removed the book from their libraries. In 2021, a Flagler County School Board member and retired teacher filed a criminal complaint against the Superintendent for carrying the book, objecting to mentions of masturbation and oral sex. The Flagler County Sheriff's Department found that the content of the book was not a violation of law and did not warrant further investigation. The removal of the book prompted student protests. In 2021, the Wentzville School Board in Missouri banned All Boys Aren't Blue, alongside three other books, from the district's high school libraries. Other books included in the ban were Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, Kiese Laymon’s Heavy, and Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home. Adaptation All Boys Aren't Blue was adapted into a short film in 2021. The film was directed by Nathan Hale Williams and stars Dyllón Burnside. All Boys Aren't Blue was optioned to be developed as a TV series by actress Gabrielle Union. References 2020 books 2020s LGBT literature American anthologies LGBT and multiculturalism LGBT literature in the United States LGBT young adult literature Queer literature Race and society Young adult non-fiction books Censored books Farrar, Straus and Giroux books LGBT autobiographies

69452210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Koedatich

James Koedatich

James Jerold Koedatich (born June 12, 1948) is an American serial killer, serving a sentence of life imprisonment in New Jersey for the murders of two women committed in that state in 1982. He had previously been tried and convicted of the murder of his roommate in 1971 in Florida, but he was paroled for that crime. First murder and imprisonment In 1971, Koedatich was living in Dade County, Florida. On June 13, Koedatich killed his roommate, 40-year-old Robert Anderson. He was quickly arrested and later convicted, serving his sentence of 15 years imprisonment at Raiford State Prison in Raiford. Sometime while in prison, he was accused of killing a fellow inmate, but it was ruled as self defense, thus Koedatich was not charged. In 1982, having spent eleven years in prison, The Florida Parole Board granted Koedatich parole, and in August he was officially released from prison. After his release he moved to Morristown, New Jersey. New Jersey murders Amie Hoffman On November 23, 1982 Koedatich came across 18-year-old Amie Hoffman. Hoffman, a cheerleader for Parsippany Hills High School, was leaving her job at a mall in Hanover Township, when Koedatich kidnapped her into his vehicle. Once in a secluded location, he sexually assaulted Hoffman before stabbing her to death, then disposing of her body in the Mendham Reservoir in Randolph Township. Her body was transported by the naturally moving water into a water holding tank, where it would be found two days later. During the subsequent autopsy, semen belonging to Hoffman's killer was located in her body. There were eyewitnesses who were found in the investigation, and they gave a description of the vehicle that the suspect drove. Police also located tire tracks the killer's car left behind. Deirdre O'Brian On December 5, 1982, Koedatich abducted another woman, this time 25-year-old Deirdre O'Brian at knife point after running her off the road after a small chase. Once at an Interstate 80 rest area, he raped, and stabbed her to death. He later disposed of her body in a rural area. Arrest In January 1983, Koedatich brought himself into the investigators attention by claiming he was stabbed by a male individual while driving alone at night. As part of regular police procedure, they seized to question him about the attack, at this point realizing there was likely a serial killer active in New Jersey, thinking that Koedatich was a surviving victim. Detectives soon noticed Koedatich's car matched the description of the car seen abducting Hoffman, as well as his tire's corresponding with tire tracks found at the scene. At first thinking it might just be a coincidence, they inspected Koedatich's wounds, but in a turn of events, it was found that the wounds were self-inflicted. They also found out his original conviction for the 1971 killing of his roommate. Koedatich, now a suspect, claimed that he was driving around the area Hoffman was abducted in the night of her murder, but a few days later on May 12, he was arrested by authorities, and charged with two counts of first degree murder. Trials and imprisonment Both trials for Koedatich ended in guilty verdicts, despite his claims of innocence. He was sentenced to death, and resided on New Jersey's death row. However in 1990, Koedatich's case was brought forward by the Supreme Court, which overturned his original sentence, and he was resentenced to life imprisonment. In 2011, Koedatich contacted the heads of the State's Department of Corrections, requesting to be moved to a prison in Illinois to be closer to his family, however Commissioner Gary Lanigan rejected the proposal. In 2017, Koedatich communicated with the Innocence Project, requesting with discovery of new DNA evidence could be used to clear his name. In the meantime, Koedatich remains in a New Jersey prison, with the latest parole date set for 2038, when he would be 90 years old. In media Koedatich's crimes are featured in the episode "Fatal Error" on the television show The New Detectives. See also List of serial killers in the United States References 1948 births Living people 20th-century American criminals American male criminals Male serial killers American people convicted of murder American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment People convicted of murder by New Jersey Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey Prisoners sentenced to death by New Jersey People from Miami-Dade County, Florida People from Morristown, New Jersey

69454033

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Montenegro

Carlos Montenegro

Carlos Montenegro Quiroga (26 December 1903 – 10 March 1953) was a Bolivian lawyer, writer, journalist, and politician. He was the principal political theorist of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, co-founding the party newspaper La Calle which laid the ideological bases of movement. His most famous work Nacionalismo y coloniaje (1943), an essay on the influence of journalism in the history of Bolivia, is considered to be one of the most influential works in Bolivian historiography. Early life Carlos Montenegro was born on 26 December 1903 in Cochabamba to Rodolfo Montenegro Guzmán and Raquel Quiroga. Montenegro Guzmán was a writer and politician who as chief of police was accredited of having commanded the actions which lead to the deaths of the American outlaws Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid while Quiroga was the daughter of a well-to-do landowning family. Montenegro was the second of five siblings (two boys and three girls) and while they initially enjoyed a relatively comfortable childhood on the family estate, their property was eventually confiscated and their assets significantly reduced due to debts. At age 18, he entered the field of journalism, working for the avant-garde weekly magazine Arte y Trabajo. First published on 21 February 1921 with a circulation of 500 copies, the small print headed by Cesáreo Capriles López covered political issues under an individualist anarchist lens, espousing apoliticism, anti-clericalism, and libertarian education. The newspaper gained a modest reception and attracted young intellectuals such as Montenegro. His work caused him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church the following year on charges of heresy for having referred to Bishop of Cochabamba Francisco Pierini as "motley" and calling Jesus Christ a figure without "divinity" in one of his publications. Montenegro continued his journalistic work for Arte y Trabajo, at one point becoming its director, until 1929. Soon after, he studied law at the Higher University of San Simón where he graduated as a lawyer in 1925. In 1927, he married María Quiroga Vargas, a poet, writer, and teacher, with whom he had two children: Mario and Martha. However, they divorced just four years later. Early political career Montenegro's entry into politics came in 1926 when he worked as sub-prefect of Quillacollo. The following year, he joined the National Union (later Nationalist) Party of President Hernando Siles Reyes. For having collaborated with the "tyrant Siles", the Bolivian University Federation declared him an "enemy of the youth". Chaco War When in 1932 the Chaco War erupted, Montenegro was 29 years old. He enlisted to serve on the front but never wielded arms, eventually rising to the position of Propaganda Inspector of the General Staff. During his time in the General Staff, he cultivated a relationship with the war correspondent Augusto Céspedes with whom he shared a similar political vision and a distaste for the liberal status quo. In 1934, a year before the end of the war, he was discharged to La Paz due to a stomach ulcer. During this time, he married Yolanda Céspedes, Augusto's sister, and started a law firm. 1936 coup d'état In 1936, Montenegro, together with Céspedes and Armando Arce, founded the left-wing morning newspaper La Calle. The publication was the party press of the United Socialist Party (PSU) of which Montenegro was the secretary-general. During the tumultuous events of May 1936, the PSU supported the historic national strikes against the government. On 15 May, Montenegro signed a formal alliance on behalf of the PSU with the Workers' Federation of Labor (FOT). The following night, a "Revolutionary Committee" was formed, composed of Montenegro and other left-wing agitators, which occupied and raised the red flag over several government buildings of La Paz. The rebellion was the culmination of weeks of protests and strikes and resulted in left-wing elements of the military ousting the conservative government of President José Luis Tejada Sorzano. Delegate to Argentina During the government of Colonel David Toro, who was made president of the newly installed government junta, Montenegro soon became seen as a potential threat. His increasing demands for a higher degree of socialism, including policies that Toro could not immediately implement due to political circumstances, caused the president to fear that, if left unsatisfied, the man who masterminded to overthrow of Tejada Sorzano might do the same to him. As a result, Toro quickly moved to assign Montenegro a chore that would take him as far away from political play as possible. Montenegro was pressured by the president to travel to Argentina, where he would serve as secretary-general and counselor of the Bolivian delegation to the Chaco Peace Conference in Buenos Aires. On 3 December 1936, he arrived in the Argentine capitol, beginning a two-month stint which did not end for another two-and-a-half years. One positive aspect of Montenegro's de facto exile in Argentina was his entry into the country's cultural life. His stay saw him establish connections with such figures as the Argentine diplomat Honorio Pueyrredón, the historian Gabriel del Mazo, the socialist Alfredo Palacios, and the writer Ricardo Rojas and he formed a lifelong bond with the Peruvian politician Luis Alberto Sánchez. According to his wife, "all these illustrious characters showed great admiration and respect for Carlos, they appreciated him for his talents as a cultured, erudite, talented, and humorous man; in the conversations there was a high level of culture and great knowledge of world problems". Though Montenegro returned to La Paz on multiple occasions, they were always for personal reasons. Even when Toro was overthrown and Montenegro's close friend Germán Busch was installed in the Palacio Quemado, the figures nearest to the new president, most notably his personal secretary Gabriel Gosálvez, who viewed Montenegro poorly, ensured that Busch never recalled him from his diplomatic post. Montenegro was still in Argentina when, in 1939, he received the news that Busch had died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Though the provisional government of Carlos Quintanilla offered to keep him in Buenos Aires or give him a different diplomatic position, Montenegro insisted on returning. Return to Bolivia Upon his return to Bolivia in late 1939, Montenegro established the weekly periodical Busch (Bolivia United without Humiliated Classes), named after the late president. Together with La Calle as well as the newspaper Inti, Busch composed a press organ which, for the first time in the modern history of Bolivia, could dispute the established interpretation of events alleged by elite-controlled publications. Returning to the center of the political struggle, Montenegro joined with other young socialists: Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Hernán Siles Zuazo, Wálter Guevara, Augusto Céspedes, Germán Monroy Block, and Rafael Otazo. Together, they formed a new political party in 1941, formalized in 1942, dubbed the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). Realizing the threat posed by this burgeoning movement, the Rosca, assisted by an alliance of traditional political interests under the Concordance banner, enacted a policy of active repression against the MNR's adherents. In July 1941, President Enrique Peñaranda received a fabricated note from U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary Douglas Jenkins alleging a plot between German Minister Ernst Wendler and Bolivian military attaché in Berlin Elías Belmonte to launch a coup d'état against the government. The president used the so-called "Nazi Putsch" as a basis to declare a state of siege on 19 July. Using the powers allotted to it by this, the government closed the three MNR periodicals and arrested prominent party members, including Montenegro, Céspedes, and Guevara. For four months they were confined in San Ignacio de Velasco, near the border with Brazil. Villarroel government Peñaranda's coup fears did not prove unfounded for on 20 December 1943 he was overthrown by young officers of the Reason for the Fatherland (RADEPA) military lodge together with leading figures of the MNR. The ensuing civil-military junta headed by Colonel Gualberto Villarroel included Montenegro among its ranks, assigned to the agriculture, livestock, and colonization portfolio. Nonetheless, the memory of the "Nazi Putsch" resulted in those persecuted in the crackdown that followed to be associated with fascism by the United States which as a result refused to recognize the new government, leading a diplomatic boycott against it. In its attempt to affirm its commitment to good relations with Washington, D.C., the Villarroel government dismissed both Montenegro and Céspedes on 11 February 1944. After that, in late 1944, he was appointed ambassador to Mexico and was a delegate to the III Inter-American Labor Conference in 1946. When the Villarroel government fell on 21 July 1946, Montenegro once again took refuge in Argentina. Final years and death After six years in exile together with other heads of the MNR, he returned to Bolivia in the wake of the Bolivian National Revolution. He was appointed ambassador to Chile by President Víctor Paz Estenssoro but never came to take office. As a result of his delicate state of health, he was interned at a hospital in New York City where he died on 10 March 1953 at the age of 49. Publications References Notes Footnotes Bibliography 1903 births 1953 deaths 20th-century Bolivian lawyers 20th-century Bolivian politicians 20th-century Bolivian writers Ambassadors of Bolivia to Mexico Bolivian atheists Bolivian expatriates in Argentina Bolivian journalists Bolivian lawyers Bolivian male writers Busch administration personnel Government ministers of Bolivia Higher University of San Simón alumni Male journalists Nationalist Party (Bolivia) politicians People from Cochabamba People of the Chaco War Quintanilla administration personnel Revolutionary Nationalist Movement politicians Toro administration personnel United Socialist Party (Bolivia) politicians Villarroel administration cabinet members Villarroel administration personnel Writers from Cochabamba

69455335

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukul%20Goel

Mukul Goel

Mukul Goel is an Indian civil servant. He is the current Director General of Police (DGP) of Indian state Uttar Pradesh since his appointment in June 2021 and had previously served as the as the Additional Director General (ADG) of Border Security Force. He was suspended by the erstwhile Mayawati's government in 2007 for alleged irregularities in police recruitment. He is 1987 batch IPS officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre. Early life He was born in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. He holds a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. Career Mukul Goel served Uttar Pradesh Police in various capacities such as police chief of districts like Gorakhpur, Varanasi, Mainpuri, Azamgarh, Saharanpur and Meerut. He also served as Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) in Kanpur, Agra and Bareilly ranges. In 2013, he served as the Additional director general of police (Law and Order) after riots broke out in Muzaffarnagar and its neighboring districts. Later, he served as ADG of Criminal Investigation Department and ADG (Indian Railways). In 2016, Goel was appointed as the IG of Border Security Force and moved to New Delhi on deputation. In June 2021, the Yogi Adityanath-led Government of Uttar Pradesh appointed him as the Director General of Police of the state. Honours and decorations Police Medal for Gallantry, 2003 Police Medal for Meritorious service, 2003 President's Police Medal for Distinguished service, 2012 Controversies In 2000, he was suspended after the murder of BJP politician and legislator Nirbhay Pal Sharma during his tenure in Saharanpur as SSP. It was also alleged that Nirbhay Pal Sharma had called the police but the police did not respond on time. In September 2007, Mukul Goel, along with other 24 IPS officers were suspended by then UP Chief minister Mayawati after various FIRs were lodged against them for alleged irregularities in the recruitment of Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC), Police and Radio wireless personnel in 2005 and 2006 during the SP's Mulayam Singh Yadav's regime. Later, they were reinstated when all the cases were withdrawn by then Akhilesh Yadav-led government in 2012 when Samajwadi Party (SP) came in power. References Director Generals of Uttar Pradesh Police Indian Police Service officers IIT Delhi alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

69455454

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe%20Eminescu

Gheorghe Eminescu

Gheorghe Matei Eminescu (31 May 1890 – 6 June 1988) was a Romanian historian, memoirist and Land Forces officer. The posthumous nephew of national poet Mihai Eminescu, he was born to Captain Matei Eminescu; on his mother's side, he was also the nephew of Mizil politician Leonida Condeescu. He fought in the Romanian campaigns of World War I, commanding a machine gunners' unit during the defense of Mărășești, and later participating in the 1918 expedition to Bessarabia. Eminescu remained there for some 15 years, commanding units on Romania's border with the Soviet Union and eventually rising to the position of Lieutenant Colonel. After passing into the reserves, he owned a factory in Brăila. Eminescu was sidelined and imprisoned following the establishment of Communist Romania, though his daughter, Yolanda, was able to integrate within the academic elite. After his release, he dedicated himself fully to historical and literary research, being commanded especially as a Romania expert on Napoleon Bonaparte—though he also completed a work on his famous uncle and his family, as a subject on which he would lecture on into his final years. His more secretive activity included recollections of his wartime and interwar activities, which were preserved in samizdat by several friends, including communist official Ion Popescu-Puțuri. His daughter Yolanda was a noted female judge and academic in Romania, while his granddaughter Roxana settled in France to join the teaching staff at the University of Western Brittany. Biography Origins and childhood Gheorghe Eminescu belonged to the boyar aristocracy of Moldavia through both his paternal grandparents. His grandmother Raluca Iurașcu was from an "immemorial boyar house", and reportedly viewed herself as of higher birth than her husband, Gheorghe Eminovici. The latter, who owned land in Ipotești, had a more disputed origin—he saw himself as having origins in the Swedish Empire, with an officer who had escaped to Moldavia after the Battle of Poltava (1709). Literary historians from N. Petrașcu to Arșavir Acterian have more often argued that the name "Eminovici" suggests a Turkish or Armenian ancestor. Scholar Dimitrie Vatamaniuc questions their approach, and proposes that the family, originally Iminovits or Iminovici, originated in the Principality of Transylvania, but had fled to the more permissive province of Bukovina in protest against communion with Rome. Also rejecting claims that Eminovici was a foreign name, the Lieutenant Colonel's father Matei Eminescu noted his descent from Moldavian peasants, raised into the boyardom by Prince Grigore Sturdza in 1841. According to his notes, the conferring of nobility upon the Eminovicis was whimsical, and probably facilitated through acts of corruption. He also reports that Mihai Eminescu himself "was rather uncertain that our father was full-blooded Romanian", though declaring himself "as Romanian as they ever get in Ipotești" through his mother's roots. The family was proudly right-wing, and committed to voting for the Conservative Party after the latter was established in 1880. Captain Matei or Mateiu Eminescu (1856–1929) was both the youngest and the longest lived of the eight Eminescu siblings who survived past childhood. Unlike his elder brothers, he did not pursue his education in Austria-Hungary. Also unlike them, he dedicated himself to a career in the Romanian Army, serving with distinction in the Romanian War of Independence before resigning in June 1892. He was for long uninterested in literary pursuits of any kind, preferring to read on topics such as horticulture and home economics. However, in the 1890s he became engaged in a protracted legal battle with editor Titu Maiorescu and the Șaraga brothers over the copyrights to Mihai Eminescu's poetic works, and curated his own selection from them. Captain Matei had by then married and divorced twice. His first wife was Matilda Ilian, a history teacher in Brăila; their son Victor-Ion, whom Matei repudiated, became a journalist, after first training as a lawyer. Moving to Mizil, the Captain remarried in 1890 Ana Condeescu. Though a homemaker who satisfied her husband's requirements for cleanliness and good child-rearing, she had followed her brother's advice and attempted to enlist at the Iași Medical School in 1888. According to scholar Augustin Z. N. Pop, she was the granddaughter or niece of politician Leonida Condeescu—who, Pop notes, had a literary fame of his own, as the inspiration for Ion Luca Caragiale's play, Conu Leonida față cu reacțiunea. This is corrected by Gheorghe's own account, according to whom Leonida was in fact Ana's brother. Gheorghe's actual grandfather, on this side, was Costache Condu. Originally of Vadu Săpat, he had started a soap manufacturing business and the Mizil gristmill, while himself turning to Conservative politics. Costache's son Leonida followed in his footsteps and, seen by Caragiale as the "most devoted and loyal" Conservative, took 90% of the vote during the mayoral election of 1895. The Eminescus were divorced in November 1892, due to Matei's "violence and austerity"; four children had been born to them: Lelia-Sapho, Ecaterina, Hanibal, and Gheorghe. Literary historians record Gheorghe Eminescu's birth as occurring on 1 June 1890, while the birth certificate, though completed on that day, reports the preceding evening of 31 May. The document also gives his birthplace as Mizil, in the home of his maternal grandfather Costache. This was almost a year after Mihai Eminescu's death, with Gheorghe being sometimes credited as his only nephew. He was baptized Romanian Orthodox at the Cathedral of Ploiești. His first name was chosen in memory of his Eminovici grandfather. His parents reunited in 1896, but divorced again in July 1898. While his father took petty jobs as a Subprefect, then withdrew to collect his pension in Turnu Severin, Gheorghe spent his early years in his grandfather's home at Mizil. Matei ultimately remarried a third and final time, to the Transylvanian Silvia Maieru, occasionally receiving his children in their new home. Of these, Lelia-Sapho died as a toddler in July 1896; Hanibal also died at age sixteen (in October 1911), having been diagnosed with Graves' disease. Shortly after winning the election, Mayor Condeescu took Gheorghe and his siblings to meet Caragiale in Vadu Săpat, where they gathered for a party. He recalled being unimpressed at the time, since he only knew of Caragiale as a tenant and restaurateur. His father the Captain always held a grudge against Caragiale, recounting an incident in which the latter had stolen some political documents from Mihai. In his later years, Gheorghe Eminescu vouched for his father's account, against literary historian Șerban Cioculescu, who suspected it was a fabrication. Army career and persecution Eminescu followed his father's career in the arms—though, as he later confessed to literary historian Anghel Popa, he felt no special calling for it, and had always favored literature. He also noted that he was mediocre as a high school student. Despite being in a class overseen by literary scholar Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică and childhood friends with poet Agatha Bacovia, he never even wrote a work in verse. His teacher was amazed at Gheorghe Eminescu's poor grades, noting: "too bad for that name you carry." During his subsequent military training, Eminescu developed a lifelong friendship with Gheorghe Mihail, the future Army General. He graduated from a military academy just as Romania was entering World War I. A Sublieutenant at the time, Eminescu then fought in the 35th Infantry Regiment during the Romanian Campaign, seeing action in Dobruja and the Battle of the Argeș, then withdrawing into Western Moldavia. He earned distinction in the defense of Mărășești, serving under poet Andrei Naum; he took command of the 2nd Machine Gunners Company when both Naum and the company commander, Radu Nicolae, were killed in action. Eminescu was stationed in Bessarabia following the Romanian expedition of 1918. Advanced to Lieutenant, in late 1918 he commanded the Gunners' Company of Bălți, stationed in Gheorghe Râșcanu's townhouse; he answered to Colonel Victor Bacaloglu, a fellow writer. It was in these circumstances that he witnessed the Khotyn Uprising (which he regarded as a Bolshevik incursion) and its aftermath. His notes on these events report that the quashing was brutal: he personally witnessed an incident during which Captain Mociulschi shot a railway signalman, accused of having assisted a partisans' raid on Ocnița. The following twenty years saw the territorial consolidation of Greater Romania, which he regarded as a fulfillment of a personal and national ideal. For his wartime service, Eminescu, who spent another 14 years in Bessarabia, was awarded the medal Virtutea Ostășească, First Class. Much of the interwar years, and overall as many as thirty years of Eminescu's life, were spent researching Napoleon's life. He was in charge of guarding the Bessarabian border between Romania and the Soviet Union, first as a company commander in Cetatea Albă, then as the leader of a battalion in Ismail (overseeing the section of the border between Galați and Tighina). In September 1924, he was confronted with the Tatarbunary Uprising, which was instigated by the Soviets, and during which his battalion lost three men. Eminescu would later argue that the violent outcome could have been averted, had Romanian commanders placed more trust in intelligence reports. By the time of World War II, Gheorghe Eminescu commanded the border guards of Brăila, as a Lieutenant Colonel; he also taught military history to young cadets. His father had unusually moved in 1924 to Bistrița, in newly acquired Transylvania—as the only Eminescu ever to settle in that area; he spent the remainder of his life there, up to his death from pneumonia in December 1929. His wife survived him and, in 1940, was living "in seclusion, on a small and narrow street in Cluj". The Lieutenant Colonel's half-brother, Victor, had moved to Bucharest with his two daughters. All three were reportedly living in extreme poverty by the start of World War II. In 1921, Gheorghe's wife, Elena Labunțeva, gave birth to a daughter, Yolanda (or Iolanda) Eminescu. The Labunțev family was originally from Șaba, Cetatea Albă County. During 1938, Yolanda was in Fascist Italy, studying at the Summer University for foreign students. She graduated with high honors from the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law in 1944. After the 1940–1941 Soviet takeover of Bessarabia, Eminescu's father-in-law, Ștefan Labunțev, remained in occupied territory, while Ștefan's wife Maria joined the Eminescus in Brăila. In 1944, the Lieutenant Colonel had passed into the reserves, and, alongside Captain Petre Penescu, was running "G. Eminescu & Co.", which owned a nail-making factory in Brăila. Eminescu's life changed upon the close of World War II, as Bessarabia was again incorporated with the Soviet Union and Romania herself came under a communist regime. A samizdat he bequeathed to Popa describes his sense of having been part of the accursed "generation of 1916", destined to both bring about Greater Romania and then see its downfall. He also notes his bewilderment at having grown up between an age when the British Empire seemed indestructible and one in which "communism took over one third of the globe." The regime, backed by Soviet occupation troops until 1957, inaugurated a clampdown on dissent, which resulted in Eminescu's dishonorable discharge and arrest in 1947. During the searching of his place, his Napoleon manuscripts were also confiscated. He was released in 1954, after carrying out his 7-year term in jail. In later years, he mentioned having done "hard time in jail, but without going into further details." In the early 1950s, he was held at Jilava prison, in the narrow place designated as Șerpăria (the "Snake Place"); fellow inmate Ion Deboveanu recalls that Eminescu's sleeping area had a width of only 25 centimeters (10 inches). Deboveanu also notes that he used to entertain cellmates with stories about his father and his uncle. Other reports place Eminescu in Aiud prison, alongside old-regime figures such as Istrate Micescu, Nichifor Crainic, and Radu Gyr, and finally as a laborer at Ocnele Mari, Vâlcea County, and at Peninsula, on the Danube–Black Sea Canal. Meanwhile, the Soviet occupation went in tandem with the Soviet incorporation of Bessarabia (as the Moldavian SSR). During the mid 1950s, the Romanian Ukrainian Constantin Popovici was in Romania as part of the KGB staff, while preparing his literary biography of Mihai Eminescu. To this end, he approached Gheorghe Eminescu, with whom he had a "long correspondence". Eminescu's daughter, appointed in 1945 as one of Romania's first three female judges, became an academic in 1949, focusing on international copyright law. During her father's imprisonment, she was sidelined and repeatedly interrogated. She was only allowed back as a researcher in 1954, and could advance professionally after 1965. In 1947, she had given birth to daughter Roxana, whose father was the ophthalmologist Ștefan Stătescu. After marrying fellow jurist Valentin A. Georgescu, Yolanda joined the ranks of the communist nomeklatura. According to Anghel Popa, this is what allowed her to lecture at Western universities, where Gheorghe's granddaughter was also educated. According to her own memoirs, she was continously harassed by agents of the Securitate (Communist Romania's secret police), including one of her father's case workers. Historian and memoirist By the 1970s, Eminescu had moved with Elena, his wife of 60 years, into a home on Laurențiu Claudian Street, in the eastern Bucharest neighborhood of Iancului. He lived a secluded existence under the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime and its national communism—maintaining a private "cult of Greater Romania, of [his uncle] The Poet, and of Napoleon", receiving regular visits from Popa and from his wartime orderly, Marin Stan. By his own estimations, he owned the largest book collection in Romania, which Yolanda supplied with most of what had been published in French about the Napoleonic era. His other interest was in documenting the life of his famous uncle, but met with the rigors of communist censorship. As Popa recalls, he was noticeably upset that his uncle had been deemed a "Moldovan" poet in the Soviet Union—where poems such as Doina, which stated his Romanian nationalism, had been left "forgotten". In 1973, with help from the local schoolteachers' union, he published in Deva a collection of primary sources, Profil eminescian ("Eminescian Profile"). In April of that year, he began corresponding with literary historian Al. Husar, discussing his other work, in Napoleonic studies. A long-time member of Ion Hangiu's Society of Romanian Philologists, he traveled annually to Ipotești to take part in commemorations of Mihai Eminescu's death. He stopped doing so in 1979, when the regime allowed I. D. Marian to publish an Eminescu monograph that the Lieutenant Colonel saw as blasphemous. He expressed his revolt in a short article, which was allowed for print in România Literară. The Lieutenant Colonel was again able to focus on writing about Napoleon, which resulted in a 1973 monograph that Deboveanu calls "one of the most important Romanian contributions to the personality study of France's hero." The manuscript had been registered with Editura Academiei by the time of Napoleon's bicentennial in 1969, but its publication was delayed. The work was positively reviewed by the local press, and sent by Eminescu to Napoléon VI, who offered his praise and gratitude in a letter to the author. A derivative monograph, detailing the French Revolution and Napoleon's career between Valmy and Waterloo, was sent for review at Editura Junimea of Iași. This was after Eminescu had refused contracts with Editura Albatros and Editura Militară, finding the latter to be especially dislikable. During the negotiations with Junimea, he was persuaded to include commentary that would contextualize the Reign of Terror, and to review the conflict between Danton and Robespierre as one of ideology, rather than character. The book was never published, since, as Eminescu found out through literary critic Constantin Ciopraga, the manuscript was mishandled and lost. Eminescu himself was convinced that the editorial director Mircea Radu Iacoban had hidden the work, and that he intended to have it published under Corneliu Sturzu's name, once Eminescu had died. As a sign of protest, he would never allow his work to be published in Sturzu's journal, Convorbiri Literare. While trying to rewrite his lost manuscript, Eminescu also finished another one, dedicated to the French Revolution. As he argued in his letters to Husar, it was to be Romania's "first original work on the topic", and also "my own leading work"—he worried that "one of the numerous pseudo-historians who can't stomach me" would end up rejecting it. This contribution was indeed never published, and neither was his play about the life and times of Joseph Fouché. From 1976 on, he was absorbed by work on his samizdat memoirs, well aware that, especially given their accounts of political and military affairs in Bessarabia, "no publishing house would even bother with them." Eventually persuaded that Ceaușescu's communism would enter a more liberal phase and that historical writing would be allowed to take place outside "conjectural canons", he sent some of the more politically charged fragments to be read and kept by a communist potentate and social scientist, Ion Popescu-Puțuri. Some parts were delivered to other admirers, while the more innocuous chapters remained in the Eminescu home. During that interval, Roxana Eminescu studied linguistics with Iorgu Iordan. She specialized in Portuguese literature, after being introduced to the poetry of Fernando Pessoa by a member of the Portuguese Communist Party, who was living in exile in Romania. She was also known locally for having introduced Fernando Arrabal's plays to Romania in the late 1970s (when she devised anti-censorship mechanisms by presenting him as a political author), but recalls being pressured by Ceaușescu's Securitate into becoming a spy. In order to escape this constraint, in 1981 she left with a student visa to Lisbon, where she ultimately defected. After gaining employment at the University of Lisbon, she decided to leave for France, and obtained French citizenship. She had married a twin brother of actress Aimée Iacobescu, from whom she has a son, Ion Teodor Eminescu-Iacobescu (born 1985). In 1982, Gheorghe Eminescu was interviewed by poet Corneliu Vadim Tudor, who wrote that he bore a "striking resemblance" to his uncle, "which only the white hair and blue eyes of this old man will refute." As the Lieutenant Colonel noted in that interview, he had by then donated all of his family memorabilia to Augustin Z. N. Pop. One of Eminescu's last published contributions, included in the third issue of Limba și Literatura Română in 1981, was an autobiographical record of his participation in the battle of Mărășești; in 1986, he revised for print a second edition of his Napoleon biography. An article describing the final decay of the Ancien Régime appeared in Magazin Istoric in July 1987, with a biographical note introducing him as a "historical writer" and the "nephew of our great national poet". In January 1984, he returned to Mizil, where he was interviewed by writer George Stoian. Also that month, he was in Slobozia, where his unscripted lecture at Eminesciana Festival was also recorded for posterity. A heavy smoker, throughout the 1980s Eminescu was suffering from infections of the airways and lungs, which finally caused his death on 6 June 1988 (reportedly, this occurred in his Claudian Street home, where he had lived as a widower since October 1984). He was survived by his daughter (who died in 1998, four years after her husband), and by his granddaughter Roxana, who had achieved tenure at the University of Western Brittany. The latter described herself as a "profoundly left-wing woman" and a "true atheist", noting that she had no intention of ever returning to Romania, which she described as a land of "bigotry". She added: "Ceușescuism has not turned me into a conservative, nor a nationalist, nor an anticommunist." In late 1989, Roxana Eminescu signed her name to a protest against Ceaușescu, publicized through Radio Free Europe. These events were shortly followed by the Romanian Revolution, which toppled communism—also lifting censorship of Gheorghe Eminescu's manuscripts. In 1995, the Ministry of Culture sponsored an edition of his memoirs, though, for reasons not explained, these only featured parts not in the Eminescus' possession. His recollections of the Khotyn Uprising appeared in ARCA magazine in 1996. Notes References "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", in Poștalionul. Publicație Lunară a Primăriei și Consiliului Local Mizil, Vol. IX, Issue 89, February 2012, pp. 6–7. Marin Iancu, "Gheorghe Eminescu. Memento biografic", in Litere, Vol. XVIII, Issues 6–7, June–July 2017, pp. 102–104. Gabriel Moisa, "Între mica și marea istorie. Nicolae Coroiu: un destin sub vremurile Primului Război Mondial", in Revista Crisia, Issue XLV, 2015, pp. 149–164. Eugenia Mureșanu, "Doamna Eminescu", in Viața Ilustrată, Vol. VII, Issue 3, March 1940, pp. 11–2. Sever Neagoe, Ilie Tender, Gheorghe Văduva, Istoria grănicerilor și a începutului poliției de frontieră. Bucharest: Editura Scaiul, 2004. Emil Niculescu, "Portul Mizil și regimentul pierdut", in Străjer în Calea Furtunilor, Vol. II, Issue 3, June 2008, pp. 53–57. Augustin Z. N. Pop, Contribuții documentare la biografia lui Mihai Eminescu. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1962. Anghel Popa, "Domnul colonel Gheorghe Eminescu", in Analele Bucovinei, Vol. XIII, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 739–762. Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Gheorghe Eminescu, "Despre incidentul avut de Eminescu cu Caragiale, pe cînd poetul lucra la Timpul", in Scriitorul Român, Issue 1, May–June 2020, pp. 46–47 Dimitrie Vatamaniuc, "Ipoteze: să fie Blajul vatra străbunilor lui Eminescu?", in Manuscriptum, Vol. VII, Issue 1, 1976, pp. 127–138. 1890 births 1988 deaths 20th-century Romanian historians Romanian military historians Historians of the French Revolution Historians of the Napoleonic Wars 20th-century memoirists Romanian memoirists 20th-century biographers Romanian biographers 20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights Male dramatists and playwrights Romanian Land Forces officers Romanian military personnel of World War I Romanian schoolteachers Romanian industrialists Romanian prisoners and detainees Inmates of Aiud prison Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal People from Mizil Moldavian nobility Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church Romanian nationalists Romanian anti-communists Censorship in Romania Deaths from lung disease

69455608

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitega%20prison%20fire

Gitega prison fire

At approximately 04:00 CAT on 7 December 2021, a fire broke out in an overcrowded prison in Gitega, Burundi, killing at least 38 and injuring more than 69. Background Overcrowding is a major problem in Burundi prisons where, according to October figures, 13,100 inmates live in facilities designed to accommodate no more than 4,100 people. In June, over 5000 inmates received presidential pardons in an attempt to empty the country's overcrowded jails. According to the Christian Association Against Torture, the prison had the capacity for 400 prisoners, but at the time of the fire it held 1,539 inmates. Most of the inmates were males, however, it had a women's wing as well. It also housed several political prisoners in a high security compound. Earlier in August, a fire broke out in the same prison, which the authorities blamed on electrical problems. Accident The blaze started at 04:00 CAT time (02:00 GMT) on 7 December 2021 while many of the inmates were asleep. The Interior Ministry stated in a tweet that a short circuit was responsible for the fire. According to the survivors, the police refused to open the quarters as the flames spread. According to one of the inmates, over 90% of the sleeping halls were burnt. Images circulating online showed a burning building and piles of bodies. A police source stated that emergency services arrived late with the fire truck reaching the prison two hours after the fire began. Nurses from the Gitega hospital, as well as teams from the Red Cross, arrived at the scene to tend to the victims. Those with minor injuries were treated at the scene, while those with severe burns were taken to a hospital. Vice President Prosper Bazombanza told reporters that 38 people died in the fire. Of these, twelve died of asphyxia as they attempted to flee the burning building and 26 more died of severe injuries. Many of the victims were elderly inmates. He added that at least 69 were injured. Aftermath Vice President Bazombanza, along with several senior ministers visited the scene of the accident. According to witness reports, soldiers and police officers surrounded the site of the fire, preventing journalists from approaching and taking pictures. See also Tangerang prison fire References 2021 fires in Africa 2021 in Burundi December 2021 events in Africa Disasters in Burundi Prison fire Prison fires Prisons in Africa

69455780

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Policeman%27s%20Lineage

The Policeman's Lineage

The Policeman's Lineage () is a 2022 South Korean crime drama film, directed by Lee Kyoo-man and starring Cho Jin-woong and Choi Woo-shik. The film based on Japanese novel Blood of the Policeman by Joh Sasaki is about two cops with different methods forming a team to investigate a case that turns the police force upside down. The film was released theatrically on January 5, 2022. On box office, currently it is at 3rd place among all the Korean films released in the year 2022, with gross of US$5.56 million and 677,461 admissions. Cast Cho Jin-woong as Park Kang-yoon, head of the Metropolitan Investigation Unit Choi Woo-shik as Choi Min-jae, an undercover honest police officer Park Sang-hoon as young Choi Min-jae Park Hee-soon as Hwang In-ho Park Myung-hoon as Cha Dong-cheol, a criminal who survived a deal with the police Kwon Yul as Na Young-bin, a criminal who deals only with the top 1% Lee Eol Jang Seo-kyung Lee Sung-woo as Team leader Han, (Narcotic investigation) Son In-yong as detective Lim Chul-hyung as Sun Woo-bum, A senior official at the Seoul Government Gwangsu University. He helps Kang Yoon in his near-death investigation. Production In July 2019 Cho Jin-woong and Choi Woo-shik were confirmed to appear in the film based on Japanese novel Blood of the Policeman by Joh Sasaki. They have worked together before in 2011 historical TV series Deep Rooted Tree. Park Myung-hoon joined the cast in January 2020. Choi Woo-shik and Park Hee-soon worked together in 2018 horror film The Witch: Part 1. The Subversion. The film was shot in Ulsan in February 2020. Last leg of shooting was completed in Nam-gu, Ulsan City courthouse. Reception Box office The film was released on 1,184 screens on January 5, 2022. As per Korean Film Council (Kofic) integrated computer network, the film ranked at no. 2 at the Korean box office in the opening weekend with 374,432 cumulative admissions. it is at 3rd place among all the Korean films released in the year 2022, with gross of US$5.56 million and 677,461 admissions. Weekly admissions (Based on the Integrated Computer Network for Cinema Admission Tickets) Critical response Kim Mi-hwa of Star News praising the lead cast stated, "Cho Jin-woong and Choi Woo-shik, who are diametrically opposite in terms of appearance and character, brings joy to the viewers." She also praised the performances of supporting cast of Park Hee-soon, Kwon Yul, and Park Myung-hoon and wrote, "savory performances of various supporting actors breathe life into the film." Kim felt that the film "is a mix of stories of police, gangsters, and drugs familiar to Korean audiences." But she stated that "the new chemistry that comes out of them mixes with flavor like a seasoning." She criticised the sound quality, writing, "not being able to hear the lines well in some scenes even though the actors utter the lines clearly." Concluding she wondered, "[whether the film] will be able to captivate the audience with a delicious movie made with familiar ingredients." References External links 2022 films 2020s crime drama films South Korean crime drama films South Korean films Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic Films based on novels Police procedural films Films based on Japanese novels

69456647

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration%20for%20Order%20and%20Peace

Decoration for Order and Peace

The Decoration for Order and Peace () is a military award of the Netherlands. The medal was established on 12 December 1947 by royal decree of Queen Wilhelmina. The medal commemorates at least three months of service in the Dutch East Indies and adjacent waters during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was awarded to members of the Netherlands Armed Forces and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. Recipients who were engaged with hostile parties in a military context could be awarded clasps indicating the year of the action. Criteria The Decoration for Order and Peace was awarded to members of the Netherlands Armed Forces units and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. To qualify, service must have been in the Dutch East Indies or the adjacent sea areas for at least three months between 3 September 1945 and 4 June 1951. Originally, the recognized period of eligible service was through 27 December 1949, the date of the transfer of sovereignty to the new Republic of Indonesia. The criteria was changed retrospectively and extended to 4 June 1951. This extension covered the period of transfer of administrative and police functions to the Republic of Indonesia. It also covered the period when of evacuation of Dutch nationals who wanted to leave the new republic. The decoration is not awarded for service after 27 September 1949 in Dutch New Guinea and its adjacent sea areas, or in Indonesia as members of the Dutch Military Mission. Service in Dutch New Guinea was recognized by the New Guinea Commemorative Cross. Appearance The medal is a bronze eight pointed star, where the top most point has been replaced by a royal crown. The obverse of the star bears a central round medallion, wide with a stylized letter W in the middle. Above this letter are the words Orde - Vrede (Order - Peace). Surmounting the medallion are two crossed swords. The radius of the star is 20 millimeters. The medal is suspended form a silk ribbon wide, consisting of five equal stripes from left to right in the colors red; white, blue, white, red. Clasps For those individuals who actually participated in military action against hostile forces, a clasp was awarded for wear on the medal. Clasps were worn on the medal in year order with the first clasp being worn closest to the medal. Individuals who qualified for the clasp did not have to meet the three months of service requirement. The following clasps were awarded: 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 References Military awards and decorations of the Netherlands

69456820

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Granger

Frances Granger

Frances Granger (born 1945) was a New Zealand netball player who played 12 times for her country in the Goal attack and Goal shooter positions. She went on to coach the game in places as diverse as Botswana, Fiji and Wales, as well as in New Zealand. Early life Frances Granger (née Rawstorm) was born on 17 December 1945. She went to school in Timaru in the South Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. Her husband, Jack Granger, was a police detective. They had two children. Between 1965 and 1973 Granger represented Canterbury at the New Zealand Athletics Championships and won bronze medals in the discus and javelin. For this, and her netball achievements, she was made South Canterbury Sportsperson of the Year in 1972, the first woman to receive the award. Playing career Granger initially played netball for South Canterbury but transferred to Canterbury in 1973 following her husband's transfer to undertake training. In Canterbury she moved from the Goal attack (GA) position to the Wing attack (WA), but returned to Goal attack when she moved back to South Canterbury. She made her debut as a member of the Silver Ferns, the New Zealand national netball team, against Singapore in October 1974, while en route to a tour of England, in which the team was undefeated. It was a new experience for her as the games were played indoors, whereas in New Zealand they were played outdoors. The following year, she was selected for the New Zealand team to play in the 1975 World Netball Championships, which were played in Auckland, New Zealand. Although that was the end of her national career, she played for South Canterbury and Canterbury over 16 years in total, winning several trophies and being selected on five occasions to play for the South Island against the North Island. Coaching career Granger coached the Canterbury Region team, the Canterbury Flames team, which competed in the National Bank Cup, and the Lincoln University team. Among other coaching appointments, she has taught at Rangi Ruru Girls' School and the Rangiora High School. In 2001 Granger coached the netball team of Fiji, in the year they won the South Pacific Mini Games. In 2003 she went to Wales to spend three months as the national team's shooting coach. In 2012 she spent three months as a volunteer coach in Botswana, following this with a period of seven months in 2014. References 1945 births Living people New Zealand international netball players 1975 World Netball Championships players

69457273

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20Riots

West End Riots

The West End Riots were disorders in the West End of London on 8 February 1886 following a counter-demonstration by the Social Democratic Federation in Trafalgar Square against a meeting of the Fair Trade League. They were also known as the Trafalgar Square Riots or Pall Mall Riots. Windows were smashed at the Carlton Club and the offices of the Pall Mall Gazette soon after the counter-demonstration broke up, with its participants (estimated in some newspapers around 100,000) then marching along Piccadilly, Regent Street and Oxford Street, also damaging the Devonshire Club and several shops before forming up for a further meeting in Hyde Park. It also made an attempt on the War Office, but were dissuaded by its sentry charging his bayonet. Feelings were further enflamed when Metropolitan Police officers pushed through the crowd to remove John Burns from the pedestal of Nelson's Column, from which he was trying to make a speech. Questions were asked in the House of Lords on 18 and 25 February as to the police's handling of the events and on the afternoon of 22 February the Home Secretary Hugh Childers accepted the resignation of Edmund Henderson, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. References 1886 in London 1886 in the United Kingdom Riots in London Social Democratic Federation 1880s riots Metropolitan Police operations

69457875

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Kacie%20Woody

Murder of Kacie Woody

Kacie Rene Woody (October 17, 1989December 4, 2002) was an American teenager from Holland, Arkansas who was catfished, abducted and murdered by 47-year-old David Leslie Fuller from La Mesa, California, who she met in a Yahoo Christian chat room for teens. Fuller had given his name as Dave Fagen, claimed to be a 17-year-old living in San Diego and used a photo of a younger male on his profile. Fuller traveled to Arkansas and abducted Kacie from her home on the night of December 3, 2002. The next day, her body was found in the rear of a minivan inside a storage unit in Conway along with the body of Fuller, after he had shot her and, when law enforcement arrived at the unit, himself. Kacie's case has been featured on the Investigation Discovery TV shows Web of Lies and Man with a Van, and the podcast Crime Junkie. It is possibly the first well-documented case of a pedophile using the Internet to groom, abduct and murder a victim. Background Kacie was born on October 17, 1989, at Baptist Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas to Rick and Kristie Woody and two brothers, Austin and Tim. She suffered from meconium aspiration syndrome and spent the first weeks of her life in the NICU. After returning to the hospital a few more times in early infancy Kacie didn't have any more lung problems. On June 19, 1997, when Kacie was 7 years old, Kristie was killed in a car accident while the family was on their way home from Tim's baseball game. The car had collided with a horse that had run into the road, shattering the windshield and hitting Kristie, who was sitting in the passenger seat. Everyone else in the vehicle survived. In 2002 Kacie lived in Holland, Arkansas with Rick, Tim and Tim's friend Eric Betts. Her maternal aunt, Teresa Paul, lived next door. Paul's daughter and Kacie's cousin Jonna died in a car accident, like Kristie, in 1994, at the age of 17. Kacie was a student at Greenbrier Middle School and a member of the band, choir and gifted and talented programs. The Woody home was in a rural, heavily wooded area and due to many outgoing calls being long-distance, Rick allowed Kacie to use instant messaging on the computer to keep in touch with her friends. She registered on Yahoo! Messenger with either the username modelbehavior63 or modelbehavior36 (accounts vary). Kacie eventually started using chat rooms to meet new friends, and on either New Year's Eve 2001 (according to Web of Lies) or in the summer of 2002 (according to the written documentary Caught in the Web), she befriended "jazzman_df", who claimed to be a 17-year-old boy named David "Dave" Fagen, in a Yahoo! Christian teen chat room. The photo on jazzman_df's profile was of a "surfer dude"-type attractive young man; he claimed to love surfing and the beach, and the two bonded quickly and began to chat often. Kacie eventually told Dave about the loss of her mother, and he told her that his aunt, who also happened to live in Arkansas, was recently in a car accident and now comatose, and wasn't expected to live much longer. Kacie felt bad about Dave's aunt and told her family and friends about him and the situation. Her friends Sam and Jessica also befriended Dave and added him to their Yahoo buddy lists, but at the same time Sam in particular was fearful over Kacie's gullibility and warned her about becoming close to and falling in love with people that she hadn't met in person. Since Kacie's father, Rick, worked long-hour swing shifts as a police officer with the Greenbrier Police Department he often wasn't home to monitor her Internet activity, although he stated during his Web of Lies interview that at the time he was aware she was talking to boys online but wasn't very afraid as long as he knew that she was at home and the boys were elsewhere. But around the summer of 2002, when Kacie told him that Dave was turning 18, Rick told her that he was too old for her and to stop talking to him. Although Kacie told Dave about this, she disobeyed Rick and began talking to Dave over the phone despite the long-distance call issue. One night, likely in the autumn of 2002, Dave called Kacie while Jessica was spending the night at Kacie's house. During this, the girls heard strange sounds around the outside of the house and a floorboard squeak in the kitchen, as if an intruder was on the property. The girls rushed into Kacie's bedroom and blocked the door with a dresser. Kacie told Dave that she was afraid someone was in the house; he told her that nobody was in the house and not to worry, and then the noises stopped. Sam was skeptical of Dave's age because of his use of outdated slang, using terms such as "groovy" and "far out". Kacie assumed this was simply because he came from California and that people there talked differently than in Arkansas. At some point Kacie met another boy in a chat room, Tazz2999. He claimed to be a 14-year-old named Scott from Alpharetta, Georgia, who loved football and wrestling. The photo on his profile was of a young teen boy in a football uniform. Kacie and Scott began dating on October 3, 2002. When Dave learned about the relationship, he wanted to remain friends with Kacie, but he began talking about his aunt and her worsening condition more. On the morning of Tuesday, December 3, 2002, Sam noticed that Kacie had the photo from Scott's profile in her locker. She told her that he was hot, which Kacie misheard as "fat". Kacie became angry and the two began arguing. When Sam asked Kacie how she got the photo, she told her that Scott had mailed it to her. Alarmed over the fact that this meant Kacie had given Scott her address, Sam warned her again about giving her address to people that she had never met in person, and told her that Scott "could be an 80-year-old rapist and that the photo could be of his grandson". Kacie did not take this warning seriously, and without her knowledge, Sam told the school counselor, Diana Kellar, about how Kacie was giving out her phone number to strangers online. Kellar later called Kacie into her office, where she warned her about the dangers of the Internet and told her not to meet any online friends in person without a parent present. Kacie responded that she only gave her phone number to people her father approved, which Sam disbelieved. Kellar then called Sam to the office and left her and Kacie alone to talk, and the girls reconciled. When classes dismissed, Kacie asked Sam if she could spend the night at her house, and the latter declined because her mother likely wouldn't allow a sleepover on a school night, and Kacie would need a written note from her father in order to be allowed to be dropped off at Sam's house. Kacie then asked Jessica and then another friend, being turned down by both as well. She was not upset about the refusals, and told her friends "See ya!" before boarding the school bus. Her friends found it unusual that Kacie asked about a sleepover on a school night. That evening, Kacie was home alone while Tim was doing research at his college's library, Betts was at his electrician's class and Rick was on duty in Greenbrier. In addition, Paul was at her daughter's basketball game in Conway. Kacie was instant messaging with Scott on the computer while talking to Dave over the phone. Dave told Kacie that his aunt's condition continued to worsen and that he was driving to Arkansas to be by her side until she passed away. At 9:41 PM (unknown if CST or EST), Kacie's messages with Scott suddenly stopped. Scott quickly became concerned and continued to message Kacie in an attempt for her family or Betts to see, emailed Jessica and attempted to call the Woody house, all to no avail. Investigation When Betts returned home at about 10:15 PM CST and noticed that Kacie wasn't around, he assumed she was in bed or out with family or friends and continued his normal activities. When Tim returned home and noticed that Kacie wasn't in bed, he called Rick, who raced home in his squad car. Rick noticed that the house showed signs of forced entry, Kacie's reading glasses that she used on the computer (which was still on with the chat window between her and Scott still open) were damaged with a lens missing and her pet Yorkshire terrier George was limping. He called Kacie's friends, who hadn't recently heard from or seen her, and eventually called for backup. Either Tim or Betts instant messaged with Scott and learned about Kacie's conversation with Dave and how she suddenly stopped responding to Scott's texts. Investigators initially considered the possibility that Kacie had run away, which Rick denied, stating that she was happy with her life and would not leave the house without telling him. He had last spoken to her around 7 PM that evening; when he had called to check in on her she had been practicing her saxophone and nothing had seemed unusual. It was noticed that Kacie's coats and shoes were left behind when temperatures that night were in the thirties with rain, leading authorities to suspect an abduction. A massive investigation, involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Arkansas State Police, every law enforcement agency in Faulkner County, police dogs and dozens of volunteers was launched, and a Level II Morgan Nick alert was issued at 5:14 AM. Investigators seized the Woody computer and questioned students and staff at Greenbrier Middle School, and were told about Scott and Dave by Kacie's friends. FBI agent Jerry Spurgers also discovered discarded notes containing the two males' names in Kacie's trash can. Scott's computer was traced to his home in Alpharetta. FBI visited the property, where his mother answered the door. Scott’s parents were unaware of who Kacie was or even that he’d had a girlfriend. However, FBI determined that Scott had given his true identity online and was at home when Kacie disappeared, and he was cleared of suspicion. Investigators learned from Kacie's friends that Dave had told her he was en route to Arkansas at the time she disappeared. They launched a search around the local area for clues about him and at a Conway Motel 6 discovered a 1993 Buick Regal with a California license plate. Detectives learned that it belonged to a man named David Fuller, who had checked in December 2 and booked his stay for a week, requested no maid service and had complained to the staff about not being able to connect to the Internet from his room, which he had become very angry over. When the detectives searched his room they found Fuller's packed suitcase, laptop, camouflage clothing, rubber gloves and that the bed hadn't been slept in. After checking with the Conway Enterprise Rent-A-Car (where an employee stated that Fuller had behaved strangely and repeatedly went outside to smoke while filling out paperwork), detectives subpoenaed his paperwork and learned that his phone number matched one repeatedly dialed from the Woody home, that he'd rented a silver Dodge Caravan minivan and that his credit card had been charged by Guardsmart Storage (now StoreSmart Self-Storage) in Conway. Fuller was confirmed to be "Dave" and at this point he was upgraded from a person of interest to a suspect in Kacie's disappearance. Conway police Sgt. Jim Barrett and two FBI agents arrived at Fuller's unit at Guardsmart at around 6:00 PM on December 4. The door was down and did not have a lock, and when it was lifted they noticed the silver Dodge Caravan inside, forward-facing with its engine running. When Barrett began to enter the unit, a single gunshot rang inside and law enforcement ran for cover and called for backup while shouting commands for whoever was inside to surrender the weapon and emerge with their hands up, with no result. When a SWAT team arrived around 8:30 PM, they stormed the unit. David Fuller had shot himself in the head when Barrett had lifted the unit's door; his body was found lying on the floor behind the minivan, still holding a 9 mm Luger and along with the van's back seats. Barrett found Kacie's body lying supine in the back of the minivan, with her wrists and ankles chained to the four corners of the van's floor. Fuller had raped her before shooting her in the head. Also found was a half-empty bottle of chloroform and a rag next to Kacie's head. (The Man With a Van episode states that the bottle of chloroform was found in the Woody home at the beginning of the investigation.) A medical examiner concluded that Kacie had likely been unconscious from the chloroform from when she was abducted to when she was murdered, which had occurred at an unknown time hours earlier. Perpetrator David Leslie Fuller (January 18, 1955December 4, 2002) was born in Salt Lake City, Utah; the fourth and youngest child of Edward "Ned" and June Fuller. His parents were devout Mormons. Fuller was a quiet and reserved child, and did not perform very well in school. After graduating from Skyline High School, he went on to play guitar in several different rock bands. At age 19, he married an unidentified girl and moved with her to Moab, although they ended their marriage shortly after. He met Sally Krens, his wife at the time of his death, in the early 1980s while he played bass guitar at a local bar. They married on May 21, 1983, and moved to Salt Lake City. Fuller became a Navy Seabee in 1989, before the couple moved to Gulfport, Mississippi, in which state they had a son. They later moved to Maryland, where they had a daughter, and then to San Diego. The children were 11 and 7 years old at the time of Fuller's death. The family moved to La Mesa around 1997, and Fuller left the Navy two years later. As the marriage went on and Fuller and Sally began social drinking less, Fuller developed anger problems and mood swings. He also eventually began spending long hours online and taking nighttime walks around the neighborhood while talking on the phone. In June 2002, Sally obtained paperwork from a divorce workshop while Fuller took the children to visit his parents. When he returned, he was very angry to learn this. In August of that year, Child Protective Services of California investigated a report that Fuller had been showering with his daughter; it was eventually concluded that this was untrue. Sometime after Fuller moved into his own apartment, still in La Mesa, he was charged with spousal abuse after he had returned to Sally's home one night, shoved and screamed at her and then unlocked a bedroom door with a screwdriver after she had locked herself and the children inside. Fuller had also once been arrested and fined for indecent exposure after exposing himself to two young girls, and had been fired from his job as a used car salesman after being caught watching pornography (possibly of children) on the work computer. After Fuller's death, FBI got a warrant to search his apartment and discovered a framed montage of photos of Kacie near his computer and paper with her and her friends' names, phone numbers and addresses written down. Stored on the computer was a poem Kacie had written about her mother's death and photos of Kacie and her friends. The FBI also learned that under Fuller's Dave Fagen persona he'd attempted to groom at least three other girls around Kacie's age, beginning in the winter of 2000, although none of these attempts led to offline encounters. He had offered to buy a Michigan girl a plane ticket to California, which she refused, and in March 2002 mailed a Dallas girl flowers, although she told detectives that she'd never given him her address. Police also discovered that Fuller had already visited Arkansas twice before, both times in the fall of 2002. The first time, he'd flown into Clinton National Airport on October 11, rented a car from Adam's Field and checked into a Motel 6 in Conway. It is believed that he spied on Kacie and her home during this trip, although it is not certain. Fuller bought a gun on November 2, telling his children that he needed it for target practice. Two days later, he again flew to Little Rock, rented a car and checked in at the Motel 6, extending his stay on November 8. On November 6, he'd visited Guardsmart, looking for the largest unit available and telling an on-site manager that he bought vehicles and needed a place to temporarily store them. Authorities speculated that he'd planned to abduct Kacie at this time, but was unable to. After this, Fuller bought duct tape, chain and zip ties from his local Home Depot in California, and obtained the bottle of chloroform from a chemical supply company. He then packed the supplies in his Buick Regal before driving to Arkansas and succeeding in abducting Kacie. Investigators later ran Fuller's DNA through a national database in order to learn if he had committed similar crimes prior to Kacie's abduction and murder, which produced no results. Fuller's remains were cremated. Sally kept his ashes in her closet with intent to someday take the children to Mount Olympus to scatter them; however, at some point he was interred at Wasatch Lawn Memorial Park in Millcreek, Utah, above the grave of his parents, both of whom passed away after Fuller. Reactions Around the time of the discovery of Kacie's body, Sam and Jessica were at the former's house watching the news for updates. Jessica reported in her Web of Lies interview that when the girls learned of Kacie's death, they huddled together on the porch and cried. At that time it began to snow, and since Kacie had mentioned within the prior few days that she'd wanted it to snow, Jessica believed that this was a message from her. Fuller's parents did not believe reporters who told them about their son's crime and death, but police were able to convince them. Fuller's father, Ned, wanted to call Rick Woody to express his condolences, but was discouraged by the officers. Kacie's funeral was held on December 9, and she is buried in South Crossroads Church Cemetery in Rose Bud, Arkansas, next to her mother. Her cousin Jonna is also buried in this cemetery. Kacie's friends and family founded the Kacie Woody Foundation, a nonprofit organization designed to teach parents and children about Internet safety. Her father, Rick, stated that Kacie liked to help people and that he founded the organization as a way to do this in her honor, as well as to help prevent other children from suffering her fate. In spring 2003, Rick granted federal and state authorities permission to share Kacie's story in an Internet safety and law enforcement training program by the FBI called "Innocent Images". That June, the FBI released patches depicting a teddy bear sitting next to a computer with its screen reading "KACIE WOODY 1989-2002" for the program's task force to wear. During her Man With a Van interview, Jessica recalled the night she was at the Woody home and she and Kacie heard an intruder, and stated that in retrospect maybe this could have been Fuller looking to abduct Kacie and possibly herself as well. On December 3, 2012, 10 years from the day of Kacie's abduction, her friends and family held a service for her at Greenbrier High School. Kacie is described as a very friendly and caring girl who was very close to her family and friends and whose hobbies included poetry, singing, dancing and playing the saxophone. Media appearances In December 2003, former Arkansas Democrat-Gazette journalist Cathy Frye wrote a four-part documentary about Kacie's life and murder titled Caught in the Web. On January 15, 2014, the Investigation Discovery TV show Web of Lies aired an episode titled Age, Sex, Location about Kacie's case. In March 2019, Crime Junkie aired a podcast about Kacie's case titled MURDERED: Kacie Woody. Five months later, Frye accused Crime Junkie co-host Ashley Flowers of plagiarizing Caught in the Web. Per Frye's request, Flowers removed the episode before restoring it with source links to Caught in the Web but without verbal attribution in the episode. Frye and the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette then issued a cease and desist order to Crime Junkie and threatened further legal action if verbal attribution wasn't added or the episode wasn't again removed. Crime Junkie removed the episode again but at some point restored it a second time. On February 20, 2020, fellow Investigation Discovery TV show Man With a Van aired an episode about the case titled Catfish Killer. On March 8, 2021, Kacie's brother Tim, now a police officer, was interviewed by KATV about losing his younger sister to an online predator. See also List of kidnappings Internet relationship Catfishing Sock puppet account Online predator Internet homicide Murder of Carly Ryan Alicia Kozakiewicz External links Kacie Woody Foundation Kacie Woody Foundation Facebook page Caught in the Web References 1989 births 2002 deaths 2000s missing person cases Missing person cases in Arkansas Formerly missing people Cybercrime in the United States 2002 in Arkansas 2002 murders in the United States Kidnapped American children Murder in Arkansas Crimes in Arkansas Murdered American children People murdered in Arkansas Kidnappings in the United States Rapes in the United States Incidents of violence against girls Child sexual abuse in the United States Female murder victims Murder committed by adults Conway, Arkansas Faulkner County, Arkansas People from Little Rock, Arkansas Deaths by firearm in Arkansas December 2002 events in the United States Deaths by person in the United States Yahoo! Foundations based in the United States Internet-related activism Internet in the United States Non-profit organizations based in Arkansas Educational organizations based in Arkansas Burials in White County, Arkansas

69458537

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Schaefer

Gary Schaefer

Gary Lee Schaefer (born 1951) is an American murderer, kidnapper, rapist and suspected serial killer thought to be responsible for murders of three girls in Springfield, Vermont between 1979 and 1983. He confessed to two of these murders and remains a suspect in the third, but was convicted of only one and sentenced to a 30-year-to-life sentence. Early life Gary Lee Schaefer was born in 1951 in Allentown, Pennsylvania, one of several children born to Edwin and June Schaefer. Sometime during his childhood, the entire family moved to Springfield, Vermont, where they joined a closely-knit Christadelphian congregation based in the city. From a young age, Schaefer was considered as an overtly quiet, yet very friendly and reliable child who constantly did what he was told without any objections. While studying at the Springfield High School, he took part in the school's cross country running and track and field teams, where it was said that he showed a lot of athletic potential. After graduating in 1970, Schaefer enlisted in the Navy (Christadelphian churches do not allow their members to be recruited into the armed forces generally), where he served from April 1975 to 1981, being stationed at Naval Station Great Lakes; Orlando, Florida; Bethesda, Maryland; Newport, Rhode Island and Norfolk, Virginia. Later on, it would be revealed that he was court-martialed for setting fire to his apartment, for which he served a 13-month sentence at a military facility in Norfolk. He had married his wife Arlene while working at a hospital in Falmouth, Massachusetts, with whom he had two a daughter, Jodie, and a young son, who passed away from SIDS. She and Schaefer's living daughter later moved to North Charleston, South Carolina. Upon his return to Springfield, Schaefer got a job as an auto mechanic at Soucy Motors, where he was described as a good employee who never created trouble. In addition, he was also an active member of his church, working as a custodian and sometimes even giving sermons on the Bible to younger churchgoers, and took care of his mother after his father passed away from cancer on April 10, 1982. Accounts from friends and family report that favorite hobby outside of church duty was to cruise around town in his car, playing Styx songs. Despite these positive qualities, Schaefer was still considered a loner, was divorced and still lived on the family farmhouse. Murders On August 28, 1979, 13-year-old Sherry Nastasia was reported missing from her home in Springfield after she was last seen climbing into an unknown man's dark green Pontiac Firebird. She remained missing for three months, until a truck driver who had stopped at a rest area near Rockingham discovered skeletal remains near the state police barracks. It was sent to the office of Dr. Eleanor McQuillen, who identified the body as Nastasia's via dental records. Initially, the cause of death could not be determined despite several bones having been broken. Later on, it was determined that she had been likely stabbed to death by her abductor. On August 31, 1981, 12-year-old Theresa Marie Fenton went on a bike ride near her home in Springfield when she was kidnapped and taken to the woods near the Connecticut River, where she was severely beaten with a blunt instrument, partially buried at the foot of a steep hill and left to die. After she was reported missing, a search party was formed and managed to successfully locate her, but Fenton succumbed to her injuries when she was driven to the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital in nearby Hanover, New Hampshire. An extensive investigation was launched in order to find her killer, but it quickly stalled as suspects were ruled out and the detectives ran out of credible leads. Because of this, Springfield Police Chief Peter J. Herdt announced in a press conference that they were asking for help from the public in order to solve the case, hoping for the faint possibility that Fenton's killer might surrender himself. This failed to generate credible leads, and the investigation stalled again. Months after Fenton's death, her mother Barbara, a member of an all-female Bible study group, said in a publicized sermon that she believed that her daughter was now with God and the man who had killed her was "very guilt-ridden" because of his actions. At the event, the members sang choir songs such as C. Austin Miles' "In the Garden" and prayed both for Fenton and her killer's souls. Murder of Katy Richards and arrest On April 9, 1983, 11-year-old Catherine "Katy" Cullen Richards and her friend Rachel Zeitz, also 11, were walking down Pedden Hill Road in Springfield when they noticed the same car had passed them for the third time. Eventually, the driver stopped and asked them for directions to the house of a Joe Cerniglia, but he then got out of the car and threatened to kill them if they did not get in. Richards went inside the car while Zeitz ran towards the home of some neighbors, who quickly called the police. Zeitz described the assailant as being in his 20s, about 6' tall, slim, with short brown hair, wore sunglasses and a distinct red-hooded sweatshirt with the number "1983" written on one sleeve, and possibly drove a light-blue Pontiac Sunbird with a dark blue roof. The following day, Richards' partially-undressed body was found in a forested area near Springfield, showing signs of sexual assault and injuries from a blunt instrument. An identikit was made of the supposed abductor, and investigators were dispatched to interview potential witnesses. One of them was James Millay, Sr., a member of the local Christadelphian Church, who said that he had seen two girls matching the victims' description on Pedden Road, the same day that he had met a friend and fellow church-goer named Gary Schaefer, who had to leave services early due to a supposed illness. When presented with a photograph of the man, police took notice of huge similarities between Schaefer and the sketch, and they went to interrogate him at his mother's home. Schaefer denied responsibility, claiming that he had gone to Rutland with a co-worker to "pick up some cars". However, after questioning his mother and said co-worker, policemen determined that Schaefer was lying and immediately arrested him. After searching the house, investigators found the red sweatshirt described by Zeitz, which served as additional physical evidence to his potential guilt. Schaefer was put on suicide watch at the Woodstock Correctional Center with his bail set at $50,000, pleading not guilty on all charges brought against him. By that time, it was suggested that he might be linked to the murders of Nastasia and Fenton from years prior. Trials and charges Buxton kidnapping trial Before the trial even began, Schaefer was proposed as a suspect in the November 12, 1982 kidnapping and attempted rape of a 17-year-old girl in Chester. In that incident, Deana Buxton was picked up by a man who claimed to be from Bellows Falls, but when she entered a car, he pulled a shotgun on her and made sexual advances towards her. Thankfully, she managed to escape when the offender stopped to buy some beer at a convenience store in Hartford. He would eventually be arraigned on a separate kidnapping charge for this case on April 21, 1983. On the aforementioned date, the trial began in the district court of White River Junction. At the trial, a discrepancy in police statements was corrected, as it was revealed that tha alleged offender had stopped to relieve himself at the rest area, and not to buy beer. Much of the information surrounding the trial was sealed, as Justice George F. Ellison issued a gag order on the case, citing his concern about the possibility of the defendant not getting a fair trial due to the extensive media coverage. Richards murder trial Even before the Buxton trial had concluded, Schaefer was charged with the Richards murder, since lab results examining blood and hair samples were finally released. The prosecutor, William S. Bos, noted that it would not prejudice the case, as both he and the police were confident that Schaefer was the perpetrator. In response to these charges, Schaefer pleaded not guilty. In the meantime, two newspapers, the Vermont-based Rutland Herald and the New Hampshire-based Valley News, filed charges against Justice Ellison, claiming that his gag order and subsequent media blackout on the trial was unconstitutional. In early October 1983, Richards' mother told the press that Schaefer had allegedly written a letter in which he confessed his responsibility for the murder of her daughter and Theresa Fenton, but was unable to provide it due to the gag order issued on the case. The following month, after undergoing a psychiatric examination conducted by doctors E. Haskell Schell, Jr. and Erwin Stunkel, Schaefer was declared sane to stand trial. On December 5, Schaefer suddenly changed his plea to no contest, saying through his attorney that he wanted to "clear himself in the eyes of God". As a result, he was given a 30-year-to-life sentence for the Richards killing, with an additional 15-to-20 years for the other charges relating to the Buxton case. After sentencing, his attorney, Donald H. Graham, suggested that Schaefer be enrolled in a sex offender treatment study at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, where he would undergo treatment with Depo-Provera. Fenton and Nastasia charges Following the Richards conviction, authorities started investigating Schaefer in relation to other murders, including the 1968 murder of Joanne Dunham in Charlestown, New Hampshire - a possible victim of the Connecticut River Valley Killer. In January 1984, it was that authorities would interview Schaefer for the Fenton murder. The interview would be conducted at the Woodstock Community Correctional Center, before he could be transferred to the St. Albans Correctional Center and later to a federal prison. Schaefer later met with Fenton's mother, and during their talk, he reportedly confessed to the murder again, but as he was granted immunity from prosecution as part of his plea deal, he could not be charged with the murder. Fenton's parents later created the Theresa M. Fenton Information Fund, which provided trustees and family members of Schaefer's victims with monetary compensation. A notable exception was Deana Buxton, who later attempted to sue the foundation for $14,000, saying that she was entitled to the money as she was the one who had positively identified Schaefer out of a suspect line-up. On May 7, 1984, Schaefer was finally charged with Nastasia's murder, with Justice Ellison presiding over the trial. Schaefer pleaded not guilty to the murder, with his lawyer alleging that his naval records showed that he was not in Springfield on the day of the murder. This trial received substantial media coverage, which raised concerns that some of the evidence might be rendered inadmissible. The trial itself was also prolonged by the fact that Ellison granted Schaefer's lawyer additional time to locate supposed witnesses which could corroborate his client's alibi. At one point, Detective Michael J. LeClair of the Windsor County Attorney's Office claimed that the Springfield police had botched the original investigations, and offered to interview Schaefer anew in relation to the Nastasia case, which was denied. In an unexpected turn of events, the psychologist who had previously examined Schaefer, Edwin Stunkel, announced that the convict suffered from multiple personality disorder. Eventually, the murder charges against Schaefer were dropped altogether, as a judge ruled that his confession was obtained illegetimately through hypnosis. Three years later, representatives of several newspapers requested that the case records finally be unsealed, but to no avail. As of December 2021, the Nastasia murder officially remains unsolved, while Schaefer's incarceration status is unclear. See also Connecticut River Valley Killer External links State v. Schaefer (1990) References 1951 births Christadelphians Criminals from Pennsylvania Living people 20th-century American criminals American male criminals Suspected serial killers American murderers of children American kidnappers American people convicted of murder People convicted of murder by Vermont American people convicted of rape American people convicted of kidnapping American prisoners and detainees Prisoners and detainees of Vermont American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment People from Allentown, Pennsylvania

69459012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone%20Garner%20%28politician%29

Tyrone Garner (politician)

Tyrone A. Garner (born 1969) is an American politician and retired police officer who is currently serving as the 31st mayor of Kansas City, Kansas since 2021. He previously served as the deputy chief of the Kansas City Police Department. Tyrone Garner was born in Portland, Maine. He grew up in San Jose, California before he and his family moved to Kansas City, KS at the beginning of his freshman year in high school. He graduated from Wyandotte High School in 1987 and enlisted in the United States Army. After being honorably discharged, Garner joined the KCKPD where he would serve for over three decades, attaining the ranks of captain, major, and ultimately deputy chief. Mr. Garner was the first and only African American KCK Police Officer to attend and graduate from the prestigious FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia and was the first African American male Commander to ever command the western portion of KCKS. He retired in 2019, and briefly served on the Kansas City Kansas Community College Board of Trustees. Garner served as a Governor-appointed Kansas African American Affairs Commissioner for the Kansas Congressional 3rd District. He also appointed the first African-American Female Chief of Staff and County Administrator in Wyandotte County. On November 2, 2021, Garner defeated incumbent David Alvey in a close election to become the first African-American mayor/CEO of the United Government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas. He took office on December 13, 2021. Controversies On December 16, 2021, Mayor Garner proposed ending the county's mask mandate early amid rising Covid-19 cases and against the appeal of county health officials. The repeal of the mask mandate was one of Mayor Garner's first acts in office. On December 27th 2021, Mayor Garner closed the county's sole cold-weather shelter. After citizen protests and an emergency commissioners meeting, the cold shelter was eventually allowed to open. On January 18th 2022, KCTV News broke the story that Mayor Garner charged county taxpayers $85,569 for a new Yukon Denali. After widespread community debate, Mayor Garner returned the luxury SUV on February 8, 2022. See also List of first African-American mayors References 1960s births 20th-century African-American people 21st-century African-American politicians 21st-century American politicians African-American people in Kansas politics Date of birth missing (living people) FBI National Academy graduates Kansas Democrats Living people Mayors of places in Kansas Politicians from Kansas City, Kansas Politicians from San Jose, California African-American mayors in Kansas

69459362

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacemeal%20Wholefoods

Peacemeal Wholefoods

Peacemeal Wholefoods was a grocery shop based on Caledonian Road, London. It was founded in 1985 by trustees of the British pacifist magazine Peace News and employees of the radical bookshop Housmans. History Peacemeal Wholefoods was founded by trustees of Peace News and two employees of Housmans: Nigel Kemp and Alexander Donaldson. Housmans is a sister company to Peace News. The premises of Peacemeal Wholefoods were based at 10 Caledonian Road, across the road from the headquarters of Peace News and Housmans at 5 Caledonian Road. The latter became the registered address for Peacemeal Wholefoods. Produce stocked at Peacemeal Wholefoods included fresh vegetarian and vegan takeaways, various wholefood suppliers, biodegradable washing powder, Nicaraguan coffee, and Loseley Dairy Ice Cream. Oral history Grassroots organisations based opposite Peacemeal Wholefoods at 5 Caledonian Road included the London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard. In 2021, former Switchboard volunteer Steve Craftman told the 5 Cally Road research project that volunteers' meal allowances were often spent at Peacemeal Wholefoods. In a 2020 interview with 5 Cally Road researchers, Nigel Kemp and Alexander Donaldson recalled how Peacemeal Wholefoods catered a specially charted train from London to Manchester on February 20 1988. The train was organised by the Organisation for Lesbian and Gay Action to transport people demonstrating against Section 28. Closure Peacemeal Wholefoods Ltd was dissolved as a company as of 1991. Nigel Kemp and Alexander Donaldson, who would go on to found Judd Books together in 1992. The premises at 10 Caledonian Road have since been used by other businesses including Tony's Hemp Corner, a health food shop that sold cannabis for medical use to customers with AIDS, cancer, and other health issues until it was raided by police. References External links 5 Cally Road - a research project that includes photographs and oral history of Peacemeal Wholefoods British grocers Food retailers Retailers by type of merchandise sold

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Canadian%20foreign%20policy

History of Canadian foreign policy

The foreign policies of Canada and its predecessor colonies were under British control until the 20th century. This included wars with the United States in 1775-1783 and 1812–1815. Economic ties with the U.S. were always close. Political tensions arose in the 19th century from anti-British feeling in the U.S. in the 1860s. Boundary issues caused serious trouble in the 1840s over the Maine boundary and early 1900s, in the early 20th century over the Alaska boundary, and in recent years over the Arctic. Relations have been friendly with the U.S. in the 20th and 21st centuries. Canada participated in Britain's wars, especially the Boer war, World War I and World War II. However, there was a bitter dispute between Francophone and Anglophone Canada during the First World War. Canada had its own seat in the League of Nations but played a small role in world affairs until the 1940s. Since then it has been active in NATO, the United Nations, and in promoting its middle-power status into an active role in world affairs. History Colonial era to 1867 The British North American colonies which today constitute modern Canada had no control over their foreign affairs until the achievement of responsible government in the late 1840s. Up to that time, negotiations were carried out by the governors appointed by the British government to encourage immigration, settle local disputes and to promote trade. Disputes with the United States American Revolution The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the war. Britain made several concessions to the Americans at the expense of the North American colonies. Notably, the borders between Canada and the United States were officially demarcated; all land south of the Great Lakes, which was formerly a part of the Province of Quebec and included modern-day Michigan, Illinois and Ohio, was ceded to the Americans. Fishing rights were also granted to the United States in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the coast of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks. Britain ignored part of the treaty and maintained their military outposts in the Great Lakes areas it had ceded to the U.S., and they continued to supply their native allies with munitions. The British evacuated the outposts with the Jay Treaty of 1795, but the continued supply of munitions irritated the Americans in the run-up to the War of 1812. Other interactions Notable interactions from the colonial period include the Nootka Convention, the War of 1812, the Rush–Bagot Treaty, the Treaty of 1818, the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, and the Oregon Treaty. Before the granting of responsible government, British diplomats handled foreign affairs and had the goal of achieving British goals, especially peace with the United States; domestic Canadian interests were secondary. The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 signalled an important change in relations between Britain and its North American colonies. In this treaty, the Canadas were allowed to impose tariff duties more favourable to a foreign country (the U.S.) than to Britain, a precedent that was extended by new tariffs in 1859, 1879 and 1887, despite angry demands on the part of British industrialists that these tariffs be disallowed by London. Dominion of Canada: 1867-1914 Soon after Confederation, the first prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald appointed Sir John Rose as his lobbyist in London. When Alexander Mackenzie became prime minister, he sent George Brown to represent Canada in Washington during British-American trade talks. After the Conservative Party came back to power in 1878, the government sent Alexander Galt to London, as well as to France and Spain. Although the British government was concerned about this nascent Canadian diplomacy, it finally consented to giving Galt the formal title of High Commissioner in 1880. A trade commissioner was appointed to Australia in 1894. As High Commissioner, Charles Tupper helped negotiate an agreement with France in 1893 but it was countersigned by the British ambassador as the Queen's official representative to France. Meanwhile, in 1882 the province of Quebec made its first of many forays into the international community by sending a representative, Hector Fabre to Paris in 1882. Canada's responses to international events elsewhere were limited at this time. During 1878 tensions between Britain and Russia, for example, Canada constructed a few limited defences but did little else. By the time of the British campaign in Sudan of 1884–85, however, Canada was expected to contribute troops. Since Ottawa was reluctant to become involved, the Governor General of Canada privately raised 386 voyageurs at Britain's expense to help British forces on the Nile river. By 1885, many Canadians offered to volunteer as part of a potential Canadian force, however the government declined to act. This stood in sharp contrast to Australia (New South Wales), which raised and paid for its own troops. According to Carman Miller, Canada took a strong interest in the Boer war, 1899–1902, when the British with great difficulty suppressed the Boer movement in South Africa. Support for the war was strong in the Anglophone community, as thousands of ambitious young men volunteered and fought. However, there was resistance in rural Canada, the labor movement, non-Anglican clergyman, and the large Irish Catholic community, as well as the smaller Dutch and German communities. Supporters saw an opportunity to assert that Canadian national identity was compatible with ties with the mother country. That alliance, they felt, would help protect them from American threats. Other supporters identified strongly with the pan-Britannic theme, cheering for "Queen and country!" The French Canadian community realized how different it was from Britannia, and began launching separatist movements. The first Canadian commercial representative abroad was John Short Larke. Larke became Canada's first trade commissioner following a successful trade delegation to Australia led by Canada's first Minister of Trade and Commerce, Mackenzie Bowell. The Alaska boundary dispute, simmering since the US purchased Alaska from Russia of 1867, became critical when gold was discovered in the Canadian Yukon during the late 1890s. Alaska controlled all the possible ports of entry. Canada argued its boundary included the port of Skagway, held by the U.S.. The dispute went to arbitration in 1903, but the British delegate sided with the Americans, angering Canadians who felt the British had betrayed Canadian interests to curry favour with the U.S. In 1909, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier reluctantly established a Department of External Affairs and the positions of Secretary and Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, largely at the urging of the Governor-General Earl Grey and James Bryce, the British ambassador in Washington, who estimated that three-quarters of his embassy's time was devoted to Canadian-American matters. Laurier signed a reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower tariffs in both directions. Conservatives under Robert Borden denounced it, saying it would integrate Canada's economy into that of the U.S. and loosen ties with Britain. The Conservative party won the 1911 Canadian federal election. 1914-1929 First World War The Canadian Forces and civilian participation in the First World War helped to foster a sense of British-Canadian nationhood. The British-oriented population was empowered, and everyone else was marginalized, especially the French, Irish Catholic, and East European elements. The famous military achievements came during the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele battles and what later became known as "Canada's Hundred Days". The costs were high: 67,000 killed and 173,000. British Canadians were annoyed in 1914-16 when Washington insisted on neutrality and seemed to profit heavily while Canada was sacrificing its wealth and its youth. However, when the US finally declared war on Germany in April 1917, there was swift cooperation and friendly coordination, as one historian report: Official co-operation between Canada and the United States—the pooling of grain, fuel, power, and transportation resources, the underwriting of a Canadian loan by bankers of New York—produced a good effect on the public mind. Canadian recruiting detachments were welcomed in the United States, while a reciprocal agreement was ratified to facilitate the return of draft-evaders. A Canadian War Mission was established at Washington, and many other ways the activities of the two countries were coordinated for efficiency. Immigration regulations were relaxed and thousands of American farmhands crossed the border to assist in harvesting the Canadian crops. Officially and publicly, at least, the two nations were on better terms than ever before in their history, and on the American side this attitude extended through almost all classes of society. Support for Britain caused a major political crisis over conscription, as Francophones, especially in Quebec, rejected national policies. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was an enemy in the war. Large numbers of its emigrants had settled in The Prairie provinces. Some 8000 were classified as enemy aliens, and were interred in camps. Another 80,000 had to report regularly to the local police. The Liberal party was deeply split, with most of its Anglophone leaders joining the unionist government headed by Prime Minister Robert Borden, the leader of the Conservative party. The Liberals regained their influence after the war under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie King, who served as prime minister with three separate terms between 1921 and 1949. As its reward for significant contributions to the victory, Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden won London's approval that Canada be treated as a separate signatory to the Treaty of Versailles. 1920s After Canada shared in victory in the First World War, there were two alternative strategies for Canada's foreign policy, according to C.P. Stacey. The Conservative Party, under prime ministers Robert Borden and Arthur Meighen, called for close cooperation with London as part of the British Empire. This carried on the wartime coalition built on pro—British elements. However the Liberal Party, under its new leader Mackenzie King, sought a nationalistic and isolationist approach of the sort that appealed to the French Canadian element, as well as other non-British ethnic groups. King, acting as his own Foreign Minister, achieved his goal by close cooperation with his Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, Oscar D. Skelton, and with Clifford Sifton, the influential newspaperman from Manitoba. In January 1920 Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations and was granted full membership. It acted independently of London. It was elected to the League Council (governing board) in 1927. It did not play a leading role, and generally opposed sanctions or military action by the League. The League was virtually defunct by 1939. Both the Borden and King governments made it clear that "Canada lived 'in a fireproof house far from flammable materials' and felt no automatic obligation to the principle of collective security". Very much like the United States, Canada turned away from international politics. Instead, King focused his attention on good relations with the United States and on greater independence from Great Britain, moving into a position of near isolation. Thus, in 1922 King refused to support the British to enforce a peace settlement during the Chanak Crisis, when revolutionary Turkey attacked and drove out the Greeks in Turkey. The government operated a Canadian War Mission in Washington, 1918 to 1921, but it was not until William Lyon Mackenzie King became Prime Minister in 1921 that Canada seriously pursued an independent foreign policy. At an Imperial Conference in 1923 it was agreed that no resolution was binding unless approved by each dominion parliament. Canada then for the first time signed a treaty (the 1923 Halibut Treaty with the US) without British participation, and it proceeded to establish its own embassy in Washington. Further steps to independence were the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster in 1931. In 1923, Canada independently signed the Halibut Treaty with the United States at Mackenzie King's insistence – the first time Canada signed a treaty without the British also signing it. In 1925, the government appointed a permanent diplomat to Geneva to deal with the League of Nations and International Labour Organization. Following the Balfour Declaration of 1926, King appointed Vincent Massey as the first Canadian minister plenipotentiary in Washington (1926), raised the office in Paris to legation status under Philippe Roy (1928), and opened a legation in Tokyo with Herbert Marler as envoy (1929). Canada finally achieved legislative independence with the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, although British diplomatic missions continued to represent Canada in most countries throughout the 1930s. 1930s With the outbreak of the Great Depression in Canada in 1929, foreign trade dried up, and unemployment soared. The economy shrank by 40% in terms of gross domestic product. Canadians were all the more preoccupied with domestic economic problems. With little dissent Canada chose to remain neutral throughout the 1930s. Japan's invasion of Manchuria raised little concern in Canada, nor did Hitler's rise to power in 1933 or Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. The government declared its neutrality on the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 where Francisco Franco lead a military uprising, supported with military hardware and tens of thousands of troops by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy against the legitimate Spanish government. Nevertheless, some Canadians volunteered to fight for the Spanish Republic in the International Brigades. They were not deterred by the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1937, outlawing participation by Canadians in foreign wars. Eventually, 1,546 Canadians participated, mainly in the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion (also called "Mac-Paps") of whom 721 were killed. Except for France, no other country gave as great a proportion of its population as volunteers in Spain than Canada. Despite its expressed neutrality, in 1936, Canada began a modest program of rearmament and in 1937, King let Britain know that Canada would support it in case of a war in Europe. He visited Germany in June 1937 and met with Adolf Hitler. Like many other political leaders of the time, King was seduced by Hitler's charm and rehearsed simplicity. He supported the policy of "appeasement" of Germany. King and other leaders remained quiet when Hitler annexed Austria in 1938 and Bohemia in 1939. With the rise of anti-Semitism in Germany and the growing trickle of refugees arriving in the country, Canada began to actively restrict Jewish immigration by 1938. Frederick Charles Blair, the country's top immigration official, raised the amount of money immigrants had to possess to come to Canada from $5,000 to $15,000. King himself shared the anti-Semitism of many Canadians; in his diary he wrote: "We must seek to keep this part of the continent free from unrest and from too great an intermixture of foreign strains of blood." "Through government inaction and Blair's bureaucratic anti-Semitism, Canada emerged from the war with one of the worst records of Jewish refugee resettlement in the world. Between 1933 and 1939, Canada accepted only 4,000 of the 800,000 Jews who had escaped from Nazi-controlled Europe." World War II After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Canada rapidly expanded its diplomatic missions abroad. While Canada hosted two major Allied conferences in Quebec in 1943 and 1944, neither Prime Minister Mackenzie King nor senior generals and admirals were invited to take part in any of the discussions. Indeed, Roosevelt and Churchill did not allow Canada a seat in any conference or major war planning committee. Ugly false rumours of systematic Japanese spies and saboteurs, combined with long-standing hostility toward Japanese, led to the internment in inland camps of 21,000 Japanese in British Columbia. 1945 to 1957 The Canadian Institute of International Affairs (CIIA) has long been the intellectual centre of foreign policy thinking. Its current name is the "Canadian International Council". Under businessman Edgar Tarr, 1931 to 1950, the CIIA went beyond the original neutral and apolitical research role. Instead it championed Canadian national autonomy and sought to enlarge the nation's international role, while challenging British imperialism. Numerous diplomats attended its conferences and supported its new mission. Canada's foreign policy moved away from classical imperialism and toward the modern approach by the United States. CIIA leaders and Canadian officials worked to encouraged nationalist forces in India, China, and Southeast Asia that sought to reject colonial rule and Western dominance. According to Hector Mackenzie, the myth of a glorious postwar era in Canada's international relations is common in memoirs and biographies of Canadian diplomats, journalism and popular commentary. It sometimes appears in scholarly studies. This story is used as evidence of Canada's exceptionalism, its special world mission and its supposed deeply felt internationalism. It is easy to take this myth as a standard against which recent history is judged. Mackenzie argues the myth is deeply mistaken especially regarding Canadian motives and achievements in world affairs during 1939 to 1957. Diplomats reminiscing about the postwar era stress the outsized role of Lester B. Pearson; they fondly call the 1940s and 1950s a "golden era" of Canadian foreign policy. It is matched against the isolationism of the 1930s, which James Eayrs called a low, dishonest decade." However, the Golden Era tag has been challenged as a romantic exaggeration. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, working closely with his Foreign Minister Louis St. Laurent, handled foreign relations 1945–48 in cautious fashion. Canada lent and donated over $2 billion to Britain to help it rebuild (by purchasing Canadian exports). It was elected to the UN Security Council. It helped design NATO. However, Mackenzie King rejected free trade with the United States, and decided not to play a role in the Berlin airlift. Canada had been actively involved in the League of Nations, primarily because it could act separately from Britain. It played a modest role in the postwar formation of the United Nations, as well as the International Monetary Fund. It played a somewhat larger role in 1947 in designing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Ties with Great Britain gradually weakened, especially in 1956 when Canada refused to support the British and French invasion of Egypt in order to seize the Suez Canal. Liberal Lester B. Pearson as External Affairs Minister (foreign minister) won the Nobel Peace Prize for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force in 1956 to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. From 1939 to 1968, foreign policy was based on close relationships with the United States, especially in trade and defence policy, with Canada an active member of NATO as well as a bilateral partner with the United States in forming a northern defence against Soviet bombers. In 1950–53, Canada sent troops to the Korean War in defence of South Korea. For Lester Pearson, cultural differences, Francophone versus Anglophone, could perhaps be narrowed by involvement in world affairs. Canadians could gain a broader, more cosmopolitan, more liberal outlook. A sense of national identity, built on the middle size nation thesis, was possible. Perhaps international commitment would produce a sense of purpose and thereby unite Canadians. There were voices on both left and right that Warned against being too close to the United States. Few Canadians listened before 1957. Instead, there was wide consensus on Canadian foreign and defence policies 1948 to 1957. Bothwell, Drummond and English state: That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past. However the consensus did not last. By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy big came unstuck. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one." 1957 to 2006 The general pattern in the 20th century, was for the Liberal party, especially when it controlled the government under Laurier (1896–1911) and Mackenzie King (1921–1930, 1935–1948), to favour closer ties with the United States, often at the expense of Great Britain and the British Commonwealth. The Conservative party, on the other hand, with its voting base in the British element, took the opposite position. Thus the Conservatives defeated the 1911 reciprocity treaty with the United States, and took the lead in supporting Britain in the First World War, wild working feverishly to suppress anti-British sentiment in Québec and the Prairie provinces. However John Diefenbaker, the conservative Prime Minister 1957–1963, was shocked to discover that the British were serious about entry into the Common Market. The Conservatives saw this as a betrayal of the Commonwealth ideal, and let the opposition to London's plans. French President de Gaulle vetoed London's application, but it finally joined in 1975, with the result of weakening ties to Canada and the Commonwealth. Peacekeeping The success of the Suez peacekeeping mission led Canadians to embrace peacekeeping as a suitable role for a middle-sized country, looking for a role, and having high regards for the United Nations. Canada's role in the development of peacekeeping during the late 20th century led to the reputation as a prominent player in world affairs. Canada's commitment to multilateralism has been closely related to peacekeeping efforts. Canadian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lester B. Pearson was the father of modern United Nations Peacekeeping. Prior to Canada's role in the Suez Canal Crisis, Canada was viewed by many as insignificant in issues of the world's traditional powers. Canada's successful role in the conflict gave Canada credibility and established it as a nation fighting for the common good of all the world's nations and not just their allies. Canada sent a peacekeeping force to Cyprus in 1964, when two NATO members, Greece and Turkey were at swords' point over ethnic violence in the historic British colony. The Canadians left in 1993 after 28 were killed and many wounded in the operation. Peacekeeping help was needed in the Belgian Congo in 1960–64, after Belgium pulled out. There were numerous other small interventions. Canada took a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam in the 1960s. In 1993 violent misbehavior by Canadian peacekeeping forces in Somalia shocked the nation. Since 1995, Canadian direct participation in United Nations peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined. That number decreased largely because Canada began to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than through the UN. In July 2006, for instance, Canada ranked 51st on the list of UN peacekeepers, contributing 130 peacekeepers out of a total UN deployment of over 70,000; whereas in November 1990 Canada had 1,002 troops out of a total UN deployment of 10,304. Relations with US and others US President Dwight Eisenhower took pains to foster good relations with Progressive Conservative John Diefenbaker (1957–1963) . That led to approval of plans to join together in NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Relations with President John Kennedy were much less cordial. Diefenbaker opposed apartheid in the South Africa and helped force it out of the Commonwealth of Nations. His indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall. The Vietnam War (1964–1975) was very unpopular in Canada, which provided only minimal diplomatic support and no military participation. Liberal Lester B. Pearson as Prime Minister (1963–1968) avoided any involvement in Vietnam. Foreign affairs was not high on his agenda, as he concentrated on complex internal political problems. Under Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979 and 1980–1984) foreign policy was much less important than internal unity. There were multiple new approaches, some of which involved standing apart from the United States. Trudeau recognized communist China shortly before the United States did, improved relationships with the Soviet Union, and cut back on contributions to NATO. While not cutting back on trade with the United States, he did emphasize improved trade with Europe and Asia. By his third year in office, however, Trudeau launched a new initiative, emphasizing Canada's role as a middle power with the ability to engage in active peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations. Foreign aid was expanded, especially to the non-white Commonwealth. Canada joined most of NATO in imposing sanctions on Russia for its invasion of Afghanistan in 1979–80. President Ronald Reagan took office in Washington in 1981, and relationships cooled. However, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Canada joined most of NATO and sending troops to the Persian Gulf war. Although Canada remained part of NATO, a strong military presence was considered unnecessary by 1964, and funding was diverted into peacekeeping missions. Only 20,000 soldiers were left. In 2006, Andrew Richter called this, "Forty years of neglect, indifference, and apathy." Québec started operating its own foreign policy in the 1960s, so that in key countries Canada had two separate missions with diverging priorities. 2006 to present Stephen Harper The Conservative Party Government of Canada led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper has been characterized as a great break from the previous 70 years of post-war Canadian diplomacy. Indeed, Harper moved away from the multilateral and internationalist policies of the Liberal Party, and reduced Canada's emphasis on the United Nations, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, and multilateralism. Harper's foreign policy has been described as "ideological", incoherent" and "diaspora-driven". Harper sought to strengthen cooperation with the United States, particularly in their War on terror. As part of this policy, his government continued and expanded Canada's participation in the US-led War in Afghanistan. Harper also led Canada in the Libyan civil war and the Syrian civil war. In parallel, Harper showed relentless support for Israel throughout his whole premiership. Justin Trudeau Canada's current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Marc Garneau, who was given the portfolio on January 12, 2021. Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the like-minded United States President Barack Obama, despite Trudeau's support for the Keystone Pipeline which was rejected by the Democratic President. Trudeau's first foreign policy challenges included respecting his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the Syrian civil war and to welcome 25,000 Syrian war refugees. Trudeau had a much frostier relationship with Obama's successor, Donald Trump. The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of NAFTA to create the CUSMA (known as USMCA in the US), in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American milk, weakening Canada's dairy supply management system. Trump also implemented tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum, to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing tariffs on American steel, aluminum and a variety of other American products. At the 2018 G7 summit, Trump called Trudeau "very dishonest and weak" in response to comments that Trudeau had made in a press conference, regarding Trump's tariffs. Trudeau again drew Trump's ire at the 2019 NATO summit when he was seen on video gossiping with his British and Dutch counterparts, Boris Johnson and Mark Rutte, as well as French president Emmanuel Macron, about a press conference that Trump had held earlier that day. Trump responded by calling Trudeau "two-faced" when asked by a reporter about the incident. After Joe Biden was elected to succeed Trump in 2020, Trudeau was the first foreign leader to speak with Biden directly as president-elect. Trudeau was also the first leader to speak with Biden once he assumed office, and Biden's first formal bilateral meeting was with Trudeau, though it was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Canada's relationship with China has deteriorated under Trudeau's leadership, chiefly as a result of the Meng Wanzhou affair. Since Wanzhou's arrest at the Vancouver airport in December 2018, two Canadians (Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig) have been held in custody in China. Both countries have requested the release of their nationals, which they see as political prisoners. Trudeau claims he does not have the authority to free Wanzhou, as his policy is to respect Canada's extradition treaty with the United States. In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia has deteriorated during Trudeau's premiership, as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by his predecessor. In 2018, Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country after Canada had called on the Saudis to release opposition blogger Raif Badawi. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen." India's intelligence agencies, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) and the Indian Intelligence Bureau, have been accused of trying to "covertly influence" Canadian politicians into supporting the Indian interests. According to the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs expert, "To my mind, this is one of the first public examples of evidence of clandestine foreign influence targeted at Canadian politicians." In 2020, Canada lost its bid to join the United Nations Security Council. This was the second time Canada failed in an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in 2009 under Trudeau's predecessor. See also Global Affairs Canada, current name for the department handling foreign affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada) Canada–China relations Canada–France relations Canada–Germany relations Canada–Russia relations Canada–United Kingdom relations Canada–United States relations Military history of Canada Military history of Canada during World War I Canada in World War II List of conflicts in Canada List of Canadian peacekeeping missions Notable Canadian diplomats Robert Borden Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside William Lyon Mackenzie King Vincent Massey Lester B. Pearson Norman Robinson Oscar D. Skelton Pierre Trudeau Hume Wrong Notes Further reading Surveys Bothwell, Robert. Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945-1984 (2007) online; also online reviews Bothwell, Robert and Jean Daudelin eds. Canada Among Nations: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy (2009). Cavell, Janice, and Ryan M. Touhey, eds. Reassessing the Rogue Tory: Canadian Foreign Relations in the Diefenbaker Era (UBC Press, 2018). Dewitt, David B. Canada as a principal power: a study in foreign policy and international relations (1983) online Eayrs, James. In Defence of Canada. (5 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1964–1983) the standard history In Defence of Canada Volume I: From the Great War to the Great Depression (1964). In Defence of Canada Volume II: Appeasement and Rearmament. (1965). In Defence of Canada Volume III: Peacemaking and Deterrence (1972) online In Defence of Canada: Volume IV: Growing Up Allied (1980) In Defence of Canada: Volume V: Indochina: Roots of Complicity (1983) Fox, Annette Baker. Canada in World Affairs (Michigan State UP, 1996) Glazebrook, G. P. de T. A history of Canadian external relations (1950) online Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts MacKay, R. A. and E.B. Rogers. Canada Looks Abroad (1938) online good survey of issues and institutions dealing with foreign policy. online review Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 1: 1867–1921 (U of Toronto Press, 1979), a standard scholarly history Stacey, C. P. Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 2: 1921–1948, The Mackenzie King Years (U of Toronto Press, 1981), a standard scholarly history; online Specialized studies Black, J. L. Canada in the Soviet mirror: ideology and perception in Soviet foreign affairs, 1917-1991 (1998) online Bothwell, Robert. The big chill: Canada and the Cold War (1998) online Bugailiskis, Alex, and Andrés Rozental, eds. Canada Among Nations, 2011-2012: Canada and Mexico's Unfinished Agenda (2012) further details Carnaghan, Matthew, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006) Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture (UBC Press, 2016). Cook, Tim. Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King, and Canada's world wars (2012) online Glazov, Jamie. Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union (2003). Granatstein, J. L. Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government (1990) online Granatstein, J. L. A man of influence: Norman A. Robertson and Canadian statecraft, 1929-68 (1981) Norman Robertson was a leading diplomat; online. Hampson, Fen Osler, and James A. Baker. Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy (2018) Hawes, Michael K., and Christopher John Kirkey, eds. Canadian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World (Oxford UP, 2017). Hillmer, Norman and Philippe Lagassé. Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 2017 (2018) Holmes John W. The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order. (2 vols. U of Toronto Press, 1979, 1982) James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. Handbook of Canadian foreign policy (Lexington Books, 2006), essays by experts; 610pp excerpt James, Patrick. Canada and Conflict (Oxford UP, 2012) H-DIPLO online reviews June 2014 Keating, Thomas F. Canada and world order: the multilateralist tradition in Canadian foreign policy (2002) online Kirk, John M. and Peter McKenna; Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy UP of Florida (1997). Kukucha, Christopher J. "Neither adapting nor innovating: the limited transformation of Canadian foreign trade policy since 1984." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (2018): 1–15. McCullough, Colin, and Robert Teigrob, eds. Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects (2017). Mackenzie, David. Canada and the First World War (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 2019). excerpts Miller, Carman. "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902." South African Historical Journal 41.1 (1999): 312–323. Paris, Roland. "Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era." International Journal 69.3 (2014): 274–307. online Prang, Margaret. N.W. Rowell: Ontario Nationalist (1975) Liberal activist in 1820s and 1930s online Reid, Escott. Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty, 1947–1949 (1977) online Rempel, Roy. Counterweights: The Failure of Canada's German and European Policy, 1955-1995 (1996)online Rochlin, James. Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America (U of British Columbia Press, 1994) Sarty, Keigh. “The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy.” International Journal 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020968941. online review Stacey, C. P. Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945 (1970), the standard history of WWII policies; online free Stevenson, Brian J. R. Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990 (2000) online Relations with United States Allen, H. C. Great Britain and the United States: a history of Anglo-American relations (1783-1952) (1955). online Azzi, Stephen. Reconcilable Differences: A History of Canada-US Relations (Oxford University Press, 2014) Behiels, Michael D. and Reginald C. Stuart, eds. Transnationalism: Canada-United States History into the Twenty-First Century (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010) 312 pp. online 2012 review Bothwell, Robert. Canada and the United States (1992) online Brebner, J.B. North Atlantic Triangle: The Interplay of Canada, the United States, and Great Britain (1945) Brown, Robert Craig. Canada's national policy, 1883-1900 : a study in Canadian-American relations (1964) online Callahan, James Morton. American Foreign Policy in Canadian Relations (1937) detailed factual summary. online Clarkson, Stephen. Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism and the Canadian State (University of Toronto Press, 2002) Congressional Research Service. Canada-U.S. Relations (Congressional Research Service, 2021) 2021 Report, by an agency of the U.S. government; not copyright; Updated February 10, 2021. Granatstein, J. L. and Norman Hillmer, For Better or for Worse: Canada and the United States to the 1990s (1991). Hale, Geoffrey. So Near Yet So Far: The Public and Hidden Worlds of Canada-US Relations (University of British Columbia Press, 2012); 352 pages focus on 2001–2011 Kohn, Edward P. This Kindred People: Canadian-American Relations and the Anglo-Saxon Idea, 1895–1903 (2005) Lennox, Patrick. At Home and Abroad: The Canada-U.S. Relationship and Canada's Place in the World (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 192 pages; the post–World War II period. McCormick, James M. "Pivoting toward Asia: Comparing the Canadian and American Policy Shifts." American Review of Canadian Studies 46.4 (2016): 474–495. McInnis, Edgard W. The Unguarded Frontier: A History of American-Canadian Relations (1942) online; well-regarded older study McKercher, Asa. Camelot and Canada: Canadian-American Relations in the Kennedy Era (Oxford UP, 2016). xii, 298 pp. 1960–1963. McKercher, B. J. C., and Lawrence Aronsen. North Atlantic Triangle in a Changing World : Anglo-American-Canadian Relations, 1902-1956 (1995) Mahant, Edelgard E. and Graeme S. Mount.An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (2nd ed 1984) online Melnyk, George. Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War (U of Calgary Press, 2004), highly critical of USA. Miller, Ronnie. Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order (Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1994) Mount, Graeme S. and Edelgard Mahant, Invisible and Inaudible in Washington: American Policies toward Canada during the Cold War (1999) Muirhead, Bruce. "From Special Relationship to Third Option: Canada, the U.S., and the Nixon Shock," American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 34, 2004 Myers, Phillip E. Dissolving Tensions: Rapprochement and Resolution in British-American-Canadian Relations in the Treaty of Washington Era, 1865–1914 (Kent State UP, 2015). x, 326 pp. Perras, Galen Roger. Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933–1945: Necessary, but Not Necessary Enough (Praeger Publishers, 1998) Stairs Denis, and Gilbert R. Winham, eds. The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States (U of Toronto Press, 1985) Tansill, C. C. Canadian-American Relations, 1875–1911 (1943) Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; Canada-United States Treaty Relations (Duke UP, 1963) Historiography Boucher, Jean-Christophe. "Yearning for a progressive research program in Canadian foreign policy." International Journal 69.2 (2014): 213–228. online commentary H-DIPLO Bratt, Duane and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. . Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy: Classic Debates and New Ideas (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2015); 28 scholarly essays on recent episodes Gatenby, Greg. The very richness of that past: Canada through the eyes of foreign writers (2 vol 1995) vol 2 online Glazebrook, G. P. de T. "Canadian Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Modern History 21#1 (1949), pp. 44–55 online; guide to primary sources and bibliographies as of 1949. Kirton, John J., and Don Munton. Canadian foreign policy: Selected cases (Prentice-Hall Canada, 1992) 24 episodes 1945 to 1991. includes: Kirton, John. "The 10 most important books on Canadian foreign policy." International Journal 64.2 (2009): 553-564. Molot, Maureen Appel. "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", International Journal of Canadian Studies (Spring-Fall 1990) 1#2 pp 77–96. Nossal, Kim Richard. "Right and wrong in foreign policy 40 years on: Realism and idealism in Canadian foreign policy." International Journal 62.2 (2007): 263–277. Primary Sources Dawson, Robert MacGregor, ed. The development of dominion status, 1900-1936 (1965) online, strong on foreign policy Granatstein, J. L., ed. Canadian foreign policy: historical readings (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars online free Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts Riddell, Walter A. ed. Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939 Oxford University Press, 1962 806 pages of documents Canadian foreign policy

69460159

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim%20Ismail%20Ebrahim

Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim

Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim (1 July 19376 December 2021) was a South African anti-apartheid activist of Indian origin who was a member of the African National Congress's armed wing uMkhonto we Sizwe. He was tried in the Pietermaritzburg sabotage trials of 1963 and was sentenced to a 15-year imprisonment at the Robben Island Maximum Security Prison. Popularly known as Ebie, he served as a lawmaker in the first democratically elected government of South Africa in 1994 and also served as the country's deputy minister for international relations between 2009 and 2015. Early life Ebrahim was born in Durban in 1937 to parents, Hafeeza and Mohammed Adam Modan, of Indian origin. His father was from the Indian state of Gujarat and traveled to South Africa in 1933, while his mother was born in South Africa. His father took the surname Ebrahim from the family with whom he had traveled to South Africa. Ebrahim's schooling was taken care of by his grandmother after the authorities denied him primary school admission, stating that schools for Indian students were full and could not admit him. This continued for five years until he was ten. He then joined a government funded school The Hindu Tamil Institute. Career and activism Ebrahim was exposed to speeches from the African National Congress (ANC) and Natal Indian Congress (NIC) leaders when he attended their rallies in Durban as a 13 year old. During this time he was introduced to activism that fought discrimination against Indians in the country. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance movement, he attended Albert Luthuli's rallies. Luthuli, an ANC leader, would later go on to be the first African to win a Nobel Peace Prize, in 1960. Ebrahim joined the anti-apartheid movement by joining the NIC in 1952 during the Defiance campaign. In the same year, he became a member of the ANC Youth League. As a member of the NIC he got to be a delegate to Congress of the People that adopted the Freedom Charter in 1955. He went on to become a member of the ANC armed wing Umkhonto We Sizwe in 1961 and was a member of the organization that carried out sabotage across the country. He would later say that the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, where 69 protestors were shot dead by the Transvaal police, changed his mind about peaceful means of protest and passive resistance, leading him to join the armed wing of the ANC. He was arrested in 1963 under the Sabotage act. He was tried in the Pietermaritzburg Sabotage Trial that included 18 other activists and was sentenced to a 15-year imprisonment at the Robben Island Maximum Security Prison. His time at the prison coincided with the time that other prominent activists including Nelson Mandela were in the same prison. During his time in prison, for a brief period he shared his cell with Jacob Zuma, who would later be the president of the country. Ebrahim would write in his memoir later of the physical abuse, torture, and suffering inflicted in the prison saying, "In prison we were assaulted, starved, under-clothed and exposed to bitter cold weather. We were sworn at and humiliated in the most degrading manner. We broke stones and ate a measly meal. For years we were made to stand stark naked for long periods of time in an open courtyard, sometimes in biting cold weather." Despite this, he used his time in the prison to obtain two university degrees, Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Commerce, from the University of South Africa. Ebrahim was released from prison in 1979, with the condition that he not participate in any political activities. Ebrahim went into exile in 1980 at the instructions of the ANC. However, he was arrested again in 1989 for planting landmines in white-owned farms in Swaziland (now Eswatini) in 1986, along with two others. He was kidnapped from Swaziland by South African apartheid agents and sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment, again in Robben Island. Ebrahim was released from prison in 1991, when the court of appeal ruled that the South African court's jurisdiction did not extend over a foreign country and hence ruled the kidnapping illegal. Ebrahim was part of the first democratically elected government of South Africa in 1994. In this new role, he started as a lawmaker and later became a mediator, participating in mediations between the Palestinians and Israel, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and also in Nepal, Bolivia, Kosovo, and Burundi. As a mediator in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict he advocated for a middle ground between the multiple Palestinian organizations. He met the Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat in 2001 in the West Bank during this time. In 2002, he was part of a group of South Africans that called for a Palestinian boycott of Israel and called for sanctions against the Israeli state. In 2010, he issued a statement that the "Israel and Palestine conflict is primarily about freedom to live in dignity" and called for an "end to the cleansing of Palestinians from Jerusalem." He was appointed the deputy foreign minister in 2009 and served in the position for six years between 2009 and 2015. He also served as the member of national executive of the African National Congress for over 26 years between 1991 and 2017. Personal life Ebrahim, who was also known as Ebie, met his future wife Shannon née Field, a United Nations official, in 1998. The couple married in 2000 and went on to have a son and a daughter. He also had another daughter from his earlier relationship with the American academic Julia Wells. Ebrahim was also known to be a fan of Indian film music, listening to singers including Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Kishore Kumar, and Geeta Dutt. It is noted that when he was underground on radio duty scanning radio stations, including Radio Moscow, Voice of America, South African Broadcasting Corporation, and the BBC, he would find himself tuning to All India Radio listening to Indian film music. When incarcerated prisoners in Robben island were allowed to choose music for broadcast, he would select Bollywood music to confuse the prison warders. He was also a fan of Soviet realist writer Nikolai Ostrovsky's works. Ebrahim died on 6 December 2021 at home in Johannesburg. He was aged 84. He was provided a state funeral by the Gauteng province at the Westpark Cemetery. References Further reading External links Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim: A Gentle Revolutionary at SAHistory.org.za 1937 births 2021 deaths 20th-century South African politicians 21st-century South African politicians African National Congress politicians Anti-apartheid activists Inmates of Robben Island Members of the National Assembly of South Africa People from Durban South African politicians of Indian descent South African people of Gujarati descent South African prisoners and detainees University of South Africa alumni

69460610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons%20Kelliher

Lyons Kelliher

Edward Lyons Kelliher (August 11, 1903 – January 25, 1956) was an American football player and police detective. Kelliher was born on August 11, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of police captain and lieutenant Patrick Kelliher. He did not attend college. In , at the age of 25, he was signed to play professional football by the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played the end and guard positions, and appeared in one game with the team. He later became a police detective in Chicago. He died on January 25, 1956, at the age of 52, after being shot and killed during an investigation. He and his partner were at the Boulevard Hotel in Chicago during a narcotics investigation. They were arresting two wanted men and searching them for weapons when one pulled out a .38 caliber pistol and started firing, then fled. Kelliher was shot twice in the chest and his partner was hit in the hand. They were both rushed to the Illinois Research Hospital, where Kelliher later died of his wounds. References 1903 births 1956 deaths American football ends American police detectives American football guards Chicago Cardinals players Players of American football from Chicago

69461974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20National%20Bank%20robbery

Lincoln National Bank robbery

The Lincoln National Bank robbery took place on September 17, 1930 when a group of armed men entered a bank in Lincoln, Nebraska, stole approximately $2.7 million in cash and securities, and then fled with help of a getaway driver. No one was seriously injured during the robbery. The majority of the money was never recovered. The robbery was the largest in American history until the Great Brink's Robbery twenty years later. Robbery A stolen Buick Master Six sedan with Iowa license plates stopped at 10:02 AM on September 17, 1930 in front of the Lincoln National Bank & Trust Company building, located at the intersection of 12th and O Streets in downtown Lincoln. Five men dressed in dark business suits got out of the car, leaving a driver behind the wheel with the engine still running. One man stationed himself in front of the bank. Four entered the bank, one staying just inside the front door as the other three conducted the robbery. All the men were armed. None wore a mask. The robbers forced people inside of the bank to lay down on the floor. One collected the people downstairs and moved them at gunpoint to the main floor. The robbers demanded to speak to assistant cashier H. E. Leinberger, seemingly aware that he was the only one who could open the bank vault door. Leinberger was not preset, but it was discovered that the vault door's time lock had not been set correctly, allowing access. The men collected cash, silver, and securities from the vault and from bank teller cages into pillowcases. A customer, Hugh Werner, started to enter the bank and immediately left again when she saw the robbery in progress. She went across the street to a radio store and told an employee there to call the police. Two officers were able to reach the bank while the robbery was in progress. Only one of officers was armed, with a revolver. They felt they were no match for the man posted in front of the bank, who had a machine gun. The robber motioned with his machine gun to indicate the police should leave, which they did. Robbers used their weapons to intimidate bystanders as the pillowcases of money were loaded into the Buick. Authorities were not able to track the car when they drove away. Arrests Three of the six suspects were eventually arrested. Two were never identified. Gus Winkeler, a member of Al Capone's gang, made a deal to avoid prosecution in exchange aiding in the recovery of $600,000 in bonds. References 1930 in Nebraska Bank robberies Crime in Nebraska

69462359

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eera%20Veyyil

Eera Veyyil

Eera Veyyil () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by newcomer A. K. Micheal. The film stars Aryan Rajesh and Saranya Nag with Aadukalam Naren, Nizhalgal Ravi, and Pithamagan Mahadevan in supporting roles. Plot Bala is the son of a honest tehsildar. At a temple pond, he sees a girl and splashes water on her. Bala is then taken to the police station since the girl is Priya, the daughter of the Kumbakonam mayor, Krishnamoorthy. Upon hearing this, Priya feels bad for Bala. They both start to have phone conversations and fall in love. When Priya's father learns that Priya is talking with a ruffian, he starts to hunt down Bala with the help of police officer Venugopal. How Bala tries to escape from the police forms the rest of the story. Cast Aryan Rajesh as Bala Saranya Nag as Priya Aadukalam Naren as Venugopal Nizhalgal Ravi as Bala's father Pithamagan Mahadevan as Krishnamoorthy Ajay Rathnam as Police commissioner Meera Krishnan as Priya's mother Black Pandi as Kutty Dhamu as Velu Ramya as Revathi Sriranjini as Teacher Sampath Ram as Police officer Comagan as Flower seller Scissor Manohar as Newspaper reader Crane Manohar as Pharmacist Production The film began production in 2008 under the name Thiruvasagam with newcomer Rajamohan as the director with Album fame Aryan Rajesh and Kaadhal fame Saranya Nag. The film was planned as a Tamil and Telugu bilingual. Charanraj and Suman Setty played supporting roles. The film was re-launched in 2013 as Eera Veyyil with A. K. Micheal as the director and changes to the supporting cast. The name was changed because the director knew that the name Thiruvasam would have controversy due to the religious meaning of the name. A. K. Micheal ventured into direction with this film. He previously worked as a stills photographer for seven films and as an art director for sixteen films. Businessmen Durai Prabhakaran, Ramesh Ethiraja, Pavesh V. Jain, T. Nedumaran and R. Senthil Kumar produced the film. Aryan Rajesh, who was last seen in Pokkisham (2009), returns to Tamil cinema with this film. He shot for this film alongside Thuttu and Vedikkai; however, both of those films were never released. Nizhagal Ravi was cast as Rajesh's father. Aadukalam Naren and Pithamagan Mahadevan were cast in important roles. Soundtrack The songs were composed by Jassie Gift in his fourth Tamil film. Vairamuthu wrote the lyrics for all the songs. References 2007 romantic drama films Indian romantic drama films 2007 directorial debut films

69463645

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20Fever%20%28TV%20series%29

Cold Fever (TV series)

Cold Fever () is an Iranian Drama, Crime series. The series is directed by Alireza Afkhami. The series has also been aired on iFilm since February 2020. Storyline Shahab Kianfar (Shahab Hosseini) his factory is on the verge of bankruptcy, However, he tries to compete with his father-in-wife, He has prepared a luxurious life for his wife and by borrowing money, Save his factory. As Shahab's financial situation worsens, he decides to solve his problems by drawing up a plan and getting help from the Husband (Hamid Goudarzi) of a person who is nursing his child and has just been released from prison, But in the meantime, a murder happens, Which causes a police detective (Soroush Sehhat) to enter the story... Cast Shahab Hosseini Hamid Goudarzi Kambiz Dirbaz Solmaz Ghani Soroush Sehhat Shahrzad Abdolmajid Ilia Shahidifar Mehdi Solooki Mohsen Zahtab Farhad Jaberi Yazdi Mohammad Reza Kohestani References External links 2000s Iranian television series Iranian television series

69463716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima%20Bedar

Fatima Bedar

Fatima Bedar was an Algerian independence activist, born August 5, 1946 in Tichy and died during the massacre of October 17, 1961 in Paris. Killed at the age of 15, she is considered a Mujahideen martyr. She was from a French Muslim family from Algeria living in metropolitan France. Biography Fatima Bedar was born on August 5, 1946 in Tichy, a city in the Béjaïa Province in Kabylia where she grew up with her mother Dijda. Her father, Husain Bedar, worked in France, in Saint-Denis in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. He was a Gas holder . During World War II, he fought alongside the 3rd Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment, first at the Battle of France, where he was taken prisoner before escaping and being repatriated to Algeria then to the campaigns of Tunisia, Italy and France with the French Liberation Army. Fatima Bedar immigrated to France at the age of five, and joined with her mother her father. They lived in a slum in the Pleyel district in Saint-Denis then in a building located rue du Port in Aubervilliers. They bought a house there in 1954, before moving to Sarcelles in 1959. In April 1961, the family moved into a lodge in Stains. Fatima Bedar had six siblings, the oldest were Zohra, Louisa and Djoudi (born 1956). Fatima Bedar wished to become a teacher, but she studied at a female commercial education college, located at rue des Boucheries in Saint-Denis; the fault of the "prejudices of the time" as Didier Daeninckx stated. After the death of her daughter Fatima, Djida Bedar fell ill on several occasions and went for treatment in various nursing homes.She finally died on 3 April 2003. Fatima’s father Hocine Bedar died on 10 March, 2008, at the age of ninety. Demonstration of October 17, 1961 Early political engagement Fatima Bedar grew up in a nationalist family; her father was associated with the federation of France of the FLN. She was eight years old when the Algerian war broke out in 1954. Her father sometimes took her and her younger sister to underground separatists’ meetings. It was probably there that she developed her anti-colonialist ideas. Course of the event On October 17, 1961, the French federation of the FLN called for a peaceful demonstration in Paris, in order to protest against a curfew proclaimed a few days earlier by the Prefect of Police Maurice Papon and targeting only Algerians. As Fatima Bedar's parents wished to take part, they asked their eldest daughter to look after her brothers and sisters. However, she too wants to go to the demonstration, which her parents forbid her. They argue, then Fatima Bedar goes to college. She did not come home in the evening and her parents, after looking for her for long hours in vain, decided to go home late in the evening and to wait for her. Fatima Bedar joined the demonstration alone, with her school bag on her back.The police massacred the protesters. She was beaten up and then thrown into the water, where she drowned. She was then fifteen years old. Disappearance Hocine Bedar reported the disappearance of Fatima Bedar the following day at the Stains and Saint-Denis police station. Djoudi Bedar testifies that “her father was very badly received by the police with insults, jostling and beatings”. Appendices Bibliography General works General works evoking the style of Fatima Bidar. Jean-Paul Brunet, Charonne: Lights on a tragedy, Paris, Flammarion, 2003, 336 p. (ISBN 2-08-068341-1) Jean-Luc Einaudi, Scenes from the Algerian War in France: Autumn 1961, Le Cherche midi, 2009, 420 p. (ISBN 978-2-7491-1521-4) Mohamed Ghafir, Cinquantenaire of October 17, 1961 in Paris. Right of evocation and remembrance, Algiers, Encyclopedia editions, 2011, 408 p. About Fatima Bedar Didier Daeninckx, “Fatima for memory”, in Samia Messaoudi and Mustapha Harzoune (ed.), October 7, 1961, 17 writers remember, In the name of memory, 2011, 218 p. Malika El Korso, "La colégienne martyre du 17 October 1961", El Watan, 6 October 2006 (read online [archive] [PDF]) Hana Ferroudj, “Fatima Bedar, Algerian tirailleur's daughter,“ drowned ”on October 17, 1961” [archive], on Bondy Blog, October 16, 2013. Fiction Didier Daeninckx (script), Mako (drawing) and Laurent Houssin (colors) (pref. Benjamin Stora, postface Didier Daeninckx), Black October, AD Libris, 2011, 42 p. (ISBN 978-2-9184-6211-8) Filmography Philip Brooks and Alan Hayling, A Missing Day, 1992, 52 minutes. Several sisters of Fatima Bedar testify there. References Algerian women 20th-century women French women

69463819

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partygate

Partygate

Partygate is a political scandal in the United Kingdom, regarding parties and other gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff held during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, when public health restrictions prohibited most gatherings. While several lockdowns in the country were in place, gatherings took place at 10 Downing Street, its garden and other government buildings. These were first reported on from late November 2021 and attracted media attention, public backlash and political controversy. In late January 2022, twelve gatherings came under investigation by the Metropolitan Police, including at least three attended by Prime Minister Boris Johnson. Allegations were first reported on 30 November 2021, by the Daily Mirror, that some 10 Downing Street staff had held gatherings during the 2020 Christmas season. Prime Minister Boris Johnson said rules had been followed, and Downing Street denied that a party took place. A week later, video of a mock press conference held in 10 Downing Street was broadcast by ITV News in which joking comments about a party having taken place were made. Allegra Stratton, then Downing Street press secretary, featured in the video, and resigned her subsequent Government position after the video surfaced. Shaun Bailey resigned from a number of his positions, including chair of the London Assembly's Police and Crime Committee, after admitting to a party on 14 December 2020 with Conservative Party staff. In January 2022, reports emerged that there were around 30 in one account, and 40 in another, attendees at a gathering with drinks on 20 May 2020 in the garden of 10 Downing Street during the first national lockdown. Johnson said that he attended and apologised for doing so. Downing Street apologised to Queen Elizabeth II for two further gatherings held on 16 April 2021, the day before Prince Philip's funeral, during a third lockdown across England. Reports followed of a gathering at which Johnson's birthday was celebrated with a cake in June 2020. After the press conference video leaked, on 8 December 2021 Johnson announced a Cabinet Office inquiry would be undertaken by the Cabinet Secretary Simon Case, to investigate whether COVID-19 restrictions were broken at that or other staff events. Case stepped back from the inquiry on 17 December, amid reports that his own office had also held a party in December 2020, and responsibility for the inquiry was handed to Sue Gray. In January 2022, the Metropolitan Police opened its own investigation into potential breaches of COVID-19 regulations in government buildings, leading to uncertainty over the timing and possible content of Gray's report. An update on Gray's investigation was published on 31 January 2022, which found some behaviour related to the gatherings "difficult to justify", with some of the gatherings representing a failure of leadership and to uphold standards expected of the government and public. It also said that "excessive consumption of alcohol is not appropriate in a professional workplace at any time". Public disquiet over how government staff and others in Westminster were perceived to have been breaking restrictions led to a decline in public support for Prime Minister Johnson, the government and the Conservatives, and is thought to have contributed to the party's loss of the 2021 North Shropshire by-election. In January 2022, a number of opposition, and a few Conservative, politicians called for Johnson's resignation or a no confidence vote. In February, five senior Downing Street staffers resigned. Background COVID-19 lockdowns in the United Kingdom In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, a UK-wide lockdown began on 23 March 2020, made under a new statutory instrument. This was an explicit stay-at-home order that prohibited all non-essential travel and social gatherings. Some rules were incrementally relaxed in the following months in England; starting from 13 May, "two people from separate households were permitted to meet outside in a public place, such as a park, provided they stayed 2 metres apart". Six people were allowed to socialise outdoors by June, and indoor social gatherings were only permitted from 4 July and only between members of two households.With the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, a second national lockdown started in England on 5 November 2020. A regional tiered lockdown system replaced this on 2 December. London was initially placed in "Tier 2", was moved to the highest level "Tier 3" on 16 December, and finally placed under a newly introduced stay-at-home order, "Tier 4", on 19 December. People socialising between households or outside of support bubbles was not allowed throughout this period. Household mixing and socialising for Christmas itself was also restricted to a small number of households and only permitted on 25 December across much of the UK, and in London was cancelled altogether. On 5 January 2021, a third lockdown began across the whole of England. This was gradually lifted in a series of steps beginning 29 March, with social contact limited to groups of six from no more than two households, with social distancing, and only permitted outdoors, into April. Westminster 10 Downing Street is a government building in the City of Westminster, central London, used by some staff in the Cabinet Office. It also contains a personal flat designated for the prime minister, though Boris Johnson uses the larger flat in the adjoining 11 Downing Street. The Cabinet Office is based at 70 Whitehall, which is connected to 10 and 11 Downing Street. In December 2021, an article in The Spectator argued that COVID-19 restrictions, that rely on the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984, may not legally apply to 10 Downing Street as it is Crown Land, while a second article argued against this, on the basis that relevant COVID-19 laws applied to individuals rather than land. In December 2021, Jenny Jones, a Green Party member of the House of Lords, asked the government to clarify the matter and Nicholas True, a Minister of State at the Cabinet Office, replied: "No 10 Downing Street is a Crown property. Regulations under the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 which relate to the activities of people, apply regardless of whether those activities took place on Crown property or not". Timeline of reporting and reaction 2021 Up to 8 December On 30 November 2021, the Daily Mirror reported allegations that some Downing Street staff had held three gatherings in November and December 2020, when London was under COVID-19 tier 3 lockdown restrictions. The restrictions prohibited indoor gatherings of more than six people, with exceptions for certain work-related activities. A leaving party for an aide was reported to have been held on 27 November 2020 and attended by Johnson. A Christmas party on 18 December was reported, and a smaller gathering on 13 November "where they were all getting totally plastered". The official response to the report in the Daily Mirror was that "Covid rules have been followed at all times". Johnson said rules had been followed, and Downing Street denied that a party had taken place. The following day, other media outlets reported further details of the alleged event on 18 December, with BBC News reporting it involved "drinks, nibbles, and games" and a source told the Financial Times that parties were vital for Downing Street staff to relieve stress. Downing Street responded by saying "We don't recognise these accounts". At Prime Minister's Questions, Johnson told the House of Commons, "All guidance was followed completely [in] Number 10". On 3 December, Labour MP Barry Gardiner wrote to the Metropolitan Police asking them to investigate but they responded saying that they do not normally investigate "retrospective breaches of the Covid-19 regulations". Vaccines minister Maggie Throup appeared on the BBC's Question Time and stated "all guidance was followed" and dismissed reports as "rumour and hearsay". On 5 December, the Justice Secretary Dominic Raab told Andrew Marr that if a "formal party" had taken place "then of course it would be wrong" but that the reports were based on "unsubstantiated, anonymous claims" which is why Downing Street did not respond more directly. Raab also stated "the police don't normally look back and investigate things that have taken place a year ago", about which a Full Fact investigation concluded "Police often investigate alleged offences which took place years before. This is less clear cut in the context of breaches of Covid-19 regulations, which police say they do not routinely investigate retrospectively." On 6 December, former government adviser Dominic Cummings alleged that unnamed journalists attended the reported party and that it was "very unwise for No 10 to lie" about the events. The prime minister's spokesperson reiterated, "There was not a party and Covid rules have been followed at all times" and when challenged about how this could be true responded, "I don't need to get into the positions we've taken. It is simply just a statement of fact". On 7 December 2021, ITV News released a video, in which Allegra Stratton and other Downing Street staff – during a mock press conference on 22 December 2020 – made joking references to a Christmas gathering in 10 Downing Street four days earlier on 18 December 2020. The leaked 47-second clip began with media advisor Ed Oldfield playing the role of a journalist and asking Stratton "I've just seen reports on Twitter that there was a Downing Street Christmas party on Friday night, do you recognise those reports?" In response, Stratton and other Downing Street staff joked about the "fictional party" being just "cheese and wine" and a "business meeting", with "no social distancing". The Guardian reported that the video gave "the strong impression that a staff-based party took place on 18 December 2020 and that No 10 officials realised that they were likely to have broken rules". BBC News reported that the event had "several dozen" attendees, and that "party games were played, food and drink were served, and the party went on past midnight". The Times reported allegations that the party was organised via WhatsApp with staff requested to bring Secret Santa gifts. On 8 December, following the release of the video and in response to further requests for an investigation, the Metropolitan Police said that they had "received a significant amount of correspondence relating to allegations reported in the media that the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) Regulations were breached at gatherings at No 10 Downing Street in November and December 2020" and that "all this correspondence has been considered by detectives in detail, as well as footage published by ITV News". They concluded that the "correspondence and footage does not provide evidence of a breach of the Health Protection Regulations, but restates allegations made in the media. Based on the absence of evidence and in line with our policy not to investigate retrospective breaches of such regulations, the Met will not commence an investigation at this time". 9 December onwards According to BBC News on 9 December, Jack Doyle, the deputy Downing Street Director of Communications at the time, was understood to have attended the event on 18 December, gave a speech, and handed out awards at the function. On 10 December, the government's Chief Whip Mark Spencer said that the event had been a "meeting", rather than a social gathering. The New York Times commented that, according to some, the government was not following the rules it had set for the general population. On 11 December, reports emerged that two dozen HM Treasury staff gathered for drinks on 25 November 2020 to celebrate Chancellor Rishi Sunak's Autumn Spending Review. On 12 December Downing Street confirmed that Johnson "briefly" took part in a virtual Christmas quiz held at the venue on 15 December 2020 after the Sunday Mirror published a picture of him participating via his computer in the event, in a room with two other people. Downing Street said he was there to thank staff for their work during the pandemic and that the event was a "virtual" one, while Johnson himself responded that he "certainly broke no rules". The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) also confirmed that staff working past normal employment hours drank alcohol and ate takeaway "late into the night" on a number of occasions during COVID restrictions after this was reported by the Sunday Mirror. A DWP spokesman said: "The team regularly worked late into the evening and on a number of occasions they ate takeaway food and drank some alcohol". Northern Ireland First Minister, Paul Givan, and his deputy Michelle O'Neill, said that the controversy had damaged the public health message in Northern Ireland. On 12 December, The Independent reported that senior police officers feared people would be less likely to comply with any new COVID restrictions because of the controversy. The newspaper said they had gathered anecdotal evidence of terse exchanges between police officers and members of the public in early December 2020. On 15 December, former Conservative candidate as Mayor of London, Shaun Bailey, resigned from his position as chair of the London Assembly's Police and Crime Committee after photographs were published of him and over 20 members of staff at an event with drinks and a buffet held in the basement of Conservative Campaign Headquarters on 14 December 2020, when he was a mayoral candidate. Those attending included four aides seconded from the Conservative Central Office, who were subsequently disciplined. Cabinet member Grant Shapps stated that the event was "absolutely unacceptable", and not authorised by the Conservative Party. The Metropolitan Police later said they would contact two people who were at the party over possible breaches of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) Regulations. On 16 December, The Guardian and The Independent, in a joint investigation, reported allegations that Johnson attended a party in Downing Street on 15 May 2020, during the first national lockdown. Downing Street issued a statement saying "On 15 May 2020 the prime minister held a series of meetings throughout the afternoon, including briefly with the then health and care secretary and his team in the garden following a press conference. The prime minister went to his residence shortly after 7pm. A small number of staff required to be in work remained in the Downing Street garden for part of the afternoon and evening." On 19 December The Guardian published a photograph of the event showing 19 people drinking wine and said that "there are no laptops, files or notepads to take minutes on show". Johnson was shown sitting next to his then-fiancée, Carrie Symonds, who was holding their newborn son. Downing Street insisted that the photograph showed a work meeting. The Metropolitan Police referred itself to the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), the police watchdog, on 17 December, following a complaint by Green Party peer Jenny Jones, who said that there was a "conflict of interest and a potential cover up" in relation to the police declining to investigate an allegation that a party took place in Downing Street in the run-up to Christmas 2020, and their role and involvement in the policing and security of the buildings. 2022 Up to 19 January In a blog post on 7 January, Dominic Cummings argued that the photo from 15 May 2020 in the garden of 10 Downing Street did not show a party. He described having a work meeting with Boris Johnson and the Prime Minister's Principal Private Secretary Martin Reynolds, with Carrie Symonds subsequently joining them. Meanwhile, according to his account, various other groups of people were also meeting in the garden, and staff had been advised to meet outside in the garden where there was less risk of COVID-19 transmission. Cummings said that there was a "socially distanced drinks" gathering in the garden on 20 May 2020 that he and another special adviser cautioned against. On 10 January, ITV News showed a 20 May 2020 email sent on behalf of Reynolds to over one hundred 10 Downing Street staff, inviting them "to make the most of the lovely weather and have some socially distanced drinks in the No 10 garden this evening.... bring your own booze!" Various news organisations reported that around 30–40 people were present that evening, eating picnic food and drinking, including Johnson and Symonds. In his 15 January 2022 column in The Times, Tim Shipman relayed accounts of a meeting of Johnson's team which was held in Downing Street on 11 January, the day after ITV News showed the Reynolds email. He said it was obvious that Johnson was furious with them, and had left them in no doubt that he thought they had let him down. Also that Johnson's view seemed to be "that he is not to blame, that everyone else is to blame" and had asked "How has all this been allowed to happen? How has it come to this? How haven’t you sorted this out?" Shipman wrote that sources present said senior staff "studied the floor". Shipman added that "insiders said Reynolds, his deputy, Stuart Glassborow, Dan Rosenfield, ... and some members of the communications team are likely to be out of a job when a report by the mandarin Sue Gray is published". Shipman added that an MP likened it to Harold Macmillan's 1962 Night of the Long Knives (when he sacked a third of his cabinet), "Boris is preparing to lay down the lives of his staff to save his own. It will be the Night of the Long Scapegoats". Johnson initially declined to comment on whether he was present or not. A spokesman for the prime minister said he still had confidence in Reynolds. Campaigners, including the Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice group, called for Reynolds to be dismissed. On 11 January, the Metropolitan Police said it was in contact with the government over "widespread reporting relating to alleged breaches" of COVID rules. There was additional reporting of an party in Downing Street on 18 December, with Reynolds said to have been present. Shaun Bailey resigned as chair of a second London Assembly committee, the economy committee, in addition to his resignation from the police and crime committee in December. Opposition party leaders Ed Davey and Nicola Sturgeon called on Johnson to resign. Tory donor, John Caudwell told Boris Johnson to, "sort it out or step aside", Caudwell added, "Each one of these new revelations gives greater force to the accusation that areas of the government think it's 'one rule for them, one rule for the rest of us'. The Good Law Project announced that it had started legal proceedings against the Metropolitan Police over their refusal to investigate reports of the 18 December 2020 party. On 12 January, Johnson, speaking at Prime Minister's Questions, said that he had attended the gathering and apologised for doing so. He said that he was present for about 25 minutes and that he thought it was an allowed work meeting. He said, "I should have recognised that even if it (the gathering) could be said technically to fall within the guidance, there would be millions and millions of people who simply would not see it that way." The leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, called on the prime minister to resign in the House of Commons. Other MPs also called on Johnson to resign, including Scottish Conservatives leader Douglas Ross. In response to Ross's comments, the Leader of the House of Commons Jacob Rees-Mogg referred to Ross as a "lightweight". Michael Gove, the levelling up secretary, was similarly dismissive of Ross's comments. On 13 January 2022, 27 of the 31 Conservative Scottish MSPs came out publicly against Johnson after his appearance in Parliament the previous day. Articles in New Statesman and The Guardian, among others, criticised the wording of Johnson's apology for being insufficient. On 13 January, it was reported that two separate parties were held in 10 Downing Street on 16 April 2021. These were leaving events for James Slack, Johnson's director of communications, and a photographer. The date was the eve of the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, when the UK was observing a period of national mourning, and England was in step two of its lockdown roadmap, with indoor mixing banned. Johnson was reported to be out of London at the time. The photographer's party reportedly involved loud music, a DJ and a staff member sent to the Co-op store on the Strand to fill a suitcase with bottles of wine. The next day, Slack and Downing Street confirmed there was an event, with Slack apologising for what happened. Number 10 apologised to Queen Elizabeth II for the two parties that were held. On 14 January, The Independent reported that Johnson had drawn up a plan, named "Operation Save Big Dog", in an attempt to retain his premiership. The plan included a list of officials who should resign over the parties controversy, a communications strategy for cabinet ministers, as well as "sounding out support" for leadership rivals from backbenchers. The Daily Mirror reported that Downing Street staff had regular Friday evening events with wine, for which a dedicated fridge was bought, being delivered on 11 December 2020. What were called "Wine time Fridays" were purportedly scheduled into the diaries of about 50 staff from 4–7pm. Johnson was reported to visit some of these and to be aware of their existence. 10 Downing Street did not deny the allegations. On 16 January, in a column in The Times, Dominic Lawson said a former Downing Street official had told him of at least two people warning Johnson that the 20 May 2020 event should be cancelled and that Johnson said they were "overreacting". Johnson's spokesperson said that the report was not accurate, although other journalists were reported to have corroborated it. On 17 January, Cummings reiterated his claim that Johnson knew in advance about the party, that Cummings raised concerns about it and that Johnson said it could go ahead, and consequently that Johnson had lied to Parliament about what happened. Cumming said he would "swear under oath this is what happened". Sky News reported a second source also said Johnson had been warned in advance about the party. BBC News Online reported that two other former Downing Street officials said "they remembered Mr Cummings telling them that day he had warned the prime minister not to allow the drinks to go ahead". Starmer accused Johnson of breaking the law. Starmer, a one time Director of Public Prosecutions said, "I think he broke the law. I think he's as good as admitted that he broke the law. (...) I think it's pretty obvious what's happened, this industrial-scale partying had been going on at Downing Street, not much of it is really denied, and I think that the public have made up their mind. I think the facts speak for themselves. I think the Prime Minister broke the law, I think he then lied about what had happened. (...) Once Sue Gray has come to her findings, she will set out all the facts, she is very well respected, I think that all of those should be passed to the police to look at." Andrew Bridgen, Conservative MP said, “It doesn't matter whether the prime minster was present or not present—ultimately, he is responsible for what goes on in the government, he's responsible for the culture in No. 10 and what we're seeing is a culture where there's one rule for them and the rest of us do what we're told.” A photograph of Keir Starmer drinking from a bottle of beer in a constituency Labour Party office shortly before the Hartlepool by-election in May 2021 was republished by some media in January 2022. Starmer denied being in breach of the rules in place at that time, explaining he was working late with staff and they ate a takeaway together. Starmer stated, "There is simply no comparison" with the culture in Downing Street, and added Conservatives who brought it up were trying "to take everyone into the gutter with them". The police later cleared Starmer of any wrongdoing. Starmer stated, "I was clear throughout that no rules were broken. And here's the contrast (...) from Sue Gray, and 12 cases being referred to the Metropolitan Police in relation to the Prime Minister and the goings on in Downing Street. Because the Metropolitan Police consider there was evidence not only of offences, but they were serious enough and flagrant enough to put aside their usual rule that they won’t investigate 12 months after the event. So that's a huge contrast, as there always was in this case." On 17 January, the Daily Mirror reported that Johnson attended a leaving party for Steve Higham, his former defence advisor, shortly before Christmas 2020 while strict coronavirus restrictions applied in London. Johnson was reported to have attended for a few minutes and to have given a speech. On 18 January, The Guardian reported that Conservative rebel MPs had a plan to oust Johnson from office, named "Operation Rinka", after the dog that was shot in the Thorpe affair. On the same day, Johnson gave an interview to Beth Rigby, after to one of his immediate family had tested positive for COVID the previous week and having not appeared in public himself for nearly a week. He repeatedly apologised and said of the 20 May 2020 event, "I'm saying categorically that nobody told me, nobody said this was something that was against the rules". Sky News reported that one Conservative MP described Johnson in the interview as "absolutely beaten" and Rigby described him as looking "defeated". The i described the interview as "excruciating". When Simon Hattenstone asked Keir Starmer about Johnson saying he did not know it was a party Starmer said further, "The cover-up isn't worse than the crime, but the cover-up compounds the crime. Johnson's now on his third defence. His first defence when we tackled him on this at the beginning of December was: 'I've been assured there were no parties,' and his second defence when the video came out was: 'I'm furious there have been these parties; I've only just found out.' And if the third defence is true, then obviously the first two are false – and that's a major problem for him." 24 January onwards On 24 January, ITV News reported that a surprise birthday get-together was held for Johnson on 19 June 2020, allegedly organised by Carrie Symonds. Up to 30 people are said to have been present, including Johnson, Symonds, and interior designer Lulu Lytle who was working on Johnson and Symonds' flat at the time. It was said that a Union Jack cake was served and attendees sang "Happy Birthday". Downing Street said the prime minister attended for less than 10 minutes. A spokesperson for Lytle's company said "Lulu was not invited to any birthday celebrations for the Prime Minister as a guest. Lulu entered the Cabinet Room briefly as requested, while waiting to speak with the Prime Minister". The Chancellor Rishi Sunak was reported to have been "unintentionally present" when the cake was served, whilst waiting for a meeting. The Guardian reported Downing Street sources saying that, in the evening, Johnson celebrated outside with family, as allowed under the then rules. ITV News also alleged that family friends then went up to Johnson's flat. A Number 10 spokesperson denied this, saying, "This is totally untrue. In line with the rules at the time the prime minister hosted a small number of family members outside that evening". More than two people were forbidden to socialise indoors, while up to six were allowed outdoors. Sue Gray, who is running an inquiry into events, was reported to have known about the event prior to the news breaking. On 25 January, in an interview with Channel 4 News, Northern Ireland Minister Conor Burns defended the prime minister by stating that, rather than being a pre-planned party, the prime minister was "ambushed by a cake". Burns' comments were ridiculed online in a series of memes, including a tweet from celebrity chef Nigella Lawson, who quipped that "Ambushed By Cake" should be the title of her next cookbook. Burns later told The Daily Telegraphs podcast "that there actually wasn't a cake". On 28 January, it emerged that The Times had published an article in June 2020 reporting the gathering on Johnson's birthday and that he "tucked into a Union Jack cake". Keir Starmer again called on Johnson to resign. Conservative peer, Baroness Warsi said Johnson should, "think long and hard about what is in the best interest of this country. (...) Is me staying in office allowing me to run this office in a way in which is making the country better, or am I a distraction?" On 28 January, Starmer said that "the whole of government is paralysed because the police are now looking at what the PM was getting up to in Downing Street". Starmer said further scandals connected with Johnson increased calls for Scottish independence and damaged the United Kingdom. Alistair Carmichael (Liberal Democrat) and Ian Blackford (SNP) both said that the delay increasingly gave the appearance of an establishment "stitch-up". Late on 29 January, The Times reported that Gray had discovered that friends of Carrie Johnson's knew the PIN code to access her flat with Boris Johnson in 11 Downing Street. Cummings said that, in early 2020, he discovered highly confidential Government documents were left lying around in the flat, leading to he and Martin Reynolds instituting tighter controls on what papers left Johnson's office.An update on Gray's investigation was published on 31 January 2022, with an accompanying debate in the Commons. Starmer said, "The prime minister repeatedly assured the House that the guidance was followed and the rules were followed. But we now know that 12 cases have breached the threshold for criminal investigation (...) including the party on May 20 2020, which we know the prime minister attended, and the party on November 13 2020 in the prime minister's flat. There can be no doubt that the prime minister himself is now subject to criminal investigation. (...) it is already clear what the report disclosed is the most damning conclusion possible." Unable to publish her full report because of the ongoing police investigation, Gray published an update on her investigation. This covered a number of events that had not previously been reported. Media coverage in the following days filled in details of these. Meanwhile, Cummings said there were photos of the alleged 13 November party in the Johnsons' flat. In the Commons debate on the topic, Johnson said Starmer "spent most of his time [as Director of Public Prosecutions] prosecuting journalists and failing to prosecute Jimmy Savile". Full Fact fact checkers said "Starmer was head of the CPS when the decision was made not to prosecute Savile but he was not the reviewing lawyer for the case". The BBC "found no evidence that Sir Keir was involved at any point in the decision not to charge Savile." Commons speaker, Lindsay Hoyle also criticised Johnson's accusation. Three days later Johnson stated that he was "not talking about the leader of the opposition's personal record when he was DPP. I was making a point about his responsibility for the organisation as a whole". Munira Mirza, Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit, publicly resigned on 3 February, saying Johnson should have apologised. On the same day, Jack Doyle quit as Johnson's communications director. Doyle talked about the difficulty of his job in recent weeks, but also said that he had always intended to only work in government for two years. Starmer later needed police protection following a mob threatening violence outside parliament. Starmer and others blamed Johnson for inciting the disturbance. Starmer experienced online death threats, he said, "It's very important for me to say that what the prime minister said was wrong, it was very wrong. He knew exactly what he was doing." 10 Downing Street then announced the resignations of both Dan Rosenfield, Johnson's chief of staff, and Martin Reynolds, his principal private secretary. Sky News described this as "an apparent mass exodus from Downing Street amid the fallout from the partygate scandal." Rosenfield and Reynolds will continue in their roles until their successors are appointed. On 4 February, BBC News reported that Johnson's official spokesman said Doyle's, Rosenfield's, and Reynolds's resignations were as a result of "mutual decisions". A fifth adviser in the Number 10 Policy Unit, Elena Narozanski, resigned the following day. BBC News reported that energy minister, Greg Hands said the resignations came after Johnson "made it clear there would be a shake-up" in Downing Street organisation, following criticism of it in the Gray investigation update. Mirza considered Johnson's comment "scurrilous". On 4 February the Daily Mirror reported sources saying the police had a photograph of Johnson with a can of Estrella beer standing next to Rishi Sunak at the 19 June 2020 Cabinet Room birthday event. It is reported to be one of the 300 images given by Gray to the Metropolitan Police, and to have been taken by the official No 10 photographer, Andrew Parsons. During Prime Minister's Questions on 9 February, the Daily Mirror released another photograph from the 15 December 2020 Christmas quiz, showing Johnson and three other people - one wearing tinsel and one a Santa hat, and "what appears to be champagne and a half-eaten packet of crisps". Events It was initially reported that at least seven parties that may have been in contravention of COVID-19 restrictions took place in November and December 2020. Additional events from May 2020 to April 2021 were then reported. In addition to the specific dated events listed below, the Department for Work and Pensions confirmed staff drank alcohol and ate takeaway food together "on a number of occasions" while working late during the period of COVID-19 restrictions. The Daily Mirror reported that "wine time Fridays" were a regular occurrence at Downing Street throughout the period. On 22 January 2022, The Sunday Times reported that Gray was also investigating Carrie Johnson hosting two friends (who worked at the time for Michael Gove at 70 Whitehall, part of the Downing Street complex) in the Downing Street flat multiple times during lockdown. It was stated that the visits were for "work reasons", but a Whitehall source said that no officials were present. On 25 January 2022, the New Statesman published an analysis stating that "both Boris and Carrie Johnson do not believe they have done anything wrong, as they consider gatherings among those who worked at Downing Street during the pandemic to have been part of a 'household bubble'". The Guardian wrote that Gray looked into 16 events, police are probing 12 of them, including 6 that Johnson reportly attended. During first national lockdown 15 May 2020: about twenty people were present in the garden of 10 Downing Street, including Johnson; The Guardian published a photograph showing Johnson, Carrie Symonds, then Health Minister Matt Hancock and 17 staff members in the 10 Downing Street garden with cheese and wine. A spokesperson for 10 Downing Street described the gathering as a work meeting. Sky News reported anonymous sources as saying that some people stayed until late into the evening. Covered by Gray investigation; not under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 20 May 2020: Johnson's PPS, Martin Reynolds, invited staff at 10 Downing Street to what the invitation described as "socially distanced drinks". Johnson acknowledged being present for about 25 minutes, but said he thought the event was an allowed work meeting. Carrie Symonds also reportedly attended, as reportedly did Henry Newman, a Conservative councillor in Camden and then an aide to Michael Gove. Dominic Cummings, then an adviser to the PM, said that he and others warned against the event, and that he did not attend. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 18 June 2020: a gathering in the Cabinet Office, 70 Whitehall on the departure of a No 10 private secretary, reported to be Hannah Young by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, who left to become deputy consul general in New York. The Daily Telegraph also alleged that 20 people were present, including Reynolds, with alcohol consumed. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 19 June 2020: a surprise get-together for Johnson's birthday occurred in the Cabinet Room; Downing Street said Johnson attended for less than 10 minutes. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as 10 February 2022. 19 June 2020: there was also a birthday celebration in the evening: Downing Street said that "the Prime Minister hosted a small number of family members outside that evening", as allowed under the rules, but ITV News alleged family friends subsequently went up to Johnson's flat. Not covered by Gray investigation. Mid-2020 September 2020: A photo was taken of Carrie Johnson embracing a friend at an engagement party. She admitted to breaching social distancing guidelines and apologised. Not covered by Gray investigation. During second lockdown in England 13 November 2020: a source told the BBC that staff had impromptu drinks at their desks to mark the leaving of Lee Cain, the prime minister's departing director of communications at 10 Downing Street, and that the gathering was over by 20:30. Johnson attended. It was reported that he visited Cain in his office and gave a farewell speech. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 13 November 2020: multiple sources, including Cummings, said Downing Street staff joined a gathering with the prime minister's then-fiancée, Carrie, in their flat above 11 Downing Street, playing ABBA's "The Winner Takes It All" to celebrate Cummings' departure. A spokesperson for Mrs Johnson denied there was any party. The Telegraph reported that Boris Johnson was also present. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 25 November 2020: Treasury staff were reported as gathering for drinks; The Times reported that around two dozen civil servants attended, but a Treasury spokesperson described an "impromptu" event with a "small number" of staff involved. Not covered by Gray investigation. 27 November 2020: it was reported that an informal leaving event for Cleo Watson, a 10 Downing Street aide, was held, and that the prime minister gave a speech. Covered by Gray investigation; not under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. With London in Tier 2 10 December 2020: Christmas party at the Department for Education's café hosted by the Education Secretary, Gavin Williamson and attended by the Permanent Secretary, Susan Acland-Hood; a department spokesman said that "a gathering of colleagues who were already present at the office" had taken place. A spokesperson confirmed that Williamson gave a speech and that "drinks and canapés" were served. Covered by Gray investigation; not under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 14 December 2020: Christmas party held by Shaun Bailey for his campaign team; Bailey admitted the party took place and resigned as chair of a London Assembly committee on policing. Disciplinary action was taken against four Conservative Party employees. Not covered by Gray investigation. 15 December 2020: a Christmas quiz took place for 10 Downing Street staff; Johnson took part over a remote connection. A Downing Street spokesperson said the event was all held virtually; other sources said teams were sitting together in a room. Covered by Gray investigation; not initially under investigation by the Metropolitan Police (as of 31 January 2022), but the Metropolitan Police were reviewing this decision in February 2022. With London in Tier 3 16 December 2020: Christmas party by staff working for Grant Shapps at the Department of Transport; Shapps, who had not ben present, apologised for what happened. Not covered by Gray investigation. 17 December 2020: Simon Case's team had a Christmas party at 5.30pm in room 103 of the Cabinet Office, at 70 Whitehall. Sky News reported the event was described as a "Christmas party", that it was an hour long, and that it involved a quiz with the six people who were already in the office and around six more people attending virtually. Case did not take part in the event, but walked through the room. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 17 December 2020: Cabinet Office staff gathered with drinks to mark the departure of Kate Josephs, Director General of the COVID Taskforce. Josephs apologised for the event. Paul Scriven, a former Leader of Sheffield City Council, called for Josephs's resignation from her role as chief executive of Sheffield Council. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 17 December 2020: an additional gathering at 10 Downing Street is mentioned in Gray's interim update. The Telegraph reported that this was the leaving party for Boris Johnson's defence adviser Captain Steve Higham that had been previously reported as occurring in December. Boris Johnson reportedly attended and spoke. 18 December 2020: Christmas gathering at 10 Downing Street. Sky News described allegations of this being a "cheese and wine night", with sources saying around 40 people were in attendance and that it continued until 2am. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. During third lockdown in England 14 January 2021: A gathering in 10 Downing Street on the departure of two private secretaries. The Guardian reported sources saying some attending drank prosecco, and that Boris Johnson gave a speech and stayed for about 5 minutes. Downing Street declined to comment on the matter. Covered by Gray investigation; under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. 16 April 2021: there were two leaving events (one for James Slack, Boris Johnson's director of communications; one for a personal photographer to Johnson) in different parts of Downing Street, which later merged into one, with about 30 people present. Johnson was not in London at the time. Slack (now deputy editor of The Sun) apologised for the event on 14 January 2022. Both parties took place on the evening before the funeral of Prince Philip on 17 April 2021, and featured alcohol and one of them featured loud music. The Telegraph reported partying continued from 6pm until 1am. Both gatherings are covered by the Cabinet Office investigation, and both are under investigation by the Metropolitan Police as of 10 February 2022. Investigations Cabinet Office inquiry Simon Case At Prime Minister's Questions on 8 December, Prime Minister Boris Johnson apologised for the video of the mock press conference, describing himself as "furious" about it, but maintained that, as far as he knew from senior staff, a party had not taken place and declared that an investigation would be undertaken by Cabinet Secretary Simon Case. Three hours later, Stratton, who featured in the video, resigned from her position as a Government spokesperson for the COP26 summit. On 9 December, it was announced that the inquiry led by Simon Case would focus on three events, two at 10 Downing Street on 27 November and 18 December 2020, and one at the Department for Education on 10 December 2020. Johnson was said to have attended the event on 27 November, which is under inquiry. On 17 December 2021, it was announced that Case would no longer lead the inquiry following reports that a party had been held in his own office on 17 December 2020. Sue Gray The inquiry was taken over by senior civil servant Sue Gray, Second Permanent Secretary in the Cabinet Office. Lord Barwell, a former Conservative MP and chief of staff for Theresa May when she was the prime minister, is reported by the BBC to have said "he could not think of a better person for the role". Two opposition politicians, Labour MP Chris Bryant and SNP MP Ian Blackford, called for the inquiry to be led by a person independent of the government and civil service. In January 2022, ITV reported that Gray's investigation would also cover the 15 May 2020 photo and Dominic Cummings' allegations of parties on 20 May and 13 November 2020. Alex Thomas, the civil service programme director at the Institute for Government told Channel 4 that Gray, as a civil servant, is not independent of government. Gray interviewed over 70 individuals. Gray had reportedly questioned Johnson, by 17 January, about events and also Cummings, who insisted on only answering in written form. Robert Peston reported that she was to talk to a senior official who would also say that Johnson was warned that the 20 May event should not go ahead. Gray also had access to swipe card and other security data on people's movements in and out of 10 Downing Street, and has talked to police officers who were on duty, whose evidence was described by one source as "extremely damning". Sky News reported that Gray had received photos showing Johnson attending events with alcohol. Gray's report was initially expected in the week beginning 24 January 2022 and to be about 25 pages long. Labour and the Liberal Democrats asked for all accompanying evidence, including emails and witness accounts, to be published. Deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab would not confirm that Gray's report would be published in full, and said that Johnson would decide how much detail would be released publicly. Investigation update On 28 January, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had asked Gray to "keep key details out of her report", of events that they were investigating, to avoid any prejudice to their investigation. They later explained that this was so they could collect independent accounts from individuals questioned. As a result, there was uncertainty over when, or even whether, Gray's report would be published. Instead of publishing her report, an eleven-page update was delivered first to Johnson and then published later on 31 January 2022. Johnson then made a statement to the Commons. The update provided a list of 16 gatherings, including some that had not been previously reported in the media, and said that 12 were under investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Of the 12 under investigation, Gray said that due to this she was "extremely limited in what I can say about those events and it is not possible at present to provide a meaningful report setting out and analysing the extensive factual information I have been able to gather". She had decided not to describe the other four dates, writing, "I do not feel that I am able to do so without detriment to the overall balance of the findings." The update concluded that at least some of the gatherings examined did not meet the standards expected of the public at the time. She wrote, "A number of these gatherings should not have been allowed to take place or to develop in the way that they did." It was critical of No 10 and the Cabinet Office, including over the consumption of alcohol and how some staff felt unable to raise concerns. Gray recommended the government address learnings of the update "immediately", rather than wait for the police investigation to conclude. In response to the publication, Johnson said he would create a new Office of the Prime Minister, review the Civil Service code of conduct, and bring in other measures. In the ensuing debate Ian Blackford was ordered to withdraw from the House of Commons for the remainder of the sitting day, by the Speaker, Lindsay Hoyle, after he repeatedly stated that Johnson had misled the House and refused to qualify his remarks to state that the misleading was "inadvertent". Police investigation A police inquiry, called Operation Hillman, was started into 12 gatherings on 8 different days, six of which Boris Johnson is alleged to have attended. The Daily Mirror states that Johnson was at at least seven. As of 10 February 2022, the inquiry was led by Commander Catherine Roper. On 25 January 2022, the Metropolitan Police announced they would investigate potential breaches of COVID regulations in Whitehall and Downing Street during the pandemic. The police contacted the Cabinet Office on 24 January, asking for all relevant information from the Gray inquiry. Cressida Dick, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, said such investigations happened in potential cases of the, "most serious and flagrant breach" of rules, or when it appeared the people who did it, "ought to have known that what they were doing was an offence". They were initially reported to be investigating eight events. Sky News reported that the Metropolitan Police did not object to the inquiry being released before its investigation and that Gray is in communication with the police. The police investigation has more than 500 pages of documents and more than 300 images. On 31 January, it was announced that the police were not planning to name anyone fined in relation to their investigation, raising the prospect that any sanctions taken against the prime minister and staff at No 10 would not be revealed. Labour's deputy leader Angela Rayner said that "The public have a right to know if the prime minister is found to have committed an offence by the police." The police said they would announce the total number of penalties issued and what they were issued for. After some initial confusion, the Government said it would publish "everything we can", including if Johnson was fined. In early February, the police said they would email a questionnaire to up to 90 people alleged to have been present at events, including Johnson and also, it was expected, his wife Carrie. Rishi Sunak was also sent a questionnaire. On 11 February 2022, 10 Downing Street confirmed that Johnson had received a questionnaire, which must be responded to within seven days. The police said it will ask what happened and "must be answered truthfully". Such questionnaires have the same status as information given in an interview under caution. Johnson is thus the first British Prime Minister to have been asked questions under caution. Questionnaires included the statement, "You do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you subsequently rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence." Questions included: "Did you participate in a gathering on a specific date?" "What was the purpose of your participation in that gathering?" "Did you interact with, or undertake any activity with, other persons present at the gathering? If yes, please provide details." "What, if any, lawful exception applied to the gathering and/or what reasonable excuse did you have for participating in the gathering?" Also covered was what times someone attended an event and how many others were present. Gray made her interview notes with staff available to those sent questionnaires by the police. After submitting his questionnaire in late February, in an interview, Johnson would not say anything about the investigation at all, including about whether he would resign were police to find he broke lockdown laws. Reactions Since early December 2021, some British media have referred to the controversy over the alleged events as "Partygate". The term is similar to that used for previous political scandals and controversies. Some commentators made comparisons between these possible social gatherings, and the lack of social contact when observing COVID restrictions when people were dying or at funerals. At Prime Minister's Questions on 8 December 2021, Keir Starmer, the leader of the Opposition, raised the example of Prof Trish Greenhalgh being unable to visit her dying mother in December 2020. The Conservative backbench MP Tracey Crouch said, "My constituents have every right to be angry. Their memories of lost loved ones are traumatised knowing that they died alone, first and last Christmases passed by, and many spent what is usually a special day by themselves." On 7 December the story became the subject of political satire by Ant & Dec on the ITV entertainment show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! A clip of this on social media was viewed 5 million times. On 14 January 2022 a flash mob of protesters dressed as Johnson, with Johnson masks, appeared chanting "my name is Boris" and "this is a work event" at the gates of Downing Street. The controversy was seen as one factor in the Conservatives' loss of a by-election in North Shropshire, held on 16 December 2021. Laura Kuenssberg, the BBC's political editor, wrote that, "Boris Johnson has been put on notice by his own side" and discussed a possible challenge to his leadership. The New York Times, Foreign Policy and The Atlantic also suggested Johnson's political career was threatened by the controversy. There was debate as to whether public disquiet about the controversy might lead to the public being less willing to adhere to new restrictions brought in response to the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, which began spreading in the UK in December 2021. However, Steve Reicher argued in The BMJ that any effect was likely to be small and that it could lead some individuals to be more adherent. The Week, the BBC and The Daily Telegraph all selected a photo of Allegra Stratton giving her resignation statement as a key image of 2021. The reported gathering on 16 April 2021, on the day before the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was compared by opposition politicians and The Guardian to the social distancing rules that applied to the funeral attended by Queen Elizabeth II. Professor Vernon Bogdanor said, "It shows that those in government feel entitled to break the rules which ordinary people have been observing". On 19 January 2022, in a statement to the London Stock Exchange, JD Wetherspoons founder Tim Martin accused Johnson of "hypocrisy", arguing that much of the controversy would have been avoided if Downing Street staff had been able to visit pubs, which at the time were closed due to lockdown restrictions. On the same day, the campaign group Led By Donkeys produced a spoof video of Johnson being questioned about the controversy by characters from the TV drama Line of Duty. It was viewed 5 million times with a day of publication. BBC News reported that barrister Adam Wagner argued, "If you were doing something which wasn't necessary for work then you weren't outside of your house [with] a reasonable excuse and you were potentially committing a criminal offence." He went on to say that the prime minister and his wife had not left their home to attend as they live in Downing Street. Gatherings in a public place of more than two people were illegal unless they all belonged to the same household or the gathering was "essential for work purposes" and the BBC say "lawyers have noted that Downing Street is not a public place". On the day the party happened the government Twitter account summarised guidance (not legally enforceable) advising that outdoor gatherings should be limited to two people. By 20 May 2020, workplace gatherings guidance said, "Workers should try to minimise all meetings and other gatherings in the workplace." Within the Conservative Party On 12 January 2022, many senior figures of the Scottish Conservatives called for Johnson to resign, including leader Douglas Ross and former leaders Ruth Davidson and Jackson Carlaw. On 13 January 2022, 27 of the 31 Conservative Scottish MSPs came out publicly against Johnson after his appearance in Parliament the previous day. William Wragg, the Conservative Chair of the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee, called for Johnson's resignation, calling his position "untenable". On 13 January, Conservative MP Andrew Bridgen, in a comment-piece for The Daily Telegraph, stated that he had submitted a letter of no confidence in the prime minister and had called for him to resign, and Conservative MP Caroline Nokes also called for him to resign. The Sutton Coldfield Conservative Association voted unanimously to pass a motion calling for the prime minister to stand down. A poll of Conservative Party members conducted in early January 2022 by YouGov found that 38% felt that Johnson was doing a bad job as prime minister and 34% wanted him to resign. While these were both still minority positions, they were held by a much larger proportion of members than when YouGov had last polled Conservative members in the summer of 2020. The Scotsman reported on 14 January that The Daily Telegraph had reported that as many as 30 Conservative MPs had signed letters to the 1922 Committee requesting a no confidence vote for Johnson. On 15 January, former Conservative minister Tobias Ellwood told the BBC that Johnson had to "lead or step aside". Former children's minister and MP for East Worthing and Shoreham, Tim Loughton called for Johnson to resign, saying that his position was "now untenable". Johnson faced more pressure from rebel MPs as they arrived back at Westminster on 17 January, after dealing with negative responses from Conservative associations and constituents. Some reported they had received almost 1,000 emails from dissatisfied voters. The Times reported that, on the evening of 18 January, more than 20 Conservative MPs first elected in 2019 had met to discuss Johnson's leadership, with some preparing to submit letters of no confidence after Prime Minister's Questions on 19 January. The Evening Standard said that as many as 20 of the MPs were preparing to submit the letters. This was dubbed the 'Pork Pie Plot' (or 'Putsch') by a Johnson loyalist minister as one of the MPs who was said to be involved, Alicia Kearns, represents Rutland and Melton, the town of Melton Mowbray being famous for its pork pies. Kearns has denied being an organiser of the rebellion. By the end of 19 January, some Conservative MPs told the BBC that Wakeford's defection had caused a change in mood, namely that there was a "stepping back" from immediate attempts to obtain a no-confidence vote in Johnson's leadership and a wish to wait until after Sue Gray's report was published. On 19 January, Bury South MP Christian Wakeford said he had submitted a letter of no confidence in Johnson's leadership. Later that day, shortly before Prime Minister's Questions, Wakeford defected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party, although his first contact with Labour predated the controversy and he was initially motivated by other issues. It was later reported that up to seven MPs had withdrawn their letters of no confidence. At the end of Prime Minister's Questions on 19 January, Conservative former minister David Davis called for Johnson to resign, quoting Leo Amery calling on Neville Chamberlain to resign during the Norway Debate in 1940, and saying: "You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go." BBC Newsnight's political editor Nick Watt said it was an "extraordinarily significant moment" and that Davis would have intended it to be "particularly devastating" to Johnson. On 26 January, Nicky Wylie, the leader of the Conservative group on Cheshire East Council, quit the party, citing the controversy as her reason. After the release of Sue Gray's update on her investigation on 31 January 2022, Conservative MP Andrew Mitchell said he no longer supported Johnson. Former prime minister Theresa May also questioned Johnson's response to Gray's report, saying that people "had a right to expect their prime minister to have read the rules, to understand the meaning of the rules" and to "set an example". She said No. 10, "was not observing the regulations they had imposed on members of the public" and accused Johnson of "either not understanding the rules or believing they did not apply to his team." In protest over Johnson's handling of the controversy, Guildford MP Angela Richardson resigned from her position as Michael Gove's parliamentary secretary. On 1–2 February, the Conservative MP for Waveney, Peter Aldous submitted a letter of no confidence and called for Johnson to resign. Three others: Bournemouth East MP and Chair of the Defence Select Committee Tobias Ellwood; Anthony Mangnall, MP for Totnes; and Gary Streeter, MP for South West Devon submitted letters of no confidence in him. On 3 February 2022, ITV News reported that in total 12 Conservative MPs, 21 MSPs (including Douglas Ross, who is both an MP and MSP) and two peers had called for Johnson's resignation, and BBC News reported that 17 MPs had submitted letters of no confidence. Roger Gale and Charles Walker both want Johnson to resign. On 4 February, Newcastle MP Aaron Bell also said he had submitted a letter of no confidence. The same day, former Minister of State for School Standards Nick Gibb also submitted a letter of no confidence, calling for Johnson's resignation. Gibbs said, "I am sorry to say that it is hard to see how it can be the case that the prime minister told the truth." Gibbs also said, "But telling the truth matters, and nowhere more so than in the House of Commons where, like a court of law, truth must be told regardless of the personal consequences." Alec Shelbrooke, the MP for Elmet and Rothwell described Johnson's position as, "indefensible". On 6 February, Tory MPs Iain Duncan Smith and Kwasi Kwarteng both called for Johnson to be given more time. On 10 February former Conservative prime minister, John Major said Boris Johnson, "broke lockdown laws" and added in his opinion the government felt it, "need not obey the rules. (...) Brazen excuses were dreamed up. Day after day the public was asked to believe the unbelievable. Ministers were sent out to defend the indefensible - making themselves look gullible or foolish." Alleged intimidation of MPs opposed to Johnson On 20 January, Conservative MP William Wragg, chair of the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee, accused 10 Downing Street staff of threatening him and other colleagues over their opposition to Johnson's leadership. He said "the intimidation of a member of parliament is a serious matter" and "The reports of which I'm aware would seem to constitute blackmail." Wragg said damaging publicity had been threatened, as had removal of government investment in MPs' constituencies. Wragg advised MP's affected to contact the police or the Commons Speaker. Johnson said he had "seen no evidence [and] heard no evidence" of what Wragg said and that he would look into them. The Secretary of State for Culture Nadine Dorries, called Wragg's accusations "attention-seeking behaviour" and "nonsense". Energy minister, and former government whip, Greg Hands, said of what Wragg said that they "not been borne out by anybody else", and that "This is not something that happens". Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey said, "It is simply remarkable that a prime minister could countenance scrapping local projects and funding if MPs refuse to back him. All Boris Johnson cares about is saving his own skin. He's acting more like a mafia boss than a prime minister." Labour deputy leader Angela Rayner called for an investigation. Chair of the Commons Select Committee on Standards, Chris Bryant, said roughly a dozen Conservative MPs had made similar allegations of whips threatening to withdraw funding for their constituencies in the past few days; threats included withholding funds for campaigning and infrastructure such as by-passes and schools. Bryant said, "I have even heard MPs alleging that the prime minister himself has been doing this. What I have said to all of those people is that that is misconduct in public office. The people who should be dealing with such allegations are the police. It is illegal. We are meant to operate as MPs without fear or favour. The allocation of taxpayer funding to constituencies should be according to need, not according to the need to keep the prime minister in his job." Opinion polls Opinion polling in early December 2021 found that the majority of the public believed that a party had taken place at Downing Street in December 2020 and that this was not permitted under the restrictions in place at the time. The controversy was seen as a factor in the Conservative Party and Boris Johnson's declining rates of public support in December 2021. Various polls throughout late 2021 and early 2022 suggested that a majority of voters wanted Johnson to resign as Prime Minister over the controversy. After Johnson apologised for the 20 May 2020 gathering, one poll indicated that 68% of the public considered his apology not to have been sincere. By 14 January 2022, YouGov polling found that 72% of the British public held an unfavourable view of Johnson, a record low for his tenure and surpassing the lowest popularity of Theresa May during her premiership. Following the reporting of further gatherings in January 2022, the Conservatives fell further in the polls, with Labour having a lead of around 10 points. Polling by Ipsos MORI in January 2022 found that "lack of faith in politicians and politics" was cited as a major problem facing the country by 25% of the public, the highest recorded since 2016 and "likely related" to the revelations of lockdown parties. See also Dominic Cummings scandal Oireachtas Golf Society scandal, a similar political scandal in Ireland Witman Hung partygate, a similar political scandal in Hong Kong Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic List of political scandals in the United Kingdom Notes References External links Terms of reference of Investigations by Cabinet Secretary, published December 2021 Investigation update, published January 2022 2021 in British politics 2021 controversies 2022 in British politics 2022 controversies Political controversies in the United Kingdom Political scandals in the United Kingdom Conservative Party (UK) scandals Boris Johnson Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom on politics

69463844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Vanishing%20Corpse

The Vanishing Corpse

The Vanishing Corpse is a 1941 mystery thriller novel by Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. It is the eighth in her long-running series featuring the unscrupulous London solicitor Arthur Crook, one of the more unorthodox detectives of the Golden Age. It was published in the United States under the alternative title She Vanished in the Dawn. Synopsis Laura Verity, tired of life, decides to rent a very isolated cottage in the countryside. On arriving there in the darkness in the middle of the storm, she is shocked to find evidence that there is somebody else in the house. Shortly afterwards she discovers a body of a young woman, strangled to death, on the bed. Terrified, in the morning she hurries into the nearest market town to report the crime, only to find the police dubious about her claims - particularly when they return to the cottage with her and find no body. Only Arthur Crook, a dishevelled lawyer she encounter, is ready to believe her. He suggests that she is now in grave danger from the murderer and persuades her to move to a large, busy hotel in Brighton where she will be safer. The determined Verity perseveres in trying to solve the mystery, assisted at first in an offhand way by Crook. Newspaper publicity at last draws the police into the case, and with Crook's advice they find a body hidden in the well of the cottage. It soon proves to be not the corpse of the missing young woman, but the cottage's previous owner. To add to the confusion Miss Verity has herself now vanished, with Crook concerned that she has fallen into the hands of the murderer. Adaptation In 1943 it was very loosely adapted into the British film They Met in the Dark directed by Carl Lamac and starring James Mason, Joyce Howard, Tom Walls. This featured many changes to the novel's plot, including the complete absence of Arthur Crook. References Bibliography Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. Magill, Frank Northen . Critical Survey of Mystery and Detective Fiction: Authors, Volume 2. Salem Press, 1988. Murphy, Bruce F. The Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. Springer, 1999. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1941 British novels British mystery novels British thriller novels Novels by Anthony Gilbert Novels set in Brighton Novels set in London British detective novels British novels adapted into films Collins Crime Club books

69465331

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20People%27s%20FM

Our People's FM

Our People's FM (104.1 MHz) is a Nigerian radio station located in Fajuyi area in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. History On 14 February 2019, state counterterrorism police swarmed the station and forcibly shut it down for a time. The given reason for the shutdown was that the building in which the station was housed violated municipal land development regulations for not having an approved plan for the transmission tower. However, it was alleged that the closure had a political dimension, as the station was claimed to be owned by former governor Ayodele Fayose, who claimed the closure was a prelude to rigging of internal elections in the All Progressives Congress party. The building and other Fayose-owned properties had previously been sealed by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. References Radio stations in Nigeria

69466344

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Lamont%20White

Larry Lamont White

Larry Lamont White (born March 30, 1958) is an American serial killer who shot to death three women in Louisville, Kentucky from June to July 1983. Originally convicted of two murders, for which he was sentenced to death, his sentence was later overturned and White was paroled. After being imprisoned for firearm violations in 2006, he was linked to his first murder via DNA and given a new death sentence, and is currently awaiting execution for it. Murders On June 4, 1983, 22-year-old Pamela Armstrong went out to get food stamps from an office in downtown Louisville, where she was then entered the car of an unknown man. About an hour later, her body was found in an alley on Beech Street by a passer-by, having been shot in the head. A motive for the shooting could not be established, as her money, driver's license and other valuables had been left on her. A week later, 21-year-old Yolanda Sweeney, an employee of National Processing Company, was seen leaving the "Mr. D's Inferno" nightclub in the company of an unknown black male. Two days later, her body was found in a backyard on Greenwood Avenue, and was also shot in the head. Sweeney was naked from the waist down, and her purse had apparently been stolen. The final confirmed victim was found on July 7, when 22-year-old Deborah Miles' body was found by her friends in her bedroom apartment. Like the others before her, she had also been shot in the head. Due to the similarity of the murders, all of which had occurred in a little over a month, city police started suspecting that the homicides might be connected. However, at the time, they considered that Armstrong's murder was unrelated to the others due to differing circumstances, and instead thought it was related to the murder of a 23-year-old woman named Andrea T. Williams, who was found shot to death on July 1. The cases proved difficult to solve initially, as little physical evidence pointed towards any suspects. Arrest, trial and sentence On August 9, White was arrested by police and charged with the murders of Sweeney and Miles, as well as the attempted murder of a 30-year-old woman he had encountered near the Dixie Highway on March 15. In the latter incident, he threatened the woman at gunpoint into his car, after which he drove to Dumesnil Street, where he sexually assaulted and robbed her of $3.50 and a bucket of chicken she had ordered from a fast food restaurant. For these crimes, he was charged on two counts of murder, first-degree robbery, first-degree burglary and unlawful imprisonment. Another woman, Bernice Adams, would also come forward and accuse him of attacking her in her home on June 28 - in that, White, using the alias "Larry Griffin", was allowed to enter to ostensibly use the telephone, but then threatened her with a gun. Before he could do anything to her, however, Adams managed to lock herself in her bathroom, prompting him to leave. During the months-long trial, prosecutors presented evidence which overwhelmingly pointed towards White's guilt, including his pawned .38 S&W, whose bullets matched those used in the killings, and clothes stained with blood later identified as Sweeney's. Furthermore, prosecutors also pointed out that White had been convicted of sexual assault the year prior to the murders, as well as his willing confessions to both murders. Due to this, he was quickly found guilty by jury verdict. In an attempt to bring upon a lighter sentence for his client, White's attorney, Ray Clooney, said that his client had been heavily intoxicated and on drugs when he committed the murders, which he considered mitigating circumstances worthy of a 25-year-to-life sentence. This request was denied, and White was officially sentenced to death for the two murders, in spite of his lawyer's last-minute insistence on a new trial. Overturn of sentence A little over two years into his death sentence, White's sentence was overturned as a result of a ruling from the Supreme Court, which stated that offenders could not be questioned about a case without the presence of a lawyer if they have pending arraignments on other charges. This decision was heavily criticized by prosecutors and law enforcement alike, who pointed it that it would be make it much harder to obtain confessions from suspects in violent crimes, and furthermore, it might mean that White could be paroled. The case was complicated further by the fact that the manner in which White's confession had been obtained was deemed illegal, and questions began to arise whether the gun could be used as evidence in court. In the end, the confession was scrapped altogether, allowing White to plead guilty and lessen his sentence to 29 years imprisonment with a chance of parole, with him being released in 2001. New charges Following his release, White would be repeatedly arrested for various misdemeanors, including drunk driving, possession of marijuana and attempted theft. In 2006, he was convicted and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for possessing a firearm, a violation of his parole conditions since he was a convicted felon. He was sent back to prison with a scheduled release date sometime in 2016. However, just a year later, he would be linked via DNA evidence to Armstrong's murder, and was subsequently charged with it. At his new trial, prosecutors were allowed to present evidence from his previous murders in order to establish a correlation between all three killings. Despite his attorney's protests on the verdict, White was found guilty and sentenced to death for Armstrong's murder. He refused to attend the sentencing, and instead remained in jail during the process. Since his incarceration, White and his attorneys have repeatedly attempted to commute his sentence on intellectual disability grounds, but have been unsuccessful so far, as both of his appeals were shot down by the Kentucky Supreme Court. See also Capital punishment in Kentucky List of death row inmates in Kentucky List of serial killers in the United States External links White v. Kentucky (2014) White v. Kentucky (2017) White v. Kentucky (2020) References 1958 births Living people 20th-century American criminals 21st-century American criminals American male criminals Male serial killers American serial killers American rapists American people convicted of murder People convicted of murder by Kentucky American people convicted of rape American prisoners sentenced to death Prisoners sentenced to death by Kentucky American prisoners and detainees Prisoners and detainees of Kentucky Violence against women in the United States Criminals from Kentucky People from Louisville, Kentucky

69466933

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint%20Me%20Down

Paint Me Down

"Paint Me Down" is a song by the English new wave band Spandau Ballet, released on 2 November 1981 as the second single from what would be their second album, Diamond. Their guitarist/songwriter Gary Kemp copied some of the elements of their previous hit, "Chant No. 1 (I Don't Need This Pressure On)", and the conflict between producer Richard James Burgess and lead singer Tony Hadley that began with that song continued as they recorded the vocals for "Paint Me Down". A controversial music video for the song was rejected by the British music chart television programme Top of the Pops, and its number 30 peak position on the UK Singles Chart was not enough to justify airing the studio performance they had filmed for the show either. Background As Spandau Ballet's first album, Journeys to Glory, was being completed, the band's guitarist/songwriter Gary Kemp noticed a resurgence of funk in the clubs around Soho that he wanted to emulate in his own songwriting, and an encounter with the British jazz-funk group Beggar and Co led to their collaboration on one of his first attempts to do so, "Chant No. 1 (I Don't Need This Pressure On)". When that song became a number 3 hit in the UK it also put pressure on him to write more hits for their second album. In his autobiography I Know This Much: From Soho to Spandau, he explained how the songs for their debut came much more easily, having been written, re-written and then tested in front of club audiences for months before they were signed to a record label. But as "Chant No. 1" climbed the charts, he suffered from writer's block and decided to copy its use of the Beggar & Co. horns and group vocals on what would be their next single, "Paint Me Down". In a May 1982 interview with New Sounds New Styles magazine, Kemp was asked about the themes of artistry and sensuality in "Paint Me Down" and confirmed that the song was "very sexual". Recording "Paint Me Down" was a difficult track for Spandau Ballet lead singer Tony Hadley to record. He recalled, "I just could not get the vocal right. The phrasing was wrong, and I was struggling to sing in tune." He could tell that his bandmates were getting frustrated, and producer Richard James Burgess wanted to try having Hadley lie down in a sort of makeshift tent in the studio with candles lit to help him relax while he was singing. When the rest of the group started performing the chorus, Hadley pointed out to Burgess that their singing was off-key and became even more agitated when Burgess replied, "'It will be fine'". Critical reception The song received a variety of responses from critics. In his review of the 7-inch single, Johnny Black of Smash Hits magazine wrote, "This cringeworthy blooper can barely crawl out of the grooves of its own lethargy." When "Paint Me Down" was released as part of the Diamond album in 1982 with a separate box set of additional remixes, Richard Cook of the New Musical Express found its remixed version to be something of an improvement: 'Paint Me Down', originally a rather plain and dolorous clap-chant, is stretched on a tightrope between rock and dub, the instruments cued in and out with ironic precision until the morse of the concluding vocals seems to combine with the brass (inverting the customary call and response style) for a climax that has power in reserve." In an otherwise critical review of the original LP, Billboard magazine concluded that "when Spandau is in its element, as on the brilliant 'Chant No. 1' or incessant 'Paint Me Down,' there are few better." In retrospective reviews on AllMusic, Dan LeRoy described it as a "tuneless single" that was "all chattering rhythm guitar and popping bass", but in dividing the band's oeuvre into "the Funky years and the wimpy ones", Dave Thompson felt that "Paint Me Down" "represented the peak of Spandau's ambition". Release and commercial performance Because their previous singles had charted well enough to earn a spot on the British music chart television programme Top of the Pops, the band went into the studios of the show to shoot a performance of "Paint Me Down" before it was released on 2 November 1981, but because the song only peaked at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, the performance never aired. In his autobiography To Cut a Long Story Short, Hadley confessed, "It was sobering for all of us. However much I had hated the [Diamond] album, I wasn't prepared for ["Paint Me Down"] to flop." Music video Spandau Ballet again chose to work with director Russell Mulcahy and decided to combine two genres for the "Paint Me Down" video—the large-scale feel of an epic like they did in the video for "Muscle Bound" and the look of a documentary that would provide a recap of the band's career. Kemp came up with the idea for the latter approach from watching the 1981 UK documentary series Years of Lightning. The band's recent stardom was summarized in "Paint Me Down" using brief clips from the "Muscle Bound" and "Chant No. 1 (I Don't Need This Pressure On)" videos and a documentary for London Weekend Television as well as screen shots of newspaper and magazine clippings that profiled them, which were all tightly edited together. New footage re-enacting their busy schedule was filmed at King's Cross railway station and Heathrow Airport. The other visual thread for the clip centered around paint. Hadley was filmed lying in bed ostensibly naked for his lip synching segments with, as Kemp described it, "so much paint flying around and so many really quick cuts and edits required [that] Tony had to keep running upstairs to shower himself clean while the technicians changed all the sheets so that we could start again and get it right." Music journalist Paula Yates was scheduled to interview them on the day of the shoot and agreed to appear in the video with a drop of paint running down her back. Kemp heard later that the BBC banned the video because of nudity, but the explanation from Top of the Pops for rejecting it was that it was "too sexually suggestive". The band was in loin cloths for filming at Primrose Hill as the dawn was breaking behind their silhouettes while they smeared paint upon themselves. Another scenario, in which band member Steve Norman was tied to a tree and blindfolded, had a resident of the area concerned enough to call the police because of what they thought might be a satanic ritual in progress. "Paint Me Down" was filmed in one day for about £10,000, which the band felt would please their record company after the shoot for "Muscle Bound" was prolonged by weather and ran over budget. Aftermath The song's number 30 peak came in the middle of recording the Diamond album, and Hadley's frustration mounted because there were so many people in the studio watching him struggle with the songs as they did on "Paint Me Down". Kemp acknowledged that he and Burgess—as songwriter and producer—were to blame for how things were turning out but that Hadley was getting the brunt of it. Hadley lost his temper as they continued recording and was ready to throw a fire extinguisher through the control-room window but stopped himself and left the studio to calm down. Before the album was released, a third single--"She Loved Like Diamond"—also performed poorly, reaching number 49 on the UK Singles chart. The band's manager, Steve Dagger, felt another single should be put out to help sell Diamond, and the track from the album that most resembled a pop song, "Instinction", was remixed and got them back into the top ten. Formats and track listings 7-inch single "Paint Me Down" — 3:44 "Man with Guitar" — 2:53 12-inch single "Paint Me Down" — 7:06 "Re-Paint" — 6:54 Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes for Diamond: Spandau Ballet Tony Hadley – lead vocals and backing vocals Gary Kemp – synthesizers, electric guitars, guzheng, backing vocals, horn arrangements Martin Kemp – bass, backing vocals Steve Norman – bongos, congas, timbales, tablas and backing vocals John Keeble – electronic drums Additional musicians David "Baps" Baptiste – saxophones and flute Nat Augustin – trombone Canute "Kenny" Wellington – trumpet Beggar & Co – horn arrangements Production Richard James Burgess – producer; horn arrangements Graham Smith – sleeve design Charts References Bibliography Spandau Ballet songs 1981 singles 1981 songs Chrysalis Records singles Song recordings produced by Richard James Burgess Songs written by Gary Kemp

69467141

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat%20%28anarchist%20newspaper%29

Wildcat (anarchist newspaper)

Wildcat was a monthly anarchist-libertarian newspaper published from London between 1974 and 1975. Wildcat is not connected to the communist newsletter and journal of the same name published in the 1980s and 1990s. History Wildcat took its name form wildcat strike action, a term that describes a strike action undertaken by unionized workers without union leadership's authorization, support, or approval. The publication was temporarily based at 5 Caledonian Road, London, where it shared the premises with the British pacifist magazine Peace News and the radical booksellers Housmans. Between September 1974 and July 1975, ten issues were published. A monthly subscription to Wildcat cost £2.50 while students, pensioners and anyone claiming benefits were charged £1.50. Content Wildcat ran regular reports, features, book reviews, a letters page, and classifieds. The second issue reported on peace campaigner Pat Arrowsmith's escape from an open prison before she took sanctuary in the premises shared by Wildcat at 5 Caledonian Road. Army supplement The first edition of Wildcat included a supplement themed around disaffection, mutiny, and desertion in the British Armed Forces. The supplement reprinted an "Open Letter to British Soldiers", originally published in 1912 by The Syndicalist. The supplement also ran an article by the conscientious objector Philip Sansom who reflected on his imprisonment for incitement to disaffection. In it Samson wrote, "Soldiers are not supposed to think and it is a criminal offence to encourage them to do so." Further contributions to the supplement came from the anarchist writer (and former soldier) Colin Ward. Cartoons In 1974, Philip Sansom invited anarchist cartoonist and writer Donald Rooum to provide a cartoon for Wildcat. Both the comic strip and its main character took adopted the name of the paper. Rooum recalled the creation of Wildcat's characters in an interview:There had to be some kind of female, and thinking about that, I decided to make the wildcat female, then I thought about the contrast between the anarchists that I knew. Some of them were, like Colin Ward, very anxious for anarchism to become intellectually respectable. Some were just the opposite and wanted to go around throwing things. I thought the cat could be the wild anarchist, and the free-range egghead could be the intellectual. So that's how it started.After Wildcat's closure, Sansom persuaded Rooum to revive the Wildcat comic strip in the anarchist newspaper Freedom where it featured until the publication ceased printing in 2014. Police raids On 10 September 1974, the Wildcat offices at 5 Caledonian Road were raided by police officers with warrants under the Incitement to Disaffection Act. Officers confiscated one copy of Wildcat and four copies of the 'Give this to a soldier' supplement. The second edition of Wildcat reported that one officer indicated to a member of their group and said, "He's a bit of a rascal, isn't he?" An employee of Housmans responded, "There's two sides to that: he might think you were a bit of a rascal breaking into his office." The raids targeted individuals and groups connected to the British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland Campaign (BWNIC) and their 'Information for Discontented Soldiers' leafletting initiative. The BWNIC's campaign was based at 5 Caledonian Road and the arrest of Pat Arrowsmith had taken place at the address two days prior to the raids. Contributors Judy Greenway (author) Wynford Hicks (journalist) Donald Rooum (anarchist cartoonist and writer) Philip Sansom (anarchist and conscientious objector) Nicolas Walter (anarchist) Colin Ward (anarchist writer) Archives Online anarchist archive Libcom.org published two editions of Wildcat and its army supplement. Further material has been published online by The Anarchist Library. An article titled 'Questioning our Desires' originally ran in the sixth edition of Wildcat and was published online by its author Judy Greenway. References External links Online archive Anarchist newspapers

69467860

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20Anter%20peace%20train

Musa Anter peace train

The Musa Anter Peace Train was a failed campaign for a peaceful solution for the Turkish Kurdish conflict organized by the German Hannover Appell. A chartered train should have started from Brussels, Belgium on the 26 August and arrived in Diyarbakır, Turkey on the 1 September 1997. But in an diplomatic success for the Turkish Government, several European countries did not allow the train to cross their territory. The political activists then bought plane tickets to Istanbul from where they attempted to reach to Diyarbakir by Bus. The convoy returned to Istanbul after having reached Urfa in southeast Turkey where they were told that the entrance to Diyarbakir would be prohibited. Participants of the Peace Train were several European and African Members of Parliaments. Prominent supporters of the campaign where the Nobel Peace prize awardee José Ramos-Horta of East Timor Desmond Tutu from South Africa, and several British parliamentarians. The train was called after the Kurdish poet and writer Musa Anter. Preparation The train was called after the Kurdish poet and writer Musa Anter. Ramos-Horta and the son of Musa Anter addressed the crowds in Brussels. For ten wagons long chartered Peace Train, several hundred participants were announced. During the journey, stops were to be held in several cities in Germany, and European capitals of Austria, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Bulgaria. In Istanbul the train was planned to be transported by ferry over the Bosphorus to the asian part of Turkey. In several cities on the journey the participants have organized rallies and press conferences. Turkish opposition After the Turkish Government failed to compel the Belgian Railway to deny the trains departure, the train was denied passage through Germany by the German Ministry of the Interior headed by Manfred Kanther. The Turkish Prime Minister Mesut Yilmaz branded the campaign a support for separatism from Turkey. The German government alleged the prohibition of Yugoslavia for the passage. Bulgaria followed suit and also refused the transit of the Peace Train through its territory, following the argument of the Turks that the peace train was a publicity stunt from the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Against the decision of Germany protested a variety of sympathizers with the peace train like Harold Pinter. Subsequently, the NGO Medico International managed to book flights for many of the participants of the peace train from several cities in Europe to Istanbul from where the journey shall have proceeded by bus. The peace train organizers claimed that the train had become a "peace plane". Bus convoy Buses were organized for the further journey towards Southeast Anatolia passing through Siverek and Urfa. In Urfa the activists were rounded up by the police and the convoy was denied the entrance to the city of Diyarbakir, where they had planned to participate in a rally for peace in Southeast Anatolia. In Diyarbakır several hundred people expecting the political activists were detained. As the group wanted to reach Ankara, it was met with a prohibition to enter the city as well. Arriving in Istanbul on 2 September 1997, many of the convoy members had to look for a new hotel as their hotel bookings were canceled on short notice. Aftermath Twenty-one members of the convoy arriving in Istanbul were shortly detained at the MiM Hotel in Istanbul. Akin Birdal and others were investigated or detained for taking part in the peace train. In December the same year Birdal was acquitted from the charges relating to his support for the peace train initiative. The photographer Julia Guest organized an exhibition on the peace trains journey in December 1997. References Middle East peace efforts Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)

69469764

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth%20double%20murders

Commonwealth double murders

The Commonwealth double murders were the two family-related murders of the suspect's mother and grandmother, which occurred on 27 October 2019 in Commonwealth, Singapore. The suspect, 22-year-old Gabriel Lien Goh, is alleged to have argued with his mother Lee Soh Mui (aged 56) over unknown issues and stabbed his mother and his grandmother See Keng Keng (aged 90) to death. Goh was charged with the murders of his grandmother and mother and is awaiting trial. The killings On the night of 27 October 2019, at around 7.24 pm, residents were alerted to a commotion happening at the ground floor of a HDB flat block somewhere at Commonwealth, with a group of people shouting and screaming. According to first-hand accounts, earlier at one of the block’s seventh-floor units, the female owner of the unit was apparently arguing with her adult son for unknown issues, before the son allegedly killed her and he chased both his grandmother and maid who were both escaping from the flat, but the grandmother was caught and later fatally assaulted. Later, the maid, who was a 32-year-old Javanese married with children back in Java, hid somewhere at the third-floor and receive help from a resident. After the members of the public from the void deck restrained the suspect, they called the police who arrested the suspect, and he was charged with murder the next day. The two elderly men, whom the young man allegedly assaulted before he was restrained, suffered the worst injuries and were hospitalized at National University Hospital. The deaths of both the mother and grandmother, who were believed to be aged in their fifties and nineties respectively, were classified as murder. Indictment and remand On 28 October 2019, the 22-year-old suspect, identified as Gabriel Lien Goh, who was still suffering from fresh injuries, was taken to court where he was officially charged with the murder of his 56-year-old mother Lee Soh Mui. He was ordered to be warded for psychiatric observation and assessment for three weeks at Changi Prison's Complex Medical Centre. Goh’s older brother and eleven of his relatives and friends were present at the court but were too distraught to speak to the media. On 18 November 2019, Goh was brought back to court again, where the prosecution brought up a second murder charge, this time for the death of his 90-year-old grandmother See Keng Keng. On 25 November 2019, Goh was brought back to the crime scene within the following week to re-enact the crime. Background Gabriel Lien Goh (吴立恩 Wú Lìēn), the younger of two sons, was born in 1997. He has an older brother (born 1992 or 1993) who has been married since 2019. His mother Lee Soh Mui (李素梅 Lǐ Sūméi) was a school teacher and librarian who headed a 35-year teaching career, including 17 years at Queenstown Secondary School. Goh’s father was a doctorate at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who became married to Lee in 1990 but he died in 1999 due to an illness when Goh was only two years old. Goh’s brother studied computer studies in a university. After the death of her husband, Lee, who was 36 years old back then, single-handedly raised Goh and his older brother, and she also took on the responsibility of taking care of her elderly mother See Keng Keng (施庆庆 Shī Qìngqìng), and never sought the help of her brother, sister, and other relatives. Lee was therefore a caring mother and filial daughter to those who knew her prior to her murder. Her caring mentor figure was highly regarded by her former students, who published tributes on Facebook upon receiving news of her death. After her husband passed on, Lee would still keep in touch with his family and bring her kids to visit the family during Chinese New Year. She was also a member of the Down Syndrome Association (Singapore). According to his relatives, Goh and his brother were known to be obedient. Goh remained living with his mother, grandmother and maid after his brother married and moved out in July 2019, three months before he killed the former two. Goh was educated up to at least a polytechnic diploma. He was also an enthusiastic Muay Thai practitioner and had won a medal before, and became the club’s vice president while he was still completing his three-year polytechnic education in Ngee Ann Polytechnic. He also opened up an Instagram account to post photos of his fighting feats. A news report also revealed in late January 2020 that four months prior to the alleged murders, Goh was a victim of a past assault incident. Goh was apparently being assaulted by at least three men (including a security guard) after he finished drinking at a nightclub with two friends. One of Goh’s assailants, 20-year-old Muhammad Raushan bin Nishan, was found guilty of voluntarily causing hurt, and was sentenced to reformative training for the crime in the same month. Trial of Gabriel Lien Goh Goh's district court trial for drug offences On 11 November 2021, Gabriel Goh, who remained in remand for the murders, was first brought to court for a total of six charges of illegal possession and consumption of drugs. Goh pleaded guilty to consumption of lysergide (LSD), as well as one count each of LSD and cannabis possession. Police investigations revealed that Goh has started to consume drugs since December 2018 and they also found packets of drugs in his possession at his home. Goh also started a blog which questioned why the use of marijuana is not legalised in Singapore. A district court of Singapore sentenced Goh to 22 months’ imprisonment for these charges, and the sentence was backdated to the date of Goh's arrest two years earlier. Still, Goh remained behind bars as he has not yet been tried for the murders of both his mother and grandmother. Goh's High Court trial for murder As of December 2021, Goh is awaiting trial for the Commonwealth killings. See also Capital punishment in Singapore List of major crimes in Singapore (2000–present) List of major crimes in Singapore (before 2000) Notes References Murder in Singapore 2019 in Singapore Matricides

69470325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Squid%20Game%20characters

List of Squid Game characters

Squid Game () is a South Korean survival drama series created by Hwang Dong-hyuk for Netflix. The first season of the series features an ensemble cast including Lee Jung-jae, Park Hae-soo, HoYeon Jung, Wi Ha-joon, O Yeong-su, Heo Sung-tae, Anupam Tripathi, and Kim Joo-ryoung. Overview Main characters Seong Gi-hun Seong Gi-hun, also known as Player 456, is the main protagonist of Squid Game. He is portrayed by South Korean actor, businessman and model, Lee Jung-jae. Gi-hun is a gambler down on his luck who gets recruited to play in the Squid Game, a series of deadly childhood games (including "Red Light, Green Light", "Marbles", "Tug of war" and the eponymous Squid game), for a high cash prize, which he ultimately wins. Gi-hun was based on one of the childhood friends of series creator Hwang Dong-hyuk. Gi-hun and Cho Sang-woo were based on Hwang's own personal experiences and represented "two sides" of himself; Gi-hun shared the same aspects of being raised by an economically disadvantaged single mother in the Ssangmun district of Seoul, while Sang-woo reflected on Hwang having attended Seoul National University with high expectations from his family and neighborhood. Hwang said he chose to cast Lee as Gi-hun as to "destroy his charismatic image portrayed in his previous roles". Born on 31 October 1974, Gi-hun is a resident from the Ssangmun-dong neighbourhood in the city of Seoul, the capital of South Korea. He is a divorced father, who besides working as a chauffeur, continuously gambles for the purpose of earning money. Living with his diabetic mother, Gi-hun desperately tries to gain custody of his daughter Seong Ga-yeong, who now lives with her mother and stepdad. Trying to be a custodial father, Gi-hun tries taking care of his daughter, but fails due to his lack of money, which he often lends from the bank as well as from loan sharks. Due to his excessive gambling and other different factors, Gi-hun is millions of won in debt, and constantly evades paying back the money he owes to the bank and loan sharks. One day after winning 100.000 won playing Ddakji with a salesman, Gi-hun gets invited to the Squid Game, an offer he accepts in hopes of winning a large amount of money, paying back his large debts, paying his mother's hospital bills, gaining back custody of his daughter and overall securing a good life for him and his family. Throughout the game, Gi-hun forms an alliance with Cho Sang-woo, a childhood friend of his, Kang Sae-byeok, Ali Abdul (who saved Gi-hun's life during "Red Light, Green Light") and Oh Il-nam. However, due to the former's willingness to let other players die to further advance in the game, Gi-hun and Sang-woo become rivals, and compete against each-other in the final, eponymous squid game. Gi-hun beats Sang-woo in the final game but refuses to kill him, offering him a chance to use the game's third clause to save his friend's life. However, Sang-woo commits suicide by stabbing himself in the neck, allowing Gi-hun to be winner of the competition. As a final request before his death, Sang-woo asks Gi-hun to use some of the prize winnings to help his mother. Gi-hun is heartbroken at Sang-woo's death. Becoming the winner, Gi-hun receives the prize money and returns to Seoul, but discovers his mother had died and mourns over her body. Gi-hun is left emotionally traumatised from what he went through during the game, living out his old life and not spending any of his winnings. A year later, in December 2021, Gi-hun receives a card from "his gganbu" instructing him to visit a sky tower. Gi-hun comes upon Il-nam, thought to have died in the games, alive but lying at his deathbed, and is horrified and disgusted at the latter's reveal that he was the creator of the Squid Game. After Gi-hun wins Il-nam's bet regarding a homeless man outside, Il-nam passes away. Following this, Gi-hun dyes his hair red, puts Sae-byeok's brother in the care of Sang-woo's mother and gives her a suitcase containing a large portion of the prize money. Gi-hun then decides to board a flight to Los Angeles to see his daughter again but notices the same salesman he encountered at the subway playing ddakji with another player, and runs to the platform. He takes the invitation card from the player, and calls the number himself, stating that he cannot forgive the organisers for everything they have done. After being told to "just get on that plane", Gi-hun turns around and walks away, presumably to try and take down the game's organisers. Gi-hun and his portrayal by Lee Jung-jae received critical acclaim. The New York Times named him their breakout star of the year; stating: "As the protagonist Seong Gi-hun, a gambling addict who is deeply in debt, he gives a wrenching and surprisingly subtle performance as he battles his way through unspeakable horrors." For his performance, he was nominated for numerous accolades, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama, and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series, making him the first male actor from Asia and Korea to receive individual nominations in those categories across all three awards shows with his win for the latter and costar HoYeon Jung winning the respective female award making history for the show becoming the first non-English language television series to win at the SAG Awards. He was also nominated along with her costars for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Cho Sang-woo Cho Sang-woo, also known as Player 218, is portrayed by Park Hae-soo. Sang-woo is the childhood friend of series protagonist Seong Gi-hun, and the former leader of a investment team at a securities company. A graduate at Seoul National University, Sang-woo became millions of won in debt. To solve his financial problems, Sang-woo participated in the Squid Game. Initially allied with Gi-hun and several other players, he takes on a darker role as the series progresses, becoming willing to kill other players to ensure his own survival. Sang-woo was based on one of the childhood friends of series creator Hwang Dong-hyuk. Sang-woo and Gi-hun were based on Hwang's own personal experiences and represented "two sides" of himself; Gi-hun shared the same aspects of being raised by an economically disadvantaged single mother in the Ssangmun district of Seoul, while Sang-woo reflected on Hwang having attended Seoul National University with high expectations from his family and neighborhood. Sang-woo was childhood friends with Seong Gi-hun. The two friends would often play children's games, such as Squid. Sang-woo later attended Seoul National University, and graduated at the top of his class. According to Gi-hun, Sang-woo's graduation from SNU caused him to became a famous prodigy in the Ssangmun-dong neighbourhood in the city of Seoul, the capital of South Korea. After graduating from SNU, Sang-woo became the leader of a investment team at the securities company Joy Investments. He illegally siphoned money from his client's balances, then invested it in derivatives and future options which failed, resulting in the loss of 6 billion won. He also used his mother's house and store as collateral for his illegal activities. He then gets recruited to play in a series of deadly childhood games, and is re-united with Gi-hun. After learning that participants who lose are killed, Sang-woo gave Gi-hun advise on how to survive "Red Light, Green Light" by informing him that the doll is a motion sensor. After both Sang-woo and Gi-hun survive the game, the majority of players want to quit, horrified at the revelation of players who lose being killed. When the masked staff members repeat the first two consent forms, Sang-woo took the initiative for conducting a vote among the contestants to end the Squid Game. However, he ultimately decided to continue participating when he learned that the prize money for winning was 45.6 billion won. After the games were stopped by the majority vote, his heavy debts almost led him to commit suicide before having being offered the chance to rejoin the Squid Game, which he accepts. During the Squid Game, Sang-woo helped Gi-hun and others in their alliance, particularly befriending Ali Abdul. However, to ensure his own survival, he became frequently more ruthless and inconsiderate as the game progressed. Sang-woo resorted to manipulation to win the Marbles game, betraying Ali and leaving him to die. He later murdered Player 017 in the Glass Stepping Stones game. After killing Kang Sae-byeok to prevent her and Gi-hun from ending the game, Sang-woo is one of two players to make it into the final round of the competition, along with Gi-hun. The two face off in the eponymous Squid game, in which, after an intense battle between the two, Gi-hun won after Sang-woo was too weak to continue. Before claiming his victory, Gi-hun attempts to end the game by invoking clause 3 of the consent form, hoping to end the game and save his friend's life. However, Sang-woo commits suicide by stabbing himself in the neck, allowing Gi-hun to win the game. As a final request before his death, Sang-woo asks Gi-hun to use some of the prize winnings to help his mother. Sang-woo's request to Gi-hun is fulfilled after he gives a large portion of his winnings to Sang-woo's mother, and also puts Kang Cheol (Sae-byeok's younger brother) in her care, offering both of them a better life. Park received international fame for his role as Sang-woo, and was able to gain over 800,000 Instagram followers in a single day due to the success of the series. Kang Sae-byeok Kang Sae-byeok, also known as Player 067, is portrayed by model HoYeon Jung in her acting debut. She studied for her role by practicing Hamgyŏng dialect with real North Korean defectors, watching documentaries about North Korean defectors, and learning martial arts. She also drew upon her own feelings of loneliness while modeling overseas to build the character, and wrote a daily diary from Sae-byeok's perspective. Following the release of Squid Game, Sae-byeok became the show's breakout star. Sae-byeok is a North Korean defector and pickpocket. She originally had grandparents, parents and an older brother, but an epidemic at her native village killed her grandparents and older brother. Her father was shot by the North Korean guards while fleeing the border into China and her mother was captured somewhere in China and repatriated back to North Korea, where she was imprisoned in a prison camp. At one point, Sae-byeok worked for gangster Jang Deok-su, but later went independent from him, causing animosity between the two. Sae-byeok agrees to participate in the Squid Game to raise enough money to help reunite her family and get her younger brother Kang Cheol out of the orphanage. Initially entering the game as a lone wolf, she later allies herself with Seong Gi-hun, who welcomes her on his team despite Sae-byeok pickpocketing him in the past, and his other teammates. She also forms an alliance with Ji-yeong, who sacrifices herself for Sae-byeok during the Marbles game. In the Glass Bridge game, Sae-byeok crosses safely but is impaled by a piece of the exploding glass. Sae-byeok becomes one of the three finalists, alongside Gi-hun and Cho Sang-woo. Before the sixth and final game, Sae-byeok asks Gi-hun to look after her family if she does not make it out the game alive. Her injury worsens, and she is killed by Sang-woo shortly afterwards to prevent Gi-hun from ending the game just to save her life. After winning the game following Sang-woo's suicide, Gi-hun fulfils his promise to Sae-byeok by putting Kang Cheol in the care of Sang-woo's mother. Jung was called Squid Games breakout star by critics. For her performance, she won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series at the 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards. This nomination made her the second actress of Asian as well as Korean descent to receive an individual SAG Award nomination. Her win, along with Lee Jung-jae winning the respective male award, made history for the show becoming the first non-English language television series to win at the SAG Awards. She was also nominated along with her costars for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Hwang Jun-ho Hwang Jun-ho is portrayed by Wi Ha-joon. Jun-ho is a South Korean police officer and detective who, by the beginning of the story, is searching for his missing brother. When Seong Gi-hun (Lee Jung-jae) explains his experience in the first game to the police, Jun-ho is the only one who thinks he is telling the truth. After seeing the same invitation card in his brother's apartment, Jun-ho realises his brother took part in the games, and decides to infiltrate the game to search for his brother. He follows a car transporting players to the ferry to the island the games take place on, and sneaks in undetected by killing a Worker guard and stealing his uniform. He records several events of the game on his phone and also takes pictures, with the intent of sending them to the police at the end of his investigation. Later on, he takes on the role of a Manager and asks Gi-hun if he has heard of a player named In-ho, Gi-hun responds by saying the players do not know each-other's real names. Later on, Jun-ho kills another guard and searches the Front Man (Lee Byung-hun)'s apartment on the Island, where he finds out that his brother won the Squid Game in 2015. However, the Front Man had already become aware of an intruder on the island, and realised he is nearby from the Front Man's phone being placed the wrong way. Jun-ho avoids the Front Man by hiding underneath a table. Jun-ho then disguises himself as a Waiter after the VIPs arrive to watch the fifth game. One of the VIPs (Geoffrey Giuliano) begins flirting with Jun-ho and attempts to force Jun-ho to perform oral sex, but Jun-ho crushes his testicles and forces the VIP to tell him everything he knows about the game, recording the VIP's confession on his phone before knocking him unconscious. At this point, the Front Man and the other staff find out the intruder is a Korean police officer from an ID badge. Jun-ho also reveals his face to the Front Man for a split second, before continuing to try and escape. From there, Jun-ho steals diving equipment and attempts to leave the island with the evidence of the games on his phone. Realising the Front Man and some soldiers are nearby, Jun-ho calls one of his co-workers in the police before attempting to send him the evidence. Jun-ho then attempts to escape, but reaches the edge of a cliff, where he is surrounded by several soldiers and the Front Man. Jun-ho informs them of the evidence he took and sent, but the Front Man responds that due to there being no signal, anything he took likely was not sent. He also offers Jun-ho the chance to live if he comes with them and deletes the evidence. Jun-ho refuses, shoots the Front Man in the chest and then asks him who he is. In response, the Front Man takes his mask off, revealing himself to be Hwang In-ho, Jun-ho's brother. In-ho reaches his hand out to Jun-ho, but Jun-ho refuses to come with them. In-ho then aims his gun at Jun-ho, who asks "In-ho.... why?" before being shot by In-ho in the shoulder and falls off the cliff into the water. Afterwards, In-ho is haunted by a vision of his brother in the mirror of his apartment, repeating the "why" question. Jun-ho's ultimate fate is ambiguous. Wi and series creator Hwang have stated in interviews that they hope Jun-ho is still alive so the series can further develop the relationship of him and In-ho. Ali Abdul Ali Abdul, also known as Player 199, is portrayed by Anupam Tripathi. Ali is a Pakistani migrant worker who came to South Korea with his wife and child and participated in the game to win the prize money for his family, especially after he had been cheated out of his earnings by his corrupt boss. Despite his hardship, Ali maintains an optimistic outlook in life and refuses to become bitter. He saves Gi-hun's life during "Red Light, Green Light", and later forms an alliance with him and the other members of Gi-hun's team. Ali survives the first three games, and is killed during Marbles after being betrayed by Sang-woo, who replaces his pouch of marbles with a pouch of pebbles. Ali's death is considered one of the saddest moments in the show, as he had become a fan favorite. Oh Il-nam Oh Il-nam, also known as Player 001, is portrayed by O Yeong-su. Il-nam is initially presented as an elderly man with a brain tumor and dementia, who prefers playing the game to waiting to die in the outside world. During the game, Il-nam forms a close alliance with Gi-hun, and survives the first three games before being seemingly killed off-screen during the Marbles game, voluntarily giving his final marble to Gi-hun. However, a year after Gi-hun wins the game, it is revealed that Il-nam survived and that he was secretly the creator/host of the games, angering Gi-hun. Il-nam explains his reasoning for creating the games to Gi-hun, namely that he had lost the ability to enjoy life due to his immense wealth and lost faith in humanity, and that he decided to join this game out of boredom, knowing it would be the final one he would oversee. However, he states that he genuinely enjoyed playing the game with Gi-hun. Il-nam then dies of his cancer, but not before making a final bet with Gi-hun. O Yeong-su won the Golden Globe award for Best Supporting Actor in a TV Series in 2022 for his portrayal of Oh Il-nam. Jang Deok-su Jang Deok-su, also known as Player 101, is portrayed by Heo Sung-tae. Deok-su is a ruthless gangster who entered the game to settle massive gambling debts, having an acrimonious past with Kang Sae-byeok and fallen out of favor with his crime boss. He forms and breaks alliances as needed, becoming the leader of his own faction of players, but believes it is every player for themselves during the competition, even resorting to cheating to win. Deok-su betrays allies such as Han Mi-nyeo, whom he develops a sexual relationship with, and player 278, his right-hand man. He is also directly responsible of the murder of player 271, whom he kills for extra food, after which he realizes riots are allowed during sleeping hours, resulting in the deaths of several other players. Despite his tough demeanor, Deok-su is actually a coward, and when he chickens out during the glass bridge game and refuses to go forward, threatening the lives of all players, Mi-nyeo volunteers to go forward, only to throw him through the glass bridge along with herself to their deaths in revenge for him betraying her and breaking her heart. Heo Sung-tae, who normally plays villainous characters, gained 900,000 followers on Instagram after playing Jang Deok-su on Squid Game. Han Mi-nyeo Han Mi-nyeo, also known as Player 212, is portrayed by Kim Joo-ryoung. An eccentric, loud, and manipulative woman, Mi-nyeo is implied to be a con artist, and her reasoning behind joining the game is unknown. She also claims to have had a newborn child who had not been named or registered yet, though that claim is dubious. She quickly learns the ins and outs of the game and keeps her enemies close, initially playing the game selfishly like Jang Deok-su, and allies with whomever will provide her the most protection or benefits. After she helps Deok-su cheat during the Dalgona candy round, the two have sex and she joins his team, but he kicks her out in favor of physically strong male players during the tug of war round. Heartbroken, Mi-nyeo vows to kill him for his betrayal and joins Gi-hun and Sang-woo's team. As a result of not finding a partner for the Marbles game, she does not play that round but is kept alive, much to Deok-su's chagrin. When he chickens out during the glass stepping stones game, Mi-nyeo volunteers to go forward, but uses this as a farce to drag Deok-su and herself to their deaths in order to allow the other players to keep going forward. Han Mi-nyeo became one of the most polarizing characters in the series, though viewers praised her redemption at the end of her arc. Actress Kim Joo-ryoung, who had previously worked with director Hwang Dong-hyuk on the film Silenced, was personally contacted for the role by Hwang, and stated that working on Squid Game "felt like [she] was dreaming". Supporting characters Ji-yeong Ji-yeong, also known as Player 240, is portrayed by Lee Yoo-mi. Prior to her joining the games, Ji-young was an ex-convict who was recently released from jail for the murder of her abusive father, who was an alcoholic pastor and the killer of her mother. During the game, Ji-yeong forms an alliance with Kang Sae-byeok (HoYeon Jung). In the Marbles game, after a conversation about their pasts, Ji-yeong decides to sacrifice herself so Sae-byeok can advance further in the game, believing she has more of a reason to win than her. Byeong-gi Byeong-gi, also known as Player 111 or "The Doctor", is portrayed by Yoo Sung-joo. He is a disgraced doctor who conspires with some of the Masked Men to harvest the organs of deceased or nearly dead players in exchange for extra food and leaked information on the upcoming games. He also joins Jang Deok-su's gang and provides them the information. When the guards fail to get him information, Byeong-gi goes on a rampage and kills several of the guards in an attempt to escape. As a result, he is killed alongside the guards he worked with by the Front Man, and their bodies are hung for display prior to the Marbles game to make an example out of them for cheating. The Front Man / Hwang In-ho Hwang In-ho, also known as the Front Man, is portrayed by Lee Byung-hun. In-ho is the brother of Jun-ho, with both men serving in the Korean National Police. In 2015, In-ho took part in the Squid Game that year and won, later returning to the game as a staff member and, by the 2020 games, had become the front man and overseer of the game. During the first game of the 2020 games, In-ho has a drink while watching the game unfold, listening to a cover of "Fly Me to the Moon" play in the background. In the second game, he executes a guard after revealing his mask. Before the fourth game, he shoots another guard and Player 111 (Yoo Sung-joo) for cheating. Around this time, In-ho is alerted of the presence of an intruder, later discovering the intruder is a police officer. He begins searching for the intruder after noticing that his phone had been placed the wrong way. He searches all the rooms, but is unable to find the intruder, who hid underneath a table. When the VIPs arrive on the island to watch the fifth game, In-ho informed them that the Host will be unable to watch the game with them, and said that the Host asked him to apologise on his behalf. During the game, the intruder takes the identity of a waiter, who a VIP (Geoffrey Giuliano) begins flirting with, with the intruder requesting the VIP take them somewhere where they can be alone. The VIP does so, taking the intruder back to his room, where he is subsequently held at gunpoint and forced to reveal everything he knows about the game, before being knocked unconscious. After a while, In-ho notices the absence of this VIP, and informs a guard to search for him. The guard finds the VIP unconscious in his room and informs In-ho. Later, during the climax of the fifth game, several of the VIPs begin questioning one of the final four players of the game, who is constantly inspecting the glass panels and claiming to be able tell the difference. Checking the player's report, In-ho tells the VIPs of his backstory as a glassmaker, and makes the game more challenging for him and the other players by turning the lights off. Immediately after the fifth game's conclusion, In-ho continues his search for the intruder, getting a brief glimpse of him and realising that he is Jun-ho. After Jun-ho steals diving gear and swims away, In-ho and a group of soldiers leave on a boat to try and find him. They eventually find Jun-ho after he is concerned on a cliffside. After Jun-ho informs them of the evidence he took and sent of the game, In-ho reminds Jun-ho of the weak signal on the island and that, although unaware of what exactly Jun-ho took, says that it was likely not sent. He also offers Jun-ho the chance to live if he comes with them and deletes the evidence. Jun-ho refuses, and In-ho is shot in the chest and asked who he is. In response, In-ho takes his mask off, revealing himself to be Jun-ho's brother. In-ho reaches his hand out to Jun-ho, but Jun-ho refuses to come with them. In-ho then aims his gun at Jun-ho, who asks "In-ho.... why?" before being shot by In-ho in the shoulder and falls off the cliff into the water. Afterwards, In-ho is haunted by a vision of his brother in the mirror of his apartment, repeating the "why" question. When Seong Gi-hun (Lee Jung-jae) wins the game after the voluntary death of Cho Sang-woo (Park Hae-soo), In-ho congratulates GI-hun on his victory and compares the players of the game to horses, and also tells Gi-hun to think of the game like a dream. On December 25, 2021, following the death of Il-nam, In-ho pays his respects and likely takes over his role as the Host. Sometime later, during a phone call with Gi-hun, In-ho tells him to get on the plane for his own good. The Salesman The Salesman is portrayed by Gong Yoo. He is a former staff member of the game, who has the role of recruiting players. He does so by approaching people who are down on their luck and playing Ddakji with them, offering them 100,000 won if they win but stating he will get the 100,000 won if he wins. However, he gives players the option to play again if they lose, in exchange for being slapped. When a player wins the game, the salesman gives them their winnings, and later offers them a chance to participate in the game by giving them an invitation card with a phone number on the back. If a player decides to accept his offer and rings the number, the salesman tells them if they wish to participate, to state their name and birthdate. References Squid Game Lists of drama television characters Lists of horror television characters Fictional South Korean people

69470813

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilyr%20Hicks

Skilyr Hicks

Skilyr Leigh Hicks (1998 – December 6, 2021) was an American singer-songwriter. She appeared on America's Got Talent season 8 in 2013, after which she released her debut album Brand New Day. She died on December 6, 2021 at the age of 23. Career Hicks learned to play the guitar in 2011. By her appearance on America's Got Talent at age 14 in 2013, she had written 20 original songs and performed in more than 100 shows. On American's Got Talent, she sang "Brand New Day", an original song she had written for her late father. The clip of her singing went viral. She was eliminated in the second round of eliminations. After the show, she released her nine-track album Brand New Day. Later that year, she appeared on the album The 12 Bands of Christmas: Vol. 10, singing "Snowflakes in the South". On her YouTube channel, Hicks released covers of Christina Aguilera's version of the song "Say Something" and Bob Dylan's "Make You Feel My Love". Personal life Hicks attended North Augusta High School in North Augusta, South Carolina. In April 2015, Hicks went missing after school and her mother posted on Facebook asking for the public's help. Hicks was found that same day. She went missing again in May 2021 with police asking for the public's help in trying to locate her. The police stated Hicks struggled with mental health issues at that time. She was located five days later. Hicks had been in trouble with the law on multiple occasions. In 2017, she was arrested and jailed for assaulting three family members while drunk. She spent more than 10 days in jail for the assaults. In November 2018, she was arrested for underage drinking and then failed to appear in court on multiple occasions. On December 6, 2021 she was found dead at a friend's house of "a possible overdose." Discography See also List of solved missing person cases List of unsolved deaths References 1998 births 2010s missing person cases 2020s missing person cases 2021 deaths 21st-century American singers America's Got Talent contestants Drug-related deaths in South Carolina Formerly missing people Missing person cases in South Carolina People from North Augusta, South Carolina Singer-songwriters from South Carolina Unsolved deaths

69470966

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath%20Tabuni

Goliath Tabuni

Goliath Namaan Tabuni (born 1959 or 1960) is a Papuan guerilla leader who is commander of the West Papua National Liberation Army. Mostly based around Puncak Jaya Regency, his unit is known for launching attacks and ambushes against Indonesian government units. Biography Tabuni was born in either 1959 or 1960, originating from the district of Gurage in what is today Puncak Jaya Regency. He reportedly joined the Free Papua Movement in the 1980s, after he was beaten up by Indonesian soldiers for a wrongful accusation. In the 1990s, he joined Kelly Kwalik's unit near the Grasberg mine, before splitting off and returning to Puncak Jaya in 2004, establishing his base in the district of Tingginambut. Since then, Puncak Jaya has been considered "the most violent" region in Papua. Between 2009 and 2015, at least 29 Indonesian police and military members have been killed in Puncak Jaya, due to ambushes by guerilla fighters led by Tabuni. Other TPNPB units in the regencies of Puncak, Paniai, and Mimika operate under Tabuni's command to an extent, although Tabuni's units have also come into conflict with a breakaway faction under Purom Wenda. Partly due to his actions, he was appointed as the Supreme Commander of the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) in 2012 during a National Committee for West Papua conference in Biak. Due to his prominence as a guerilla leader, he also became involved in local politics – in 2006, a local politician approached him for support in a regional election against later Papua governor Lukas Enembe, and in 2009 Tabuni supported Golkar in exchange for his cousin Deerd Tabuni becoming a provincial legislator – and Deerd later even became the legislature's chairman. In March 2015, there were media reports that Tabuni had surrendered to the Indonesian government, retracted shortly afterwards. Later reports claimed that he had retired from guerilla fighting and ran a wood business, a claim denied by a TPNPB spokesperson. Tabuni has publicly announced that he would not support the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). He has also rejected regional autonomy for Papua, calling for full independence. References Living people People from Papua (province) West Papuan independence activists 1959 births Indonesian rebels

69471988

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast%20Pogrom

Belfast Pogrom

The terms Belfast Pogrom, Shipyard Expulsions, The Burnings' and 'The Troubles of the 20s' are terms that refer to the violent removal of Belfast shipyard workers from their jobs and the communal violence that occurred over a two-year period (1920-22) in Belfast and other areas of Northern Ireland. Background Several factors - economic, political and cultural coincided in July 1920 which led to mass expulsions or "clearings" of Catholics, Socialists and Protestants (that were considered disloyal) from Belfast's shipyards, foundries, linen mills and other commercial concerns. The workplace expulsions took place at a time when northern Irish Unionists were concerned with the ongoing violence in the south of Ireland (the Irish War of Independence) and the introduction of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which resulted in the Partition of Ireland). Other factors were the increased level of violence against senior members of the army/police and politicians: (the assassinations of Belfast City Councilman William J. Twaddell, British Army Field Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) District Inspector Swanzy and RIC Divisional Commissioner Lt Col Gerald Rice Smyth. Also contributing to the onset of intense communal violence were the bleak economic conditions of post war Belfast, increased demand for jobs brought on by returning World War I soldiers, fiery political speeches made by Unionist leaders and the stockpiling of weapons by both communities - Irish Unionists/Protestants and Irish Nationalists/Catholics. While both communities suffered from sectarian and politically motivated violence during this time, Catholics were disproportionally affected. Almost 2/3 of the victims of violence were Roman Catholic but made up less than a quarter of the population. By June 1920 the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) engaged each other in gun battles." Tit for tat" retaliations between the IRA/Catholics and the Pollice/Unionists ensured extended periods of violence. On July 29, 1920 the Irish Committee in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom approved the setting up of a new security force for Ireland - the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) (disbanded in May 1970). To many in Belfast's Nationalist/Catholic community the establishment of this almost exclusively Unionist/Protestant force - the A Specials and B Specials was the arming of a majority (Unionists) against a minority (Nationalists). Two of the most infamous sectarian retaliations during this period were the McMahon killings (24 March 1922) in which five Catholic family members and one employee were murdered in Belfast (the gunmen allegedly were police officers). A week later six Catholics were murdered during the Arnon Street killings (1 April 1922). These unsolved killings are believed to have been retaliations for the killing of policemen in the days before the attacks. Pogrom, Ethnic Cleansing or Civil War The use of the terms pogrom and ethnic cleansing to describe the violence of this time has been fiercely debated by historians. Historians have argued that the term pogrom is not appropriate given the reciprocity of violence between communities in Northern Ireland. In the context of the Belfast shipyard clearances, the use of the word pogrom does not strictly conform to dictionary definitions, most notably in the pogroms directed at Jews in eastern Europe. However, the term was widely used at the time by Irish Nationalists. The American Commission on Conditions in Ireland Interim Report 1921 stated "These riots between Protestants and Catholics in which Protestants were the aggressors partook of the character of Russian pogroms against the Jews." During this period of intense violence, many members of the Catholic/Nationalist community in Belfast felt that the violence of the shipyard expulsions and the violent clearing of thousands of Catholics from mixed neighborhoods was ethnic cleansing or a pogrom. What is clear is that the minority population were the principal victims, suffering high levels of violence, intimidation and severe economic hardships at the hands of the majority population and the police. Shipyard Clearances After the annual July 12th holiday in 1920, shipyard workers returned to work and a meeting was called of "all Unionist and Protestant workers" during the lunch hour that day (21 July, 1920). With approximately 5,000 workers present, speeches were made demanding the expulsions of all non-loyal workers. After hours of intimidation and violence most Catholic and Socialist workers were removed from the Harland and Wolff shipyard. Expulsions continued for several days at work locations across Belfast to include several hundred female textile workers. The leader of the Ulster Unionist Party and soon to be the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Sir James Craig made his feelings on the expulsions clear when he visited the shipyards: "Do I approve of the actions you boys have taken in the past? I say yes." The expulsion of thousands of Catholic workers from the shipyards was followed by retaliatory attacks on Protestant workers returning home after work, starting a cycle of communal violence which continued for over two years. The shipyard had a long-standing reputation as a Protestant "closed shop"in 1970, 500 Catholic workers were expelled from their jobs. Belfast Boycott In August 1920, Belfast Sinn Fein members formed the Belfast Boycott Committee and requested help from the newly formed Irish Government to put pressure on the Unionists. The boycott was aimed at goods from Belfast and several other northern towns. The boycott was effectively enforced only in County Monaghan, primarily due to its location close to the newly proclaimed border and Belfast. By late August 1920, the following declaration was signed by all of Monaghans Catholic commercial traders: "We the undersigned traders of Monaghan town, hereby pledge ourselves not to deal directly or indirectly with Belfast Unionist firms or traders until such time as adequate reparation has been made to the Catholic victims of the recent Belfast pogrom." In January 1921 the abstentionist Irish Parliament (Dail Eireann) agreed to support the boycott, providing 35,000 pounds to the campaign. By May 1921 there were 360 Belfast Boycott committees spread across Ireland, but it was enforced intermittently. The boycott had minimal impact on the north's three main industries agriculture, shipbuilding and linen as they were mainly shipped to markets outside of Ireland. 1920 Sectarian Violence Sectarian motivated violence was not confined to Belfast. On July 12, 1920 Ulster Unionist Party leader Lord Carson made an inflammatory speech in Derry in which he said "I am sick of words without actions" and warned the British government that if they refused to provide adequate protection against the IRA "we (Unionists) would take matters into our own hands." Five days of looting and street fighting followed in Derry. Many Nationalists asserted that Carsons rhetoric was responsible for prompting Loyalists to attack Catholics, thereby initiating what they regarded as a "pogrom" against Belfast's minority community. In the first half of 1920, the violence in Derry left twenty people dead and hundreds more wounded. In Lisburn, County Antrim, on 23-25 August 1920, Protestant/Loyalist crowds looted and burned practically every Catholic business in the town and attacked Catholic homes. About 1,000 people (a third of the town's Catholics) fled Lisburn. In the summer of 1920 sectarian rioting occurred in several other towns in east Ulster: Banbridge, Dromore and Newtownards. The burning of property forced many Catholic families to flee, leading to a long term decline of the Catholic population in these towns. 1921-22 Violence Continues The Parliament of Northern Ireland first met on June 7, 1921 and violence quickly followed. Between June 10-15, 1921 severe rioting occurred in Belfast with six Catholic men beaten/shot to death with about 150 Catholic families driven from their homes. Ferocious fighting occurred in west Belfast on 10 July 1921, in which 16 civilians (eleven Catholics and five Protestants) lost their lives and 161 houses were destroyed. The War of Independence in Ireland ended with a truce on 11 July 1921 but the following week saw intense violence in Belfast. During the week of 9-14 July, 1921 23 civilians were killed: 16 Catholics and seven Protestants with 216 Catholic homes destroyed. The first half of 1922 saw an undeclared civil war under way in Northern Ireland.The death toll in the north for February was 44, with 30 people killed in Belfast on a single night. One of the worst atrocities during this time occurred on 14 February 1922. A bomb was thrown into a group of Catholic children as they were playing in Weaver Street, Belfast, killing four children, two mothers and injuring 22 children. In early/mid 1922 large scale intimidation of Catholic families again took place in Belfast: on May 19, 1922, 71 Catholic families were driven out of their homes and on 31 May 1922, 78 Catholic families were driven from their homes. Sectarian attacks were not limited to one side of the conflict: on 19 May 1922 workmen at a cooperage in Belfast were lined up and asked their religion. Four Protestant workers were separated from their Catholic workmates and shot dead. Between 1920-22, within newly formed Northern Ireland 557 people were killed: 303 Catholics, 172 Protestants and 82 members of the police and British Army. Belfast suffered the most casualties - 452 people were killed (267 Catholics and 185 Protestants), 650 private houses/businesses destroyed by arson and thousands of people forced out of their homes due to intimidation.Catholic relief organizations estimated that (between July 1920 and July 1922) 8,700 to 11,000 Catholics had lost their jobs, that up to 23,000 Catholic residents had been forced from their homes and about 500 Catholic owned businesses had been destroyed. Intimidation and retaliation attacks occurred in both communities with over 20% of the victims of housing expulsions being Protestants. In the troubles of 1969, some Belfast Catholics whose homes had been attacked when they were children found themselves being attacked again in what seemed a re-run of the 1920s pogroms. Return to Normalcy In February 1922, a police raid on an IRA location in Belfast captured documents listing the names of all of the IRA Brigade Officers in Belfast. By the summer of 1922 the level of violence in Belfast subsided due to increased arrests of Irish Republicans and the passing of the Special Powers Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 which introduced internment without trial. Within four months the government reported that 446 people had been interned (by December 1924, 700 Irish Republicans were interned). The death of Michael Collins on 22 August 1922 dealt a severe blow to the northern IRA. Collins had taken an active interest in reversing the Partition of Ireland and with his death, many northern IRA men felt that their cause was unwinnable. IRA Belfast Brigade leader Roger McCorley stated, "When Collins was killed the northern element (of the IRA) gave up all hope." The numerical superiority of the USC (19,400 members in the A and B Specials) also proved an insurmountable obstacle for the IRA. Nationalists hopes for a large scale transfer of Northern Ireland territory to the newly formed Irish Free State (via the Irish Boundary Commission) may have also led to a decrease in the violence. References Further reading Bruce, Steve (1994) The Edge of the Union: the Ulster Loyalist Political Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press Cottrell, Peter, (2008), The Irish Civil War 1922-23, Osprey Pub, Oxford, ISBN 139781846032707 Lawlor, Pearse (2009), The Burnings 1920, Mercier Press MacEoin, Uinseann, (1981), Survivors, Argenta Publications McCarthy, Pat, (2015),The Irish Revolution, 1912-23, Four Courts Press, Dublin, ISBN 978-1-84682-410-4 McNally Jack, (1987), Morally Good, Politically Bad, Andersontown News Publications Phoenix, Eamon, (1994), Northern Nationalism Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast Thorne, Kathleen, (2014), Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922-1924, Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, ISBN 978-0-692-245-13-2 History of Northern Ireland History of Ireland (1801–1923) Irish nationalism Unionism in Ireland Riots and civil disorder in Northern Ireland 1920s in Ireland

69472352

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Stephen%20Holt

Joseph Stephen Holt

Joseph Stephen Holt (November 8, 1947 – April 6, 2014) was an American murderer and suspected serial killer who was posthumously linked via DNA to two murders committed in South Lake Tahoe, California from 1977 to 1979. Holt, a real estate agent, was never convicted in his lifetime and died without being considered a suspect in 2014. Since his identification in 2019, authorities have been investigating whether he could be responsible for more violent crimes committed in the state. Early life Joseph Stephen Holt was born on November 8, 1947, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the first child of an airline pilot and a high school teacher. Shortly after his birth, the family began moving around various locations before finally settling in San Jose, California, where Holt spend most of his youth. After graduating from the Cupertino High School, he studied policical science at the UC Santa Barbara and later UC Berkeley, receiving a bachelor's degree. He moved to South Lake Tahoe in 1974, where he soon began a career in real estate, holding down that job up until his death. As a realtor, he frequently travelled between San Jose and South Lake Tahoe, and was regarded as very familiar with the area. Murders On July 24, 1977, 27-year-old Brynn Rainey, an Ohio woman employed at the Sahara Tahoe Casino in Stateline, Nevada, vanished after she was last seen at the Bittercreek Saloon. When she did not arrive at work for her usual shift the next day, she was reported missing, but after checking her apartment, authorities found that nothing had been stolen. Rainey remained missing for a little over a month until August 20, when a horseback rider found a shallow grave near the Stateline Stables. He reported the finding to the police, who soon identified the decomposing body inside of it as that of Rainey. From what little forensic evidence could be gathered, it was ascertained that she had been raped and then strangled to death. Two years later, on June 30, 1979, 16-year-old Carol Andersen travelled from her home in Stateline to a house party at Regan Beach, near South Lake Tahoe. After partying the entire night and declining rides home from her friends, Andersen likely travelled on foot before hitching a ride from a passing motorist. The next morning, a motorist passing by the Pioneer Trail discovered the lifeless body of what appearead to be a teenage girl. After informing authorities, the body was sent for autopsy in Sacramento, California, where the coroner positively identified her as Andersen. It was determined that she had been bound, gagged and strangled by her killer, who made no effort to conceal her corpse. Identification Despite efforts to catch the solve the two women's cases, authorities at the time were unable to, thus rendering them cold for more than four decades. Both cases were shelved until 2007, when the El Dorado County Sheriff's Office formed a cold case task force, which reexamined Rainey and Andersen's murders. The first breaks came in 2012 and 2013, respectively, after they managed to obtain genetic samples from the suspected perpetrator and entered them into CODIS, but to their disappointment, no positive matches were returned. The cases were shelved until 2017, when the agency used genetic genealogy to determine that both killings were committed by the same perpetrator. Afterwards, they contacted Parabon NanoLabs to test some blood and DNA samples found on articles of clothing from the crime scenes, which eventually allowed them to zero in on the Holt family. Not long after contacting the family members, including one of Holt's biological children who agreed to provide a DNA sample from his father's old toothbrush, authorities were able to conclusively link Holt's DNA to both crime scenes. However, he could not be arrested, as he had died in his South Lake Tahoe home on April 6, 2014 from a heart attack. After searching through Holt's various belongings, police found a newspaper clipping about an unsolved 1975 shooting in Los Gatos, in which the victim had survived. Queries to the local police department returned a sketch of the suspect in said shooting, which appeared to be a near-perfect match to what Holt looked like at the time. As a result, police have since suspected that he likely has committed other violent crimes centering around the South Lake Tahoe and San Jose area, and are seeking any potential links to unsolved cases that could be linked back to Holt. See also Parabon NanoLabs External links Obituary (Archived) References 1947 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American criminals American male criminals American rapists American murderers of children Suspected serial killers Violence against women in the United States Criminals from Oklahoma People from Tulsa, Oklahoma

69472682

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarks%20%28bookshop%29

Bookmarks (bookshop)

Bookmarks is Britain's largest socialist bookshop. It was founded in 1973 by the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and is based in Bloomsbury, London. The company has published books since 1979 and is the official bookseller for the Trades Union Congress. The bookshop Bookmarks specialises in non-fictional and fictional books that concern politics, economics, anti-fascism, anarchism, labour history, trade unionism, arts and culture, anti-racism, the environment, biographies, and feminism. It also stocks radical books for children, eBooks, CDs, and DVDs. Their range of merchandise includes posters, mugs, bags, and cards. Novelty items stocked by Bookmarks include anti-Tory mugs and 'sherbet Lenin' soap. Live events are streamed from Bookmarks' YouTube channel. British politician Tony Benn described Bookmarks as "the university for activists." The bookshop is a member of the Alliance of Radical Booksellers. Premises Bookmarks originally began trading in 1971 as I.S. Books and was based at the Cotton Gardens International Socialists office until 1973. Between 1973 and 1974, the name Bookmarks was adopted and new premises were opened at 265 Seven Sisters Road, Finsbury Park, London. In the 1980s, this was also the mailing address for The Radical Bookseller, a magazine for the radical book trade. In 1998, Bookmarks opened its premises at 1 Bloomsbury Street, London. Bookmarks Publications Bookmarks publishes books and pamphlets that address issues concerning activists and trade unionists. A publishing company has existed in some form since 1979. 2002 libel case In August 2002, Bookmarks Publications and editor of the Socialist Review Lindsey German received a letter from libel lawyers at Carter-Ruck representing editor Quintin Hoare and historian Branka Magaš. The complaint concerned a 1993 essay by the political theorist Alex Callinicos included within The Balkans, Nationalism and Imperialism, a book by German published by Bookmarks in 1999. Hoare and Magaš claimed that one passage suggested they were apologists for Franjo Tuđman's regime in Croatia. Bookmarks Publications and German agreed to issue an apologetic statement in open court and pay each of the plaintiffs £1,500. With legal bills estimated above £10,000 a libel fund was launched in 2003 to support Bookmarks in the proceedings. British journalist Paul Foot penned an appeal for support for Alliance for Workers' Liberty and claimed that neither Hoare of Magas had approached Bookmarks Publications without their lawyers. In the article Foot wrote that: "It has been a long tradition in the labour movement that arguments between socialists should be conducted openly and should not, except in extreme circumstances, be tested in the courts by the libel laws." 2005: Gilad Atzmon event and anti-Semitism In June 2005 around 30 people attended a picket of Bookmarks organised by Tony Greenstein through Jews Against Zionism. The picket was initiated after the Socialist Workers Party invited jazz musician Gilad Atzmon to a talk at Bookmarks titled “Deconstructing Zionist Identity” on June 17 of the same year. Atzmon's writings have been described by scholars and anti-racism activists as being anti-Semitic and containing Holocaust denial. The Alliance for Workers' Liberty claimed that the basis for the picket was "not good politically" because the organisers' leaflets stated that, “the greatest crime the SWP have committed in inviting Atzmon” is not giving a platform to an anti-Semite but rather “giving ammunition to the Zionist libel that anti-Zionists are, after all, motivated by anti-Semitism.” Other attendees of the picket appeared solely for the purpose of denouncing Atzmon and his views. Jews Against Zionism reported that Atzmon had discussed the theories of Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger at the event and had "not been received well" by attendees. A reporter for Jews Against Zionism wrote that, despite the dismay of some attendees, "we must still marvel at their stupidity in even inviting Atzmon in the first place." In a statement issued after the event the SWP said, "The SWP does not believe that Gilad Atzmon is a Holocaust denier or racist." An employee of Bookmarks said, "While we do not agree with all of Gilad's ideas and statements… we feel that none justify saying that he should not be allowed to come to the shop to talk about his book." The Alliance for Workers' Liberty condemned both Bookmarks and the SWP for the incident. 2018: far-right protestors On August 4 2018, far-right protestors entered Bookmarks, wrecked displays, and intimidated staff. The campaign group Stand Up to Racism claimed that one individual wore a Donald Trump mask whilst other assailants held placards reading "British Bolshevik Cult." Bookmarks' manager was called "Corbynite scum." The incident took place after a far-right protest connected to the conspiracy theory website InfoWars. Onsite staff called the police and no arrests were made. The American philosopher and linguist Noam Chomsky called the incident a "shameful attack." Further messages of support came from the Labour Party politician David Lammy, author Michael Rosen, and singer-songwriter Billy Bragg. A solidarity event held on August 11 of the same year was attended by more than 500 supporters. Michael Rosen wrote a special poem for the event that included the line: "Anytime we think they’re just having a laugh, let’s remember the joker with the toothbrush moustache." Later that month, the right-wing UK Independence Party announced the suspension of three party members pending an investigation into the incident. The suspension applied to Elizabeth Jones, Luke Nash-Jones and Martin Costello. Jones was later cleared of wrongdoing and reinstated to the party. The campaigning publishing organisation Index on Censorship sent six books to the suspended UKIP members to "introduce them to different ideas.” The titles issued included Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, and Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials Trilogy. A Bookmarks employee claimed that a previous attack on the shop took place in the 1970s. Bookmarks' manager, David Gilchrist, wrote in The Guardian that such events sprang from "a fertile ground prepared by Theresa May's “hostile environment” for migrants." Gilchrist's article concluded with: "The most important outcome will be if more people learn the true meaning of solidarity." External links Official website References Bookshops in London Socialist organisations in the United Kingdom

69474010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ba%20Ria

Battle of Ba Ria

The Battle of Bà Rịa took place from January 31 to February 7, 1968 in Phước Tuy province, South Vietnam. It occurred as part of the Tet Offensive, with large formations of Viet Cong troops attacking allied forces consisting of South Vietnamese, Australian and American troops. The Australians engaged in the heaviest street fighting seen by any of their units during the war, and the attack was defeated with heavy casualties inflicted on the VC. Battle At 5:00 on the morning of 1 February 1968 heavily armed members of the Viet Cong's D445 Provincial Battalion began entering Ba Ria, quickly occupying the main buildings. Two companies attacked the American Administration and Logistics Compound, 140 men attacked a different US complex and police station, while another platoon occupied the hospital, Catholic church and town theatre. The VC also occupied bungalows housing the US Provincial Aid Organisation, a CIA office and Van Kiep Airfield east of Ba Ria. By dawn the National Liberation Front flag was flying over the town and key installations had either been neutralised or isolated. In response, 3RAR’s A Company boarded A Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment's armoured personnel carriers at 8am and left Nui Dat for Ba Ria. The 1st ATF Tactical Headquarters were told that only two VC platoons were running amok, and so dispatched only a small Ready Reaction Force consisting of just two platoons belonging to A Company (about 65 men). As they approached the town three hours after the initial assault the Australians came under small arms fire, and as the infantry left their APCs to advance towards Hoa Long village, faced explosions from rocket propelled grenades that mingled with rifle and machine gun bullets. Over the next 24 hours, the infantrymen, with the support of the armoured personnel carriers and United States Air Force Phantom jets, engaged in a difficult, deadly fight, moving from house to house and street to street, slowly driving the Viet Cong from their well-prepared strongholds. Despite being hit by sniper fire, the APCs surged southward past the sector headquarters and to the bungalows, where they rescued three civilian aid workers and then the CIA representative with his Nùng soldiers at a loss of 2 APCs and 10 wounded (6 Australians, 4 Nungs). Simultaneously, the ARVN deployed reinforcements by helicopter from the recaptured Van Kiep Airfield, while air support was called in to force the VC out of several blockhouses, with 45 being killed. Meanwhile, one helicopter pilot braved heavy fire three times to retrieve seriously injured men from the town square while the armoured personnel carriers gave heavy, accurate machine gun fire and evacuated the wounded. While 2 Platoon successfully rescued three American advisors who were in Ba Ria when the Viet Cong came, two Americans and an Australian were less fortunate when they, along with 3RAR's 2 Platoon tried to rescue another American. They were killed, with the carrier troop commander and an Australian soldier wounded. While reinforcing APCs were towing the knocked out APCs, the force was attacked from the southwest, with one carrier being hit by a Rocket-propelled grenade, killing the CIA man, 4 Nungs and an Australian advisor who had been rescued. 2 Platoon was isolated, and fended off attacks with grenades. Only after a failed attempt by South Vietnamese forces, an airstrike by F-100 Super Sabres and the appearance of 3 Platoon were they relieved. By the time B Company arrived in Ba Ria on the afternoon of 2 February, the fight had ended. The Viet Cong had fled the town during the night, others were killed or had withdrawn after a series of airstrikes and further pressure from 3RAR. Throughout the battle the Australians had been supported by New Zealand troops, with 161 Battery of the Royal New Zealand Army firing 500 shells during the night to prevent further attacks. Aftermath After the initial victory, 3RAR returned to Ba Ria on February 7 in response to further Viet Cong raids on the town. D Company was sent to secure the western approaches where they spent an incident-free night in defensive positions. The next morning the Australians moved to help ARVN troops clear the Viet Cong from nearby Long Dien. After seeing a South Vietnamese battalion withdraw under fire, some of them in panic, B Company experienced sporadic contacts and were subject to sniper fire but held their position. While neighboring platoons weathered the Viet Cong's intermittent fire, 5 Platoon experienced a violent contact when they were ordered to rescue a South Vietnamese officer and an American adviser who had become separated from their unit during its withdrawal earlier in the day. After 4 Platoon joined the assault the situation stabilised, but the Vietnamese officer had already been killed as had three of the Australians. After this victory, the 3rd Battalion was transferred to FSB Andersen near Bien Hoa. References Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia History of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Province

69474301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Hossein%20Karimi

Mohammad Hossein Karimi

Mohammad Hossein Karimi (Kurdish: محەممەد حوسێن کەریمی, Mohammad Hossein Karimi; 20 February 1949 – 15 February 1979) was one of the founders and the first leaders of Komala Party in Iran, who was born in Saqqez, Iran. He was killed on February 15, 1979 as a result of being shot by militry guards while the people attacking on the police central station during the demonstrations related to the Iranian Revolution. The day of his death is named as the day of Komala. Biography Mohammad Hossein Karimi was born in Saqqez in a working class family and financially moderate. He completed his education up to his diploma in the same city and went to the Faculty of Agriculture University of Tehran in Karaj to continue his studies in agricultural engineering. While studying he agreed with a number of Kurdish students, including Foad Mostafa Soltani to establish a political party. That party was called Komala later. Prior to that, he founded the Farmers' Union because of having a good relationship with the trustees, elders and religious families of the region. Later Ezaddin Husseini took over the leadership of this union. Political activities After graduating, Karimi worked in various cities for some time. Then he was politically active for a few years in the villages of Kurdistan and under the pseudonym of Master Saleh. In the meantime, he was in contact with political activists in different parts of Kurdistan to expand his party, and secretly managed the affairs of the Komala party with his associates. On February 4, 1979, his brother Mohammad Raouf Karimi was killed during a march in Tehran and this caused him to return to Saqqez for a while. On February 7, 1957, on the anniversary of the Siahkal incident, Mohammad Hossein Karimi addressed the people at the Saadi school and spoke about the socio-political situation in Iran and Kurdistan. With the spread of the Iranian Revolution marches to different cities of the country, in the city of Saqqez, people took to the streets to try to control military centers such as the police and gendarmerie. With the fire of Saqez Central Police, Mohammad Hossein Karimi entered the police station to control the situation. The central police station caught fire. Karimi went their in order to prevent the fire from spreading but he was shot. After this incident, he was taken to the hospital and died two days later, on February 15, 1979. His body was buried in the cemetery at the end of Shohada Street in Saqqez. With the death of Mohammad Hossein Karimi, Komala Party, which had been operating secretly for nine years until then, made its activities public and named the day of Karimi's death on February 15 as Komala Day. In the years following the Iranian revolution, the Komala Party split, and now has three factions: Komala of the Toilers of Kurdistan, Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and Komalah (CPI). Resources In memory of the comrades of Martyr Saeed Moeini, Mohammad Hossein Karimi, members of Komala, June 1979, published by Komala publications Biography of Mohammad Hossein Karimi, June 1979, published by Komala Publications The Forgotten Years of Kurdish Nationalism in Iran, Abbas Vakili, page 166, 2020 External links A video of the Komala Day ceremony on YouTube 1949 births 1979 deaths Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan politicians People from Saghez Assassinated Iranian Kurdish politicians Kurdish nationalists

69474609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20City%20Butcher

Oklahoma City Butcher

The Oklahoma City Butcher is an unidentified serial killer who murdered three women between 1976 and 1986 in Oklahoma City. The killer targeted young homeless women, dismembered them, and mutilated them. Victims Cathy Lyn Shakelford The first known victim was Cathy Lyn Shakelford, a member of Sac and Fox Nation. She ran away at the age of 17 and lived homeless in Oklahoma City. The last sighting of her alive was two months before her death when she was being treated at the Oklahoma City Hospital. She was found in an abandoned house by three oil workers on April 1, 1976, who called the police after they found her head in a popcorn bucket. The rest of the victim's body would later be found around the rest of the home. Her legs, arms, and torso were all spread throughout the abandoned home. Her sexual organs were removed and never found as was one of her hands. These may have been kept by the killer as trophies. Her face had also been mutilated, with a smile carved into her face. She remained unidentified until 1993 after her cousin, Andra Medina, reported her missing to the police. She got in contact with Sargent Norma Adams, who connected the missing Cathy Lyn Shakelford to the unidentified woman. They were later confirmed to be the same person after DNA testing. Arley Bell Killian On April 19, 1979, children playing basketball in a park discovered a human head. Over the next few days, police found more of her remains scattered throughout the neighborhood. Some of the body parts were wrapped in bags or newspapers. The body parts had an odd absence of blood because the killer had washed them before disposing of them. Her left hand, pelvis, head shoe, and parts of her flesh were found. She was identified as 22-year-old Arley Bell Killian a week later. Killian was homeless due to substance abuse caused by her father beating and raping her when she was 16. She was last seen just four hours before her head was discovered in the park. Over the next 2 months, the police found more body parts. Some speculated that the killer was playing a game, disposing of the woman's body parts to toy with the police. Tina Marcia Sanders The final victim was 22-year-old Tina Marcia Sanders, a homeless woman. Her torso and left leg were found in an alleyway by a man walking in his backyard. Her head, which was set on fire, was found just a block away in a garbage bin. She was identified quickly due to her tattoos. She was last seen just a day prior to her torso's discovery. Announcement of a Serial Killer Weeks after the murder of Tina Marcia Sanders, police linked her murder to murders of the previous two victims. Police believe that all of the victims were killed by a single perpetrator. All of the victims killed, dismembered, and mutilated in a similar manner. The first two victims had unique cuts on their lower lip, all of the victims were beheaded, and the victims sexual organs were never found. Furthermore, all victims were young homeless Native American women. Suspect Henry Lee Lucas Henry Lee Lucas was a drifter and American serial killer who confessed to hundreds of unsolved murders. One of these murders was Arley Bell Killian. However, it eventually became clear that Henry Lee Lucas was not the perpetrator when it was realized that he was confessing to nearly every unsolved murder he had heard of. See also List of serial killers in the United States References Unidentified serial killers

69477610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells%20Angels%20MC%20criminal%20allegations%20and%20incidents%20in%20California

Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents in California

Numerous police and international intelligence agencies classify the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club as a motorcycle gang and contend that members carry out widespread violent crimes, including drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, gunrunning, and extortion, and are involved in prostitution. Members of the organization have continuously asserted that they are only a group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have joined to ride motorcycles together, to organize social events such as group road trips, fundraisers, parties, and motorcycle rallies, and that any crimes are the responsibility of the individuals who carried them out and not the club as a whole. Members of the club have been accused of crimes and/or convicted in many host nations. With over 300 members statewide, the Hells Angels are the most significant motorcycle gang in California in terms of membership and criminal activity. The club has a significant role in the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, and in other illegal enterprises. The West Coast faction of the HAMC has also been especially active in the infiltration of legitimate businesses, including motorcycle and automobile services, catering operations, bars, restaurants, and antique stores. Additionally, the California Hells Angels have associated in criminal ventures with the Aryan Brotherhood and the Nazi Lowriders. Early incidents On January 29, 1963, the Hells Angels' Oakland headquarters was raided by police, and seven club members were charged with the alleged gang rape of a twenty-year-old woman, which took place on January 27. Other charges included Hitlerism, marijuana possession and theft. A swastika flag and a picture of Adolf Hitler, with the inscription "Hitler is alive, our buddy", were also found on the premises. Five people were charged with inciting a riot and one with the illegal possession of a weapon after the Tulare County Sheriff's Department, the California Highway Patrol and local police dispersed approximately 200 members of seven motorcycle clubs from across California, including the Hells Angels and the Galloping Goose, who converged in Porterville on August 31 and September 1, 1963. Among numerous incidents of violence, a group of bikers allegedly stormed Sierra View District Hospital in an attempt to continue a fight with G.E. Montgomery, a resident of the city who was receiving medical treatment after earlier being beaten at a local tavern. Approximately 300 Hells Angels descended on Monterey during Labor Day Weekend 1964 for the purpose of raising funds among themselves to transport the body of a former member, who was killed in an accident, back to his mother in North Carolina. On September 6, 1964, two girls, aged fourteen and fifteen, were allegedly taken from their dates and gang raped by Hells Angels members. Four Hells Angels were jailed for rape, although the charges were dismissed on September 25 due to insufficient evidence. The club was also banned from the city. The incident prompted an investigation into the Hells Angels and other motorcycle gangs by the Attorney General of California. The Lynch Report, compiled over a six-month period and released on March 15, 1965, detailed various alleged crimes committed by the club, such as assault, robbery, forgery, car theft and trafficking in narcotics. Forty-eight Hells Angels members and their girlfriends were arrested at their clubhouse on San Francisco's Folsom Street on December 5, 1964, on charges of robbery, assault with a deadly weapon, possession of marijuana, contributing to the delinquency of a minor (three of the girls were alleged to be underage), aiding suspected felons, and the alleged rape of a twenty-five-year-old woman, who claimed she was assaulted on the premises the day before. The raid also pertained to a robbery in a nearby alley of a man who was allegedly knocked unconscious and dispossessed of his wallet. A group of Hells Angels members, as well as some of their girlfriends, were charged in connection with a fight which broke out during a birthday celebration at a cafe in San Francisco in September 1965. The violence allegedly erupted when the bikers attacked two police officers who arrived at the establishment. Sixteen Hells Angels members attacked anti-Vietnam War demonstrators at a Vietnam Day Committee protest march in Berkeley on October 16, 1965, resulting in six Hells Angels being arrested and one police officer suffering a broken leg. The incident led to a collection of students, left-wing political groups and labor unions led by Allen Ginsberg and Jerry Rubin meeting with a group of motorcycle club representatives, headed by the president of the Sacramento HAMC chapter, in the cafeteria at San Jose State College, seeking assurance that a planned protest march in Oakland on November 20 would go undisturbed. On November 19, five Hells Angels members led by the club's reputed national leader Sonny Barger held a press conference at their bail bondsman's office, announcing that the club would not attend the protest the following day as "Any physical encounter would only produce sympathy for this mob of traitors", according to Barger. He went on to read out a telegram sent to President Lyndon B. Johnson, reading "I volunteer a group of loyal Americans for behind the line duty in Vietnam. We feel that a crack group of trained guerillas could demoralize the Viet Cong and advance the cause of freedom." President Johnson did not reply to the letter. Eight Hells Angels were arrested when a fight broke out in a Daly City tavern on April 15, 1966, following the funeral of San Francisco HAMC chapter member Larry Dean Lucas, who died in a motorcycle accident near Santa Maria on April 9. For at least five years beginning in 1967, the Oakland chapter of the Hells Angels turned over weapons acquired on the black market or locations of weapons, which could otherwise be used by Black Panther Party and Weather Underground radicals, to the Oakland Police Department (OPD) in exchange for the release of jailed Hells Angels members. OPD sergeant Edward "Ted" Hilliard testified in 1972 that he accepted guns, dynamite and grenades from the club's president Sonny Barger in return for deals on arrests during at least fifteen separate meetings, the most recent of which took place in the spring of 1971. Hilliard also testified that Barger had offered "to deliver the bagged body of a leftist for every Angel released from jail". He denied, however, that authorities permitted crimes committed by the Hells Angels. In April 1968, almost the entire membership of the Hells Angels' San Diego chapter were indicted on charges of kidnapping, assault, false imprisonment, robbery and rape. The charges related to an incident in which a twenty-eight-year-old woman was abducted from a San Diego bar and taken to a nearby residence, where she was beaten, raped and tortured by several Hells Angels members and their girlfriends. A woman was allegedly gang raped by four members of the San Diego chapter of the Hells Angels on July 27, 1969. After filing charges against the four, she was subjected to threats and intimidated into leaving the San Diego area, and she refused to testify in court for fear of reprisal. Drug trafficking According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Hells Angels began large-scale drug distribution during mid-1967, and soon became the leading manufacturer and distributor of LSD in California. At that time, the HAMC became involved in a drug war with the Gypsy Jokers in the San Francisco Bay Area. The clubs reached an accord that year; the Jokers left California for Oregon, where the Angels agreed to stay out of. Thirty-three members of the Oakland Hells Angels chapter, including the club's president Sonny Barger, and four of their girlfriends were arrested on drug charges after police raided a bar and a duplex apartment in the city on August 30, 1968. $7,000 worth of heroin and $2,500 worth of other narcotics were confiscated, as were firearms – including an M16 rifle, two shotguns and an M1 carbine – and a large cache of ammunition, knives, chains and suspected stolen merchandise. The raids were the result of a three-week investigation. Hells Angels Oakland chapter president and national leader Sonny Barger was arrested on narcotics charges after Donald Howarth, a film studio property manager and 1967 Mr. America from Studio City, was apprehended while walking towards Barger's Oakland home with seventeen ounces of cocaine and thirty ounces of heroin (with an estimated retail worth of $350,000) in a suitcase on April 11, 1970. Barger temporarily resigned as president of the Oakland chapter in June 1970 to fight the charges, but returned to the position within months after his successor, John "Johnny Angel" Palomar, was sentenced to a ten-year prison term for shooting a bartender. The drug charges against Barger were later dismissed, although Howarth was convicted and sentenced to serve five years-to-life in prison. Palomar, while deputizing as president of the Oakland HAMC chapter on behalf of Barger, was charged with narcotics and weapons violations after a raid on his home by a police drug squad uncovered small quantities of drugs and a small arsenal of firearms on June 25, 1970. The charges were later dismissed, although he was sentenced to ten years in prison after being convicted of the shooting of a bartender on January 26, 1971. Oakland Hells Angels members Sonny Barger, Sergey Walton, Donald Duane "Whitey" Smith and "Oakland" Gary Benjamin Popkin were charged with the May 21, 1972 murder of Servio Winston Agero – a drug trafficker from McAllen, Texas who had travelled to Oakland with a consignment of narcotics for sale – which allegedly occurred following a dispute over an $80,000 cocaine deal. A prosecution witness, Richard Ivaldi, testified that he witnessed Barger shoot Agero dead as he slept at the home of an absent acquaintance, and that Barger subsequently ordered the others to set fire to the residence. The four defendants were acquitted on December 29, 1972, following a seven-week trial after Ivaldi's credibility came under scrutiny. According to Barger's chief attorney James Crew, Ivaldi himself was involved in the conspiracy to kill Agero and, knowing he was a prime suspect and fearing retaliation from the "Texas Mafia", he tried to shift the blame to the Hells Angels. The killing of Agero was one of five possibly linked murders committed in the area around that time. Three men – drug dealers Kelly Patrick Smith, Willard Thomas and Gary Kemp, an acquaintance of Ivaldi – were found shot to death in a house near San Leandro the day after Agero's murder, and the body of a woman, Karen S. Long, was discovered in the trunk of a car in Oakland on May 26. An informant had led investigating detectives to the location of the automobile in which Long's corpse was found. John Joseph Devaney, Long's former husband, was found dead in a car in Hayward on June 14 in an apparent suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Barger was sentenced to a prison term of ten years-to-life on March 16, 1973, after he was convicted of possession of narcotics for sale (thirty-seven grams of heroin), and possession of a weapon by a convicted felon. His girlfriend, Sharon Gruhlke, was a co-defendant; her case ended in a mistrial when a jury failed to reach a verdict. According to police intelligence reports, Barger had designated San Jose chapter president Fillmore Cross as his international successor during a motorcycle run at Bass Lake prior to his imprisonment. Cross was also imprisoned, for possession of amphetamine in 1975, however, and Barger allegedly continued to lead the Hells Angels from his cell at Folsom Prison. Barger was paroled on November 3, 1977, after serving four-and-a-half years of his sentence. Drug dealer Gail Elmer English and Vallejo HAMC chapter president John Henderson were killed, and another Hells Angel, Ted DeWilde, was left in critical condition as a result of a gun battle at English's Vallejo home on November 1, 1973. English was allegedly killed on the orders of senior San Francisco Bay Area Hells Angels member Kenneth Jay "K.O." Owen for intruding on Owen's narcotics franchise. Hells Angels associate Henry Crabtree was extradited from Arkansas – where he was charged with the October 18, 1979 murder of Michael Burch – in November 1979 to testify for the government against nine East Bay club members and associates, implicating the bikers in drug dealing which took place between 1968 and mid-1977. Crabtree, who had grossed $100,000 per month from selling methamphetamine he obtained from HAMC members, withdrew from the club's milieu in August 1977 and began cooperating with authorities in January 1978 after learning that Oakland chapter enforcer James Brandes had put a $10,000 contract on his life in the belief that he had turned informant. Members of the Aryan Brotherhood attempted to shoot Crabtree and also interrogated his friends in an effort to collect the bounty. Crabtree testified in front of a grand jury that he and two Hells Angels – Kenneth Owen and Sergey Walton, the Oakland chapter president – stole bottles of phenyl-2-propanone and enough glassware to build five methamphetamine laboratories during a heist at a local chemical company in January 1977. Douglas Chester Schultz, president of the San Diego Hells Angels, was arrested on October 31, 1985, and indicted on eighteen counts of possession of methamphetamine, intent to distribute and conspiracy. Two employees of Schultz's limousine service, Gerald Robert Ladley and Thomas Longnecker, were also charged with distributing methamphetamine from the business. On April 8, 1986, Schultz and three others were charged with the February 1986 assault of William Eugene Barr, a federal informant in the case. Schultz was sentenced to five years in prison for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and using a telephone to facilitate a drug transaction on June 30, 1986. He was one of four members voted out of the San Diego chapter during the fall of that year. The club later reinstated him, however, as they had unknowingly violated their national charter by expelling an incarcerated member. San Diego Hells Angels chapter president Guy Russell Castiglione and his girlfriend, Kathleen Rebecca Pirelli, were indicted on charges of conspiracy to possess two pounds of methamphetamine with intent to distribute after the drugs were found in Pirelli's purse during a search by U.S. Border Patrol agents at a Temecula checkpoint on May 13, 1989. Castiglione pleaded guilty to the charges on December 20, 1989, while Pirelli pleaded guilty to using a telephone to facilitate a drug transaction. On March 5, 1990, Castiglione was sentenced to five years in federal prison and fined $100,000, and Pirelli was sentenced to two years. Odis "Buck" Garrett, president of the Hells Angels' Vallejo-based nomads chapter, and several of his associates were indicted in late 1989 and early 1990 on various narcotics and weapons charges. Garrett was additionally charged with continuing criminal enterprise, money laundering and conspiracy to distribute eleven pounds of methamphetamine to the club's Winston-Salem, North Carolina chapter. Authorities believed that Hells Angels members and associates were operating a large-scale methamphetamine distribution ring, with clandestine laboratories in San Bernardino, Butte and Modoc counties. Garrett, who oversaw what prosecutors described as the largest methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution case in the United States, made millions of dollars from distributing thousands of kilograms of the drug. He was convicted of various conspiracy, possession, distribution, and interstate drug trafficking charges in June 1992 and was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole on September 28, 1992. Former Winston-Salem chapter officer Charles Terry Norman testified against members of his former club in the case, which also resulted in the convictions of Carl Dulinsky and Harris Blane Shimel. Garrett was sentenced to an additional four consecutive life sentences after he was convicted on four counts of murder in an unrelated case on July 26, 1995. He died at FCI Lompoc aged seventy-four on February 12, 2017. Hells Angels member Obediah Breer was arrested on state charges on August 15, 2018, when a police SWAT team executed a search warrant on his Escondido residence and discovered cocaine, methamphetamine, pharmaceutical pills and a firearm. The warrant was based on an incident in which Breer was alleged to have brandished a firearm during a traffic encounter with other motorists on August 5, 2018, and then evaded police officers in a subsequent chase. On September 11, 2018, when Breer was out of custody on pretrial release for the earlier offense, police officers conducted a traffic stop of Breer on his motorcycle and discovered that he was in possession of methamphetamine and cocaine. He was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment for methamphetamine distribution on June 17, 2019. On June 25, 2019, Modesto Hells Angels chapter president Randy Picchi, his wife Tina Picchi, Michael Mize, and club prospect Michael Pack were arrested and charged with conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine. Three other members of the chapter, including the vice-president and secretary, were indicted for various offences on September 19, 2019. Vice-president Michael Shafer was charged with conspiring to distribute marijuana, conspiring to distribute heroin, distribution of marijuana, and two counts of use of a communication facility to facilitate a drug trafficking offense, and secretary Patrick Gonzales was charged with being a felon in possession of firearm and ammunition, while Ricky Blackwell was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense, and possession of a firearm after suffering a misdemeanor domestic violence conviction. The case was the result of a months-long investigation into the chapter by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), IRS Criminal Investigation and two local police departments. On February 8, 2021, Blackwell was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for possession with intent to distribute cocaine and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense. Altamont Free Concert One major event in Hells Angels' history involved the December 6, 1969 Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway – partially documented in the 1970 film Gimme Shelter – featuring Jefferson Airplane, The Flying Burrito Brothers, and The Rolling Stones. The Grateful Dead were also scheduled to perform but cancelled at the last minute owing to the ensuing circumstances at the venue. The Angels had been hired by The Rolling Stones as crowd security for a fee which was said to include $500 worth of beer. The Angels parked their motorcycles in front of the stage in order to create a buffer between the stage and the hundreds of thousands of concertgoers. Crowd management proved to be difficult, resulting in both spectator injury and death. Over the course of the day, the Hells Angels became increasingly agitated as the crowd turned more aggressive. At a later murder trial of Hells Angel Alan Passaro, a security guard testified he heard the Hells Angels being summoned over the loudspeakers when the helicopter bearing The Rolling Stones landed. Debate after the event was over whether the Hells Angels were to manage security for the entire concert or just for The Rolling Stones. Sam Cutler, the Stones' agent who had arranged to pay the Hells Angels said their role was as bodyguards to the Rolling Stones. This was denied by the Hells Angels as well as others connected to the event. During the opening act of Santana, the Hells Angels surged into the crowd numerous times to keep persons off stage. By the time The Rolling Stones took stage, numerous incidents of violence had occurred both between the Hells Angels and internally within the crowd, not the least of which featured a circus performer weighing over 350 pounds stripping naked and running amok amid the concertgoers. Audience members attempted to detain him. Eventually, the irate man was subdued after Angels intervened with fists and makeshift weapons, while a crowd of 4,000–5,000 looked on from the edge of the stage. The aggression did not subside there. After an Angel's motorcycle was toppled, club members' tempers continued to escalate, their ire spread wide between the audience and performers alike. At one point, Marty Balin of Jefferson Airplane was knocked unconscious following an altercation with an Angel, an event later depicted in Gimme Shelter. The Grateful Dead refused to play following the Balin incident, and left the venue. A shoving match erupted near the stage during a rendition of the song "Under My Thumb". As the song began, a man in the audience, Meredith Hunter, was allegedly harassed, then violently pushed back by the Hells Angels. He returned, producing a handgun. Hunter was stabbed to death. A Hells Angel member, Alan Passaro, was later acquitted of murder on grounds of self-defense. After the concert and critical media attention given to the HAMC, Sonny Barger went on a local California radio station to justify the actions of the Hells Angels and to present their side of the story. He claimed that violence only started once the crowd began vandalizing the Hells Angels' motorcycles. Barger would later claim that Hunter fired a shot which struck a Hells Angels member with what he described as "just a flesh wound." In 2005, after a two-year exhaustive cold-case renewal of the file, the Alameda County District Attorney's office permanently closed the case. An enhanced and slowed down version of the original film footage was produced for the police, and after examining it, Alameda County Sheriff's Office sergeant Scott Dudek said Passaro, who died in 1985, was the only person to stab Hunter and he did so only after Hunter pointed a handgun at the stage where the Stones were performing. Alan Passaro is the only person who stabbed Meredith Hunter, Dudek said, adding that Passaro's lawyer confirmed his client was the sole assailant. "Passaro acted with a knife to stop Meredith Hunter from shooting." Infighting On January 22, 1972, five Oakland Hells Angels – Sonny Barger, Russell Stanley Beyea, Bobby V. "the Durt" England, Gary Benjamin Popkin and Bert Samuel Stefanson – were charged with attempted murder, kidnapping and assault with a deadly weapon after being arrested while driving through Redwood Regional Park by police and park rangers who discovered two bound, gagged and beaten club prospects – William D. Hood and Danny Jarman – in the trunk of the vehicle. All five pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of unlawful imprisonment. In September 1972, Hells Angels member William "Whispering Bill" Pifer, who was suffering from terminal throat cancer while incarcerated at Alameda County jail in Oakland on various state and federal charges, offered police information on a Hells Angels burial ground in exchange for immunity from prosecution in order to spend the remainder of his life as a free man. His testimony led Mendocino County deputies to a ranch, owned by former Oakland Hells Angels chapter vice-president George J. "Baby Huey" Wethern and his wife Helen, near Ukiah, where they discovered the bodies of two club prospects – Charles "Charlie" Baker and Thomas Shepherd "Big Tom" Shull – and an unidentified woman in abandoned wells on October 30 and November 1, 1972. Baker and Shull had been beaten and strangled to death by Pifer and other members of the club's Richmond chapter after being spiked with LSD at a party on January 15, 1971, while the woman was killed by a gunshot to the head. Police also seized cocaine and stolen firearms at the ranch. Wethern and his wife were charged with drug and stolen property possession, and four other Hells Angels – Edward "Junior" Carter, Chester M. "Festus" Green, William Mark "Zorro" Mitten and William John Moran – were charged with murder and accessory to murder. Wethern became a government witness and the charges against him and his wife were dismissed. While in protective custody on November 7, 1972, he attempted to blind himself by gouging pencils into his eyes before attempting to strangle his wife. Carter pleaded guilty to accessory to murder, and charges against Green and Mitten were dropped. On April 5, 1973, Moran was convicted of the murder of Baker and acquitted of Shull's murder. Pifer died after the first few days of the trial, during which Green testified for the prosecution. Richmond chapter president "Rotten" Richard Allen Barker was convicted of first-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter in the deaths of Baker and Schull in 1975. Theodore L. "Ted" DeWilde, president of the Vallejo Hells Angels chapter, was indicted on federal gun law violation charges in June 1973 after allegedly selling two dynamite bombs and a machine gun to an undercover federal agent. He initially pleaded guilty to the charges and was scheduled to be sentenced in May 1974, but judge Philip C. Wilkins granted a motion by DeWilde's lawyer allowing him to withdraw the guilty plea and demand a jury trial. DeWilde later disappeared, allegedly murdered, welded inside a fifty-five-gallon drum and disposed of in the San Francisco Bay by his fellow Hells Angels who became concerned that methamphetamine addiction and pending prison time may have caused him to cooperate with authorities. Vallejo Hells Angels chapter president Dennis C. Myhre was one of five men charged with various counts of rape and sex perversion in relation to a January 13, 1974 sexual assault reported by a twenty-three-year-old Richmond woman. The victim in the case died of a heroin overdose two days after attorney Hugh Comisky, who was retained as counsel for one of the accused, inadvertently revealed her home address during pretrial proceedings. Myhre later disappeared. According to informants, he was killed by the Hells Angels, who believed that he was cooperating with authorities. Oakland Hells Angels chapter member Ray Dale "Stork" Keefauver, who had been scheduled to testify for the prosecution in a Redwood City murder trial, was found shot to death in a ravine near Port Costa on June 16, 1974. On August 24, the bodies of Hells Angels associate Alvin Lloyd Prater and his wife Mary Ellen (née Kanihan) were discovered by the side of a road near Sunol. They had each been fatally shot in the head two days earlier after being handcuffed and beaten. Alvin Prater was allegedly killed over the theft of an engine block from a Harley-Davidson motorcycle belonging to a Hells Angels member. In June 1979, James Ezekiel "Jim-Jim" Brandes, an enforcer and senior member of the HAMC's Oakland chapter, was charged with the murders of Keefauver and the Praters as part of a racketeering case against the club. Brandes, who was implicated in a total of four of five homicides, was ultimately never convicted of any. The initial trial ended in a mistrial in July 1980 as did the subsequent retrial in February 1981. He later hanged himself in prison circa 1994. The murders remain unsolved. Mark Gary Robles, sergeant-at-arms of the Hells Angels' San Diego chapter, was fatally shot several times in the back before his body was discovered in his parked van in San Diego's Clairemont neighborhood in October 1976. Three former Hells Angels later told investigators that Robles was killed by a fellow club member, Douglas Chester "Dutch" Schultz, with approval from the Oakland "mother chapter" during an internal dispute. San Francisco HAMC chapter president Harry "the Horse" Flamburis and his girlfriend Dannette Barrett were each shot in head and killed after being bound at their home in Daly City on January 6, 1977. $22,000 worth of cocaine and a quantity of LSD was also stolen from a safe at the house. Prior to his death, Flamburis had resisted the Hells Angels' move into prostitution and narcotics racketeering. His successor as San Francisco chapter president, "Flash" Gordon Gary Grow, operated a brothel in partnership with Odis "Buck" Garrett, president of the nomads chapter in Vallejo. Flamburis was laid to rest at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma on January 15, and his Harley-Davidson motorcycle was buried with him three months later on April 22. His funeral was attended by approximately 200 members of the Hells Angels and other motorcycle clubs from as far away as Hawaii, Anchorage, Alaska and Lowell, Massachusetts. Although police at the time suspected two or three possible motives, the murders have never been solved. The house in which Flamburis and Barrett were killed was burned down in an apparent arson on April 24, 1977. Three members of the Hells Angels' Los Angeles chapter were arrested on January 6, 1978, in connection with the theft of two thousand pounds of dynamite, which was stolen from a construction site in San Diego County in September 1977. The trio were found in possession of the stolen explosives, as well as a machine gun and other weapons. Following the seizure, search warrants were served on the residences of all known members of the Los Angeles Hells Angels. When serving a warrant at the home of chapter president Ora Ray "Indian Ray" Glore, police found him dead with nine .22 caliber bullet wounds to the head. Glore was allegedly assassinated over a personal dispute with a senior member of the Oakland Hells Angels. Police discovered files on every Hells Angels member in the United States and Europe at his residence. Murders Bradley Parkhurst Three Hells Angels members and one of their girlfriends were charged on March 8, 1972, with the murder of Bradley Parkhurst, an Alameda longshoreman who was beaten and stomped to death in the basement of an Oakland home on February 24. Parkhurst had arrived at the residence of Connie Perry, a Hells Angel's girlfriend, to inspect a motorcycle and was killed by HAMC members Russell Beyea and "Mouldy" Marvin William Gilbert after Gilbert took offence to a "nigger's handshake" from Parkhurst, who was pronounced dead at Highland Hospital. It is believed that, due to Beyea's status as a senior Hells Angel, Gilbert was pressured by the club to testify and exculpate Beyea during the trial. Despite his testimony, both Gilbert and Beyea were convicted of second-degree murder on August 17, 1972. Following the jury's verdict, a Hells Angels member approached Gilbert and threatened his life in the presence of a deputy sheriff due to his failure to exonerate Beyea. Gilbert later moved to Spokane, Washington, becoming vice-president of the Hells Angels chapter there, and died at the age of sixty-five on June 22, 2007. Compton family Margo Compton began working at a Hells Angels-owned massage parlor in San Francisco, where she was required to perform sex acts on patrons, in early 1977 in order to pay off a debt for amphetamine given to her on consignment by Odis "Buck" Garrett, president of the Vallejo-based HAMC nomads chapter. Compton contacted law enforcement after she was beaten and raped by a patron, resulting in Garrett being indicted on felony morality charges. In July 1977, Compton testified on behalf of the prosecution in a California state criminal prosecution that she and four other women working at the parlor were being pimped by the Hells Angels, and that the operation was under the protection of two San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) vice squad officers who were bribed with cash and sexual favors. After testifying, Compton fled to a cottage in Gaston, Oregon, where she, her six-year-old twin daughters, Sylvia and Sandra, and Gary Seslar, the nineteen-year-old son of her boyfriend, were shot dead with a .22 caliber handgun after being bound with rope on August 7, 1977. Garrett was imprisoned after being convicted of pimping and pandering in October 1977. In 1991, Garrett and Hells Angels hangaround Robert G. "Bugeye Bob" McClure were charged with the murders while imprisoned on separate narcotics convictions after prison informants reported that McClure had bragged of committing the crime. McClure was convicted of quadruple murder and sentenced to four consecutive life terms on July 30, 1994. Garrett was also sentenced to four consecutive life sentences in prison after being found guilty on four counts of murder on July 26, 1995. Over forty witnesses including former Aryan Brotherhood council member Michael "Iron Mike" Thompson testified during each of the trials, held in Hillsboro, Oregon. According to prosecutors, Garrett had ordered the killings of Compton and her daughters in retaliation for her testimony without approval from the HAMC. Seslar was killed because he happened to be present at the time of the murders. Thompson claimed that the Aryan Brotherhood had been approached by the Hells Angels leadership in California to carry out the murders but had turned down the contract because of their unwillingness to kill children. McClure's alleged accomplice in the murders, fellow Hells Angels associate Benjamin Wai "Psycho" Silva, was never charged in the case; prosecutors felt it wasn't worth the expense and effort as he was already awaiting execution at San Quentin State Prison for the 1981 kidnapping, rape, torture and murder of two college students in Lassen County. Additionally, Garrett was a suspect in the possible homicide of Rhonda Lynn Yocom, a nineteen-year-old Filipina American woman who was last seen getting into a car with Garrett in Oroville on February 10, 1985, before she disappeared. Garrett was purported to be taking Yocom to the Klamath Falls, Oregon area in order for her to flee the state to avoid a court appearance in a criminal matter. She has never been located and it is believed that she was the victim of a homicide. Garret died in prison at the age of seventy-four on February 12, 2017. Maureen and Telesforo Bautista Los Angeles Hells Angels member and methamphetamine manufacturer Robert Frederick Garceau stabbed to death his girlfriend Maureen Bautista and her fourteen-year-old son Telesforo in a Bakersfield apartment on September 6 or 7, 1984 after Bautista threatened to inform her former lover, drug dealer Eddie Nash, of Garceau's whereabouts and drug operation. Nash had previously paid Garceau to fulfill a contract which he failed to perform, and Nash was subsequently searching for Garceau. Two of Garceau's acquaintances, Greg Rambo and Larry Tom Whittington, disposed of the bodies by placing them inside a hollow bedroom dresser which was then buried beneath a layer of concrete in the yard behind Rambo's residence in Shandon. Garceau shot and killed Rambo, one of his drug business partners, in Monterey County on February 19, 1985, after he became concerned that Rambo may become an informant. Garceau and another acquaintance, Harlyn Codd, then deposited Rambo's body in a ravine at Deer Creek in Tulare County. In view of Rambo's disappearance and fearing for her own life, his wife, Susan, contacted the Kern County Sheriff's Office on March 6, 1985. Her statements led to the excavation of the Bautistas' bodies on March 8, 1985, and the arrest of Garceau in Gorman on March 14, 1985. In 1987, Garceau was sentenced to death in Kern County for the Bautista murders, and an additional thirty-three-years-to-life in Monterey County for Rambo's murder. He died from cancer at the age of fifty-eight on December 29, 2004, while on death row at San Quentin State Prison. Grondalski family On October 5, 1986, former Hells Angels member William Ivan "Billy" Grondalski, his wife Patricia ("Patty"), five-year-old daughter Dallas and seventeen-year-old stepson Nolan Jerami Vandagriff were murdered in their home near Fort Bragg by Gerald Michael "Butch" Lester and Charles Anthony "Chuck" Diaz, the president and vice-president, respectively, of the Vallejo Hells Angels chapter. Billy Grondalski, Patty Grondalski and Vandagriff were each killed by a single gunshot wound to the head from Lester, while Dallas Grondalski died as a result of multiple stab wounds from Diaz, which severed her spinal cord and caused a near-decapitation. She was also shot by Lester post-mortem. Billy Grondalski had been expelled by the Vallejo Hells Angels on September 28, less than a week before the massacre, and Lester and Diaz had come to his home to retrieve a monetary debt, his motorcycle and items of club property in his possession – $900 worth of HAMC support decals and a Hells Angels tattoo on his left arm, reading "84 In, 86 Out". According to investigators, Grondalski was ousted from the HAMC due to a drug debt. Lester and Diaz later claimed that the killings at the Grondalski home began after a .45 caliber pistol that Lester was using to threaten Billy Grondalski accidentally discharged, killing him instantly, and that the remaining family members were killed to eliminate witnesses. After his death, Grondalski's Hells Angels tattoo was severed from his body and later disposed of by Lester in the toilet of a recreational vehicle owned by associates of his. The handgun used in the killings was melted down with a blowtorch and the slag was scattered over several northern California counties by Michael W. "Little Mike" Tankersley, a member of the Hells Angels' Sonoma County chapter. The day after the murders, Lester and Sonoma County Hells Angels member "Big Arm" Charles Francis Haas returned to the home and set fire to it in an effort to destroy evidence. The corpses of the family were discovered by firefighters responding to the blaze. Haas implicated Diaz and Lester in the murders after becoming a cooperating witness for the government in February 1994 while awaiting sentencing on a federal drug conviction relating to a large-scale methamphetamine ring in Virginia. He was granted immunity from prosecution in the Grondalski case other than for the murders in return for his testimony, and also hoped for a reduced sentence in the drug case. Haas was sentenced to twenty-seven years' imprisonment on March 31, 1994. On May 5, 1995, Diaz, by then the Vallejo chapter president, was arrested in Ukiah and Lester was apprehended in Fort Smith, Arkansas, where he was living after leaving the club in June 1987. They were each charged with four counts of murder. Tankersley also emerged as a witness in February 1996 when he was arrested in Arkansas on a fugitive warrant for assault charges he faced in Marin and Sonoma counties. He was also charged with three counts of attempted capital murder after he used his vehicle to ram the car of the police officers who arrested him. Tankersley had been expelled from the Sonoma County Hells Angels in 1987 and fled the state to escape retribution from the club and also to avoid criminal prosecution. Due to his testimony, the attempted murder charges against him were reduced to three counts of aggravated assault, for which he was sentenced to serve six years' imprisonment, with three-and-a-half years suspended, concurrent to any sentence stemming from the assault charges in California, from which he ultimately escaped prosecution. Following two mistrials, Lester was convicted of four counts of murder on November 6, 1997. He was sentenced on January 23, 1998, to four life terms at the maximum-security Pelican Bay State Prison. Charges against Diaz were dismissed twice due to lack of evidence, once in 1996 and again on January 4, 1999, but he was reindicted on October 25, 1999, charged with the murder of Dallas Grondalski. Diaz was convicted of first-degree murder on May 5, 2004, and sentenced to serve twenty-six-years to life in state prison on June 10, 2004. Three co-defendants – Mary Anne Hodgson, Sonoma County HAMC member Robert L. Huffman and Sammie Louise Lester, the wife of Gerald Lester – were convicted of conspiring to obstruct justice. Sammie Lester was sentenced to two years and eight months in state prison and fined £200 on May 27, 2004, Huffman was sentenced to one year and eight months on June 10, 2004, and Hodgson was given a three-year sentence ordered to pay $600 restitution on June 29, 2004. Targeting of law enforcement personnel San Jose Police Department (SJPD) sergeant John Kracht survived an attempt on his life when a bomb detonated near his car on February 19, 1977. Kracht, who was in charge of all SJPD motorcycle gang investigations, had been involved in arresting numerous Hells Angels members, and he had testified against club members on several occasions. James Ezekiel "Jim-Jim" Brandes, vice-president and enforcer for the Oakland HAMC chapter, was charged with the attempted murder of Kracht as well as other crimes as part of a racketeering case against the club in June 1979. Brandes' first trial ended in a mistrial in July 1980 as did the retrial in February 1981. Vallejo Hells Angels chapter member Kenneth Owen was charged with two felony counts after police discovered methamphetamine and prohibited firearms – a derringer, two rifles and an Ithaca sixteen-gauge shotgun – at his home, a rural property in Solano County, during a raid led by Solano County Sherriff's Office narcotics detective William O. "Bill" Zerby on June 21, 1977. On November 14, 1977, Oakland Hells Angels chapter vice-president James Patton "Sleepy Jim" Brandes was found to be in possession of a pound of methamphetamine, which was hidden behind a threshold plate in a door of his Lincoln Continental, as well as a police radio, a radio band directory, a homemade police siren, a blue flasher, a pocket-sized tape recorder, a radio transmitter and a device for detecting surveillance equipment after he was pulled over by Zerby and his partner, inspector Richard Grundy. Also among the contraband was a military handbook on booby traps and an address book containing the home address, phone number and the license-plate number of Zerby. On January 30, 1978, Zerby was seriously injured and deafened as a result of an explosive device detonated as he was entering a vehicle parked in front of his home in Vallejo. The detective was en route to court for a prehearing in the methamphetamine possession trial of Brandes at the time. Forty-two HAMC members and associates were served with grand jury subpoenas on March 27, 1978, as part of the investigation into the bombing. In or around November 1978, Brandes stated to a reporter for Rolling Stone magazine that "Zerby drew a line and stepped over it. I don't take that from anybody in the streets, and I sure ain't gonna take that from him. I don't let nobody come around and shove me around. I don't think anyone does if he's a man." The following year, Brandes and Owen were charged with the attempted murder of Zerby as part of a racketeering case against the club. The pair were ultimately acquitted of the attempted murder. Brandes committed suicide by hanging himself in prison circa 1994, and Owen died July 4, 2016. Zerby, who was forced to retire from his law enforcement agency due to the injuries he sustained in the explosion, died in 2021 at the age of seventy-nine. The 1982 made-for-television film Hear No Evil was based on the incident. Two San Diego Hells Angels chapter prospects – Robert Michael "Mexican Mike" Johnson and William Lester "Filthy Bill" Peters – were charged with conspiring to murder San Diego County District Attorney's Office Organized Crime Unit investigator Raymond C. Morgan after being arrested while conducting surveillance of Morgan's residence in Poway on February 27, 1978. An M3 submachine gun, a High Standard .22 Pistol fitted with a silencer, ammunition for both weapons, rubber gloves, camouflage clothing and a hand-drawn map to Morgan's home were found at Johnson's residence, and an electronic listening device with a parabolic microphone was found in Peters' residence after search warrants were issued. Johnson's girlfriend, Linda Sue Osborne, was also charged in the case. Morgan, who had been assigned to investigate motorcycle gang activity in the area in 1975, retired from law enforcement and fled California with his family due to intelligence reports that there was a $50,000 bounty on his head. Four police officers were fired and another four were suspended as a result of a brawl between policemen and Hells Angels members outside the HAMC clubhouse in Oakland on April 2, 1978. The fight began after two patrolmen began issuing citations for public drunkenness to the bikers, who had gathered to attend a meeting and a birthday party, and forty-one patrol cars later converged at the scene. Conflicts Mongols The Hells Angels declared war on the Mongols at a meeting on July 7, 1977, after the rival club began wearing a state bottom rocker. The Mongols had previously denoted each individual chapter location on their colors, and the Hells Angels considered their switch to state patches a threat to their territory. The conflict would result in the deaths of four Mongols members and an innocent fifteen-year-old boy. Mongols member Allyn Bishop was shot off his motorcycle in Kern County on July 29, 1977. Two other members of the Mongols' San Diego chapter – Raymond "Jingles" Smith and chapter president Emerson "Redbeard" Morris – were shot with an ArmaLite AR-15 assault rifle while riding their motorcycles on Interstate 15 near Escondido on September 5, 1977. One man died at the scene while the other died at Palomar Medical Center. The two bikers' spouses, who were riding on the back of their motorcycles, were wounded; Morris' wife Delores was left paralyzed. On September 9, 1977, a van bomb was detonated at the funeral of Morris and Smith in Lemon Grove, injuring two Mongols members and the father of a member. Mongols member Henry Jimenez and Raymond Hernandez, the fifteen-year-old brother of another biker, were killed in an explosion after Jimenez began working on a tire rigged with a bomb at a motorcycle repair shop in Highland Park, Los Angeles on September 24, 1977. Days later, San Fernando Valley Mongols chapter president Luis Gutierrez survived a car bombing outside his home. The violence led to a crackdown by law enforcement, and on October 7, 1977, thirty-two members and associates of the San Diego Hells Angels were arrested on various charges, including chapter president Thomas James "Crunch" Renzulli who was charged with attempted murder. The arrests followed a ten-month investigation of the club, which involved infiltration by a police informant. Six sticks of dynamite were discovered attached to the vehicle of a San Diego Mongols member on October 11, 1977. ATF agents matched the bomb components to the explosives given to the informant by Renzulli on September 30. Five Hells Angels members – including "Gorgeous" Guy Russell Castiglione, James "Brett" Eaton and Thomas James Renzulli – were indicted on racketeering and conspiracy charges in September 1982. The indictment alleges the group were responsible for the murders of Morris and Smith as well as the bombing of their funeral. Another Hells Angel, Thomas Heath, was convicted in 1994 of two counts of second-degree murder for the killings of Hernandez and Jimenez. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. The Mongols seized control of southern California from the Hells Angels during the 1980s. San Diego Hells Angels sergeant-at-arms Raymond "Fat Ray" Piltz became the Angels' first casualty in the conflict when he was shot and killed in a biker bar in Lemon Grove on January 17, 1982. Five Mongols members were indicted over his death, and one – Bill Michael "Mike" Munz – was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and sentenced to six years in prison. The feud between the Hells Angels and the Mongols was reactivated when the rival clubs clashed at a motorcycle trade show in Long Beach on February 10, 1989, resulting in San Bernardino Hells Angels chapter sergeant-at-arms Aristeo Andres "Art" Carbajal being stabbed to death and several others wounded. No suspects have been arrested in the murder. Hells Angels member Christian Harvey Tate was killed when several gunshots fired from another vehicle struck him in the back while he was riding his motorcycle on Interstate 40 near Ludlow on April 27, 2002. He had been returning to San Diego after attending the Laughlin River Run motorcycle rally. Although police surmised at the time that Tate's death was connected to the River Run riot, a fatal confrontation between members of the Hells Angels and the Mongols which occurred in Laughlin, Nevada earlier that day, the homicide has gone unsolved. Seventeen members and associates of the Hells Angels in San Diego County were arrested on June 11, 2003, as a result of a two-year investigation into drug trafficking and racketeering. The HAMC clubhouse in El Cajon was raided as part of the operation. Federal wiretaps also recorded club members planning to kill Mongols members in retaliation for the murder of Christian Tate. Ten HAMC members, including San Diego chapter president Guy Russell Castiglione and sergeant-at-arms Mark Alan Toycen, pleaded guilty to conspiracy. Castiglione was sentenced to seventy months' imprisonment on September 22, 2005, and Toycen was sentenced to fourteen years' on July 28, 2006. The convictions effectively dismantled the chapter. A two-year ATF investigation of the HAMC resulted in the arrests of twenty-six club members in the San Fernando Valley, San Francisco and Ventura County on December 3, 2003, on racketeering charges filed at the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada and stemming from the River Run riot. Nine Hells Angels, including the chapter president and three officers, were arrested in the San Fernando Valley and another seventeen were taken into custody in northern California. The arrests were carried out as part of a five-state operation involving over 700 federal, state and municipal law enforcement officers which resulted in the arrests of fifty-seven Hells Angels across the country and the seizure of approximately 125 firearms, more than a thousand rounds of ammunition, several stolen vehicles and a quarter-pound of methamphetamine. Three Californian Angels – Maurice "Pete" Eunice, Raymond Foakes and James Hannigan – were among the six club members convicted of committing a violent crime in the aid of racketeering following their extradition to Las Vegas, Nevada to face charges. On February 13, 2007, Eunice was sentenced to two-and-a-half years' imprisonment and Foakes was sentenced to twelve months', while Hannigan was sentenced to two years' on February 23, 2007. Charges were dismissed against the remaining thirty-six defendants in the case. In 2008, Mark "Papa" Guardado, the president of the San Francisco chapter, was shot dead after a bar fight in the Mission District of San Francisco. Christopher Bryan Ablett, a member of the rival Mongols MC club, was later arrested for Guardado's murder. Aryan Brotherhood Oakland Hells Angels chapter vice-president Michael O'Farrell was killed after being stabbed in the neck, chest and back, and shot four times from behind at a San Leandro bar on June 6, 1989. Another Hells Angels member, Michael Musick, was wounded in the attack. Police stated that O'Farrell's killing may have been the result of a power struggle between the HAMC and the Aryan Brotherhood in the East Bay. Two Aryan Brotherhood members charged with O'Farrell's homicide, Aaron "Jerry" Marsh and Michael Bruce "Tank" Shepherd, were arrested in the following weeks. Marsh was taken into custody in Manteca on June 27, and Shepherd was apprehended by San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department deputies and California Highway Patrol troopers on Route 60 on July 26 after a high-speed chase through Chino and Ontario. Shepherd allegedly admitted his guilt in the killing to his lawyer Steven Gore. Marsh was strangled to death in Pelican Bay State Prison on July 25, 1997, by cellmate Gary J. Littrell after refusing an order from the Aryan Brotherhood leadership to murder another inmate, and Shepherd committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell at Santa Ana Central Jail in December 2004 shortly after pleading guilty in a RICO case. Vagos In 2011, president of the San Jose chapter Jeffrey Pettigrew, was shot four times in the back on September 23, 2011, at a casino in Sparks, Nevada. Two California members of the Vagos motorcycle club at the crime scene were also shot but survived. Pettigrew was in Sparks for 'Street Vibrations', a long-running motorcycle festival in the Reno area. Sparks declared a state of emergency after another motorcyclist wearing Vagos colors was shot shortly afterwards in the stomach from a passing vehicle. Cesar Villagrana, who had been with Pettigrew, was charged with discharging a firearm and other offenses. Ernesto Manuel Gonzales was later arrested in San Francisco in connection with the death of Pettigrew. Another Hell's Angel, Steve Tausan, an "enforcer" for the Santa Cruz chapter, was shot at Pettigrew's funeral. According to police, after the shooting, the suspect, Steve Ruiz, disappeared and one or more people tampered with the crime scene, washing away bloodstains and removing evidence of the shooting. RICO case Thirty-three members and associates of the Hells Angels' Oakland, San Francisco, Marin County, San Jose, Los Angeles and Vallejo chapters, including Oakland chapter president and reputed national leader Sonny Barger, were indicted on Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act statutes on June 13, 1979. Twenty-one of those were arrested during large-scale raids involving approximately 200 federal agents on the day of the indictments. Ultimately, eighteen defendants stood trial as a result of dismissals and other legal maneuvers, while others remained fugitives. The prosecution team, representing the federal government, attempted to demonstrate a pattern of behavior to convict Barger and other members of the club of racketeering offenses related to guns and illegal drugs. On July 2, 1980, following an eight-month trial in which 194 witnesses testified, a mistrial was declared when a jury failed to reach a verdict on the primary counts of racketeering conspiracy against the eighteen defendants. On the remaining charges, which included drug possession and firearms offenses, six of the accused – Ronald H. Elledge, John Palomar, Alan Passaro, Manuel Rubio, Donald Smith and Bert Stefanson – were convicted, while the remaining twelve were acquitted. On August 12, 1980, the government returned a superseding RICO indictment, which omitted the allegation that the HAMC itself constituted a criminal enterprise, against fourteen defendants – including some of those in the original case. Eleven of those stood trial. In addition to the racketeering charge, a second count of the indictment charged James Brandes with the murder of fellow Hells Angel Ray Keefauver, and the attempted murders of SJPD sergeant John Kracht and Solano County Bureau of Narcotics Enforcement inspector William Zerby. Kenneth Owen was also charged with the attempted murder of Zerby. The second RICO trial also ended in a mistrial in February 1981. Operation Roughrider Members and associates of the Hells Angels in Sacramento, San Diego and the San Francisco Bay Area were arrested and charged with racketeering and drug trafficking on May 2, 1985, as part of Operation Roughrider, a three-year FBI investigation into the club. Six people were arrested – including San Francisco chapter president Gary Kautzman – and forty firearms were confiscated in the Bay Area. The operation, involving approximately a thousand law enforcement personnel, resulted in the arrests of a total of 133 Hells Angels members and associates during around fifty raids in eleven states, and the seizure of $2 million in cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, hashish, PCP and LSD, as well as weapons including Uzi submachine guns and rocket launchers. Much of the intelligence that led to the indictments was provided by Kevin P. Bonner, an undercover FBI agent who infiltrated the club for twenty-six months and made drug deals with various chapters. He purchased methamphetamine and cocaine from Kautzman on five occasions between June 4 and November 6, 1982. Anthony Tait FBI investigation On November 10, 1987, thirteen Hells Angels – including Sonny Barger and his second-in-command, Michael O'Farrell – were arrested on drugs, weapons, explosives and conspiracy charges during twenty-six raids carried out by two-hundred-and-fifty ATF, FBI and California State Police (CSP) personnel in the San Francisco Bay Area, which also resulted in the seizure of over a hundred weapons, more than $1 million in cash and narcotics, and three methamphetamine laboratories. Approximately $1 million in cash was discovered at the Oakland home of Kenneth Owen, a club member arrested for methamphetamine distribution. The operation in the Bay Area was executed in synchronization with raids on various other HAMC chapters in four other states – producing a total of thirty-eight arrests – and concluded a two-year FBI investigation of the club, which commenced in 1985 after Anthony Tait, an officer in the Anchorage, Alaska Hells Angels chapter, volunteered to become a paid informant. Travelling the country at government expense, Tait made documented purchases of weapons, explosives and drugs from the Hells Angels. He also covertly recorded club meetings by wearing a wire. Owen was convicted of selling three pounds of methamphetamine to Tait, and was sentenced to forty-one years in prison and a $2.1 million fine on September 9, 1988. Barger and O'Farrell were among ten Hells Angels from California and Alaska extradited to Louisville, Kentucky to face trail for conspiring to transport firearms and explosives across state lines in order to kill members of the Outlaws in retaliation for the death of John Cleave Webb. Webb, the president of the Anchorage HAMC chapter, who was shot and killed by two Outlaws members outside a bar in Jefferson County, Kentucky on August 12, 1986. Barger and O'Farrell were convicted of conspiracy on October 28, 1988. O'Farrell was shot and stabbed to death by two men during a bar fight in San Leandro on June 6, 1989, while awaiting sentencing. Barger served three-and-a-half years of a four-year sentence at FCI Phoenix in Arizona and was released on November 6, 1992. Owen died July 4, 2016. A $1 million bounty was allegedly put on Tait's life by the Hells Angels. Other incidents Hells Angels member Robert Lee "Wildman" Bright was charged with criminal mayhem after he, aided by two other inmates, used a spoon heated on a hot plate to burn a tattoo, which resembled the HAMC insignia, off of a cellmate's arm on October 29, 1973, at San Diego County jail, where he was awaiting trial on a narcotics charge. Bright, a Marine Corps veteran of the Vietnam War, died of natural causes at the age of sixty in Humboldt County on April 10, 2006. Two members of the San Diego Hells Angels chapter – Michael Varner, the chapter president, and his brother John G. Varner – were shot to death by an unidentified gunman in a tavern in Modesto on November 6, 1973. Police were unable to establish a motive for the killings. A woman alleged that she was beaten and assaulted with a rubber dildo by two San Diego Hells Angels members' girlfriends, and that she was forced to orally copulate a Hells Angel and a German Shepherd dog after she accepted a ride home from a biker funeral with the group in 1975. The charges were dismissed as law enforcement were unable to locate the woman after she filed a criminal complaint. A Hells Angels member was hospitalized with a skull fracture and multiple abrasions when he was beaten unconscious by a group of bar patrons after he brandished a hunting knife following a disagreement with another patron at an East San Diego bar on January 26, 1975. On February 16, a heating and air conditioning company owned by the patron and his partner in Santee was targeted in an arson attack, which law enforcement believe was carried out by the HAMC in retaliation for the injuries suffered by the Hells Angel in the earlier incident. On March 6, 1977, a woman was allegedly stripped of her clothing, beaten and forced to ingest LSD by Hells Angels members and their girlfriends at the residence of the club's San Diego chapter president. She had been accompanied to the residence under the pretense of attending a party after meeting a Hells Angel at an Ocean Beach bar earlier that night. Hells Angels member Gerald "Butch" Lester shot two people in a van in Sacramento County on October 26, 1977, killing one and wounding the other. Lester used a sleeping bag to conceal his victims' bodies and then dumped their vehicle in a river. The incident, for which Lester spent four years in state prison, was reportedly the result of a dispute over $5,000 worth of methamphetamine. Laurence Richard "Large Larry" Lajeunesse, a senior member of the Hells Angels' San Fernando Valley chapter, and his girlfriend Tammie Ann Brannigan were shot to death in the converted industrial garage in Chatsworth, Los Angeles where they lived on December 3, 1998 by Daniel Ray Waring, who was described by prosecutors as an aspirant Hells Angels member involved in a feud with Lajeunesse over methamphetamine dealing. Waring robbed and killed the couple, shooting Lajeunesse five or six times in the head before also shooting Brannigan to eliminate her as a witness. Waring, a tow truck driver who worked as an informant for California Highway Patrol detectives for over ten years, was convicted of first-degree murder on October 12, 2001 and sentenced to two consecutive life prison terms without the possibility of parole on February 8, 2002. He died aged 60 on September 27, 2017. The case was documented in the North Mission Road episode "Hells Angels Mystery", which aired on August 22, 2005. In 2001, eleven men associated with the Hells Angels in Fresno were arrested for allegedly assaulting members of another motorcycle club that had ignored their order to disband. Ventura Hells Angels chapter member Thomas Heath was sentenced to thirty-five years to life in prison in February 2012 after being convicted of a fifth strike offense. In 1992, he was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment after being convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and dissuading a witness by threats for the beating of his wife at a hamburger stand. Heath was sentenced to an additional seven years' in 1994 when he pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder for killing a rival biker and an innocent bystander with a bomb in Los Angeles on September 24, 1977, during a war with the Mongols. On November 22, 2010, he threatened the lives of his female roommate and her son, a crime for which he was found guilty on December 16, 2011, of dissuading a witness, threatening a witness and street terrorism. References Criminal allegations and incidents in California Gangs in California Gangs in Los Angeles Gangs in San Diego Gangs in San Francisco

69478177

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Case%20Against%20Andrew%20Fane

The Case Against Andrew Fane

The Case Against Andrew Fane is a 1931 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anthony Gilbert, the pen name of British writer Lucy Beatrice Malleson. It was a stand-alone novel by the author who was at the best time known for her Golden Age detective Scott Egerton. Synopsis Facing five years in prison for fraud unless he can secure money quickly Andrew Fane goes to visit his wealthy, eccentric uncle. However, after encountering a mysterious and heavily veiled woman at his property, he finds him dead. Panicking his actions make him seem the prime suspect to the investigating police who appear to have an open-and-shut case against him. References Bibliography Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Garland Publishing, 1984. Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015. 1931 British novels British mystery novels British thriller novels Novels by Anthony Gilbert Novels set in England British detective novels Collins Crime Club books

69480765

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20Ontario%20%282021%29

Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)

The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario throughout 2021. Data Timeline January Ontario recorded another record-breaking day of new cases on January 2, 2021, with 3,363 new infections reported. The Ontario government, having faced criticism for a slow rollout of vaccinations, announced on January 5 their plan to vaccinate all residents, health workers and essential care givers in LTC homes by January 21. Ontario recorded two records on January 7 – a record high in new infections at 3,519 new cases and the deadliest day of the pandemic so far with 89 deaths. In response to the continued surge, the province announced that the Provincewide Shutdown will be extended in northern Ontario for an additional 14 days (aligned with the length of Provincewide Shutdown in the south), and that elementary schools in the south will not return to in-person class until January 25. On January 8, Ontario again recorded a new record high of new infections with 4,249 new cases. Premier Ford hinted at furthering restrictions on top of the already in place Provincewide shutdown. Due to the surge of new infections, Premier Ford issued a second declaration of emergency on January 12. Additional stay-at-home orders were announced, including the reduction of outdoor gatherings to five people, and a reduction of hours for non-essential businesses allowed to only operate between 7:00 a.m. and 8 p.m. These new restrictions begin on January 14. Also, students in Toronto, Peel, York, Hamilton, and Windsor-Essex will not return to in-person classes until Feb. 10, 2021. Results of an inspection "blitz" over the weekend of January 15 on big-box stores revealed a compliance rate of 70 percent with 36 of 110 stores visited at random in violation of COVID-19 protocols. On January 15, all LTC home residents and staff in Toronto had received at least first doses of the vaccine and on January 19, all LTC home residents and staff in COVID-19 hot spots had received at least first doses of the vaccine, ahead of the January 21 goal date set by the provincial vaccine taskforce. Due to manufacturing delays, it was also announced on January 19 that no new shipments of the Pfizer vaccine would be arriving in Ontario the following week, delaying first and second dose administration in the government's overall vaccination program. On January 28, Peel Region's Medical Officer Lawrence Loh suggested that all online retail operating in the province be restricted from selling non-essential goods, in order to protect supply chains due to workplace outbreaks. On January 29, 2021, the federal government announced new travel restrictions, including that individuals travelling on foreign flights would be required to take COVID-19 PCR test on arrival and quarantine in an approved hotel at their expense. February On February 8, 2021, Premier Ford announced that the declaration of emergency would expire, but that the stay-at-home order would be extended in the majority of health regions to facilitate a gradual reinstatement of the colour-coded response framework. The order was first lifted on February 10 in Eastern Ontario's Hastings Prince Edward Public Health Unit, the Kingston, Frontenac and Lennox & Addington Health Unit, and the Renfrew County and District Health Unit. The stay-at-home order is expected to be lifted in most of Ontario on February 16, excluding Peel, Toronto, and York, and any other area where the province believes it is not yet safe to lift the order. The stay-at-home order is expected to be lifted in Peel, Toronto, and York on February 22. The response framework will also allow non-essential retail to operate with a 25 percent capacity limit if a region is under the grey "Lockdown" tier. On February 11, the Ontario government announced March Break would be postponed for a month, to the week of April 12. Also on the same day, the Minister of Health admitted that the province had not met its deadline to vaccinate all long-term care homes, after mistakenly announcing that it had. On February 26, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use. March On March 3, the first Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines arrived in Canada, and were distributed to Ontario. The shots will be given to pharmacies in Toronto, Windsor-Essex and Kingston for early application through a pilot programme. On March 5, Health Canada approved the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for use. The vaccine is the only approved vaccine to require one dose. Also on March 5, the Ontario government announced Toronto, Peel and North Bay-Parry Sound will exit stay-at-home orders in place since January. Toronto and Peel will enter lockdown (grey) zone and North Bay-Parry Sound will enter control (red). On March 12, Peel Public Health ordered an Amazon fulfillment centre closed, after a large outbreak, forcing thousands of workers to self-isolate. On March 15, the Ontario Hospital Association declared Ontario was in a Third Wave of the virus. Ontario's COVID-19 Science Advisory Table seconded the announcement. In response, Premier Ford told Ontarians: "we can't let our guard down for a second. We have to make sure we social distance, constantly be wearing a mask, and follow the protocols of the chief medical officer." On March 29, per a recommendation issued by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), Ontario and other provinces suspended use of the AstraZeneca vaccine for patients younger than 55 years old, due to concerns over a rare side effect of blood clots with low blood platelets. April On April 1, amid rising infections exacerbated by variants of concern, Premier Ford announced a third province-wide shutdown beginning April 3. All regions were moved to a new sixth level of the response framework, "Shutdown" (white), re-imposing measures that were introduced during the first provincewide shutdown. On April 5, Peel Medical Officer of Health Lawrence Loh issued an order under Section 22 of the Health Protection and Promotion Act to close all area schools beginning April 6. Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health and Toronto Public Health made similar orders. On April 7, in order to protect hospitals and the vaccination program, Premier Ford declared a third state of emergency and announced a second stay-at-home order that took effect at 12:01 a.m. ET on April 8, with similar measures to the first stay-at-home order, but with exceptions for certain specialized retail outlets to operate by appointment only, prohibiting essential retail stores from selling non-essential goods, and schools tentatively remaining open. Ford explained that "the situation is evolving rapidly, hour by hour. And as things change, as we learn more about these deadly new variants, as we see new problems arise, we need to adapt. We need to move quickly and decisively." The province also announced that it would offer vaccinations to all adults within specific hotspot areas, identified by postal codes. The selection of the areas faced criticism over its methodology, including its inclusion of several sortation areas that did not actually have high rates of COVID-19 cases and/or hospitalizations, On April 11, the province recorded its single largest day of new cases to-date, at 4,456. On April 12, Premier Ford announced that all schools province-wide would close to in-person classes following Spring break. On April 16, Premier Ford requested assistance from Alberta, including access to health care workers. The office of Alberta Premier Jason Kenney declined the request, citing its own impact by the third wave. Ford reportedly made a similar request to Saskatchewan, although the province denied that this had happened. New modelling was released with a best-case scenario of less than 4,000 cases per-day by the end of May if strong health measures (such as the current stay-at-home order) were in place and at least 100,000 vaccine doses were administered per-day, with scenarios improving if the stay-at-home order were extended to six weeks, and vaccination increased to at least 300,000 per-day. In a news conference, Premier Ford announced that the stay-at-home order will be extended through at least May 20, and that it would also include additional capacity restrictions for retail, the closure of all outdoor recreation amenities, and a prohibition of non-essential interprovincial land travel into Ontario. Solicitor General Sylvia Jones also announced that police had been granted the right to randomly stop and question any individual they suspect are violating the stay-at-home order, including compelling them to provide their home address and reason for travel, and issuing tickets for violating a public health order if they do not comply. The policy faced criticism for resembling the past practice of carding, having a disproportionate impact on BIPOC communities, and potentially violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A number of municipal police departments announced that they would not perform random stops. On April 17, Jones announced that the measure would be "refocused", only allowing police to stop and ticket people they suspect are participating in a prohibited public event or gathering On April 18, a spokesperson stated that Ontario has had supply issues with vaccines. Backpedaling from the NACI guidance, Ontario announced that it would expand availability of the AstraZeneca vaccine to those 40 and older. David Moscrop published an op-ed in the U.S. newspaper The Washington Post calling for Ford to resign, arguing that the pandemic had exacerbated his "extraordinary capacity to alienate, divide and fail", and criticizing him for the aforementioned police measures, restricting outdoor recreation despite many COVID-19 cases being attributed to crowded indoor workplaces such as factories, and repeatedly ignoring calls to implement paid sick leave (with Ford deeming it redundant to the federal, retroactive Canadian Recovery Sickness Benefit). On April 19, Ford was absent from the legislative session, On April 20, Peel Public Health and Toronto Public Health both issued Section 22 orders mandating that businesses be closed for 10 days (with all employees required to self-isolate for the same period) if they are linked to five or more COVID-19 infections within the past 14 days. Premier Ford was accused by his opposition of "hiding" from the Legislature and the media since April 19, and organizing a virtual party fundraiser with tickets costing $1,000 each, amid increasing criticism of his management of the pandemic. The province issued a statement indicating that Ford was focusing primarily on procuring additional vaccine doses via international partners. On April 20, both the Ontario Liberal Party and NDP called for Ford's resignation; Ontario Liberal Party leader Steven Del Duca argued that Ford was "missing in action, hiding from the people, and hiding from accountability", and "scared to face the people and acknowledge his stunning incompetence". It was announced by the province that Ford was isolating due being a close contact of a positive case within his staff. Ford himself had tested negative. On April 22, in his first media appearance since April 16, Premier Ford admitted that the government "made a mistake" and "went too far" with the measures they had announced on April 16. In a reversal of his prior stance, Ford also announced plans to introduce a provincial paid sick leave program, arguing that they needed to compensate for "important improvements" that were not included in the CRSB in the 2021 federal budget. May Ontario paused first doses of AstraZeneca vaccine on May 11, citing eight cases of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in the province. A day later, officials confirmed that another 254,500 doses were scheduled to be delivered the next week. Officials suggested they would likely still be used for second doses. As of May 11, one Hamilton apartment building was reported to have an outbreak of 107 cases of COVID-19. June On June 2, Premier Ford announced that in-person classes at schools will remain suspended through the end of the school year, citing concerns over variants. Ford also stated that the province was also considering moving up the date for Step 1. On June 11, Ontario entered Step 1 of the Roadmap To Reopen plan that was originally scheduled for June 14. On June 30, Ontario entered Step 2 of the Roadmap To Reopen plan that was originally scheduled for July 2. On June 1 The Province reported 699 new cases. On June 2 The Province reported 733 new cases. On June 3 The Province reported 870 new cases. On June 4 The Province reported 914 new cases. On June 5 The Province reported 744 new cases. On June 6 The Province reported 663 new cases. On June 7 The Province reported 525 new cases. On June 8 The Province reported 469 new cases. On June 9 The Province reported 411 new cases. On June 10 The Province reported 590 new cases. On June 11 The Province reported 574 new cases. On June 12 The Province reported 502 new cases. On June 13 The Province reported 530 new cases. On June 14 The Province reported 447 new cases. On June 15 The Province reported 296 new cases. On June 16 The Province reported 384 new cases. On June 17 The Province reported 370 new cases. On June 18 The Province reported 345 new cases. On June 19 The Province reported 355 new cases. On June 20 The Province reported 318 new cases. On June 21 The Province reported 270 new cases. On June 22 The Province reported 216 new cases. On June 23 The Province reported 255 new cases. On June 24 The Province reported 296 new cases. On June 25 The Province reported 256 new cases. On June 26 The Province reported 346 new cases. On June 27 The Province reported 287 new cases. On June 28 The Province reported 210 new cases. On June 29 The Province reported 209 new cases. On June 30 The Province reported 184 new cases. July On July 16, Ontario entered Step 3 of the Roadmap To Reopen plan that was originally scheduled for July 21. August On August 17, the Ontario government had announced that further reopening of Ontario past Step 3 of the Roadmap To Reopen plan had been paused indefinitely, following the start of Ontario's fourth wave, the increasing amount of daily cases, and also citing the increasing spread of the Delta Variant. By late August, local public health advice has shifted focus from “staying safe” to “limiting contact” because of the growing fourth infection wave in the province. September On September 1, the Ontario government had announced that a Vaccine Certification System would begin rolling out in Ontario province wide in two phases in order to access non-essential businesses in Ontario, such as gyms, indoor restaurants, movie theaters, and concert halls. The first phase being that showing proof of a COVID-19 vaccination using official Ontario printed receipts would be mandatory province wide beginning as of September 22. The second phase being using a COVID-19 Vaccine Passport System in Ontario, which would show proof of a COVID-19 vaccination using QR codes either printed on paper, or stored digitally using a smartphone, would be mandatory province wide beginning as of October 22. Ontario Government Issued Photo ID must also be presented in both phases. October On October 22, the Ontario government had announced a timeline roadmap plan to lift restrictions in Ontario. As of October 25, capacity limit restrictions are lifted in settings where showing proof of vaccination is required, such as Restaurants, Bars, Gyms, Casinos, Bingo Halls, Other Indoor Meeting and Event Spaces, and Gaming Establishments. The Ontario government will also allow other settings to lift their capacity limits, if the setting chooses to require showing proof of vaccination, such as Barber Shops, Salons, Museums, Galleries, Aquariums, Zoos, Science Centers, Landmarks, Historic Sites, Botanical Gardens, Amusement Parks, Fairs, Exhibitions, Festivals, Indoor Tour and Guide Services, Boat Tours, Indoor Areas of Marinas and Boating Clubs, Indoor Clubhouses at Outdoor Recreational Amenities, Open House Events provided by Real Estate Agencies, and Indoor Areas of Photography Studios and Services. November On November 28, Ontario reported 2 cases of the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, confirming the arrival of the variant into Canada. Two Ottawa residents with recent travel history to Nigeria had tested positive for the variant, which was first detected in South Africa. On November 30, Ontario's death toll reached the 10,000 mark. December On December 2, one new case of the Omicron variant was reported in the Durham Region. On December 15, Premier Doug Ford announced that the province will re-enter a version of step 3 called step 3.9 of its 3 step reopening plan effective Saturday December 18 including the return of capacity limits in high risk settings. On December 17, Premier Doug Ford announced that the province will move into step 3.5 including the lowering of capacity limits in more non essential businesses and the lowering the gathering sizes to 10 indoors and 25 outdoors. On December 23, Ontario broke its single-day record for new daily cases for two consecutive days with 5790 new cases, followed by 9571 new cases. Notes and references Ontario Coronavirus 2021 in Ontario Ontario Timeline Ontario

69481298

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20government%20response%20to%20COVID-19

Chinese government response to COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, the government of China has followed a zero COVID strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19. After discovery of a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province, a public notice on the outbreak was distributed on 31 December 2019. On 8 January 2020, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was announced by Chinese scientists as the cause of the new disease. The virus was first partially sequenced on 26 December 2019, On 5 January, Shanghai virologist Zhang Yongzhen obtained a full sequence. He submitted it to the United States NIH's GenBank database that same day. On 11 January, Zhang gave permission to Edward C. Holmes to upload the sequence to the publicly available Virological.org discussion forum. This violated a notice from China's National Health Commission sent to laboratories in Wuhan on 3 January, which forbade publishing about the virus without authorization. Zhang has stated he was not aware of the NHC notice at the time. On 23 January 2020, the Chinese government banned travel to and from Wuhan, enforced strict quarantines in affected regions and initiated a national response. The epidemic in Hubei province peaked on 4 February 2020. Large temporary hospitals were built in Wuhan to isolate patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms, with the first opening on 5 February 2020. The epidemic was heavily concentrated within Hubei province and Wuhan. Through 22 March 2020, over 80% of the recorded cases in China were in Hubei province, with over 60% of cases nationwide occurring in Wuhan alone. By the summer of 2020, China had largely brought the outbreak under control, ending widespread community transmission. After the initial outbreak, lockdowns and other restrictive measures were eased throughout China. The lockdown in Wuhan was lifted on 8 April 2020. The epidemic control measures in China held the death toll due to COVID-19 to under 5,000. China is one of a small number of countries that have pursued an elimination strategy, sustaining zero or low case numbers over the long term. Most cases in China are imported from abroad, and several new outbreaks have been quickly controlled through intense short-term public health measures, including large-scale testing, contact tracking technology, and mandatory isolation of infected individuals. In the 18 months after the containment of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, two COVID-19 deaths were recorded. In 2020 and 2021, China was the largest exporter of COVID-19 critical medical products. China was the world's largest exporter of face masks, increasing exports by around 600% in the first half of 2020. A number of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in China. Through November 2021, China was the world's largest exporter of COVID-19 vaccines, with a cumulative share of around 40% of worldwide exports (totaling around 1.5 billion doses), according to the World Trade Organization. China's response to the initial Wuhan COVID-19 outbreak has been both praised and criticised. Some have criticised the censorship of information that might be unfavorable for local officials. Observers have attributed this to a culture of institutional censorship affecting the country's press and Internet. The government censored whistleblowers, journalists, and social media posts about the outbreak. During the beginning of the pandemic, the Chinese government made efforts to clamp down on discussion and hide reporting about it. Efforts to fund and control research into the virus's origins and to promote fringe theories about the virus have continued up to the present. In October 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases reported: "While the world is struggling to control COVID-19, China has managed to control the pandemic rapidly and effectively." Initial response Based on retrospective case analysis, the first person known to have fallen ill with COVID-19 in Wuhan first began experiencing symptoms on 1 December 2019. In mid December 2019, Wuhan doctors noticed a pattern of unusual white spots in patients' lung scans. On 24 December, a sample was sent to a Chinese lab called Vision Medicals. On the 26th, a tech at Vision Medicals obtained a partial DNA sequence and noticed it was similar to SARS. The alarmed tech forwarded the information to his boss, but the information was not made public at the time. Doctors in Wuhan noticed a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology in late December 2019. A public notice on the outbreak was released by Wuhan health authority on 31 December; the initial notice informed Wuhan residents that there was no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of the virus, that the disease is preventable and controllable, and that people can wear masks when going out. WHO picked up news reports of the outbreak on the same day. Warnings by doctors were at first ignored by local government officials. On 7 January 2020, the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party discussed COVID-19 prevention and control. Initially, the Chinese government was against the World Health Organization declaring a public health emergency, but eventually a public health emergency was declared on 30 January. 2020 Chinese New Year The Wuhan government, which announced a number of new measures such as cancelling the Chinese New Year celebrations, in addition to measures such as checking the temperature of passengers at transport terminals first introduced on 14 January. Beginning on 23 January 2020, extensive lockdown measures were taken in Hubei province, and then in much of China. Travel in and out of Wuhan was halted on 23 January, and travel restrictions were implemented throughout China. A group tasked with the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic was established on 26 January, led by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang. The leading group decided to extend the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak. China Customs started requiring that all passengers entering and exiting China fill in an extra health declaration form from 26 January. The health declaration form was mentioned in China's Frontier Health and Quarantine Law, granting the customs rights to require it if needed. On 27 January, the General Office of the State Council of China, declared a nationwide extension on the New Year holiday and the postponement of the coming spring semester. The office extended the previously scheduled public holiday from 30 January, to 2 February, while it said school openings for the spring semester would be announced in the future. Declaration of emergency Hong Kong's Chief Executive Carrie Lam declared an emergency at a press conference on 25 January, saying the government would close primary and secondary schools for two more weeks on top of the previously scheduled New Year holiday, pushing the date for school reopening to 17 February. Macau closed several museums and libraries, and prolonged the New Year holiday break to 11 February for higher education institutions and 10 February for others. On 1 February 2020, Xinhua News reported that China's Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) had "asked procuratorates nationwide to fully play their role to create a favourable judicial environment in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic." This included severe punishments for those found guilty of dereliction of duty and the withholding of information for officials. Tougher charges were proscribed for commercial criminal activities such as increasing prices, profiteering along with the "production and sale of fake and shoddy protective equipment and medicines." Prosecuting actions against patients who deliberately spread the infection or refuse examination or compulsory isolation along with threats of violence against medical personnel were also urged. The statement also included urging to prosecute those found fabricating and spreading COVID-19-related information and also stressed "harshly punishing the illegal hunting of wildlife under state protection, as well as improving inspection and quarantine measures for fresh food and meat products." Cordon sanitaire On 23 January 2020, a cordon sanitaire on travel in and out of Wuhan was imposed in an effort to stop the spread of the virus out of Wuhan. Flights, trains, public buses, the metro system, and long-distance coaches were suspended indefinitely. Large-scale gatherings and group tours were also suspended. By 24 January 2020, a total of 15 cities in Hubei, including Wuhan, were placed under similar quarantine measures. Due to lockdown measures, Wuhan residents rushed to stockpile essential goods, food, and fuel; prices rose significantly. 5,000,000 people left Wuhan, with 9,000,000 left in the city. The city of Shantou in Guangdong declared a partial lockdown on 26 January, though this was reversed two hours later. Local authorities in Beijing and several other major cities, including Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, announced on the same day that these cities will not impose a lockdown similar to those in Hubei province. By 6 February 2020, a total of four Zhejiang cities—Wenzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Taizhou—were under the "passport" system, allowing only one person per household to leave their home every two days. These restrictions apply to over 30 million people. Specialty hospitals A specialty hospital named Huoshenshan Hospital has been constructed as a countermeasure against the outbreak and to better quarantine the patients. Wuhan City government had demanded that a state-owned enterprise construct such a hospital "at the fastest speed" comparable to that of the SARS outbreak in 2003. Upon opening, the specialty hospital had 1,000 beds and took up 30,000 square metres. The hospital is modelled after the , which was fabricated for the SARS outbreak of 2003, itself built in only seven days. On 24 January 2020, the authority announced that they would convert an empty building in Huangzhou District, Huanggang to a 1,000-bed hospital named Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre. Works began the next day by 500 personnel and the building began accepting patients on 28 January 2020 at 10:30 pm. In Wuhan, authorities seized dormitories, offices and hospitals to create more beds for patients. On 25 January authorities announced plans for Leishenshan Hospital, a second specialty hospital, with a capacity of 1,600 beds; operations are scheduled to start by 6 February. The hospital opened on 8 February. By 16 February 2020, 217 teams of a total of 25,633 medical workers from across China went to Wuhan and other cities in Hubei to help open up more facilities and treat patients. A total of 14 temporary hospitals were constructed in China in total, but all were reported to have closed after the crisis was determined be under control on 10 March 2020. "On March 31, the Chinese government announced that large-scale domestic transmission of Covid-19 had been stopped." End of the first outbreak The public health measures put in place from 23 January 2020 onward suppressed transmission of the virus below the critical threshold, bringing the basic reproduction number of the virus to near zero. On 4 February 2020, around two weeks after the beginning of the lockdowns in Hubei province, case counts peaked in the province and began to decline thereafter. The outbreak remained largely concentrated within Hubei province, with over 80% of cases nationwide through 22 March 2020 occurring there. As the epidemic receded, the focus shifted towards restarting economic activity and preventing a resurgence of the virus. Low- and medium-risk areas of the country began to ease social distancing measures on 17 February 2020. Reopening was accompanied by an increase in testing and the development of electronic "health codes" (using smartphone applications) to facilitate contact tracing. Health code applications contain personalized risk information, based on recent contacts and test results. Wuhan, the last major city to reopen, ended its lockdown on 8 April 2020. China reported its first imported COVID-19 case from an incoming traveler on 30 January. As the number of imported cases rose and the number of domestic cases fell, China began imposing restrictions on entry into the country. Inbound flights were restricted, and all incoming passengers were required to undergo quarantine. The death toll in China during the first outbreak was approximately 4,600 according to official figures, and has been estimated at under 5,000 by a scientific study of excess pneumonia mortality published in The BMJ. Blood samples taken by the Chinese CDC from a random sampling of 34,000 citizens in Wuhan and other parts of China one month after the virus first wave was contained showed 4.43% of sampled community members in Wuhan had antibodies. In the wider Hubei area, 0.44% of those sampled were positive for antibodies, while of 12,000 nationally representative samples taken only two recorded positive results. Early censorship and police responses The early response by city authorities was criticised as prioritising a control of information that might be unfavorable for local officials over public safety, and China was also criticised for cover-ups and downplaying the initial discovery and severity of the outbreak. By the time China had informed the WHO of the new coronavirus on 31 December 2019, The New York Times reported that the government was still keeping "its own citizens in the dark". Observers have attributed this to the censorship institutional structure of the country's press and internet, exacerbated by China's paramount leader Xi Jinping's crackdown on independent oversight such as journalism and social media that left senior officials with inaccurate information on the outbreak and "contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread". A group of eight medical personnel, including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist from Wuhan Central Hospital who in late December posted warnings on a new coronavirus strain akin to SARS, were taken into custody by Wuhan police and threatened with prosecution for "spreading rumours" for likening it to SARS. Li Wenliang later died of the disease on 7 February, and was widely hailed as a whistleblower in China, but some of the trending hashtags on Weibo such as "Wuhan government owes Dr Li Wenliang an apology" and "We want freedom of speech" were blocked. His death widespread public anger in the aftermath, in what has been described as "one of the biggest outpourings of online criticism of the government in years," was not a topic that was permitted for coverage. As part of the central government's "bifurcated approach to diffuse discontent", citizens were permitted to criticise local officials so long as they did not "question the basic legitimacy of the party". The Cyberspace Administration (CAC) declared its intent to foster a "good online atmosphere," with CAC notices sent to video platforms encouraging them to "not to push any negative story, and not to conduct non-official livestreaming on the virus." Censorship has been observed being applied on news articles and social media posts deemed to hold negative tones about COVID-19 and the governmental response, including posts mocking Xi Jinping for not visiting areas of the epidemic, an article that predicted negative effects of the epidemic on the economy, and calls to remove local government officials. While censorship had been briefly relaxed giving a "window of about two weeks in which Chinese journalists were able to publish hard-hitting stories exposing the mishandling of the novel coronavirus by officials", since then private news outlets were reportedly required to use "planned and controlled publicity" with the authorities' consent. Zero-COVID policy China and a small number of other countries have pursued an elimination strategy (also known as a "zero-COVID strategy"), which aims to eliminate local transmission of the virus. The initial public health response was successful in reducing transmission to near zero within China. In the 18 months following the successful containment of the initial outbreak in China, the country suffered two COVID-19 deaths. As lockdowns and other restrictions were eased in March and April 2020, attention shifted to preventing imported cases from abroad from causing a resurgence of the virus within China. International flights to China were heavily restricted, and incoming travelers were required to undergo PCR testing and quarantine. Through November 2020, these quarantine measures prevented nearly 4,000 infected international travelers from entering the wider community. The China CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response Team described its elimination strategy in a paper in The Lancet in June 2020. The measures employed to contain new outbreaks include aggressive contact tracing, isolation of infected people, quarantine of their close contacts, large-scale nucleic acid testing and domestic travel restrictions from high-risk areas. Contact tracing is aided by the use of "health code" smartphone applications. In order to detect new outbreaks early, routine PCR testing is carried out on all patients in China with fever or respiratory symptoms, medical staff and workers who handle imported goods. When an infected person is identified, all close contacts are required to undergo a 14-day centralized quarantine, with multiple rounds of PCR testing. During outbreaks, community-wide PCR testing is carried out in order to identify infected people, including those without symptoms. Community-wide screening is intended to rapidly isolate infected people from the general population, and to allow a quicker return to normal economic activity. Community-wide screening was first carried out from 14 May to 1 June 2020 in Wuhan, and has been used in subsequent outbreaks in China. Response to subsequent outbreaks Since the end of the initial outbreak in Hubei province, there have been additional, smaller outbreaks caused by imported cases, which have been controlled through short-term, localized intense public health measures. Beijing experienced its second outbreak in June and July 2020. The first case was discovered on 11 June, after 56 days without any known local transmission in Beijing. The outbreak was centered on an agricultural wholesale market. Residents of the surrounding neighborhoods and close contacts of known cases were tested, and a total of 368 people infected with the virus were discovered. The outbreak was brought to a halt by 5 July 2020, less than a month after it began. In October 2020, after a period of two months without any known domestically transmitted COVID-19 cases, three new cases were detected in the port city of Qingdao. Two dock workers with asymptomatic infections were subsequently identified as the probable source of the outbreak. The population of Qingdao was screened using pooled PCR testing, with total of 10.9 million people being tested within 5 days of the detection of the first cases. This led to the identification of 9 additional cases. Travel restrictions were imposed on the city, requiring people leaving the city to present a negative PCR test and to quarantine for one week. The outbreak was brought to an end without a lockdown. From July through August 2021, China experienced and contained 11 outbreaks of the Delta variant, with a total of 1,390 detected cases. The largest of these outbreaks, in both geographic extent and in the number of people infected, began in Nanjing. The index case of the outbreak, an airport worker, tested positive on 20 July 2021, and the outbreak was traced back to an infected passenger on a flight from Moscow that had arrived on 10 July. The outbreak spread to multiple provinces before it was contained. Through 26 August, 1,162 infections related to the Nanjing outbreak were reported. China's later response to the pandemic has been praised by some foreign leaders and scientists. After the lockdown of Wuhan, it was reported in the journal Policy Design and Practice that "China has managed to contain this unprecedented public health crisis reasonably swiftly". Case and death count statistics Papers from academic journals and publishers such as Science, Nature, The Lancet, and Karger Publishers have regarded China's measures to domestically contain COVID-19 to be effective. A study in March published in Science Magazine concluded that the Wuhan travel ban and national emergency response may have prevented more than 700,000 COVID-19 cases outside the city. As of 31 December 2021, official statistics showed 102,083 cumulative confirmed cases and 4,636 cumulative deaths in mainland China. This corresponds to 3.2 deaths per million inhabitants. A study published in The BMJ found that 4573 additional pneumonia deaths occurred in Wuhan from January to March 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. Outside of Wuhan, no measurable increase in pneumonia deaths was observed. Though there were confirmed COVID-19 deaths outside of Wuhan, the authors speculated that lockdowns suppressed influenza transmission sufficiently to offset these deaths. A survey of seroprevalence conducted in April 2020 found that 4.4% of people in Wuhan had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, indicating that they had been infected. Seroprevalence fell with distance from Wuhan, indicating that the initial outbreak had been largely contained to the city. Elsewhere in Hubei province, 0.4% of people had antibodies, while outside of Hubei province, less than 0.1% of people had antibodies. These results imply that in the first wave, approximately 500,000 people were infected in Wuhan, 210,000 people were infected in the rest of Hubei province, and 120,000 people were infected outside of Hubei province. A study conducted from March to April 2020 found that between 3.2% and 3.8% of people in Wuhan tested had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. A study of Hong Kong residents evacuated from Hubei province in March 2020 found that 4% of them had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. According to British epidemiologist Ben Cowling, "due to the compulsory testing when there is an outbreak, the case numbers in China tend to include a lot of mild or asymptomatic infections that would never have been identified in other parts of the world", which explains China's relatively low case fatality rate. Peer-reviewed antibody studies have found a seropositivity rate of around 3.8% for Wuhan inhabitants. In May 2020, a commentary article in the journal Global Public Health examined the possibility of inaccurate death counts due to alleged political censorship, but concluded that due to the lack of any known deaths of Hong Kong or Taiwan residents in Mainland China, which would be newsworthy, the discrepancy between the official and true death toll is likely not particularly large. Financial policies On 1 February, the People's Bank of China and other five departments jointly issued the notice on further strengthening financial support for the prevention and control of the epidemic of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection, stating that relevant financial services will be further strengthened during the period affected by the epidemic. For those who are temporarily affected by the epidemic and facing difficulties, the document requires financial institutions to tilt their credit policies appropriately, flexibly adjust their loan repayment arrangements and reasonably postpone the repayment period. Those overdue due to inconvenient repayment during the epidemic period shall not be included in the record of credit investigation and breach of trust. On 30 January, the Ministry of Finance and NHC issued a notice on the financial guarantee policy for the prevention and control of the new type of pneumonia. The Central Government shall grant a subsidy of 300 yuan per person per day to those who are in direct contact with the cases to be investigated or confirmed who are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing, hospital infection control, case specimen collection, and pathogen detection. For other medical personnel and epidemic prevention workers who take part in epidemic prevention and control, the Central Financial Department shall subsidize them at a rate of 200 yuan per person per day. The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Taxation issued a joint announcement that from 1 January to 31 March 2020, more preferential import tax policies will be implemented for imported materials used for epidemic prevention and control. Political leadership Governmental meetings On 20 January, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping ordered that great attention should be paid to prevention and control of the epidemic. The CCP also vowed to guide people's opinions with intensive publicity strategies and interpretations of current policies to ensure social stability. Premier Li Keqiang urged relevant ministries and localities to take a highly responsible attitude towards the People's health and resolutely prevent the spread of the epidemic. Premier Li Keqiang also called a meeting of the State Council's Executive Meeting and deployed the work of epidemic prevention and control. On 21 January, Premier Li urged protection and encouraged the health care workers. The National Healthcare Security Administration decided to adopt a special reimbursement policy for confirmed patients and temporarily bring relevant drugs and medical services into the reimbursement scope of medical insurance. On 22 January, Vice Premier Sun Chunlan went to Wuhan to inspect the prevention and control of the epidemic. On 26 January, the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for the Response to the Epidemic of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV infection prioritized the provision of urgently needed medical and health forces, protective clothing and face masks for prevention and control in Hubei Province and Wuhan and attached importance to the transport of daily necessities for residents and relief supplies to Hubei. It urged the local governments to enhance epidemic control including cancelling meetings and events, strictly quarantining confirmed and suspected infection cases, extending the Chinese New Year holiday and supporting online office and teaching. The Central Government promised to crack down on hoarding and profiteering in materials for disease prevention and control. Public Finance at all levels should fully guarantee such funds as prevention and control of epidemic situations and treatment of the patients. Xi Jinping's actions On 27 January, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, entrusted by Party general secretary Xi Jinping according to the state Xinhua News Agency arrived in Wuhan to inspect and guide the epidemic prevention and control work. According to The Wall Street Journal, the appointment of Li who is considered a technocrat surprised some observers, given that he had been sidelined in recent years as Xi concentrated power and cultivated a populist ideological image. Some suggest that Xi was more at risk to the political fallout of the COVID-19 while Li could be a convenient political scapegoat. Li's visit to Wuhan earned high popularity on Chinese social media. Xi Jinping said that he personally commanded the fight against the COVID-19 outbreak when meeting with WHO director general in Beijing on 28 January, but according to a report by The Guardian, he has not made any public presence since then, whilst social media posts mocking Xi's absence were promptly deleted by the censors. Xi's first public appearance during the outbreak was at a residential community in Chaoyang, Beijing on 10 February. Xinhua posted photos of Xi wearing a mask and said that the aim of Xi's visit was to learn about the situation of epidemic prevision and control at the grassroots level. It was his first time to interact with the people since the outbreak after he paid a short visit to Yunnan during 19–21 January as a tradition that China's leaders observed to visit the smaller towns and villages before the Spring Festival. He was said to chair a meeting on 3 February by the state media, but no pictures or videos were released. Xi also met Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, the first foreign leader to visit China since the COVID-19 outbreak on 5 February. On 15 February, Qiushi, the CCP's main theoretical magazine, documented a 7 January order by Xi Jinping regarding the COVID-19 outbreak at a Politburo Standing Committee meeting, 13 days before the public was aware of the outbreak's severity. This appeared to reveal that Xi knew about and was directing the response to the virus on 7 January and raised important questions about whether it was the Central Government that dithered over the response, allowing the virus to spread across the country and eventually the world. However, Homare Endo, director of the Global Institute for China Studies, said a record of the same meeting released beforehand shows there was no mention of the epidemic. She said this indicated that Xi was forced to make "additions" retrospectively because of the public's anger over the death of Dr. Li Wenliang, who was arrested by the Wuhan police for early warning of an epidemic. On 10 March, Xi Jinping visited Wuhan, over one month after Premier Li Keqiang's visit. Administrative accountability Since the outbreak of the epidemic, a number of government officials have been publicly held accountable for their dereliction of duty in the epidemic prevention in 6 provinces. On 29 January, Director of Huanggang Health Commission Tang Zhihong did not answer questions from media regarding the capacity of the local hospitals, current hospital usage, and testing capacity. After the clip went viral, the Party Committee of Huanggang removed Tang from her post the next day. On 1 February, according to the Mayor of Huanggang named Qui Lixin, the city authority disciplined 337 of its officials and removed 6 principals who caused disadvantages to the epidemic prevention. On 2 February, Zhang Cong, Party Secretary of Xuanhua, Hebei was admonished. Zhang Guoqing, Deputy Party Secretary of Xuanhua and Guo Xiaoyi, the political commissar of the local police were given disciplinary actions by the Party. On the same day, February, Xiangshui, Jiangsu reported three cases of misconduct. The cases were associated with illegal disclosure of personal data and dereliction of duty. Party secretary, Zhang Changyue and deputy director Gu Bing of the Zhangji Health Center and the director of the Xiangshui CDC were removed or disciplined. Tang Hu, the director of the Health Bureau of the Nanhu New District in Yueyang, Hunan Province was suspended. Cai Junfeng, the deputy director of the Lengshuijiang Municipal Committee and Yang Wen, the deputy director of the municipal government office are suspended. He Yong, the deputy secretary of the Gutang Party Committee and township chief was suspended. On 4 February, Zhang Qin, the vice president of the Hubei Red Cross, was removed from his post while Gao Qin and Chen Bo of the Hubei Red Cross were given a warning. The deputy director of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Xia Guohua was also removed from his post. The Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Meng Wukang and the deputy director of the General Office of the Wuhan Municipal Government, Huang Zhitong are admonished. The Chinese government has reported 555 confirmed cases in prisons in China, and prison officials were fired as a result. National day of mourning On 3 April, the Chinese government declared 4 April, the Qingming Festival of 2020, a national day of mourning for those who lost their lives in the COVID-19 pandemic. At 10 a.m., people were asked to observe three minutes of silence while sirens and vehicle horns blasted out. Chinese flags were flown at half-mast across the country and at embassies overseas. All public entertainment were halted for the day. Pandemic review On 18 January 2021, an interim report from the independent panel on the world's response to the pandemic led by Helen Clark and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf criticised the local and national health authorities in China for not applying public health measures more forcefully to control the initial outbreak in January 2020. Vaccination strategy In July 2020, the Chinese government granted an emergency use authorization for COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinovac Biotech and China National Biotech Group. The government also approved a vaccine developed by CanSino Biologics for use in the military. By mid-December, authorities said that over one million vaccine doses had been administered to over 650,000 people (the vaccines require two doses), with "no serious adverse reactions". By December, plans were in place to vaccinate more widely, beginning with high-risk groups. The vaccine rollout was delayed by limited supplies and vaccine hesitancy. As of February 2021 China had provided vaccines to 53 developing countries and vaccine exports to 22 countries. Foreign Minister Wang Yi criticized developed countries for hoarding vaccines and urged the international community to "promote fair and equitable distribution of vaccines". In June 2021, China reached one billion of domestically produced vaccine doses administered, representing more than one third of the global total at that point in time. This is about 74 doses per 100 population, a similar rate to many European countries. In June 2021, China was administrating nearly 60% of worldwide vaccinations. Xinjiang Since the pandemic began in China, human rights activists have been concerned that the virus may spread to Xinjiang's overcrowded detention and re-education centers and jails. In August 2020, an outbreak in the capital, Urumqi, caused officials to declare a state of "wartime" lockdown. Transportation including trains and buses were canceled, and residents started protests. Some online claims reported residents had been forced to use traditional Chinese medicine, handcuffed to buildings, and told to stay indoors for weeks. In October 2020, it was reported that China's largest outbreak in months appeared to be occurring in a Xinjiang factory linked to "forced labour and the government’s controversial policies towards Uighur residents." The outbreak prompted officials in northwestern China's Xinjiang region to implement a mandatory lockdown of residents in Ghulja. Tight restrictions on information flowing out of Xinjiang have added to the confusion over the virus's spread in the province. International aid China has sent tests, equipment, experts, and vaccines to other countries to help fight the pandemic. European Commissioner for Crisis Management Janez Lenarčič expressed gratitude and praised collaboration between the EU and China. Chinese aid has also been well received in parts of Latin America and Africa. Chinese-Americans also marshalled networks in China to obtain medical supplies. On 13 March, China sent medical supplies, including masks and respirators to Italy, together with a team of Chinese medical staff. While the head of the Italian Red Cross, Francesco Rocca said these medical supplies were donated by the Chinese Red Cross, there were other sources that said that these were paid products and services. Chinese billionaire and Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma also donated 500,000 masks and other medical supplies, which landed at Liege Airport in Belgium on 13 March and then sent to Italy. Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte thanked China for its support and assistance. A former Mexican ambassador Jorge Guajardo said that masks sent to China in January and February were being sold back to Mexico at 20 to 30 times the price. A U.S. congressional report released in April concluded that "the Chinese government may selectively release some medical supplies for overseas delivery, with designated countries selected, according to political calculations." On 18 May 2020, the Chinese government pledged US$2 billion to help other countries fight COVID-19 and to aid economic and social development "especially [in] developing countries". China has also provided vaccines to other countries. In November 2021, the Chinese government pledged to provide 1 billion vaccine doses to African countries, including 600 million donated doses and 400 million other doses, in addition to the 200 million doses it had already provided. In the same announcement, Xi pledged additional investment in Africa and promised to send 1,500 public health experts. Virus origin investigations The central government has restricted the publication of some COVID-19 origins academic research. A directive was issued by the Ministry of Education's science and technology department, stating "academic papers about tracing the origin of the virus must be strictly and tightly managed", requiring that such papers be vetted by a State Council task force. An anonymous Chinese researcher said "I think it is a coordinated effort from (the) Chinese government to control (the) narrative, and paint it as if the outbreak did not originate in China. And I don't think they will really tolerate any objective study to investigate the origination of this disease." The researcher said that such a move would obstruct important scientific research. Yanzhong Huang of the think tank Council on Foreign Relations said, "it is no surprise that the government seeks to control related scientific research so that the findings do not challenge its own narrative on the origin of the virus and the government response to the crisis". In April 2020, the broad scientific consensus was that SARS-CoV-2 originated in bats. The Chinese government's reluctance to participate in investigations has fueled speculation into the much less likely COVID-19 lab leak theory. Reactions to government response The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angry responses on Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo from the residents in other cities, who were concerned that it could result in the spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan were concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown. The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown unprecedented and said that it showed how committed the authorities were to containing a viral breakout. Later, the WHO clarified that the move was not a recommendation that it made and that the authorities had to wait and see how effective it was. The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking an entire city down, as happened in this case, was new to science. The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as the investors that were spooked by the drastic measure sought a safe haven for their investments. The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and some expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population" and said that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently tended to work far better than draconian measures." Others such as Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, defended the intent behind the lockdowns, citing that the lockdowns bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." A mathematical epidemiologist named Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission." Response from the scientific community On 29 January, the Ministry of Science and Technology issued a notice, urging the scientists "to write their papers on the land of the motherland, to use the results to fight the epidemic" and the scientists should not focus on publishing their papers until the epidemic prevention and control task is completed. Duowei News believed this was aimed to respond to the academic conflict between Zhang Yongzhen's group from Fudan University which published the first genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV and the Gao Shan group from Nankai University which published an analysis on the sequence without authorization from Zhang. Before the notice, Nankai and Fudan, two of China's top universities had a fight over the alleged academic misconduct related to the analysis published by the Gao Shan group. On 30 January, Wang Liming, a neuroscientist from Zhejiang University expressed anger on a Weibo post about George F. Gao's latest NEJM article. Wang believed that the article indicated that the Chinese CDC had clear evidence of human-to-human transmission in early January and kept it secret until three weeks later. Although the post was soon deleted, China CDC came under the spotlight. China CDC had to respond on the next day that the research was a retrospective analysis of the 425 cases reported to CDC on 23 January. Jennifer Zeis of NEJM's media Relations Department told The Paper, a Chinese newspaper that it took only two days to publish the article, but she refused to give further details. The journal Nature reported at least 54 English-language papers about the new coronavirus in China were published by 30 January. Zuofeng Zhang, a public health expert from UCLA interviewed by the mainland China-based magazine Intellectual, asked why the published data were not used in epidemic control even before their publication. The Chinese government has funded research on the origin of COVID-19, but has also restricted this research. In 2021, a WHO-led international mission traveled to China to investigate the origins of COVID-19; the Chinese government granted them permission to arrive after initially blocking them due to visa issues. Reaction to proposed origin inquiry After the Australian government called for an independent inquiry into the origins of COVID-19, Chinese ambassador Cheng Jingye said that Australia was treading a "dangerous path". Shortly afterwards, the Chinese government banned beef imports from Australia's four biggest abattoirs. It also put a tariff of over 80% on Australian barley and informally banned imports of Australian coal. Following a motion supported by 122 members of the World Health Organization at the 2020 World Health Assembly, the Chinese government later agreed to conduct an inquiry. An article in The Economist speculated that an inquiry "might reveal China doing more to suppress information about early infections than to quash the outbreak itself". International reactions China's response to the virus, in comparison to the 2003 SARS outbreak, has been both praised and condemned by foreign leaders, analysts, and scientists. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated in February that it was clear "there is a massive effort that is made by China in order to contain the disease and avoid its propagation" and added the effort was "remarkable". Scientists interviewed by The Lancet Infectious Diseases attributed China's success in ending the initial outbreak in Wuhan to rapid measures to suppress viral transmission and the Chinese public's memory of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. According to Gregory Poland of the Mayo Clinic, "Other countries, even though they had much longer to prepare for the arrival of the virus, delayed their response and that meant they lost control." U.S. President Trump thanked Chinese leader Xi Jinping "on behalf of the American People" on 24 January on Twitter, stating that "China has been working very hard to contain Coronavirus. The United States greatly appreciates their efforts and transparency." In March 2020, Trump said he was "a little upset with China", saying that the country was "very secretive and that's unfortunate". President Biden would later say Trump failed to hold China accountable on coronavirus. Germany's health minister Jens Spahn, in an interview on Bloomberg TV, said with comparison to the Chinese response to SARS in 2003: "There's a big difference to SARS. We have a much more transparent China. The action of China is much more effective in the first days already." He also praised the international co-operation and communication in dealing with the virus. In a letter to Xi, Singaporean president Halimah Yacob applauded China's "swift, decisive and comprehensive measures" in safeguarding the health of the Chinese people, while prime minister Lee Hsien Loong remarked of "China's firm and decisive response" in communities affected by the virus. Similar sentiments were expressed by Russian president Vladimir Putin. During the first half of 2020, health experts, United States intelligence officials, British scientists, and British government officials expressed doubts about the accuracy of the figures provided by the Chinese government relating to the epidemic, raising concerns that the Beijing government has deliberately under-reported the extent of infections and deaths. On 1 April 2020, two United States officials said that China had deliberately concealed its cases and deaths according to a report by US Intelligence Community. The officials asked not to be identified because the report is secret, and declined to detail its contents. The anonymous officials stated that the Chinese central government does not know the extent of the outbreak because lower-level officials reported falsified statistics to avoid losing their positions. A mid-2020 study by the Pew Research Center found that in most of the 14 countries surveyed, majorities of respondents said China had handled the COVID-19 outbreak poorly, particularly among citizens in Japan, South Korea, Australia, Denmark, Sweden, the United States, and Canada. In 2021, the United States, Britain, South Korea, Israel, Japan, and others issued a joint statement expressing concern with China's handling of the pandemic and requesting an independent evaluation. According to law professor Lawrence Gostin, the virus was always going to be difficult to contain, but the world missed its chance to contain the virus due to not knowing that it was capable of human-to-human transmission until too late. Censorship and propaganda Censorship and police responses A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December. The early response by city authorities was accused of prioritising a control of information on the outbreak. A group of eight medical personnel, including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist from Wuhan Central Hospital, who in late December posted warnings on a new coronavirus strain akin to SARS, were warned by Wuhan police for "spreading rumours" for likening it to SARS. By the time China had informed the World Health Organization of the new coronavirus on 31 December 2019, Nicholas Kristof commented that the government was still keeping its own citizens in the dark in an opinion published on The New York Times. While by a number of measures, China's initial handling of the crisis was an improvement in relation to the SARS response in 2003, local officials in Wuhan covered up and downplayed the initial discovery and severity of this outbreak. This has been attributed to the censorship institutional structure of the country's press and Internet, with Jude Blanchette of the Center for Strategic and International Studies quoted stating "under Xi Jinping, the inclination to suppress has become endemic and, in this case, contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread". William Summers, a Yale University professor of medicine, told Undark Magazine though that such silencing and downplaying tactics are not unique to China, and seems to be standard operating procedure worldwide. On 20 January, Xi Jinping made his first public remark on the outbreak and spoke of the need for the timely release of information. Chinese premier Li Keqiang also urged efforts to prevent and control the epidemic. One day later, the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, the most powerful political organ in China overseeing legal enforcement and the police, wrote "self-deception will only make the epidemic worse and turn a natural disaster that was controllable into a man-made disaster at great cost," and "only openness can minimise panic to the greatest extent." The commission then added, "anyone who deliberately delays and hides the reporting of cases out of self-interest will be nailed on a pillar of shame for eternity." Also on the same day, Xi Jinping instructed authorities to strengthen the guidance of public opinions, language which some view as a call for censorship after commentators on social media became increasingly pointedly critical and angry at the government due to the epidemic. Some view this as contradictory to the calls for openness that the central government had already declared. As part of the central government's bifurcated approach to diffuse discontent, while the propaganda machinery was going into "overdrive...to protect [Xi Jinping's] reputation", citizens were permitted to criticise local officials so long as they did not question the basic legitimacy of the party. The Cyberspace Administration (CAC) declared its intent to foster a good online atmosphere, with CAC notices sent to video platforms encouraging them to not to push any negative story, and not to conduct non-official livestreaming on the virus. Censorship has been observed being applied on news articles and social media posts deemed to hold negative tones about the COVID-19 and the governmental response, including posts mocking Xi Jinping for not visiting areas of the epidemic, an article that predicted negative effects of the epidemic on the economy, and calls to remove local government officials. Chinese citizens have reportedly used innovative methods to avoid censorship to express anger about how government officials have handled the initial outbreak response, such as using the word 'Trump' to refer to Xi Jinping, or 'Chernobyl' to refer to the outbreak as a whole. Younger individuals have also been creating digital archives of media concerning the epidemic – which is prone to deletion by censors – and posting them on the exterior web. While censorship had been briefly relaxed giving a "window of about two weeks in which Chinese journalists were able to publish hard-hitting stories exposing the mishandling of the novel coronavirus by officials", since then private news outlets were reportedly required to use "planned and controlled publicity" with the authorities' consent. On 30 January, China's Supreme Court delivered a rare rebuke against the country's police forces, calling the "unreasonably harsh crackdown on online rumours" as undermining public trust. In what has been called a "highly unusual criticism" by observers, supreme court judge Tang Xinghua said that if police had been lenient against rumours and allowed the public to have taken heed of them, an earlier adoption of "measures like wearing masks, strictly disinfecting and avoiding wildlife markets" might have been useful in countering the spread of the epidemic. Human Rights Watch reported that "there is considerable misinformation on Chinese social media and authorities have legitimate reasons to counter false information that can cause public panic," but also noted censorship by the authorities on social media posted by families of infected people who were potentially seeking help as well as by people living in cordoned cities who were documenting their daily lives amidst the lockdown. Journalists in China have worked to publish information about the outbreak. The government initially allowed greater leeway than usual to reporters investigating the crisis, but then cracked down with greater censorship than usual. On 12 March, ten Tibetans were arrested for breaching control measures meant to prevent the spread of the virus. Dolma Kyab, a Tibetan writer and teacher, told Radio Free Asia that "the Chinese government is only using coronavirus as a convenient excuse to infringe on the human rights of Tibetans". The New York Times later reported that "authorities issued strict commands on the content and tone of news coverage, directed paid trolls to inundate social media with party-line blather and deployed security forces to muzzle unsanctioned voices." On 19 February 2020, the Chinese Foreign Ministry announced the revoking of the press credentials of three Wall Street Journal reporters based in Beijing, accusing the Wall Street Journal of failing to apologize for publishing articles which the Foreign Ministry said slandered the Chinese government's response to the COVID-19 outbreak, and failing to investigate and deal with those responsible. In February 2020, Cheng Lei, an anchor for Chinese state broadcaster CGTN, posted on Facebook that she and her friend Haze Fan, a Bloomberg news assistant, had been trying report from Wuhan. Cheng was detained in August and later charged with “illegally supplying state secrets overseas”. Fan was detained later that year in December, and both remain detention. Response to whistleblowers On 18 December 2019, Ai Fen, director of the emergency department of Central Hospital of Wuhan came into contact with an unusual pulmonary infection from a delivery person of Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. On 27 December, she received a second patient with similar symptoms, but who had no link to the wet market. In the afternoon of 30 December, upon seeing the words "SARS coronavirus, pseudomonas aeruginosa", Ai immediately reported to the hospital's public health department and infection department. She circled the word "SARS", and took an image of it and forwarded it to another doctor in Wuhan. From there it spread throughout medical circles in Wuhan, and reached Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist at the hospital. On the afternoon of the same day, Li sent a warning to former classmates over WeChat which was reposted widely. In an interview with Renwu magazine, Ai said she was reprimanded after alerting her superiors and colleagues of the SARS-like virus in December. Li Wenliang would later be canonised on the internet as a heroic whistleblower, and Ai would be lauded as the one who provided the whistle. On 1 January, eight people were summoned for talks by Wuhan police for their claim that there were SARS cases in Wuhan. Li Wenliang said he didn't know whether he was one of them or not. According to Wang Gaofei, Weibo's CEO, the eight people are all doctors at Wuhan hospitals who "are still fighting at the frontline". The Supreme Court defended these doctors and pointed out in a WeChat article on 28 January, delay and opacity in public information are the root of fake news and the information that is mostly factual and not subjectively malicious and causes no objectively severe consequences should be tolerated. On 29 January, the eight doctors were also praised by Zeng Guang, Chief Scientist at China CDC. Hu Xijin, the editor of the Global Times, complained about the local governments' low tolerance of differing online opinions and believed this weakened checks-and-balances of government powers through news media. Death of Li Wenliang After Li Wenliang was warned by Wuhan police, the doctor was diagnosed with the COVID-19 infection and died from it on 7 February 2020. He was said to be dead on the evening of 6 February, although the hospital said that he was still under emergency treatment. People speculated that authorities were trying to censor the news. After his death, people mourned his death and criticized the government. some of the trending hashtags on Weibo such as "Wuhan government owes Dr. Li Wenliang an apology" and "We want freedom of speech" became trending topics on Weibo until the posts were deleted by censors. While media outlets were allowed to report his death, the nature of the doctor's censorship which produced widespread public anger in the aftermath, in what has been described as "one of the biggest outpourings of online criticism of the government in years," was not a topic that was permitted for coverage. A group of Chinese academics including Xu Zhangrun of Tsinghua University signed an open letter calling for the central government to issue an apology to Dr. Li and to protect freedom of speech. Professor Zhou Lian of Renmin University has observed that the epidemic has "allowed more people to see the institutional factors behind the outbreak and the importance of freedom of speech". After attempts to discourage the discussion on Dr. Li's death further escalated online anger, the central government has been accused of reportedly attempting to co-opt the incident by "cast[ing] Dr. Li's death as the nation's sacrifice – meaning, the Chinese Communist Party's own". In March 2020, Wuhan police apologised to Li Wenliang's family after National Supervisory Commission and Beijing Investigators announced that they found the conduct of local officials was inadequate and praised the whistleblower's effort on raising public awareness. Shortly after the official findings were published, Wuhan police announced that the two officers responsible for improperly reprimanding Li have been disciplined. Zhang Ouya's criticism In January, Zhang Ouya, the Chief Journalist of Hubei Daily called for the removal of the current leaders of Hubei and Wuhan on Weibo. But, he was asked to remove his post and the newspaper that he worked for apologized to the Wuhan authorities, promising that they will publish only positive content from now on. Mayor Zhou of Wuhan said to the state media "As a local government, I could not disclose information until I get information and authorization which was not understood at the time." His argument which hinted at the Central Government's responsibility, was refuted by China CDC. Chief Scientist Zeng Guang said to Chinese tabloid The Global Times that what the scientists said was "often only part of their decision-making" and praised the eight whistleblowers who were warned by the Wuhan authorities before the epidemic. Suppression of information about the initial Wuhan outbreak As COVID-19 began spreading within China between December 2019 - February 2020, Chinese authorities prevented doctors and laboratories from sharing information about the outbreak, including admonishing frontline healthcare professionals and perceived whistleblowers, most notably, Li Wenliang. Arrest or disappearance of citizen journalists As of December 2020, around a year after the outbreak, at least 47 journalists were currently in detention in China for their reporting on the initial coronavirus outbreak. Chinese citizen journalist Chen Qiushi started reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan on 23 January 2020. He disappeared on 6 February. On 24 September, a friend said he had been found. He was being supervised by "a certain government department", but would not face prosecution for the moment because he had not contacted opposition groups. Fang Bin is a Chinese citizen journalist who broadcast images of Wuhan during the outbreak several times on social media. He was arrested several times during February 2020. The last arrest was on 9 February, and as of September 2020, he had not been seen in public since. Li Zehua was reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan in February 2020. On 26 February, he was caught by the authorities after livestreaming part of the chase. On 22 April, he returned to social media with a brief statement in which he quoted a proverb that the human mind was "prone to err." A friend said he may have been told by authorities to make the statement. Another citizen journalist, Zhang Zhan, stopped sharing information on social media in May 2020. On 28 December, she was sentenced to 4 years in prison. According to one of her attorneys, she was convicted of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble". Restrictions on publishing COVID-19 data and research In April 2020, The Observer reported that the Chinese government was cracking down on academic publications which investigated the origins of SARS-CoV-2. The article cited notices placed on, and subsequently removed from, the websites of Fudan University and the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan. In December 2020, the Associated Press reported that all publication of research had to be treated "like a game of chess" under instructions from Xi Jinping, and propaganda and public opinion teams were to "guide publication". A leaked 3-page notice obtained by the AP mentions "instructions on epidemic prevention and control by General Secretary Xi Jinping" and ends by stating that those who publish "unconfirmed false information" without approval and cause "serious adverse social impacts" would be held accountable. See also Health in China National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Politics of China Explanatory notes References Censorship in China COVID-19 pandemic in China National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Political responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Public health in China

69481303

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum%20clearance%20in%20South%20Africa

Slum clearance in South Africa

Slum clearance in South Africa has been used as an urban renewal strategy to regenerate derelict or run-down districts, often to be replaced with alternative developments or new housing. Context In 1938, a significant scheme was initiated in Cape Town which involved the construction of around 12,000 houses at a cost of £6,000,000 ($30,000,000). The worst slum district, district VI, was part of the first phase which involved building the equivalent of a new town to house 31,000 people. The city council was given permission by the Central Housing Board to include as many four-storey blocks of flats as it desired and by 1942 was set to construct 13,000 dwellings as part of clearance projects. Post war In the mid-1950s, the city of Johannesburg was reported to have the world's worse slums. The city council agreed to a government initiative titled "Site and Service", a slum clearance scheme whereby evicted families would be designated accommodation with a lavatory and a communal water supply. In Sophiatown, 2,000 armed police would surround the area and 150 families at a time would be given eviction notices with just 12 hours to leave. Families were relocated 12 miles beyond the city limits and their former homes were demolished immediately after they vacated. Under Apartheid, the families evicted were black and deemed unfit to reside in the city, yet were relocated close enough that they could still commute to work. A program to deliver 30,000 homes, part of a wider slum clearance plan got underway in 1957. By the early 1970s, South Africa was well advanced into various major clearance projects. In Umlazi, just south of Durban, 20,000 new bungalows were laid out in a style reminiscent of California. The new properties were available for $10 monthly rent. Similar housing projects, but on a considerably larger scale, were happening in Soweto. The country by this time had a wide ranging clearance program, with many remaining slums being prepared for demolition. The progress in clearing slums and their replacement offered a clear contrast to the shacks and hovels that prevailed during this time in most major African cities. Ethnic divisions Reports in 1959 suggested that some slums vacated by native Africans, particularly in the city of Pretoria, were being subsequently populated by poor white families rather than being demolished. In contrast, some districts of a predominant white population had been known to expand into a location previously reserved for natives. On some occasions, churches were a victim of this expansion, having initially been built cheaply or at no cost and therefore not being entitled to much if any compensation, yet to reconstruct it in a new location "may cost several hundred times as much as the compensation received for the old", due to municipal laws requiring formal planning on new building construction. See also Slum clearance in the United States Slum clearance in the United Kingdom Slum clearance in India References Urban development Slums Housing in South Africa Forced migration

69481419

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhereIsPengShuai

WhereIsPengShuai

#WhereIsPengShuai is a hashtag, used mainly in social media, and a grassroots campaign to raise awareness about the disappearance of Chinese tennis athlete, Peng Shuai. Purpose of the hashtag On November 2, 2021, Chinese tennis player, Peng Shuai, wrote in a social media post that politician Zhang Gaoli had sexually assaulted her three years previously. Approximately 30 minutes later the post disappeared and references to Peng Shuai disappeared from China's internet. The hashtag, #WhereIsPengShuai (Where is Peng Shuai?), first appeared on Twitter on November 12, 2021. The next day, French professional tennis player Alize Cornet tweeted, "Let's not remain silent #WhereIsPengShuai". The hashtag was then quickly picked up and used by the tennis community and others to call attention to Peng Shuai's disappearance. Among those who did this in the following couple of days were Chris Evert, Nicolas Mahut, Naomi Osaka, Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams. Australian Open During the 2022 Australian Open, on 22 January, fans wearing t-shirts with the slogan "Where is Peng Shuai?" were asked to remove their shirts. A police officer at the scene was recorded saying, "The Australian Open does have a rule that you can't have political slogans ... it's a rule that it's a condition of entry." Tennis Australia backed up the police response. Later, Martina Navratilova stated, "I find it really, really cowardly. I think they are wrong on this. This is not a political statement, this is a human rights statement." After an international outcry, Tennis Australian chief Craig Tiley reversed the decision and said fans are free to wear the t-shirts. However, signs on poles or "mobs" would not be allowed. In response to the t-shirt controversy, a Chinese spokesman said, "The politicisation of sports will not succeed and will not gain support from the majority of people, including sportsmen and women, in the international community." Multilingual use of the hashtag The hashtag appeared as #OùEstPengShuai in French media and #DondeEstaPengShuai in Spanish media. China's response to the hashtag The name Peng Shuai was censored in China within 30 minutes of a social media post authored by Peng Shuai accusing former vice premier Zhang Gaoli of sexual violence. It is therefore assumed the hashtag, #WhereIsPengShuai remains unknown to Chinese citizens. References Hashtags Enforced disappearances in China Tennis controversies

69481437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate%20of%20Special%20Departments%20within%20NKVD%20USSR

Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR

Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR. rus. Управление Особых Отделов при НКВД СССР, (UOO) was an organization created to conduct military Counterintelligence under one command. The main reason for the creation of UOO was to take back control from the retreating Red Army after German invasion of USSR, and to counter German espionage efforts in the Soviet Armed forces. The main tool of UOO NKVD USSR was intimidation of Red Army personnel. History of Military Counterintelligence in Soviet Russia In the beginning of newly created VCheka, the responsibility for civilian and military counterintelligence fell on the Counterintelligence Bureau or KRB. Created on January 12, 1918, they were responsible for combating internal and external espionage military and civilian activity. From May 1918, the KRB was changed and acted as a Department for Fighting with Espionage in the framework of the Counter-Revolution and Sabotage Division within the VCheka, under the leadership of Yakov Blumkin. The department existed only until July 6, when the fight against espionage was taken over by the newly formed Military Sub-Branch, headed by Janushevski. On December 19, 1918, it was reformed again. By combining Military Sub-branch with the 1st Department (responsible for military counterintelligence) of Registration Directorate or Riegistrupr (RU) by the Field Staff Revolutionary War Council (RWSR) and renamed to the "Military Division". Another, final name change came days later when the VCheka Military Division was renamed to VCheka Special Department or (OO), with the standard responsibilities as military and civilian secret police. At the beginning, the Special Department was also responsible for: fighting against counter-revolution and sabotage in the ranks of the Red Army protecting newly created state borders counterintelligence and counter espionage duties in those military and civilian institutions which are essential to economy and military industry Surveillance of senior commanders, running foreign and domestic human intelligence network's, mainly in areas occupied by White Army and Entente intervention forces. In charge of VCheka and its successors (GPU NKVD RSFSR/OGPU CNK), the special department was very high ranking amongst leaders of Lenin's and Stalin's secret police. People such as the old Bolshevik's Mikhail Sergeevich Kedrov and Felix Dzerzhinsky at the time the VCheka chairman and also from March 30, 1919, from the NKVD RSFSR.Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, future OGPU chairman, Yakov Agranov then chief of Special Department 16th Section later first originating from the GUGB NKVD USSR, and 1st deputy to NKVD chead Genrikh Yagoda. In charge of the OO 14 Section, was Solomon Mogilevsky who later became head of Foreign Department Reorganization of Soviet Security Services Joseph Stalin began to exert control over Red Army commanders was by terror and repressions. He did this by consolidating his power over USSR Secret Services. Before the consolidation of NKGB was renamed back to NKVD, on June 27, 1941, in response to reports of unit disintegration in battle and desertion from the ranks in the Soviet Red Army, the 3rd NKO Directorate (military counterintelligence in Soviet Army) of the USSR's. The Narkomat of Defense issued a directive creating mobile barrier forces composed of NKVD personnel to operate on roads, railways, forests, etc. for the purpose of catching 'deserters and suspicious persons'. These forces were given the acronym SMERSH (from the Russian Smert shpionam – Death to spies). But those self-named mobile barrier forces didn't have the workforce nor manpower as the one introduced by Stalin's famous Order No. 227 and creation of Barrier troops, which were on a massive scale never seen before in the USSR. The notorious NKVD and newly created NKGB were the main repression tools in Stalin's police state. He started by consolidating Soviet security departments under one leader and one agency. In July 1941, People's Commissariat of State Security, headed by Vsevolod Merkulov, was liquidated and its main units, the I, II, and III Directorates, supporting departments, and sections were put under NKVD control. Lavrentiy Beria was still NKVD chief with Merkulov as his first deputy. To avoid putting Beria in such a powerful position, he surrounded the NKVD head with deputies and made each of them responsible for a field of NKVD work. They officially answered directly to Beria, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs but on numerous occasions were called by Stalin's personal secretary Alexander Poskrebyshev. Centralization of Military CI within Soviet Secret Services The centralization of all Soviet counterintelligence institutions under one name and one command can be attributed to couple things. One of the most important was that after the 22 June 1941, German invasion of the USSR, the huge losses inflicted on the Red Army by the German Armed Forces, and Military counterintelligence Navy, Army branches lost control over their own armed forces. Tragic situations on the Eastern Front which included the lost of the city of Smolensk, three hundred thousand Red Army soldiers taken as POWs, and the more important the lost of the city of Kiev, which opened up the main road to Moscow and later Operation Typhoon. Soviet leadership (headed by Joseph Stalin) convinced the retreating Red Army to stop at any cost. This job was left to secret service bosses NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria and NKGB People's Commissar for state security Vsevolod Merkulov. Military CI under NKVD control After the 22 June 1941 German invasion of the USSR, Stalin on 17 July, as Chairman of State Defense Committee, signed special decree No.187 / ss, by which military counterintelligence was returned to the NKVD as a Directorate of Special Departments or UOO, with Viktor Abakumov as chief. UOO on every level was given much more power and a freer hand in decision making than at any time since the creation of Cheka. Also on 19 July, by the order of NKVD No.00940, the UOO was moved from Moscow to the city of Kuibyshev. Navy 3rd Directorate was still under Navy control, till 11 January 1942 when it was incorporated into Directorate of Special Departments. Organization of UOO NKVD on central level The decision to create one Military counterintelligence organ subordinate to one command was made on July 17, 1941, by Chairman of the State Defense Committee Iosif Stalin, with the decree number GKO-187/ss. The organization structure for Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD was approved by the People's Commissariat on August 15, 1941, and declared by NKVD USSR order number No.001305, in 1941 between September 12 and 16. Victor Abakumov, as head of UOO NKVD USSR, had a powerful position. Not only he was in charge of whole Military counterintelligence apparatus (except the Navy branch, which was headed by Alexander Petrov as the 3rd NKVMF Directorate. He was acquired by the UOO in January 1941, but with experience from his time in the Commissar of Internal Affairs for Military counterintelligence.) Having that position, he was officially subordinate to the NKVD USSR head Lavrentiy Beria, but on a daily basis he was called to Stalin's office to answer direct questions about cases, or especially when was there was nothing new since Stalin liked to call NKGB head Merkulov or the rest of Berias deputies. His first deputy and deputies, some of the deputies were also in charge of certain departments and responsible for coordinating proforments on central level as in field. First UOO NKVD organization structure was: chief (3rd rank) commissar of state security Viktor Abakumov first deputy (3rd rank) Commissar of state security Solomon Milshtein 7/19/1941-9/24/1942 Afanasiy Klykov major of state security 7/17/1941-8/22/1941 Fyodor Tutushkin division commissar (from 9/10/1941senior major of state security8/22/1941-6/30/1942 Nikolai Osetrov8/22/1941- 4/29/1943 Lavrentiy Tsanava10/21/1941-4/19/1943, (3rd rank) Commissar of state security. Abakumov helper colonel Ivan Moskalenko 8/1941–4/1943 First UOO NKVD Organization according to NKVD Order No 001305 Secretariat headed by Yakov Broverman Operational Section headed by A Miusov 1st Department: responsible for counter-espionage and other security measures in Red Army General Staff, headed by (at the time) state security major Ivan Moskalenko 2nd Department responsible for Air Force headed by (at the time) brigade commissar Aleksandr Avsyevich 3rd Department (responsible for armored forces, artillery, chemical and railway troops) headed by (at the time) state security captain Vlacheslav Rogov 4th Department running agent networks, and conducting operational work in the main branches of the troops headed by brigade commissar: Gregory Bolotin 5th Department CI protection of Red Army rear, headed by Konstanty Prohorenko. 6th Department NKVD troops headed by Iosif Lokish 7th departmentsearches, registration of operational informants and agents. Counterintelligence work within newly mobilized units headed by state security major Aleksandr Solovyev 8th Department (ciphers) headed by M. Sharikov Investigation Unit at the time State Security Kapitan Boris Pavlovsky UOO at the field & OSO NKVD and political commissars role in prosecution of RKKA and civilian cases Immediately after the German attack of June 22 1941, martial law was declared in USSR. Military tribunals were charged with hearing not only cases of servicemen, if they involved threats to the defense of the Soviet Union or state security. At this time, the USSR's penal code allowed the OO's officers to prosecute civilian cases under the criminal code paragraph 58-9 (diversions). In a couple cases, it took civilians very little to be challenged and shot. In this case, factory workers were arrested by OO officers that were responsible for protection of the military factory for dropping ranch by accident, making a small fire. The man tried was arrested and charged for diversion (sabotage) and shot, while his wife was sentenced 15 years in a Gulag. Cases were prosecuted within 24 hours after the person was charged. Initially, tribunals were obligated to get Moscow's approval for every death sentence. On July 27, 1941, this requirement was abolished. By September 1941, commander's and political commissars of division were also given the right to confer the death sentence. Executions were carried out immediately. When Stalin signed order #270, he also signed other orders in purpose to give more power to political commissars and OO officers in field from corps and down the and going down through military ranks. He also required all level commander's to report names of all serviceman taken as POW's and the familys. Table of UOO representatives in the Red Army fronts OO Directorate heads as of July 1941 Back to three separate units and creating GURK SMERSH Resolution No. 414-138 ss ordered the NKVD's Directorate of Special Departments to be split into three separate military counterintelligence units, within the NKO, Navy Commissariat and NKVD, respectively, as has been done in early 1941. The same order that created GUKR SMERSH within the NKO created a parallel organisation within the Navy Commissariat, the NKVMF. This organization was known as the Navy UKR SMERSH and headed by Peter Gladkov and his two deputies Aleksei Lebedev and Sergei Dukhovich. In reality, Gladkov reported to Abakumov, by then deputy Commissar of the NKO for Counterintelligence, and Stalin's deputy. Formally Gladkov was subordinate to his superior People's Commissar Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, head of Navy. Notes Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II Divisions of the NKVD in World War II Intelligence services of World War II

69483024

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado%20outbreak%20of%20December%2010%E2%80%9311%2C%202021

Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021

A deadly late-season tornado outbreak, the deadliest on record in December, produced catastrophic damage and numerous fatalities across portions of the Southern United States and Ohio Valley from the evening of December 10 to the early morning of December 11, 2021. The event developed as a trough progressed eastward across the United States, interacting with an unseasonably moist and unstable environment across the Mississippi Valley. Tornado activity began in northeastern Arkansas, before progressing into Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky. The most prolific activity was caused by a long-track supercell thunderstorm that produced a family of strong tornadoes that traveled across four Mid-South states. The first of these nocturnal tornadoes, rated low-end EF4, touched down in northeastern Arkansas, near Jonesboro and tracked through the Missouri Bootheel, causing major damage in and near towns such as Monette and Leachville, Arkansas, and Hayti. After crossing the Mississippi River into northwestern West Tennessee, that tornado dissipated, and a high-end EF4 tornado formed and moved through Western Kentucky, where the towns of Cayce, Mayfield, Benton, Princeton, Dawson Springs, and Bremen suffered severe to catastrophic damage. Early estimates suggested that the tornado family—identified by some media outlets as the "Quad-State tornado," due to the storm's similar characteristics to the Tri-State tornado that occurred 96 years prior—may have cut a path of up to across the affected areas. If it had been a single tornado, it would have surpassed the March 18, 1925, tornado event (which carved a path across Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana) in terms of path length. However, storm surveys found that the path was predominantly composed of two distinct EF4 tornadoes, with the portion of the path between them over northwestern Obion County, Tennessee being from three separate, weak tornadoes. The parent supercell that produced the two EF4 tornadoes later became known as the "Quad-State supercell". Other tornadic thunderstorms affected portions of eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, West and Middle Tennessee, and Western and central Kentucky during the late evening into the overnight hours of December 11, including four intense tornadoes that hit Bowling Green, Kentucky; Dresden, Tennessee; Edwardsville, Illinois; and Defiance, Missouri. This included a second supercell and tornado family, which produced an EF3 tornado tracking nearly in Tennessee and southern Kentucky, as well as numerous tornadoes, including three more rated EF3, throughout southern and central Kentucky. The death toll from the outbreak was 88 (with three additional non-tornadic fatalities), surpassing the Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado of December 5, 1953, which caused 38 fatalities, as the deadliest December tornado event ever recorded in the United States. In Kentucky alone, at least 74 people were killed. At least 634 people were injured, with the total number of injuries from the long-track EF4 tornadoes and the Edwardsville EF3 tornado currently unknown. The tornado outbreak caused at least $3.9 billion (2022 USD) in damages. The outbreak set a new record for confirmed tornadoes in the month of December, with 71, a record that only stood until December 15, when a larger outbreak produced 118 tornadoes across the Midwest. Meteorological synopsis On December 8, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) delineated a slight risk of severe weather along much of the Mississippi Valley. Despite the potential for a higher-end severe threat to materialize, forecasters expressed uncertainty regarding the extent of instability, degree of directional wind shear, and late timing of potential storms. The following day, the SPC discussed higher certainty in a corridor of organized severe thunderstorm potential stretching from southeastern Arkansas northeast into southern Indiana, upgrading that region to an enhanced risk. As an intense upper-level trough progressed across the High Plains, with robust instability and moisture return realized across the Mississippi Valley, the SPC expanded the enhanced risk and introduced a moderate risk area from northeastern Arkansas into southern Illinois on the morning of December 10. Forecasters indicated that atmospheric conditions favored the development of nocturnal supercells capable of producing long-tracked, strong tornadoes. At 3:00 p.m. CST (21:00 UTC), the SPC issued a tornado watch across the highest risk area (encompassing central and eastern Arkansas, west Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi, southeastern Missouri, and southern portions of Illinois and Indiana), the first of eleven issued over subsequent hours over the middle Mississippi Valley. Initial storms developed across central Arkansas around 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00 UTC), with even weaker activity developing over central Missouri a little over hours later; additional clusters of thunderstorms developed over southwestern Missouri (forming between Bolivar and Carthage, eventually backbuilding into northeastern Oklahoma) and central Arkansas (forming southwest of Hot Springs) between 5:00 and 5:30 p.m. CST (23:00–23:30 UTC). Though this activity lacked much vigor at its onset due to a strong capping inversion, the convective cells began to show organization as they progressed eastward. One such storm—which formed from the initial mid-afternoon activity near Arkadelphia, Arkansas—matured into a long-lived supercell as it progressed in an unstable, deeply moist, and highly sheared environment; this cell ultimately persisted for over several hours from eastern Arkansas into Kentucky, producing multiple large and intense tornadoes along its track. The cell began exhibiting surface-based rotation southwest of Searcy, Arkansas around 5:30 p.m. CST (23:30 UTC). At 5:51 p.m. CST, the National Weather Service office in North Little Rock issued the first tornado warning associated with the storm for portions of Jackson, Lawrence, White, and Woodruff counties. One of the first tornadoes associated with the storm, an EF0, touched down in western Poinsett County (near Weiner) around 6:40 p.m. CST; about fifteen minutes later, storm spotters reported a large tornado near Greenfield, prompting a PDS tornado warning for portions of Poinsett, Craighead and Mississippi counties (including areas to the south of Jonesboro). Doppler radar analysis estimated that the supercell maintained a nearly continuous high-end rotational vorticity signature, averaging at for approximately four hours and 20 minutes, among a rarity of thunderstorms (averaging 1.5% of all supercells) that produce mesocyclonic vorticity exceeding such speeds. (The only velocities below said average recorded along the storm track, sustained between , were observed from 8:44 to 9:01 p.m. CST [02:44–3:01 UTC], as the storm crossed from Obion County, Tennessee into Hickman County, Kentucky). This time frame coincides with the start of the main tornado, following three weak tornadoes that split the two EF4's paths, implying the supercell underwent a mesocyclone re-strengthening phase during this period. During the second, more intense tornado, peak gate-to-gate velocities of were recorded at 9:58 p.m. CST (04:58 UTC) over northeastern Marshall County, Kentucky. Elsewhere, multiple lines of intense storms, some featuring embedded supercells, developed across the Mississippi Valley region through the overnight hours, contributing to additional strong and long-lived tornadoes. By the pre-dawn hours of December 11, a decrease in instability led to a gradual weakening of a line of thunderstorms stretching along the associated cold front from eastern Kentucky southward into central Alabama. The SPC issued a record-setting 43 mesoscale discussions (MCD) throughout the course of the day (12 UTC December 10 to 12 UTC December 11), all of which were associated with the broader storm system: 38 of the MCDs issued were convective discussions relating to the severe thunderstorm activity, and five were non-convective discussions relating to heavy snow associated with the system that concurrently fell throughout much of the Upper Midwest. The National Weather Service (NWS) issued a total of 149 tornado warnings throughout the night across portions of nine states including Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Mississippi, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana. Multiple PDS tornado warnings and tornado emergencies were also issued as well in Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. Eight of the tornado warnings issued during the event by the NWS offices in Memphis, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky were tornado emergency declarations, the most issued during the month of December (breaking the previous record of three issued on December 23, 2015). Effects from the system responsible for the outbreak extended into Canada, where the Meteorological Service of Canada issued wind and heavy rainfall warnings for portions of Ontario. However, no tornadoes were expected or reported north of the border. Confirmed tornadoes December 10 event December 11 event Monette, Arkansas – Braggadocio, Missouri – Reelfoot Lake/Samburg, Tennessee This violent, long-tracked, and deadly EF4 wedge tornado was the first of five spawned by the Quad-State supercell, and the first violent tornado of the storm. It first touched down in Craighead County, Arkansas, just north of Bay, at 7:07 p.m. CST (01:07 UTC) on the evening of December 10, initially causing minor EF0 tree and outbuilding damage. As it moved through the south side of Bowman, it caused EF0 to EF1 damage as roofs were damaged, power poles and tree limbs were downed, and a radio antennae at a residence was bent. The tornado quickly intensified to EF2 strength as it crossed AR 18 and passed northwest of Lake City, downing trees and damaging or destroying some metal outbuildings. A house also sustained minor damage in this area. It grew to a width of as it crossed County Road 505 and tracked to the northeast, snapping power poles and unroofing a house along County Road 10. Another house sustained major roof damage in this area, an irrigation pivot sprinkler was overturned, and a silo was damaged. The tornado reached EF3 strength as it moved through the western and northern fringes of Monette at 7:23 p.m. CST (01:23 UTC), resulting in significant damage. Two industrial buildings were destroyed at the west edge of town, and many trees and power poles were snapped. The Monette Manor nursing home was struck by the tornado, killing one person and trapping 20 other residents and employees. The building sustained major structural damage, losing much of its roof and sustaining collapse of some masonry exterior walls. Multiple homes and mobile homes were damaged or destroyed in a neighborhood near the nursing home, and several large grain silos were torn apart. In addition to the fatality, five people were reported seriously injured in Monette. State Highways 135 and 139 were also shut down near the town due to downed power lines on the roadways. The tornado continued at EF3 intensity as it crossed into northwestern Mississippi County, striking Leachville at 7:30 p.m. CST (01:30 UTC). There, it completely destroyed a local Dollar General store, killing the store's assistant manager. A few metal-framed warehouse buildings were badly damaged or destroyed nearby, cars and semi-trailers were tossed, and multiple homes and mobile homes were damaged or destroyed in town. Extensive tree damage also occurred, and businesses in downtown Leachville had roofing blown off. The tornado grew larger as it passed near the rural community of Buckeye, and very intense tree damage was noted along West County Road 38. An entire row of large trees were completely debarked and denuded at this location, and an EF3 rating was applied. Power poles were snapped and an outbuilding was also destroyed by the tornado in this area. As it crossed the state line into Dunklin County in the Missouri Bootheel at 7:40 p.m. CST (01:40 UTC), high-end EF2 damage occurred as multiple outbuildings, mobile homes, and houses were damaged or destroyed, and many power poles and trees were snapped, with some low-end debarking noted. It continued south of Hornersville and over the Hornersville Swamp Conservation Area, briefly weakening to EF1 intensity. Trees and power poles were damaged in this area, and a mobile home also sustained minor damage. Farther to the northeast, the damage became more severe again as multiple metal truss transmission towers were twisted or collapsed near County Road 722, and damage in this area was rated EF3. A house along the periphery of the circulation sustained minor damage, and some power poles were pushed over as well. High-end EF2 damage occurred as the tornado then crossed into Pemiscot County west of Steele. Trees were snapped and denuded, power poles were downed, a couple of homes were heavily damaged, and a pickup truck was tossed along this segment of the path. The tornado became weak again as it passed just south of Braggadocio at EF1 intensity, damaging or destroying some barns and outbuildings, and inflicting roof damage to homes. However, the tornado abruptly became violent as it moved through the intersection of State Highway J and County Highway 407 to the east of town, causing EF4 damage as two homes were swept from their foundations and scattered across fields. A nine-year-old girl was killed, and her parents and two younger sisters were injured in the destruction of one of the homes. As it crossed Interstate 55 just south of Hayti, the large wedge tornado weakened back to EF2 strength and blew multiple semi-trailer trucks off the highway into a field, injuring the drivers. In addition to the fatality, at least nine people overall were injured in the county. East of Hayti, the tornado caused additional EF2 power pole damage and then crossed the Mississippi River into Lake County, Tennessee around 8:20 p.m. CST (02:20 UTC). It briefly crossed a bend in the river back into Missouri before crossing into Lake County again. Moving through central Lake County, the tornado narrowly missed the small community of Wynnburg, producing EF3 damage in rural areas outside of town, where numerous large trees were snapped and denuded, some of which sustained debarking. Some metal high-tension power poles were bent to the ground as well. The tornado reached peak intensity a second time near Tiptonville as it moved across the southern shore of Reelfoot Lake, striking the Cypress Point Resort and resulting in three fatalities. A bait and tackle shop sustained EF4 damage as it was swept clean from its foundation, with only a bare concrete slab remaining. Multiple cottages, houses, and cabins were also destroyed, while a couple of two-story hotel buildings sustained total destruction of their top floors, and collapse of many walls on their first floors, with damage to those structures rated EF3. A gift shop and a restaurant also sustained severe damage, large amounts of debris was scattered throughout the area, and several people sustained serious injuries at the resort. The tornado crossed the southeastern part of the lake, before moving ashore again as it entered Obion County, causing high-end EF2 damage as it damaged or destroyed cabins, outbuildings, and houses along Lake Drive. Continuing at high-end EF2 strength, the tornado narrowed as it impacted the small town of Samburg, resulting in major damage along Highway 22. Houses in town had roofs and exterior walls ripped off, RV campers were tossed, and mobile homes were destroyed. The city hall building, post office, a gas station, and several other buildings were damaged or destroyed as well. One person was killed in town, and others were injured. Northeast of town, the tornado began to weaken, with the roof being blown off a farm building along Old Samburg Road. Trees and tree limbs were also downed, and damage was rated EF1 in this area. It continued northeastward along the road, causing EF0 tree limb damage until it dissipated approximately northeast of Samburg at 8:36 p.m. CST (02:36 UTC). The tornado was rated as a low-end EF4 with winds estimated at , reaching a peak width of along a path through portions of three states, remaining on the ground for 89 minutes. Seven fatalities occurred, along with many injuries, some of which were serious. After the tornado dissipated, the parent supercell entered a cycling phase, producing three brief tornadoes, one EF1 and two EF0s, in Obion County northeast of Samburg and west of Union City. As the storm passed to the northwest of Union City, it produced a stronger, longer-tracked tornado near Woodland Mills. Edwardsville, Illinois A tornado touched down northeast of Pontoon Beach in Madison County, Illinois, on the northwest side of the intersection of Interstates 255 and 270, at 8:28 p.m. CST (02:28 UTC) on the evening of December 10. The tornado was initially weak, with damage at the beginning of the path being limited to downed highway signs, a bent light pole, and some orange construction barrels that were tossed around. Damage in this area was rated EF0 to EF1. Rapidly strengthening and growing to a width of , the tornado reached EF3 strength as it tracked northeast towards Edwardsville. It struck an Amazon warehouse along Chain Of Rocks Road, where night workers were beginning their shifts and several employees were attending a Christmas party being held as the tornado approached the facility. Six people were killed when the roof was lifted off the building, and the west-facing walls of the structure collapsed inward, causing a progressive structural failure that resulted in total destruction of most of warehouse. Employees were told to shelter in bathrooms. Between 50 and 100 people were trapped in the collapsed remnants of the warehouse, and about 30 survivors were brought to the Pontoon Beach police station in a bus after being extracted from the rubble. One person was air-flown via helicopter to a hospital. Debris from the structure was strewn downwind, cars were thrown from the parking lot, and multiple power poles and metal truss transmission towers were downed nearby. The tornado weakened to high-end EF1 intensity as it crossed Sand Road, snapping trees and completely destroying some outbuildings and an unanchored mobile home. As it entered the southwest side of Edwardsville, the tornado moved through the Sunset Hills Golf and Country Club, causing EF1 damage as trees and power lines were downed, homes sustained roof damage, and sheds were damaged or destroyed. EF0 damage occurred in neighborhoods just beyond this point, with minor tree and roof damage noted. The tornado dissipated near the corner of Doral Court and Butler Boulevard at 8:32 p.m. CST (08:32 UTC) after being on the ground for . In addition to the six fatalities, several other people were injured. Mayfield–Princeton–Dawson Springs–Bremen, Kentucky After the first long-tracked EF4 tornado dissipated over western Obion County, Tennessee, the associated supercell underwent a brief mesocyclone cycling phase and spawned a new long-track tornado in northern Obion County near Woodland Mills at 8:49 p.m. CST (02:49 UTC). The tornado crossed into Kentucky near the community of State Line and rapidly intensified to EF4 strength as it struck Cayce at about 9:00 p.m. CST (03:00 UTC), where major damage occurred to homes, businesses, a school building, and the town's fire station. A few buildings were leveled or swept away. One person was killed in the town, and others were injured. It then moved northeast through rural areas in Fulton and Hickman counties, causing deep scouring of the ground in open fields. Homes and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed, a cell tower was toppled to the ground, and damage in these areas was rated EF2 to EF3. Closely paralleling Interstate 69 and U.S. 45 into Graves County, the tornado moved directly toward Mayfield, entering the southwestern portion of the city at 9:25 p.m. CST as it reached EF4 intensity. One minute later, at 9:26 p.m. CST, the National Weather Service office in Paducah issued a tornado emergency for Mayfield. Radar analysis indicated that the tornado had lofted debris up to into the tornado struck the town. Catastrophic damage occurred as the violent tornado tore directly through the Mayfield Downtown Commercial District at high-end EF4 intensity, where numerous large, well-built brick buildings were destroyed, many of which completely collapsed with only piles of rubble remaining. Three large churches were destroyed, and the Graves County Courthouse lost much of its roof, had its clock tower torn off, and had some of its exterior upper-floor walls knocked down. The fire station, city hall, and police station in the city were also destroyed, and the water tower was blown over and smashed to pieces. Entire neighborhoods were destroyed, with numerous homes being leveled or swept from their foundations, and cars were thrown and mangled. Hundreds of large trees were snapped, denuded, and debarked throughout Mayfield, numerous power lines were downed, and the town's emergency operations center lost the ability to transmit radio communications. About 110 people were left trapped at the Mayfield Consumer Products candle factory when the tornado hit the facility, completely flattening the building to the ground and tossing industrial vehicles. A total of 8 employees were killed, and several others were injured. Allegedly, workers' jobs were threatened if they left the factory between the first and second tornado warnings for the area, and then again after the second tornado warning sounded. The deaths of the workers at the candle factory prompted the launch of an investigation into the facility's protocols by state authorities. Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear stated that over 50 people died in the city during a live phone interview with Louisville CBS affiliate WLKY on December 11. However, it was later determined that a total of 22 people were killed in Mayfield, and many others were injured. The tornado's projected path towards several towns prompted the National Weather Service's Paducah office to issue additional tornado emergencies over the next two hours as the tornado tracked to the northeast, devastating multiple small towns and communities. Continuing northeast along I-69 into Marshall County, it continued to produce major damage as it struck the northwestern and northern outskirts of Benton around 9:45 p.m., damaging and destroying numerous homes and outbuildings at EF2 to EF3 strength, and downing countless trees and power poles. Continuing to the northeast, EF4 damage occurred in the lakeshore community of Cambridge Shores at 9:56 p.m. Dozens of large lakeside homes were leveled or swept away, and hundreds of trees were mowed down and debarked. After passing over Lake Barkley and destroying more homes in that area, the tornado moved into Caldwell County through the south edge of Princeton, producing EF4 damage. Many houses were completely leveled at the Princeton Golf and Country Club Subdivision, the University of Kentucky Research Center was destroyed, and four fatalities occurred in the Princeton area. EF4 damage continued as it moved into Dawson Springs around 10:30 p.m. CST. The small town was devastated by the tornado, and residential sections of town were the hardest-hit, as entire blocks of homes were flattened and reduced to rubble. An American Legion post was leveled, an apartment complex was destroyed, vehicles were thrown and piled on top of each other, and multiple large industrial warehouses were completely destroyed as the tornado exited town. At total of 14 people died from the tornado in Dawson Springs, including a two-month-old baby who was taken off life support two days after the tornado hit. A photograph taken in 1942 was lofted from a destroyed house in Dawson Springs and transported for almost by the intense tornadic updrafts, eventually being found in New Albany, Indiana. In the small community of Barnsley, just south of Earlington, the tornado derailed a CSX freight train, knocking over 25 of the train's freight cars, some of which were thrown from the tracks. One freight car was tossed into a house, and many other homes were completely destroyed in and around Barnsley, and damage was rated high-end EF3. The tornado then intensified dramatically as it struck Bremen, where multiple homes were obliterated and swept away at high-end EF4 strength in the northern part of town. Large trees were completely stripped of their limbs and debarked, grass was scoured from the ground, and cars were lofted through the air and severely mangled in this area. A total of 11 people were killed in and around Bremen, with victims ranging between the ages of 5 months and 75 years. Among the fatalities was District Judge Brian Crick, who represented Muhlenberg and McLean counties, as confirmed in a statement from the Supreme Court of Kentucky on December 11. Multiple residents suffered injuries that required medical attention. Crossing into Ohio County, the tornado passed just north of Centertown and Hartford, crossing U.S. 231, Interstate 165 and the Rough River. EF2 to EF3 damage occurred in this area as multiple houses sustained major structural damage or were destroyed, metal power poles were snapped, mobile homes were obliterated, and many large trees were snapped and twisted. Large hay bales, RV campers, and tractors were thrown along this segment of the path as well. The tornado crossed the Rough River a total of eleven times in Ohio, Grayson and Breckinridge counties, producing EF1 to EF2 damage to many structures, and downing countless trees along its northeastward track. After crossing the river for a final time northeast of Falls of Rough, it re-entered Grayson County and dissipated at 11:47 p.m. CST (5:47 UTC) as it began to enter Rough River Dam State Resort Park near Rough River Lake, approximately west of McDaniels. The tornado was on the ground for nearly three hours, with a path length of , a Kentucky state record and one of the longest continuous paths in recorded history. Kenton–Dresden, Tennessee – Pembroke, Kentucky This intense, long-tracked tornado first touched down in the northeastern part of Newbern in Dyer County, Tennessee at 10:32 p.m. CST and quickly intensified as it moved northeastward at EF2 strength. Several homes suffered significant damage to their roofs and garages, and some houses had carports ripped off. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, and power lines were downed. The most significant damage in Newbern occurred along Washington Street, where a gas station was destroyed. The metal canopy over the gas pumps was blown away, and the convenience store was completely destroyed, leaving two people trapped inside who had to be extracted from the rubble. A detached garage was also destroyed with the debris scattered downwind, and an elementary school and a vocational school also sustained damage. Exiting Newbern and moving to the northeast, the tornado weakened to EF1 intensity and crossed into Gibson County, where tree damage occurred and a house along Cool Springs Road had part of its roof blown off. As it crossed Baseline Road, it ripped roofing material and a screened-in patio off of a house, and blew in one of its exterior walls. Trees and power poles were snapped in this area, and damage was rated low-end EF2. As it crossed Morella Road farther to the northeast, it produced EF3 damage as a house was destroyed and left with only interior rooms standing. A nearby three-story home had its top floor blown off, another house was unroofed and pushed off of its foundation, and the damage to those two residences was rated EF2. The strong tornado then struck Kenton, causing severe damage as it moved through residential areas in the southern part of town. Numerous homes had their roofs torn off and were heavily damaged, and a majority of the damage in Kenton was rated EF2. However, one house along South Poplar Street had its roof removed and exterior walls collapsed, earning an EF3 rating. Sheds and detached garages were destroyed, and many large trees were snapped or uprooted in town, some of which landed on houses. It then weakened and clipped the southeast corner of Obion County, before entering Weakley County and passing north of Sharon. EF1 damage to trees and structures was noted along this portion of the path. Past Sharon, the tornado began to strengthen again, reaching EF2 strength as it partially destroyed a one-story home near the corner of Tennessee State Route 89 and Macedonia Church Road. High-end EF2 damage occurred along Deer Run Drive as the tornado followed Tennessee State Route 89 to the northeast. Homes in this area sustained loss of their roofs and upper-floor exterior walls, and one house had its entire second story blown away and destroyed. The tornado then reached high-end EF3 intensity and caused major damage as it tore directly though Dresden. The downtown section of Dresden was severely damaged, and multiple brick businesses sustained major structural damage, a few of which were completely destroyed. The First United Methodist Church, the Dresden Fire Department, the Dresden Enterprise newspaper office, a market, a hardware store, restaurants, convenience stores, two automotive repair shops, and other buildings all sustained significant damage or were destroyed. Some metal-framed buildings were also destroyed, and the Weakley County Courthouse sustained some minor damage to its exterior. Vehicles were flipped and tossed, numerous homes were damaged or destroyed in town as well, and a couple of small homes were leveled or swept from their foundations. Many large trees were snapped, denuded, or uprooted throughout Dresden, and debris from buildings was left scattered throughout the town, with some left tangled in power lines or wrapped around trees. At least one person was injured, and approximately 100 structures were badly damaged or destroyed in town. The tornado then weakened again and continued to the northeast, causing EF1 tree damage in rural areas of Weakley County. The tornado then moved into Henry County and continued south of Cottage Grove at EF3 intensity. It produced severe damage along Cox Road and Veasey Road, where it tore the second story off a two-story home, while leaving another nearby house with only interior walls standing. A mobile home was also thrown across a road and destroyed in this area. Farther northeast, EF3 damage continued as a well-built brick home along Blake School Road was completely shifted off of its foundation, with its deck destroyed and several walls knocked down. Several other homes along this part of the path sustained partial to total roof loss, trees were downed, while grain silos and a number of outbuildings were destroyed. The tornado then weakened as it crossed U.S. Route 641, and a building sustained EF1 roof damage in this area. The tornado began to strengthen again as it moved through rural areas to the southeast of Puryear, and EF2 damage occurred along Old Paris Murray Road, where a cabin and a barn were destroyed. A mobile home was destroyed, another mobile home was damaged by falling trees, and a house had shingles ripped off along this segment of the path as well, and damage to those structures was rated EF1. Further strengthening occurred and high-end EF2 damage was noted near Buchanan, as homes along Tennessee State Route 140 sustained roof and exterior wall loss, and debris was scattered into fields. Other homes in this area were damaged to a lesser degree, and many trees were downed, with damage in those areas rated EF1. The tornado continued to the northeast past Oak Hill and through the small community of Cypress Creek near the western shore of Kentucky Lake. Numerous homes sustained considerable roof damage in Cypress Creek, and hundreds of trees were downed, some of which landed on houses. Some mobile homes were damaged or destroyed as well, and damage along this section of the path was rated EF1 to EF2. Five people were injured in Henry County. Weakening to EF0 strength, the tornado clipped the Fort Donelson National Battlefield in the extreme southeast corner of Calloway County, Kentucky, knocking down some trees. It then moved across Kentucky Lake and into Stewart County, Tennessee. Moving through the Tennessee portion of the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, the tornado intensified again and downed thousands of trees. It caused EF2 damage as it passed to the south of Bumpus Mills, where a well-built brick home had its roof and second story torn off. Farm outbuildings were also destroyed, a few barns and single-wide trailers were flattened, and other single-wide and double-wide mobile homes had their roofs lifted off. Four people were injured in Stewart County. The tornado continued northeast across the far northwest corner of Fort Campbell Army Base, continuing to blow down trees before entering Christian County, Kentucky. Passing just south of Lafayette, Kentucky, two large barns were destroyed, several electrical transmission lines and many trees were knocked down, a house along Old Clarksville Pike sustained roof damage, and damage near Lafayette was rated EF2. Maintaining EF2 intensity, the tornado moved over mostly open country before causing significant damage to several homes on Boddie Road and Darnell Road to the south of Herndon. A church sustained damage to its roof and steeple in this area, while silos and irrigation pivot sprinklers were destroyed as well. On Palmyra Road, EF2 damage continued to occur as several homes, farm outbuildings, and other structures were badly damaged or destroyed. Farther to the northeast, a mobile home was completely demolished, trees and power poles were snapped, barns were destroyed, a house had its roof torn off, while other homes sustained roof and garage damage near Herndon Oak Grove Road, and damage was again rated EF2. Maintaining its strength, the tornado approached Interstate 24, where numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, a garage was destroyed, and some houses sustained roof damage. Along Fort Campbell Blvd (U.S. 41), EF1 to EF2 damage occurred as a mile-wide swath of wooden power poles was snapped, a tall silo was blown over, many trees were downed, a house had damage to its roof, and barns were destroyed. The tornado then inflicted EF2 damage to a tobacco farm along Bradshaw Road, causing millions of dollars in damage. Four tobacco barns, three equipment garages, and multiple silos were destroyed on the property, while two outbuildings were damaged and a house sustained roof damage as well. Continuing to the northeast at EF2 strength, the tornado struck the town of Pembroke directly, where numerous large trees were snapped or uprooted, and multiple homes sustained considerable roof damage, including two houses that had their roofs torn off along Mason Lane at the south edge of town. Garages, grain silos, and outbuilding structures were damaged or destroyed in town, and Pembroke Elementary School had much of its roof blown off. Some brick buildings in downtown Pembroke were also heavily damaged, including a church that had its steeple torn off. As the tornado exited town and moved to the northeast, two mobile homes were completely destroyed at low-end EF2 strength, injuring the occupants. Crossing into Todd County, the tornado weakened to EF1 intensity and damaged more outbuildings and downed more trees. A large two-story house along Maton Road sustained broken windows and had minor roof damage. Some additional EF1 tree damage occurred just beyond this point before the tornado dissipated at Tress Shop Road west of Elkton at 12:36 a.m. CST (06:36 UTC), with straight-line winds becoming dominant beyond this point. Despite the severe damage in multiple areas along the path, no fatalities occurred, although 13 people were injured. The total path length of the tornado was , the second-longest tracked tornado of the outbreak. The supercell associated with this tornado produced another EF3 tornado approximately to the east in Logan County, and yet another EF3 tornado in Bowling Green. Bowling Green, Kentucky First tornado After the Logan County EF3 tornado lifted, the same supercell produced this intense, destructive, and deadly tornado at around 1:09 a.m. CST (07:09 UTC) on December 11 in Warren County, southwest of Bowling Green. It first touched down south of the intersection of Wimpee Smith Road and Petros Browning Road, where EF0 tree damage occurred. Near Tommy Smith Road, the tornado quickly began to strengthen and reached EF2 intensity. Many trees were downed, a horse trailer was thrown into a ravine, while multiple barns and farm buildings were completely destroyed in this area. Just northeast of this point, high-end EF2 damage occurred as the tornado crossed Kentucky Route 1083, where multiple homes and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed. This included one house that sustained complete removal of its roof and exterior walls, and was left with only an interior hallway standing. Based on scouring of corn stubble in fields, and analysis of damage patterns visible in aerial drone video taken in this area, damage surveyors determined that the tornado displayed an unusual internal structure during this initial portion of its path. There appeared to be a smaller circulation that produced an intense, narrow path of damage embedded within a broader, weaker circulation that caused less intense damage. The tornado weakened to EF1 strength as it crossed Van Meter Road and Fuqua Road, but continued to cause extensive tree damage. A one-story home also sustained minor roof damage along Fuqua Road. Additional EF1 damage occurred as it crossed LC Carr Road and Blue Level Road, where some barns and outbuildings were damaged, homes sustained siding and gutter damage, and trees were snapped. The Zomi Agape church sustained considerable roof damage, and insulation from the building was strewn in all directions. As the tornado began to enter the western fringes of Bowling Green, it rapidly intensified and became strong again as it produced EF3 damage to homes along Rembrandt Court. Here, multiple homes were destroyed and left with only interior rooms standing, one of which was moved off of its foundation. Nearby, the tornado moved across Old Tramm Road and Powell Street, where some one-story homes and duplexes were destroyed, a couple of which were leveled or swept clean from their foundations. However, it was noted that a large storage building was destroyed across the street from these residences, and pieces of heavy equipment were thrown into them. Damage surveyors determined that the extent of the destruction noted at the homes and duplexes was more due to heavy debris impacts, rather than extreme winds, and a rating of high-end EF2 was applied in this area as a result. It then crossed the Interstate 165 into more densely-populated areas of the city as an EF3 tornado. By this time, during live severe weather coverage on ABC/Fox affiliate WBKO; the station's tower camera was pointed toward the western sections of Bowling Green as the tornado approached. It captured a massive power failure in that part of the city as several transmission lines were knocked down by the tornado, before the station's studio facility (located along US 68/KY 80 and I-165) briefly lost electricity. After crossing the interstate, the rapidly-intensifying tornado struck the Creekwood subdivision, where devastating damage occurred as numerous homes were completely destroyed. Some of the worst damage in the subdivision occurred along Moss Creek Avenue, where dozens of homes were leveled or swept from their foundations. Damage surveyors noted that these homes were built on poorly-constructed cinder block foundations, and damage in this area was rated high-end EF3. Dozens of cars were flipped, severely damaged, and thrown into homes, and wooden 2x4s were impaled into the ground and through vehicles. Many other homes along this segment of the path sustained major structural damage, sustaining loss of roofs and exterior walls, while large trees were snapped, twisted and denuded. Numerous fatalities occurred in the Creekwood subdivision, including an entire family of 7 that was killed in the destruction of their home. Just east of this area, the tornado crossed Spring Creek Avenue and weakened to high-end EF2 strength as it moved through another residential area. Many homes had their roofs torn off in this area, and some sustained collapse of exterior walls and were pushed off of their foundations. A two-story apartment building on Hillridge Court had its roof and many top floor exterior walls torn off, and numerous trees and power poles were snapped. Some townhouses were severely damaged near the Veterans Memorial Parkway, one of which was shifted off its foundation as well. High-end EF2 damage continued as it widened and crossed Russellville Road, damaging or destroying numerous businesses on both sides of the road. A plumbing supply company was destroyed, with the garage portion of the business blown in and collapsed. Some semi-trucks were flipped and severely damaged nearby, and a metal billboard was twisted and destroyed. A car rental business, a Marathon gas station, and some other buildings were also destroyed, while a Sonic Drive-In, Royal Motor Cars, two auto parts stores, a Shell gas station, and a Mexican restaurant were badly damaged. Trees and power poles were snapped, a dumpster was thrown , and metal light poles were bent to the ground. Multiple homes in the nearby Springhill and Crestmoor subdivisions had roofs and attached garages ripped off, and large trees were uprooted. The tornado narrowed and weakened some as it moved through the Chuck Crume Nature Park, and into neighborhoods near Cedar Ridge Road as a low-end EF2. Damage to homes in this area was less severe, but numerous large hardwood trees were snapped and uprooted, some of which fell on houses and vehicles. A metal power pole was also toppled to the ground. It then clipped the south edge of the Western Kentucky University campus, where the buildings were not directly hit by tornadic winds, but debris was found speared into the exterior walls of a few structures. The tornado increased in intensity again as it moved along the U.S. 31W Bypass just south of downtown Bowling Green, heavily damaging or destroying several businesses at high-end EF2 to EF3 strength. An equipment rental business sustained some of the most intense damage in this area, sustaining roof loss and collapse of multiple brick exterior walls. A liquor store was completely destroyed, while a smoke shop, a boba tea lounge, a strip mall, and an automotive business were heavily damaged. A couple of two-story apartment buildings had severe roof damage, one of which was struck by debris from a nearby gas station. A truck was flipped onto its side, numerous power lines were downed, and many trees were snapped, uprooted, or denuded throughout this corridor as well. Weakening back to low-end EF2 intensity, it tornado crossed Broadway Avenue as it moved through neighborhoods surrounding Magnolia Street. Large trees were snapped or uprooted in this area, houses had their roofs and porches torn off, and a butcher shop suffered significant roof and window damage. The tornado then crossed Collett Avenue and weakened to high-end EF1 intensity, following Nutwood Street and Covington Street to the east-northeast before moving through the Briarwood Manor and Indian Hills subdivisions. Damage along this segment of the path consisted of mainly minor to moderate damage to homes, including shattered windows, garage doors blown in, gutters torn off, and roof shingles removed. However, a few houses sustained more severe damage, with half or more of their roofs blown off. Many trees and power lines were downed, cars and garden sheds were overturned, while fencing and detached garages were destroyed. The damage path turned more to the northeast as the tornado impacted the Indian Hills Country Club golf course, where trees were damaged, snapped, and uprooted. It then crossed the Barren River and regained low-end EF2 strength as it destroyed a brick silo and inflicted considerable roof damage to some houses and apartment buildings to the south of Old Porter Pike. EF2 damage continued to the northeast of this area at the GM Corvette Assembly Plant. Large rooftop HVAC units were torn off, and extensive roof damage occurred at the plant, with metal sheeting, insulation, and other debris scattered hundreds of yards. Chain link fencing on the property was destroyed, while light poles, power poles, and road signs were blown over as well. A small security checkpoint building at the facility was totally destroyed, with large pieces of the building being thrown several hundred yards. A gas station canopy, a Wendy's sign, and some storage garages were also damaged near the plant, and a fully loaded tractor-trailer was flipped onto its side and pushed about from where it originated into the front of a restaurant. Past the Corvette plant, the damage path turned in a more easterly direction again, and the tornado weakened back to EF1 intensity as it moved through the intersection of Bristow Road and Friendship Road. A barn and a greenhouse were destroyed within this vicinity, and power poles were downed. Houses in this area sustained mainly roof, gutter, and siding damage, though one home had a large section of its roof torn off. Shortly beyond this point, it turned sharply back to the northeast and caused additional EF1 damage as it moved across Kelly Road, where some trees were downed and an outbuilding was damaged. The tornado then rapidly intensified again and reached peak intensity as it struck an industrial park near U.S. 68, damaging or destroying multiple large industrial buildings at high-end EF3 strength. The well-built TMS Automotive warehouse was leveled by the tornado, with large metal structural supports torn from their anchor plates. A metal flag pole near one business was bent to the ground, leveraging its heavy concrete footing out of the ground in the process, and some light poles were bent over as well. A box truck was also thrown and destroyed, part of which was found away. The tornado then weakened to EF2 strength, but continued to inflict heavy damage as it struck a Crown Verity plant; a cookware manufacturer, near the north side of U.S. 68. The building sustained major damage, with large amounts of metal debris strewn through nearby fields. EF1 damage was noted along Mizpah Road, where fencing and trees were downed, a flag pole was bent, and some additional industrial buildings had damage to their exteriors, with metal siding and insulation scattered across fields. A house had the top part of its brick chimney blown off in this area too. It caused one more area of EF2 damage as it approached U.S. 31W, completely destroying an outbuilding along Freeport Road and blowing the debris downwind. A house and another outbuilding sustained less severe damage nearby, and some trees were snapped. The tornado then weakened to EF1 intensity and crossed Oakland Road, moving through the small community of Tuckertown, where houses sustained roof damage, an outbuilding collapsed, some other outbuildings and silos were damaged, and trees were downed. It followed U.S. 31W to the northeast, causing more EF1 damage to trees, barns, and the roofs of homes. EF1 damage continued into Edmonson County, where trees were downed near the Dripping Springs community. The tornado then lifted and dissipated at 1:36 a.m. CST (07:36 UTC) near Cedar Springs, after causing one final area of EF1 tree damage along Kentucky Route 259. The path length of the tornado was . In total, 17 people were killed and 63 people were injured by this tornado. Second tornado As the EF3 tornado moved through areas just south of downtown Bowling Green, a second tornado formed as a result of a separate, smaller circulation within the same parent supercell. It first touched in the southeastern part of Bowling Green at 1:19 a.m. CST (07:19 UTC), near the Bowling Green–Warren County Regional Airport. It first damaged a small metal storage building along Searcy Way, then caused significant roof damage to a well-built airplane hangar as it moved across the airport grounds. Damage along this initial part of the path was rated EF1. An anemometer at the airport recorded an wind gust as the tornado passed by, though it was not directly hit by the tornado. The tornado continued at high-end EF1 strength as it moved to the northeast, parallel to Interstate 65. It grew to wide, striking apartments and townhouses at The Hub apartments. These structures sustained extensive roof and window damage, with garages at the complex suffering the most intense damage. Trees were also downed in this area. Additional damage to trees and roofs occurred in a neighborhood just north of Lovers Lane Park. The tornado became strong as it crossed Mount Victor Lane, where a house was heavily damaged and shifted off of its foundation, and damage to that residence was rated low-end EF2. It weakened again as it crossed the Barren River just east of the path of the main EF3 tornado, which followed moments later. Homes and apartment buildings along McFadin Station Street suffered considerable roof and siding damage, and trees and power lines were downed, with damage in this area being rated EF1. Just beyond this point, extensive tree damage occurred and a barn was destroyed near Porter Pike. The tornado then reached peak strength, producing EF2 damage as it struck NCM Motorsports Park on the south side of the interstate. The main building, a series of automobile repair garages, and some metal storage buildings sustained extensive damage at this location, with large sections of roofing and exterior walls ripped off of the structures. Structural debris was scattered over a half-mile to the east-northeast, and several cars were moved and damaged by flying debris. At this point the tornado was roughly wide, and the damage track of the main EF3 tornado near the Corvette plant was visible just across the interstate. The tornado weakened as it paralleled the interstate, causing EF1 damage along McGinnis Road and Bristow Road. An unanchored mobile home was destroyed, numerous trees were downed, and siding, gutter, and roofing damage was observed at several homes along this segment of the path. Just beyond this point, the tornado caused some additional EF0 tree damage before it dissipated near mile marker 29.2 along I-65 at 1:24 a.m. CST (07:24 UTC), southeast of Plum Springs, after traveling . Non-tornadic effects The initial winter storm, unofficially referred to by The Weather Channel (TWC) as Winter Storm Atticus, entered the Western United States on December 9. The storm brought the first measurable snowfall of the rainy season to Utah. In southern Wyoming and Colorado, the storm dropped a maximum total of of snow in the mountains. In Minnesota, some towns and cities received over of snow. The Twin Cities received a maximum total of of snow, making the winter storm the heaviest snowstorm recorded in the area since another blizzard in April 2018. Minneapolis and St. Paul each declared snow emergencies. In the Twin Cities, Metro Transit reported that half of its busses were delayed. More than 250 flights were canceled at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. Near Faribault, a seven-car pileup occurred on Interstate 35. Minnesota State Patrol reported 232 crashes, causing 19 injuries. The National Weather Service issued winter storm warnings for part of Minnesota during the December 10. In South Dakota, Sioux Falls issued a snow alert. The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office issued a no-travel alert. Several highways, including Interstate 229 and Interstate 90 were snow-covered. Numerous school districts around the area cancelled classes on December 10. The storm system brought wind gusts up to to Lower Michigan and northern Indiana. Nearly 200,000 customers were left without power in Michigan as the storm passed through, while more than 7,000 customers lost power in Wisconsin. In Canada, winds gusting to 62 mph (100 km/h) uprooted trees and caused property damage and multiple power outages across Southern Ontario and the St. Lawrence River Valley. More than 300,000 customers in Ontario and Québec lost power. Impact and aftermath Five states were heavily impacted by tornadoes; homes and businesses incurring severe damage in many communities along the path of each of the storms, many of which collapsed and were reduced to rubble. The tornadoes resulted in 88 fatalities, 75 of which occurred in Kentucky, and hundreds of injuries. As of December 13, three days after the outbreak took place, 26,000 buildings were without power, while 10,000 were without water and an additional 17,000 were placed under boil-water advisories in Kentucky. Also in Kentucky, estimates indicated between 60,000 and over 80,000 people were without power across the state. In Trigg County, over 14,000 residents were left without power. In Taylor County, one woman was killed. Officials in the county said major damage occurred, but the extent is not known. Rescue workers said many structures were destroyed in the county. Injured individuals were transported to a nearby medical facility. Western Kentucky University canceled commencement ceremonies scheduled for December 11, due to the EF3 tornado that hit Bowling Green the previous night and caused citywide power outages affecting the campus. In Bremen, a video of a man surreptitiously recorded playing Bill Gaither's "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" on a piano in his destroyed house was shared by many people. Jason Crabb, who was from nearby Beaver Dam, invited the man, Jordan Baize, to play the song on the Grand Ole Opry on December 17. In Bowling Green, one indirect storm-related fatality occurred, involving a man who died from a heart attack while helping clean up debris at his daughter's house; in Franklin County, a man was killed when his truck was swept into floodwaters along Benson Creek. Local National Weather Service operations were impacted during the outbreak, forcing two offices to briefly suspend operations. The power outages caused by the storms resulted in the National Weather Service's Paducah office temporarily transferring warning responsibilities for its County Warning Area to the agency's Springfield, Missouri office, and NOAA Weather Radio stations operated by the Paducah office temporarily went off-the-air in parts of the state during the outbreak. Employees at the National Weather Service's St. Louis office, located in Weldon Spring, were forced to take shelter and temporarily suspend operations as an EF3 tornado passed just south of the facility around 7:45 p.m. CST on December 10. In Arkansas, a semi-trailer truck overturned on the northbound lane of Interstate 555 in Poinsett County (southwest of Trumann), due to straight-line winds associated with the supercell; natural gas that was being carried inside the truck leaked onto the highway, resulting in the closure of both lanes of the highway for most of the evening. In Indiana, damage was mostly limited to power outages from the storms and trees falling into houses and onto vehicles, with only one person being hospitalized. At least 17,000 Duke Energy customers, 12,500 AES Indiana customers, 12,500 Indiana Michigan Power Co. customers, and 1,300 South Central Indiana REMC customers lost power due to the storms. In Tennessee, more than 130,000 people were left without power in the state as a result of the storms. TVA infrastructure was damaged in West Tennessee, resulting in power loss for all of Decatur and southern Henderson counties. Power remained out in Decatur County into the next week, resulting in the county school system being closed the whole week. A tree fell on a home in Shelby, resulting in a non-tornadic fatality. On December 14, nine Tennessee counties were granted federal emergency assistance due to the damage from the storms: Lake, Obion, Dyer, Gibson, and Weakley counties in West Tennessee; and Cheatham, Dickson, and Stewart counties in Middle Tennessee, all of which had been heavily impacted by tornadoes, along with Decatur County, which had sustained county-wide power failure. Rescue and recovery Recovery efforts are currently underway, as disaster-aid and humanitarian groups, such as the American Red Cross, The Salvation Army, Adventist Community Services, and World Vision are collecting donations and traveling to or shipping relief items to affected areas to provide aid. At least 1,000 families were left homeless or had their properties severely damaged. Kentucky state parks provided free housing to those who could not go back to their homes. Up to 450 National Guard members were activated to help out with recovery in Kentucky. Several firefighters in the Crescent Township, Pennsylvania volunteer fire department are planning to travel to Mayfield on December 21 to help with cleanup, bringing donated supplies. Companies affected Multiple workers at the Mayfield Consumer Products candle factory that was destroyed when the long-track EF4 tornado hit Mayfield, Kentucky, alleged that supervisors told them they would be fired if they left their shifts early ahead of the storm's direct hit on the city. Company spokespeople have denied the allegations. On December 17, it was reported that multiple workers (only one was named due to fear of reprisal) filed a class-action lawsuit against the company. The lawsuit alleged that the company had up to three and a half hours to allow employees to leave before the tornado hit the factory and showed a flagrant indifference to the rights of the workers. It was later brought to light that the factory had committed 12 OSHA safety violations in 2019, for which they were forced to pay a fine of $9,810 (2019 USD); specific violations included one stating that safeguards during emergency situations must be working properly at all times, one stating that there had to be people who could perform first aid and one stating that first aid supplies need to be available. The Kentucky OSHA board is currently investigating the factory. On December 11, Amazon founder and executive chairman Jeff Bezos issued a statement about the impact to the company's Edwardsville, Illinois, warehouse on Twitter: "The news from Edwardsville is tragic. We're heartbroken over the loss of our teammates there, and our thoughts and prayers are with their families and loved ones. All of Edwardsville should know that the Amazon team is committed to supporting them and will be by their side through this crisis. We extend our fullest gratitude to all the incredible first responders who have worked so tirelessly at the site." Bezos was criticized on social media for issuing his response to the tragedy approximately 23 hours after the tornado destroyed the warehouse, and for attending the scheduled third launch of the New Shepard 4 suborbital vehicle that morning despite the tragedy. OSHA is currently investigating the deaths at the warehouse; the warehouse has no prior violations on record. An Amazon driver stationed at the Edwardsville base delivering packages was told she would be fired by her supervisor if she went back to the Edwardsville base upon tornado sirens going off. She had previously mentioned tornado warnings had been issued 32 minutes prior. The supervisor waited for Amazon to contact them to say what to do; at that point, she was told to shelter in place. An Amazon spokesperson later stated the supervisor did not follow standard safety protocols, specifically stating that the supervisor should have told the driver to return upon hearing tornado sirens and that they should not have threatened the driver's employment. An Amazon employee from near Campbellsville, Kentucky, went viral on Twitter after being turned around by police and being unable to reach the warehouse for her shift due to search and rescue efforts and damage from an EF3 tornado in Taylor County. When she attempted to notify Amazon's Human Resources department about the issue she was told they had no record of tornadoes in Kentucky and penalized her. It was not until she tweeted in response to Amazon's Retail Chief Dave Clark about the issue later in the day that the issue was resolved. Political On December 11, U.S. President Joe Biden approved a federal emergency disaster declaration for the state of Kentucky. On December 12, he approved a major disaster declaration for Kentucky. Biden also stated that he would approve emergency declarations for other states if they submitted them, which ultimately were submitted by Tennessee and Illinois on December 13. Biden also stated that he would visit the areas affected by the storm after it was certain he was "not going to get in the way of the rescue and recovery". The White House later announced that Biden would travel to Fort Campbell on December 15, where he would be briefed on the storms, and then visit the affected communities of Mayfield and Dawson Springs. While in Dawson Springs, he stated that the damage was "beyond belief". Biden also announced that the federal disaster coverage would be upped to cover 100% (from 75%) of costs for debris removal and emergency protective measures over the next 30 days in Kentucky. Missouri Governor Mike Parson visited both St. Charles and Pemiscot counties in the aftermath of the EF3 tornado that cut through those areas. Earlier on December 11, Governor Beshear declared a state of emergency for parts of western Kentucky. Beshear also announced the creation of a tornado relief fund and asked people to donate blood, as donated blood was running low throughout the pandemic. Kentucky Senator Mitch McConnell visited areas of Bowling Green, stating that he had not seen worse damage since the 1974 Louisville tornado. See also Weather of 2021 List of United States tornadoes from October to December 2021 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks Tri-State tornado outbreak – Another deadly tornado outbreak that produced a long-tracked tornado which crossed through three states on March 18, 1925 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado – A deadly tornado that struck in early December Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012 – Another outbreak that produced several deadly, long-tracked tornadoes in Kentucky December 2015 North American storm complex – The last time before this outbreak a violent tornado (EF4/EF5) occurred in the United States in December Tornado outbreak of December 16–17, 2019 – A tornado outbreak that struck the Southern United States in mid-December December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak – Another historic severe weather event five days later in the Midwest which itself broke the record for most tornadoes in a single day in December Notes References 2021 meteorology 2021 in Arkansas 2021 in Illinois 2021 in Kentucky 2021 in Missouri 2021 in Tennessee 2021 natural disasters in the United States December 2021 events in the United States Tornadoes in Arkansas Tornadoes in Illinois Tornadoes in Kentucky Tornadoes in Missouri Tornadoes in Tennessee Tornadoes of 2021 Tornado outbreaks F4 tornadoes 2021–22 North American winter

69483928

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%202021%20sexual%20assault%20on%20SEPTA%20train

October 2021 sexual assault on SEPTA train

On October 13, 2021, a passenger was sexually assaulted by another rider on a train running on SEPTA's Market–Frankford Line in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This incident gained international attention due to the lack of calls to authorities despite several bystanders around the area, allowing the assault to carry on for over 30 minutes until an off-duty SEPTA employee reported the incident, resulting in SEPTA's swift arrest of the suspect. Incident At around 9:20 PM, Fiston M. Ngoy, an often-homeless individual, began sexually harassing a woman sitting next to him on a Market–Frankford Line train. This carried on for about 30 minutes, with the woman repeatedly pushing Ngoy off her, until he ripped her pants down at 9:53 PM and raped her for 6 minutes. According to SEPTA surveillance video, there were several bystanders witnessing the incident, even holding up their cellphones during the assault, and failing to alert authorities or stop the assault until one off-duty employee called 911 after boarding the train and noticing "something wasn't right". After the initial 911 call, a SEPTA security officer boarded the train when it arrived at the 69th Street Transportation Center, arresting Ngoy for the assault after pulling him off the victim. According to SEPTA general manager Leslie Richards, the arrest occurred 3 minutes after the initial 911 call. Investigators were able to charge Ngoy with rape, sexual assault and aggravated indecent assault without consent after viewing the video recording, holding him at the Delaware County Jail with bail set at $180,000. During Ngoy's initial court proceedings in November, he claimed it was a consensual act, but the victim stated that was not the case and that she had been drinking before boarding the train. She testified in court that she had repeatedly attempted to push Ngoy off her until she "blacked out". Reactions Responses by authorities SEPTA and the Upper Darby Police Department condemned the attack and criticized passengers for their delayed action. SEPTA spokesperson Andrew Busch released a statement, saying "There were other people on the train who witnessed this horrific act, and it may have been stopped sooner if a rider called 911." In response to allegations that passengers holding up their phones were videorecording the assault, Delaware County District Attorney Jack Stollsteimer refuted the claim, countering that many of the bystanders may not have understood what they were seeing. Stollsteimer also stated that the bystanders would not face prosecution charges, as Pennsylvania does not allow for prosecution of witnesses to a crime, urging them to come forward with information about the case. Scholarly analysis Several scholars and social workers cited this incident as an example of the bystander effect, with social worker Kelly Erickson offering that witnesses did not "know what to do, and they're maybe afraid that they'll make things worse by intervening. Roy Peter Clark of the Poynter Institute compared the SEPTA incident to the Murder of Kitty Genovese, which also saw the press push an overly sensationalized narrative. He opined that in the SEPTA case, the narrative painted the surrounding passengers in a bad light, which may have been magnified by inclement weather as well as the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the economy and society. University of Miami criminologist Alexis Piquero offered several possible explanations of why witnesses failed to intervene, including assuming someone else would step in or fear of retaliation from the perpetrator. Elizabeth Jeglic, a psychology professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, stated that the 2021 SEPTA train incident may have been an aberration, claiming that according to modern research on video surveillance, people intervened during 90% of extreme cases. She also stated that bystanders would usually act when a crime was more apparent, which may not have been the case. Jeglic dismissed the notion of the bystander effect and noted that one of the two passengers who recorded the incident on video provided that video to authorities in an attempt to aid the investigation. Jenice Armstrong, a journalist with The Philadelphia Inquirer, argued that passengers may have done more to intervene than what was reported by SEPTA and the police, interviewing Tom Schiliro, one of the officers who apprehended Ngoy. Schiliro told Armstrong that some passengers pointed him to the suspect as soon as the train's doors opened. See also Bystander effect References October 2021 crimes in the United States 2021 in Philadelphia Rapes in the United States Sexual assaults in the United States Crimes in Philadelphia SEPTA

69485230

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Karen%20Gilliland

Murder of Karen Gilliland

Karen Jayne Gilliland (née Cranston; 14 July 1977 - 23 June 2020) was an Australian nurse and children's author who was murdered in Rockhampton, Queensland. She was killed by her estranged husband and the father of her children, Nigel Gilliland, who stabbed her 26 times in a domestic violence attack on the evening of 23 June 2020 at a Brae Street rental property in the suburb of The Range where Karen was living. Nigel Gilliland pleaded guilty to his wife's murder in Rockhampton Supreme Court on 30 August 2021 and was sentenced to life imprisonment which has a legislated non-parole period of 20 years. During sentencing, Justice Graeme Crow described the attack as "vicious", "ferocious", "prolonged" and "unimaginable" which was "particularly cruel to the children", labelling Gilliland as a "cold and cruel murderer". After consuming half a bottle of wine and prescription painkillers, Nigel Gilliland sharpened two knives and drove to Karen Gilliland's house where he stabbed her 26 times after which he fled the scene but was arrested two hours later following a large scale search. He was admitted to hospital under police guard with self-inflicted wounds. After undergoing surgery, he was charged with one count each of murder (domestic violence offence) and entering a dwelling with intent and was remanded in custody. During a mentioning in the Rockhampton Supreme Court on 2 August 2021, Nigel Gilliland's lawyer told the court that her client intended to plead guilty to murder. Nigel Gilliland subsequently pleaded guilty on 30 August 2021. The court heard the rental property where Karen Gilliland was living had been organised by her family in an attempt to keep her husband away from her after years of abusive and threatening behaviour. Their marriage had consisted of numerous violent confrontations and arguments and they had separated and reunited numerous times. Nigel Gilliland had already twice breached a domestic violence order in May 2013. Karen Gilliland worked as a nurse in a pathology lab at Rockhampton Hospital where she had been treating COVID-19 patients. At the time of her death, she was a mother to three surviving children. Her first-born child died at the age of three weeks in 2004 and she also miscarried twins. Her murder, which was extensively reported in the Australian media, prompted a wave of support and sympathy from the local and Australian community. Karen Gilliland's brother Bryan Cranston established a GoFundMe fundraiser on 27 June 2020 for her children. As of December 2021, more than $61,000 has been raised. A candlelight vigil, held mostly virtually, was held on 28 June 2020 hosted by Keppel MP Brittany Lauga on the Fitzroy riverbank. After Karen Gilliland's death, her brother, mother and stepfather moved to the city to help care for her three children. Her funeral was held at St Joseph's Cathedral on 7 July 2020 which was also livestreamed. It was followed by a wake at a sports club in Norman Gardens. She was buried at the Rockhampton Memorial Gardens in Nerimbera beside her deceased son. A children's book written by Karen Gilliland called "Where is Selma?" was published with the assistance of The Broken Ballerina Foundation who used money raised by friend and illustrator Melissa Swinson to get the book published. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Karen Gilliland was one of 86 Australian women who were killed by domestic or family violence in 2020. See also Domestic violence in Australia Murder of Hannah Clarke References Deaths by person in Australia Violence against women in Australia

69485433

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Wagner%20Fernandes

Roberto Wagner Fernandes

Roberto Wagner Fernandes (April 26, 1965 – December 13, 2005) was a Brazilian serial killer and rapist who was posthumously linked to the murders of three prostitutes in Miami, Florida from 2000 to 2001. Fernandes, who had been acquitted of murder in the 1996 shooting of his wife, died in a plane crash in Paraguay before he could be arrested for his crimes, and since his identification, investigators in both the United States and Brazil have said that he might have been responsible for other murders. Shooting of wife On the early morning of November 18, 1996, neighbors of a residental building in Londrina, Brazil were disturbed by a domestic dispute coming from one of the apartments, which ended after at least six shots were fired. After notifying the police that the man had fled in his car together with his 5-year-old daughter, officers soon managed to arrest him. The accused was Roberto Wagner Fernandes, a 31-year-old licensed pilot, who had shot his wife, 27-year-old teacher Danyelle Amaral Bouças Fernandes, with a Taurus TCP 738. She was driven to the hospital, but died of her injuries shortly afterwards. The murder came as a shock to the locals, all of whom considered both Danyelle and Roberto be very polite and friendly people who took care of their daughter. However, after he was brought to trial, it was revealed that the scuffle had occurred after she had caught Fernandes cheating on her with a prostitute. Fernandes himself alleged that, during their fight, Danyelle had threatened to shoot him in a revolver, causing him to panic and accidentally kill her using his handgun. However, at a later point, prosecutors revealed that the prostitute had come by the police station, alleging that Fernandes had attempted to kill her. In the woman's account, she claimed that he had snorted cocaine and drank large quantities of whiskey during their meeting, and at one point, Fernandes started to kick, punch and beat her with a water bottle. This eventually spiralled into him attempting to drown her in the motel's bathtub, but she managed to free herself and run towards the door, which she opened. Upon doing so, Fernandes immediately calmed down and told her to put on her clothes, after which she put on her clothes and they both left the premises. She later claimed that she had phoned him to check the authenticity of the check he had supposedly paid her with. To counter these accusations, Fernandes and his lawyers claimed that his wife had been drunk and acting irrationally, while simultaneously trying to discredit the prostitute's testimony. In their account, she was the one who had hit him during their sexual encounter, ostensibly for being underpaid for her services, and the phone call was to further extort him out of more money. Despite the conflicting physical evidence against Fernandes, he was ultimately acquitted due to lack of evidence. Move to Miami and murders Following the verdict, it was alleged that Bouças' family members were so enraged by the outcome that they hired a hitman to kill Fernandes. Supposedly fearing for his life and wanting to leave the past behind, Fernandes fled to the United States, where he settled in Miami, Florida. In the period between 1996 and 1999, he worked as a bus driver for a touring company and as a flight attendant at the Miami International Airport. During this time, he continued to use prostitution services regularly. On June 24, 2000, two motorists from Boca Raton were travelling along the Flamingo Road near Cooper City when they came across a suitcase by the roadside. Once they opened it, they found the nude body of a woman inside it. The body was sent for autopsy, and two days later, the coroner identified her as 35-year-old Kim Dietz-Livesey, a prostitute with a record for alcohol and drug abuse who had been arrested on June 7 for prostitution. Her death came as a shock to her friends from Alcoholics Anonymous and a biker enthusiast group. In an effort to generate leads on the case, police sought assistance from the public, but nothing substantial came of it and the case went cold. On August 9, 2000, passers-by found a duffel bag discarded by the road near Dania Beach. In it, they found the body of prostitute Sia Demas, who had been strangled to death. On August 30, 2001, the body of another prostitute rife with stab wounds, Jessica Good, was found floating in the Biscayne Bay. According to her boyfriend, she had gone to meet a "light-skinned Hispanic man", but never came back. Return to Brazil and death Shortly after Good's body was recovered, Fernandes was identified as a suspect in her murder. Before he could be arrested, however, he fled back to Brazil, which does not have an extradition treaty with the United States. Over the next five years, Fernandes was named as a suspect in other violent crimes against prostitutes in his native country, including a 2003 rape, but was never arrested. On December 13, 2005, Fernandes was flying a Cessna 310 en route to Argentina, when he lost control and crashed in Misiones Department, Paraguay. He died instantly, and his remains were then buried in his native city. Identification In 2011, fingerprints from Fernandes were matched to all three crime scenes, prompting investigators to travel to Brazil in hopes to talk to him. However, they were then informed that he had died in an aviation accident back in 2005. The American investigators had some reservations, as they speculated he might have faked his own death, but at the time, they were unable to obtain permission to exhume his remains. The case was stalled until 2018, when an unrelated murder case involving a Cuban national was prosecuted in his home country, setting a precedent that could allow detectives to resume the case. In 2020, with help from the Brazilian Federal Police, authorities exhumed Fernandes' grave and conducted tests to determine whether they were really his. The break came on August 31, 2021, when the Sheriff of Broward County, Gregory Tony, announced in a press conference that Fernandes has been officially identified as the killer of the three women in Miami, and that he indeed had perished in the plane crash. Since his identification, authorities in both the United States and Brazil have started investigating Fernandes' past, as they consider it likely that he had killed more than what he has currently been connected to. See also List of serial killers in the United States References 1965 births 2005 deaths 20th-century Brazilian criminals 21st-century Brazilian criminals Male criminals Male serial killers Brazilian serial killers People acquitted of murder Mariticides Fugitives wanted on murder charges Fugitives wanted on sex crime charges Fugitives wanted by the United States Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2005 Accidental deaths in Paraguay Violence against women in Brazil Violence against women in the United States Brazilian aviators People from Londrina

69486629

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren%20%281968%20film%29

Siren (1968 film)

Siren () is a 1968 Belgian animated short film written and directed by Raoul Servais. Set in a harbour city dominated by mechanical beasts and reason, it is about the encounter between a boy and a mermaid. The nine and a half minutes long film was produced with support from the Flemish Community and received a number of awards at international film festivals. Plot In a harbour, large mechanical cranes lift boxes full of weapons while behaving like aggressive beasts. Flying reptiles circle in the sky and steal from a lone fisherman's catch, which consists solely of fishbones. A cabin boy at a ship plays flute and his music attracts a mermaid to the surface, but the cranes aggressively sink their hooks and claws into the water and she tries to escape. One of the cranes captures her, lifts her high into the air and drops her to the quayside. The fisherman rushes to a phonebooth and calls for emergency service, prompting policemen and government officials to examine the already dead mermaid. They destroy the fisherman's fishing permit and arrest him. Two vans arrive: an ambulance and one with "zoo" written on it, and their respective personnel begin to fight over the mermaid's body. A man representing the law cuts her body in half, allowing the ambulance to leave with her human upper body and the zoo workers with her fishtail. The boy goes to the white outline initially drawn around the mermaid's dead body and draws his own image next to it, holding her hand. The contour of a ship forms in the starry sky, picks up the drawn figures and flies away with them as the boy plays his flute. Themes The story in Siren is told on two levels, where reality and dramatic action are represented by red colours, and dreams, the romantic and the sentimental by blue colours. Manuela Rosignoli wrote in a 2006 academic paper that Siren uses a theme of duality, represented by the half-human mermaid, that runs through much of Raoul Servais' filmography and which she traces to Belgium's division between Dutch-language Flemish and French-language Walloon culture. This theme is for example also reflected in the half-human, half-bird title figure of Servais' 1979 film Harpya. Production Siren was made short after Belgium's Ministry of Culture had been split into two, one each for the Flemish and French Communities. The Flemish Ministry of Culture approached Servais, who was an established figure in Belgian animation and a teacher at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent, with the prospect of making what became Siren. The film was written and directed by Servais and produced through Absolon Films with backing from the Flemish Community. The set designs for Siren were created by Norbert Desyn. Servais did almost all the animation work himself. Lucien Goethals, a regular collaborator of Servais, composed the musical score. The film has a running time of 9 minutes and 30 seconds. Reception Siren premiered in 1968 and was shown at film festival in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia, where it received critical acclaim. Servais travelled to Iran for the film's screening at the 1969 Tehran International Film Festival and met the Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi. Siren received the following festival awards: 1968: Silver Pelican at the Mamaia International Animation Film Festival 1969: Grand Prize for Animation Film at the Tehran International Film Festival 1969: Film Critics' Prize at the Tehran International Film Festival 1969: Silver Boomerang at the Melbourne International Film Festival 1969: Richard Declerck Award, Grand Prix at the Belgian National Film Festival 1969: Best Colour Film at the Belgian National Film Festival 1970: Silver Hugo, First Prize for Animation Film at the Chicago International Film Festival 1970: First Prize at the Philadelphia International Film Festival See also Mermaids in popular culture Siren (mythology) References Citations Sources Further reading External links Presentation at the Raoul Servais Foundation's website 1968 films 1960s animated short films Belgian films Belgian animated short films Films directed by Raoul Servais 1968 animated films Animated films without speech Films about mermaids

69486836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Buildings%2C%20Peebles

County Buildings, Peebles

County Hall is a municipal structure in Rosetta Road in Peebles, Scotland. The building, which was the meeting place of Peeblesshire County Council, is a Category B listed building. History The building has its origins in the Peebles Combination Poorhouse which was designed by William Lambie Moffat and completed in 1856. It was described at the time as a square ornamental building. The poorhouse served as military hospital for service personnel who had been wounded on the Western Front during the First World War and was then acquired by the Peeblesshire County Education Authority in 1921. Following the implementation of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, which established county councils in every county, the new county leaders needed to identify offices for Peeblesshire County Council. The county officers were initially based at the courthouse in the High Street but, as the responsibilities of the council increased, it became necessary to find dedicated facilities and so the council leaders decided to remodel the old poorhouse at Rosetta Road. The remodelled structure was designed by Peddie and Todd in the Baroque style, built in ashlar stone with a harled finish and was completed in 1935. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto Rosetta Road with the end bays projected forward as single story pavilions; the central section of five bays featured a central doorway with an architrave flanked by brackets supporting a large cornice. The central section was fenestrated with single sash windows with architraves while the end pavilions were fenestrated by three-light sash windows. At roof level, there was a large octagonal cupola on a balustraded base with an ogee-shaped dome. Internally, the principal room was a wooden panelled council chamber. Following the implementation of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, the county council was abolished and the building became the offices and meeting place of Tweeddale District Council. In 1996, Scottish Borders Council became the unitary authority for the area and the building became the local area office for the enlarged council as well as the local police headquarters. See also List of listed buildings in Peebles, Scottish Borders References Government buildings completed in 1935 Category B listed buildings in the Scottish Borders County halls in Scotland Peebles

69487010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Rose%20Nu%20Tawng

Ann Rose Nu Tawng

Ann Rose Nu Tawng (born 1975) is a Catholic Xaverian nun in Myanmar who offered her life to try and save others in 2021. She attracted attention from the Pope and the BBC who made her one of their 100 Women. Life Nu Tawng was one of the Sisters of St. Francis Xavier. She came to notice when police were chasing young protesters in Myitkyina. The protesters had shields they had constructed and hard hats while the police were heavily armed. The protests followed the overthrow of Aung San Suu Kyi on 1 February 2021 by the military. Nu Tawng got down on her knees to plead with the police to not be violent to the young people who were sheltering in her clinic. She pointed out that they were protesting peacefully but the police said they needed to do their duty. Nu Tawng suggested that if they needed to kill somebody then she would offer her life. The discussion with the police was caught on camera by an observer and posted on line. The video was reported by the BBC and the Guardian. The Pope later commented on her sacrifice. In December 2021 the BBC recognised her as one of their BBC 100 Women. References 1975 births Living people People from Myitkyina BBC 100 Women Nuns

69487206

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Las%20Pi%C3%B1as%20local%20elections

2022 Las Piñas local elections

Local elections will be held in Las Piñas on May 9, 2022 within the Philippine general election. The voters will elect for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, one representative, and the councilors, six of them in the two districts of the city. Background Incumbent Mayor Imelda Aguilar will seek for her third and final term. Her opponents are Antonio Abellar Jr., Luis "Louie" Casimiro, Aladin De Jesus, Ferdinand "Doc Ferds" Eusebio, former Councilor Benjamin Gonzales, former city police chief (Ret.) PSSupt. Simnar Gran, Michael Maestrado, and Emerito "Rey" Rivera. Incumbent Vice Mayor April Aguilar-Nery will seek for her second term. She will be challenged by Edilberto "Ed" Angeles, Jerry Delos Reyes, and Antonio Luna. Incumbent Rep. Camille Villar, will seek for her second term. She will face Felipe Garduque II, and Atty. Luisito "Louie" Redoble. Candidates Team Las Piñas, Our Home {|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%" |- |colspan=4 bgcolor=| |- !width=50%|Name !!colspan=2|Party |- !colspan=3|For House Of Representatives |- | Camille Villar | |- !colspan=3|For Mayor |- | Imelda "Mel" Aguilar | |- !colspan=3|For Vice Mayor |- | April Aguilar-Nery | |- !colspan=3|For Councilor 1st District |- | Peewee Aguilar | |- | Rey Balanag| |- | Florante dela Cruz| |- | Steve Miranda| |- | Oscar Peña| |- | Rex Hans Riguera| |- !colspan=3|For Councilor 2nd District |- | Lord Linley Aguilar| |- | Louie Bustamante| |- | Danny Davhez Hernandez | |- | Ruben Ramos| |- | Luis Fernando Riguera | |- | Gerry Sannga| |} Team Bagong Las Piñas, Now Na! Partido Maharlika Other parties Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma Aksyon Demokratiko Nationalist People's Coalition Independents See the full lists for mayor, vice mayor, representative and councilors''. Results For Mayor Incumbent Mayor Imelda Aguilar will be challenged by Antonio Abellar Jr., Luis "Louie" Casimiro, Aladin De Jesus, Ferdinand "Doc Ferds" Eusebio, former Councilor Benjamin Gonzales, Simnar Gran, Michael Maestrado, and Emerito "Rey" Rivera. For Vice Mayor Incumbent Vice Mayor April Aguilar-Nery will be challenged by Edilberto "Ed" Angeles, Jerry Delos Reyes, and Antonio Luna. For Representative, Lone District Incumbent Rep. Camille Villar will face Felipe Garduque II, and Atty. Luisito "Louie" Redoble. For Councilor First District Second District References 2022 Philippine local elections Elections in Las Piñas

69488976

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching%20of%20Fred%20Rouse

Lynching of Fred Rouse

33-year-old meatpacker Fred Rouse was lynched on December 11, 1921, in Fort Worth, Texas. Background In 1921, the whites-only union workers at the Swift & Co. meatpacking plant in the Niles City Stockyards (now part of Fort Worth) went on strike. The owners attempted to replace them with black strikebreakers. During union protests, there was a scuffle between African-American worker Fred Rouse and some of the strikers. This resulted in Rouse firing his gun, wounding two white strikers who happened to be brothers. Lynching Enraged, the whites seized, beat, and stabbed him. He was presumed to be dead. However, when the police retrieved his body from the mob, they realized that he was still alive. They took him to the City & County Hospital (330 E. 4th St.). He spent several days recovering in the segregated ward, which was located in the basement. When members of the striking union heard that Rouse was still alive, a mob of about 30 men snuck into the hospital and were able to identify him by his severe skull injury. Despite the pleas of the night nurse to spare him, the mob dragged him out of the hospital in his nightgown. He was strung up on a tree at the corner of NE 12th Street and Samuels Avenue in Fort Worth, Texas. The white mob took turns riddling his mutilated body with gunshots. Aftermath The union officially disavowed the lynching. Six suspected members of the lynch mob were later indicted, including 2 policemen, but they never went to trial. The Tarrant County Coalition for Peace and Justice (TCCPJ), a nonprofit dedicated to memorializing victims of racial violence, broke ground on Saturday, December 11, 2021, for a historical marker that will stand at Rouse’s lynching site. Bibliography Notes References - Total pages: 440 - Total pages: 598 1921 riots 1921 in Texas African-American history of Texas History of Phillips County, Arkansas Lynching deaths in Texas December 1921 events Protest-related deaths Racially motivated violence against African Americans Riots and civil disorder in Arkansas White American riots in the United States

69489040

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adella%20Colvin

Adella Colvin

Adella Colvin is an American yarn dyer. Career Colvin first began knitting at 34, at the suggestion of an older neighbor after her husband was deployed to Afghanistan and Colvin wanted to find a hobby. The two visited a yarn shop together, and Colvin was impressed with the quality of the yarn. When Colvin, who is Black, entered a yarn shop for the first time without her neighbor, who is white, the white owner of the shop met her at the door and told her the restroom was only for customers. Colvin left and decided to shop online and soon became interested in dyeing her own yarn. When other knitters became interested in her hand-dyes, she opened an Etsy shop in 2015, electing not to use her photo in the shop's profile due to concerns about perceptions in the majority white knitting community that products by Black artisans were inferior. Her daughter, nicknamed LolaBean, was born in 2016, and Colvin, "thinking about the legacy she was building," decided to rebrand, naming her business after her daughter and having a logo professionally designed featuring an image of the baby, who is portrayed as clearly Black. In 2017 Colvin was featured by knitting influencer Gaye Glasspie, which brought Colvin to the attention of yarn shop owners and knitters nationwide. In 2019 Glasspie, who is known as GG, introduced Colvin to Felicia Eve, one of the few Black yarn shop owners in the US, and Eve gave Colvin a trunk show, which sold out. Colvin has collaborated with Stephen West, a pattern designer who created a pattern for a custom colorway of LolaBean's. During the George Floyd protests, when there were images of white protesters standing between police and Black protesters, GG started a hashtag, #StandintheGap, that encouraged white people to "offer that kind of protection in everyday life," and Colvin's wholesale accounts went from 1 to 30 with a waiting list as of October 2020 of more than 70. As of October 2020 Colvin's yarns were carried by yarn shops throughout the US. Social media presence In November 2021, after knitting influencer Kristy Glass posted questions on her Instagram about why Michelle Obama, who'd been featured on that month's cover of Vogue Knitting, wasn't photographed in knitwear and appeared to have her wedding ring on her right hand. Vogue had featured "only a handful" of Black knitters on its cover in almost 90 years, and many Black knitters found the questions hypercritical. Colvin posted a response on her own Instagram that such comments emphasized the fact the knitting community was predominantly white and made Black people feel hyperscrutinized. Glass responded by posting a series of direct messages she'd had with Colvin with the caption, "For the record." Colvin responded with "You post those DMs thinking they’re supposed to hurt me but have your comments restricted where nobody can comment?", and called Glass a racist. Glass soon closed her social media accounts. A knitting influencer whose handle is Deplorable Knitter, who posts to a YouTube channel called Politically Incorrect Knitters, accused Colvin of "raising profit off controversy." In the wake of the incident Colvin cancelled her recent wholesale orders and planned to investigate her suppliers and the outlets for her products more closely to determine "which are actually committed to racial justice and which are only paying it lip service." Personal life Colvin is African-American and Puerto Rican. She is originally from New York City. She is married and lives in Grovetown, Georgia with her husband, an Army veteran who works for the Department of Defense. She has a daughter born in 2016 and two stepchildren. References American textile designers African-American artists American people of Puerto Rican descent People in knitting People from Georgia (U.S. state) Businesspeople from New York City Artists from New York City

69490537

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Fancelli

Julie Fancelli

Julie Jenkins Fancelli (born 1949 or 1950) is an American heiress and right-wing political donor. She is an heiress to the Publix supermarkets fortune and a member of America's eighth-richest family. Fancelli's organizational efforts and donations played a decisive role in the January 6, 2021 "Stop the Steal" rally at The Ellipse that preceded the 2021 United States Capitol Attack. Early life Fancelli is one of seven children of George W. Jenkins, the founder of the Publix supermarket chain, and Anne MacGregor. Fancelli attended the Mount Vernon Seminary in Washington and the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. Business endeavors Until 2017, Fancelli owned Alma Food Imports, Inc., a company that sold millions of dollars worth of products to Publix, including $1.7 million in 1996. Publix stopped using Alma as a vendor after Fancelli's departure. From at least the late 1980s, Fancelli owned two Italian restaurants in Florida. With her relatives, Fancelli co-owns a private golf club in Lakeland. Political Donations & Involvement with 2021 United States Capitol Attack Donations & activities associated with the 2021 United States Capitol Attack On December 29, 2020, Fancelli donated $150,000 to the nonprofit arm of the Republican Attorneys General Association, the Rule of Law Defense Fund. That money was subsequently used to pay for robocalls promoting the "Stop the Steal" rally at the Ellipse on January 6. Working in tandem with Alex Jones, the far-right American radio host, on December 29, 2020 Fancelli also donated $300,000 to Women for America First to organize a "Stop the Steal" rally in Washington D.C. on January 6. Fancelli, who was reportedly a "regular listener" of Jones's show, had an assistant call Jones to discuss possible ways to undermine president-elect Joseph Biden's victory, and Fancelli and Jones spoke directly at least once between December 27, 2020 and January 1, 2021. Fancelli selected Caroline Wren, a Trump fundraiser, to organize the event; this was done in through Women for America First, the organization that obtained the permit for the January 6 rally at The Ellipse, while Wren was officially listed as a "VIP Advisor" on event permits. The event itself featured speeches by then-President Donald Trump, Donald Trump Jr., Rudy Giuliani, John Eastman, Madison Cawthorn and others, and directly preceded the attack on the United States Capitol building. The Wall Street Journal described Fancelli's donation as the "lion's share" of the funding behind the "Stop the Steal" rally, while Axios observed "It's getting harder to see how Jan. 6 would have happened without Fancelli's money.", Fancelli is the largest donor to the event whose identity is publicly known. On December 29, 2020, Fancelli also donated $200,000 to the Tea Party Express, which used the money for advertisements on radio and social media urging supporters of President Donald Trump to attend the rally and subsequent march. As of December 2021, Fancelli's donations to events associated with the 2021 United States Capitol attach were revealed to be at least $650,000; the Congressional January 6 commission is still conducting further investigations. Fancelli had reportedly planned to attend the "Stop the Steal" rally herself and had booked a room at the Willard hotel, but decided not to travel due to fears about the pandemic. On January 31, 2021, Fancelli issued the following statement: “I am a proud conservative and have real concerns associated with election integrity, yet I would never support any violence, particularly the tragic and horrific events that unfolded on January 6.” On December 8, 2021, The Washington Post reported that Publix had issued a statement saying: “We are deeply troubled by Ms. Fancelli’s involvement in the events that led to the tragic attack on the Capitol on January 6.” Other donations During the past two decades, Fancelli donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to Republican candidates and party organizations. In 2017, Fancelli met with Republican National Committee Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel to express her concern that the Republican Party had not done enough to help Trump in the 2016 Presidential election. Fancelli increased her donations after the election of Donald Trump. Many of her donations were associated with Caroline Wren, a Trump fundraiser closely associated with the 2021 United States Capitol Attack, and Kimberly Guilfoyle; after a call directly from Guilfoyle in July 2020, Fancelli donated $250,000 to the Trump campaign. During the 2020 election cycle, Fancelli ultimately donated more than $980,000 to a joint account serving the Trump presidential campaign and the Republican National Party. After the election, LJ Management Services Inc., a company closely linked to Fancelli's family foundation, gave a further $800,000 to a new PAC formed by two of Trump's closest aides. In July 2020, Fancelli gave $1,000 to a candidate for mayor of Lakeland, who thanked One America News for “correctly” referring to Trump as the president after Biden’s was inaugurated. In September 2020, she gave $5,800 to Rep. Matthew M. Rosendale of Montana, one of 21 House Republicans who opposed awarding the congressional gold medal to police officers who defended the U.S. Capitol on January 6. In total, Fancelli donated than $2.5 million to political causes in 2020, with most or all of it going to right-wing and far-right candidates and causes. Private Life Her family, including her six siblings, was ranked by Forbes as the 39th richest family in the United States, with an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion. Fancelli is not currently involved with Publix's business operations. On December 31, 1972, Fancelli (then Julie Ansley Jenkins) married Mauro Adolfo Dino Fancelli, of Florence, Italy, in Lakeland, Florida; she met Mr Fancelli while studying abroad. Fancelli maintains homes in Lakeland, Florida, where she is registered to vote; Long Boat Key, Florida; and Florence, her primary residence. Fancelli is the president of the George Jenkins Foundation; in 2020, the reported net assets of $27.7, and gave more than $3.3 million to charities that provide education, health care and social services to poor children and the elderly. Fancelli has also been praised for her commitment to the elderly. References 20th-century births Year of birth uncertain Living people American political activists American businesspeople American expatriates in Italy

69490604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazen%20al-Hamada

Mazen al-Hamada

Mazen al-Hamada (born 1977) is a Syrian activist from Deir ez-Zor. Hamada was imprisoned and tortured for one and a half years for participating in anti-government protests in the context of the Arab Spring in 2011. After being exiled from Syria, he became an asylum seeker in the Netherlands where he publicly testified to the abuse he suffered. On February 23, 2020, Hamada became the victim of enforced disappearance, when he was arrested by Syrian intelligence. He has been missing since then. Biography Hamada was a graduate of the Institute of the Petroleum Industry, and working as a technician for the French multinational oil and gas company Schlumberger. He took part in demonstrations calling for more freedom and democracy, and decided to film these events with his phone. Hamada was arrested for the first time on April 24, 2011, by Syrian intelligence services. He was released a week later. After a second arrest on December 29, 2011, and two weeks of detention in the same branch, he decided to leave for Damascus. Arrests, imprisonment, and torture In March 2012, Hamada attempted to smuggle 55 packages of baby formula to a suburb of Damascus. Soon after, Hamada and his two nephews were arrested. They were brought to the branch of the air force intelligence service of Mezzeh Military Airport. Hamada's two nephews would later die in detention. Two weeks after the arrest, he was detained "in a small hangar, a little more than forty feet long and twenty feet wide" with 170 other prisoners. Under torture, Hamada was forced to confess to being a terrorist, possessing weapons, and the murder of government soldiers. When he refused to confess, agents were called to come and torture him. He was beaten and suspended by the wrists. To alleviate his suffering, he agreed to sign a forced confession, admitting that he possessed a weapon to protect the demonstrators, but he refused to admit having committed any crimes. He was then transferred to another interrogation room, where he was undressed and sexually abused. After this torture he signed all of the documents. At the beginning of 2013, he was ill and taken to military hospital 601, nicknamed by other detainees as a "slaughterhouse". In transit to the hospital, Hamada was physically assaulted. He was told to forget his name, and was assigned the number "1858". There he saw detainees tortured to death, corpses piling up in the toilets and hospital staff beating patients to death. Hamada begged the doctor to be returned to detention. Back at Mezzeh airport he was treated for a month by a detained doctor, before being transferred to the Qaboun military police on June 1, 2013, and then to Adra Prison on June 5, 2013, where he remained for about two months. Mazen eventually was taken to the anti-terrorism court, which ordered his release During his imprisonment, which lasted 1 year and 7 months, Hamada was violently tortured. He suffered physical, mental, and sexual abuse. Mazen has permanent physical and psychological injuries from his detention in government prisons, including genital injuries that made having children impossible. Exile After his release, Mazen al-Hamada was still wanted by the intelligence services. He therefore decided to leave Syria and asked for asylum in the Netherlands. Return to Syria and forced disappearance Hamada decided to try to return to Syria. This decision was incomprehensible to his relatives and the people who have met him. According to his friends and family, Hamada suffered a lot, both physically, from the consequences of torture and psychologically, both from not having a future and not being able to testify against the Syrian government in court. Hamada also was demoralized because he felt his many testimonies, interviews, and demonstrations had little effect for the people still detained in Syria. Hamada also had significant financial problems. Eventually Hamada cut himself off from friends, and felt that he could not find a therapist who seemed to understand what he had been through. Hamada wanted to help the Syrians still detained, and he felt powerless to improve their situation. He seems to have been approached by people from the Syrian embassy, close to the Assad regime, and to have been lured back to Syria with promises of releasing detainees. Hamada wrote that he was ready to sacrifice himself to save others. Hamada went to Berlin where he obtained a passport and visa from the embassy. Upon his arrival at Damascus airport on February 23, 2020, Hamada was apprehended by the regime's security services, and has been missing since. See also List of people who disappeared References 1977 births 2020s missing person cases Enforced disappearances Missing people Missing person cases in Syria People from Deir ez-Zor Governorate Syrian dissidents Syrian human rights activists Syrian torture victims

69490879

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patamda%20block

Patamda block

Patamda block is a CD block that forms an administrative division in the Dhalbhum subdivision of East Singhbhum district, in the Indian state of Jharkhand. History The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by Tata Steel (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at Jugsalai. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘Jamshedpur’ in 1917. Dhalbhum subdivision was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990. Geography Patamda is located at . “The district forms a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the Subarnarekha and the Kharkai. The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks. Patamda CD block is bounded by the Barabazar CD block in the Purulia district of the West Bengal state on the north, the Manbazar I and Bandwan CD blocks in the Purulia district on the east, the Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block on the south, and the Boram CD block on the west. Patamda CD block has an area of 267.03 km2.Patamda police station serves Patamda CD block.The headquarters of Patamda CD block is located at Patamda village. Demographics Population According to the 2011 Census of India, Patamda CD block had a total population of 82,876, all of which were rural. There were 41,751 (50%) males and 41,125 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 12,245. Scheduled Castes numbered 4,847 (5.85%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 33, 101 (39.94%). Note: There seems to be a mismatch between the ST and language figures. The figures quoted here are as officially published on the internet. Percentages have been calculated. Literacy According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Patamda CD block was 41,933 (59.37% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 26,156 (73.72% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 15,777 (44.89% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.83%. census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%. See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate Language and religion According to the Population by Mother Tongue 2011 data, in the Patamda subdistrict, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 66,106 persons forming 79.76% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Santali (15,845/ 19.12%), Hindi (513 / 0.62%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (412/ 0.05%). Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details. Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. According to the Population by Religious Communities 2011 data, in the Patamda subdistrict, Hindus numbered 63,972 and formed 77.19% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Other religious communities (17,488/ 21.10%), Muslims (838/ 1.01%), Christians (149/ 0.18%), and persons who did not state their religion (429/ 0.52%). Economy Overview NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional. Livelihood In Patamda CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 12,882 and formed 30.66%, agricultural labourers numbered 19,169 and formed 45.62%, household industry workers numbered 1,099 and formed 2.62% and other workers numbered 8,868 and formed 21.11%. Total workers numbered 42,018 and formed 50.70% of the total population non-workers numbered 40,858 and formed 49.30% of the population. Infrastructure There are 84 inhabited villages in Patamda CD block. In 2011, 72 villages had power supply. 14 villages had tap water, 81 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 84 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 14 villages had post offices, 20 villages had sub post offices, 2 villages had telephone (land line), 43 villages had mobile phone coverage. 84 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 25 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had autos/ modified autos, 6 villages had taxi/ vans, 11 villages had tractors. 4 villages had bank branches, 1 village had agricultural credit society, 24 villages had availability of newspapers, 50 villages had ration shops, 41 villages had weekly haat, 66 villages had assembly polling stations. Education Patamda CD block had 11 villages with pre-primary schools, 82 villages with primary schools, 30 villages with middle schools, 10 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with no educational facility. .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand Patamda Degree College was established in 1993 at Patamda. Healthcare Patamda CD block had 11 villages with primary health subcentres, 10 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages with allopathic hospitals, 1 village with dispensary, 9 villages with medicine shops. .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included References Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district

69491065

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Ray%20Amati

Tony Ray Amati

Anthony "Tony" Ray Amati (born June 28, 1976) is an American serial killer who killed three people in Las Vegas, Nevada between May and August 1996. The FBI was brought in to find Amati's whereabouts, adding him to the FBI's ten most wanted list in 1998. Following his arrest, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, and is currently serving his sentence in Nevada. Murders Before the initial spree, Amati along with two accomplices, 27-year-old Troy Sampson and 23-year-old Edward James, robbed a gun store of $30,000 in southern Las Vegas, as well as stealing 75 firearms. Their crime spree began on May 27, 1996, when Amati, Sampson and James fired over 20 rounds of bullets into 27-year-old Michael Matta in a parking lot in southern Las Vegas, ultimately killing him. Matta was homeless, and was reportedly rummaging though bags of trash when killed. In July, two blocks away from where Matta was gunned down, the trio shot 48-year-old John Garcia to death in his garage near Tropicana Avenue. Four weeks later, in August 1996, the trio fired 13 bullets into 22-year-old Keith Dyer just outside of a friends home, killing him. Investigation At the scene, Amati cut his hand, leaving blood that police eventually collected and used to implicate him. In October 1996, Amati, Sampson and James sold stolen guns to a dealer. Unknown to them, the buyer was an undercover policeman, and both Sampson and James were apprehended, while Amati remained at large. Their trailer was subsequently seized and searched by investigators, who uncovered the stolen weapons, which were eventually matched the guns used to kill all three victims. Since Amati couldn't be located, his two accomplices remained in police custody until he was found. On February 27, 1998, Amati was officially added as number 452 on the FBI's ten most wanted list, and they subsequently took control over the case. It was found that in the two years Amati was a fugitive, he went under multiple pseudonyms including Anthony Ray Jones, Phillip D. Gitlitz, Debon Restivito and Shane William Wade. The FBI found that he was arrested multiple times in Utah, but each time he was able to convince police he was a different person. During the time Amati was at large, he was featured in an episode of the popular television program America's Most Wanted, in which investigators involved in the extensive manhunt for Amati said that he was most likely armed and dangerous. They suspected Amati might be in Southern Illinois, because of family that was known to have lived there. Initially, after over fifty tips from that area, that theory ran dry. Days after the episode was broadcast, detectives received a tip from Georgia, and FBI agents were dispatched there to find him. On March 1, agents stormed Amati's hotel room in Atlanta and arrested him without incident. Amati's father, Charlie Amati, pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of obstructing a peace officer for giving an officer a fraudulent license with a photo of Tony. He was sentenced to 12 months of conditional discharge and fined $200. Trial and imprisonment In 1996, Sampson pleaded guilty to possession of stolen property and being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm, and was sentenced to 20 to 50 months in prison. Amati, Sampson and James were all charged with the murders, but because of evidence being withheld by the judge, Sampson and James' charges were dropped by the district attorney, but Amati's remained. In 1999, he stood trial, denying his guilt, claiming the murders were primarily committed by Sampson and James, and that he himself never pulled the trigger. Sampson was released from prison in August 1999. On November 14, 2000, he robbed and burned down a Las Vegas convenience store. Sampson faced a federal arson charge since the store was involved in interstate commerce. In 2002, he pleaded guilty to arson and sentenced to 150 months in prison. Sampson was released from prison on December 11, 2012. During the trial, Amati claimed he only participated in the string of killings out of fear of Sampson, and only went on the run since he thought no one would believe him even if he turned himself. Amati was acquitted of killing Matta and Garcia, but found guilty of killing Dyer. He was spared a death sentence and instead sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. Amati's lawyers had argued that his age warranted leniency, and said it would be unfair for him to be executed when his codefendants were walking free. Amati is serving his sentence at the High Desert State Prison, and will be eligible for parole in 2038, when he is 62. See also List of serial killers in the United States FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s References Living people 1976 births 20th-century American criminals American male criminals Male serial killers American people convicted of murder American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment People convicted of murder by Nevada Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Nevada FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Fugitives 1996 murders in the United States Criminals from Illinois