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MedQA_one_shot1200 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of fever, chills, and generalized weakness. He has no cough. He was treated for a neck abscess 6 months ago. He takes no medications. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 10 years and drinks two to three beers daily. He has been using intravenous cocaine and heroin for 6 years. He appears ill. His temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows track marks on both cubital fossae. There are retinal hemorrhages with pale centers. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur is heard best at the lower left sternal border. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13.3 g/dL
Leukocyte count 14,300/mm3
Platelet count 278,000/mm3
Serum
Glucose 96 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 0.4 mg/dL
AST 18 U/L
ALT 22 U/L
Transthoracic echocardiography shows multiple vegetations on the tricuspid valve and moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Two sets of blood cultures are collected. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"?
Options:
A. Transesophageal echocardiography
B. Intravenous vancomycin therapy
C. X-ray of the chest
D. CT pulmonary angiogram
E. Intravenous ciprofloxacin therapy
"
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1201 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician because of persistent fatigue for the past 4 months. She has no history of major medical illness. Her temperature is 36°C (96.8°F), pulse is 121/min, and blood pressure is 120/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
Options:
A. Hereditary spherocytosis
B. Vitamin B12 deficiency
C. Pyruvate kinase deficiency
D. Iron deficiency
E. β-thalassemia minor
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1202 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 40-year old man presents to the clinic with vague upper abdominal pain that has been worsening for the last several days. He says that he often gets similar pain but less severe and that it worsens with meals. The pain sometimes radiates to his back. He recently lost 15 kg (33.6 lb) of weight secondary to his lack of appetite since his last visit 2 months ago. He admits to drinking alcohol almost every night since the age of 17. His temperature is 37.0° C (98.6°F), respirations are 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg. Physical examination reveals moderate epigastric tenderness. An abdominal CT scan reveals calcifications as shown by the white arrows. Which of the following organs is affected in this patient?
Options:
A. Pancreas
B. Jejunum
C. Duodenum
D. Large intestine
E. Gall bladder
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1203 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 36-year-old man presents to his physician for a regular checkup, and he expresses an intent to quit smoking. He is a financial director with a 15-pack-year history of smoking who tried quitting several times. He tried different nicotine replacement products, none of which helped him. The patient has gastrointestinal reflux disease and takes omeprazole. The medical history is significant for a head trauma after which he had two seizure episodes. He does not have a history of any other disorders. Currently, he is not on any antiepileptic medication. He heard from his friend about an antidepressant that efficiently helps with smoking cessation. He would like to try this medication, and asks his physician for an advice. Which of the following statements regarding the use of the mentioned medication is correct?
Options:
A. Omeprazole interferes with bupropion metabolism and should be taken one hour prior to omeprazole consumption.
B. Bupropion is only effective when used together with nicotine replacement products.
C. Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold and it should not be taken by patients with a history of seizure disorder.
D. The physician may prescribe bupropion for this patient only after a full cardiac workup is performed.
E. This patient has no contraindications for bupropion and may safely use it.
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1204 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 0, at 22 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for abdominal pain and heavy vaginal bleeding for 2 hours. She has had no prenatal care. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 138/82 mm Hg. The abdomen is nontender, and regular contractions are felt every 2 minutes. The uterus is consistent in size with a 20-week gestation. There is blood on the vulva, introitus, and medial aspect of the thighs. Ultrasound shows complete detachment of the placenta from the uterus. Fetal heart tones are absent. An emergent cesarean delivery is performed. Following the procedure, the patient becomes tearful and distraught. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial response by the physician?
Options:
A. “I'm sorry for your loss. This must be a difficult situation for you.”
B. “Losing a baby is difficult, but I'm sure next time it'll work out.”
C. “I'm sorry for your loss. Let's talk about how to move forward from here.”
D. “Losing a baby is difficult; but I see this every day, and I know you'll get through it.”
E. “I'm sorry for your loss. I can write you a prescription to help with your anxiety and grief.”
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1205 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 78-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressively worsening fatigue and headache for 6 months and occasional abdominal pain. He has not had any changes in his weight. He has a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic shoulder pain. Current daily medications include hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, and ibuprofen. He does not drink alcohol and does not smoke. His diet has mostly consisted of potatoes and lean meats since his wife passed away 1 year ago. His pulse is 92/min and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival and mucosal pallor. Abdominal and rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Neurological exam shows mild postural tremor. Peripheral blood smear shows red blood cells with increased zones of central pallor and anisocytosis. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s symptoms?
Options:
A. Folic acid deficiency
B. Intravascular hemolysis
C. Impaired erythropoietin production
D. Vitamin B12 deficiency
E. Iron deficiency
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1206 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician for genetic counseling prior to conception. Her younger brother has mild developmental delay, pale complexion, and has to limit his dietary intake of phenylalanine. She has no similar symptoms and is in good health. Her parents are healthy. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment of her carrier status for the disease affecting her brother?
Options:
A. 67%
B. 33%
C. 100%
D. 75%
E. 50%
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1207 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 23-year-old man presents with swelling of the left knee. He noticed the swelling a day ago while preparing for the college basketball game. He has had approximately 10 different sexual partners in the past 3 months. Synovial fluid tap shows a WBC count of 90,000 cells/mm3. What is the mechanism of action of the drug which is indicated for the treatment of this patient’s most likely condition?
Options:
A. Metabolic inhibitor
B. Cell wall inhibitor
C. Neutrophil migration inhibitor
D. Prostaglandin inhibitor
E. Uric acid synthesis inhibitor
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1208 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: Which of the following patient presentations seen in a pediatric immunology clinic is most consistent with a diagnosis of Bruton's agammaglobulinemia?
Options:
A. A 15-month-old girl who has had repeated otitis media, pneumonia, and progressive clumsiness since beginning to walk in the past three months
B. A 10-month-old boy who has had recurrent viral infections as well as hypocalcemia during neonatal period
C. A 4-year-old girl who has had repeated oral candidasis in the past nine months
D. A 9-month-old boy who has had recurrent otitis media and pneumococcal pneumonia in the past three months
E. A 7-month-old boy who has had recurrent pneumococcal pneumonia, eczema, and easy bruising in the past four months
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1209 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 29-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by a concerned neighbor. The patient appears disheveled, has a flat affect, and appears to be having auditory hallucinations. He is alert and oriented to time, person, and place and has an intact long-term and short-term memory. His neighbor says that he never really knew the patient that well and that he mostly kept to himself. They have been neighbors for the past 3 years at an apartment close to the hospital. What worried the neighbor was a sudden change in the patient's behavior which started last week. He suddenly seemed interested in attending all the local council meetings and social gatherings. He is very talkative at these events and boasts highly of himself and starts suggesting changes that the committee could make with his help. He gets very agitated when they deny accepting his suggestions. Which of the following is a predictor of good prognosis for this patient's condition?
Options:
A. Affective symptoms
B. Slow onset
C. Being single
D. Male sex
E. Negative symptoms
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1210 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 23-year-old man comes to the clinic for yellowing of his eyes. The patient has been relatively healthy and just recently started “intermittent fasting” to try to lose weight. He recalls a similar episode 4 years ago when he was recovering from an emergency appendectomy. The patient denies smoking but endorses an episode of binge drinking 2 days ago. He is sexually active with both men and women. His physical examination is unremarkable besides scleral icterus. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?
Options:
A. Autoimmune-mediated fibrosis of biliary tract
B. Chronic viral infection of the liver
C. Decreased activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
D. Defective bilirubin excretion
E. Macrovesicular steatosis
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1211 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of increasingly frequent episodes of vertigo and feeling unsteady while walking. She reports that she has had episodic tinnitus in her right ear for the past 3 years. Neurologic examination shows hearing loss in the right ear. An MRI of the brain is shown. Pathologic examination of this patient's lesion is most likely to show which of the following?
Options:
A. Whorls of densely packed cells with areas of lamellated calcification
B. Small blue cells arranged in rosettes around a central neuropil
C. Hypercellular areas of spindle cells and hypocellular areas of myxoid stroma
D. Pleomorphic cells clustered around necrotic areas forming pseudopalisades
E. Cells with clear cytoplasm and central round nucleus resembling a fried egg
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1212 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 47-year-old female presents to her primary physician for follow up after an ED visit for nephrolithiasis 1 week prior. CT scan in the ED revealed a 4-mm stone occluding the right ureter. She was able to pass the stone without assistance over the course of 5 hours. Pathology report on the stone states it was composed of calcium oxalate. She says that the pain of passing the stone was excruciating and asks how she can prevent kidney stones in the future. Which of the following interventions is most likely to prevent renal calculi formation in the future for this patient?
Options:
A. Decreasing calcium intake
B. Decreasing sodium intake
C. Increasing consumption of nuts and seeds
D. Loop diuretic pharmacotherapy
E. Urine acidification with cranberry juice
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1213 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening involuntary movements of both arms for the past 7 months. He reports that certain daily activities have become more difficult to perform. His father had a similar condition that was treated with medications. The patient appears anxious. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a low-amplitude tremor bilaterally when the arms are outstretched that worsens when reaching out to grab a pen. Muscle strength and tone is normal bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. On mental status examination, his mood is good. His speech is normal in rate and rhythm. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
A. Deep brain stimulation
B. Thalamotomy
C. Levodopa and carbidopa therapy
D. Clonazepam therapy
E. Propranolol therapy
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1214 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: Ten days after undergoing a cadaveric renal transplant, a 21-year-old man has pain in the right lower abdomen and generalized fatigue. During the past 2 days, he has had decreasing urinary output. He passed 5 liters of urine on the second postoperative day and serum studies showed a creatinine concentration of 2.1 mg/dL. He has adult polycystic kidney disease and was on maintenance hemodialysis for 2 months prior to transplantation. Current medications include azathioprine, cyclosporine, prednisone, and enalapril. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 164/94 mm Hg. Examination shows a healing surgical incision in the right lower abdomen. The graft site shows tenderness to palpation. His blood urea nitrogen concentration is 52 mg/dL, creatinine concentration is 4.1 mg/dL. A biopsy of the transplanted kidney shows tubulitis. C4d staining is negative. Which of the following is the most likely responsible for this patient's findings?
Options:
A. Recipient T-cells in the graft
B. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity
C. Fibrosis of the glomerular vessels
D. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy
E. Newly formed anti-HLA antibodies
"
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1215 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 58-year-old woman presents to the office for routine follow-up. She recently underwent routine screening for bone density due to a history of hypothyroidism. She also has a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that is being treated with a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and more recently with a histamine2 receptor antagonist (H2RA), hypertension being treated with a thiazide diuretic, depression being treated with lithium, and hormone replacement therapy. Her results meet the criteria for osteopenia, with a T-score of -1.6. She is concerned about progressive bone loss and the risk of fractures. Which of the following medication classes should be discontinued?
Options:
A. Proton-pump inhibitors
B. Thiazide diuretics
C. Histamine2 receptor antagonists
D. Lithium
E. Estrogen
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1216 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 46-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 15 minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision where he was the unrestrained driver. On arrival, he is unconscious. His respirations are 24/min, and palpable systolic blood pressure is 60 mm Hg, and pulse is 141/min and irregularly irregular. Examination shows multiple ecchymoses over the chest. There is a 3-cm (1.2-in) laceration over the abdomen and a 4-cm (1.6-in) laceration over the scalp. Jugular venous pressure is increased. Bilateral crackles are heard at the lung bases. Cardiac examination shows no murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The abdomen is soft. Two large bore intravenous catheters are inserted and 0.9% saline infusion is begun. Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) is negative. An electrocardiogram shows absent p-waves. After 5 minutes, his pulse is 160/min and palpable systolic blood pressure is 50 mm Hg. Vasopressors are administered. One hour later, the patient dies. Which of the following was the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Cardiac contusion
B. Hemothorax
C. Aortic dissection
D. Pulmonary contusion
E. Cardiac tamponade
"
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1217 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 65-year-old man with a longstanding history of poorly-controlled hypertension and no recent illness or cardiac disease presents to clinic complaining of chest pain that is worse on inspiration and relieved by sitting forward. Vital signs are stable. On exam, you detect a friction rub. Routine labs show K 7.5 and Cr 5.1. If this patient's clinical signs and laboratory findings are indicative of a chronic condition, what would be expected on urinary analysis?
Options:
A. Muddy brown granular casts
B. Red blood cell casts
C. White blood cell casts
D. Fatty casts
E. Broad and waxy casts
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1218 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 56-year-old man of Korean descent visits his primary care provider for an annual health check-up. His personal history is relevant for cigarette smoking and a sedentary lifestyle. He has type-2 diabetes mellitus which is under control with oral medications. Upon physical examination, he is found to have a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg, a pulse of 72/min, a respiratory rate of 18/min, and a body temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). The rest of the examination is unremarkable except for an enlarged, nontender left supraclavicular node. In addition to a fine needle aspiration or biopsy, which of the following tests should also be included in further assessment of this patient?
Options:
A. Chest radiograph
B. Upper gastointestinal endoscopy
C. Computed tomography of head and neck
D. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
E. Ultrasound of the neck
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1219 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 46-year-old woman presents with a 5-month history of worsening dry cough, occasional shortness of breath, and fatigue. She says she is now having trouble walking a full block. For the past week, she also has noticed bilateral swelling of the lower legs. She denies chest pain, fever, chills, syncope, or bloody sputum. Current vitals include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse 63/min, blood pressure 128/91 mm Hg and respiratory rate 15/min. On physical examination, there is elevated jugular venous pressure, decreased breath sounds bilaterally at the lung bases, and 1+ non-pitting edema bilaterally in the lower extremities. A chest X-ray demonstrates a slightly enlarged cardiac silhouette. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the diagnosis of this patient?
Options:
A. Bronchoalveolar wash
B. Pulmonary function studies
C. Echocardiography
D. Chest CT
E. Biopsy of the heart
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1220 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 67-year-old woman with depression comes to the physician because of easy bruising and bleeding of her gums for the past 2 months. She has been living alone since the death of her husband 1 year ago. She appears thin and has temporal wasting bilaterally. Physical examination shows bruises on her lower legs, swollen gums, and petechiae on the hard palate. This patient's symptoms are most likely due to defective synthesis of a substance that is composed primarily of which of the following amino acids?
Options:
A. Glycine
B. Proline
C. Tyrosine
D. Lysine
E. Arginine
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1221 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 49-year-old female with a history of alcoholism was found lying unconscious on a bench at a local park and rushed to the emergency department. Upon arrival, the patient regained consciousness and complained of intense bilateral flank pain and a recent decrease in urination. Urine microscopy demonstrated abundant square crystals of calcium oxalate that looked like “folded envelopes." Which of the following findings is most likely to be seen in this patient: ?
Options:
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Anion gap metabolic acidosis
C. Non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
E. Respiratory alkalosis
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1222 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 53-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up appointment three days after being prescribed a selective alpha-1 agonist. He reports improvement in his symptoms and has not experienced any adverse effects. This drug was most likely prescribed for which of the following conditions?
Options:
A. Bronchospasm due to bronchial asthma
B. Bilateral hand tremors of indeterminate etiology
C. Urinary hesitancy due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
D. Nasal congestion due to a viral infection
E. Blood pressure management prior to pheochromocytoma excision
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1223 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and myalgia. Her boyfriend says she recently returned from a trip to Southeast Asia. She appears ill and is lethargic. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows jaundice and tender hepatomegaly. Laboratory studies show the presence of anti-hepatitis A IgM antibodies. A liver biopsy performed at this time would most likely show which of the following histopathological findings?
Options:
A. Hepatocytes with shrunken, eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei
B. Acellular debris surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages
C. Cystic spaces with scattered areas of cellular debris
D. Basophilic adipocyte remnants, filled with calcifications
E. Engorged hepatocytes with red blood cell infiltration
"
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1224 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for pain in his back. The patient describes the pain as feeling worse in the morning. He says it is a general stiffness that improves when he goes to the gym and lifts weights. He also states that his symptoms seem to improve when he leans forward or when he is cycling. The patient is a current smoker and is sexually active. He admits to having unprotected sex with many different partners this past year. The patient has no significant past medical history and is not currently taking any medications. On physical exam, the patient demonstrates notable kyphosis of the thoracic spine and decreased mobility of the back in all 4 directions. The patient’s strength is 5/5 in his upper and lower extremities. The rest of his physical exam is within normal limits. Which of the following findings is associated with this patient’s presentation?
Options:
A. Decreased levels of IgA
B. Diminished pulses in the lower extremity
C. Narrowing of the spinal canal when standing upright
D. Pain with elevation of his leg while laying down
E. Punctate bleeding spots when dermatologic scales are removed
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1225 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 9-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a routine health checkup. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. He was breastfed for the first 3 months and then switched to cow’s milk and about two months ago she started giving him fruits and vegetables. Family history is noncontributory. Today, his heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 40/min, blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, and temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). On examination, he has a heartbeat with a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Generally, the boy looks pale. His weight and height fall within the expected range. A complete blood count (CBC) shows the following:
Hemoglobin (Hb): 9.1 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 65 fL
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC): 550 μg/dL
Serum iron: 45 µg/dL
Serum lead: < 5 µg/dL
What is the best treatment for this patient?
Options:
A. Iron supplementation only
B. Proper diet and iron supplementation
C. Multivitamins
D. Proper diet only
E. Lead chelation therapy
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1226 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 39-year-old woman, with a history of thyroidectomy and primary hyperparathyroidism presents for surgical evaluation for a right adrenal mass. Preoperatively, which of the following medications should she receive to prevent a hypertensive emergency intraoperatively?
Options:
A. Atenolol
B. Labetolol
C. Lisinopril
D. Nifedipine
E. Phenoxybenzamine
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1227 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 58-year-old male is diagnosed with hypertension and started on daily propranolol after failing antihypertensive therapy with other medications. Three months later, his blood pressure appears to be adequately controlled on this therapy. While working in his garden one afternoon, the patient is stung by a wasp and experiences a severe anaphylactic reaction that is subsequently treated with epinephrine. Which of the following effects would be expected upon administration of this epinephrine treatment?
Options:
A. Decreased bronchodilation
B. Increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract
C. Decreased heart rate
D. Decreased blood pressure
E. Increased heart rate
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1228 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for short stature. Neither his clothing nor his shoe size have changed over the past year. He also frequently bumps into obstacles such as furniture and has headaches at night. He is always thirsty for cold water and has been urinating more frequently. Three years ago, he had an asthma attack that was treated with albuterol and a one-week course of steroids. His mother has Hashimoto's thyroiditis and had precocious puberty. His mother's height is 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) and his father's height is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in). He is at the 5th percentile for height and 5th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 98/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 100/64 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft and nontender abdomen. The genitals and pubic hair are both Tanner stage 1. Axillary hair is absent. Patellar reflexes are 1+ bilaterally. Laboratory studies show:
Na+ 145 mEq/L
K+ 4.1 mEq/L
Cl- 102 mEq/L
HCO3- 25 mEq/L
Ca2+ 9.4 mg/dL
Glucose 110 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone 0.3 μU/mL
Thyroxine 3.9 μg/dL
Insulin-like growth factor 1 24 ng/mL (N=61–356 ng/mL)
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 2.1 mcg/mL (N=1.6–6.5 μg/mL)
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"?
Options:
A. Rathke cleft cyst
B. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
C. Craniopharyngioma
D. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
E. Pituitary adenoma
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1229 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 31-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 32 weeks' gestation presents to the emergency department for clear vaginal discharge that started roughly 26 hours ago. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. Her first child was born at term by vaginal delivery. She has no history of any serious illnesses. She does not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes. Current medications include vitamin supplements. Her temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), pulse is 70/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 128/82 mm Hg. Speculum examination demonstrates clear fluid at the cervical os. The fetal heart rate is reactive at 160/min with no decelerations. Tocometry shows uterine contractions. Nitrazine testing is positive. She is started on indomethacin. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
A. Administer ampicillin and perform amnioinfusion
B. Administer ampicillin and progesterone
C. Administer ampicillin and test amniotic fluid for fetal lung maturity
D. Administer betamethasone, ampicillin, and proceed with cesarean section
E. Administer betamethasone, ampicillin, and proceed with induction of labor
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1230 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 63-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of lower abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. He has a history of constipation. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°C). Abdominal examination shows left lower quadrant tenderness with no guarding or rebound. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 19,000/mm3. A CT scan of the abdomen shows segmental wall thickening of the descending colon with multiple diverticula and a 5.0-cm, low-attenuation pelvic lesion with air-fluid levels. CT-guided drainage of the fluid collection yields 250 mL of yellow-greenish fluid. Release of which of the following substances is most likely responsible for the formation of the drained lesion?
Options:
A. Staphylococcal coagulase
B. Interferon-gamma
C. Lipoteichoic acid
D. Interleukin-3
E. Lysosomal enzymes
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1231 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A researcher is studying risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in a group of elderly patients at a primary care clinic. He is curious if patients with diabetes (defined as fasting serum glucose ≥126 mg/dL on two separate readings) are at increased risk of developing open-angle glaucoma over time. Which of the following is the best statement of the null hypothesis for this study?
Options:
A. The future risk of open-angle glaucoma is the same in patients with and those without diabetes
B. Having diabetes will not cause changes in risk of future open-angle glaucoma
C. Diabetes is not associated with an increased prevalence of open-angle glaucoma
D. The future risk of open-angle glaucoma is higher in patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes
E. Improved adherence to antidiabetics will not be effective in decreasing future open-angle glaucoma risk
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1232 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: Background:
Some patients with severe asthma have frequent exacerbations associated with persistent eosinophilic inflammation despite continuous treatment with high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids with or without oral glucocorticoids.
Methods:
In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial we assigned 576 patients with recurrent asthma exacerbations and evidence of eosinophilic inflammation despite high doses of inhaled glucocorticoids to one of three study groups. Patients were assigned to receive mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-5, which was administered as either a 75-mg intravenous dose or a 100-mg subcutaneous dose or placebo every 4 weeks for 32 weeks. The primary outcome was the rate of exacerbations. Other outcomes included the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and scores on the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5).
Results:
The rate of exacerbations was reduced by 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29 to 61) among patients receiving intravenous mepolizumab and by 53% (95% CI, 37 to 65) among those receiving subcutaneous mepolizumab, as compared with those receiving placebo (p<0.001 for both comparisons). Exacerbations necessitating an emergency department visit or hospitalization were reduced by 32% in the group receiving intravenous mepolizumab and by 61% in the group receiving subcutaneous mepolizumab. At week 32, the mean increase from baseline in FEV1 was 100 ml greater in patients receiving intravenous mepolizumab than in those receiving placebo (p=0.02) and 98 ml greater in patients receiving subcutaneous mepolizumab than in those receiving placebo (p=0.03). The improvement from baseline in the SGRQ score was 6.4 points and 7.0 points greater in the intravenous and subcutaneous mepolizumab groups, respectively than in the placebo group, and the improvement in the ACQ-5 score was 0.42 points and 0.44 points greater in the two mepolizumab groups, respectively than in the placebo group (p<0.001 for all comparisons).
Conclusions:
Mepolizumab administered either intravenously or subcutaneously significantly reduced asthma exacerbations and was associated with improvements in markers of asthma control.
Given the original research abstract above, which of the following would be true if the authors had inadvertently encountered a type 1 error?
Options:
A. A type 1 error means the study is not significantly powered to detect a true difference between study groups.
B. A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected in error.
C. A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, yet is accepted in error.
D. A type 1 error is a beta (β) error and is usually 0.1 or 0.2.
E. A type 1 error is dependent on the confidence interval of a study.
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1233 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 30-year-old Japanese woman is brought to the emergency department after fainting at work. She says she was only unconscious for a moment and recovered quickly. She reports increasing fatigue and joint pain for the past 4 months. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, and her temperature is 36.6°C (98.0°F). On physical examination, the patient is fully conscious. Her radial pulse is absent at her right wrist and 1+ at her left wrist. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin: 10.9 g/dL
Hematocrit: 34.7%
Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm3
Neutrophils: 65%
Lymphocytes: 30%
Monocytes: 5%
Mean corpuscular volume: 78.2 μm3
Platelet count: 190,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 56 mm/h
What complications is this patient at risk for?
Options:
A. Amaurosis fugax
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Tongue infarction
D. Palpable purpura
E. Polyneuropathy
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1234 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an acute, painful swelling of the left labia that she first noticed that morning. She also reports some pain while sitting and walking. She is sexually active with her boyfriend and states that she has been having pain during vaginal intercourse lately. She has no history of serious illness. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows a left-sided, tender mass surrounded by edema and erythema in the left inner labia. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
A. Sitz baths
B. Cryotherapy
C. Incision and drainage
D. Biopsy
E. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1235 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 21-year-old female presents to the clinic requesting prenatal counseling. She was born with a disease that has led her to have recurrent upper respiratory infections throughout her life requiring antibiotic prophylaxis and chest physiotherapy as well as pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. She marries a man (without this disease phenotype) from a population where the prevalence of this disease is 1/100. What is the chance that their child will have the disease of interest?
Options:
A. 9/100
B. 1/10
C. 18/100
D. 81/100
E. 9/10
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1236 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 45-year-old woman presents to the physician with a history of headache, palpitations, and episodic diaphoresis. She was diagnosed with hypertension in the past and is now regularly taking antihypertensive medication (amlodipine 10 mg once daily). She has had a diffuse thyroid swelling for the past 4 months. She complains of pain in the long bones of her arms and legs for the past 3 months. She is slightly built, appears thin, and is anxious and apprehensive. Her skin is moist and warm. Her weight is 45 kg (99.2 lb) and height is 146 cm (4 ft 7 in); BMI is 21.12 kg/m2. Her pulse is 116/min, the blood pressure is 196/102 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 29/min, and the temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F). Diffuse and firm thyromegaly is present. Her upper extremities exhibit fine tremors during an anxiety attack. The laboratory test results reveal elevated 24-hour urinary VMA and metanephrines. Serum epinephrine, calcitonin, and parathormone levels are also elevated. Hypercalcemia and hyperglycemia are also noted. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
B. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1
C. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A
D. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2B
E. Neurofibromatosis
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1237 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of increasing shortness of breath on exertion and a cough productive of a small amount of grayish-white phlegm. The cough had been initially nonproductive. He has not had fever or chest pain. He is originally from China and visits his family there once every year. He has worked as a car salesman for 15 years and worked in a shipyard before that for 22 years. He smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for 13 years but stopped 25 years ago. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Fine expiratory crackles are heard at both lung bases. An x-ray of the chest shows patchy infiltrates and supradiaphragmatic pleural thickening in both lungs. A photomicrograph from a sputum sample is shown. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?
Options:
A. Increased alveolar-arterial gradient
B. Bloody pleural effusion
C. Increased total lung capacity
D. Concave flow-volume loop
E. Increased diffusing capacity (DLCO)
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1238 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 45-year-old woman presents with sudden-onset dyspnea. Her past medical history is significant for varicose veins in her lower extremities, well-controlled diabetes mellitus type 2, and a 25 pack-year smoking history. The patient currently takes metformin and pioglitazone. Family history is significant for her sister who died at the age of 35 because of a pulmonary embolism. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F), the pulse is 111/min, the respirations are 18/min, and the blood pressure is 130/60 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient is pale and diaphoretic. Cardiac exam is significant for an S3 gallop. There is erythema and swelling over multiple varicose veins in her left leg. Ultrasound of her left leg is positive for a deep vein thrombosis. The patient is admitted, and anticoagulation is started with a vitamin K inhibitor. However, despite these interventions, she dies shortly after admission. Which of the following was the most likely etiology of this patient’s condition?
Options:
A. Distal peripheral microembolism
B. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
C. Necrotizing fasciitis
D. Protein S deficiency
E. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1239 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 7-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother with increasing swelling of his right jaw for the past 2 months. She notes that he has been treated several times with different antibiotics, but that they have not helped. She reports no recent history of fever, chills, or night sweats. The boy has no significant medical history. He emigrated to the United States with his family from Nigeria 1 month ago. He is in the 85th percentile for height and weight, and he has been meeting all developmental milestones. His temperature is 37.8℃ (100.0℉). On physical examination, the patient has a prominent 8 × 8 cm mass over the right mandible. The mass has partially distorted the borders of the mandible and cheek. The overlying skin is erythematous. The mass is firm, immobile, and tender. The contralateral side of the face shows no abnormalities. An oral examination shows the disruption of the ipsilateral lower teeth and oral mucosa. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. A biopsy of the mass is performed and a histopathologic analysis is seen in the image. Which of the following microorganisms is most likely associated with this patient’s condition?
Options:
A. Babesia microti
B. Bartonella henselae
C. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
D. Epstein barr virus (EBV)
E. Yersinia pestis
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1240 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 3-year-old male was brought to the pediatrician with severe lip lacerations, with a portion of his tongue appearing to be bitten off, as well as missing portions of the fingers on his right hand. A family history is notable for two similar cases in male cousins on the mother's side. A urinalysis revealed a high level of uric acid. Which of the following is the mode of inheritance for this disorder?
Options:
A. X-linked recessive
B. X-linked dominant
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Autosomal recessvie
E. Maternally inherited mitochondrial defect
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1241 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: An asymptomatic 65-year-old woman is found to have T-score of -2.6 SD on routine bone mineral density screening. She has a 10-year history of hypertension and an esophageal stricture due to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease. She was diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia 20 years ago and treated with medroxyprogesterone. Menarche started at 11 years of age and her last menstrual period was 8 years ago. Her last mammography and PAP smear 6 months ago showed no abnormalities. Her mother died of breast cancer at the age of 45 years. The patient does not have any children. Current medications include lansoprazole and hydrochlorothiazide. Her blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Treatment is begun with a drug that prevents further bone resorption and reduces her risk of developing breast cancer. This drug puts her at an increased risk of which of the following adverse effects?
Options:
A. Mandibular osteonecrosis
B. Skin infections
C. Osteosarcoma
D. Hypercholesterolemia
E. Deep vein thrombosis
"
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1242 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 28-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 20 weeks' gestation comes to the physician with her husband for a prenatal visit. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. They are planning to travel to Ethiopia next month to visit the husband's family. Medications include folic acid and an iron supplement. Vital signs are within the normal range. Abdominal examination shows a uterus that is consistent with a 20-week gestation. Which of the following drugs is most suitable for pre-exposure prophylaxis against malaria?
Options:
A. Doxycycline
B. Primaquine
C. Mefloquine
D. Chloroquine
E. Proguanil
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1243 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 26-year-old man presents to the office complaining of persistent epigastric pain for the past 2 months. He states that his pain is worse a few hours after he eats. His father had similar symptoms. Past medical history is insignificant. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. The vital signs include blood pressure 120/90 mm Hg, heart rate 83/min, and temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F). Physical examination is insignificant except for mild epigastric tenderness. A metabolic panel reveals the following:
Serum sodium 136 mEq/L
Serum potassium 4.2 mEq/L
Calcium 13.2 mg/dL
Bicarbonate 26 mEq/L
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals multiple duodenal ulcers. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
B. Gastric adenocarcinoma, intestinal type
C. H. pylori infection
D. VIPoma
E. MEN1
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1244 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: The parents of a 16-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes mellitus present requesting information about the drug, exenatide, an injectable drug that only needs to be administered once a week. The patient’s blood glucose levels have been difficult to control on his current insulin regimen due to poor adherence to recommended therapy, and he has had difficulty putting on weight despite eating copiously. The patient is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. His body mass index (BMI) is 19 kg/m2. Which of the following best describes why the patient should not be switched to exenatide?
Options:
A. Insulin production by the pancreas is insufficient for exenatide to be effective.
B. Exenatide suppresses glucagon secretion, which increases the risk of hypoglycemia.
C. Suppression of appetite makes it even harder for him to gain weight.
D. Exenatide is contraindicated in children below 18 years.
E. Gastric emptying is inhibited by exenatide.
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1245 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 79-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 2-month history of a non-productive cough and fatigue. During this period, she also has had a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss and has become increasingly short of breath with mild exertion. She has congestive heart failure and hypertension. Three months ago, she was in India for 3 weeks to attend a family wedding. She worked as a seamstress in a textile factory for 50 years. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 47 years. Her current medications include enalapril, digoxin, isosorbide, spironolactone, and metoprolol. She appears thin. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 94%. There is dullness to percussion and decreased breath sounds over the right lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a glucose level of 90 mg/dL, serum lactate dehydrogenase of 227 U/L, and serum protein of 6.3 g/dL. An x-ray of the chest shows nodular pleural lesions on the right side and a moderate-sized pleural effusion. Thoracentesis shows 250 ml of turbid fluid. Analysis of the pleural fluid aspirate shows:
Erythrocyte count 1/mm3
Leukocyte count 4,000/mm3
Glucose 59 mg/dl
Lactate dehydrogenase 248 U/L
Protein 3.8 g/dL
Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's effusion?"?
Options:
A. Bronchial adenocarcinoma
B. Mesothelioma
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Tuberculosis
E. Congestive heart failure
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1246 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of irregular menstrual bleeding. Menses have occurred at 30- to 90-day intervals since menarche at the age of 12 years. Her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago. She is sexually active with her husband and they do not use condoms. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) tall and weighs 73 kg (161 lb); BMI is 25.3 kg/m2. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows oily skin and severe acne on the face. There is dark hair on the upper lip and around both nipples. Laboratory studies show:
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 6.2 μg/mL (N=0.5–5.4)
Follicle-stimulating hormone 20 mIU/mL
Luteinizing hormone 160 mIU/mL
Testosterone 4.1 nmol/L (N < 3.5)
A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following tests is the most appropriate next step in screening for comorbidities in this patient?"?
Options:
A. 17-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisol level measurements
B. CA-125 level measurement
C. Blood glucose and cholesterol level measurements
D. TSH and T4 level measurements
E. Transvaginal ultrasonography
"
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1247 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 51-year-old woman goes to respiratory function testing in order to evaluate her shortness of breath. She recently joined a walking program with her friends in order to lose weight; however, she noticed that she was not able to keep up with her friends during the program. She has a 60-pack-year history of smoking as well as hypertension well-controlled on medication. The following represent the parameters for this patient's respiratory anatomy and function:
Vital capacity (VC): 5,000 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): 2,500 mL
Functional reserve capacity (FRC): 2,700 mL
Residual volume (RV): 1,000 mL
Upper airway volume: 100 mL
Conducting airway volume: 125 mL
Inspired CO2 pressure (PiCO2): 1 mmHg
Arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2): 50 mmHg
Expired CO2 pressure (PeCO2): 20 mmHg
Which of the following best represents the total volume of gas in this patient's airways and lungs that does not participate in gas exchange?
Options:
A. 225 mL
B. 480 mL
C. 600 mL
D. 800 mL
E. 1200 mL
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1248 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of fatigue, intermittent fever, a 4.0-kg (8.8-lb) weight loss, and a progressive, non-productive cough. She does not smoke. Physical examination shows mild wheezing over bilateral lung fields and enlarged supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes. A CT scan of the chest is shown. A biopsy specimen of a cervical lymph node shows organized epithelioid histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells without focal necrosis. The initial treatment of this patient's condition should include which of the following drugs?
Options:
A. Cisplatin
B. Lamivudine
C. Azithromycin
D. Isoniazid
E. Prednisone
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1249 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 55-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of heavy vaginal bleeding, requiring more than 5 pads per day. Menopause occurred 1 year ago. She attained menarche at 10 years of age. She has a history of hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years but quit 5 years ago. Current medications include levothyroxine and metformin. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 86 kg (190 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. Physical examination shows mild vaginal atrophy and a normal cervix. The uterus and adnexa are nontender to palpation. Transvaginal ultrasonography shows an endometrial thickness of 6 mm. Endometrial biopsy shows non-invasive proliferation of endometrial glands with no nuclear or cytological atypia. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
A. Total hysterectomy
B. Estrogen vaginal cream
C. Reassurance and follow-up
D. Progestin therapy
E. Surgical endometrial ablation
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1250 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 37-year-old woman with an HIV infection comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Six months ago, combined antiretroviral therapy consisting of dolutegravir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine was initiated. Laboratory studies show a decrease in the CD4 count and an increase in the viral load despite ongoing treatment. The patient is switched to a new treatment regimen, including a drug that acts by preventing viral DNA synthesis without undergoing intracellular phosphorylation. Which of the following is the most likely drug?
Options:
A. Enfuvirtide
B. Efavirenz
C. Ritonavir
D. Raltegravir
E. Lamivudine
"
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1251 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 14-year-old girl presents with sudden drooping of the right side of her face with drooling and excessive tearing. The patient’s mother says that the patient was recently in northern Maine and spent most of her time during the trip outdoors. Physical examination reveals a slight asymmetry of the facial muscles with an inability to whistle or close the right eye. A circular red rash with central clearing is present on the trunk. There is also decreased taste sensation. Which of the following most likely transmitted the organism responsible for this patient’s illness?
Options:
A. Ixodes scapularis
B. Tsetse fly
C. Culicidae
D. Dermacentor variabilis
E. Anopheles
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1252 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 66-year-old man with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes presents to the clinic with elevated liver function tests from baseline. He has a blood pressure of 136/92 mm Hg and a heart rate of 69/min. On physical examination, his heart sounds are regular and lung sounds are clear. Current medications include simvastatin, metformin, fenofibrate, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, glyburide, and lisinopril. Of these medications, which could contribute to the patient’s transaminitis?
Options:
A. Metformin
B. Simvastatin
C. Aspirin
D. Glyburide
E. Lisinopril
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1253 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 7 -day-old newborn boy presents to the emergency department with a history of fever, irritability, and generalized erythema. During the first 2 days of clinical manifestations, the parents of the child tried to control the symptoms using acetaminophen; however, the newborn continued to be ill, and blisters were noticeable around the buttocks, hands, and feet. During the physical examination, the vital signs include body temperature 39.0°C (102.3°F), heart rate 130/min, and respiratory rate 45/min. Ears, nose, and oral mucosa preserved their integrity, while the skin presents with diffuse blanching erythema and flaccid blisters with a positive Nikolsky’s sign. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
Options:
A. Scarlet fever
B. Scalded skin syndrome
C. Impetigo
D. Erysipela
E. Pyoderma
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1254 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 60-year-old woman presents to the outpatient clinic complaining of severe vulvar itching that has been gradually worsening for the past year. She mentions that she has tried over-the-counter lubricants, but lubricants do not seem to provide substantial relief. Her medical history is remarkable for diet-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Menopause occurred at 52 years of age. She has been sexually active with her husband until recently and reports severe pain during vaginal intercourse. The physical examination reveals dry, thin, white plaque-like lesions in the vulvar area with atrophy of the labia minora. The clitoris appears retracted. The perianal skin appears pale and wrinkled. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Squamous cell hyperplasia
B. Lichen sclerosus
C. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva
D. Lichen planus
E. Atrophic vaginitis
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1255 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 50-year-old woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) presents to your clinic with complaints of left eye pain and reduced vision. She notes that she was in her usual state of health until 3 days prior to presentation when she noticed some mild tenderness around her left eye, unrelieved by any pain relievers. This morning when she woke up she was unable to see out of her left eye and made an appointment to come see you. Other than SLE, her medical history is unremarkable. She has had no additional symptoms other than pain and vision loss. Her vital signs are all within normal limits. On exam, she has no vision in her left eye, but 20/30 visual acuity in her right eye. When you shine a light in her left eye there is no response. What response would you expect when you shine a light in her right eye?
Options:
A. Bilateral mydriasis
B. Bilateral miosis
C. Miosis of the right eye only
D. Miosis of the left eye only
E. Mydriasis of the left eye
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1256 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 25-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. She states that she was walking up the stairs at work when she felt sudden and severe abdominal pain followed by nausea and vomiting. Her past medical history is non-contributory and she is not currently taking any medications. Her temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 122/78 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of abdominal tenderness, a left adnexal mass, and left adnexal tenderness. A transvaginal ultrasound demonstrates free fluid surrounding the ovary with edema and the presence of doppler flow. A urinary pregnancy test is negative. The patient's symptoms persisted after ibuprofen and acetaminophen. Which of the following is the best next step in management?
Options:
A. CT scan of the abdomen
B. Laparoscopy
C. Laparotomy
D. MRI of the pelvis
E. Observation and serial abdominal exams
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1257 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressively worsening fatigue for 6 months. During this time, he has also had shortness of breath and palpitations on exertion. He has noticed blood in his stools on three separate occasions in the past 4 months. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease. He drinks two to four beers daily. He does not smoke. His pulse is 95/min and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. The abdomen is soft with no organomegaly. Rectal examination is unremarkable. His hemoglobin concentration is 7.2 g/dL, hematocrit is 32%, and mean corpuscular volume is 68 μm3. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's bleeding?
Options:
A. Dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus
B. Inflammation in an outpouching of the colonic wall
C. Symptomatic enlargement of hemorrhoidal plexus
D. Chronic mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon
E. Arteriovenous malformation in the colonic wall
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1258 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 24-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with her boyfriend 2 hours after an episode of loss of consciousness. She was seated and was being tattooed on her right upper flank when she became diaphoretic, pale, and passed out. According to her boyfriend, the patient slipped to the floor and her arms and legs moved in a jerky fashion for a few seconds. She regained consciousness within half a minute and was alert and fully oriented immediately. She has no history of serious illness. She works as an event manager and has had more stress than usual due to a recent concert tour. She appears well. Her temperature is 37°C (98.4°F), pulse is 68/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 120/72 mm Hg. Her cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. An ECG shows an incomplete right bundle branch block. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Vasovagal syncope
B. Orthostatic syncope
C. Tonic-clonic seizure
D. Cardiac arrhythmia
E. Cardiac structural abnormality
"
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1259 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after falling from his bicycle. The boy was racing with his cousin when he lost control and fell onto his right side. He has nausea and severe pain in the right shoulder. He is in acute distress. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. Examination shows swelling and tenderness over the right clavicle and pain exacerbated by movement; range of motion is limited. The skin over the clavicle is intact. The radial pulse in the right arm is intact. Sensory examination of the right upper limb shows no abnormalities. An x‑ray of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management for this patient's shoulder?
Options:
A. Perform tension banding
B. Apply a clavicular plate
C. Apply a simple shoulder sling
D. Obtain an MRI of the right shoulder
E. Perform arteriography
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1260 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 51-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of a 3-week history of abnormal behavior. His wife reports he has been preoccupied with gambling at the local casino. He becomes restless and irritable when his wife attempts to restrict his gambling. Four months ago, he was diagnosed with Parkinson disease and treatment was initiated. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the drug that was most likely prescribed for this patient?
Options:
A. Peripheral inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase
B. Increase in availability of dopamine
C. Direct activation of dopamine receptors
D. Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase B
E. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyl transferase
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1261 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 55-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to her primary care doctor with fever, fatigue, and bleeding gums for the past 3 days. She denies any sick contacts. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, pulse is 96/min, and respirations are 15/min. Physical exam reveals several oral mucosal petechiae, bleeding gums, bilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Initial laboratory workup shows the following:
Leukocyte count and differential:
Leukocyte count: 6,600/mm^3
Segmented neutrophils: 60%
Bands: 20%
Eosinophils: 9%
Basophils: 1%
Lymphocytes: 0%
Monocytes: 10%
Platelet count: 99,000/mm^3
Hemoglobin: 8.1 g/dL
Hematocrit: 25%
Prothrombin time: 25 sec
Partial thromboplastin time: 50 sec
International normalized ratio: 1.6
D-dimer: 2,000 µg/mL
Fibrinogen: 99 mg/dL
A bone marrow biopsy demonstrates 34% myeloblasts with Auer rods that are myeloperoxidase positive. What is best treatment option?
Options:
A. Ascorbic acid
B. Cryoprecipitate
C. Fresh frozen plasma
D. Retinoic acid
E. Zoledronic acid
The answer is
| D | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 3 |
MedQA_one_shot1262 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency room complaining of malaise. Two hours prior to presentation, he developed muscle cramps and nausea. He has had 3 episodes of non-bloody watery stools since his symptoms started. He reports that he has experienced similar symptoms multiple times over the past 5 years since he started working at his local zoo as a reptilian caretaker. His medical history is unremarkable. He takes fish oil and a multivitamin daily. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, he demonstrates sensitivity to bright light. He is tired-appearing but alert and fully oriented. A stool sample and culture demonstrates abundant non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-negative, and H2S-producing gram-negative bacilli. The pathogen responsible for this patient’s condition relies on a virulence factor with which of the following mechanisms of action?
Options:
A. ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2
B. Binding the Fc region of host immunoglobulins
C. Blocking antibody attack on the O antigen
D. Cleaving immunoglobulin A molecules
E. Cleaving lecithin
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1263 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 62-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of difficulties walking for the past year. He has had multiple falls over the past 4 months. Over the past 6 months, he has had progressive urinary urgency and now wears an adult diaper as is not always able to control the urge to void. His appetite has also decreased in this time period. He used to drive, but his wife convinced him to stop after she noticed that he was becoming increasingly inattentive while driving. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Current medications include ramipril and metformin. His temperature is 37.1C (98.8F), pulse is 90/min and blood pressure is 132/88 mm Hg. Examination shows a broad-based gait with slow and short steps. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. On mental status examination, he is oriented to person and place but not to time. Attention and concentration are impaired. He recalls only one of three objects after 5 minutes. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for this patient's symptoms?
Options:
A. Ventricular shunting
B. Acetazolamide therapy
C. Temporal lobectomy
D. Donepezil therapy
E. Sertraline therapy
The answer is
| A | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 0 |
MedQA_one_shot1264 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 40-year-old woman with Down syndrome comes to the physician for the evaluation of fatigue, progressive clumsiness when using her hands, and difficulty walking for 3 months. During this period, the patient has had several episodes of dizziness as well as double vision. She also reports that she has lost control of her bladder on several occasions lately. She has not had any trauma or weight changes. She lives with her sister and works as a cashier in a local retail store. She takes no medications. Her vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, she is oriented to person and place only. There is moderate weakness of the upper and lower extremities. Sensory examination shows no abnormalities. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Babinski's sign is present bilaterally. Which of the following would most likely improve this patient's symptoms?
Options:
A. Administration of botulism antitoxin
B. Surgical fusion of C1/C2
C. Administration of methylprednisolone
D. Administration of donepezil
E. Administration of pyridostigmine
"
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1265 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 74-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus is brought to her primary care doctor by her son who is concerned about the patient's ability to manage her activities of daily living. She has been living alone since her husband passed away 2 years ago. She has remained an active member of her retirement community's wine club; however, she stopped attending the meetings 3 weeks ago. She is generally able to her maintain her house, but her house appears more disorganized over the past 2 weeks. She generally drives short distances but avoids driving long distances as she occasionally gets lost when navigating new areas. She feels like her balance is getting worse, but she has not fallen. She has noticed increased urinary urgency over the past 8 months and has had 2 episodes of incontinence. Despite these changes, she reports feeling well. She drinks 4-6 glasses of wine per day. She was started on multiple medications for worsening anxiety by her psychiatrist 1 month ago. Her BMI is 31 kg/m^2. Her temperature is 99.8°F (37.7°C), blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 17/min. On examination, she is oriented to person and time but not place or situation. She does not seem to recognize her doctor despite knowing him for many years. She becomes somnolent intermittently throughout the interview. She can recall 0/3 words after 5 minutes. She has a low-frequency tremor in her right arm that increases in severity with deliberate movement. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
Options:
A. Alzheimer dementia
B. Delirium
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
E. Pseudodementia
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1266 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 45-year-old male with a history of diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension presents to his primary care physician for an annual check-up. He reports that he feels well and has no complaints. He takes enalapril and metformin. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 155/90 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. His physician adds another anti-hypertensive medication to the patient’s regimen. One month later, the patient returns to the physician complaining of new onset lower extremity swelling. Which of the following medications was likely prescribed to this patient?
Options:
A. Metoprolol
B. Verapamil
C. Nifedipine
D. Hydrochlorthiazide
E. Spironolactone
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1267 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 29-year-old woman comes to the physician with high-grade fever, headache, and muscle pain. A week ago, she returned from India, where she was working with an NGO to build houses in rural areas. The patient took one dose of chloroquine one week before her trip. She also took a further dose during her trip. She has no history of a serious illness. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 112/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows jaundice. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Her hemoglobin concentration is 10 g/dL and a blood smear shows fragmented erythrocytes and occasional ring-shaped inclusion bodies within erythrocytes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of infection in this patient?
Options:
A. Plasmodium ovale
B. Plasmodium falciparum
C. Dengue virus
D. Chikungunya virus
E. Hepatitis A virus
The answer is
| B | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 1 |
MedQA_one_shot1268 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 39-year-old woman presents to the clinic for her annual physical. Although she feels generally healthy she has noticed gaining about 9 kg (20 lb) over the last year. She eats a healthy, varied diet and exercises at the gym 4 days a week, including 20 minutes of aerobic exercise. On further questioning, she has also noted fatigue and constipation. She denies shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness, or blood in her stool. At the clinic, the vital signs include: pulse 52/min, blood pressure 110/72 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. The physical exam is notable only for slightly dry skin. The complete blood count (CBC) is within normal limits. Which of the following laboratory values is most likely elevated in this patient?
Options:
A. Erythropoietin
B. Glucose
C. Triiodothyronine (T3)
D. Thyroxine (T4)
E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1269 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of persistent diarrhea and fatigue for 1 month. She has had up to 12 watery stools per day. Sometimes she awakens at night because she has to defecate. She has abdominal bloating and cramps. She has had a 2-kg weight loss in the past month. She returned from a trip to Costa Rica 7 weeks ago. She has a history of bronchial asthma and bulimia nervosa. She works as a nurse. She does not smoke and drinks 1–2 beers on the weekend. Current medications include fish oil, a multivitamin, and a salbutamol inhaler. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 65/min, and blood pressure is 100/75 mm Hg. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. Abdominal and rectal examinations are unremarkable. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 46%
Leukocyte Count 6,500/mm3
Platelet Count 220,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 136 mEq/L
K+ 3.2 mEq/L
Cl- 102 mEq/L
HCO3- 33 mEq/L
Mg2+ 3.3 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL
Abdominal ultrasound shows no abnormalities. Colonoscopy shows dark colored mucosa with interspersed white spots. Biopsies of colonic mucosa are obtained and sent for pathological evaluation. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?"?
Options:
A. Celiac disease
B. Carcinoid tumor
C. VIPoma
D. Irritable bowel syndrome
E. Medication abuse
The answer is
| E | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 4 |
MedQA_one_shot1270 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 21-year-old college student comes to the physician because of daytime fatigue for 2 months. He has problems getting to sleep at night and frequently falls asleep during class. Recently he has started skipping classes altogether. He goes to bed between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. but cannot fall asleep for 2–3 hours. When he wakes up at 8: 30 a.m., he feels extremely drowsy, and he tries to overcome his fatigue by drinking 2–3 cups of coffee a day. He naps at various times during the afternoon, often for more than an hour. He stopped watching videos on his smartphone at night because of suggestions from his peers. He states that he has tried over-the-counter melatonin pills and exercising at 8 p.m. without success. He has no history of serious illness. He does not smoke. He drinks three to five beers on weekends. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation for this patient?
Options:
A. Trial of diphenhydramine
B. Complete caffeine cessation
C. Stop evening exercise
D. Alcoholic beverage prior to bedtime
E. Scheduled afternoon naps
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1271 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 19-year-old man is brought to the physician by his mother because she is worried about his strange behavior. Over the past 3 years, he has been dressing all in black and wears a long black coat, even in the summer. The mother reports that her son has always had difficulties fitting in. He does not have any friends and spends most of his time in his room playing online games. He is anxious at college because he is uncomfortable around other people, and his academic performance is poor. Rather than doing his coursework, he spends most of his time reading up on paranormal phenomena, especially demons. He says that he has never seen any demons, but sometimes there are signs of their presence. For example, a breeze in an enclosed room is likely the “breath of a demon”. Mental status examination shows laborious speech. The patient avoids eye contact. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Social anxiety disorder
B. Avoidant personality disorder
C. Schizotypal personality disorder
D. Paranoid personality disorder
E. Schizophrenia
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |
MedQA_one_shot1272 | TASK: Your task is to answer medical questions with the provided choices. Only output the answer option (A/B/C/D/E) as answer.
OUTPUT: Answer each question by providing one of the following options: A, B, C, D, E.
Example
INPUT: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
E. Nitrofurantoin
OUTPUT: E
INPUT: A 79-year-old man presents to the office due to shortness of breath with moderate exertion and a slightly productive cough. He has a medical history of 25 years of heavy smoking. His vitals include: heart rate 89/min, respiratory rate 27/min, and blood pressure 120/90 mm Hg. The physical exam shows increased resonance to percussion, decreased breath sounds, and crackles at the lung base. Chest radiography shows signs of pulmonary hyperinflation. Spirometry shows a forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of 48%, a forced vital capacity (FVC) of 85%, and an FEV1/FVC ratio of 56%. According to these results, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
A. Asthma
B. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D. Bronchiectasis
E. Heart failure
The answer is
| C | [
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D",
"E"
] | 2 |