Datasets:

clinicalnlplab

/

medQA_1shot_test

like 0

Follow

Clinical NLP Lab 21

MedQA_one_shot1100

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 2-day-old infant male is brought to the emergency department with a 5-hour history of vomiting and irritability. He was born at home and had unreliable prenatal care because his parents have been experiencing housing instability. About a day after birth, he started to become lethargic and was feeding poorly. His parents thought that he might just be tired so they put him to bed; however, by the next morning he started to vomit and act extremely irritable. On presentation, he is found to have nuchal rigidity and bulging fontanelles. Based on this presentation, appropriate cultures are obtained and he is placed on empiric antibiotics. After all cultures grow out the same gram-positive bacteria, the patient is narrowed to penicillin G. Which of the following is a characteristic of the most likely organism that is causing this patient's symptoms? Options: A. Creates a green zone of hemolysis on blood agar B. Enlarges hemolytic area of Staphylococcus aureus C. Produces lipooligosaccharide rather than lipopolysaccharide D. Produces toxin that increases cAMP levels E. Tumbling motility in broth at 22 degrees The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1101

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 58-year-old man with hypertension and dyslipidemia comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He says he feels well. He is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 103 kg (227 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. His BMI last year was 27 kg/m2. When asked about his diet, he says, “Being overweight runs in my family. Rather than fight it, I just try to enjoy myself and eat what I want.” Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes the patient's response to the physician? Options: A. Rationalization B. Primitive idealization C. Fantasy D. Distortion E. Intellectualization The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1102

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old college student presents to his physician for constant fatigue. The patient states that for the past several weeks he has felt oddly fatigued and has struggled to complete his work. He is a foreign exchange student and is concerned he will fail out of his academic program. He has experienced some occasional nausea and vomiting which has caused him to lose weight. The patient is a first year college student, drinks alcohol regularly, smokes marijuana, and has unprotected sex with multiple partners. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Total bilirubin: 2.0 mg/dL AST: 85 U/L ALT: 92 U/L Urine Color: Amber/brown Marijuana: Positive Amphetamines: Positive Cocaine: Positive The patient refuses an examination of his genitals. Which of the following is the best diagnostic test? Options: A. CAGE questions B. Direct influenza antigen C. Uretheral swab and culture D. Viral core antibody E. Viral surface antibody The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1103

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion in addition to a 1-month history of ankle swelling. She has a history of sleep apnea. Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pitting pedal and ankle edema. Cardiac examination shows a widely split S2 that varies with respiration. An ECG shows right bundle branch block. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the patient's lower extremity edema? Options: A. Localized lymphatic obstruction B. Dermal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans C. Thrombus formation in a deep vein D. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure E. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure " The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1104

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 62-year-old man presents with bright red blood in his stool which occurred 2 times this week. He denies fever, weight loss, pain, pruritus or urinary symptoms. Past medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease, and recent appendicitis, status post laparoscopic appendectomy complicated by delirium tremens. His vitals are a temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, pulse of 78/min, and respiratory rate of 12/min. Physical examination reveals a distended abdomen with shifting dullness on percussion. In addition, multiple purple spider web-like lesions are present on the chest and arms, which blanch when pressure is applied. Fecal occult blood test is negative. On anoscopy, a non-tender, dilated vascular protrusion is noted superior to the pectinate line. Which of the following is most likely true about this patient’s current symptoms? Options: A. This patient has peptic ulcer disease. B. The vascular protrusion drains into the superior rectal vein. C. The vascular protrusion drains into the inferior vena cava. D. The vascular protrusion drains into the inferior rectal vein. E. Fecal leukocytes and a stool culture are required for diagnosis. The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1105

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 55-year-old woman presents to the office because she has been feeling weak. For the past 2 years, she has been urinating a considerable volume every time she goes to the bathroom. She has no past medical history. Her heart rate is 86/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), and blood pressure is 111/79 mm Hg. Laboratory studies are significant for the following: Calcium 13.8 mg/dL PTH 230 pg/mL Her complete metabolic panel is otherwise within normal limits. Imaging studies show subperiosteal resorption and osteoporosis. Scintigraphy reveals the most common pathologic condition associated with the patient’s diagnosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? Options: A. Adenoma B. Carcinoma C. Decreased calcitriol concentration D. Glandular hyperplasia E. Phosphate retention The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1106

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 35-year-old woman presents to a psychiatrist for an initial consultation. She reports that for the past 3 years, she has experienced several periods of depressed mood. The episodes do not coincide with any specific life events and seem to resolve after 4-6 weeks. During these episodes, she experiences a depressed mood, sleep disturbances, and a poor appetite, but she at times is able to enjoy spending time with her children and husband but other times she is distressed and cannot enjoy time with them. Upon further questioning, she also reports experiencing occasional episodes of elevated mood over the past ten years. During these episodes, she is very productive at her work as a lawyer and requires less sleep than usual. Her past medical history is notable for obesity, type I diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. She is on insulin and takes methotrexate. She smokes marijuana occasionally. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 124/80 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, she is quiet with a flattened affect, but is cooperative and answers questions thoroughly. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? Options: A. Bipolar I disorder B. Bipolar II disorder C. Cyclothymic disorder D. Persistent depressive disorder E. Schizoaffective disorder The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1107

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 76-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine examination. She has a history of hypertension well controlled with diet and exercise. She has no history of smoking or illicit drug use. She walks one mile daily. Her pulse is 68/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 119/76 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. When compared to a healthy 20-year-old woman, which of the following changes in respiratory function is most likely present in this patient? Options: A. Increased lung compliance B. Increased vital capacity C. Decreased residual volume D. Increased chest wall compliance E. Decreased A-a gradient The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1108

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 32-year-old man jumps off a 3 story building during a suicide attempt. Paramedics arrive quickly, and he is taken to the hospital where several stable lumbar fractures and a shattered right calcaneus are found. He undergoes surgery and his calcaneus is repaired with 11 screws. Which of the following statements best describes the long term post-surgery outcome in this patient? Options: A. He will not be able to plantar flex his foot. B. He will not be able to point his toe. C. He will have a foot drop. D. He will have pain with inversion and eversion of his foot. E. He will have pain while dorsiflexing his foot. The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1109

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 46-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 4-week history of fatigue and headache that have gotten progressively worse. He has allergic asthma treated with inhaled salbutamol. He immigrated to the USA from Thailand 9 years ago. He lives by himself and works as a waiter in a restaurant. He has had 6 lifetime male sexual partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He drinks 1–2 beers daily. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 128/76 mm Hg. Examination of the mouth shows several white patches on the tongue and oral mucosa that can be easily scraped off with a tongue blade. On mental status examination, the patient is somnolent and has short-term memory deficits. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.6 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,600/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 80% Eosinophils 1% Lymphocytes 17% Monocytes 2% CD4+ T-lymphocytes 80/mm3 (Normal ≥ 500) Platelet count 328,000/mm3 Serum pH 7.36 Na+ 135 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L K+ 4.8 mEq/L HCO3- 22 mEq/L Glucose 95 mg/dL Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL BUN 16 mg/dL Bilirubin, total 0.7 mg/dL AST 13 U/L ALT 15 U/L Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 10 mm/hour HIV test positive A lumbar puncture is performed and an opening pressure of 150 mm H2O is noted. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows a leukocyte count of 25/mm3 (60% lymphocytes), protein concentration of 52 mg/dL, and a glucose concentration of 37 mg/dL. India ink stain shows organisms with prominent capsules. Blood cultures are drawn. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's neurological symptoms?"? Options: A. Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid B. Amphotericin B and flucytosine C. Fluconazole D. Vancomycin and meropenem E. Valacyclovir The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1110

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A previously healthy 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a 5-day history of pain at the back of his left ankle. His mother had a myocardial infarction at 54 years. His BMI is 23 kg/m2. There is tenderness above the left posterior calcaneus and a firm, 3-cm, skin-colored nodule that moves with the left Achilles tendon. A photomicrograph from a biopsy of the nodule is shown. Serum studies in this patient are most likely to show increased levels of which of the following? Options: A. Uric acid B. Rheumatoid factor C. Angiotensin converting enzyme D. Low-density lipoprotein E. Triglycerides The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1111

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 3-year-old boy presents with episodic diarrhea with malodorous stools, stunted growth, occasional abdominal cramps, and an itchy rash. His mother says that these symptoms developed approximately 2 years ago. The patient was exclusively breastfed up to the age of 7 months. Supplementary feeding was started with non-starchy vegetable followed by starchy vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, and bread. Bread and cookies were the last product to be introduced at the age of 12 months. The patient’s mother tried to withdraw dairy products from the patient’s diet because she heard that lactose can cause such symptoms, but it did not help. The patient’s vital signs include: blood pressure 90/55 mm Hg, heart rate 101/min, respiratory rate 19/min, and temperature 36.3℃ (97.3℉). His weight is 11 kg (24.2 lb, -2 SD) and height is 90 cm (2 ft 11 in, -1 SD). On physical examination, the patient’s skin is pale with a papulovesicular rash on his abdomen and back. There are a few aphthous ulcers in the oral cavity. The abdomen is distended but no tenderness to palpation. No hepatosplenomegaly. An immunological assay is performed and shows positive anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysial antibodies. Which of the following changes would you most likely expect to see on intestinal biopsy in this patient? Options: A. Granulomas in the submucous tissue B. Crypt abscesses C. Villous atrophy and crypt hypertrophy D. Mucosal eosinophilia E. Villous hyperplasia The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1112

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: An 18-year-old patient is visiting the pediatrician with her mother for her annual exam before college starts. Her height and weight are appropriate for her age, and she is up to date on all her vaccinations and has no medical complaints. She is doing well in school and has a part-time job stocking shelves at a clothing store. She was offered a higher-paying job as a cashier at the store, but she declined. She is very shy and withdrawn with the physician. Afterwards, her mother asks to speak to the physician alone and expresses concern that her daughter is very socially isolated and feels lonely. She is also worried that her daughter is extremely sensitive to criticism, even from family. The daughter is interested in art and music, but hasn’t participated in any extracurriculars because she says that she is untalented and thinks nobody wants to hang out with her. When her mother has encouraged her to invite friends over, the daughter bursts into tears and says, “Nobody wants to be friends with me, I am too lame and ugly and I just know I’ll end up getting rejected.” Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the daughter’s behavior? Options: A. Schizotypal personality disorder B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Avoidant personality disorder D. Paranoid personality disorder E. Dependent personality disorder The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1113

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 15-year-old girl comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of genital lesions. She has no history of serious illness. She is sexually active with 2 male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pelvic examination shows multiple hyperkeratotic exophytic papules over the vulva. The lesions turn white on application of 3% acetic acid. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition? Options: A. Condoms B. Anti-HIV prophylaxis C. Spermicidal foam D. Famciclovir therapy E. Vaccination The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1114

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 48-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Two weeks ago, while visiting Guatemala, she had an emergency appendectomy under general inhalational anesthesia. During the surgery, she received a transfusion of 1 unit of packed red blood cells. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F) and blood pressure is 138/76 mm Hg. Examination shows jaundice and tender hepatomegaly. Serum studies show: Alkaline phosphatase 102 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase 760 U/L Bilirubin Total 3.8 mg/dL Direct 3.1 mg/dL Anti-HAV IgG positive Anti-HAV IgM negative Anti-HBs positive HBsAg negative Anti-HCV antibodies negative Abdominal ultrasonography shows an enlarged liver. A biopsy of the liver shows massive centrilobular necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?"? Options: A. Acalculous inflammation of the gallbladder B. Virus-mediated hepatocellular injury C. Trauma to the bile duct D. Adverse effect of anesthetic E. Gram-negative bacteria in the bloodstream The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1115

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 10-year-old African American girl with known sickle cell disease becomes acutely anemic in the setting of underlying infection. Her mother denies any previous history of blood clots in her past, but she says that her mother has also had to be treated for pulmonary embolism in the recent past. The patient’s past medical history is significant for a few episodes of acute pain crisis and a need for splenectomy 3 years ago. The vital signs upon arrival include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 106/74 mm Hg, heart rate 111/min and regular, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, her pulses are bounding and fingernails are pale, but breath sounds remain clear. Oxygen saturation was initially 91% on room air and electrocardiogram (ECG) shows sinus tachycardia. A blood transfusion is initiated. Shortly after the transfusion has begun, the patient experiences fevers, chills, a burning sensation at the intravenous (IV) site, and sudden hypotension. What is the name of this reaction, and what is the best treatment? Options: A. Minor allergic reaction; administer antihistamines B. Nonhemolytic febrile reaction; administer antihistamines C. Minor allergic reaction; discontinue transfusion D. Hemolytic transfusion reaction; administer antihistamines E. Hemolytic transfusion reaction; discontinue transfusion The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1116

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician because of severe muscle and joint pain for 5 months. The pain varies in location and intensity. She also has joint stiffness in the morning and reports fatigue throughout the day that she attributes to not sleeping well. She reports a tingling sensation in her lower limbs. Her bowel habits are unchanged but she often feels bloated. She has primary hypertension and occasional migraine headaches. She does not smoke or consume alcohol. Her medications include propranolol and sumatriptan. She appears healthy. Examination shows symmetric muscular tenderness at the base of the neck, over the shoulders, and in the lumbosacral area. Strength and deep tendon reflexes are normal. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 14.3 g/dL Leukocyte count 9300/mm3 Platelet count 230,000/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume 85 μm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 12 mm/h Serum Glucose 92 mg/dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL TSH 3.1 μU/mL Urinalysis is within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for this patient?"? Options: A. Bupropion B. Temazepam C. Vitamin B12 D. Amitriptyline E. Methotrexate " The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1117

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 68-year-old man presents with difficulty breathing for the last 3 hours. Upon asking about other symptoms, he mentions that he had a cough for the last 4 months which he attributes to his smoking. He says he had frequent nasal stuffiness and headaches over the last 3 months, for which he takes over-the-counter cold medications and analgesics. Over the last 2 months, he often felt that his face was mildly swollen, especially in the morning hours, but he did not consider it to be anything serious. No significant past medical history. He reports a 20-pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F), pulse is 96/min, blood pressure is 108/78 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 24/min. On physical examination, auscultation of the chest reveals rhonchi and crepitus over the right lung. The remainder of the exam is unremarkable. A chest radiograph reveals a mass in the middle lobe of the right lung. Which of the following clinical signs would most likely be present in this patient? Options: A. Bilateral pedal edema B. Distended veins over lower abdomen C. Papilledema D. Positive Adson test E. Sensory loss over the ulnar aspect of right forearm and right hand The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1118

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 40-year-old obese man with a history of diabetes and chronic kidney disease presents with one day of excruciating pain, swelling, and redness in his greater toe. He denies any inciting trauma or similar prior episodes. Vital signs are stable. On examination, the right first toe is grossly erythematous and edematous, with range of motion limited due to pain. Deposition of which of the following is associated with the most likely underlying joint disorder? Options: A. Cholesterol B. Calcium phosphate C. Calcium oxalate D. Monosodium urate E. Copper The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1119

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: An obese 42-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a complaint of left knee pain for the past 3 months. She describes the pain as affecting the inside part of the knee as well as the front of her knee, below the kneecap. She denies any inciting injury or trauma to the knee but reports that the pain is worse when she is climbing up stairs or rising from a chair. Physical examination is significant for localized tenderness to palpation over the left anteromedial proximal tibia, 6 cm inferior to the joint line. There is no joint effusion noted. Valgus stress testing is negative for any pain or instability of the knee joint. Radiographs of the left knee are obtained and reveal only mild arthritis, without evidence of any fractures or bony lesions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? Options: A. Stress fracture of proximal tibia B. Medial meniscus tear C. Medical collateral ligament (MCL) sprain D. Pes anserine bursitis E. Patellar tendonitis The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1120

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician’s office with concerns about a recent pregnancy. She and her boyfriend had intercourse for the first time a few weeks ago. Two weeks ago she missed her menstrual period. She took several over the counter pregnancy tests that confirmed her pregnancy. She is tearful about the pregnancy and is very concerned. After extensive conversations with her physician and counseling, she decides she wants to medically abort her 6-week pregnancy. Which of the following drugs should be administered to this patient for this purpose? Options: A. Megestrol B. Tamoxifen C. Terbutaline D. Mifepristone E. Copper intrauterine device The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1121

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of periodic painful double vision for 3 days. Her symptoms occur only when looking sideways. She has myopia and has been wearing corrective lenses for 10 years. Ten days ago, she lost her balance and fell off her bike, for which she went to a hospital. A CT scan of the head at that time showed no abnormalities and she was released without further treatment. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Her vital signs are within normal limits. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. Her best corrected visual acuity is 20/40 in each eye. She has an adduction deficit in the right eye and nystagmus in the left eye when looking left; she has an adduction deficit in the left eye and nystagmus in the right eye when looking right. Fundoscopy reveals bilateral disc hyperemia. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's findings? Options: A. Demyelination of the medial longitudinal fasciculus B. Compressive tumor of the pons C. Oxidative damage due to thiamine deficiency D. Subdural hematoma extending into the orbit E. Infarction of the brainstem The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1122

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 63-year-old man presents to the clinic for left calf pain when walking a distance of more than 200 m. He has had this pain for more than 8 months now, and he rates it as 7 out of 10. The pain subsides with rest. The patient has had a history of diabetes mellitus for the past 2 years which is well controlled. A percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 2014. His current medications are insulin and aspirin. Family history is significant for coronary artery disease. He has an 80 pack-year history of smoking and currently smokes. He consumes 4 drinks per day of alcohol. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 144/89 mm Hg, the heart rate is 80/min and regular, the breathing rate is 25/min, and the pulse oximetry is 96%. Normal cardiac and lung sounds were heard on auscultation. Which of the following is the appropriate treatment to improve the patient’s symptoms? Options: A. Cilostazol B. Pentoxifylline C. Femoral embolectomy D. Femoral-to-popliteal bypass graft E. Interventional endovascular treatment The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1123

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 72-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of frequent headaches, double vision, fatigue, and myalgias. Physical examination shows pallor, tenderness to palpation over the temples, and inward deviation of the left eye. Laboratory studies show an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 65 mm/h. Temporal artery biopsy shows transmural granulomatous inflammation and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. Treatment with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids is begun. The patient's condition puts her at greatest risk of developing which of the following complications? Options: A. Pulmonary hypertension B. Lower extremity gangrene C. Palpable purpura D. Posterior uveitis E. Thoracic aortic aneurysm The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1124

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of yellow vaginal discharge, pruritus, and pain with urination for the past 6 days. Three weeks ago, she had an episode of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis that was treated with a 10-day course of amoxicillin. She has been sexually active with multiple male partners over the past year and uses condoms inconsistently; she has been taking an oral contraceptive for the past 2 years. She has no previous history of serious illness or sexually transmitted diseases. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 122/82 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows erythema of the vulva and vagina and foul-smelling, frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge. The pH of the discharge is 5.8. Bimanual examination is unremarkable. Further evaluation of this patient's vaginal discharge is most likely to show which of the following findings? Options: A. Obligate intracellular organisms B. Gram-negative diplococci C. Positive whiff test D. Pseudohyphae E. Flagellated protozoa The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1125

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 15-year-old female presents to her pediatrician’s office for severe menstrual cramping. The patient underwent menarche at age 11, and her periods were irregular every 2-3 months for two years. After that, her cycles became roughly regular every 28-35 days, but she has had extremely painful cramps and often has to miss school. The cramps are intermittent and feel like a dull ache in the center of her abdomen, and there is usually accompanying back pain. The patient has been using heating pads with limited relief. She reports some periods being “really heavy” and requires a superabsorbent pad every 6 hours for 2 days each cycle, but this does not limit her activities. She denies any bowel or bladder changes. The patient had normal development throughout childhood, is on the soccer team at school, and is not sexually active. Her father has hypertension and her mother has endometriosis and heavy periods. On exam, the patient is 5 feet 5 inches and weighs 158 pounds (BMI 26.3 kg/m^2). She is well appearing and has no abdominal tenderness. She has Tanner IV breasts and Tanner IV pubic hair, and external genitalia are normal. Which of the following is the best next step for this patient’s menstrual cramps? Options: A. Von Willebrand factor antigen assay B. Pelvic ultrasound C. MRI of the pelvis D. NSAIDs E. Increased exercise The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1126

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 34-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision in which she was the restrained driver. On arrival, she has a cervical collar in place and is unresponsive. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 131/76 mm Hg. Her pupils are dilated and not reactive to light. She is unresponsive to noxious stimuli. She is intubated, and mechanical ventilation is begun. Serum concentrations of electrolytes, urea nitrogen, and creatinine are within the reference range. Toxicology screening is negative. A CT scan of the head without contrast shows a massive intracranial bleed and a cervical spine injury at the level of C3. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosing brain death? Options: A. Electroencephalography B. Magnetic resonance angiography C. Deep tendon reflex testing D. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography E. Corneal reflex test The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1127

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A previously healthy 17-year-old female college student comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of fever, chills, and severe headache. Her temperature is 39.4°C (103°F). Physical examination shows nuchal rigidity and photophobia. Blood cultures are obtained and a lumbar puncture is performed. A Gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid shows gram-negative cocci in pairs. Which of the following virulence factors was most likely involved in the initial step of this patient's infection? Options: A. Protein A B. Lipooligosaccharides C. Adhesive pili D. Biofilm formation E. Polysaccharide capsule The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1128

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 74-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care ward due to progressive dyspnea, cough with pink sputum, and diaphoresis. He had 2 myocardial infarctions at the age of 66 and 69 years and suffers from chronic heart failure. At the time of presentation, his vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, heart rate 108/min, respiratory rate 29/min, and temperature 35.5°C (95.9°F). On physical examination, the patient sits upright. He is lethargic and cyanotic. Lung auscultation reveals widespread bilateral fine rales. Cardiac examination is significant for S3, accentuation of the pulmonic component of S2, and a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart. Soon after hospitalization, the patient develops ventricular fibrillation and dies despite adequate resuscitation measures. Which microscopic finding would you expect to see in this patient on autopsy? Options: A. Brownish inclusions in the pulmonary macrophages on H&E staining B. Areas with 'ghost cells' surrounded by macrophages in the cardiac tissue C. Positive Prussian-blue staining of the kidney tissue D. Ground-glass hepatocytes E. Positive Congo-red staining of the cardiac tissue The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1129

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: Please refer to the summary above to answer this question A cardiologist at another institution is trying to replicate the table in the abstract with a very similar study that he is conducting. After collecting data on changes in plaque volume, LDL-C levels, FEV1/FVC ratio, and ACQ scores from baseline to 12-month follow-up, he is curious if the changes in the aforementioned measurements are statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate statistical method to compare the groups?" "Impact of pulmharkimab on asthma control and cardiovascular disease progression in patients with coronary artery disease and comorbid asthma Introduction: Active asthma has been found to be associated with a more than two-fold increase in the risk of myocardial infarction, even after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. It has been suggested that the inflammatory mediators and accelerated atherosclerosis characterizing systemic inflammation may increase the risk of both asthma and cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated the efficacy of the novel IL-1 inhibitor pulmharkimab in improving asthma and cardiovascular disease progression. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, patients (N=1200) with a history of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction in the past 2 years, and a diagnosis of comorbid adult-onset asthma were recruited from cardiology clinics at a large academic medical center in Philadelphia, PA. Patients who were immunocompromised or had a history of recurrent infections were excluded. Patients were subsequently randomly assigned a 12-month course of pulmharkimab 75 mg/day, pulmharkimab 150 mg/day, or a placebo, with each group containing 400 participants. All participants were included in analysis and analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized regardless of medication adherence. Variables measured included plaque volume, serum LDL-C levels, FEV1/FVC ratio, and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scores, which quantified the severity of asthma symptoms. Plaque volume was determined by ultrasound. Analyses were performed from baseline to month 12. Results: At baseline, participants in the two groups did not differ by age, gender, race, plaque volume, serum LDL-C levels, FEV1/FVC ratio, and ACQ scores (p > 0.05 for all). A total of 215 participants (18%) were lost to follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, the groups contained the following numbers of participants: Pulmharkimab 75 mg/d: 388 participants Pulmharkimab 150 mg/d: 202 participants Placebo: 395 participants Table 1: Association between pulmharkimab and both pulmonary and cardiovascular outcomes. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables and medical comorbidities. All outcome variables were approximately normally distributed. Pulmharkimab 75 mg/d, (Mean +/- 2 SE) Pulmharkimab 150 mg/d, (Mean +/- 2 SE) Placebo, (Mean +/- 2 SE) P-value Plaque volume (mm3), change from baseline 6.6 ± 2.8 1.2 ± 4.7 15.8 ± 2.9 < 0.01 LDL-C levels, change from baseline -9.4 ± 3.6 -11.2 ± 14.3 -8.4 ± 3.9 0.28 FEV1/FVC ratio, change from baseline 0.29 ± 2.21 0.34 ± 5.54 -0.22 ± 3.21 0.27 ACQ scores, change from baseline 0.31 ± 1.22 0.46 ± 3.25 0.12 ± 1.33 0.43 Conclusion: Pulmharkimab may be effective in reducing plaque volume but does not lead to improved asthma control in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and comorbid asthma. Source of funding: Southeast Institute for Advanced Lung and Cardiovascular Studies, American Center for Advancement of Cardiovascular Health"? Options: A. Pearson correlation analysis B. Chi-square test C. Analysis of variance D. Meta-analysis E. Kaplan-Meier analysis The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1130

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of intermittent episodes of heart palpitations for 3 weeks. The palpitations are accompanied by chest pain that is sharp and localized to the left 3rd intercostal space. The patient does not smoke. She drinks one to two glasses of wine on the weekends. She appears nervous. Her pulse is 110/min and irregularly irregular, and blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg. Examination shows a fine tremor on both hands and digital swelling. There is retraction of the left upper eyelid. A systolic ejection murmur is heard along the right upper sternal border. The extremities are warm, and pulses are 2+ bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? Options: A. Propranolol B. Digoxin C. Amiodarone D. Warfarin E. Diltiazem The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1131

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 78-year-old right-handed man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter for sudden onset speech changes. The patient lives with his daughter and was chatting with her when suddenly his speech became distorted with random and disconnected words that made no sense. He seems to be physically frustrated that no one understands him. Physical examination demonstrates weakness of the right arm. Damage to which location would best explain this patient’s symptoms? Options: A. Left frontal lobe B. Left internal capsule C. Left temporal lobe D. Right frontal lobe E. Right temporal lobe The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1132

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 68-year-old woman presents with an intermittent throbbing headache with an onset approximately 3 weeks ago. The pain is bilateral, “band-like,” and extends to the neck. The patient rates the 4 points out of 10 on a visual scale. The headache is not accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia, and is not aggravated by movements, but gets worse when the patient coughs or laughs. The headache has persisted throughout the day and is usually worse in the morning an hour after she has breakfast and taken her medications. The patient was diagnosed with stage 1 arterial hypertension 2 years ago and stable angina pectoris 3 weeks ago. Currently, she takes aspirin (81 mg once daily), rosuvastatin (10 mg once daily), lisinopril (20 mg once daily), and isosorbide mononitrate (60 mg once daily). She has been menopausal for the last 15 years. In addition to her chief complaint, she also notes that she had a runny nose with a temperature elevation approximately 3 weeks ago, and her headache was linked to that acute illness. The vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 135/80 mm Hg, heart rate 76/min, respiratory rate 14/min, and temperature 36.5℃ (97.7℉). The physical examination reveals S2 accentuation that is best heard in the second intercostal space at the right sternal border. Palpation of the paranasal sinuses is painless. The neurologic exam shows no focal symptoms, no pain on palpation of the trigeminal points, and no meningeal symptoms. What is the most likely mechanism underlying the patient’s headaches? Options: A. Meningeal irritation by blood products originating from a chronic subdural hematoma B. Dissection of an intracerebral vessel C. Pressure created by the content of the paranasal sinuses D. Meningeal irritation by a growing intracranial neoplasm E. Dilation of the intracerebral arterioles The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1133

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 31-year-old male comes to your office for his annual exam. He states that he received all of his recommended vaccinations prior to beginning college, but has not had any vaccines in the past 13 years. His medical history is significant for intermittent, exercise-induced asthma. He has been sexually active in the past with multiple female partners. In addition to an influenza vaccine, which vaccine should be administered to this patient during this visit? Options: A. Pneumococcal vaccine B. Meningococcal vaccine C. Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis booster (Tdap) vaccine D. Haemophilus influenza B (HIB) vaccine E. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1134

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 2-week history of a foot ulcer. She says that she punctured her foot with a rusty nail while she was playing tennis and that the puncture wound has since progressed to a non-healing ulcer. Over the last 2 days, she has also been experiencing a fever and drainage from the wound. On presentation, she is found to have a slightly fruity smelling red ulcer with purulent drainage. Probing the ulcer goes all the way down to bone. Which of the following characteristics is true of the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? Options: A. Gram-negative bacilli B. Gram-negative diplococci C. Gram-positive bacilli D. Gram-positive cocci in chains E. Gram-positive cocci in clusters The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1135

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of anorexia, nausea, upper abdominal pain, and dark-colored urine. He recently returned from a trip to Belize. His temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). Physical examination shows scleral icterus and tender hepatomegaly. Serum studies show markedly elevated transaminases and anti-hepatitis A virus antibodies. In this patient, infected cells express more MHC class I molecules on their surfaces. This cellular event is primarily induced by a molecule that is also responsible for which of the following changes? Options: A. Upregulated expression of exogenously synthesized antigens B. Enhanced macrophage phagocytic function C. Differentiation of T cells into TH1 cells D. Activation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 E. Increased breakdown of intracellular RNA The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1136

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 42-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive fatigue and shortness of breath for 1 month. He has been unable to practice with his recreational soccer team and has had to rest frequently when walking to work. His only medication is ibuprofen for joint pain. Physical examination shows tanned skin. There is tenderness to palpation and stiffness of the metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands. Pulmonary examination shows coarse crackles in both lung fields. The liver is palpated 4 cm below the right costal margin. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing is most likely to be positive for which of the following? Options: A. HLA-B27 B. HLA-DR3 C. HLA-DR4 D. HLA-B8 E. HLA-A3 The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1137

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 32-year-old Caucasian woman is referred to a gastroenterologist by her family physician for 8 months of abdominal pain, foul-smelling diarrhea with floating, bulky stools, weight loss, and macrocytic anemia. Her personal history is relevant for allergic rhinitis. Physical examination shows grouped, erythematous papulovesicular lesions on her arms, torso, and abdomen. Which of the following is the most appropriate approach for the management of this patient? Options: A. Amitriptyline B. Octreotide C. Lactose-free diet D. Gluten-free diet E. Methysergide maleate The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1138

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 62-year-old woman with small-cell lung cancer comes to the physician because of a painful, burning red rash on her face and hands that developed 30 minutes after going outside to do garden work. She wore a long-sleeved shirt and was exposed to direct sunlight for about 10 minutes. The patient is light-skinned and has a history of occasional sunburns when she does not apply sunscreen. Current medications include demeclocycline for malignancy-associated hyponatremia and amoxicillin for sinusitis. Physical examination shows prominent erythema and a papular eruption on her forehead, cheeks, neck, and the dorsum of both hands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? Options: A. Degranulation of presensitized mast cells B. Formation of drug-induced autoantibodies C. Lymphocyte-mediated allergic reaction D. Accumulation of porphobilinogen E. Cell injury due to drug metabolites The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1139

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found outside in the middle of a blizzard. On presentation, he is conscious but does not know where he is nor how he got there. His wife is contacted and says that he has been getting increasingly confused over the past 6 weeks. This progressed from misplacing objects to getting lost in places that he knew how to navigate previously. Most worryingly, he has recently started forgetting the names of their children. In addition to these memory changes, she says that he now has rapid jerky movements of his extremities as well as coordination and balance problems. Finally, he has become extremely paranoid about government surveillance and has had hallucinations about secret agents in their house. His previous medical history is significant for a previous car crash in which the patient required internal fixation of a femur fracture and a corneal transplant for corneal degeneration. Otherwise he had no neurologic deficits prior to 6 weeks ago. Physical exam reveals myoclonus and ataxia. Which of the following is true of the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? Options: A. Can be transmitted on medical equipment even after autoclaving instruments B. Contains genetic material but is unable to survive independent from a host C. Has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan D. Associated with longstanding hypertension E. Leads to intracellular aggregations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1140

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 5-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician due to sore throat and fever. He was in his usual state of health until 3 days ago when he began to complain of a sore throat as well as general malaise. The patient's past medical history reveals recurrent upper respiratory infections but no skin or soft tissue infections. The child had cardiac surgery as an infant but has otherwise been healthy. On presentation, his temperature is 100°F (37.8 °C), blood pressure is 115/72 mmHg, pulse is 65/min, and respirations are 22/min. Physical exam shows white plaques on the tongue and mouth. A scraping of this material reveals a characteristic morphology after being treated with KOH. Serum protein electrophoresis shows a normal distribution of bands from this patient. Which of the following findings would most likely be found in this patient? Options: A. Abnormal expression of autoimmune regulator (AIRE) B. Delayed separation of the umbilical cord C. Hypoparathyroidism D. Partial albinism E. Thrombocytopenic purpura The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1141

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician for sleeping problems and the inability to concentrate for 3 months. She says she is worried because she and her husband have been trying to conceive for more than a year with no success. Conception by in vitro fertilization was attempted once 3 months ago but was unsuccessful. Analysis of her husband's semen has shown normal sperm counts and morphology. She has a 6-year-old daughter who was born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. She has no history of severe illness and tries to stay healthy by going to the gym an hour per day. Her menses occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 5 to 6 days; her last menstrual period started 2 days ago. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's inability to conceive? Options: A. Pelvic inflammatory disease B. Asherman's syndrome C. Diminished ovarian reserve D. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism E. Premature ovarian failure The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1142

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 25-year-old female is brought to the emergency department by her family. They found her somnolent next to her computer and scattered pill bottles over two hours ago. The family cannot recall the types of pill bottles that they found and did not bring them to the ED. The patient's past medical history is notable for anxiety, obesity, hypertension, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. She is currently not on any medications other than an exercise program with which she is non-compliant. A physical exam is performed and is within normal limits. The patient begins communicating with the physician and states that she did take acetaminophen but it was only a few pills. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 82/min, blood pressure is 125/85 mmHg, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Which of the following is the next best step in management? Options: A. N-acetylcysteine B. Blood acetaminophen levels C. Charcoal D. IV fluids E. Syrup of ipecac The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1143

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old man and his wife come to the physician for preconception genetic counseling. The patient and his wife are asymptomatic and have no history of serious illness. The patient's older brother died at age 13 from heart failure and his 6-year-old nephew currently has severe muscle weakness. Genetic testing in the patient's family shows that his mother is not a carrier of the mutation that is responsible for the disease in his relatives. A pedigree chart of the patient's family is shown. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the patient not being affected? Options: A. Variable expressivity B. Maternal uniparental disomy C. Gonadal mosaicism D. Dominant negative mutation E. Incomplete penetrance The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1144

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 58-year-old Caucasian female presents to her primary care physician with concerns about several recent health changes. The patient has recently gained weight and can't seem to exercise like she used to. She also notes that her thinking seems slow. Physical examination shows thickened, dry skin. Serum analysis confirms the physician's suspicions. Which of the following findings was most helpful in the diagnosis? Options: A. High T4 and T3 B. Low T4 and T3 C. High TSH D. Hypercholesterolemia E. Low TSH The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1145

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 33-year-old woman at 17-weeks gestation comes to the physician for evaluation of a painless mass in the right breast for the last 3 weeks that has not increased in size. Physical examination shows dense breasts and a 2.5-cm rubbery, mobile mass that is nontender in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. A biopsy of the mass shows rounded contour with overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissue. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Fibroadenoma B. Normal pregnancy-related changes C. Fibrocystic changes of the breast D. Fat necrosis E. Phyllodes tumor The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1146

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old male presents for emergency surgery to reattach his left arm, severed during a high-speed car accident, and has lost significant amounts of blood. His wife arrives within minutes to the hospital exclaiming that under no circumstance should he receive any blood transfusions during surgery. After reviewing his medical chart, you see also see an annotation indicating no blood transfusions for religious reasons. Knowing that he needs a blood transfusion to save his life, what do you do? Options: A. Administer a blood transfusion to save the patient's life B. Call the ethics board of the hospital to discuss the issue C. Respect the patient's written instructions and do not adminster a blood transfusion D. Convince the wife to administer a blood transfusion to her husband E. Refuse to treat the patient as he will die without a blood transfusion The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1147

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: The parents of a 14-year-old patient are concerned and have questions about the use of insulin for their son’s recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The patient has developed an upper respiratory infection while at school. He is coughing and has a runny nose. His temperature is 37.8° C (100.2° F) and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following modifications to his insulin regimen would you recommend to this patient and his parents? Options: A. Increase the frequency of blood glucose checks. B. Reduce the insulin dose. C. Continue same regimen. D. Hold insulin until the patient gets better. E. Increase the insulin dose to double. The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1148

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A researcher evaluates healthy breast tissue from 100 women, 50 women that were pregnant at the time of the study and 50 age-matched non-pregnant women. The breast tissue in pregnant women contained an increased number of acinar glands with epithelial proliferation compared to the non-pregnant women. Which process caused this change? Options: A. Hyperplasia B. Hypertrophy C. Atrophy D. Metaplasia E. Dysplasia The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1149

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 21-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. His mother noticed deformities in both of his legs since he started walking independently. He has been healthy apart from an upper respiratory tract infection 6 months ago. He was delivered at 38 weeks' gestation. His 6-year-old sister was treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip. He can kick a ball and say a 2-word phrase. He plays well with other children at his day care. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 40th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows closed anterior and posterior fontanelles. The knees do not stay together when both the feet and ankles are placed together. The gait is unremarkable. The mother is concerned that he has a growth disorder. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? Options: A. Vitamin D supplementation B. Reassurance and follow-up C. X-ray of the lower extremities D. Bracing of the lower extremities E. Tibial osteotomy The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1150

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 30-year-old woman presents to an outpatient clinic for a scheduled gynecologic check-up. The patient appears well and has no specific complaints. She is current with her Pap smears, all of which have been normal. Her menstrual periods are regular and usually last 3–4 days. She denies any recent travel or a history of trauma. The patient has not been sexually active for the past 2 months. She smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day and drinks alcohol occasionally, but has never used illicit drugs. The pelvic examination reveals a small, firm, non-tender, immobile cystic mass at the edge of the exocervical os with a yellow hue. The patient is otherwise asymptomatic and has no other complaints. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the next best step in management? Options: A. No further intervention B. Electrocautery and cryofreezing C. Colposcopy and biopsy D. Administration of oral contraceptives E. Administration of antibiotics The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1151

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 1900-g (4-lb 3-oz) newborn is delivered at term to a 36-year-old primigravid woman. Pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. Apgar scores are 7 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He is at the 2nd percentile for head circumference and 15th percentile for length. Examination shows a prominent posterior part of the head. The ears are low-set and the jaw is small and retracted. The fists are clenched, with overlapping second and third fingers. The calcaneal bones are prominent and the plantar surface of the foot shows a convex deformity. Abdominal examination shows an omphalocele. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings? Options: A. Cataracts B. Ventricular septal defect C. Ebstein's anomaly D. Pheochromocytoma E. Holoprosencephaly The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1152

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 51-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of fatigue, weight loss, and intermittent fevers for the past 6 months. He has had sexual intercourse with multiple men and women over the past year and does not use barrier protection. His last screen for sexually transmitted diseases was 10 years ago and was normal. His past medical history is notable for well-controlled asthma. He was involved in a motorcycle accident 2 years ago and suffered multiple fractured bones in his upper and lower extremities, all of which have healed. He has a distant history of cocaine abuse. He drinks 5-6 glasses of wine per week. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, he appears cachectic but is pleasant and appropriately interactive. An HIV differentiation assay and follow-up Western blot are performed and are positive. The patient is started on tenofovir, abacavir, and efavirenz. However, the patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, so the decision is made to replace this medication with ritonavir. Which of the following adverse effects is this patient at greatest risk for as a result of this change in medication regimen? Options: A. Hepatotoxicity B. Lipodystrophy C. Megaloblastic anemia D. Myelosuppression E. Peripheral neuropathy The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1153

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of increased fatigue and back pain for the past year. His symptoms are progressively getting worse over the past few months despite adequate rest and trial of over the counter analgesics. His back pain is constant and non-radiating in nature. He denies any trauma to his back. His past medical history is insignificant. On examination, there is mild tenderness over the lumbar region in the midline with an absence of paraspinal muscle tenderness. Straight leg raise test is negative. His skin and conjunctiva appear pale. The physician orders basic blood work. His results are provided below. Complete blood count RBC 4.9 million cells/µL Hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL Hematocrit 41% Total leukocyte count 6,800 cells/µL Neutrophils 70% Lymphocyte 26% Monocytes 3% Eosinophil 1% Basophils 0% Platelets 230,000 cells/µL Basic Metabolic Panel Sodium 136 mEq/L Potassium 5.1 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Bicarbonate 24 mEq/L Albumin 3.6 mg/ dL Urea nitrogen 31 mg/dL Creatinine 2.7 mg/dL Uric Acid 6.7 mg/dL Calcium 12.1 mg/dL Glucose 105 mg/dL Urinalysis shows proteinuria without any RBCs or pus cells. The patient’s proteinuria best fits in which of the following category? Options: A. Overflow proteinuria B. Transient (functional) proteinuria C. Tubular proteinuria D. Orthostatic proteinuria E. Isolated proteinuria The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1154

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 68-year-old postmenopausal woman presents to the clinic for a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. The patient states that she has mild joint pain, which she attributes to osteoarthritis, but she notes no recent fractures. She says that her mother had osteoporosis and she is concerned that she may develop it as well. She takes calcium and vitamin D supplements daily. After review of her DEXA scan, her physician states that she has osteopenia. Which of the following is this patient’s most likely DEXA scan result? Options: A. T-score of 1.2 B. T-score of -0.8 C. Z-score of -2.0 D. T-score of -1.6 E. T-score of -2.7 The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1155

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: An investigator is studying the growth pattern of a particular bacterial strain that caused a respiratory disease outbreak in children in rural Venezuela. The bacteria are found to be able to grow in a specialized culture that contains sheep blood, cystine, and potassium tellurite; the colonies are black and have a shining surface. The isolated bacteria are most likely which of the following? Options: A. Legionella pneumophila B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis C. Haemophilus influenzae D. Bordetella pertussis E. Corynebacterium diphtheriae The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1156

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 7-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue, weakness, and difficulty feeding. He was delivered at term to a 32-year-old woman. He is not able to sit upright on his own. He is at the 75th percentile for height and 25th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37.7°C (99.8°F), blood pressure is 110/68 mm Hg, pulse is 150/min, and respirations are 50/min. His tongue protrudes beyond the teeth. Neck veins are distended. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows an S3 gallop. The liver is palpated 2 cm below the right costal margin. Neurologic examination shows profound weakness in proximal and distal muscles of the upper and lower extremities. He has 2+ reflexes bilaterally. A chest x-ray shows cardiomegaly. Serum glucose is 105 mg/dL. Which of the following is the enzyme most likely to be defective in this patient? Options: A. Muscle glycogen phosphorylase B. Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase C. Lysosomal acid maltase D. Glucose-6-phosphatase E. Glycogen debranching enzyme The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1157

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is admitted to the hospital to undergo allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Two weeks after the conditioning regimen is started, he develops a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F). Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8 g/dL Leukocyte count 1400/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 20% Eosinophils 0.5% Lymphocytes 87% Monocytes 1% Platelet count 110,000/mm3 Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?"? Options: A. Alkylating chemotherapeutic agent B. Transforming growth factor-β C. Erythropoietin D. Interleukin-5 E. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1158

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old female is brought to the emergency department by police when she attacked her date outside of a pizza restaurant. The patient refused to explain her behavior to the police. She seemed to be responding to internal stimuli when being initially interviewed. The patient has a past medical history of depression, anxiety, and obesity. The patient has a known history of medication non-compliance. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 112/min, blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam the patient is poorly kempt and has an odd body odor. Inspection of her oropharynx reveals multiple ulcers. Cardiac exam is unrevealing with the exception of a friction rub. Since the incident, the patient has calmed down and is currently resting. She is no longer responding to internal stimuli and is more cooperative. Lab values are obtained and are below. Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 70 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.7 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.0 mg/dL Mg2+: 1.5 mEq/L Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 35% Reticulocyte count: 4.9% Platelet count: 275,000/mm^3 Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 Which of the following is the next best step in management for this patient's underlying condition? Options: A. IM haloperidol B. Haloperidol depot C. Clozapine D. Urine toxicology E. ANA and anti-dsDNA levels The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1159

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of fever, abdominal pain, and rapidly progressive distension of the abdomen. His appendix was removed for an abscess 3 days ago. The complete blood count showed leukocytosis. Anaerobic culture of the peritoneal fluid needle aspirate showed a gram-negative pathogen. Which of the following, in addition to polymicrobial infection, is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition? Options: A. Bacteroides fragilis B. Campylobacter jejuni C. Clostridium perfringens D. Salmonella serotype typhi E. Shigella sonnei The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1160

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 31-year-old female patient presents with significant swelling and redness of her fingers that is causing her significant pain. Her right knee has also been stiff and slightly swollen for the past 6 weeks. She is overall fatigued and has difficulty moving around but has not sought medical attention until now. On physical examination, the distal interphalangeal joints are swollen, warm, and painful; her nails are pitted and cracked. There are also rough, erythematous skin patches seen over her elbows which have been present for the last few months. She reports that herer father has a similar condition. They both use hydrating creams and topical glucocorticoids with moderate benefit. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Gout B. Reactive arthritis C. Psoriatic arthritis D. Enteropathic arthropathies E. Dermatomyositis The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1161

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 44-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been having fever, chest pain, and cough for the last several weeks. She presented to the physician because she discovered blood in her sputum after coughing. She recently returned from a year of traveling abroad, but has otherwise been healthy. Based on clinical suspicion, an acid fast stain is performed showing the causative organism, and she is started on appropriate therapy. Two weeks later, she returns with a skin rash, diarrhea, and confusion, and is given a factor to take in addition to the medications previously prescribed. Which of the following is a characteristic of the factor that was most likely provided? Options: A. Required for collagen hydroxylation B. Required for dehydrogenase enzymes C. Required for methionine processing D. Required for methylmalonyl-CoA processing E. Required for transketolase function The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1162

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 51-year-old Asian woman presents to her primary care provider with abdominal pain. On examination, she is found to have rebound tenderness in the lower right quadrant of her abdomen. Further workup suggests ovarian cancer, which is confirmed later in the week to be stage 4 with confirmed distant metastases in the lungs and brain. Which of the following routes describes the most likely lymphatic route for this malignancy to have metastasized to the brain? Options: A. Sentinel node - left lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - right bronchomediastinal trunk - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein - systemic circulation B. Sentinel node - left lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein - systemic circulation C. Sentinel node - right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - right bronchomediastinal trunk - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein - systemic circulation D. Sentinel node - right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - right subclavian vein - systemic circulation E. Sentinel node - right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein - systemic circulation The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1163

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 49-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of diarrhea and abdominal bloating. His stools are bulky, foul-smelling, and difficult to flush. Over the past 6 months, he has had recurrent dull epigastric pain that is triggered by meals and lasts for a few days. He drinks 6 to 8 beers daily. Abdominal examination shows mild epigastric tenderness with no rebound or guarding. A CT scan of the abdomen is shown. The structure indicated by the arrows is most likely lined by which of the following? Options: A. Simple ductal epithelium B. Calcified ductal cells C. Granulation tissue D. Pyogenic membrane E. Columnar mucinous epithelium The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1164

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: An 80-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department in a confused state with history of general illness for the past week. He is known to be hypertensive, but noncompliant with medications for the last 20 years. Physical examination reveals dry skin, ecchymoses, and conjunctival pallor. His blood pressure is 180/99 mm Hg, heart rate is 89/min, and respiratory rate is 17/min. The initial laboratory results are remarkable for hemoglobin of 10 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume of 90 μm3, platelet count of 200,000/mm3, blood urea nitrogen of 29 mg/dL, and creatinine of 2.1 mg/dL. Which of the following would be the best initial management for this patient's condition? Options: A. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) B. Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) C. Calcium channel blocker (CCB) D. Beta-blocker (BB) E. Thiazide The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1165

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 4-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents. He presents to the pediatric ward with fever, dyspnea, and cough, which he developed 3 days ago. His mother also reports he had poor weight gain despite a good appetite during the past 2 months as well as frequent stools with an unpleasant smell. He was born at 29 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is meeting all of his milestones and is up to date with all vaccines. The child is breastfed exclusively. His blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, the heart rate is 109/min, the respiratory rate is 29/min, and the temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F). The patient’s weight is between the 5th and 10th percentile. His length is between the 50th and 75th percentile. The patient is sluggish and reacts torpidly to examination. His skin is pale and dry with decreased turgor and elasticity. On auscultation, there are diminished vesicular sounds and disseminated moist rales at the bases of both lungs. Heart sounds are normal. The abdomen is distended without palpable masses. The patient’s blood analysis shows the following findings: Complete blood count Erythrocytes 3.3 x 106/mm3 Hb 12 g/dL Total leukocyte count 17,500/mm3 Neutrophils 59% Lymphocytes 32% Eosinophils 3% Monocytes 6% Basophils 0 Platelet count 232,000/mm3 Sputum culture grows Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A sweat test shows chloride concentration of 85 mEq/L (elevated). Which of the following is involved in the pathogenesis of this patient’s symptoms? Options: A. Neutrophil elastase damages lung tissue due to lack of alpha-1-antitrypsin. B. Abnormal CFTR protein C. Eosinophils infiltrate blood vessel walls. D. Electron transport chain in mitochondria is disrupted due to lack of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. E. Due to mutations in dynein, the ciliary epithelium fails to provide appropriate mucociliary clearance. The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1166

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of worsening grades over the past year. Since she started high school one year ago, her academic performance has decreased. She also has had difficulty finding friends at the new school. She is afraid that her classmates will make fun of her and think that she is “stupid.” One month ago, when she had to give a presentation, she could not stop wondering how her classmates were going to react if she said something wrong. During the presentation, her heart started racing and she became flushed. Since this event, she avoids saying anything in class. She spends her breaks in the restroom because she is worried that nobody will talk to her. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. On mental status examination, the girl avoids eye contact and appears uncomfortable and anxious. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition? Options: A. Clomipramine B. Phenelzine C. Clonazepam D. Fluoxetine E. Propranolol The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1167

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 3-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents because he ‘hasn’t been himself lately’ and reportedly gets tired very easily from his swimming classes in comparison to the other kids. He also ‘can’t catch his breath’ at times. The mother also reports that he seems to be slightly shorter than other children his age. His temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 14/min. On auscultation, a localized harsh pansystolic murmur is heard over the left sternal border at the level of the 2nd–3rd intercostal space. The murmur becomes louder when the patient is asked to squat. An echocardiogram is performed. Which of the structures below gives rise to the defective structure that is causing this patient’s symptoms? Options: A. Aortopulmonary septum B. Endocardial cushion C. Infundibular septum D. 3rd pharyngeal arch E. Rathke’s pouch The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1168

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 26-year-old woman developed rapidly progressive septic shock associated with nuchal rigidity, petechiae, and purpura. She tested positive for both Kernig and Brudzinski's signs and shows signs of confusion, dyspnea, and hypotension. The blood culture results confirmed the presence of Neisseria meningitidis, and a complete blood count (CBC) revealed leukocytosis. Which one of the cytokines below takes part in the pathogenesis of septic shock? Options: A. Tumor necrosis factor-α B. Interleukin-5 C. Interleukin-12 D. Interferon-α E. Interleukin-4 The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1169

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodes of difficulty swallowing for the past 3 months. He feels solid food getting stuck in his chest behind the sternum when he eats. Drinking does not cause any difficulty swallowing. He has no coughing or nasal regurgitation. He has no hoarseness or weight loss. He has had heartburn for 2 years with no response to high-dose omeprazole. His past medical history is also significant for asthma and eczema. He takes no medications except for omeprazole. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormal findings. Which of the following best explains these findings? Options: A. Achalasia B. Diffuse esophageal spasm C. Eosinophilic esophagitis D. Esophageal reflux disease E. Schatzki’s ring The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1170

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. He was at work as a construction worker when his coworkers found him down at the work site. The patient recently underwent anesthesia for an appendectomy several months ago. He also has a past medical history of schizophrenia well controlled with haloperidol and is currently taking phenytoin for epilepsy. He is also currently taking propranolol for anxiety and hyperthyroidism. His temperature is 106°F (41.1°C), blood pressure is 109/62 mmHg, pulse is 170/min, respirations are 23/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an altered man with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 10. He has minimal muscle tone and is incoherent when answering questions. The patient is covered in sweat and dirt. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Exertional heat stroke B. Malignant hyperthermia C. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome D. Status epilepticus E. Thyroid storm The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1171

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 67-year-old man is brought to the hospital by his relatives. He complains of early satiety, abdominal discomfort after food intake, and abdominal bloating. These symptoms have been present since the patient was 52, but they were milder at that time so he paid little attention to them since. Tingling and decreased sensation in both lower extremities began a few months ago. His relatives also note that he has become excessively somnolent and forgetful. The patient’s medical history is significant for acute hepatitis B 20 years ago. He smokes a pack of cigarettes per day and drinks alcohol occasionally. His weight is 61 kg (134.5 lb), height is 181 cm (5 ft 11 in), and BMI is 18.6 kg/m2. His vital signs include: blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate 89/min, respiratory rate 13/min, and temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F). The patient’s skin is pale, thin, dry, and hypoelastic. Lymph nodes and the thyroid gland are not enlarged. Lung and heart examinations are within normal limits for his age. The patient’s tongue is bright red with atrophic papillae. The abdomen is distended and tender to palpation in the epigastric area. Neurological examination shows symmetrical bilateral distal hypoesthesia for all sensations and decreased muscle strength in both upper and lower extremities. On a mini-mental status examination, the patient scores 25. The patient’s blood test results are as follows: Erythrocytes 2.8 x 109/mm3 Hb 8.6 g/dL Ht 37% Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 49.9 pg/cell (3.1 fmol/cell) Mean corpuscular volume 142 µm3 (142 fL) Reticulocyte count 0.3% Total leukocyte count 3,070/mm3 Neutrophils 54% Lymphocyte 32% Eosinophil 3% Monocyte 11% Basophil 0% Platelet count 195,000/mm3 HbA1C 4.3% Fasting plasma glucose 4.6 mmol/l (82.9 mg/dL) Aspartate aminotransferase 22 U/L Alanine aminotransferase 19 U/L Amylase 32 U/L Total bilirubin 32 µmol/L (1.87 mg/dL) Conjugated bilirubin 8 µmol/L (0.4677 mg/L) Which of the following options best explains the patient’s neurological and psychiatric symptoms? Options: A. Chronic bilirubin toxicity B. Chronic hyperglycemia C. Chronic acetaldehyde influence D. Impaired methylation of myelin phospholipids E. Influence of pseudo-neurotransmitters The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1172

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A four-day-old neonate is brought to the pediatrician with vaginal discharge for the last two days. Her mother is concerned about the blood-tinged discharge but states that her daughter has been feeding and voiding well. The neonate was delivered at 39 weeks gestation by an uncomplicated vaginal delivery, and she and her mother were discharged home after two days. The prenatal course was complicated by chlamydia in the mother during the first trimester, for which she and the partner were both treated with a negative test of cure. The neonate’s biological father is no longer involved the patient's care, but her mother’s boyfriend has been caring for the baby whenever the mother rests. At this visit, the neonate’s temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), pulse is 138/min, and respirations are 51/min. She appears comfortable, and cardiopulmonary and abdominal exams are unremarkable. There are no bruises or marks on her skin. Examination of the genitals reveals no vulvar irritation or skin changes, but there is scant pink mucoid discharge at the introitus. Which of the following is the best next step in management? Options: A. Vaginal exam under anesthesia B. Report to child protective services C. Vaginal culture D. Warm water irrigation of the vagina E. Reassurance The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1173

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 53-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of fatigue and joint and muscle pain. He reports a 6-month history of slowly progressive tiredness associated with dull achy pain in his knees, hips, and shoulders. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes, and stable angina. He takes lisinopril, metformin, glyburide, and aspirin. He has a history of intravenous drug use and was homeless in his early 30’s. He drinks alcohol socially and has a 30 pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals a generally well-appearing male without evidence of ascites, peripheral edema, or jaundice. Results from laboratory tests are below: Hepatitis A IgM: Negative Hepatitis A IgG: Negative Hepatitis B surface antigen: Negative Hepatitis B E antigen: Negative Hepatitis B core antigen: Negative Hepatitis B surface IgG: Positive Hepatitis B E IgG: Negative Hepatitis B core IgG: Negative Hepatitis C IgG: Positive HCV RNA: 100,000,000 IU/ml This patient should be started on which of the following medications? Options: A. Sofosbuvir and simeprevir B. Interferon-alpha C. Interferon-gamma D. Ribavirin E. Lamivudine The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1174

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 40-year-old woman presents to her family physician with a 3-week history of swollen neck. The small, round, and painless swelling, which was detected 3 weeks ago in the middle of her neck, has now increased in size. The swelling is associated with sweaty palms and soles, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, and fatigue; however, the patient does not complain of fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, weight loss, vision problems, or body swelling. The patient’s medical history is negative for similar symptoms or a thyroid disorder. The vital signs are within normal limits. Local examination reveals a 3 x 3 cm round, non-tender, non-fluctuant, and non-pulsatile swelling in the anterior triangle of her neck. The patient carries a total white blood cell count of 10,200/mm3, including 70% neutrophils, 30% lymphocytes, and zero eosinophils.The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 20 mm/hr (normal, 0–29 mm/hr). What is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Graves' disease B. De Quervain’s thyroiditis C. Silent thyroiditis D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis E. Riedel's thyroiditis The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1175

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to the emergency department with recurrent wrist and neck pain for the last 2 months. She reports that her fingers feel stiff in the morning and the symptoms tend to improve as the day progresses. She denies any recent trauma or other inciting events. Family history is significant for a grandmother who suffered from fibromyalgia. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 16/min, and heart rate is 70/min. On physical examination, her metacarpophalangeal joints are erythematous and tender. Which of the following would be most helpful for diagnosing this patient’s condition? Options: A. Synovial fluid analysis B. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody C. Rheumatoid factor D. CT scan E. X-ray of cervical spine The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1176

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 66-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and swelling of his legs and feet for 6 weeks. During this time he has felt like his eyes have been unusually puffy in the mornings and his urine has been frothy. He has hypertension and rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Current medications include amlodipine, methotrexate, and ibuprofen. He does not smoke. He has a history of chronic alcohol abuse. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pallor, periorbital edema, 2+ pedal edema, and ascites. He has swan-neck deformities and nodules of multiple fingers and swelling and restricted range of motion of bilateral knee joints. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.2 mg/dl Prothrombin time 12 seconds Serum Albumin 2.8 g/dl Total bilirubin 1.0 mg/dl Alkaline phosphatase 120 U/L AST 20 U/L ALT 19 U/L Urea 18 mg/dl Creatinine 1.2 mg/dl Urine Protein 3+ WBCs 5–10/hpf RBCs negative Bacteria negative Ultrasound of the liver and kidneys shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's findings?"? Options: A. Adverse effect of ibuprofen B. Decreased cardiac ejection fraction C. Renal deposition of AL amyloid D. Increased serum amyloid A production E. Renal deposition of anti-dsDNA immune complexes The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1177

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 35-year-old woman presents with an unsteady and broad-based gait, dysmetria, and intention tremor in the distal upper extremities. Her past medical history is relevant for depression, personality changes, and declining work performance, for which she has been put on leave from her current job as an elementary school teacher. On physical examination, patient has dysarthria, dystonia, and an ataxic gait. Ophthalmologic examination reveals multi-colored irises with concentric rings around the periphery (findings shown in the photo). Sensation and motor functions are preserved. Which of the following would you expect to be abnormally accumulated in this patient’s tissues? Options: A. Arsenic B. Iron C. Copper D. Lead E. Mercury The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1178

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 6-year-old Russian boy who recently immigrated to the United States presents to your office with fever and dyspnea. On examination of the oropharynx, you note a grayish-white pseudomembrane and uneven elevation of the soft palate. The patient displays marked enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes. Which of the following describes the organism responsible for this patient's disease? Options: A. Yeast with pseudohyphae B. Gram-positive bacteria producing exotoxin that acts via ADP ribosylation C. Gram-positive cocci with hyaluronic acid capsule D. Gram-negative encapsulated bacteria producing IgA protease E. Gram-negative bacteria producing exotoxin that inactivates elongation factor 2 The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1179

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 17-year-old male presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient was an unrestrained driver in a head-on collision. He has a past medical history of asthma, depression, and anxiety. He is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient's cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. The patient is breathing on his own and has strong distal pulses. Ultimately, the patient is discharged with follow up instructions after no significant fractures or injuries are found. The patient then presents 4 months later to his primary doctor with weakness. The patient's strength in his upper extremities is 1/5. He has reduced sensation in his upper extremities as well. The patient's lower extremities reveal 5/5 strength with intact sensation. A chest radiograph and basic labs are ordered. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Cervical spine fracture B. Intracranial hemorrhage C. Syringomyelia D. Brachial plexopathy E. Conversion disorder The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1180

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 62-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the last 15 years. Current medications include glyburide and amlodipine. The physician prescribes a medication that decreases the production of mevalonate. Which of the following changes to the serum is most likely to develop as an adverse effect of the prescribed drug? Options: A. Increased creatine kinase concentration B. Decreased glucose concentration C. Increased lactate concentration D. Increased triglyceride concentration E. Increased bradykinin concentration The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1181

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician for evaluation of excess hair growth on her face. Menses occur irregularly at 45 to 65-day intervals. She is 159 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 59 kg (130 lb); BMI is 23 kg/m2. Physical examination shows facial acne and growth of coarse dark hair on the face, chest, and lower back. Pelvic examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show: Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.2 mEq/L Glucose 109 mg/dL Cortisol (1600 h) 4 μg/dL Prolactin 14 ng/mL 17-hydroxyprogesterone 390 ng/dL (N=20–300 ng/dL) Testosterone 91 ng/dL (N=8–60 ng/dL) A urine pregnancy test is negative. This patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following?"? Options: A. Hyperproliferation of theca interna cells B. Exogenous anabolic steroid use C. Compression of the infundibular stalk D. Ovarian fibrosis and multiple cystic follicles E. Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1182

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 64-year-old man with coronary artery disease and hypertension comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. His blood pressure ranged from 160/100 mm Hg to 150/94 mm Hg on his previous 3 visits over the past 4 months. Current medications include aspirin, atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, and metoprolol. Three weeks ago, he was also started on amlodipine. His blood pressure today is 158/98 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Renal duplex ultrasonography shows 90% occlusion of the right renal artery. Decreased renal blood flow is most likely to cause which of the following? Options: A. Hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells B. Dilation of efferent arteriole C. Mesangial expansion and glomerular basement membrane thickening D. Decreased prostaglandin synthesis by macula densa E. Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate at proximal tubule The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1183

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 65-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband after he found her with nausea, headache, and agitation 1 hour ago. When he left their lakeside cabin 6 hours before to go ice fishing and get more firewood, she did not have any symptoms. She has chronic migraines, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her medications include lisinopril and metformin, but she ran out of her anti-hypertensive medications over the weekend. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 21/min, and blood pressure is 154/92 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. She is confused and oriented only to person and place. She recalls only one of three objects after 5 minutes. Her gait is unsteady. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most effective intervention for this patient's current condition? Options: A. Intravenous nitroprusside B. Intranasal sumatriptan C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy D. 100% oxygen therapy E. Heliox therapy The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1184

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 62-year-old Caucasian male presents to the emergency room with severe substernal chest pain, diaphoresis, and nausea. Imaging reveals transmural myocardial infarction in the posterior 1/3 of the ventricular septum. Which of this patient's coronary arteries is most likely occluded? Options: A. Left circumflex B. Left anterior descending C. Diagonal perforators D. Septal perforators E. Right main The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1185

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A previously healthy, 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-week history of loose, nonbloody stools. He also reports abdominal pain, intermittent nausea, and fever. He has not had vomiting, tenesmus, or rectal pain. His vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination reveals tenderness of the right lower abdomen without rebound tenderness. Rectal exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 14,800/mm3 and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 51 mm/h. Test of the stool for occult blood and stool studies for infection are negative. A CT scan of the abdomen shows mural thickening and surrounding fat stranding of discrete regions of the terminal ileum and transverse colon. A colonoscopy is performed and biopsy specimens of the affected areas of the colon are taken. Which of the following findings is most specific for this patient's condition? Options: A. Neutrophilic inflammation of the crypts B. Neutrophil-rich pseudomembranes C. Formation of noncaseating granulomas D. Inflammation limited to the mucosa and submucosa E. Presence of pseudopolyps The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1186

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 65-year-old man presents with pain in his left thigh for a week. He describes the pain as dull and constant, boring in nature, and localized deep below the thigh muscle. He says it is worse at night. Physical examination is significant for tenderness and warmth over the anterior aspect of the left thigh. A plain radiograph of the left femur shows increased cortical thickness with widened intercortical space. Laboratory studies show: Alkaline phosphatase 925 U/L Serum calcium 9.2 mg/dL Serum phosphorus 4.4 mg/dL Findings on bone biopsy are shown in the image. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? Options: A. Osteomalacia B. Ewing's sarcoma C. Osteitis deformans D. Osteochondritis dissecans E. Osteitis fibrosa cystica The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1187

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of severe abdominal pain and vomiting for 8 hours. He has had around 3–4 episodes of greenish colored vomit during this period. He has major depressive disorder with psychosis. His mother has Graves' disease. Current medications include sertraline and haloperidol. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 87/min, and blood pressure is 118/72 mm Hg. He is diagnosed with acute appendicitis and is taken to the operating room for an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy. The appendix is gangrenous and perforated with purulent fluid in the pelvis. Just after the appendiceal base is ligated, the patient shows muscle rigidity and profuse diaphoresis. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F), pulse is 130/min, and blood pressure is 146/70 mm Hg. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. The end-tidal CO2 is 85 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient's condition? Options: A. Propranolol B. Dantrolene C. Bromocriptine D. Cyproheptadine E. Surgical embolectomy The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1188

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: After a T cell progenitor leaves the bone marrow, most of its development takes place in the thymus. It passes through several stages during its maturation. Positive selection is an important process during maturation of T lymphocytes, and it ensures the preservation of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells. During which of the following developmental stages does a T cell undergo this process? Options: A. Double-negative pro-T cell B. Pre-T cell C. Double-positive T cell D. Single-positive CD4+ T cell E. Single-positive CD8+ T cell The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1189

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 28-year-old male presents with a recent onset of upsetting dreams, anxiety, and disturbing flashbacks. The patient reports that he returned from active duty in Iraq 3 months ago and was adjusting to life back at home until about 7 weeks ago when he began having intense fear of loud noises and seeing sudden flashbacks to bombing attacks he endured during his time in Iraq. He had to take a leave from his army instructor duties as he was not able to handle the familiar settings of practice shooting ranges and sudden loud explosions during battalion training. After refusing to leave his house, he was finally persuaded by his wife to visit your clinic. What is the most likely diagnosis? Options: A. Acute stress disorder B. Performance anxiety C. Schizophrenia D. Posttraumatic stress disorder E. Panic attack The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1190

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A patient with a1-antitrypsin deficiency is warned by his physician that his increasing dyspnea may be worsened by his continued cigarette smoking. Which of the following factors, released by both neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, is responsible for the patient's condition? Options: A. Major Basic Protein B. Antibodies against alpha-3 segment of collagen IV (COL4A3) C. Mucus D. Surfactant E. Elastase The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1191

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 1 year ago. His only medication is metformin. His serum glucose is 186 mg/dL and his hemoglobin A1c is 7.6%. The physician prescribes an additional antidiabetic drug and counsels the patient on its delayed onset of action. At a follow-up appointment 4 weeks later, the patient reports that his home blood glucose readings have improved. He also mentions that he has had a weight gain of 4 kg (8.8 lb). The patient has most likely been treated with which of the following drugs? Options: A. Empagliflozin B. Liraglutide C. Rosiglitazone D. Glyburide E. Sitagliptin The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1192

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 19-year-old woman is brought into the emergency department after collapsing during a cheerleading practice session. Her vitals taken by the emergency medical services (EMS) include blood pressure 88/55 mm Hg, pulse 55/min. She was given a liter of isotonic fluid while en route to the hospital. At the emergency department, she is alert and oriented and is noted to be anorexic. The patient fervently denies being underweight claiming that she is ‘a fatty’ and goes on to refuse any further intravenous fluid and later, even the hospital meals. Which of the following is the best option for long-term management of this patient’s condition? Options: A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy B. In-patient medical therapy C. In-patient psychiatric therapy D. Antidepressants E. Appetite stimulants The answer is

A

MedQA_one_shot1193

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 45-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with HIV 15 years ago. He was taking triple antiretroviral therapy but stopped a few months ago because he was feeling well. He lives in Wyoming. Vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 47/mm3 (N ≥ 500). The patient currently refuses to restart antiretroviral therapy. Which of the following medication regimens is most appropriate at this time? Options: A. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole B. Azithromycin and itraconazole C. Azithromycin and amphotericin B D. Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin E. Dapsone, pyrimethamine, itraconazole, azithromycin The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1194

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 32-year-old male presents to the emergency department because of fever and diarrhea. He was in his normal state of health until 2 weeks ago when he went abroad on a vacation. During his trip he went kayaking, visited spas, interacted with local animals, and ate local foods. Since returning he has had 3-day history of fever, cough, headache, and diarrhea. He drinks socially and has a 15-pack-year history of smoking. On presentation his temperature is 102.3°F (39.1°C), blood pressure is 105/62 mmHg, pulse is 91/min, respirations are 18/min, and O2 saturation is 91% on room air. Chest exam reveals fine crackles on auscultation. Chest radiograph reveals patchy infiltrates in both lungs and labs reveal mild hyponatremia and mild elevation of AST/ALT levels. The organism that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms is associated with which of the following characteristics? Options: A. Can form an endospore B. Has a rabbit reservoir C. Has no cell wall D. Is more common in parrot owners E. Is transmitted by air conditioning The answer is

E

MedQA_one_shot1195

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 14-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with hand pain after falling from his skateboard one day ago. He reports that he lost his balance while attempting a new trick and fell on his outstretched hands. He has been icing his hand and taking several tablets of ibuprofen every few hours, but the pain and swelling have not improved. The patient reports that he has not been able to use the hand to take notes in school. His past medical history is significant for infectious mononucleosis last year and type 1 diabetes mellitus for which he has an insulin pump. On physical exam, there is mild swelling over the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist. He has tenderness in the region between the extensor pollicus longus and the extensor pollicus brevis of the right hand. Which of the following is the best next step in management? Options: A. Reassurance and pain management B. Radiograph of the wrist C. MRI of the wrist D. Thumb spica cast E. Radial gutter cast The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1196

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of irregular menstrual bleeding. Menses have occurred at 45- to 90-day intervals since menarche at the age of 15 years. Her last menstrual period was 5 weeks ago. The patient reports that she was too embarrassed to discuss this issue with anyone until now. Over the past two years, she was unable to become pregnant despite having unprotected sexual intercourse with her husband on a regular basis. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 85 kg (187 lb); BMI is 29.4 kg/m2. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows oily skin and severe facial acne. There is abnormal pigmented hair on the upper lip and around both nipples. The patient wishes to have children. In addition to recommending lifestyle modifications, which of the following is the most appropriate step in management? Options: A. In vitro fertilization with patient's egg B. Progesterone therapy C. Bromocriptine therapy D. Clomiphene therapy E. Leuprolide therapy The answer is

D

MedQA_one_shot1197

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of nausea and shortness of breath that started while he was at work one hour ago. He also reports lightheadedness that started earlier in the day. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes metformin and sitagliptin. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. He appears pale and diaphoretic. A 12-lead ECG is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms? Options: A. Viral myocarditis B. Acute pericarditis C. Acute inferior myocardial infarction D. Saddle pulmonary embolus E. Second-degree AV block The answer is

C

MedQA_one_shot1198

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: A 27-year-old man with a history of cocaine abuse comes to the physician 2 weeks after undergoing successful arthroscopic repair of a torn medial collateral ligament in his left knee. There were no complications. He was discharged with prescriptions for oxycodone and acetaminophen. He complains of severe pain that prevents him from participating in physical therapy and wakes him from sleep. Physical examination of the left knee shows a healing incision; there is no joint effusion, erythema, or evidence of wound dehiscence, and his gait is normal. When the physician recommends switching to ibuprofen for pain, he becomes visibly angry and demands a refill of oxycodone. Which of the following is the most appropriate response to this patient's request? Options: A. Prescribe a long-acting opioid for better pain relief if he is willing to sign a pain contract B. Request further information about which drugs he has taken recently and in the past C. Request consent for urine test to assess current drug use D. Prescribe a short course of oxycodone and schedule a follow-up appointment in one week E. Refer to a substance use counselor for addiction counseling The answer is

B

MedQA_one_shot1199

TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer. OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E. Example INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A. Ampicillin B. Ceftriaxone C. Ciprofloxacin D. Doxycycline E. Nitrofurantoin OUTPUT: E INPUT: An 89-year-old woman sees her neurologist for a follow-up evaluation. Three months ago, she presented with complaints about facial asymmetry. Her daughter has noticed that her mother’s mouth is droops downwards on the right side of her face and that she cannot close her right eye well. The same side also lacks wrinkles on the forehead. Since then, the patient feels like her facial muscles have gotten weaker. She was given a course of corticosteroids, but she has still not recovered fully. Upon being asked to close her eyes, the patient has difficulty doing so and fails to completely close her eyelids. On examination, there is no loss of pain, temperature, or crude or tactile touch sensations in the whole face. The neurological exam is otherwise unremarkable. This patient also has type 2 diabetes mellitus which is well controlled with metformin. The neurologist recommends a therapy that will help relieve her symptoms. Which of the following is the most likely treatment option being prescribed to this patient? Options: A. Botox B. Carbamazepine C. Vitamin B12 D. Methylprednisolone E. Ceftriaxone The answer is

A