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b8c24eb0ed39941039ad0dd8fc615a0f | an astronomer claims that the temperature at the center of the sun is about degrees. do you think that this temperature is in kelvins, degrees celsius, or does it not matter? | an astronomer claims that the temperature at the center of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 6: atmospheric moisture condensation – water vapor converted to a liquid; latent heat is released; atmosphere must be at saturation o latent heat of condensation – heat released when water vapor condenses back to liquid form o saturation the state of the atmosphere in which air contains the maximum amount of water vapor that it can hold at a specific temperature and air pressure; the relative humidity is 100 percent, temperature and dew point are equal, evaporation of water ceased o you need to have a surface for condensation to happen = condensation nuclei (dust, smoke, etc.) if there is none, then condensation won’t happen and the air will be supersaturated aka relative humidity over 100% o supercooled droplets – when clouds have liquid droplets even when temperature is below freezing; promotes the growth of ice particles in clouds global dimming – decrease in the amounts of solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth; some areoles (both anthropogenic and natural) may directly block sunlight, absorbing energy high in the atmosphere, and create more reflective clouds, all of which cool the surface and lower troposphere; this counteracts the actual effect of carbon emissions on global warming temperature and water in the atmosphere: as temperature increases, water vapor capacity increases clouds – visible collection of tiny water droplets and / or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere; provide perceptible evidence of things happening in the atmosphere o cloud forms cirriform clouds / cirrus – “a lock of hair;” highest clouds; thin and wispy and composed of ice crystals instead of water droplets; above 20,000 feet cirrus; cirrocumulus; cirrostratus stratiform clouds / stratus – “spread out;” middle clouds; appear as grayish sheets that cover most of or all the sky; layered; rarely broken up into cloud units; between 6,500 and 23,000; composed of water droplets and or ice crystals altocumulus; altostratus cumuliform clouds / cumulus – “mass clouds;” low clouds; massive and rounded, flat base, limited horizontal extent, billowing to great heights; below 6,500 feet; composed of mainly water droplets; heaped stratus; stratocumulus; nimbostratus vertical clouds –have bases as low as 1,000 feet and tops as high as 65,000 feet; composed of both water droplets and ice crystals cumulus; cumulonimbus cloud formation – cooling air to the dew point; whenever air ascends or descents its temperature changes o adiabatic warming – as air sinks and compresses, molecules become closer together and warm o adiabatic cooling – as air rises and expands, molecules spread out and cool; the only way clouds / rain is formed large masses of air can be cooled to the dew point only be expanding as they rise = how clouds and rain are created; a parcel of unsaturated air (rh less than 100%) moves upwards and expands and cools where rh will then be 100% lifting condensation level – how high a parcel of air needs to be before the dew point is met and condensation can start happening; we see this when we see the “flat” bottoms of clouds” however, since condensation of water gives off latent heat; this heat counteracts the cooling and slows it a little; this diminished rate of cooling is called the saturated adiabatic rate \n saturated adiabatic rate – the rate at which a saturated air parcel will cool or warm; depends on the amount of water vapor in an air parcel and the temperature o the average sar is 56 degrees celsius per 1000 m buoyancy of air – the tendency of an object to rise in a fluid under the influence of gravity; a parcel of air moves vertically until the surrounding air is of equal density (equilibrium level) o general rules: if an object is less dense then its surroundings then it will float; if it is denser then it will sink; if it is the same density then it will neither rise or sink o air is stable if: rising air is cooler than the surrounding air resists vertical movement / being lifted upwards if it does move it moves only because a force is applied like being forced up a mountain nonbuoyant will not move without extra force o air is unstable if: rising air is warmer than surrounding air it moves via buoyancy will rise with out external force or will continue to rise after moving that external force o air is conditionally unstable when: when an air parcel’s adiabatic lapse rate is between wet and dry rates; it is the intermediate condition between stability and instability atmospheric lifting: 4 types o convective lifting – unequal heating of different air surface areas warming one parcel by conduction and not the air around it; spontaneous air near the ground is heated and it rises; as it rises it cools and forms clouds; often results in rainfalls o orographic lifting – occurs only when topographic barriers force air to descend upslope and cool to dew point air is forced up a mountain slope and cools as air rises and rains only on that side of the mountain. this creates deserts in this area called the rain shadow area o frontal lifting – when unlike air masses meet – air is cooled to the dew point because warmer air is forced to rise over the cooler air: creation of a discontinuous front a warm front and a cold front meet; the cold front pushes below the warm front so the air in the warm front is forced to rise; it rises and cools and rains = frontal precipitation o convergent lifting – when air parcels converge and meet and the crowding forces uplift; happens in the itcz and tropical disturbances two air parcels meet and the force pushes the air up; it cools and rains precipitation o formation processes and mechanisms collision / coalescence – responsible for precipitation in the tropics; rain is produced when water droplets collide and merge; there are no ice crystals; temp is too warm; the must keep coalescing until droplets are big enough to form and fall condensation creates a large number of small droplets; when the large droplets fall faster they merge with smaller ones and keep falling ice crystal formation – major cause for precipitation outside the tropics; ice crystals grow faster than the cloud water droplets; the air gets saturated more quickly by ice crystals than by liquid droplets because crystals are colder and this have a lower saturated vapor pressure o forms of precipitation \n rain – most common and wide spread; drops of liquid water; result of condensations thawing of ice crystals snow – solid precipitation in the farm of ice crystals, small pellets, or flakes; formed by direct conversion of water vapor to ice sleet – small rain drops freezing during descent; reach ground as small pellets of ice glaze or freezing rain – rain that turns to ice the instant it collides with a solid object hail – rounded or irregular pellets or lumps of ice produced in cumulonimbus clouds as a result of active turbulence and vertical air currents; small ice particles grow by collecting moisture from super cooled cloud droplets o spatial distribution of precipitation a very important aspect of atmospheric moisture; its uneven on earth but there are patterns observed isohyet – a line joining points of equal quantities of precipitation wet areas – warm places; mountain areas, edges of continents, placing with rising air, costal regions, tropical latitudes, narrow zones along the western coasts of north and south america chapter 7: atmospheric flows and disturbances air masses – contain uniform temperature and humidity characteristics; have uniformity; must be large; must have uniform properties in the horizontal dimension; must travel as a unit o formation: an air mass develops when it stagnates or remains over a uniform land or sea surface long enough to acquire the temperature / humidity / stability characteristics of the surface below source regions – regions of earths surface that are particularly well suited to generate air masses; uniform areas; extensive, physically uniform moisture content can be classified by maritime (wet) or continental (dry) temperature can be tropical, polar, or artic fronts – boundaries between unlike air masses; the transition zone between two air masses of different temperature and moisture content (their densities are different) o locating fronts: sharp temperature changes sharp dew point changes wind shifts pressure changes the pressure of clouds and precipitation o types of fronts cold front – lower portion of a cold air mass is slowed relative to the upper portion; clouds of vertical movement; short duration, intense precipitation, rapid lifting and adiabatic cooling of the warm air ahead of a cold front warm front – stratiform clouds; long duration, precipitation usually occurs slowly; gentle frontal slope; during summer can get storms also; clouds form slowly, limited turbulence; stationary front – when neither air mass displaces the other, or if a cold front or a warm front “stalls;” cloud types depend on the atmospheric stability; precipitation intensity depends on the situation; occluded front – formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front; shown by a combination of warm and cold front symbols; clouds and precipitation depend on atmospheric stability \n atmospheric disturbances = storms, or abnormal calm clear weather o characteristics of atmospheric disturbances: smaller components of the general circulation, although they are extremely variable in size they are migratory they have relatively brief duration, persisting for only a few minutes, hours or days they produce characteristics and relatively predictable weather conditions o major disturbances – happens mid latitude where the major disturbances occur multitude cyclones – responsible for day to day weather changes; moves the westerlies; occur between 30 and 70 latitudes; migratory low pressure system very large systems; 1600km diameter; highly variable; starts along the polar front; cold air of the polar easterlies meets the westerlies; vast cell of low pressure; when the two air masses meet a front develops and a wave between the air masses form due to differences in pressure; the pressure differences result in rotation so a cyclonic circulation is established; eventually the cold mass overlaps the warm one and occlusion begins; as the two air masses mix, the cyclone dissipates anticyclones – high pressure cell of the mid latitude; moves west to east with the westerlies hurricanes – low pressure centers that are circular with a steep pressure gradient outward from the center; strong winds spiral inward o minor disturbances thunderstorms – a violent convective storm accompanied by thunder and lightening which is usually localized and short lived; normal clouds produced by thermal convection tornadoes – intense vortex; deep low pressure cell surrounded by a violently whirling cylinder of wind o distribution of cyclones and anticyclones – at the midlatitudes; they alternate with one another in regular sequence around the world in the midlatitludes; they each occur independently of the other; an anticyclone usually follows a cyclone o storm tracks in north america – travel from west to east in the northern hemisphere; shift north in the summer and south in the winter tropical disturbances: easterly waves and hurricanes o tropical weather – between 23.5 degrees n and s of the equator; solar radiation does not vary much from season to season (generally ne, e, se (easterly trades) tend to be quite weak; thunderstorms and tropical depressions/storms and hurricanes are found in the tropic o easterly waves – long but migratory, low pressure system that may occur almost anywhere between 5 degrees and 30 of latitude migratory; long and weak; low pressure system bands of small thunderstorms; in tropics (5 degrees to 30); sometimes intensify into hurricanes the trough axis marks where the trades are converging with rising motion behind the moving wave, and where divergence and sinking motion occur ahead of the wave axis o development of a storm 1. surface air that spirals into the center of a low pressure system creates convergence forces air to rise in the center air cools and moisture condenses which releases latent heat into the air \n 2. warm air is less dense than cooler air expansion of warm air forces more air outside away from the center of the storm and the surface pressure decreases 3. when the surface pressure decreases, a larger pressure gradient is formed, and more air converges towards the center of the storm. creates more surface convergence and causes more warm moist surface air to rise above the surface. this air, as it cools, condenses into clouds. while it does this, it releases even more latent heat. 4. enhanced convection back to 2. o stages of development / categories of tropical disturbances – the three categories of tropical disturbances are based on wind speed tropical depression – winds near the center are constantly between 20 and 33 knots tropical storm – wind intensifies; between 3546 knots; tropical storm; assigned a name hurricane – surface pressures continue to drop; sustained wind speeds reach 64 knots; pronounced rotation develops around the central core o in a hurricane at low levels, air flows cyclonically into the center of the storm diverging, anticyclone motion at tropopause level rising motion occurs in the eyewall, thunderstorms adjacent to the eye subsidence on outer edge of storm rain bands; all air is moist sinking motion in the eye o what you need for hurricane formation: warm sea surface temps – greater than 26.5 c ocean depth of 50m or more light winds throughout the troposphere you need convergence and a trigger weak frontal boundary happens near the itcz (but not on the equator) and the easterly waves o hurricane destruction and fatalities wind, heavy rain, tornadoes, storm surge (when wind driven waves produce storm surges of water on the coast; rise in water level associated with pressure drop); when hurricanes reach landfall the dissipate; but remnants may still cause destruction, especially when merging with a mid latitude cyclone o saffirsimpson scale – ranks the intensity of hurricanes; based primarily on wind speed ranging from 15 with 5 being the worst severe thunderstorms: \n o a violent convective storm accompanied by thunder and lightening, is usually localized and short lived; associated with mid latitude cyclones, localized convection, orographic lifting and tropical cyclones; vertical air motion, considerable humidity and instability (unstable uplift); cumulonimbus cloud and showery precipitation; found in conjunction with other storms like hurricanes, tornadoes and fronts o formation: cumulus stage uplift of warm and moist air which releases latent heat of condensation to sustain the continued rise of air; updrafts prevail and clouds grow mature stage above the freezing level, super cooled water droplets and ice crystals coalesce; they become too large and fall; when they fall they drag air down with them which causes a downdraft; unstable and encouraged by diverging air aloft dissipating stage – the downfalls dominate and cause light rain ending and turbulence ceasing common where there are high temperatures, high humidity and high instability (like by the itcz) o geography of thunder storms – frequency decreases with distance from the equator; few above 60 degrees north and south; most occur during summers warm temperatures o violent associations with thunderstorms: hail, downbursts, lightening and thunder; tornadoes o lightening – discharge of electricity that occurs in mature thunderstorms; charge separation in cloud sets up electrical potential; lightening equalizes these differences in electrical potential o thunder – air is a poor conductor of electricity so huge electrical potential develops; a lightening bolt super heats the air so the surrounding air expands violently which makes a sound wave; for each 5 seconds between thunder and lightening, the storm is 1 mile away o tornadoes – intense vortex; localized; cyclonic low pressure cells; surrounded by a whirling cylinder of wind violently; have the most extreme pressure gradients; usually in warm moist unstable air masses in mid latitude cyclone – cold front formed by: 1% of thunderstorms; strong updrafts; wind shear (change in direction of strength of winds from top to bottom of storm); formed in moist warm unstable air; virtually all tornadoes are generated by severe thunderstorms \n v a funnel cloud – a violent, whirling, funnel shaped cloud that does not touch the ground a lot of tornadoes in the midwest but happen in every state in the us; notable increase in tornadoes over time; population / technology induced observation bias (but still – does this have to do with climate change?) enhanced fujita scale – describes strength of tornado based on estimates of 3 second gust wind speeds as determined by observed damage after a tornado o waterspout – tornado over water; less power; smaller temperature gradient; gentler winds; reduced destructive capability chapter 8: climate zones and types o temperature and precipitation are the most significant and understandable features when classifying climate o general bands of latitude o low – between equator and 30n and s o midlatitude – between 30 and 60 n and s o high latitude – greater than 60 n and s o equatorial – within a few degrees of the equator o tropical – within the tropics o subtropical – slightly poleward of the tropics 2530 n and s o polar – within a few degrees of the poles o early classification schemes – generalized a vast array of data in a simple form; it was away to compare and contrast different areas o ancient greek scheme had 5 zones, one torrid (tropics); two temperate (mid latitudes), 2 frigid (polar) o koppen system tropical humid (equatorial) zone a dry (deserts) zone b mild midlatitude (mild winter) zone c severe midlatitude (boreal, cold winter) zone d polar (always cold) zone e highland (mountains, plateaus) zone h o modified koppen system first letter is the climate group (temperature) a – tropical humid; low latitude; warm and wet; cover most of the land area within 1520 degrees of the equator; lacks cold weather b – dry; evaporation exceeds precipitation c – mild midlatitude; mild winters, warm or hot summers d – severe midlatitude; sever cold winters e – polar; very high latitude, cold climates h – highland; high mountains; elevation is dominant control second letter precipitation for a, c, d climate precipitation o f = wet all year; o m = monsoonal precipitation (very wet summers) o w = winter dry season o s = summer dry season for b climate precipitation o w = desert \n o s = steppe e climate precipitation o t = tundra o f = ice cap third letter temperature patterns c and d climate temperatures o a = hot summers o b = warm summers o c = cool summers o d = very cold winters b climate temperature o h = hot desert or steppe o k = cold desert or steppe 5 major climate groups: abcde; 14 individual climate types; special category of highland h climate o a climograph = shows average monthly temperature and precipitation in a given area o characteristics of the zones zone a = tropical humid climates; low latitude; warm and wet; cover most of the land area within 1520 degrees of the equator; lacks cold weather af – tropical wet; seasonless, similar weather all the time, uniform insolation all the time am – tropical monsoon; similar to tropical wet but has heavy rainfall and slightly lower temperatures in the summer than in the spring aw – tropical savannah; most extensive of a types; lesser annual rainfall; wildfires in dry season; low sun in dry season zone b = really dry; 30% of all land area on the earth (a lot, more than any other climatic zone); influenced by subtropical highs (high and dry! these are the areas of high pressure along the midlatitude region that cause dryness and warm weather) subtropical desert (bwh) – either in or near subtropical highs; very low rain; hot temperatures; rain is scarce, unreliable and intense; large ranges of temperature subtropical steppe (bsh) – around subtropical deserts; have similar temperature and precipitation but not as extreme midlatitude desert (bwk) – extremely arid; occur in the interior of continents; have cold winters \n midlatitude steppe (bsk) – semi arid; transition zone between midlatitude desert and humid climate zone c = mild mid latitude climates; equatorward margin of middle latitudes; long and hot summers and short and relatively mild winters mediterranean (csb) – western side of continents; winter wet and mild because of westerlies; the summers are dry and have clear skies in the southern hemisphere) humid subtropical (cfa, cwa, cwb) – eastern side of continents; 2530 degrees in latitude; summer is hot and humid and has the most precipitation; the winter is mild but there is no real dry period marine west coast (cfb, cfc) – occur about 40 degrees and 65 degrees in latitude on the western side of continents; affected by westerlies and moderating ocean affects from these winds zone d = severe midlatitude climates – continentally only in the northern hemisphere; four seasons with long cold winters; moderate precipitation humid continental (dfa, dfb, dwa, dwb) – between 35 and 55 degrees in north america; extends to 60 degrees in europe; westerlies and snow precipitation in winter; summer has convective precipitation (unequal heating of different air surface areas warming one parcel by conduction and not the air around it; spontaneous; results in thunderstorms) subarctic (dfc, dfd, dwc, dwd) – long, dark, bitter, cold winters; summers can be warm; in the continents (not that close to sea); 5070 degrees; alaska to eastern canada, scandinavia to easternmost siberia zone e = polar climates; tundra (et) has low precipitation, cold; extremely short growing season; low primary production; there’s a treeline (an edge of a habitat in which trees are capable of growing); low primary production ice cap (ef) – almost no precipitation; extremely cold; ice dominates; no vegetation zone h = highland; variable over short distances; altitude matters not latitude (mountains); steepness; exposure and local circulation affects these regions \n chapter 8: climate change what is climate change? o a significant shift in the mean state and event frequency of the atmosphere; despite negative connotations, it’s a normal component of earth’s natural variability; occurs on all time and space scales climate forcings o the changes that affect the energy balance of the planet: fluctuations in the earth’s orbit fluctuations in the sun energy output variations in ocean circulation changes in the composition of the earth’s atmosphere changes in the earth’s surface (the most significant changes occur when the global energy balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing heat from the earth is upset) measuring climate change o modern using satellite temperature measurements; these have been obtained from the troposphere since 1987; though this time isn’t long relative to the longevity of earth’s existence, it shows a steady increase in temperature since this year th surface air temperature records extend back to the middle part of the 19 century; the oldest record comes from central england and is 300 years in length o other methods historical documents proxy methods (oxygen isotope analysis from ice cores; pollen in sediments; plants and animals) geologic evidence paleoclimatology – the study of earth’s climate through the course of geologic time o glacial cycles – the concept of a glacial age with widespread effects was first proposed in 1837 by louis agassiz (swiss scientist) using proxy data (one thing in place of another) o ice cores, tree rings, pollen, cave sediments and corals, insects, microorganisms o ice cores and sediment looking at volcanic ash in the ice as well as particulates such as dust, pollen; chemical composition of the air trapped inside the ice; etc we can also do something called oxygen isotope analysis \n measuring the ratio of 16o to 18o; this tells us about the environment in which these molecules formed; they evaporate at different rates so their ratio says a lot about the climate conditions measuring using the deuterium / hydrogen ratio measuring the ratio of 2h to 1h deuterium is heavier than normal hydrogen so it takes more energy to evaporate any water molecule made with this heavy hydrogen so the colder it gets, the less deuterium ends up in precipitation the smaller the deuterium to hydrogen ratio, the colder the climate o volcanic ash layers – a source of a chemical signature; provides a calibration layer across variety of deposits o tree rings – each documents the year because they have annual layers of growth o remant landforms – sand wedge cast; seeing what’s embedded in sand / sedimentary rock o deep ocean drilling – we can also drill into the ocean floor and look at sea floor sediments; varves are annual layers of sediment deposits (like tree rings!) natural causes of climate change o plate tectonics – the breakup of pangea created increased volcanic activity; this caused large scale degassing and a release of co2 from the earth into the air o volcanism –releases ash and co2 into the air; ash creates a cooling effect because it prevents heat via sun from entering into our atmosphere o changes in position of continents and ocean circulation – disruption of the normal ocean circulation could cause rapid climate change due to changes in the distribution of heat across the planet o milakovitch cycles – this guy was a serbian mathematician; he calculated changes in insolation due to changes in orbital characteristics, mainly by impacting seasonality; he looked at variations in earth’s orbiteccentricity (the earths path around the sun), changes in the earth’s tilt, and changes in the direction of axis points (called precession); many scientists don’t believe him but earthsun relations do have an impact on glacial and interglacial events there has been ~ 18 glaciations in the past 1.8 million years (glaciation is the process of land being covered by glaciers due to cooling trends) last glaciation was abut 1821 thousand years ago; ended about 10 thousand years ago results: world sea level fell about 120m, thereby causing large expanses of the shallow continental shelves to emerge as dry land; disruption of major stream systems; missouri and ohio rivers move into new courses beyond the ice margin; disruption of thermohaline circulation (the currents were disrupted) o sun spots – fluctuations in solar output; sun spots are huge magnetic storms and they occur on an 11 year cycle; they are known to cause problems with satellites paleoclimatology history o the younger dryas is one of the most wellknown examples of abrupt change due to a disrupt in thermohaline circulation. the trigger was the freshwater influx to n atlantic associated with glacial melting. about 14,500 years ago, the earth's climate began to shift from a cold glacial world to a warmer interglacial state. partway through this transition, temperatures in the northern hemisphere suddenly returned to nearglacial conditions o medieval warm period: – ~7001000 a.d. –caused b expansion of crops in europe and viking exploration = sea ice retreat and colonization of greenland o little ice age: – ~1200, 1500 & 1800 a.d. – glaciers grow in europe = crop failure human impact on global climate change \n o today: the volume of co2 has increased by about 38% in the last three hundred years. this increase is primarily due to human induced burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other forms of landuse change. prior to 1700, levels of carbon dioxide were about 280 ppm (parts per million). concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are now a little over 400 ppm o most of our energy comes from fossil fuels; not enough from solar and water o global climate model mploys a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. it uses the navier–stokes equations on a rotating sphere with thermodynamic terms for various energy sources (radiation, latent heat). these equations are the basis for computer programs used to simulate the earth's atmosphere or oceans. basically, technology to model the global climate for weather predicting and climate change. o sea levels are expect to rise at this rate of co2 emissions. humans suck. sea ice retreat / melting (can cause a disrupt in the thermohaline circulation = we are heading into something very dangerous) ch 9: the hydrosphere hydrosphere o describes the waters of the earth water exists on the earth in stores: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, and groundwater water moves from one store to another through: evaporation, condensation, runoff, precipitation, infiltration, and groundwater flow o hydrological cycle endless circle of water from atmosphere to earth and its return to the atmosphere through condensation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration; continuous o earth moisture inventory 97.2% of all water is ocean 2.15% ice sheets and glaciers 0.63% ground water 0.02% other (stream channels, atmosphere, soil water, fresh water lakes) less than 1% of earth's moisture is actively moving in the hydrological cycle o residence time of a reservoir the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir; a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir atmosphere is 9 days ocean is 3,2000 years o oceans are actually just one huge ocean broken down into 4 major ones: pacific, atlantic, indian, arctic o characteristics of ocean waters chemical composition: all elements but mostly chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, sodium, potassium; creates an alkaline (basic) environment for the ocean salinity distribution: average 35 parts per thousand temperature distribution: 2 to 26 degrees c water density: (similar to air!) high temp > low density low temp > high density high salinity > high density low salinity > low density thermohaline circulation happens as a result in different temperatures and densities \n acidification lowering of ph to be more acidic; ocean is basic so this is bad; happens when co +2h o 2> h co 2car3 nic acid); happens when there's too much co2 in the air; hurts the sea environment especially corals surface currents – caused by wind flow; (other currents are caused by temperature and salinity) deep ocean currents – caused by differences in water density that arise because of salinity and temperature; referred to as thermohaline circulation ice the cyrosphere o second only to oceans as a place to store water land ice ice sheets, ice caps, alpine glaciers, = 10% of the land surface oceanic ice ice pack an extensive and cohesive mass of floating ice earth's largest ice pack is in the arctic ocean ice shelf a massive portion of a continental ice sheet that projects out over the sea ice floe a large flattish mass of ice that breaks off from large ice bodies and floats independently iceberg a chunk of floating ice that breaks off from an ice shelf or glacier o climatic snow line the altitude at which glaciers can exist o sea ice extent – more in winter; but less over the past years b/c global warming o land ice / glacial ice – all of antarctica; greenland; o snow extent in northern hemisphere from the poles to about the middle of the states o permafrost – ice that occurs beneath the land surface; permanently frozen soil; canada, alaska, siberia; global warming is causing a lot of this to thaw disrupting pipelines, buildings, cities, etc surface water – limited amounts; 0.025% of the world’s total water; variable in space; used for drinking and agriculture o lake – a body of water surrounded by land; natural basin having a restricted outlet; sufficient inflow of water to keep basin filled; contain 90% of non frozen surface water; some are fresh water some are salt formation of lakes natural basin with restricted outlet; sufficient inflow of water; glaciation, faulting, volcanism, karst reservoirs – artificial lakes; made for human use; usually created by dams o swamps – a body of water with water tolerant plants, predominantly trees o marsh – a body of water with water tolerant plants; primarily grasses and sedges o rivers and streams – a natural watercourse flowing towards an ocean or other body of water o drainage basin – watershed; where all the water / rain fall of an area flow to one single point; mississippi river in us is largest one; all water flows into that river and into that ocean; all of the land areas drained by a river and its tributaries o ground water – water stored underground; 2.5 times the amount found in lakes and streams; found in many places but you just need to dig; no evaporation and can last a long time water movement and storage o porosity – the percentage of total volume of material that consists of voids (pore spaces or cracks) that can fill with water; the more porous a material is, the more it can hold water o permeability – the ability of a material to transmit ground water; water moves by twisting and turning through small interconnected opening o infiltration capacity o aquifers – porous rocks saturated with groundwater o aquicludes – impermeable materials/rocks; wont let water get through; prevents water movement \n hydrologic zones o saturated zone – subsurface of zone where all pores of the ground are filled with water o ground water – water occupying the saturation zone and moving under the force of gravity o water table – the boundary between the unsaturated zone containing soil water and the saturation zone which holds the ground water water table is highest under hills (seepage into streams, lakes and marshes lowers it in valleys and other topographic depressions) o ground water is recharged by percolation of water from the soil water belt downward to the zone of saturation. it is discharged by seepage into streams, lakes and marshes and other topographic depressions ground water is always moving by force of gravity from recharge areas to discharge areas unconfined flow – water can go anywhere confined flow – the ground / dirt keeps the water going in one direction a confined aquifer creates an artisan well ground water mining – removal of water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and recharge capacities; this results in collapsing aquifers (because water in aquifers provide support for porous rock) = decreased capacity for aquifers to hold water (cuz they’re collapsed) and land above gets messed up too ground water mining can also result in salt water intrusion – contamination of an aquifer by seawater due to over pumping the aquifer cone depression – when water is taken from a well faster than it can flow in from surrounding saturated rock = the water table drops and creates an inverted cone the ogallala aquifer largest aquifer in the united states; 225,000 square miles; accumulating water for 30,000 years; water about the size of a larger great lake; only moderate precipitation today; affected by heavy groundwater mining over the past 100 years, the last 50 especially; when this runs out the mid west is in big trouble because they get their water for agriculture from this guy! water table has dropped more than 40 feet in places – if mining stopped, it would take 1000 years to recharge – water used to irrigate grain crops (wheat, sorghum and corn, providing 40% of cattle feed) and cotton – the city of san antonio, tx depends entirely on water from the ogallala aquifer – underground water does not obey property rights chapter 11: cycles and patterns in the biosphere biosphere consists of all living things, plant and animal; processes and interactions within the biosphere are exceedingly intricate energy, water and nutrients biogeochemical cycles o the flow of enerfy o the hydrologic cycle o the carbon cycle o the oxygen cycle o the nitrogen cycle the flow of energy sun is the basic source of energy o photosynthesis the production of organic matter by chlorophyll containing plants and animals; energy is fixed or made stable by plants (chemical energy); builds stored chemical energy in a plant; only happens during the day only about 1 percent of solar radiation reaching a plant is used in photosynthesis \n rate of photosynthesis is dependent on several things, especially the amount of light received ... up to a point. as solar radiation increases the rate of photosynthesis increases. •as incident solar radiation increases the rate of photosynthesis levels off, or may decrease. plant becomes too hot and the need to cool the plant increases as a result, transpiration takes over as the dominate plant process transpiration, the loss of water from plants, acts to cool the plant by releasing latent energy. o respiration (reversed process of photosynthesis); when plants break up those simple sugars and oxidize them; the process of oxidation of carbohydrates leading to the release of energy; process of burring stored chemical energy basically though oxidation, for maintaining plant metabolism; can go on all the time o npp net primary productivity; plant growth depends on a surplus of carbohydrate production; the difference between photosynthesis and respiration; high npp means that plants are healthy and they accumulate a lot of energy to be stored; higher near the equator and warm regions because lots of sun and rain and good growing conditions; desert area really low npp; o hydrologic cycle most abundant single substance in the biosphere is water; medium of life processes; source of their hydrogen; watery solutions dissolve nutrients and carry them to all parts of the organism; it can bind to plant and animal tissues; source of all reactions; o carbon cycle one of the basic elements of life; almost all life forms are carbon based; it is in a continuous state of creation, transformation and decomposition; photosynthsis assimilates atmospheric carbon into the biosphere; respiration returns carbon as co2; carbon moves constantly from the living system to organic reservoirs and back o oxygen cycle oxygen is mainly a byproduct of photosynthesis; we pretty much know what happens with oxygen (breathing, repirating, etc) o nitrogen cycle atmosphere is 78% nitrogen; soil bacteria and cyanobacteria; nitrogen fixation conversion of the gaseous form to nitrates (usable by plants ) primarily fixed by soil microorganisms and plants secondarily fixed by lightening and cosmic radiation; marine organisms humans cause nitrogen fixation by the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers; nitrogen fixing crops such as alfalfa, clover and soybeans o food chains pathways of energy, water, and nutrients on which organisms depend for their survival plants are autotrophs (they are self feeders by getting energy from the sun; storing solar energy) animals are heterotrophs they consume the plants primary consumers are herbivores, they eat the plants secondary consumers are carnivores they eat the primary consumers (meateaters) o food pyramid energy transfer from large number of lower forms of life through smaller number of higher life forms o biomagnification increasing concentration of a substance such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain o biological factors and natural distributions evolution, migration, reproduction, mass extinctions, succession; o environmental relationships the influence of climate (light moisture, temperature, wind); edaphic influences (soil characteristics); topographic influences; wildlife o environmental adaptations 1. xerophytes – a type of plant that adapted; has modified roots; stems are spongy so they store moisture; leaves were modified; can reproduce \n 2. hydrophytes – extensive roots; pliable stems; o ecosystem: totality of interactions among organisms and the environment in any area applied at many scales o biome: large, recognizable assemblage of plants & animals in functional interaction with its environment o ecotone—the transition zone between biotic communities in which the typical species of one community intermingle with those of another. useful for world distribution patterns described by their dominant veg. type spatial groupings of plants o vegetation associations – emphasis is usually based on the structure and appearance of the dominant plants 1. forests – trees growing close together 2. woodlands – tree dominated – spaced apart 3. shrublands – short woody plants 4. grasslands 5. deserts 6. tundra 7. wetlands o plants grouped by: local conditions vertical zonation – horizontal layering of different plants on a mountainside or hill side (changes with altitude) varying local environmental conditions exposure to sunlight adret slope: direct angle of sun’s rays ubac slope: low angle, less heating and evaporation valley bottom lovations riparian vegetation – plants that grow long the side of a river or lake o vegetation in major biomes tropical rainforests (a/af) – high temp; high humidity; broadleaf evergreen forest with numerous tree species; continuous canopy of trees with multiple layers; forest floor is clear because sunlight can’t reach it mediterranean woodland shrub (csa) – winter wet, summer dry and hot; biome is dominated by woody shrubs; chaparral in na; sclerophyllous plants which are adapted to dry weather; many species survive via fire (some plants have adapted to need fire in order to open their seeds to grow – produces regeneration) boreal forests (tiaga) – one of the largest biomes, covers much of northern north america and eurasia; limited number of species; trees primarily needle leaf; evergreen conifers; southern areas very close together; further north they are more spread out with more shrubs in between; trees tip due to permafrost midlatitude deciduous forests – extensive areas on all northern hemisphere continents (c and d climates); much has been cleared for agriculture and other human use; fairly dense growth of all broadleaf trees that provide a complete canopy cover in the summer; nearly closed canopy; relatively barren undergrowth; dramatic change between winter and summer; tundra (et) – treeless; cold desert / grassland; permafrost ",
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4ac1710006cfb591b05c340bcec05b74 | ?problem 1e
in problems 1–20, determine the laplace transform of the given function using table 7.1 and the properties of the transform given in table 7.2 [hint: in problems 12–20, use an appropriate trigonometric identity.] | answer: in 1–20, determine the laplace transform of the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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010f1ef6c6fa97d78fabb46668b62ee2 | the buoy is made from two homogeneous cones each having a radius of 1.5 ft. if h = 1.2 ft, find the distance z to the buoys center of gravity g | the buoy is made from two homogeneous cones | ch 9 - 9-79 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "stat 208 practice exam 1 the table below shows the distribution of marital status by gender for a sample of people age 25 – 29 in wyoming. never married widowed/ married divorced men 21 20 20 women 30 39 20 1. what are the marginal counts of gender? a. men 21, women 30 b. men 20, women 30 c. men 51, women 40 d. men 61, women 89 2. what percentage of our poll are women? a. 13% b. 59% c. 20% d. 41% 3. what percentage of the poll is married? a. 13% b. 39% c. 20% d. 41% 4. what percentage of men is “never married”? a. 70% b. 34% c. 21% d. 30% 5. what percentage of “married” people are women? a. 34% b. 13% c. 66% d. 50% 6. fill in the blank: variables are said to be \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ if the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other. a. conditional \n b. simpson’s paradox c. independent d. outliers the following histogram is the costs of living in 25 international cities. answer the next two questions. 7. describe the shape of this distribution. a. skewed to the left b. skewed to the right c. symmetric d. bimodal 8. which statement best describes the center of the distribution of the cost of living. a. the mean is higher than the median b. the mean is less than the median c. the mean and the median are the same d. the center is at $60 for the next three questions consider the following list of numbers: 7, 2, 1, 2, 3 9. the median of the list of numbers is: a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 9 10. the third quartile q3 of the list of numbers is: a. 6 b. 3 \n c. 2 d. 9 11. the standard deviation, sd, (s) of the list of numbers is: a. 5.5 b. 2.35 c. 0 d. 4.7 12. in a survey, respondents were asked how many automobiles they owned. the variable, number of automobiles owned, is an example of what kind of variable? a. quantitative, discrete variable b. quantitative, continuous variable c. categorical (qualitative), discrete variable d. categorical (qualitative), continuous variable 13. consider the following list of numbers with an average of 40: 38, 42, 38, 42, 38, 42, 38, 42 the sd of the list of numbers is approximately: a. 40 b. 4 c. 8 d. 2 14. which one of the following statements about sd is true? a. the sd can never be zero. b. if you add 5 to each entry on a lists, that adds 7 to the sd. c. if you double each entry on a list, that doubles the sd. d. if you change the sign of each entry on a list, that changes the sign of the sd. on a certain exam, the average of the scores was 62, and the sd was 8. use this information to answer the following two questions. 15. suppose a student scored a 72 on the exam. convert his score to standard units. (zscore) a. 1.25 b. 10 c. –10 d. –1.25 16. find the exam score which is 2.5 standard deviations below the average. a. –42 pts b. 42 pts c. 20 pts d. 82 pts 17. which of the following statements about normal curves is false? a. the standard normal curve has a sd of 0. b. there are many, many different types of normal curves. c. the standard normal curve is represented in standard units. \n d. normal curves are symmetric about their median. 18. the area under the standard normal curve less than 1.45 is closest to: a. 0.8529 b. 0.4265 c. 0.9265 d. 0.0736 19. the area under the standard normal curve between 1.1 and 1.1 is closest to: a. 0.1357 b. 0.2714 c. 0.7286 d. 0.011 20. the area under the standard normal curve greater than 1.36 is closest to: a. 0.0869 b. 0.9131 c. 0.0136 d. 0.1738 in a large study for women age 18 – 24, the average (mean) weight was about 135 lbs with a sd of about 25 lbs. suppose that the histogram for these weights approximately follows a normal curve. use this information to answer the next two questions. 21. what percent of women age 18 – 24 have weights greater than 150 lbs? a. 60% b. 15% c. 72.5% d. 27.5% 22. for women age 18 – 24 what is the cutoff for the lowest 15 percent of weights? (what is the 15 percentile?) a. 1.04 b. 3.75 c. 26 d. 109 \n stat 208 practice exam 1 the table below shows the distribution of marital status by gender for a sample of people age 25 – 29 in wyoming. never married widowed/ married divorced men 21 20 20 women 30 39 20 1. what are the marginal counts of gender? a. men 21, women 30 b. men 20, women 30 c. men 51, women 40 d. men 61, women 89 2. what percentage of our poll are women? a. 13% b. 59% c. 20% d. 41% 3. what percentage of the poll is married? a. 13% b. 39% c. 20% d. 41% 4. what percentage of men is “never married”? a. 70% b. 34% c. 21% d. 30% 5. what percentage of “married” people are women? a. 34% b. 13% c. 66% d. 50% 6. fill in the blank: variables are said to be \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ if the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other. a. conditional \n b. simpson’s paradox c. independent d. outliers the following histogram is the costs of living in 25 international cities. answer the next two questions. 7. describe the shape of this distribution. a. skewed to the left b. skewed to the right c. symmetric d. bimodal 8. which statement best describes the center of the distribution of the cost of living. a. the mean is higher than the median b. the mean is less than the median c. the mean and the median are the same d. the center is at $60 for the next three questions consider the following list of numbers: 7, 2, 1, 2, 3 9. the median of the list of numbers is: a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 9 10. the third quartile q3 of the list of numbers is: a. 6 b. 3 \n c. 2 d. 9 11. the standard deviation, sd, (s) of the list of numbers is: a. 5.5 b. 2.35 c. 0 d. 4.7 12. in a survey, respondents were asked how many automobiles they owned. the variable, number of automobiles owned, is an example of what kind of variable? a. quantitative, discrete variable b. quantitative, continuous variable c. categorical (qualitative), discrete variable d. categorical (qualitative), continuous variable 13. consider the following list of numbers with an average of 40: 38, 42, 38, 42, 38, 42, 38, 42 the sd of the list of numbers is approximately: a. 40 b. 4 c. 8 d. 2 14. which one of the following statements about sd is true? a. the sd can never be zero. b. if you add 5 to each entry on a lists, that adds 7 to the sd. c. if you double each entry on a list, that doubles the sd. d. if you change the sign of each entry on a list, that changes the sign of the sd. on a certain exam, the average of the scores was 62, and the sd was 8. use this information to answer the following two questions. 15. suppose a student scored a 72 on the exam. convert his score to standard units. (zscore) a. 1.25 b. 10 c. –10 d. –1.25 16. find the exam score which is 2.5 standard deviations below the average. a. –42 pts b. 42 pts c. 20 pts d. 82 pts 17. which of the following statements about normal curves is false? a. the standard normal curve has a sd of 0. b. there are many, many different types of normal curves. c. the standard normal curve is represented in standard units. \n d. normal curves are symmetric about their median. 18. the area under the standard normal curve less than 1.45 is closest to: a. 0.8529 b. 0.4265 c. 0.9265 d. 0.0736 19. the area under the standard normal curve between 1.1 and 1.1 is closest to: a. 0.1357 b. 0.2714 c. 0.7286 d. 0.011 20. the area under the standard normal curve greater than 1.36 is closest to: a. 0.0869 b. 0.9131 c. 0.0136 d. 0.1738 in a large study for women age 18 – 24, the average (mean) weight was about 135 lbs with a sd of about 25 lbs. suppose that the histogram for these weights approximately follows a normal curve. use this information to answer the next two questions. 21. what percent of women age 18 – 24 have weights greater than 150 lbs? a. 60% b. 15% c. 72.5% d. 27.5% 22. for women age 18 – 24 what is the cutoff for the lowest 15 percent of weights? (what is the 15 percentile?) a. 1.04 b. 3.75 c. 26 d. 109",
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32e920ce55b501c7e7349486d175b757 | ?problem 1e | 1e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " 4/19/2016 the special senses are thesenses that have specialized organs devoted to them: vision (the eye) hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system) smell (the nose) taste (the tongue) vision the eye fibrous tunic area outside of the eye 1. sclera the white of the eye is in the posterior ⅚ of eye 2. cornea clear part of eye is in anterior ⅙ of eye vascular tunic heavily pigmented tunic that prevents light scattering within the eye. parts: 1. choroid blood vessels. dark posterior ⅚ of eye 2. ciliary body smooth muscles: suspensory ligaments, lens ciliary process 3. iris muscular diaphragm controls amount of light that lets in gets bigger and smaller posterior segment: comprises most of the eye vitreous humor gel→ shapes eye. anterior segment: anterior chamber and a posterior chamber. anterior chamber is anterior to iris, posterior chamber is posterior to the iris. filled with aqueous humor. ciliary process→ posterior chamber→ anterior chamber→ scleral sinus *glaucoma condition where there is increased pressure on the eye retina 1. pigmented layer 2. nervous tissue layer photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells photoreceptors 1. cones 3 types: red, green, blue a. found in high light levels b. located in fovea centralis macula c. wiring: more one to one with bipolar cells than rods 2. rods black and white \n a. work best in low light levels b. periphery optic disk aka blind spot where ganglion cells are exiting the eye some vocab: refraction: bending of light one substance to another accommodation: change in curvature of the lens for close up vision myopia: near sighted hyperopia: farsighted eyelid: contains tarsal glands. secrete oily substances, cysts form when infected. eyelash: sebaceous glands. sty formed when infected. conjunctiva: mucous membrane, conjunctivitis occurs when infected. lacrimal glands produces tears, consists of: lacrimal canal lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct photoreceptors outer segment of photoreceptor embedded in pigmented layer disc membrane proteins opsins 3 opsins in cones 1 opsin in rods rhodopsin (in rods) opsincisretinal: in the presence of light, also there are high levels of gmp present. aka bleaching→ opsin + all trans retinal increase cgmp breakdown, low gmp present. dark: 1. cgmp will open na and ca ion channels. this will cause photoreceptors to depolarize. 2. voltage gated ca ion channels open 3. this releases a neurotransmitter/ an inhibitory neurotransmitter \n 4. causes inhibitory postsynaptic potential in bipolar cells→ hyperpolarized 5. hyperpolarized 6. so, no neurotransmitter is released hearing and balance the ear outer, middle, and inner ear outer ear pinna: collects sound external auditory canal contains ceruminous glands (which has cerumen earwax) middle ear air filled tympanic membrane eardrum connected to malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) synovial joints connect the malleus, incus, and stapes. inner ear fluid filled cochleahearing semicircular canals dynamic balance vestibule static balance oval window stapes round window osseous labyrinth little canals and tubes inside there is a membranous labyrinth endolymph is the term for inside of membranous perilymph is the erm for outside of membranous \n spiral organ of corti hair cells tectorial membrane sound pitch: frequency of sound waves loudness: magnitude of sound waves high pitch is at the base of the cochlea low pitch is at the apex of cochlea static balance: vestibule giving info concerning the position of the head maculae: receptor organ, hair cells otolithic membrane: otolith ear stone dynamic balance: semicircular canal crista hair cells cupula gel like substance smell the nose detects chemicals in the air receptors (dendrites) embedded in mucus chemical dissolve mucus bind to receptors (ion channels) about 500 receptors that bind to 500 different molecules we can detect 10,000 different smells ",
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e3fd8aae856614d775f929f727283a3b | ?problem 36p
fill in the steps between equations to determine the average speed of the molecules in an ideal gas. | fill in the steps between equations to determine the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": " plants (important vocab terms are highlighted in yellow) graham kulig dr. vandermast’s biodiversity class ● dominant primary producers ● important source of oxygen and food for aquatic organisms ● hold soil in place ● moderate extreme temperatures ● land plants were first multicellular organisms with most of their tissues exposed to ai(pay attention to adaptations of living on ) y land ● green algae are closest living relatives to plants ● transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from green algae nonvascular plants: bryophytes: ● possible test q: what are the 3 reasons bryophytes are short? ● all seedless and nonvascular plants most basal lineage of land plants and the gametophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle. ● grow low to ground ● no lignin ● rhizoids anchor plant to soil/rock ● need water for reproduction, flagellated sperm swim to eggs ○ spores are winddispersed liverworts: ● grow in dense mats on forest floors \n ● have cuticl (prevents loss of water), and some have pores ● asexual reproduction occurs through gemmae , which are knocked off parent plant by rain or wind mosses : ● very hardy, grow in extreme environments, can dry out, and then rehydrate itself ● less than a few cm in height ● sexual reproduction cannot occur via self fertilizat (antheridia produce only antheridia) ● foot seta, capsule, periculum are allsporophyte hornworts: ● sporophyte has hornlike structure, which is why it’s called a hornwort vascular plants: ● paraphyletic group ● all have vascular tissue reinforced with lignin ● depend on water for reproduction ● sporophyte is dominant phase lycophyta: ● fossil club mosses were huge, extant ones aren’t ● most ancient plants with roots ● unusual leaves called microphylls ● asexual reproduction by gemmae or fragmentation \n whisk ferns: ● no fossil record, live in tropical regions ● lack leaves and roots ● some gain nutrients by fungi horsetails (sphenophyta) : ● flourish in waterlogged soils ● asexual reproduction, fragmentation or sprouting from rhizome ferns (pteridophyta): ● most species rich seedless vascular plants ● abundant in tropics ( few cm20m big) ● ferns are homosporous ● leaves are called fronds ● sporangia found in clusters called sori on the underside of the fronds ○ fronds with sori are called sporophylls (spore bearing leaf, phyll means leaf) ● monoecious: (one house) have both male and female reproductive structures in the same house ● diecious: some individuals are male, some female, never both on one \n seeded plants gymnosperms : (naked seed) do not develop in enclosed structures angiosperms: (vessel seed) seeds develop insidcarpel ● fossil record for green algae dates back to 700725 mya. ● land plants: 475 mya ● features ○ cuticle: waxy substance that helps retain water ○ spores are protected by poropollenin ○ stomata (have guard cells) ○ water conducting tissue (vasculature) ○ leaves 5 groups of gymnosperms: 1. cycadophyta 2. ginkgophyta 3. gnetophyta 4. pinophyta 5. “other cone bearing species” plant facts: ● very first endosymbiotic event: prokaryote engulfed cyanobacterium ● land plants evolved from green algae ● land plants are monophyletic ● bryophytes are the earliest branching groups among land plants (most ancient) ● non vascular plants from a grade, meaning they’re paraphyletic ● seeded plants are monophyletic \n why grow on land? ● light and co2 are more plentiful on land why grow upward? ● better access to light! ● 2 problems ○ wind, gravity ○ transporting water ● lignin is a structural polymer. it is the defining feature of vascular cells ● tracheids have: ○ a secondary cell wall with lignin and cellulose primary cell wall ● most specialized water conducting cell: v essel elements plant adaptations: (all good vocab to know!) ● cuticle (keeps water in/out), or if not vascular, pores. ● stomata: pores that have guard cells that open and close ● tracheids: very first vascular cells. all plants have these, although some evolved convergently! ● vascular tissue: individual hollow cells that help mosses get water ● vessel elements: shorter wider cells stacked like straws that can move a lot more water. present in angiosperms and gnetophytes reproduction: ● sporopollenin encases seeds that prevents drying out ● embryo is nourished by mother gametes in protected structures: gametangia: is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced \n antheridium:perm producing region on bryophytes archegonium: egg producing region on bryophytes bryophytes ferns and gymnosperm angiosperms allies s seeds no no yes yes vascular tissue no yes yes yes alt of gen. g s s (g dep. on s (g dep. on s s) vessel elements no no (just yes gnetophytes) water for yes yes no no reproduction tracheids no yes yes yes pollen no no yes yes bryophyte gametophyte structures: ● thallus \n ● rhizoids ● antheridium ● archegonium ● calyptra bryophyte sporophyte structures: ● foot (where transfer cells are) ● seta (stalk) ● capsule/sporangium ferns and allies gametophyte: ● thallus ● rhizoids ● antheridium ● archegonium ferns and allies sporophyte: ● fronds ● microphylls ● sporophyll ● sori ● sporangium ● strobilus retaining and nourishing offspring ● embryophyta: the retention of embryo was a key event in land plant evolution ● transfer cells: located at foot ● sporophyte dominated life cycle \n changing trends in life cycles: in seed plants, the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is dependent on sporophyte (pollen) in mosses, gametophyte is dominant alternation of generations: transition from gametophyte dominated to sporophyte dominated was huge why? diploid cells can respond to varying environmental conditions more efficiently than haploid cells can, particularly if the individual is heterozygous heterospory: ● production of 2 different kinds of spore producing structures ● all bryophytes and most ferns and allies are homosporous. they produce one kind of spore ● 2 kinds of spores: microsporangia and macrosporangia ○ micro are sperm, macro are egg monecious= sexes on same structure diecious=sexes on different structures pollen: ● evolution meant that heterosporous plants no longer needed water for reproduction gymnosperms: redwood group ● world’s “largest” plants ● conifer, produces cones ● excurrent vs decurrent tree shape ○ (pines, oaks. excurrent are better adapted for snow) \n gymnosperms ● heterospory: the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. ● when you have one plant with both micro (male) and megasporangia (female), it’s bisexual, and monecious ● angio=vessel gymno=naked ● gametophyte dependent on sporophyte in gymnosperms ○ (sporophyte gives nutrients to seeds, which is an expensive process!) ○ different from bryophytes (nonvascular plants) (sporophyte dependent on gametophyte) flowers ● all angiosperms ● most diverse land plants (250,000+ species of plants on earth are angiosperms) ● perfect flowers contain 2 important structures: ○ stamen contains anther (like antlers) ○ carpals (middle structure that contains ovary) ● double fertilization: a pollen grain contains 2 cells ■ tube cell (grows into tube) ■ generative celldivides by mitosis and produces 2 sperm cells ● sperm travel down tube...one sperm fuses with egg= zygote. second sperm fuses with 2 nuclei to form a triploid (3n) nutritive tissueendosperm ● pollination: ○ stamens and carpels become enclosed by sepals and petals \n ● fruit: a structure that is derived from a ripened ovary ● angiosperm radiation: ○ diversification is associated with ■ vessel elements ■ flowers ■ fruits monocots and dicots and eudicots ● monocots have cotyledon (photosynthetic) , the first leaf, while dicots have 2 ● monocots have scattered vascular tissue, in dicots they’re arranged in a circular pattern ● monocots have petals in multiples of 3, dicots have 4 or 5 key lineages of green algae and land plants: ● synapomorphy: primary symbiosis ● important primary producers ● lichens are a mutualism between fungi and green algae ● all angiosperms have tracheids and vessel elements ● supports all food chain systems ● look at slide of all derived traits \n plant tissues and such: root system vs. shoot system ● each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues to form atissue system ● cuticle: a waxy coating that prevents water loss. this is why it doesn’t help to water a plant's leaves ● periderm is the cork layer of tree ● trichomes :are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defence vascular system: xylem=wood=dead straws! conveys water and dissolved minerals upward via co/adhesion phloem transports organic nutrients (from photosynthesis) specialization of cells: ● parenchyma ○ thin flexible walls ○ least specialized ○ can divide and differentiate (kinda like fat cells) ● sclerenchyma ○ rigid because of lignin ○ when functioning, they are dead ○ 2 types: ■ sclereids ■ fibers ● tracheids ○ water conducting cells, moves through pits \n ○ found in xylem ● vessel elements ○ straws align end to end ○ way bigger than tracheids (tracheids=tunnel) ● phloem ○ all alive at maturation ○ only composed of a large central vacuole essentially, but companion cell keeps phloem cells alive plants have a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells ● organs: roots, stems, leaves ● organized into root system and shoot system roots: ● anchor the plant ● absorb minerals and water ● storing organic nutrients ● taproot : one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots (branch roots) ● absorption begins at the root hairs stems: ● stem is an organ consisting of ○ alternating nodes (buds) ○ internodes=distance between nodes ● axillary bud=is a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch ● apical bud=terminal bud, causes tree to grow. is at the top! ● modified stems ○ rhizomes \n leaves ● leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants ● consist of a blade and a stalk called the petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem meristems generate cells for new organs ● meristems are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth, like stem cells ● apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots. used for elongation (primary growth) thickening is secondary growth ● vascular cambium ○ adds layers of vascular tissue called xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. located near the outside of the tree, closer to xylem ● cork cambium ○ replaces the epidermis (bark) to make the plant thicker. located on very outside of tree. ● initials ○ new meristem cells ● derivatives ○ becomes specialized cells important things to review for test: ● double fertilization ● adapting to live on land ● gemmae cups? (asexual reproduction) ● monecious vs diecious (sporophyte) ○ refers to spore of a plant \n ○ monecious=male and female reproductive structures on same plant (antheridium +archegonium on plant) heterosporous vs homosporous (has to do with gametophyte) ● heterosporous=2 different spore types, one grows into male gametophyte, the other grows into female ● homosporous=one spore type that produces a bisexual gametophyte rhizobial bacterial: fix n mycorrhizal: fungi and plant mutualism heartwood, sapwood, vascular cambium (one cell thick, make xylem and phloem), monocot/dicot? xylem: transport water. hollow cells. passive, no energy required. phloem: must use atp to move nutrients (companion cells, sieve tube elements) how to tell difference? color. xylem have big open cells, dyes purple/pink because of lignin. phloem is gray. diff between sclerenchyma and parenchyma? liverwort sporophyte pic? identify flower parts no leaf arrangement or “twig stuff” either bonus q: gingko ",
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de4858c8d26c06defe0a28521062bb3d | find vo in the network in fig. p3.45 using nodal analysis. 1 k 1 k 2 k 2 k vo + + 2 vo 2 ma figure p3.45 | find vo in the network in fig. p3.45 using nodal analysis. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " exam 1 review sheet 1 psych 380 historical context—know explanations for abnormality, general approach to treatment, and overall evaluation for each approach to abnormal behavior. definition of a psychological disorder psychological dysfunction breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning personal distress the person finds it upsetting atypical or not culturally expected supernatural tradition explanation abnormal behavior caused by supernatural phenomenon (evil spirits/witches) treatment supernatural (exorcism, kill the witch) evaluation power of suggestion (placebo effect), but not in most cases; could stigmatize sufferers incidence number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period prevalence number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time prognosis predicted development and change of a disorder over time etiology cause or source of a disorder trephination (neolithic societies 5000 bce) removal of a piece of the skill, possibly to relieve pressure after injury biological tradition hippocrates o theorized physiological processes like intelligence, consciousness, and emotions originate in the brain o determined stress affects psychological functioning 4 humors o blood(from heart)excess creates cheerfulness (sanguinity) o black bile (from spleen) produces depression (melancholy) o yellow bile (from liver) produces anger (choler) o phlegm (from brain) produces lethargy general paresis progressive mental illness involving delusions, dementia, and paralysis o late 1800sproved to occur only in people who had contracted syphilis (sti) o involves bacterial microorganisms invading brain tissue o mental illness clearly due to physical cause treatment: medical/physical o rest, good nutrition, exercise, stress reduction, and hospitalization o electroconvulsive therapy (ect) 1920s, reduces psychosis and depression o medication (1950s) some sedatives reduce psychotic symptoms o less useful treatments bloodletting, vomiting, lobotomies early psychological tradition plato (ancient greek) poor behavior is caused by bad experiences leading to faulty learning philippe pinel/moral therapy (18 century france) advocated placing patients in an environmental that encouraged healthy social interactions and intellectual curiosity th dorothea dix (19 century u.s.) increase public awareness of mental illness and value of hospitalization mental hygiene movement mid10 century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment psychoanalytic tradition structures of the mind o id animal mind, responsible for primary processes, or basic drives (eating, sleeping, sex). wants to maximize pleasure (pleasure principle). unconscious o superego conscience, operates on moral principles o ego realistic mind, basis of secondary processes or logical thinking. runs interference between the superego and the id \n exam 1 review sheet 2 defense mechanisms o ego uses defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety created by conflict between the id and superego displacement transferring an emotion from an unacceptable object to an acceptable one sublimation transforming unacceptable urges into acceptable interests/activities reactional formation replacing an urge with its opposite denial refusing to recognize reality transference o clients projects own thoughts/feelings/desires onto therapist countertransference o therapist projects own thoughts/feelings/desires onto client psychosexual stages (freud) o oral stage (02) sexual gratification focused on the mouth fixation causes dependency or rebelliousness o anal stage (23) sexual gratification focused on the anal sphincter fixation can lead to being too messy/careless or too neat/perfectionistic o phallic stage (36) interested in own genitalia; conflicts with parents over masturbation oedipus/electra complex become sexually attracted to the oppositesex parent, wanting to eliminate samesex parents as a rival fixated will have unhealthy relationships o latency stage (school age) sexual interest goes underground until puberty o genital stage (puberty) become involved in sexual relationships with appropriate others (final stage) o explains adult personality as resulting from the success (or lack thereof) a child experiences navigating stages of sexual development. o fixation results when development does not progress past a certain stage due to over or under gratification or urges oedipus/electra complex o sexually attracted to the oppositesex parent, wanting to eliminate samesex parents as a rival castration anxiety o fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers spontaneous remission o recovery that would have taken place without treatment behavioral model classical conditioning (pavlov, 18491936) when two things are experienced together, people form an association between them o not necessarily conscious, automatic response (not a choice) o explanation for phobias/anxiety prepared learning humans biologically predisposed to learn some connections faster than others o uses in therapy classic extinctio experiences stimulus without feared event many times decreases fear exposure therapies experiencing the thing that makes you anxious while using relaxation skills will, over time, reduce anxiety aversive counterconditioning pair an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior to reduce the behaviors \n exam 1 review sheet 3 operant conditioning (b.f. skinner) occurs when people learn a connection between a behavior and its consequences which leads them to make choices about behavior o pleasant consequences behavior will be repeated o unpleasant consequences behavior will be reduced o used to explain behavior problems, addictions behavioral modification (contingency management) o systematic use of rewards and/or punishments to shape behavior operant extinction o if reward is removed, behavior should diminish, possible after a e burst (brief increase in frequency) experimental neurosis o behavior disorder produced experimentally o produced in the laboratory by putting subjects in a situation where they are required to make discriminations or produce problems solving responses that are beyond capacity. seligman and learned helplessness o animal that get shocked, but able to escape, will escape; animal unable to escape shocks won't try even when escape becomes possible theory: feeling out of control can stop someone from trying to improve his/her situation (depression). o o similar concept animals unable to read cues, and thus unable to predict what will happen humanistic model selfactualization people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences personcentered therapy (carl rodgers) o emphasizes importance of nconditional positive regard(therapist accepts client's feelings and actions without criticism, makes him/her feel understood and valued) motivational interviewing (miller and rollnick) o increase client desire to change through use of empathic and supportive communication techniques cognitive model personal construct theory (george kelly) o employ methods of categorizing ourselves, others, and events to help us predict/understand the world o can be overdone/misapplies (i.e. prejudice, depression) o unusual experiences can use misunderstanding of the odds (i.e. trauma, substance abuse) cognitive therapy (aaron beck) o cognitive therapy change thoughts and emotions/behaviors will follow o learning patterns of negative thinking and restructuring negative thoughts should reduce depression cognitive dissonance (festiger) o when attitudes and cognitions are not consistent with behavior, we feel internal distress as cognitive dissonance o treatment of behavior disorders may involve trying to induce cognitive dissonance systematic desensitization diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation explanations and treatment of abnormal behavior— biopsychosocial model o approach to psychopathology (study of psychological disorders) o mental disorders are due to the interactions between biological, psychological, and social forces biogenes, chemistry, maturation. psychobehavior, cognitions socialsocial network, environment, culture genes and psychological dysfunction \n exam 1 review sheet 4 o gene molecules of dna found on chromosomes within cell nuclei affect a variety of characteristics (iq, eye color, vulnerability to mental illness) major methods of research include twin and adoption studies o most traits are lygenetic determined by a number of genes and outside influences developing a psychological disorder may be slightly affected by interactions among genes greater genetic link for some disorders (i.e. alcoholism, schizophrenia) diathesisstress model o an individual inherits the genetic potential to develop a disorder, which emerges if certain conditions are met o diathesis inherited vulnerability reciprocal geneenvironment model o just as the environment affects the expression of genes, genetic makeup affects a person's experience of his/her environment genotype vs. phenotype o genotype set of traits contained in your genetic code o phenotype traits actually expressed importance of twin studies o comparison of twins with unrelated or less closely related individuals. if twins share common characteristics (disorder) even if they were reared in different environments, there strong evidence of genetic involvement central nervous system (cns) o brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system (pns) o communicated between cns and body o somatic nervous system controls voluntary activity o autonomic nervous system controls involuntary activity (heart, lungs, digestion). 2 parts work together to maintain homeostasis: sympathetic perceived threat triggers fight or flight (ffr): stimulates endocrine system, increases heart rate/respiration, degreases digestion/immune function parasympathetic restores body to state of rest/recuperation after arousal rest and digest structures of the brain o extrapyramidal system neural network that is part of the motor system causing involuntary movements cerebellum coordinates movement reticular activating system (ras) affect level of arousal, functioning impaired in adhd, schizophrenia caudate nucleus directs motor behavior, impairment associated with ocd o hypothalamus intrinsic behavior (sleep, hunger, sex, basic emotions). runs the: endocrine system releases hormones into bloodstream ass part of ffr norepinephrine (ne) too little depression, too much schizophrenia/mania cortisol promotes healing short term, cause damage with longterm exposure o limbic system found between brain stem and cerebral cortex amygdala emotionallymotivated behavior (aggression) hippocampus develops throughout life involved in memory (from perception to long term memory) chronic alcohol use causes damage o frontal cortex executive functions complex functions like planning, reasoning, language, art, math involved in impulse control, attention selfmonitoring of behavior, organization of information \n exam 1 review sheet 5 implicated in adhd, ocd, schizophrenia, depression o hypothalamicpituitaryadrenocortical (hpa) axis set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands (in the name) controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes (digestion, immune system, mood, emotions, sexuality) neurotransmitters (nt) chemicals that cause communications between neurons o acetylcholine (ach) involved in movement (including in pns), sleep, learning, and memory affected by many psychiatric medications, causing side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, retention of urine, nasal congestion, gi problems o serotonin affects information processing regulated mood, behavior, and thought processes high levels prosocial behavior and reduced sexual desire low levels depression and impulsive behavior (i.e. aggression, suicide, eating and sexual binges) o dopamine involved in movement/activation of other nt high levels schizophrenia increases in response to rewards, both natural and chemical (substances of abuse) o gaba inhibitory (low levels anxiety) maturation and psychopathology o physical development due to maturation, with age disorders may… emerge(schizophrenia) or remit (some adhd) differ in expression types of fear are typical of certain ages emerge due to physical deterioration (i.e. dementia) systems theory o viewing something as comprise of a number of interacting systems holism vs. reductionism o seeing something as more than the sum of its parts; includes also interactions between part observational learning/social learning (albert bandura) o people learn from doing and observing others o explains that exposure to tv violence increases aggression in children implicit memory o condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them research methods, assessment, and diagnosis —know advantages and disadvantages of various types of research designs and methods of assessment. foundations of the scientific method empirical – knowledge is gathered through observation objective – the researcher’s own biases should not influence the outcome of the investigation skeptical – have to be willing to examine other possible explanations, and to be willing to discard explanations that don’t fit replicable – later, similar studies find similar results steps in the process: o formulate a question o form a hypothesis – prediction about the result of an experiment o test the hypothesis o analyze data o synthesize with other research o develop new theories \n exam 1 review sheet 6 internal vs. external validity validity – extent to which a research technique accurately measures what it is intended to measure o internal validity – extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the intended manipulation of a variable (related to amount of control) o external validity – extent to which the results of a study can be generalized (applied) to the larger population. enhanced by… - collecting a large sample – increases chance sample group will be similar to population - collecting a randomized sample – selecting subjects from a population in such a way that each subject has an equal chance of ending up in the sample generalization extent to which research can be applied to the larger, general population randomized sample collecting a randomized sample – each subject has an equal chance of ending up in the sample confounding factors confounding factors – any factor other than the intended manipulation that causes or masks the effects of a study o threatens the validity and/or reliability of research results o just being in treatment can be a confound (gives hope/support) descriptive vs. experimental designs descriptive design – examination of a phenomenon or group of phenomena; no manipulation of variables experimental design – involves manipulation of one or more variables to investigate causation correlational designs—limits correlation does not prove causation case studies case study – detailed analysis focused on one event, individual, or group. can be either descriptive or experimental o advantages - communicates a lot of information - because of high level of scrutiny can get good internal validity o disadvantages - can be misleading because not every case is representative of a problem, impairing generalizability independent vs. dependent variable independent variable – factor manipulated by the experimenter dependent variable – factor measured to determine if it is affected by the change in the independent variable experimental vs. control groups experimental group – subjects who receive the intervention control group subjects who do not receive the intervention o compared to the experimental group to see if the intervention produced a difference randomization of subjects assigning subjects to research conditions so that each subject has an equal chance of ending up in either the experimental or the control group o advantages – enhances internal validity, reduces the risk that other factors are creating any possible effects o disadvantages - randomization and control groups can be hard to get - can be impractical/unethical to withhold treatment - if a control group is not an option, may use a quasiexperimental design quasiexperimental designs subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions but a manipulation is made hypothesis prediction about the result of an experiment analogue model \n exam 1 review sheet 7 approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions ethical principles in research ethical principles in research o do no harm o informed consent – individuals must be aware of: - what will take place during the study - any risks involved - freedom to withdraw at any time metaanalysis involves combining results from many studies to explore whether a specific treatment is associated with a higher rate of change than spontaneous remission or placebo effect characteristics of evidencesupported treatments evidencesupported treatments: o specific interventions determined by metaanalyses to have a high chance of success o with some exception, most effective psychotherapies are cognitivebehavioral interventions placebo effect placebo effect – recovery due to the mere expectation that healing will occur importance of therapeutic relationship most important factor in treatment success is quality of therapeutic alliance – working relationship between therapist and client criticisms of diagnosis criticisms of diagnosis: o labeling is not fixing – knowing you have bipolar disorder does not cure your bipolar disorder o association with the medical model – suggests the client is diseased o lack of reliability – different clinicians working with the same case may arrive at different diagnoses o diagnoses may be stigmatizing – may feed existing prejudices towards individuals diagnostic and statistical manual diagnostic and statistical manual (dsm 5) published in may of 2013 with: o goal of enhancing clinical utility of diagnostic system more so than other concerns such as research/legal use o reliance on research base to improve validity o focus on dimensional as well as categorical approach to diagnosis, recognizing that many psychological problems present along a continuum of severity reliability reliability – extent to which measurement is consistent (e.g., across time and across evaluators) approaches to classification—categorical, dimensional, and prototypical familial aggregation extent to which a disorder would be found among patient’s relatives comorbidity presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time clinical interview/mental status exam clinical interview – general assessment of current and past functioning. includes: o personal history – family, social, educational, medical, legal o current functioning o psychological symptoms o may include a mental status exam – assesses observed aspects of current functioning, such as: - orientation – to time, place, person, and situation - emotional state \n exam 1 review sheet 8 - quality of thought processes and perception standardization standardization – process involves: o establishment of norms – determining how a representative sample of the population scores on the measure o development of uniform rules of use for a measure to enable reliable: - administration of the instrument - evaluation of an individual’s responses - comparisons to other individuals’ responses behavioral assessment behavioral assessment – systematic measurement of client’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors o antecedents – what is going on before the behavior o behaviors – the target behavior and any that accompany it o consequences – what happens as a result of the behavior selfmonitoring selfmonitoring – client performs own behavioral assessment reactivity reactivity – process by which a behavior changes because it is being measured o can reduce the validity of findings (e.g., client behaves better because he’s being monitored) o clinically can be useful because often moves a behavior in the desired direction by itself projective testing subject projects unconscious conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli o emerged from the psychodynamic approach o thematic apperception test (tat) – subject asked to make up a story about some of a series of 31 cards depicting ambiguous scenes o rorschach not standardized, thus: o reliability is low – e.g., different examiners give a test different ways, producing different results o validity is also minimal – e.g., hard to know what we’re seeing if can’t compare it to others mmpi—basic ideas behind standard scales and validity scales minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi): o standard scales – measure aspects of personality and psychopathology (e.g., depression, antisocial behavior) o validity scales – measure/compensate for response patterns that would otherwise distort findings (e.g., minimizing, exaggerating) intelligence quotient (iq) score on an intelligence test estimating a person’s deviation from average test performance neuropsychological testing measure brain function through performance on behavioral or cognitive tasks o neuropsychological assessment battery – 33 tests assesses cognitive functioning in adults when brain injury is suspected - nicely reliable and valid - less affected by language differences - can take a long time to administer neuroimaging techniques—ct, mri, pet allows nonintrusive examination of nervous system structure and function ct computerized axial tomography, locate brain tumors, injuries, and other structural and anatomical abnormalities o involve repeated radiation mri magnetic resonance imaging, doesn’t use xrays, head placed in magnetic field and radio waves are transmitted o claustrophobic for patients \n exam 1 review sheet 9 pet positron emission tomography, measure functioning brain, hot spots picked up by isotopes in the brain and blood, learn which portions of the brain are working or not eeg electroencephalogram, measure electrical activity patterns in the brain, taken through electrodes placed on the scalp psychophysiological assessment psychophysiological assessment – measure physical changes thought to reflect emotional processes o galvanic skin response – intended to measure anxiety through sweat - less opportunity for bias/faking - concerns with validity: not everything leaves a physical trace subject to reactivity rorschach rorschach inkblot test: o subject asked what he/she sees in a series of 10 inkblots o information about the subject gathered from overall themes (e.g., lots of blood or mothers) psychotic disorders— for each disorder know characteristics, general facts about prevalence (e.g., whether it’s common or not), course, causes, and treatment. positive symptoms positive symptoms – presence of something unusual/unexpected o hallucinations – most common are auditory hallucinations o delusions – stronglyheld beliefs that persist despite the presence of conflicting evidence negative symptoms—avolition, alogia, anhedonia, asociability, diminished emotional expression negative symptoms – absence of something usual/expected o avolition – significant difficulty initiating and persisting in goaldirected activity o alogia – poverty of speech o anhedonia – lack of enjoyment o asociability – avoiding company of others o diminished emotional expression types of delusions delusions of reference – belief that the statements or actions of others refer to you grandiose delusions – exaggerations of one’s importance somatic delusions – involving health catatonia catatonia – grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior possibly involving: disorganized symptoms disorganized symptoms – disruptions in normal functioning o disorganized speech – jumps from topic to topic or is completely garbled o inappropriate affect – expressed emotion that doesn’t match the situation o disorganized behavior – inappropriate to the setting o catatonia – grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior possibly involving: physical rigidity excessive activity meaningless repetition of others’ words or movements schizophreniform disorder schizophreniform disorder – symptoms of schizophrenia with duration less than six months but more than one brief psychotic disorder brief psychotic disorder – symptoms of schizophrenia lasting at least a day but less than a month \n exam 1 review sheet 10 delusional disorder delusional disorder – presence of delusions but usually not other psychotic symptoms physical causes of schizophrenia and other types of psychosis hypothesized to be primarily physical – tend to have decreased brain volume, blood flow, limbic system activity, and brain symmetry genetic link – 48% risk will develop if identical twin has it prenatal/early childhood insults – e.g., maternal malnutrition or viral illness causes damages that emerges later development gone awry – normal process of pairing down unnecessary synapses gets out of hand dopamine hypothesis – medications that reduce dopamine also reduce psychotic symptoms causes of psychosis (other than substances) o substances of abuse – e.g., cocaine and amphetamines o medical problems – e.g., brain tumors, ms o severe psychological disorders – e.g., severe depression (including postpartum), even eating disorders (delusions about body) effects of stress on psychotic symptoms stressful life events can lead people with a predisposition for schizophrenia to develop the full blown disorder stress is linked to schizophrenia (living in a big city, tragic event) expressed emotion hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder, often can contribute to relapse concept of functional recovery goal of treatment often is functional recovery – developing skills to reduce impact of disorder, not curing the disorder prodromal stage period of 1 or 2 years before serious symptoms of schizophrenia occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to appear dopamine receptor antagonists dopamine receptor antagonists – typical antipsychotics o reduce positive symptoms, not negative o longterm use can cause extrapyramidal side effects, including tardive dyskinesia tardive dyskinesia tardive dyskinesia: strange, involuntary movements of tongue, jaw, trunk, or limbs serotonindopamine antagonists serotonindopamine antagonists (atypical antipsychotics) o fewer extrapyramidal side effects o can cause metabolic syndrome metabolic syndrome involving risk of hyperglycemia, diabetes, and increased cholesterol types of psychosocial treatments psychosocial – generally are adjunctive o social learning/token economies – desired behaviors (e.g., medication compliance) rewarded with credits exchanged for privileges o cognitivebehavioral therapy – reduces positive symptoms and rehospitalization rates o social skills training – commonly focused on basic skills o family therapy – reduces relapse rates o assertive community treatment – involves ongoing case management integrated with psychiatric care o supported employment o cognitive remediation – focused on improving learning and memory through repeated practice of basic skill deinstitutionalization movement \n exam 1 review sheet 11 deinstitutionalization: o movement begun in 1960s to transfer chronically mentally ill patients to community placements o estimated 1/3 to 2/3 of homeless have schizophrenia o only about half of individuals with schizophrenia are currently receiving treatment",
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521f21b33960f82c256fc14e048c0fb7 | calculate and for each solution: (a) 0.00165 m (b) 0.0087 m koh; (c) 0.00213 m (d) 5.8 * 10 m hi. sr1oh2 -4 2; hno3; 3oh-3h3o 4 +4 | calculate and for each solution: (a) 0.00165 m (b) 0.0087 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "biology exam ii study guide what is the petiole? answer: the part that joins the leaf to the stem of the node. what are the 3 tissue systems of a plant? answer: dermal, vascular and ground tissue. what is dermal tissue and the functions? ans: the plants outer protective covering. forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens. what is the epidermis? what is the function of the epidermis? ans: the epidermis are tightly packed cells. in roots, water and minerals through the epidermis. in shoots, specialized epidermis cells are involved in gaseous exchange. what is the cuticle? the waxy epidermal coating that help prevent water loss. what is the periderm? ans:the covering of woody plants. what is the vascular tissue system? the vascular tissue system that facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support. what are 2 types of vascular tissue? what are they called collectively? the xylem and pholem. collectively they are called the stele. what is the purpose of the xylem? conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots in the shoot. what is the purpose of the pholem? it transport sugars from where the are made (the source, usually leaves), to where they are needed (the sink) what are ground tissue? and their function? tissue that is neither dermal tissue or vascular tissue. function: photosynthesis and storage food, short distance transport what are 2 types of ground tissue? the pith: ground tissue that is internal in the xylem? which of these is not one of the four major categories of tissue? answer: blood what type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? answer: stratified epithelium what type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? answer: simple columnar epithelium which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? answer: simple squamous epithelium what type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? \n answer: simple cuboidal cells how does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?answer: connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. which of these describes loose connective tissue? answer: it is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. cartilage is found \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: at the ends of bones such as the femur \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. answer: blood a neuron consists of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: dendrites, a cell body, and axons nervous tissue functions \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: to sense stimuli what type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? answer: smooth muscle cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ fibers. answer: branched \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ muscle is attached to bones. answer: skeletal which of these is an example of negative feedback? answer: after you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels. carbon dioxide enters the blood at the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ has(have) the thinnest walls. answer:capillaries ( the thin walls of the capillaries facilitate gas exchange.) blood pressure is highest in the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: aorta most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:as bicarbonate ions (hco3) by picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:acidic in the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:combined with hemoglobinhow does maintenance of stable conditions internal environments affect the body? ans:keep physiology within a \"\"normal\"\" range & temperature what are the two feedback systems? positive and negative negative feedback ans:returns a variable to its set point (stablizing) positive feedback \n ans:amplifies response (destablizing) what are the two basic cell types of nervous tissue? neurons(produce and transmit impulses) and glial cells(support and nourish neurons, gets rid of pathogens) dendrites (nervous tissue) receive signals and transmit them to the cell body axon (nervous tissue) ans;transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland how can cooling the hypothalamus cause body temperature to rise? ans:constricting blood vessels to the skin ( increasing metabolic rate ) how can warming the hypothalamus lower body temperature? ans:dilating blood vessels to the skin (sweating or panting) respiratory surface answer:the thin, moist part of an animal where oxygen from the environment diffuses into living cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out to the surrounding environment, must be in contact with an environmental source of oxygen and must be large enough to take in oxygen for every cell in the body. oxygen and carbon dioxide must be in a solution to diffuse trachea ans: tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi bronchi ans:two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. bronchioles ans:progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways alveoli answer: tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood where do antigens originate from, their composition and their function in adaptive ammunition? ans: antigens are any substance that elicts a b or t cell response. they are usually foreign and are typically large molecules wither proteins or polysaccharides. many putrude from the surface of foreign cells or viruses. other antigens are secreted by bacteria and released into the extracellular fluid. one major advantage of using arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is it's a. fast generation time b. exceptionally large genome c. large seeds d. high tolerance to stress e. high mutation rate studies using arabidopsis thaliana have led to important advances in all of the following except a. gene mapping \n b. impact of point mutations on gene function c. gene expression during plant d. evolutionary history of plants e. how genes potentially interact with other genes number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because a) most genes are never turned on. b) many genes are repeats. c) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of premrna. d) this does not take into account mrnamrna interactions. e) this does not take into account proteinmrna interactions. in the early development of an amphibian embryo, spemann's \"organizer\" is located in the a.)archenteron roof. b.)dorsal ectoderm. c.)dorsal lip of the blastopore. d.)notochord. e.)neural tube. the archenteron develops into the a.)blastocoel. b.)mesoderm. c.)endoderm. d.)lumen of the digestive tract. e.)placenta. d.)lumen of the digestive tract. in an amphibian embryo, a band of cells called the neural crest a.)induces the formation of the notochord. b.)rolls up and forms the neural tube. c.)has been shown by experiments to be the organizer region of the developing embryo. d.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. e.)develops into the main sections of the brain. d.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. if you watch a frog develop from fertilization, you will see a single cell divide to eventually produce a ball of cells that changes shape and forms gills, a heart, and a twitching tail. this idea that a tiny sphere can rearrange itself into the complex organization of a tadpole is a clear example of the process known as \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a.)cellular differentiation b.)preformation c.)cleavage \n d.)the acrosomal reaction e.)epigenesis \n biology exam ii study guide what is the petiole? answer: the part that joins the leaf to the stem of the node. what are the 3 tissue systems of a plant? answer: dermal, vascular and ground tissue. what is dermal tissue and the functions? ans: the plants outer protective covering. forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens. what is the epidermis? what is the function of the epidermis? ans: the epidermis are tightly packed cells. in roots, water and minerals through the epidermis. in shoots, specialized epidermis cells are involved in gaseous exchange. what is the cuticle? the waxy epidermal coating that help prevent water loss. what is the periderm? ans:the covering of woody plants. what is the vascular tissue system? the vascular tissue system that facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support. what are 2 types of vascular tissue? what are they called collectively? the xylem and pholem. collectively they are called the stele. what is the purpose of the xylem? conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots in the shoot. what is the purpose of the pholem? it transport sugars from where the are made (the source, usually leaves), to where they are needed (the sink) what are ground tissue? and their function? tissue that is neither dermal tissue or vascular tissue. function: photosynthesis and storage food, short distance transport what are 2 types of ground tissue? the pith: ground tissue that is internal in the xylem? which of these is not one of the four major categories of tissue? answer: blood what type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? answer: stratified epithelium what type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? answer: simple columnar epithelium which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? answer: simple squamous epithelium what type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? \n answer: simple cuboidal cells how does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?answer: connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. which of these describes loose connective tissue? answer: it is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. cartilage is found \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: at the ends of bones such as the femur \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. answer: blood a neuron consists of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: dendrites, a cell body, and axons nervous tissue functions \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: to sense stimuli what type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? answer: smooth muscle cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ fibers. answer: branched \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ muscle is attached to bones. answer: skeletal which of these is an example of negative feedback? answer: after you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels. carbon dioxide enters the blood at the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ has(have) the thinnest walls. answer:capillaries ( the thin walls of the capillaries facilitate gas exchange.) blood pressure is highest in the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer: aorta most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:as bicarbonate ions (hco3) by picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:acidic in the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. answer:combined with hemoglobinhow does maintenance of stable conditions internal environments affect the body? ans:keep physiology within a \"\"normal\"\" range & temperature what are the two feedback systems? positive and negative negative feedback ans:returns a variable to its set point (stablizing) positive feedback \n ans:amplifies response (destablizing) what are the two basic cell types of nervous tissue? neurons(produce and transmit impulses) and glial cells(support and nourish neurons, gets rid of pathogens) dendrites (nervous tissue) receive signals and transmit them to the cell body axon (nervous tissue) ans;transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland how can cooling the hypothalamus cause body temperature to rise? ans:constricting blood vessels to the skin ( increasing metabolic rate ) how can warming the hypothalamus lower body temperature? ans:dilating blood vessels to the skin (sweating or panting) respiratory surface answer:the thin, moist part of an animal where oxygen from the environment diffuses into living cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out to the surrounding environment, must be in contact with an environmental source of oxygen and must be large enough to take in oxygen for every cell in the body. oxygen and carbon dioxide must be in a solution to diffuse trachea ans: tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi bronchi ans:two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. bronchioles ans:progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways alveoli answer: tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood where do antigens originate from, their composition and their function in adaptive ammunition? ans: antigens are any substance that elicts a b or t cell response. they are usually foreign and are typically large molecules wither proteins or polysaccharides. many putrude from the surface of foreign cells or viruses. other antigens are secreted by bacteria and released into the extracellular fluid. one major advantage of using arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is it's a. fast generation time b. exceptionally large genome c. large seeds d. high tolerance to stress e. high mutation rate studies using arabidopsis thaliana have led to important advances in all of the following except a. gene mapping \n b. impact of point mutations on gene function c. gene expression during plant d. evolutionary history of plants e. how genes potentially interact with other genes number of genes in a species' genome is not necessarily a good indicator of biological complexity because a) most genes are never turned on. b) many genes are repeats. c) this does not take into account the alternative splicing of premrna. d) this does not take into account mrnamrna interactions. e) this does not take into account proteinmrna interactions. in the early development of an amphibian embryo, spemann's \"organizer\" is located in the a.)archenteron roof. b.)dorsal ectoderm. c.)dorsal lip of the blastopore. d.)notochord. e.)neural tube. the archenteron develops into the a.)blastocoel. b.)mesoderm. c.)endoderm. d.)lumen of the digestive tract. e.)placenta. d.)lumen of the digestive tract. in an amphibian embryo, a band of cells called the neural crest a.)induces the formation of the notochord. b.)rolls up and forms the neural tube. c.)has been shown by experiments to be the organizer region of the developing embryo. d.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. e.)develops into the main sections of the brain. d.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. if you watch a frog develop from fertilization, you will see a single cell divide to eventually produce a ball of cells that changes shape and forms gills, a heart, and a twitching tail. this idea that a tiny sphere can rearrange itself into the complex organization of a tadpole is a clear example of the process known as \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a.)cellular differentiation b.)preformation c.)cleavage \n d.)the acrosomal reaction e.)epigenesis",
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8d258596ff0aed0ae0aaa5dceec3ddad | conjugate perdre choisir subjunctive perdre subjunctive | conjugate perdre | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "what is the subjunctive? 1. the subjunctive is a mood, not a tense. the mood of a verb determines how one views an event. 2. to conjugate most verbs in the subjunctive, take the present indicative (ils/elles) form, drop –ent and add the subjuctive endings below. pronouns: regarder choisir perdre je regarde choisisse perde tu regardes choisisses perdes il/elle/on regarde choississe perde nous regardions choisissions perdions vous regardiez choisissiez perdiez ils/elles regardent choisiss",
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aee7e5dd723db9f38a5d9dc09df54deb | determine whether a precipitate will form if 1.70 g of solid agno3 and 14.5 g of solid nacl are dissolved in 200. ml of water to form a solution at 25c. 3 | determine whether a precipitate will form if 1.70 g of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "review guide for exam 1 explain how we define the exterior from the interior of the body the internal environment of the body is separated from the external environment by the epithelial barrier provided by the skin on the outside, and by the linings of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney tubules on the inside. be able to thoroughly describe the fluid compartments and their contents. all the water inside the cells is the intracellular fluid (icf) and contains many proteins and a relatively high concentration of potassium. the water outside the cells is extracellular fluid (ecf) and contains few proteins and more sodium. about 20% of the ecf comprises the water portion of the blood plasma. the largest portion of the ecf (80%) bathes most of the cells in the body and is called the interstitial fluid (isf). explain homeostasis and its importance the internal constancy is called homeostasis. maintenance of homeostasis is the overall mission of the physiological systems of the body. how is temperature and glucose controlled in the body negative feedback mechanisms explain the functional units of the body – especially the make up of organs and organ systems cells are the basic functional unit of the body. two or more cell types are grouped to form tissues with specific functions in physiological control. the tissues are also grouped by combining 2 or more tissue types to form organs. organs typically have specific jobs in physiological function and are often combined with other organs to form systems. how do amino acids differ from each other each amino acid contains a central alpha carbon covalently bonded to a carboxyl group, an amine group, a hydrogen, and a variable r group or functional group. they differ only at the rgroup and their different chemical characteristics arise solely from this part of the molecule. what are peptide bonds, polar and nonpolar and ionic bonds. peptide bonds are the covalent bond that holds the amino acids together. polar bonds occur when the electrons are shared unequally. nonpolar bonds occur when atoms share electrons equally. ionic bonds occur when cations and anions bond by electrical attraction. explain covalent bonds \n results when two atoms share electrons. a positively charged nucleus of one element is attracted to the negatively charged electron of the other. the orbitals merge, and the electrons are then equally attracted to and shared by the two nuclei. explain the difference between phospholipids, saturated fatty acids, eicosanoids, steroids and triglycerides? phospholipids: lipids where glycerol combines with two fatty acids one of which is an unsaturated fatty acid saturated fatty acids: contain carbons linked by single bonds. carbon atoms are bonded adjacently to each other leaving two open binding sites, which become occupied by hydrogen atoms. when all the bonding sites are filled with hydrogen molecules, the chain becomes “saturated”. eicosanoids: signaling molecules that exert complex control over many bodily systems, mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system. steroids: lipids characterized by a fourfused ring of carbon atoms. all steroids have three 6sided carbon rings and one 5sided carbon ring. they perform a number of functions ranging from growth to sexual development. triglycerides: the storage form of fats. they are formed from glycerol molecules containing three hydroxyl groups that combine with the carboxyl groups of the three fatty acids. what does amphipathic mean? what is the relevance of this word to phospholipids and the makeup of the cell membrane. a lipid molecule containing both polar and nonpolar regions is called amphipathic. this means the polar head region can dissolve in water, but the non polar tail regions cannot. amphipathic is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. explain the difference between the lipids, carbohydrates, protens, nueleotides and polysaccharides lipds: important fats that perform three primary biological functions within the body – they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules. carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. can be subdivided into three major groups of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. proteins: a molecule that consists of one or more chains of amino acid covalently bonded to each other like beads on a string. they are very important to survival and are used to build numerous working structures in the body including collagen, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, carriers for transportation, and can be used as an energy source. nucleotides: function in the transfer of energy within cells, signaling and form the \n genetic material of the cells. polysaccharides: the covalent bonding of several monosaccharides. examples are glycogen, starch, and cellulose. describe the function of the organelles. what is the difference between membranous versus nonmembranous organelles? organelles are a variety of biomolecules that carry out specific functions of the body. some membrane organelles are separated from the cytosol by one or more membranes and other nonmembranous organelles have no such boundary within the cytosol. describe the methods by which cells are joined together. what type of connection forms the tight junction? in many tissues special membrane proteins called cell adhesion molecules hold cells together. these binding sites are referred to as “junctions”. tight junctions are found in epithelial tissue specialized for molecular transport, integral membrane proteins called occludins fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier to the movement of substance between cells. desmosomes are plaque formed by glycoproteins in each cell, which provides strength to cell junctions. they provide strength to the cell junctions so they cannot be torn apart. a gap junction connects two adjacent cells by connexins which allows movement between cells and even passage of some chemical messengers. describe the structure of the ribosome. how does the ribosome work to produce proteins? make sure you know the name of each site on the ribosome. ribosomes are dense granules composed of rrna and proteins that function in protein synthesis. they work to produce proteins: aug codon attracts the trna with anticodon complimentary to aug, which codes for methanine. then the second trna molecule with the appropriate anticodon enters the ribosome at the asite, and a peptide bond is formed between the two amino acids. first amino acid is released and leaves the psite and the ribosome moves down the mrna 3 bases (1 codon). large subunit on top and small subunit on bottom. small ribosomal unit attracted to the cap area and slides into alignment with the initiation codon aug. the asite (acceptor) – trna enters with amino acids the psite (primary) – protein chain is built make sure you have a good understanding of protein synthesis while the dna is located in the nucleus, protein synthesis takes place in cytoplasm of the cell. a gene must be copied from a portion of one strand of the dna to rna for transport out of the cell to begin protein synthesis in the cytosol. 1.the genetic code is transcribed from dna onto a messenger rna. \n 2. the messenger rna moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 3. the messenger rna code is translated by the ribosomes on the er to form the correct amino acid. know the following: anabolic: catabolic, reactants and products and substrates reactants: chemical substances entering the reaction products: different substances that are created after the reaction anabolic: smaller molecules form to create larger molecules catabolic: the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones substrates: a reactant specific for enzymatic reactions make sure you understand oxidation, glycolysis and phosphorylation oxidation: when electrons have been removed from a molecule and also refer to the removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule. oxidation reactions are broadly defined by the involvement of oxygen because oxygen tends to pull electrons from other molecules. glycolysis: when glycogen is broken down into its individual glucose molecules. phosphorylation: the addition of a phosphate group, the bond formed is called a phosphate bond. quite often this process serves to activate it and cause another molecule to act in a specific way in the cell. describe hydrolysis, condensation, reduction, dephosphorylation, activation energy barrier hydrolysis: breaking of bonds within the molecule and the addition of water to form new products. a water molecule splits into two parts – a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen. condensation: the reverse of hydrolysis, smaller molecules is joined together to form a larger one. desphosphorylation: the removal of a phosphate group. activation energy barrier: for reactants to become products and vice versa, molecules must have sufficient potential energy to surmount the activation energy barrier, and they must acquire some extra energy called activation energy. in this situation the molecules have overcome this barrier and entered into the transition state. what are trace metals? explain their importance an important group of cofactors such as iron, copper, magnesium, and zinc. they allow the enzyme to react with the substrate, without cofactors enzymes would lose their shape and activity. our primary source of these minerals is through our diet; our body needs these to provide the cofactors for certain enzyme activity. without these cofactors the enzyme loses its shape and its activity. make sure you understand how enzymes work and the factors affecting their action. \n enzymes orient the substrate molecules so new chemical bonds are more easily formed or more easily broken. in this way, enzymes reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed. enzyme reaction will increase in direct proportion to the substrate concentration. higher affinity translates into higher rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions. enzymes become increasingly effective as temperature rises until a plateau is reached slightly above body temperature. if ph gets too acidic or basic, enzyme function can be compromised to the point where the cell cannot maintain homeostasis. describe allosteric regulation, covalent regulation, metabolic pathway regulation, the meaning of ratelimiting, catalytic rate allosteric regulation: by binding to the regulatory site, the modulator can alter the shape of the active site, thereby altering its catalytic rate by changing the affinity for the substrate. the reaction is reversible. covalent regulation: changes in an enzyme’s activity are brought about by the covalent bonding of a special chemical group on the special site on the enzyme. metabolic pathway regulation: the rate of the entire pathway can only proceed as fast as the rate of the slowest reaction within the pathway. the enzyme catalyzing the slowest reaction is called the ratelimiting enzyme. thus, if the activity of the slowest enzyme is increased, the rate of the whole pathway is increased. catalytic rate: the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, which is primarily determined by how many product molecules, the enzyme can generate per unit time. what is atp – what is its importance? the human body converts forms of fats, proteins and carbs into a chemical form of atp. it is important for muscle cells to produce movement, moving ions across cell membranes, and transmitting nerve impulses. explain glycolysis, where it occurs in the cell, the krebs cycle and its significance, the significance of oxygen and what happens to the end product of glycolysis when oxygen is in low supply glycolysis takes place in the cytosol. glucose is transported into the cell via glucose transporters on the cell membrane. in the cytosol, it enters into glycolysis, which is a series of reactions ending with pyruvate or lactate. the krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell. it is important because it provides considerable quantities of nadh+h+ carrying energy to drive the electron transport chain located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, subsequently to supply oxidative phosphorylation and the synthesis of atp. 1.glycolysis 2. linking step \n 3. one nad is reduced and one co2 is formed 4. another nad is reduced and co2 formed 5. one atp is formed 6. one fad is reduced 7. fad transports h+ to the inner membrane 8. one nad is reduced if oxygen supply is low it will turn into lactic acid/lactate instead of pyruvate and cause muscle fatigue. explain the electron transport chain and the name of the complexes (including their location) there are several enzymes inserted into the inner membrane forming a type of assembly line referred to as the electron transport chain. the process begins with nadh+h+ passing two electrons to nadh dehydrogenase. coenzyme q picks up a pair of electrons from nadh dehydrogenase and passes the electrons on to cytochrome b. cytochrome c picks up one electron at a time from cytochrome bc1 and transfers it to cytochrome oxidase. oxygen then combines with two h+ ions to produce water and four h+ ions are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space. oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons and links with two h+ ions to form water. complex 1 = nadh dehydrogenase complex 2 = is inserted into the membrane and is not usually discussed because it has minor energetic consequence complex 3 = cytochrome bc1 complex 4 = cytochrome oxidase where is glycogen, potassium and sodium found? glycogen is found in muscle tissue for energy we need during physical activity also in the liver when we need to restore our blood glucose levels in the body. sodium is found in extracellular fluid and potassium is found in intracellular fluid. describe how molecules are passively transported across a membrane and how their direction is determined no energy is required and it can occur by simple diffusion or it can occur as facilitated transport using an integral membrane protein specifically designed to help a molecule move down its concentration gradient. the flow occurs from high concentration to low concentration. what is facilitated diffusion? what is a transporter? the process whereby a membrane protein binds and assists the movement of a molecule from one side of the membrane to the other. transporters simply allow the passage of molecules across the membrane at a much faster rate than would \n occur through normal diffusion, therefore bringing about equilibrium more rapidly. what are aquaporins? the sodiumpotassium pump? aquaporins are channels that water moves through. the na/k pump transports na+ and k+ ions in opposite directions across the cell membrane. for each cycle of the pump, three na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and two k+ ions are transported in. this pump is present in nearly every cell and is crucial to several physiological processes. make sure you are familiar with the transport processes for moving ions into and out of the cell. primary active transport: use atp, or some other chemical energy source to transport substance secondary active transport: powered by a concentration gradient, or an electrochemical gradient previously created. vascular transport: another way macromolecules enter cells. epithelial transport: cell membranes function to transport materials completely through the cell understand all the transport mechanisms. pumps: proteins actively transporting molecules across the membrane are referred to as pumps. pumps differ from carrier proteins because they use energy to move molecules in a preferred direction across the membrane. carrier proteins: whereas carrier proteins always transport molecules down the concentration gradient. transport proteins: designed to couple the movement of one substance to the movement of another. as one molecule moves passively down its electrochemical gradient it releases energy that drives the other molecule. exocytosis: when vesicles transport materials outside the cell. endocytosis: when vesicles transport materials into the cell. transcellular pathway: requires a clear transit path created by specialized transporters and channels in both the apical and basolateral membrane. transcytosis: a large molecule is taken into the cell by endocytosis and then it travels to the other side of the cell and fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside of the cell by exocytosis. exam 1 knowledge checks \n 1. the smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called… o cells 2. the cell types blood, bone, fat, and lymph would be categorized into which of the following major cell classes? o connective tissue cells 3. organs of the body are defined as… o a combination of two or more tissues that make up a structure which performs a specific function. 4. extracellular fluid is composed of… o interstitial fluid and plasma 5. the fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called… o plasma 6. homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body… o maintains a constant internal environment 7. what tissue is specialized for separating fluids? o epithelial 8. what tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals? o nervous 9. what tissue is specialized to contract? o muscle 10. the fluid compartment with a high protein and potassium concentration is called… o intracellular fluid 11. which of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is false? o they are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. 12. the presence of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ chemical groups makes carbohydrates \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. o hydroxyl; polar 13. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ are molecules composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids. o triglycerides 14. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles. o phospholipids 15. the amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a… o polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water. 16. the most common elements found in biomolecules are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and… o oxygen 17. which of the following is not a base in rna? o thymine 18. which of the following descriptions of a polymer is false? o atp is a polymer of phosphates. \n 19. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ are molecules that are composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. o nucleotides 20. which of the following is not found in plasma membranes? o chromatin 21. continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, what membrane bound structure functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles? o rough endoplasmic reticulum 22. what organelle packages and directs proteins to their proper destination? o golgi apparatus 23. detoxifying enzymes may be localized in what organelle? o peroxisomes 24. what organelle synthesizes most of the atp used by cells? o mitochondria 25. which of the following characteristics concerning ribosomes is false? o can be located in the golgi apparatus 26. which of the following is not a function of the cytoskeleton? o cellular catabolism 27. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ are proteins that fuse adjacent cells together to form a nearly impermeable barrier. o occludins 28. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ are proteins that form channels between cells, allowing ions and small molecules to diffuse directly from one cell to the other. o connexins 29. the process whereby a complementary mrna is produced from a dna template is called… o transcription 30. during translation, \\_\\_\\_\\_ is synthesized in the \\_\\_\\_\\_. o protein; cytoplasm 31. the initiator codon is composed of the sequence… o aug 32. the initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for the amino acid… o methionine 33. which of the following statements about the genetic code is true? o termination codons do not code for amino acids. 34. according to the law of complementary base pairing, which of the following would be expected in any strand of dna? o a + g = c + t 35. during transcription, o rna is synthesized from dna in the nucleus. 36. what is the portion of dna that codes for a particular protein? o gene 37. what causes dna to uncoil during transcription? \n o binding of rna polymerase to the promoter sequence. 38. in the chemical equation a + b c + d, the arrow indicated that the reaction is… o bidirectional 39. the sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called… o metabolism 40. making or synthesizing a protein would be considered a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ reaction and the type of reaction that carries this process out is a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ reaction. o anabolic; condensation 41. which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway? o glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose. 42. when phosphate is added to adp to form the energystoring molecule atp, this is known as \\_\\_\\_\\_ and, since water is also produced, this reaction is also considered a \\_\\_\\_\\_ reaction. o phosphorylation; condensation 43. chemical reactions that involve the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that produce water as a byproduct are called \\_\\_\\_\\_ reactions. o condensation 44. chemical reactions that involve the breaking of a phosphate bond are called \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ reactions. o dephosphorylation 45. during what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant? o oxidation 46. molecules must have sufficient potential energy to overcome the \\_\\_\\_\\_ and, thereby, allow the reaction to proceed. o activation energy barrier 47. enzymes act as \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ to increase reaction rate. o catalysts 48. which of the following would not increase the rate of a chemical reaction? o increasing the activation energy barrier 49. enzymes are what class of molecule? o proteins 50. a substrate is the same as a o reactant 51. how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? o by lowering the activation energy barrier 52. in the inducedfit model for enzyme activity, the substrate alters the \\_\\_\\_\\_ of the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ site on the enzyme. o conformation; active 53. the rate at which an enzymecatalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by… o increasing enzyme concentration 54. some enzymes require trace metals to function as cofactors. what do the trace metals do? \n o trace metals must be present in the enzyme in order for the enzyme to bind substrate. 55. what are coenzymes? o organic molecules derived from vitamins that function in the transfer of a chemical group. 56. in allosteric regulation, the modulator molecule binds to the… o regulatory site of the enzyme by weak, reversible interactions 57. what is the most important energytransferring compound in cells? o adenosine triphosphate 58. in skeletal muscle, atp can be synthesized by transferring a phosphate group from creatinep to adp to form atp and creatine. in this example, atp was synthesized by what process? o substratelevel phosphorylation 59. where does glycolysis occur? o cytosol 60. which of the following does not occur in mitochondria? o conversion of pyruvate to lactate 61. the final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. what happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions? o pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl coa. 62. where are the enzymes of glycolysis located within the cell? o cytosol 63. in terms of energy production, the krebs cycle is significant because it… o reduces the coenzymes nad and fad for oxidative phosphorylation. 64. in the presence of a limited oxygen supply, pyruvate is converted to what? o lactate 65. in the presence of oxygen, the process of glycolysis produces which of the following products? o 2 pyruvate 66. atp is synthesized by substratelevel phosphorylation during which of the following? o glycolysis and the krebs cycle only 67. what is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport? o oxygen 68. where is the electron transport chain? o inner mitochondrial membrane 69. chemiosmotic coupling refers to… o the harnessing of energy from the reactions of the electron transport chain to make atp. 70. hydrogen ions activate the enzyme atp synthase by moving from… o intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix 71. each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain… \n o energy is released 72. what is the first component of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from an fadh2 molecule? o coenzyme q 73. atp synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ to produce atp. o the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 74. under anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to and where does this occur? o lactate in the cytosol 75. what is glycogenolysis? o the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 76. which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside? o potassium 77. when molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule’s tendency to move… o from higher to lower energy 78. of the gradients listed below, which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane? o electrochemical gradient 79. if a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the electrical force required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed \\_\\_\\_\\_. thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be \\_\\_\\_\\_ charged. o outward; positively 80. which of the following would not increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? o greater number of protein carriers 81. if a molecule crosses a membrane and is quickly removed from the area by the blood stream or some biological pathway, what effect does this have on its rate of diffusion? o diffusion rate will increase 82. the osmotic pressure of a solution is an… o indirect measure of its solute concentration 83. which of the following transport mechanisms is passive? o movement of sodium through ion channels 84. in facilitated diffusion, a molecule is moved… o down its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required. 85. the flow of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient is called… o osmosis 86. which of the following transport mechanisms require energy? o both primary and secondary active transport 87. transporting a substance against its concentration gradient require… \n o a transporter that uses energy 88. in secondary active transport with sodium, which of the following is false? o the molecule being transported moves down its electrochemical gradient. 89. vesicles formed during phagocytosis or endocytosis often fuse with the membrane of which of the following organelles? o lysosome 90. endocytosis is a form of active transport (requiring energy) to move vesicles… o filled with particles and/or fluids into the cell 91. secretory vesicles are a part of what transport mechanism? o exocytosis 92. the electrochemical gradient is to diffusion as \\_\\_\\_\\_ is to active transport… o atp 93. which of the following descriptions would be an example of phagocytosis? o bacteria that is engulfed by a white blood cell 94. which of the following descriptions would be an example of pinocytosis? o a macrophage drinking its surrounding tissue fluid and nutrients. 95. what is the primary role for the na+/k+ pump? o the maintenance of na+ and k+ concentrations on either side of the membrane.",
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1fb6e68a8073dd365cac5e28c024d37a | 4069. choose your test use the test of your choice to determine whether the following series converge. a \_ k = 3 1 ln k | solution: 4069. choose your test use the test of your choice to determine whether the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "marketing 305 exam #3 study guide chapter 8 market segmentation – aggregates potential buyers into groups that have common needs and will respond similarly to a marketing action market segments take us back to the acknowledgement of sociocultural influences o the relatively homogeneous groups of prospective buyers that result from the market segmentation process demographics height, weight, eye color, hair color geographic on the border – the spices they use in their spice is much spicyer on the west coast than it is in the middle east a grocery store would switch up what they carry depending on where they are psychographic interest, lifestyles, hikers, campers segment you on if you are a “camper” or a “painter” etc. behavioral – product features in residence halls there is mini fridges, in homes we have a regular sized fridge, in mansions you have massive fridge cars – a younger person would want speed, sound system, older driver would want more metal around them, safety product features based on size and features behavioral – usage rates can be frequency or amount frequency would be frequent flier miles, coffee punch card amount would be costco or sam’s club product differentiation o the strategy of using different marketing mix activities to help consumers perceive a product as being different and better than competing products o takes us back to the 4 ps o consider the differences between csu, cu, du, and unc steps in segmenting and targeting markets o step 1: group potential buyers into segments young drivers parents of young children senior citizens o entry barriers: 1. high capital requirement 2. high variety of expertise (lots of people need to do a variety of things and they need to be really good at it) 3. competitive environment o step 2: group products to be sold into categories small, fuelefficient cars \n sports cars mediumsized sedans large sedans mini vans suv’s o step 3: develop a marketproduct grid and estimate size of markets compare segments to products o step 4: select target markets market size expected growth competitive position cost of reaching the segment compatibility with the organizations objectives and resources o step 5: take marketing actions to reach target markets product positioning – the place a product occupies in consumers’ minds based on important features relative to competitive products o to reposition a product in consumer’s minds, you must change attributes, marketing or both o the perceptual map helps producers/marketers know how best to reposition their product o where the product is positioned in consumers mind and that thoughts and ideas their head goes to when they see or think of the product o not where you are placing the product product repositioning o changing the place a product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competitive products two approaches to product positioning o a products position is based on consumer perception of it head to head vs. differentiation 1. head to head a. competing directly with competitors on similar product attributes in the same target market i. dollar rent a car competes directly with avis and hertz 2. differentiation a. involves seeking a lesscompetitive, smaller market niche in which to locate a brand i. mcdonalds tried to appeal to health conscious segment with a low fat mclean hamburger to avoid competing directly with wendy’s and burger king perceptual map – a means of displaying the position of products or brands in consumers’ minds o a key to positioning a product or brand effectively is discovering the perceptions in the minds of potential customers by taking 4 steps: \n 1. identify the important attributes for a product or brand class 2. discover how target customers rate competing products or brands with respect to these attributes 3. discover where the company’s product or brand is on these attributes in the minds of potential customers 4. reposition the company’s product or brand in the minds of potential customers chapter 9 product – a good, service, or idea consisting of tangible and intangible features that satisfies consumers’ needs and is received in exchange for money or something else of value services – intangible activities or benefits that an organization provides to satisfy consumers’ needs in exchange for money or something else of value consumer products – products purchased by the ultimate consumer business products – products organizations buy that assist directly or indirectly in providing other products for resale product, price, place, promotion figure 9.1 o first 4 rows convenience products – items that the consumer purchases frequently, conveniently, and with a minimum of shopping effort o product cake mix, toothpaste, hand soap o price relatively inexpensive o place widespread, many outlets o promotion price, availability, and awareness stressed shopping products – items for which the consumer compares several criteria such as price, quality, or style o product cameras, tv, airline ticket o price fairly expensive o place large number of selective outlets o promotion differentiation from competitors stressed specialty products – items that the consumer makes a special effort to search out and buy o product rolex watch, heart surgery o price usually very expensive o place very limited o promotion uniqueness of brand and status stressed unsought products – items that the consumer does not know about or knows about but does not initially want o product thesaurus, burial insurance o price varies o place often limited o promotion awareness is essential \n derived demand – sales of a business products frequently result (or are derived) from the sale of consumer products types of supports products – items used to assist in producing other products or services o installations, building and fixed equipment o accessory equipment, tools and office equipment o supplies, stationary, brooms, paper clips o industrial services, repair, legal services, maintenance components – items that become part of the final product o raw materials, lumber, ford car engine how do our expectations change based on services provided by people/business, by non profit, by government agency and why o delivery by people or equipment people unskilled labor (lawn care, security guards) skilled labor (caterers, plumbers, appliance repair) professionals (lawyers, accountants, management consultants) equipment automated (atms, automated car wash) operated by relatively unskilled operators (taxis, dry cleaners) operated by skilled operators (airlines, computer networks) o delivery by business firms or nonprofit organizations privately owned firms must make profits to survive, while nonprofit organizations seek to satisfy clients and be efficient use marketing to improve communications and better serve those in need o delivery by government agencies governments at federal, state, and local levels provide a broad range of services use marketing united states postal service “easy come, easy go” marketing campaign is designed to allow it to compete better with ups, fedex, and dhl the uniqueness of services: intangibility, inseparability, inconsistency, inseparability, inventory (know what each of these are, know examples of each) o intangibility services are not a physical object that can be seen products tend to be more or a performance rather than an object o inconsistency quality of service varies with provider the phillies score 10 one game and 20 the next game organizations try to reduce this with standardizing and training o inseparability the provider and the service are inseparable in college your quality of lectures could be great but if you have a poor experience with the library and counseling services you will not be entirely satisfied with your educational experience o inventory inventory pertains to whether or not service is being rendered \n idle production capacity – when the service provider is available but there is no demand for the service five dimensions of services (definitions and examples) o reliability do we deliver on our promises? ability to preform the promised service dependably and accurately is my flight on time? o tangibility do we present a professional image/appearance? appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials are the gate, plane, and baggage area clean? way your resume appears o responsiveness do we respond to our customers in a high quality manner? willingness to help customers and provide prompt service are the flight attendants willing to answer my questions? what is our attitude about the way we respond? show respect? take concerns seriously? o assurance do we know and do we appear to know what we are doing? knowledgeable and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey trust and confidence are the ticket counter attendants, flight attendants, and pilots knowledgeable about their jobs? convince people that you know what you are talking about o empathy do we listen, take customer needs/concerns seriously, and really care about each customer caring, individualized attention provided to customers do the employees determine if i have special seating, meal, baggage, transfer, or rebooking needs? good way to gain a customer because you understand or diffuse something that could be bad being in someone’s shoes o what is it like to have a parent with cancer? you’ve felt that o sympathy = feeling bad for someone product line – a group of products that are closely related because they are similar in terms of consumer needs and uses, market segments, sales outlets, or prices o jcpenny or ford product mix – all the products lines offered by a company reasons new products fail 1. insufficient product protocol 2. “blinders” caused by bias 3. inadequate competitive analysis 4. doesn’t meet consumer needs 5. too small a target market \n 6. insufficient differentiation 7. poor product quality/performance 8. poor positioning 9. inadequate budget a. devise product b. test product c. change product d. price the product e. market product f. #1 reason products fail = inadequate budget g. product proclaim= whenever you implement it to putting it on a shelf and selling it",
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937d446c1c396b095a5fc9ea58730460 | let w be the wrapping function. evaluate | let w be the wrapping function. evaluate | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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131ed916b289fd6459c44389f9a44aab | biol 2040 biol 2040 biol 2040 | biol 2040 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "human anatomy fall 2015 8/27 chp.1 levels of organization nonliving: chemical—> atoms & molecules cell—>tissue—>organ—>organ system—>organism some organ systems are interconnected, some disconnected. anatomical terminology 1. anatomical position agreed std. reference point for referring to the location of body parts. standing; feet together; arms at sides; palms forward. 2. body planes imaginary planes that cut through the body at right angles. a. sagittal longitudinal; cuts the body into right & left parts. b. frontal longitudinal; cuts into front & back parts. c. transverse horizontal; divides body into top & bottom parts. d. midsagittal right down middle; equal left & right parts; mir",
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8899c8421fb9f30ec4c078428c2c97b3 | a rock climber hangs freely from a nylon rope that is 14 m long and has a diameter of 8.3 mm. if the rope stretches 4.6 cm, what is the mass of the climber? | a rock climber hangs freely from a nylon rope that is 14 m | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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d34b4679626ca8a07bc023b13622359a | ch 4.3 - problem 3 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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17b5672a64763364a0a3b66ffd4b7f56 | sketch the root locus of the unity feedback system shown in figure p8.3, where gs ks 1s 7 s 3s 5 and find the break-in and breakaway points. find the range of k for which the system is closed-loop stable. [section: 8.5] | sketch the root locus of the unity feedback system shown | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "geo 101 – the dynamic earth exam 4 study guide this is not all inclusive – especially if you don’t fill it out fully. what are the types of fossilization that we covered and how do they work? o frozen or dried o amber or tar sticky sap on a tree, tar is when oil has seeped to the surface looking like a drinking hole o preserved or replaced o permineralization o carbonization o molds and casts (replica or original) o trace fossils o extraordinary fossils (dna) what are evolution and natural selection? o evolution both fact and theory change in a population over a succession of generations, due to the transfer of inheritable characteristics o natural selection is theory that explains fact organisms are different same differences are advantages more advantages = more offspring population of organisms are always changing to adapt to their environment what are some the many pieces of evidence that help us understand how organisms evolve? o anatomy skeletons, teeth, anything left behind fossils modern o vestigial organ organ that no longer functions in the same way that it did o embryology way bone develops o genetics pnas phylogenic relationships among the major cetartiodactly subgroups o biogeography o homology the sameness how anatomy looks the same in different creatures what causes extinction? o climate change o tectonic activity causes sea level to rise \n habitat changes o asteroid or comet impact o new predators you must know the definitions of the relative dating techniques we covered in class and be able to use them like we did during the class activity. o original horizontality how sediment is deposited fairly horizontal o superposition applies to sedimentary only undeformed older on bottom can get tricky o lateral continuity sediments are deposited in continuous layers can be distributed later o cross cutting relationships formations in relation to each other baked contact inclusions what do unconformities tell us? o abrupt transitions in a stratigraphic column missing time non deposition erosion how do geologists use fossils for dating? o principle of fossil succession fossils are found in limited strata found in a definable order (amphibians, mammals, etc.) don’t reappear o how we use fossil index fossils trilobites well dated widespread short lived how was the geologic column created? o represents entire earths history o graphic representation of the layers of rock that make up the earths crust o divided into segments each of which represents a specific time interval how does a radioactive isotope give us a numerical age? o decay and half life \n unstable atoms eject particles predictably become more stable atom (14c – 14 n) parent isotope daughter isotope o half life time it takes for half of the population to decay cannot predict when single atom will decay what characteristics does an object need in order to be dated with radioisotopes? o carbon dating what can be dated with radioactive methods? what other methods can you use to determine a numerical age? o igeneous rocks o metamorphic sometimes, depends on temperature and mineral type what did we date to determine the age of the earth? o 4.5 billion years old know the major events in each eon or era that we covered in class: names of supercontinents, big geological events, types of life that first appeared. (use the handouts – they will make studying so much easier!!) hadean eon 4.55 ga formation of earth 4.5 ga differentiation o dense materials sink 4.5 ga formation of moon before 4.4 ga o molten tock surface o non oxygen atmosphere o no water after 4.4 ga (australian zircon) o maybe solid rock o non oxygen atmosphere o some water 4 ga meteor o destroyed existing surface o surface reformed small volcanic islands end of hadean eon o no life o very little land \n o acidic ocean not made out of water archean paleogeography o 80% of continental area seas and atmosphere o liquid water to create seas o not much oxygen in atmosphere first life o earliest fossil 3.5 ga single cell carbon isotopes stromatolites algae mats photosynthesis (creates oxygen) 2.95 ga helped increase oxygen proterozoic eon start paleography 90% of continental crust that we have today this is growing throughout the entire eon supercontinents large land masses nearly all continents constant splitting and reassembling profound affect on climate rodinia – first supercontinent pannotia reverse of rodinia atmosphere amount of oxygen increases so much algae is causing the leap of oxygen how do we know this o bif bandit iron formation cannot form unless a certain amount of oxygen is in the air o this changes chemistry of ocean \n life eukaryotic evidence = 2.7 ga first fossils from 2.1 ga symbiotic relationship life plants ocean – algae land algae o fungi fossil 650 to 544 ma o molecular clock= 1.3 ga ediacaran fauna – soft bodied – very unlikely we have the fossils for them 565 ma (million years) worms, jellyfish no shells underwater soft bodied fossils snowball earth – glaciers everywhere glaciers on land possible frozen ocean mass extinction ends eon end of the proterozoic o paleozoic era early o break up of pannotia o epic continental seas o taconic orogeny o new england o ends in glaciation life o cambrian explosion massive diversification of life plants o ocean algae seaweed o land simple fungi algae \n liverwort animal o diverse shelled animals o triobites o sponges o corals o echinoderms o first vertebrate jawless fish middle paleogeography o climate warmed and sea level rose reefs o progenies plants o vascular plants woody tissue, seeds, veins could grow larger o large swampy forests (mosses and ferns) animals o diverse shelled animals o fish: jawed, lobe fin, ray fin o spiders and insects o 1 amphibians tiktaalik o cross between fish and tetrapod o fish fins scales gills o tetrapod anything that has these four appendages flat head ribs neck fins support weight late paleogeography o global cooling sea level drop o pangaea forms o alleghanian orogeny appalachians ancestral rockies plants o gymnosperms conifer cycads (palm like) ginkgo \n animals o amphibians diversify st o 1 reptiles eggs with shells end giant extinction event at 248 million o 96% of marine species o 70% of terrestrial species o largest in history mesozoic early paleography break up of pangaea north atlantic ocean inland seas plants gymnosperms diversify animals 1 swimming and flying reptiles 1 turtles coral dinosaurs! warmblooded huge sauropods feathered birds last dinosaurs mammals very small not like modern late \n paleography pangaea broken o india warming and sea level rise o inland seas laramide orogeny plants 1 flowering plants flowering plants and hardwoods take over animals modern fish dinosaurs diversify mammals diversify end of mesozoic kt boundary extinction event o meteor o dinosaurs (except birds) o 75% plant life cenozoic paleogeography himalaya formation atlantic and pacific separated climate cooler climate o grasslands ice age: o creates land bridge plants flowering plants and gymnosperms diversify st 1 grasses \n animals mammals diversify and flourished o giant mammals at first what is the extremely general history of human evolution? (what did the graph on the slide look like?) how do the various fossil fuels form? o sun solar energy plant matter fossil fuel wind o gravity tides falling water o chemical reactions o nuclear fission o geothermal – happens in the center of the earth o oil and natural gas hydrocarbon compounds remains of marine algae and plankton in what geological formations do different fossil fuels get trapped? o anticline o fault o salt dome o stratigraphic what methods do we use to extract fossil fuels? o tar sands viscious oil in sand cannot pump mined then heated heated then pumped very expensive o oil shale has not reached oil window mined then heated very expensive \n o fracking hydraulic fracturing extracting natural gas increases well production drawbacks groundwater contamination land use issues o extracting oil and natural gas drilling puncture the seal rock pumping brings oil to the surface o refining oil crude oil is distilled process depends on grade sulfur content specific gravity are we running out of oil? what are the various answers to this question? o other sources exist liquidfied coal oil shade tar sands methane hydrate o not economically viable at current prices and technology o will we run out geologists soon economists will stop using it first what are the drawbacks of fossil fuel use? o air pollutions particles and gases acid rain o carbon dioxide greenhouse gas o byproducts mine runoff o spills groundwater ocean o fatalities in mines a lot \n what are the types of alternative energy we covered? what are their advantages and drawbacks? o nuclear power energy release when nucleus is split (fission) drawback controlling nuclear reactions o lot of work and planning o potential meltdown nuclear waste damaging to living organisms long time decay (decades centuries) o wind must have steady breeze clean drawback noisy ugly hazard to wildlife o solar sunlight converted to electricity clean drawbacks not efficient not cost effective o hydroelectric two kinds river o no pollutants o drawbacks damns tidal o no pollutants o drawbacks construction o geothermal use the earths eternal heat where it come near the surface used in two ways water steam to turn turbines drawbacks conditions limited extra office hours for exam prep: monday, april 11 from 12:002:00pm (if these don’t work, email for an appointment)",
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c6fe11519c730e7d78b4b7c7eab490c6 | propane is to be burned with 15.0% excess air. before entering the furnace, the air is preheated from 32f to 575f. at what rate (btu/h) must heat be transferred to the air if the feed rate of propane is 1.35 x 105 scfh [ft3(stp)/h]? | propane is to be burned with 15.0% excess air. before | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " exam 2 study guide for cdfs 111 1. self concept •a person’s understanding of who he or she is, incorporating selfesteem, appearance, personality, and various traits (e.g. gender, size). selfesteem confidence in one's own worth or abilities; selfrespect 2. motivation: extrinsic occurs when people do something to gain praise or some other reinforcement. intrinsic –occurs when people do something for the joy of doing it. 3. baumrind and dimensions of parenting •authoritarian parenting: high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication •permissive parenting: high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control •authoritative parenting: parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children •neglectful/uninvolved parenting: parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives children of authoritarian parents tend to •become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy •feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things don’t go well •rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20 children of permissive parents tend to: •be unhappy and lack selfcontrol, especially in peer relationships •suffer from inadequate emotional regulation •be immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness) •continue to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood children of authoritative parents tend to: \n •be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others •be wellliked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued children of uninvolved parents tend to: •be immature, sad, lonely and at risk of abuse •may have social and cognitive problems 4. erikson’s stage between 3 and 6 years •trust versus mistrust –infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met •autonomy versus shame and doubt –toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of selfrule over their actions and their bodies initiative vs guilt 5. parenting styles diana baumrind (1967, 1971). parents differ on four important dimensions: 1.expressions of warmth: from very affectionate to cold and critical 2.strategies for discipline: parents vary in whether and how they explain, criticize, persuade, ignore, and punish. 3.communication: some parents listen patiently to their children; others demand silence. 4.expectations for maturity: parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and selfcontrol. 6. nutrition •children need far fewer calories per pound of body weight than infants do. •obesity is a more frequent problem than malnutrition. against undernutrition and parents may rely on fast foods. to obesity cultures still guard •overfeeding is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity –such as heart disease and diabetes tooth decay –most common disease of young children in developed nations •affects more than onethird of all children under age 6 in the united states \n too much sugar and too little fiber rot the teeth just right •some children only eat certain foods, prepared and presented in a particular way. –would be pathological in adults but is normal in children under 6. •the responses of 1,500 parents surveyed about their 1 to 6yearolds (evans et al., 1997) indicated that over 75% of the 3yearolds evidenced some justright tendency, they: –preferred to have things done in a certain order or way –had a strong preference to wear (or not wear) certain clothes –prepared for bedtime by engaging in a special activity or routine –had strong preferences for certain foods 7. limbic system •amygdala a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. locations.us a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for •hypothalamus a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body. cortex outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex (sometimes called neocortex) corpus callosum•a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain, grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood. efficient. the corpus callosum makes communication between the two brain hemispheres more myelination myelin is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons. •a gradual increase in myelination makes 5yearolds much quicker than 3yearolds, who are quicker than toddlers. prefrontal cortex area of cortex at the front of the brain that focuses in anticipation, planning, and impulse control. •from ages 2 to 6, maturation of the prefrontal cortex has several notable benefits: –sleep becomes more regular –emotions become more nuanced and responsive –temper tantrums subside \n 8. gross motor skills physical abilities involving large body movements, like walking and jumping. “gross” means big in this term here fine motor skills •more difficult to master than gross motor skills •many involve two hands and both sides of the brain •typically mature about 6 months earlier in girls than boys 9. kinship care •a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver. foster care maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs 10. animism belief that objects and phenomena are alive egocentrism piaget's term for kid’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective guided participation in sociocultural theory, a technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct, shared involvement in the activity. (also called apprenticeship of learning) 11. overregularization application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur •makes language seem more “regular\" than it actually is 12. head start • most widespread earlychildhood education program in the united states •begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government •initially, the program was thought to be highly successful at raising children's intelligence; ten years later, early gains were found to fade reggio emilia encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting \n montessori a system of education for young children that seeks to develop natural interests and activities rather than use formal teaching methods. •emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacyrelated tasks (such as outlining letters and looking at books). teacherdirected stress academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class •help children learn letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, as well as how to listen to the teacher and sit quietly •make a clear distinction between work and play •are much less expensive, since the child/adult ratio can be higher 13. zone of proximal development •skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently private speech internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (silently or out loud) scaffolding •temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process 14. fast mapping •speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning 15. reversibility •characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. a thing can sometimes be restored to the way it was before a change occurred. focus on appearance a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young kid ignores all attributes that are not apparent theorytheory •children attempt to explain everything they see and hear. children develop theories about intentions before they employ their impressive ability to imitate. \n 16. center of gravity •moves from the breastbone down to the belly button.",
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4d061476cdcc82c16ac0eba8e5a4a53e | ?problem 40e
then h and k are subspaces of . in fact, h and k are planes in through the origin, and they intersect in a line through 0. find a nonzero vector w that generates that line. [hint: w can be written as
to build w, solve the equation
for the unknown s. ] | solved: then h and k are subspaces of . in fact, h and k | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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58a3ac13236473cb9d6587394b580f17 | archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on an object partially or fully submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. thus, for an object of density 0 floating partly submerged in a fluid of density f, the buoyant force is given by f f t y 0 2h as yd dy, where t is the acceleration due to gravity and as yd is the area of a typical cross-section of the object (see the figure). the weight of the object is given by w 0 t y l2h 2h as yd dy (a) show that the percentage of the volume of the object above the surface of the liquid is 100 f 2 0 f (b) the density of ice is 917 kgym3 and the density of seawater is 1030 kgym3 . what percentage of the volume of an iceberg is above water? (c) an ice cube floats in a glass filled to the brim with water. does the water overflow when the ice melts? (d) a sphere of radius 0.4 m and having negligible weight is floating in a large freshwater lake. how much work is required to completely submerge the sphere? the density of the water is 1000 kgym3 . | archimedes principle states that the buoyant force on an | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " exam 3 study guide definitions you should memorize • chromosome genecarrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of doublestranded dna and associated proteins (e.g., histones). most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus. • sister chromatid the paired strands of a recently replicated chromosome, which are connected at the centromere and eventually separate during anaphase of mitosis and meiosis ii. compare with nonsister chromatids. • centromere constricted region of a replicated chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and the kinetochore is located. • homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism, chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. also called homologs. • histonesone of several positively charged (basic) proteins associated with dna in the chromatin of eukaryotic cells • nucleosomea repeating, beadlike unit of eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of about 200 nucleotides of dna wrapped twice around eight histone proteins • chromatinthe complex of dna and proteins, mainly histones, that composes eukaryotic chromosomes. can be highly compacted (heterochromatin) or loosely collected (euchromotin) • spindle apparatus the array of microtubules responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis; includes kinetochore microtubules, polar microtubules, and astral microtubules. • centrosomestructure in animal and fungal cells, containing two centrioles, that serves as a microtubule organizing center for the cell’s cytoskeleton and for the spindle apparatus during cell division • centriolesone of two small cylindrical structures found together within the centrosome near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell (not found in plants). consists of microtubule triplets and is structurally identical with a basal body • kinetochores a protein complex at the centromere where microtubules attach to the chromosome. contains motor proteins and microtubulebinding proteins that are involved in chromosome segregation during m phase. • cell platea flattened saclike structure formed in the middle of a dividing plant cell from golgi derived vesicles containing cell wall material; ultimately divides the cytoplasm into two separate cells. \n • cleavage furrow a pinching in of the plasma membrane that occurs as cytokinesis begins in animal cells and deepens until the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells. • haploid (1) having one set of chromosomes (1n or n for short). (2) a cell or an individual organism with one set of chromosomes. • diploid (1) having two sets of chromosomes (2n). (2) a cell or an individual organism with two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one set from the father. • polyploidythe state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes, either from the same species (autopolyploidy) or from different species (allopolyploidy) • aneuploidy (adjective: aneuploid) the state of having an abnormal number of copies of a certain chromosome. • ploidy the number of complete chromosome sets present. haploid refers to a ploidy of 1; diploid, a ploidy of 2; triploid, a ploidy of 3; and tetraploid, a ploidy of 4. • haploid number the number of different types of chromosomes in a cell. symbolized as n. • diploid number the number of chromosomes present in the body cells of a diploid organisms • sex chromosomes chromosomes that differ in shape or in number in males and females. for example, the x and y chromosomes of many animals. • autosomes any chromosome other than a sex chromosome (i.e,. any chromosome other than the x or y in mammals). • gene a section of dna (or rna, for some viruses) that encodes information for building one or more related polypeptides or functional rna molecules along with the regulatory sequences required for its transcription. • allelea particular version of a gene • unreplicated chromosome • replicated chromosome • bivalent the structure formed by synapsed homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis i. also known as a tetrad. • nonsister chromatidsthe chromatids of a particular type of chromosome \n (after replication) with respect to the chromatids of its homologous chromosome. crossing over occurs between nonsister chromatids. compare with sister chromatids. • fertilizationfusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to form a zygote with a diploid nucleus • zygotethe cell formed by the union of two gamates; a fertilized egg • synapsis the physical pairing of two homologous chromosomes during prophase i of meiosis. crossing over is observed during synapsis. • chiasma (plural: chiasmata) the xshaped structure formed during meiosis by crossing over between nonsister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. • crossing over the exchange of segments of nonsister chromatids between a pair of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis i. • nondisjunctionan error that can occur during meiosis or mitosis, in which one daughter cell receives two copies of a particular chromosome and the other daughter cell receives none. • dominant allele referring to an allele that determines the same phenotype when it is present in homozygous or heterozygous form.. compare with recessive. • recessive allele referring to an allele whose phenotypic effect is observed only in homozygous individuals. compare with dominant. • homozygous having two identical alleles of a gene. • heterozygous having two different alleles of a gene. • genotype all the alleles of every gene present in a given individual. often specified only for the alleles of a particular set of genes under study. compare with phenotype. • phenotype the detectable traits of an individual. compare with genotype. • linked genes means that the genes are located on the same chromosome and inherited together. • unlinked genes genes are located on different chromosomes and are not always inherited together. • xlinked inheritance patterns for genes located on the mammalian x chromosome. also called xlinkage. \n • ylinked inheritance patterns for genes located on the mammalian y chromosome. also called ylinkage. • autosomal the inheritance patterns that occur when genes are located on autosomes rather than on sex chromosomes. • monohybrid crossa mating between two parents that are both heterozygous for one given pair • dihybrid crossa mating between two parents that are heterozygous for two different genes • testcross the breeding of an individual that expresses a dominant phenotype but has an unknown genotype with an individual having only recessive alleles for the traits of interest. used to order to infer the unknown genotype from observation of the phenotypes seen in offspring. • multiple allelism the existence of more than two alleles of the same gene. • polymorphism(1) the occurrence of more than one allele at a genetic locus in a population (2) the occurrence of more than two distinct phenotypes of a trait in a population • pleiotropythe ability of a single gene to affect more than one trait • genebygene interaction one trait is influenced by the alleles of two or more different genes. • genebyenvironment interaction an individual’s phenotype is often as much a product of the environment as it is the product of the genotype, the combined effect of genes and environment is know as genebyenvironment interaction. • polygenic inheritance of quantitative traitshaving many genes influence one trait • parental strand a strand of dna that is used as a template during dna synthesis. • daughter strand the strand of dna that is newly replicated from an existing template strand of dna. • semiconservative replication the way dna replicates, in which each strand of an existing dna molecule serves as a template to create a new complementary dna strand. it is called semiconservative because each newly replicated dna molecule conserves one of the parental strands and contains another, newly replicated strand. \n • conservative replication the bases turn outward to serve as a template for the synthesis of an entirely new double helix all at once, which would result in an intact parental molecule and a daughter dna molecule consisting entirely of newly synthesized strands. • dispersive replication if the parental double helix were cut wherever one strand crossed over another and dna was synthesized in short sections by extending each of the cut parental strand to the next strand crossover, so stretches of old dna would be interspersed with new dna down the length of each daughter strand. • telomere the end of a linear chromosome that contains a repeated sequence of dna. • explain the five big ideas of biology (fbis) and how they relate to what we have learned –evolution: populations of organisms have changed over time through both selective and nonselective evolutionary processes. –structure and function: all living systems (organisms, ecosystems, etc.) are made of structural components whose arrangement determines the function of the systems. –information flow and storage: information (dna, for example) and signals are used and exchanged within and among organisms to direct their functioning. (mitosis&meiosis) –transformations of energy and matter: all living things acquire, use, and release matter and energy for cellular / organismal functioning. –systems: living systems are interconnected, and they interact and influence each other on multiple levels. • describe the roles of cell division in living organisms: responsible for reproduction of all organisms meiosis single cell divides twice to produce 4 cells that contain half the original amount of genetic information= sex cells= egg and sperm (gametes) –daughter cells are genetically different from parent cell allows for genetic variation in population mitosis process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells. daughter cells= genetically identical to parent cell • describe each phase of interphase (#1) (“between phase”) cell cycle= g1 s g2 mitosis (m phase)(cell division) \n growing/preparing to divide cells spend most of their time in interphase g1 phase (“growth 1”,“gap 1”) growth, new organelles made s phase dna is replicated (synthesized), occurs in nucleus g2 phase (gap 2) growth and preparation for cell division • describe and draw each phase of mitosis mitosis division of nucleus, division of cytoplasm 2 sister chromatids separate to form independent daughter chromosomes 1 copy of each chromosome goes to each of the 2 daughter cells identical genetic information .(#2) prophase chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus begins to form (#3)prometaphase nuclear envelope breaks down. microtubules contact chromosomes at kinetochores. (#4) metaphase chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell (#5) anaphase sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes and are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus (#6) telophase the nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes decondense • compare the processes of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells plants polar microtubules left over from spindle define the region where new plasma membranes will form vesicles from golgi apparatus carry components for new cell wall to middle of cell vesicles fuse to form cell plate cell plate grows and eventually fuses with existing plasma membrane divides into 2 daughter cells animals begins with formation of cleavage furrow (ring of actin filaments form inside plasma membrane) myosin motor proteins bind to actin filaments and use atp to contract which cause the filaments to “slide” ring shrinks and tightens and pulls membrane with it plasma membrane pinches inward, eventually pinches into 2 individual cells \n • compare binary fission in bacterial cells to mitosis in eukaryotic cells 1.binary fission occurs among prokaryotes (cells that do not contain a nucleus). 2.mitosis occurs among eukaryotes (cells that have a nucleus). 3.binary fission does not include spindle formation (mitotic apparatus) and sister chromatids in its process, making it a faster means of cellular division than mitosis. 4.binary fission does not have the four distinct cellular phases (from g1 down to the final mitotic phase) that are seen in mitosis. • explain the relationship between mpf and (1) cyclin, (2) cdk, and (3) the enzymes that phosphorylate mpf, dephosphorylate mpf, and degrade cyclin mpf is a dimer that consists of a cyclin and a cdk it is turned on by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at the activating site, and dephosphylation at the inhibitonary site enzymes that degrade cyclin reduce mpf levels • explain the g, g, 1nd 2 phase checkpoints checkpoints points in cell cycle that allow a cell to “decide” whether to proceed with division g1 checkpoint cell will pass checkpoint if: 1. cell size is adequate, 2. nutrients are sufficient, 3. social signals are present, & 4. dna is undamaged g2 checkpoint (after s phase) cell will pass if: 1. chromosomes have replicated successfully, 2. dna is undamaged, 3. activated mpf is present m phase checkpoint cell passes checkpoint if: 1. chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus, 2. chromosomes have properly segregated and mpf is absent • explain how defects in cell cycle regulation leads to cancer cancer occurs in cells when cellcycle checkpoints have failed defects that make the proteins required for cell growth active when they shouldn’t be defects that prevent tumor suppressor genes from shutting down the cell cycle • explain how the g checkp1int is subject to social control social control when cells divide in response to signals from other cells (best interest of individual) g1 phase “decides” to continue cell division only when cell is correct size cancer cells have broken down the social controls of g1 checkpoint • describe the roles of meiosis meiosis single cell divides twice to produce 4 cells that contain half the original amount of genetic information= sex cells= egg and sperm (gametes) –daughter cells are genetically different from parent cell allows for genetic variation in population responsible for sexual reproduction • explain how genetic variation arises from meiosis and fertilization genetic variation is caused by “crossing over” (in prophase i) crossing over is the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. \n causes new combinations of alleles within a chromosome different of that of the parent • describe and draw the key events of each phase of meiosis (#1) interphase uncondensed chromosomes replicate in parent cell (#2) early prophase i chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, nuclear envelope begins to break down. pairing of homologous chromosomes (#3) late prophase i multiple crossover points visible, nuclear envelope is broken down (#4) metaphase i migration of bivalents (4 chromatids from 2 homologous chromosomes) to middle of cell is complete (#5)anaphase i homologs separate and begin moving to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus (#6) telophase i and cytokinesis chromosomes move to opposite poles of spindle apparatus; apparatus disassembles (#7) prophase ii spindle apparatus forms (#8) metaphase ii chromosomes line up at the middle of the spindle apparatus (#9) anaphase ii sister chromatids separate, begin moving to opposite poles of spindle apparatus (#10) telophase ii and cytokinesis chromosomes move to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus; apparatus disassembles • compare meiosis and mitosis \n • interpret a karyotype karotype the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species. a regular human cell has 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes, which come in pairs, and 2 sex chromosomes, which specify gender (xx for female and xy for male). the pairs of autosomes are called \"homologous chromosomes.\" one of each pair came from mom and the other came from dad. can be used to diagnose genetic disorders (ex down syndrome) • explain when nondisjunction can occur occurs where chromosome pairs fail to separate properly during meiosis i (homologous chromosomes) or meiosis ii (sister chromatids) \n • describe the possible consequences of nondisjunction in autosomes and sex chromosomes during meiosis in humans mistakes in meiosis are leading cause of miscarriages down syndrome trisomy of chromosome 21 (trisomy, most common to be viable in humans) klinefelter syndrome xxy, xxyy, xxxy or xxxxy turner syndrome xo (1 sex chromosome, female) • determine whether nondisjunction occurred during meiosis i or meiosis ii and in which parent nondisjunction error occurred in meiosis i, in which both members of a homologous pair migrated to the same pole of the cell = 2 gametes with n + 1 chromosomes and 2 gametes with n− 1 chromosomes a nondisjunction error occurred in meiosis ii, in which both sister chromatids of a chromosome migrated to the same pole of the cell = 2 gametes that are normal, one with n − 1 chromosomes, and one with n + 1 chromosomes, • explain why nondisjunction in meiosis occurs more frequently in women than men the difference between female oogenesis and male spermatogenesis is the prolonged halt of oocytes in late stages of prophase i for many years up to several decades. male gametes on the other hand quickly go through all stages of meiosis i and ii. another important difference between male and female meiosis concerns the frequency of recombination between homologous chromosomes: in the male, almost all chromosome pairs are joined by at least one crossover, while more than 10% of human oocytes contain at least one bivalent without any crossover event. • compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction \n • predict whether, in a species that alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction, sexual reproduction occurs during times when environmental conditions are stable or times when conditions change rapidly stable conditions asexual reproduction unstable conditions sexual reproduction • define and distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance codominance both alleles are equally dominant and both alleles are visible in the hybrid genotype (ab bloodtype) incomplete dominance one allele is partially dominant to the other, heterozygous offspring have phenotype that is a mixture of the dominant and recessive phenotypes (red flower rr+ white flower rr= pink flower rr) • calculate probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes from a particular cross g g g gg gg g gg gg • determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios from a particular cross 25% gg, 50% gg, 25% gg • explain why crossing over is said to break up linkage between alleles during meiosis, exchange of parts between homologous chromosomes breaks linkages between parietal chromosomes and forms recombinants with new allele combinations • describe the structure of dna \n double helix antiparallel sugar phosphate backbone along exterior bases point inwards (a&t, c&g) • describe the experiments and be able to interpret the results from the experiments that showed that dna is the hereditary material and that dna replication is semiconservative hershey and chase dna replication is semiconservative because each helix that is created contains one strand from the helix from which it was copied. the replication of one helix results in two daughter helices each of which contains one of the original parental helical strands. • write a sequence of doublestranded dna that is 10 base pairs long, separate the strands, and without comparing them, write in the bases that are added during dna replication 5’ cggtagatcg 3’ 5’ gccatctagc 3’ • draw and label a diagram of a replication bubble that shows (1) 5’ à 3’ polarity of the two parental dna strands and (2) the leading and lagging daughter strands at each replication fork • describe the process of dna replication including the following terms: dna polymerase i removes short rna primer and replaces with a dna nucleotide (on lagging strand) dna polymerase iii does initial synthesis, binds new rna primer (on leading and lagging strands) dntps deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate. a generic term referring to the four deoxyribonucleotides: datp, dctp, dgtp and dttp. origin of replication where replication is initiated replication bubble setting of new dna replication replication fork the point at which the two strands of dna are separated to allow replication of each strand \n dna helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between nucleotides ssbpsprevents hydrogen bonding from reoccurring keeps it a single strand topoisomerase prevents twisting of the dna that is ahead of replication fork leading strand strand of dna that is being replicated continuously lagging strand requires a slight delay before it is replicated, and it must be replicated discontinuously in small fragments. primer a primer is a strand of short nucleic acid sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) that serves as a starting point for dna synthesis. primase type of rna polymerase that adds a short segment of rna (to “prime it”) okazaki fragments short, newly synthesized dna fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during dna replication dna ligase joins pieces of dna together and closes gap where the primer was removed sliding clampholds dna polymerase in place during dna synthesis • describe the role of telomerase it catalyzes the synthesis of dna from an rna template that it contains adds dna onto the end of a chromosome to prevent it from getting shorter • compare proofreading, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair 1proofreading when an incorrect base pair is recognized, dna polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of dna and removes the mismatched base. mismatch repair when mismatched bases are corrected after dna synthesis is complete nucleotide excision repair fixes thymine dimers and many other types of damage that distort the dna helix • explain the logical connections between failure of repair systems, increases in mutation rate, and high likelihood of cancerdeveloping - if errors in dna are not corrected they represent mutations. when dna repair systems fail the mutation rate increases. as the mutation rate increases the chance that one or more cell cycle genes will be mutated increases. mutations in these genes often result in uncontrolled cell division ultimately leading to cancer.",
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c07d3df2647bf085b84c8a2b932a4ad8 | exercises 81112 contain polynomials in several variables. factor each polynomial completely and check using multiplication. 25a2 25ab 6b2 | full answer: exercises 81112 contain polynomials in several variables. factor each | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " lecture 10 the port of boston act closed the boston harbor to all businesses till the boston people paid for the tea that they had thrown into the harbor. it was part of the intolerable acts. the patriot leaders from all the colonies gathered in philadelphia and held the 1 continental congress. the were there to discuss what was going on but didn’t know what to do or how to handle it. the only thing that they decided was they were going to meet again in a year (may 1775). patrick henry, a member of the house of burgess, stood up in the continental congress and said “i am not just a virginian today, i am also an american.” it said that they were no longer british, that they had a new name. it gave them a different identity. the only other thing that came out of the continental congress first meeting, was they sent out a letter to the colonies to prepare for war. by april of 1775 things had gotten so bad that boston looked like an occupied military zone. the colonist came up with signs if the british were moving. april 18,1775, the local military commander began to march to concord, because the patriots had put a cache in concord and they were going to have a big meeting. sam adams and john handcox were supposed to be in attendance. as soon as the british started marching, the lanterns went up and the minute men went to arms. they were ready to do battle in less than a minute, with a certain amount of guns, ammo, and gun powder. the minute men assembled at lexington. the british got to lexington and saw 75 men, who opened fired on the british. the british won and marched on to concord. they came into contract again with 200 americans, who opened fired. the british won again. the americans ran ahead and took cover in trees, bushes, fences, and would shoot at the british as they walked by. they did this till the british camps. it was known as the battle of lexington and concord (the shots heard around the world). this was the start of the american revolution. the british lost 379 of 1200 soldiers. the americans lost around 27. the fighting had begun but no call for independence. it quickly spread across all the colonies. the second continental congress came together and realized that they had a revolution. first they made themselves the leaders of a national government. they created an army, navy, postal service ( benjamin franklin was the first general post master), and gave themselves a way to make currency. second they wrote two documents, the declaration of rights and grievances, that was a laundry list of \n complaints against parliament. it described how parliament had violated their rights of englishmen and that parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies. it was an attempt to explain what parliament had done. the second document was the olive branch petition, which was sent to king george iii begging him to call his soldiers away. they sent benjamin franklin and john adams with the documents, the king turned and walked away when he saw them though. the king knew what was going on and didn’t care. this hurt the colonist. in january of 1776, a scottish immigrant named thomas paine wrote a pamphlet named common sense. it was a call to arms to the colonists. paine said that america was young and vigorous while britain was old and corrupt and that it was only a matter of time before the things that infected great britain would infect the colonies. it had such an impact that the continental congress set up a committee that began to draft the declaration of independence (thomas jefferson, john adams, benjamin franklin, and rodger sherman). it was passed on july 4,1776. it was when they told great britain that they were a new country. america was very disorganized. the colonies were very possessive of their militia. george washington was given the command of the national army. the battle of bunker hill in 1776, the americans had the high ground. three times the british marched up the hill, each time the americans slaughtered them. the third time the british won because the americans ran out of gun powder. the americans learned that the british were willing to make any sacrifice to bring them back into the british empire. the british learned that they should not under estimate the american colonists. for the next two years, washington tried to train those men to be a professional army. for every one battle he won, he lost three or four. \n lecture 11 the british camp was on the charleston peninsula. patriot militia hid in the hills around the british camps . commander gage asked britian for help and they send general howel and general burogoyne. they believed that the patriots were a bunch of farmers not soldiers. the british were slaughtered, but they ended up taking over bunker hill when the americans ran out of gun powder. the americans learned that the british would do anything to win and the british learned to not under estimate the americans. the people defending the colonies were militia troops. they were a part time, short term soldier. they also did not operate outside their state. realizing this the 2 continental congress created the continental army. they could go to anywhere in the colonies. it was created in 1775. george washington was named the commander of the continental army. his first army was the massachusetts militia. after the battle at bunker hill the british abandoned charleston peninsula and sailed to new york. washington then brought his men to new york. he tried to stand toe to toe with the british and almost slaughtered the american army. in the battle of brooklyn heights, washington had his men retreat. but he came up with a strategy to win. he realized that he could not stand toe to toe with the british army. so he would have to be on the defensive. which meant, that they did not have to win the war but just outlast eh british army. he had four methods. 1) only fight on ground of his choosing where he knows the ground and terrine. 2) when he does go into battle, he would have a limited objective. 3) he can not needlessly bleed his army. 4) always have an escape route. this was the way washington fought the war because his soldiers were farmers playing soldiers. by the end of 1776 washington knew that the british were going to their winter camp (because there is a limited food supply, clothing, they would be sick, they were dependant on animals). he knew that the british winter camps were in new jersey. on christmas eve of 1776, washington crossed the delaware river and attacked the german mercenaries. it became known as the battle of trenton. he took the camp by storm, because the germans were celebrating and drunk. washington was not trying to take territory or supplies. he fought the battle, captured the garrison ( 1200germans)and left. washington did this 67 times that \n winter. this gave a moral boost to the americans. that spring the army was with new recruits. the winter of 17771778 washington led the army into a frozen hell. they were in valley forge, pennsylvania. the camp was spread out over 20 miles. the temperature dropped, there was lack of food, diseases were spread. men died by the 100’s because of these conditions. it got so bad that they would boil the leather of their boots and eat it. washington hung the men that tried to run away. in spring time a prussin soldier name frederick von steubbeal came to the army. he was a professionally trained soldier. washington made him an officer and he helped train the army to be soldiers. the battle of saratoga was the battle that guaranteed that america would win the war. in 1776, new york was thought to be the key to the british victory. the british thought that if they concord new york that they could cut the colonies in half. general gage would march up from nyc. general howel would march up from fighting washington. and general bargoyne came over from the west. gage stayed in nyc. howel stayed to capture washington. and bargoyne was a playboy and this was his down fall. his supply lines were so long that he barely got over the canadian boarder before he came into contact with general horatio gates near saratoga. gates was shot and coronal benedict arnold took command of the army. he almost led them to victory before he was shot in his sword and it broke his femur. the army started to retreat. he ordered the nurse to put him on his horse. he had himself tied to the horse and rode back into battle. he rallied all the troops and destroyed burgoyne’s army. when kind louie xvi of france heard about the victory he extended diplomatic recognition. this meant that france would give america loans to help them with the army. france also declared war on great britain. he sent part of his navy to attack the british ships. a year later he convinced the king of spain to declare war on the british. this guaranteed american independence. the british tried to fight the war as cheap as possible because it was so far in dept. 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c04fedc3546174d69a30b43344aa1c29 | solve each system in exercises 522. if there is no solution or if there are infinitely many solutions and a systems equations are dependent, so state. 7z 3 2(x 3y) 5y 3z 7 4x 4 5z 3(2x y) | answer: solve each system in exercises 522. if there is no | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "business and government relations study guide ii: chapters 1013 & questions chapter 10: regulation: law, economics, and politics introduction ● regulation takes place through a public process that is relatively open and allows participation by interested parties ● regulatory decisions and rulemaking proceedings are extremely important to many firms, industries, and interest groups set of interventions ● controlling prices ● setting floor prices ● ensuring equal opportunity ● regularizing employment practices ● specifying qualifications ● providing for solvency ● controlling the number of market participants ● limiting ownership ● requiring premarketing approval ● ensuring product safety ● mandating product characteristics and technology ● establishing service territories ● establishing performance standards ● controlling toxic emissions and other pollutants ● specifying industry boundaries ● allocating public resources ● establishing technical standards ● controlling unfair international trade practices ● providing information ● rationing common pool resources ● protecting consumers ● controlling risks periods of regulatory reform ● four major periods of regulatory change ○ populist era (late 1800s) ○ progressive era and the new deal ○ social regulation (began in the 1960s) ○ economic deregulation (began in the 1970s) the constitutional basis for regulation ● the u.s. constitution not only provides the authority for regulation \n ○ it also limits its application ● many legal principles of regulation in the united states have come from court decisions that draw on the common law ● the fifth and fourteenth amendments place limits on regulation principal federal regulatory agencies and commissions delegation, rulemaking, due process, and discretion ● article i, section 1 of the constitution grants congress the sole power to enact laws ● congress enacted the administrative procedure act (apa) of 1946 to: ○ provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action ■ agencies adopt their own rulemaking procedures in a manner consistent with the apa ● the apa grants parties right to sue for judicial review of an agency action ○ a basis for that review is failure to follow the procedures required for an action ■ under the framework of procedural due process ● the apa requires: ○ agency actions not be “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” ● the courts review regulatory actions for whether they are arbitrary or capricious \n influences on regulatory agencies \n market imperfections •natural monopoly •externalities •public goods •asymmetric information government imperfections ● market imperfections warrant government regulation ○ only a necessary condition for regulation to improve economic efficiency capture theory ● predicts that regulation initially will be found where there are market imperfections and over time will evolve to serve the interests of the regulated industry rentseeking theory ● regulation not established to address market imperfections ○ instead, it is established to benefit politically effective interests fairness ● regulation used to accomplish fairness goals ● can involve policies such as: ○ lifeline rates for telephone service for lowincome people ○ the provision of aid such as food stamps costofservice theory ● regulation in a number of industries has centered on costofservice pricing ● this costofservice regulatory system has been blamed for inducing high costs and slowing the introduction of new technology. chapter 11: financial markets and their regulation introduction \n ● the capital markets are an essential component of a capitalist economic system that allow individuals to ○ save their money in a broad array of financial instruments ○ transform those savings into funding for businesses, homebuying, and retirement the formal and informal banking systems ● depository institutions such as banks accept deposits and make loans ○ these institutions are required to maintain a fractional reserve requirement ■ allows the formal banking system to lend a multiple of the deposits held repurchase agreement “shadow banking” system ● operates outside the purview of regulators ○ provides much of the financing for banks, securities traders, and mortgage lenders ● securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations ○ a component of the shadow banking system \n collateralized debt obligations credit default swap \n the federal reserve system ● established in 1913 ● serves as the central bank of the united states ● has broad responsibilities for managing the money supply ● has regulatory authority over national banks and state banks that participate in the federal reserve system securities regulation ● the first new deal legislation enacted was the securities act of 1933 ○ regulated the issuance of new securities ● in 1934, congress enacted the securities exchange act to: ○ extend regulation to stock exchanges and the trading of alreadyissued securities ● glasssteagall act of 1933 ○ forced banks to separate their commercial banking and investment banking businesses ○ later repealed by the grammleachbliley act of 1999 credit card regulation ● credit card (card accountability responsibility and disclosure) act of 2009 ○ increases the regulation of credit card issuers \n ● regulations intended to eliminate abuses can have effects on markets mortgage lending and subprime mortgages ● mortgage lending had been dominated by banks and savings and loans associations ● lenders held some of the mortgages they originated and sold the rest to: ○ governmentsponsored enterprises ○ federal national mortgage association (fannie mae) ○ federal home loan mortgage corporation (freddie mac) ● the federal housing administration (fha) provided financing for qualified borrowers ○ government policy supported expanding home ownership through government support of fannie mae, freddie mac, and the fha financial crisis inquiry commission ● principal conclusions of the majority: ○ it was avoidable ○ widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision ○ dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions ○ excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency ○ inconsistent response of an ill prepared government ○ collapsing mortgagelending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline ○ overthecounter derivatives contributed significantly ○ failures of the credit rating agencies were essential cogs in the wheel of financial destruction ● 10 essential causes identified by the dissenters: ○ credit bubble ○ housing bubble ○ nontraditional mortgages ○ credit ratings and securitization ○ financial institutions concentrated correlated risks ○ leverage and liquidity risk ○ risk of contagion ○ common shock (the fall in housing prices) ○ financial shock and panic ○ financial crisis causes economic crisis \n tarp, bailouts, and the stimulus ● the bush administration and congress created the troubled asset relief program (tarp) ○ administered by the department of the treasury ○ authorized with funding up to $700 billion to be used to shore up banks and stimulate the provision of credit to borrowers the doddfrank wall street reform and consumer protection act ● doddfrank act ○ provided for new regulations ○ strengthened enforcement ○ required new rule making by regulators ○ created a new regulatory agency the consumer financial protection bureau ○ restricted the pricing of credit card borrowings ○ increased the exposure of credit rating agencies to lawsuits ○ restricted securities trading by banks ○ required derivatives trades to go through clearinghouses ○ imposed new capital requirements on banks ○ did not address the roles of fannie mae and freddie mac financial stability oversight council ● established by the doddfrank act ● composed of the heads of 10 regulatory agencies with responsibility for: ○ monitoring the economy ○ responding to emergencies that threaten the stability of the financial system too big to fail ● the act: ○ authorized the government to seize and break up a firm whose collapse could result in substantial harm to the economy ○ required financial companies to develop “living wills” for closing down and provided for the orderly liquidation of failed companies \n the volcker rule ● included in the doddfrank act after heated debate ○ subsequently subject to extensive rulemaking activity to refine the restrictions ● allowed banks to trade on behalf of clients and to hedge their own risks derivatives and swaps ● to reduce risks and increase regulatory scrutiny: ○ the act gave the commodities and futures trading commission (cftc) regulatory authority over swaps and major swap market participants such as marketmakers securitization and excessive risks ● issuers of assetbacked securities were required to retain: ○ at least 5 percent of the risk unless the assets meet certain loan standards consumer protection ● complaints from consumers and consumer advocacy groups about financial products centered on: ○ abusive mortgages ○ high interest rates charged by payday lenders ○ financing practices of automobile dealers and student loan companies ● the doddfrank act created a consumer financial protection bureau (cfpb) ○ has authority over: ■ banks with assets over $10 billion ■ mortgage lenders ■ student loan companies ■ payday lenders compensation ● the doddfrank act directed the sec to address the compensation issue ● the sec: ○ promulgated “say on pay” rules requiring a nonbinding shareholder vote on executive compensation at least every 3 years ○ proposed rules requiring banks and financial services firms to: ■ report bonuses paid to individual employees ■ block bonuses that posed the risk of “material financial loss” for the firm \n credit ranging agencies ● provide information to investors about risks associated with securities ● government regulators have delegated to designated nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (nrsro) the assessment of risks associated with securities. global capital requirements regulation basel iii ● basel committee on banking supervision an organization of 27 nations that sets capital requirements for banks ○ requirements must be approved by the g20 nations ■ enacted into law by each nation chapter 12: environmental management and sustainability introduction ● public, government, and businesses recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainability ● benefits include: ○ improved human health ○ a more vibrant natural environment ○ the preservation of ecosystems ○ a more sustainable relationship with the natural environment the environment and sustainability ● goals and action ● global climate change ● policy ● tradeoffs socially efficient control of externalities ● the control of externalities has taken the form of commandandcontrol regulation ● incentive approaches take into account the benefits and costs of attaining environmental objectives ○ achieves those objectives by aligning the social and private costs of pollution and its abatement \n the coase theorum ● pertains to market imperfections, including externalities and public goods ● focuses on the standard of social efficiency ● provide s a conceptual foundation for both regulation and the liability system \n transaction costs and the limits of the coase theorem ● the coase theorem implies that: ○ when bargaining between the parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved capandtrade systems ● caps the total allowed emissions of a particular pollutant, issues permits (entitlements) for that amount, and allows the permits to be traded ○ also called tradable permits systems global climate change and emissions trading systems ● kyoto protocol ● emissions trading in the european union ● the regional greenhouse gas initiative (rggi) ● emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) kyoto protocol ● accomplishments under the kyoto protocol a subject of disagreement ○ developed countries have reduced their domestic emissions ■ research shows that this is due to increased imports displacing local production emissions trading in the european union ● the european union took the lead on multination emission ○ traded with the european trading system (ets) commencing in 2005 ● ets is a capandtrade system that covers 12,000 facilities in 15 eu member states ○ the eu goal was an 8 percent reduction by 2012 from a 1990 base emissions trading within bp plc (british petroleum) ● to address the global climate change issue: ○ in 1998 bp plc committed by 2010 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (ghgs) by 10 percent from 1990 levels ● to achieve its goal, bp worked with environmental defense to develop an internal ghgs trading system for the company the regional greenhouse gas initiative ● formed in 2005 by 10 northeastern u.s. states \n ○ to operate a capandtrade system for reducing greenhouse gases emissions ○ auctioned 86 percent of the allowances generating $790 million through 2010 ● supported by companies that benefited from the funds generated by the auctions ○ other companies argued that it drove up costs and drove jobs away the environmental protection agency (epa) ● an independent agency located in the executive branch ● headed by an administrator appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate ● responsible for administering the major environmental acts enforcement ● the epa enforcement process requires: ○ filing of a notice of a complaint and a hearing before an administrative law judge standards setting and engineering control ● epa regulation has largely been command and control ○ uniform rules or standards are ordered and then enforced ● the epa sets emissions standards and air quality standards ● epa has increasingly used incentive approaches: ○ credits and offsets superfund ● administered by the epa ○ for the cleanup of existing toxic waste disposal sites ● epa attempts to identify the source of the dumping and force it to clean the site the nature of environmental politics ● environmental issues are complex because of: ○ scientific uncertainty about the consequences of pollution ○ incomplete information about the costs and benefits of environmental protection ○ disagreements about alternative approaches, such as liability versus regulation, to protection ○ differing perspectives about the protection of entitlements judicial politics ● politics of environmental protection often moves into judicial arenas ● environmental groups have succeeded in inserting citizen provisions in environmental statutes \n advocacy science ● much remains unknown about environmental hazards and their control ○ this scientific uncertainty is a source of contention in environmental politics ○ it provides an opportunity to use advocacy science as a component of a private politics strategy distributive politics ● environmental politics is motivated by: ○ distributive consequences of environmental policy ○ costs of environmental protection ○ benefits from the reduction in pollution and hazards private and public politics ● many environmental ngos active in public politics at the federal, state, and local levels ● environmental groups testify regularly in legislative and regulatory hearings ○ some demonstrate to attract media coverage to their side of the issue nimby and private politics ● nimby “not in mybackyard” ○ focuses on local environmental concerns, particularly as they involve possible risks to persons or property ○ directed toward: refuse disposal & toxic waste sites, chemical & oil plants, other facilities that may emit toxins ● energized by information provided by the federal government’s toxics release inventory (tri) ● the tri is a result of the “righttoknow” amendment to a 1985 superfund reauthorization bill voluntary collective environmental programs ● iso 14001 ● responsible care program ● criticisms of voluntary programs ○ called “greenwash” by environmental groups ○ allege that these programs sound good to the public ○ fail to live up to their promises chapter 13: the investor’s perspective: renewable energy introduction \n ● managing effectively in the nonmarket environment is essential for firms when: ○ a company is at a major strategic crossroad ○ there are market or nonmarket challenges ● strategy implementation is essential on an ongoing basis at an operational level to: ○ achieve performance goals ○ address challenges ○ seize opportunities investment decisions ● in making their decisions, investors assess: ○ opportunities and risks associated with firms ○ quality of their management ● the assessment of managerial quality depends on: ○ a firm’s leadership and market strategy ○ a firm's nonmarket strategy ○ the ability of management to anticipate and deal effectively with the emergence and development of nonmarket issues the environment of wind and solar power ● longterm opportunities for wind and solar power were enormous ○ supply costs were falling ○ demand for renewable power was expected to continue to grow ○ demand growth had been led by europe as a result of generous subsidies ■ as the subsidies were reduced, growth slowed ○ at the same time demand grew in china and the united states ■ more countries began to support wind and solar power ○ demand was expected to grow substantially in china and developing nations ● growth hinged on government support and the cost of other energy sources markets and government involvement ● retail electricity prices varied greatly across the states ○ both solar and wind power were quite variable ■ solar power output depended on the weather ■ wind power was most attractive in locations where the wind blows hard and steadily ○ solar/wind power faced nonmarket opposition because of: ■ the cost of subsidization ■ environmental nimby market signal ● market for solar panels in europe and the united states slowed to a crawl in 2010 \n ○ market in china grew at a rapid pace economic rationale for subsidization ● economic rationales for the subsidization of renewable power: ○ based on positive externalities ■ subsidization provides environmental improvements by displacing carbonbased power generated from coal or natural gas ■ subsidization provides security benefits to the extent that it reduced the dependence on imported fuels ○ intended to achieve cost efficiencies and increased output ■ subsidies could enable producers to realize economies of scale that would reduce costs and allow output to expand political rationale for subsidization ● positive externalities for the environment and security benefitted constituents ● subsidization generated pork: ○ recipients of the subsidies and their suppliers earned rents from the economic activity stimulated by the subsidization the costs of subsidization ● direct costs of subsidies are the corresponding government budget expenditures and liabilities ○ examples grants and loan guaranties solyndra inc ● in 2008 solyndra and solar power, inc., a leading installer of solar panels, agreed to a supply arrangement for $325 million of solar panels over the 2008–2012 period ● market risks: prices and costs ● non market risks *solar power opportunities and risks—market and nonmarket factors \n practice questions ch. 1013 true/false 1. when there are market imperfections, government intervention can improve its efficiency. true/ false 2. congress mandates that regulatory agencies provide for public notice and comment prior to agency action. true/ false 3. interested parties such as firms are prohibited from participating in formal and informal rule making proceedings. true/ false 4. regulation in the us takes place through a private process that is closed and lowprofile. true/ false 5. with the disintegration of the mortgage market, lenders do not bear the risk of failure of borrowers to repay loans. true/false 6. securitization involves pooling contractual debt obligations and issuing new securities backed by those obligations. true/false 7. securitization can reduce idiosyncratic risks but cannot reduce systematic risks. true/false 8. commandandcontrol regulation imposes uniform controls and standards on dissimilar sources of pollution. true/false 9. the coase theorem implies that a negative externality can be resolved when property rights are assigned to the pollutees, not the polluters. true/false 10. the coase theorem implies that when bargaining between two parties to an externality is possible, social efficiency can be achieved. true/false 11. voluntary environmental information disclosure by firms provides an accurate representation of their environmental performance. true/false 12. renewable energy (non hydroelectric) production has been dependent on subsidies because it is not cost competitive. true/false \n 13. the u.s. government provided subsidization on both the demand and supply sides of the market for renewable power. true/false 14. the nimby movement can hamper the development of renewable energy. true/false multiple choice 1. globedot is a leading manufacturer of information display systems based in california. it seeks uniform federal regulation to impose a carbon emission tax on all manufacturing firms. this is an example of \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. natural monopoly b. rentseeking theory c. adverse selection d. moral hazard 2. which of the following regulatory approach has been blamed for inducing inefficiency across companies? a. deregulation b. costofservice regulation c. information disclosure requirement d. monopoly restrictions 3. in constructing cdos, the mortgage loans are sliced into tranches with the cash flowing first to the \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. \n a. most safe tranche (lowest interest rate) b. most risky tranche (highest interest rate) c. noninvestment grade tranche 4. which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis of 20072008? a. subprime lending b. high leverage ratio for banks c. credit default swaps d. regulation of derivatives 5. the regulatory responses to the financial crisis include all of the following except a. penalizing customers who defaulted on interest payments b. increasing the regulation of credit card issuers c. .reducing speculative investments by banks d. .regulating credit rating agencies 6. \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ have become an effective means of achieving environmental goals at the least cost to society. a. commandandcontrol regulations b. incentivebased regulations c. costofservice regulations d. voluntary approaches 7. why were the loan guarantee and cash option awarded to renewable power producers jeopardized? a. .state public utility regulatory agencies were barred by law from determining renewable energy prices. b. the huge federal budget deficit required measures to reduce expenditure. c. state public utility regulatory agencies gave a negligible premium for renewable power. d. the price of natural gas rose considerably. short answers •what are alternative theories to explain where regulation is or is not imposed? \n •under what circumstances does the market fail to function properly and government intervention is justified? •explain commandandcontrol vs. incentivebased approach to environmental regulation. •explain the basics of emissions trading scheme. •explain two nonmarket factors that encourage investment in renewable energy. •explain two nonmarket factors that discourage investment in renewable energy. answer key true/false 1. t 2. t \n 3. f 4. f 5. t 6. t 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. t 11. f 12. t 13. t 14. t multiple choice 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b",
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d4888f2721c36cefbf9097e9513fea2c | the 10-v source absorbs 2.5 mw of power. calculate vba and the power absorbed by the dependent voltage source in fig. p2.32. figure p2.32 | the 10-v source absorbs 2.5 mw of power. calculate vba and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "notes for 4/5 management 300 key terms: group – two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals ha a common identity. team – small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. key terms from 4/7 cooperating – a process in which efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective. cooperating – a process in which efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective. cohesiveness tendency for a group to stick together. team culture the belief that more can get done in a group than individually. group – two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals ha a common identity. formal group – established to do something productive for the organizations members are assigned because of their skills headed by a leader permanent or temporary informal group – formed be people seeking friendship has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge can advance or undercut formal groups team – small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable \n types of teams: continuous improvement team – volunteers of workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and qualityrelated problems formerly called quality circle crossfunctional team – members composed of people from different departments such as sales and production, pursuing a common objective. problemsolving team – knowledgeable workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then disband. selfmanaged team – workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own daytoday supervision topmanagement team – members interact by computer network to collaborate on projects virtual team – members interact by computer network to collaborate on projects work team – members engage in collective in collective work requiring coordinated effort; purpose of team is advice, production, project, or action 4 purposes of work teams 1. advice teams – created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions 2. production teams – responsible for performing daytoday operations 3. project teams – work do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members 4. action teams – work to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and/or a high degree of coordination virtual teams 50foot rule – the idea that if someone is more than 50 feet apart they are not likely to collaborate virtual teams – groups of people who use information technology to collaborate across space, time, and organizational boundaries tips for managing virtual teams: take baby steps and manager by results state expectations write it down \n establish communication boundaries be aware of cultural differences meet regularly selfmanaged teams – groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for task domains and perform work that was previously the responsibility of the manager traditional clearcut distinction between manager and managed is blurred advantages: selfmanaged teams have a positive effect on productivity and attitudes responsibility and control disadvantage: no effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment continuous improvement teams: small groups of volunteers or workers and supervisors who need intermittently to discuss workplace and quality related problems previously known as quality circles forerunner of selfmanaged teams ways to empower selfmanaged teams 1. managers should make team members accountable for their work, allow them to set their own team goals, and let them solve their own workrelated problems 2. the team should work with a whole product or service (not just a part), assign jobs and tasks to its members, develop its own quality standards and measurement techniques, and handle its own problems with internal and external customers 3. team members are crosstrained on jobs within their and other teams; do their own hiring, training, and firing; do their own evaluations of each other and are paid as a team 4. the team has access to important information and resources inside and outside the organization, is allowed to communicate with and draw support from other teams and departments, and sets its own rules and policies 5 stages of group and team development 1. forming – getting oriented and getting acquainted 2. storming – individual personalities and roles emerge 3. norming – conflicts resolved, relationships develop, unity emerges 4. performing – solving problems and completing the assigned task \n 5. adjourning – prepare for disbandment forming – the process of getting oriented and getting acquainted stage characteristics high degree of uncertainty as members try to break the ice members try to figure out what the group’s goals are low mutual trust leader functions: should allow time for people to become acquainted and socialize storming (time of testing) – the emergence of individual personalities and roles conflicts within the group stage characteristics: individuals test the leader’s policies and assumptions as they try to determine how they fit in the power structure of the group subgroups can take shape with forms of rebellion and procrastination in severe cases power politics may erupt into an open rebellion can be short or painfully lo9ng based on various factors: degree of goal clarity among the group’s members the level of commitment that members feel towards the group the maturity of the members leader functions: leaders should encourage members to suggest ideas, voice disagreements, and work through their conflicts about tasks and goals norming – conflicts are resolved, close relationship develop and unity and harmony emerge stage characteristics: lingering question of authority from stage 2 are resolved though nonemotional, matteroffact group discussions group evolves into a team the team sets guidelines related to what members will do how they will do it \n the team considers norms for attendance, punctuality, missing work, mutual respect etc. leader functions: leaders should emphasize unity and help identify team goals and values performing – members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks stage characteristics: open and trusting environment hierarchy is of little importance member adopt an attitude of flexibility leader functions: leaders should allow members the empowerment they need to work on tasks adjourning – members prepare for disbandment characteristics: having worked so hard to get along and accomplish the selected goals, many members feel a compelling sense of loss leader functions: leaders can help ease the transition by rituals celebrating “the end” and “new beginnings” notes for 4/7 9 considerations for building a group into an effective team 1. cooperation 2. trust 3. cohesiveness 4. performance goals and feedback 5. motivation through mutual accountability 6. size 7. roles 8. norms 9. groupthink \n cooperating – a process in which efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective. trust – reciprocal faith in others’ intentions and behaviors trust operates on giveandtake basis credibility – how believable you are based on your past acts of integrity and followthrough on your promises how trust is developed: common values: do you share the same values and beliefs? aligned interests do our interests coincide rather than conflict? benevolence – does the person care about my welfare? competence: is the person capable of delivering on what they say? cohesiveness tendency for a group to stick together. promoting team cohesiveness – provide employees opportunities for facetoface exchanges at work, let individuals pick their own teammates, host offthejob social events, keep teams small performance goals and feedback teams need a collective purpose 2 key features of performance goals 1. specific 2. measurable motivation through mutual accountability team culture the belief that more can get done in a group than individually. adherence to performance goals work is meaningful members do feel that their efforts matter \n members do not feel exploited mutual accountability – everyone is responsible for everyone else’s work as well as their own people have to answer to each other not just the supervisor size determined by the team’s purpose affects team member’s commitment and performance small vs. large teams (56 per team is considered the golden spot where productivity is highest) small teams (29 people) advantages better interaction better morale disadvantages fewer resources possibly less innovation unfair work distribution large groups (1016) advantages more resources division of labor disadvantages less interaction lower morale social loafers (low/high achievers) or sliders (high achievers that “check out” roles: how team members are expected to behave \n roles: a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position a team member’s role is to play a part in helping the team reach its goals members develop their roles based on the expectations of 3 key agents 1. the team 2. the organization 3. themselves 2 types of team roles 1. task role – keeps the team on track and get the work done 2. maintenance role – focuses on team harmony and relationship building task roles (taskoriented roles) – consists of behaviors that concentrate on getting the team’s tasks done coordinators – pulls together ideas and suggestions from the team’s members orienteers – keeps the team headed towards its stated goals initiators – suggests new goals or ideas energizers – prod people to move along or accomplish more maintenance roles (relationshiporiented roles) – consist of behavior that fosters constructive relationships among team members encourages – foster group unity and sense of collective purpose by praising various view points standard setters – evaluate the quality of group processes harmonizers – mediate conflict through reconciliation or humor compromisers – help resolve conflict by means of meeting others halfway norms – general guidelines (more broad than roles) that most group or team members follow establish boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior can be stated explicitly but typically are unwritten and seldom discussed openly why are they enforced? \n to help the group survive to clarify role expectations to help individuals avoid embarrassing situations to emphasize the group’s important values and identity groupthink – a cohesive group’s blind unwillingness to consider alternatives friendly, tightlyknit groups become unable to think outside the box striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action symptoms of groupthink 1. invulnerability – the illusion that nothing can go wrong 2. inherent morality – assured of the rightness of the groups actions 3. stereotyping of opposition – underestimating opponents 4. rationalization – cognitive difficulty arguing past successes 5. selfcensorship – protect the assumptions of the group by from critical question 6. illusion of unanimity – silence by a member is interpreted to mean consent 7. peer pressure – other members of the group questioning loyalty of those who dissent 8. mindguards – selfappointed protectors against adverse information results suboptimal team performance reduction in alternative ideas limiting of other information lack of contingency planning preventing groupthink allow criticism o allow for debate o encourage members to be critical evaluators of other’s ideas o encourage members to rethink their own ideas to check for flaws allow other perspective o draw an outside perspective o pose the problem to different groups o appoint a devil’s advocate (but switch up the advocate from time to time) \n conflict – process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party fueled by stress deadlines workloads productivity demands forms of conflict violence more subtle / nonviolent too much or too little conflict negatively impacts performance conflict can occur between many different parties negative conflict – conflict that hinders the organizations performance or threatens its interest constructive conflict – conflict that benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests indolence – (too little conflict) leads to apathy, lack of creativity, indecision, resistance to change, groupthink moderate – induce creativity, improve performance warfare – lack of teamwork, turns workplace into an aggressive place 3 kinds of conflicts 1. personality conflict – interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles a. personality clashes b. competition for scarce resources c. time pressure d. communication 2. intergroup conflicts a. inconsistent goals or reward systems b. ambiguous jurisdiction c. status differences 3. multicultural conflicts a. differing assumptions or ways of behaving \n 4 devices to stimulate constructive conflict 1. spur competition among employees 2. change the organization’s culture and procedures 3. bring in outsiders for new perspective 4. use programmed conflict programmed conflict devil’s advocate – process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality testing dialectic method – process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to text if both sides of a proposal are workable five conflicthandling styles 1. avoiding 2. accommodating 3. forcing 4. compromising 5. collaborating",
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17ee726c7f3ceea1641755c169650669 | cups of coffee and donuts are complements. both have inelastic demand. a hurricane destroys half the coffee bean crop. use appropriately labeled diagrams to answer the following questions.a.what happens to the price of coffee beans?b.what happens to the price of a cup of coffee? what happens to total expenditure on cups of coffee?c.what happens to the price of donuts? what hap-pens to total expenditure on donuts? | cups of coffee and donuts are complements. both have | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " bio 211 final study guide ● chemistry terms ○ carbonyl group(aldehyde) ○ carboxyl group: cooh; found in fatty acids which are bonded to a hc chain; the only polar part of a fatty acid ○ hydroxyl group: oh; very polar and interacts with water to form hydrogen bonds ○ carbocyclic ○ hydrogen and covalent bonds ■ covalent: chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms ■ hydrogen bond: charged based attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bound to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen or oxygen and experiences attraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom ○ functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxymethyl ● macromolecules ○ primarily made up of carbon. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen ■ carbon makes up the backbone of these molecules and can form 4 covalent bonds ○ monomers make up the polymers ○ subunit:part of a larger molecule ■ subunits of polymers are monomers ○ monomer: item that can form a polymer along with other similar monomers ■ connected by condensation reactions( dehydration) ○ polymers are broken down into monomers by hydrolysis ○ carbohydrates ■ polar because they dissolve in water ■ monomers: monosaccharide ● ribose: c5h10o5 ● glucose: c6h12o6 ○ beta glucose is more abundant because it is more stable and found in cellulose; structural support ○ alpha glucose is found in starch; energy storage ■ disaccharide: sucrose and lactose ■ polysaccharides: polymers of the monomers ■ oligosaccharide ■ glycosidic linkage links the hydroxymethyl groups between the two ringed structures ■ functions ● energy storage ○ starch in plants ○ glycogen in animals( a polymer) ● structure \n ○ cellulose in plant cell walls ○ chitin in animals and fungi to build exoskeleton ○ peptidoglycan in bacteria ● cell to cell signaling ○ oligosaccharides on glycoproteins ■ glycoprotein: proteins that contain covalently linked oligosaccharides ● sugar and a protein ○ lipids ■ made mostly of carbon and hydrogen ■ nonpolar, so they do not dissolve in water ● hydrophobic ■ they do not form polymers ■ fats and steroids ■ functions: ● long term energy storage: triglycerides ○ three fatty acids and a glycerol ● structural: cholesterol and phospholipids ● cellcell signaling ○ steroids and glycolipids ■ steroids ● four ring structure and a functional group ○ ex. cholesterol component of animal cell membranes, has a hydroxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain(isoprene chain) ■ adds density to hydrophobic part of the membrane which makes it less permeable ■ absorbs movement of phospholipid tails ■ fatty acids ● saturated:no cc double bonds and all the carbons are saturated with hydrogen bonds ● unsaturated: some cc double bonds and has a “kink” ● made up of hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid ● length and saturation of hydrocarbon tails determines the fluidity ■ phospholipid: \n ● amphipathic: both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ○ head is hydrophilic ○ tails are are hydrophobic and interact with each other ● major component of cell membranes ● constant lateral motion and do not flip to the other side due to their differences in polarity ■ glycolipid: sugar and a lipid ○ fluid mosaic model of membrane structure ○ ○ hydrolysis and condensation reactions ■ monomers are connected by condensation reactions which is when the loss of water molecules as two monomers are covalently bonded together ■ hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers; water breaks the two monomers covalently bonded together ■ glucocerebrosideis a glycolipid ● gaucher’s disease is caused as a result of having too much glucocerebroside and not able to break it down at the same rate ■ glucocerebrosidase: enzyme( protein) that breaks down glucocerebroside ● uses hydrolysis to cleave the beta linkage of glucocerebroside ○ proteins ■ made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ■ monomers: amino acids ■ polymers: polypeptides ■ building blocks of amino acids ● contains an amino group, carboxyl group and an r group ○ can have nonpolar, polar, or charged side chains ■ if nonpolar: amino acids will be found buried in the middle of the folded protein ■ if polar: found on the exposed surfaces of the proteins ● synthesized from the amino to carboxyl terminus ■ polymerize to form polypeptides ■ sequence is written from the n terminus to the c terminus ■ 4 levels of protein structure ● primary ○ the sequence of amino acids ■ determines the shape and the shape determines function ○ proteins found in the cell membranes are the receptor proteins, transport proteins, and the signal proteins ● secondary structure ○ hydrogen bonds form between the backbone components ■ stabilization \n ■ bonds between h bond donor and h bond acceptor ○ consists of the alpha helixes and beta sheets ● tertiary structure ○ 3 dimensional shape ○ how the alpha helices and beta sheets fit together ○ interactions between the side chains ■ hydrogen bonds between the donors and acceptors ■ hydrophobic interactions between nonpolar groups ■ covalent bonds ■ charged based interactions ○ glucocerebrosidase is found here ● quaternary structure ○ how two or more polypeptides combine together to make a functional protein ○ protein is a tetramer or made up of four polypeptides ○ not every polypeptide contains both the alpha helix and the beta sheets ○ nucleic acids ■ made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate ■ monomers: nucleotides ● made up of sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate ○ phosphate group gives the dna and rna the negative charge ○ sugar: deoxyribose vs ribose ○ nitrogenous base: dna vs. rna bases ○ mutations occur in a change in the nucleotide sequence ● polymerize to form nucleic acids ■ polymers: nucleic acids ■ genetic material storage and processing ■ functional units of dna: genes ● most genes code for proteins ● polarity ○ polardissolve in water because they are able to interact with water molecules ○ hydrophilic: like water and will dissolve ○ nonpolarunable to dissolve in water such as lipids ○ hydrophobic: little or no affinity for water; will not dissolve ● gaucher’s disease ○ individuals have a mutation in the gene that codes for glucocerebrosidase ■ autosomal recessive disease which means that it requires two copies of the mutated disease ■ glucocerebrosidase is an enzyme while glucocerebroside is a lipid and a carbohydrate ● the enzyme is found within the lysosomes ○ gaucher cells are found in the bone marrow ■ macrophages are a type of wbc that cleans out the junk in the gaucher cells by digesting the cells and degrading them inside cell compartments called lysosomes ● phagocytosis ○ plasma membrane detects a particle and the membrane then stretches around the particle forming a phagosome ■ the phagosome fuses with the lysosome where the particle is digested and then small molecules are released into the cell ○ treatments ■ enzyme replacement therapy using m6p so that the cells are targeted to the lysosome \n ■ cell transplantation and gene therapy ■ drug therapy using celastrol which up regulates expression of proteins that help mutant gcase function ● cells ○ components ■ plasma membrane: encloses the cell; selective barrier ● phospholipids, cholesterol, protein, and oligosaccharides found here ■ cytoplasm:regition between the nucleus and the membrane ● cytosol liquid component of the cytoplasm ■ dna: organized in chromosomes ■ cytoskeletonprotein fibers that provide shape and allow movement ■ actin: used for cell shape and important for cell division and moving things throughout the cell ■ lysosome: important for breaking down and recycling cell parts ● where gcase functions ● found in animals ■ peroxisome ● centers for oxidation reactions which oxidize toxins to detoxify the cell ● found in most eukaryotic cells ■ mitochondria harvest energy from organic molecules ● takes products generated through the breakdown of glucose and uses them to make atp ■ ribosomes ● can either make protein into the er lumen or make protein in the cytoplasm ● use rna as a template to make protein ■ endomembrane system ● includes the nuclear membrane, er, golgi, and the vesicles ○ nuclear envelope is a double bilayer that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum ■ has two phospholipid bilayers that enclose a lumen that is continuous with the lumen of the er ● smooth endoplasmic reticulum ○ makes the lipids and cell membranes ○ where glucocerebroside begins ● golgi apparatus ○ modifies newly made proteins, lipids, and carbs and tags them for transport ○ the postal office ● transmembrane protein: spans the whole membrane ○ glycoprotein ■ amino acids exposed to the lipid portion of the membrane are nonpolar which allows for the protein to stick in the membrane while the sugars are on the outside of the cell because they are nonpolar ■ made in the same way as soluble proteins but a part of the protein is left in the rer when ribosome is done translating ○ prokaryotes ■ bacteria and archaea ■ dna is free in the cytoplasm ■ no membrane bound nucleus or organelles ■ most have a cell wall ■ single cellular ○ eukaryotes ■ membrane bound organelles and nucleus \n ■ protists, plants, fungi, and animalia ○ protein synthesis ■ always starts on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm but some are completed in the cytoplasm while others are completed in the rer ■ pathway for protein made on ribosome free in the cytoplasm ● protein is encoded in the nucleus which is used to make mrna and then synthesized on the ribosome and once complete, attaches to the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. once on the outside, part of the rer pinches off and attaches to the golgi apparatus. the golgi processes the ribosome and then pinches off to form a vesicle where it will then fuse with the cell membrane ○ if the protein was encoded in such a way that the protein would need to reenter the rer, it would require an srp and the protein would need to fold up and be inserted into the rer ■ if a lipid such as glucocerebroside is made, it will start in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and then pinch off to the golgi apparatus and then go to the cell membrane ■ production of gcase ● gene used to make mrna in the nucleus ● rna joins the free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and protein synthesis begins ● ribosomal complex moves to the er where protein synthesis is completed on the rer ● protein is now inside the er ● vesicle containing the protein pinches off from rer and transported to the golgi ● m6p tags the protein to go to the lysosome ■ m6p or mannose6phosphate is a targeting signal for digestive enzymes that are destined for transport to the lysosomes ○ energy to do work ■ kinetic and potential ■ laws of thermodynamics ■ 1st law: energy cannot be created or destroyed ■ 2nd law: some energy is lost as unusable heat ■ gibbs free energy: portion of a system's potential energy that can perform work ● in a spontaneous process, the free energy of the system decrease( delta g will be negative) ● exergonic energy releasing and negative ● endergonic: energy absorbing and positive ■ even if cells have high potential energy they require activation energy ● enzymes ○ speed up favorable reactions ○ couple favorable reactions with unfavorable ○ not used up in reactions ○ lower the activation energy required ○ lock and key model ■ active site: site on the enzyme where the reaction takes place ■ substrate: reagent that is going to be converted to product by the enzyme ■ enzymesubstrate complex: complex that forms when the substrate and the enzyme come together ○ catalyzation ■ stress bonds between the substrates ■ put substrates in proper orientation ■ provide favorable microenvironment ■ form brief covalent bonds with the substrate ■ can only catalyze a reaction with a negative double g \n ■ they catalyze using atp ○ enzymes couple endergonic and exergonic reactions together so that energy releasing reactions provide the oomph to make energy absorbing reactions work ○ factors that affect enzymes ■ substrate concentration ● how well the enzyme binds the substrate and how quickly it can catalyze the reaction ○ rate is limited by how quickly the enzyme can find and bind the substrate ■ high affinity means the rate will be faster ● as substrate concentration increases, rate increases because the enzyme can more easily find a new substrate molecule after finishing a reaction ○ after a certain point where the substrate concentration is too high, adding more substrate will not increase the reaction ■ temperature ● as temperature increases, substrate molecules collide with active sites more frequently ● if too high, the enzyme becomes denatured and begins unfolding and thus the enzyme cannot work properly anymore ● ■ ph ■ other chemicals ● cells must regenerate atp from adp and pi in order to continue functioning ■ adenosine triphosphate (atp) ● currency of energy in cells ● phosphates are covalently bonded to one another so when one whey are broken apart, a lot of energy is released due to hydrolysis ● a nucleotide ● energy harvest \n ○ molecules that make good food will have ■ more potential energy ■ electrons are not held tightly so they are equally shared ■ molecules that are highly ordered ■ there is a lot of potential energy in glycolysis but as it goes through the aerobic processes, it slowly loses potential energy because it is being converted to useful energy ● the products will have higher potential energy than the glucose ○ reduction/oxidation reactions ■ oil rig ● oxidation is loss, reduction is gain ■ oxidation: loss of electrons ■ reduction: gain of electrons ■ if something is being oxidized, it is reducing another molecule ■ glucose is oxidized during cellular respiration and fermentation because it is used to make atp ■ ● when it says that glucose becomes oxidized, it means that is it is losing its electrons to carbon dioxide ● the electrons that come off of glucose are added to oxygen to make water ● this redox reaction generates energy that can be used to make atp because the products have less pe than the reactants ● electron donor: glucose ● electron acceptor: oxygen ■ oxidative phosphorylation ● when the energy is used for phosphorylation comes from the oxidation of high energy molecules ● chemiosmosis and the etc ● while substrate phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis ○ the aerobic pathway ■ oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor ■ glucose + 6 oxygen→ 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water ● reducing glucose and make atp ■ more energy is released during this process ■ glycolysis( beginning step of both the aerobic and anaerobic processes!!) ● occurs in the cytoplasm ● makes the atp and the nadh ■ the process 1. glycolysis a. 2 atp in to make 2 adp which make two g3p b. the 2 g3p use 4 adp and 2 nad+ to make 4 atp and 2 nadh, resulting in 2 pyruvate i. products: 4 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate c. glucose→ pyruvate: oxidation nad+ → 2 nadh: reduction 2. pyruvate processing a. no atp is produced i. used up: 2 pyruvate, 2 nad+, 2 coa ii. products: 2 co2, 2 nadh, 2 acetyl coa 3. krebs cycle \n a. products: 2 atp, 4 co2, 6 nadh, and 2 fadh2 4. electron transport chain a. no atp or co2 b. 10 nadh are used up c. products: 2 nad+ and 2 fad 5. chemiosmosis ● what occurs at each of the complexes of the etc ○ nadh is oxidized to nad+ at complex 1→ protons go into intermembrane space while the electrons are picked up by q→ fadh2 oxidized to fad at complex 2 and electrons are given to q→ q carries electrons to complex 3 and to cytochrome c which then provides the electrons for complex 4 where oxygen is reduced to h2o ■ these processes create the proton motive force which allows for the the atp synthase to work during chemiosmosis ■ ○ anaerobic pathway( fermentation) ■ two possibilities depending on if it is occurring in humans or other species ● both have lots of potential energy ● humans: glucose + pyruvate→ pyruvate + lactate ● other: glucose + acetaldehyde → acetaldehyde + ethanol ■ does not make atp; but it does oxidize nadh back to nad+ ■ 2 pyruvate→ 2 lactate: reduction ■ 2 nadh→ 2 nad+ : oxidation ■ the process ● regeneration of nad+ ● lactic acid ○ 2 nadh in, 2 nad+ and 2 lactate out ● alcohol fermentation in yeast ○ out: 2 ethanol, 2 co2, 2 nad+ ○ important molecules ■ nad+: accepts 2 electrons during energy harvest ■ nadh: carries electrons to next reactant ■ nad+ → nadh : nadh is reduced ○ terminal electron acceptor of the etc is oxygen which allows for the production of water ● kristine’s case involved her etc ○ her complex 3 was blocked so complex 1 was forced to remain in a reduced state ■ to overcome this, need to take vitamin k and vitamin c \n energy harvest chart for both plants and humans molecules put in products how much atp location produced glycolysis 2 atp, 4 adp, 2 g3p, 2 4 atp, 2 nadh, 2 4 atp cytoplasm nad+ pyruvate pyruvate processing 2 nad+, 2 coa, 2 2 co2, 2 nadh, 2 none mitochondrial matrix pyruvate acetylcoa krebs cycle 4 co2, 6 nadh, 2 2 mitochondrial matrix fadh2 human etc 10 nadh used up none inner membrane of the mitochondria lactic acid 2 nadh 2 lactate, 2 nad+ none cytoplasm fermentation alcoholic fermentation 2 nadh 2 ethanol, 2 co2 and 2 none cytoplasm nad+ calvin cycle 18 atp, 12 nadph, 6 12 g3p, 18 adp, 12 18 stroma of the chloroplast co2 nadp+ etc of the plant 9 adp, 9 nadp+ 9 atp, 6 nadph 9 thylakoid membrane molecules photosynthesis ● parts of the chloroplast ○ inner and outer membranes ○ granum: stacks of thylakoids ■ within the thylakoid is the thylakoid lumen and thylakoid membrane ● etc takes place in the thylakoid membrane ○ stroma: space where the granum are located ○ intermembrane space: space in between the outer and inner membranes ● light reactions ○ water enters the chloroplast through the stomata of the leaves and sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll which drives the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from water to the acceptor nadp+ because of nadp reductase \n ○ light excites the electrons on ps2 by oxidizing water and those electrons are carried to pq. the hydrogen ions are used in the pmf ○ energy is stored in energy carriers and the high energy electron is passed along the reaction centers. as they travel, they lose energy ○ then ps1: also absorbs light energy from the antenna complex which excites electrons as well; here pheophytin is the electron acceptor. once it has the electrons needed it reduces nadp+ to nadph ○ atp is produced during this cycle because the hydrogen ions from the pmf provide the energy required to catalyze the reaction that produces atp from adp and pi ○ products: o2, atp, and nadph ● calvin cycle ○ uses the atp and nadph from the light reactions to provide energy for the reduction of co2 to g3p ○ adp and nadp+ are regenerated by the calvin cycle and used again in the light reactions ○ 3 steps ■ fixation: carbon dioxide reactions with rubp and produces 3pga ■ reduction: 3pga is phosphorylated by atp and then reduced by electrons from nadph which produces g3p ■ regeneration: g3p acts as a substrate for reactions that use additional atp in regeneration of rubp ○ inputs per glucose: 18 atp, 12 nadph, 6 co2 ○ products: 2 g3p, adp, nadp+ (from “intro to photosynthesis”) ● photophosphorylation ○ production of atp by transformation of light energy to chemical energy via pmf ○ includes the steps of the etc ● the different photosystems ○ antenna complex, pigment molecules, pigment molecules, chlorophyll, and reaction centers ○ ● absorption spectrum of chlorophyll ○ absorbs red and blue and reflects green and yellow ● what happens if a herbicide prevents electrons from being transferred from photosystem 2 to the electron carrier? ○ no atp can be made \n ○ light reactions will not occur so no production of nadph, thus causing the end of photosynthesis ● if two scientists are studying radioactivity of plant cells and one group is labeled as an oxygen atom and the second group has cells growing with carbon dioxide with two radioactive oxygen, where should the scientists look to find the radioactive oxygens in group 1? ○ in the oxygen gas given off. ater is split during the lightcapturing reactions and oxygen gas is given off as a byproduct ○ where should they look to find the radioactive oxygens in group 2? ■ in the carbs made during the calvin cycle because a 5 carbon is reduced to produce sugars genetic structure ● central dogma of molecular biology: dna→ pre mrna→ mrna→ translated proteins ● qualities of hereditary material ○ contains info for organism’s cell structure, function, development, and reproduction ○ capable of variation so some mutation is acceptable ○ must replicate accurately so not too much mutation ○ in eukaryotes: contained in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm; rna is also made in the nucleus ● chromosomes are made up of dna and proteins(histones) dna vs. rna material sugar bases structure h or oh dna deoxyribose a,t,c,g double strand h rna ribose a,u,c,g single strand oh ● dna ○ hydrogen bonds between base pairs ○ covalent bonds between 3’ end of one nucleotide and the 5’ of the other ○ strands run antiparallel ○ negatively charged ○ major and minor grooves ■ major groove provides more access to proteins ○ if given a dna strand with the sequence 5’ aattcgca 3’ ■ it’s complementary strand written 5’ to 3’ would be 5’ tgcgaatt 3’ ○ 5’ end occurs at the phosphate side while the 3’ is where the oh or h molecule is located ○ dna polymerase gets energy from removal of 2 phosphates during hydrolysis ● rna ○ azt ■ has extra phosphate group and 3 ns double bonded to each other ■ stops dna synthesis because the azt cannot form the phosphate link between the nucleotides ○ single stranded ○ contains uracil rather than thymine ● the bases ○ a and g are purines two ringed structures ○ c, t, and u are pyrimidines 1 ring ■ “ur the coolest pyramid ○ a and t or a and u, c and g pairs \n dna replication ● semiconservativ made up of one new strand and one old; strands separate and then each strand is used as a template for synthesis of a new daughter strand dna synthesis ● new nucleotides are added to the 3’ end ○ energy comes from hydrolysis of the 2 end phosphates that are incoming ● dna polymerase makes dna in the 5’ to 3’ direction ○ enzyme ● replication fork ○ where the strands form an opening and allows for replication in both directions ○ moves in opposite direction of the polymerase ● leading strand: made continuously from 5’ to 3’ ● lagging strand: made in pieces but also 5’ to 3’ ○ known as the okazaki fragments ○ made in opposite direction of the replication fork ● to bring together the lagging strand, ligase is used to make a covalent bond between phosphate of one fragment and the 3’ oh of the other ● helicas unwinds the dna ● primas: makes rna primer to prime dna synthesis ● dna polymerase: makes new strand starting at the primer, removes the primer in the front ● singlestrand binding proteins: binds singlestranded dna and keeps it stable mitosis and chromosome structure ● ploid: the number of sets of chromosomes ○ haploid is represented by n; diploid by 2n, and triploid by 3n and so forth ■ in a haploid cell where n=4, that means there is only one set of four ■ in a diploid cell if 2n=6, that means there are two groups of 3 chromosomes ○ haploid cells are found in prokaryotes and germ cells; diploid in somatic cells of eukaryotes ○ this is triploid because it has 3 different color types when n=3 so it should have 9 chromosomes total ● homologous chromosomes: identical in size, shape, and gene content ○ diploid chromosomes are homologous but even though they are homologous they made have alleles that code for different genes ● sister chromati: dna molecules that are exact copies of one another due to dna replication ○ this would occur in the s phase ○ sister chromatids separate during m phase to become individual chromosomes ○ each have their own dna molecule ○ a single chromatid is one stand of replicated chromosome ● centromere structure that joins sister chromatids together ● karyotype ○ representation of our chromosomes from the m phase because chromosomes are condensed ● centrosomes: organize the formation of the mitotic spindle ● cell cycle ○ interphase ■ g1, s, g2, go, and terminal differentiation ● g1: the growth period; dna not yet replicated \n ○ each chromosome is one dna molecule and dna is not condensed ● go: only for cells that do not continue to divide ○ cell is terminally differentiated or done dividing ■ ex. neurons ● s: synthesis, dna is replicated( still uncondensed) ● g2: each chromosome consists of 2 dna molecules; still uncondensed ○ sister chromatids ○ m phase ■ mitosis ● condensed and replicated dna ● ppmatc please prepare macaroni and triple cheese ○ prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis ○ prophase: chromosome condenses and the mitotic spindle forms; appears like a spaghetti bowl ○ prometaphase: nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle fibers connect to the chromosome ○ metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell forming what looks like a plate ○ anaphase: microtubules attach to the centromeres and pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling each one to different sides ○ telophase: nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes begin decondensing ○ cytokinesis: cytoplasm is divided and two new daughter cells form ● cell division checkpoints ○ controlled by genes ○ some block while others promote cell cycle progression ○ g1 checkpoint: passes if the nutrients are sufficient, presence of growth factors, adequate cell size, and dna is undamaged ○ g2: passes if there is successful chromosome replication, no dna damage, and activated mpf is present ■ mpf: protein that stimulates the mitotic phase of cell cycle ● promotes entrance into m phase by phosphorylating multiple proteins needed during mitosis ○ metaphase checkpoint: if all chromosomes successfully attach to the mitotic spindle ● cancer’s relationship to the cell cycle ○ cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably ■ interferes with cells that work to promote cell division or inhibit cell division ● normal functions ○ protooncogenes: promote cell division ■ require 1 bad copy ○ tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division ■ apoptosis: cell death, blocked division ■ require 2 bad copies ○ dominant gain of function mutations cause activity of protooncogenes to become oncogenes that lead to cancer ○ if cells are unable to die, this leads to cancer ○ cancer typically caused by one oncogene and several mutations in the tumorsuppressor genes ● growth factors ○ proteins that bind to the cell membrane that regulate replication and growth ○ diffuse through body ○ act by binding receptors ■ receptors bind to different growth fa tors ○ her 2 is a gene involved in aggressive forms of breast cancer \n ■ herceptin is used as an antibody that interferes with the growth factor receptor; triggers an immune reaction that targets the cells with the antibodies protein synthesis ● genotype:genetic makeup ○ sequence of nucleotides accounts for the differences in characteristics of individual organisms ● phenotyp: physical characteristics ● cystic fibrosis ○ mucus buildup in the lungs ○ infections ○ salty sweat because sodium and chloride ions are not reabsorbed ○ males are sterile because vas deferens does not form properly ○ trouble digesting food ○ early death ○ cftr is the protein that codes for cf ■ transmembrane protein ■ loss of function gene tumor suppressant ■ functions as channel across membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes ■ transports negatively charged chloride ions ■ controls movement of water which is a huge component of mucus ● nucleotide vs. nucleoside ○ nucleoside: the bases ○ nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, and base ● transcription: dna → mrna ○ prokaryotes: transcription and translation both happen in the cytoplasm ■ rna transcribed 5’ to 3’ ■ dna template read 3’ to 5’ in transcription ○ eukaryotes: ■ transcription and rna processing in the nucleus ■ translation in the cytoplasm ○ steps for dna to premrna ■ initiation ● rna polymerase causes dna to unwind and the strands separate ■ elongation ● complementary rna nucleotides bind to one dna strand and adjacent rna nucleotides join forming single strands of rna ○ rna is made in 5’ to 3’ direction ■ termination ● rna transcript is released ○ next:rna processing of premrna to mature mrna ■ only occurs in eukaryotic cells ■ protects rna from rnases, helps recruit ribosomes once rna is in cytoplasm, removes rna that shouldn't be translated ■ addition of 5’ cap to the 5’ end of a nucleotide ■ splicing: introns removed ● exons are translated ○ exons are both the dna sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in rna transcripts ■ addition of the polya tail to 3’end \n ● not encoded by dna ● increases ribosome recruitment and translation and prevents degradation of the 3’ end by rnase ● added by the poly a polymerase ● next steptranslation of mrna to protein ○ the promoter: sequence that tells rna polymerase where to bind and which way to go ○ regulatory regions: help recruit polymerase to the promoter ○ codons ■ start codon: aug ■ stop codon: uga, uaa, and uag ■ group of 3 bases that specify a particular amino acid ○ ribosomes ■ complex of rrna and proteins ● small and large subunit and in between that is the trna ■ 3 sites ● aminoacyl site ● peptidyl site ● exit site ■ trna: single rna strand ● anticodon forms base pair with mrna codon ● amino acids attached to the 3’ end ● codon sequence runs antiparallel to the anti odon ● if charged with an amino acid it iaminoacyl trna ● aminoacyl trna synthetase joins a specific amino acid to trna ○ trna brings the correct amino acids to the mrna ○ steps ■ initiation ● mrna recruits small ribosomal subunits via the 5’ cap ● ribosome scans for start codon aug via attached mettrna ● large ribosomal subunit arrives ● a site is available to the trna with next amino acid ● this is the only time that the aminoacyl trna is directly next to the p site ■ elongation ● trnas deliver amino acids to growing polypeptide ○ peptide bond formation ■ peptide bond forms between the new amino acid in the a site and the growing polypeptide in the p site ■ termination ● when a stop codon is reached on the mrna, a release factor is accepted in the a site ● release factor hydrolyzes the completed polypeptide from the trna in the p site ● two ribosomal subunits disassemble ● genomic vs. complementary dna ○ genomic: dna as it is found in the organism, including introns and regulatory regions ○ complementary: dna representation of the mature mrna sequence ■ no introns, promoters, or regulatory regions; just exons and utr ● down syndrome ○ occurs from an error in meiosis where there is a trisomy on chromosome 21; typically diagnosis based on phenotype ■ occurs because of nondisjunction \n ○ typically, the more genes that are affected, the higher the risk of severe developmental problems that cause the developing embryo to abort itself ○ the extra chromosome typically comes from the mother ● 3 sources of genetic variation in meiosis ○ independent assortment: metaphase 1 where the homologous chromosomes align independently ○ fertilization: union of egg and sperm ■ gametes are haploid ○ crossing over or recombination: homologous chromosomes exchange parts early in meiosis 1 ■ exchange of nonsister chromatids ● nondisjunction ○ homologous chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase 1 or sister chromatids fail to separate in anaphase 2 ■ ■ differences in nondisjunction occurring in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2 ● oogenesis ○ there are preegg cells present in girls before they are born ○ at ovulation, the primary oocyte finishes meiosis 1 and the sperm triggers the completion of meiosis 2 ○ each meiosis cycle results in one egg and 3 polar bodies ● spermatogenesis ○ sperm formation starts at puberty and continues throughout life ○ each cycle results in 4 sperm ● mendel ○ 1st law: principle of segregation or the law of inheritance ■ ½ the gametes carry one allele, the other carries the other ■ if homologous, they will carry both ■ occurs because in meiosis, the alleles separate during anaphase ○ diploid organisms can have two alleles but haploid can only have one ○ homozygous: both alleles are the same and thus considered true breeding ■ c^p/c^p ■ in plants, self pollination always leads to progeny with the same phenotype ○ the chi square value measures how well our observed number matches the expected number ■ the higher the number, the less of a match ■ then use this number to find the p value. if the p value is above .5, we reject the hypothesis ○ mendel’s second law \n ■ principle of independent assortment ● ratios depend on what is being crossed ● if crossing double homozygous recessive with double heterozygous 1:1:1;1 ● 9:3:3:1 fpr genes that are not linked and must be a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents ○ test cross: crossing to a fully homozygous recessive ■ offspring will have phenotype similar to the parent genotype ○ effect of distance ■ if genes were on opposite ends, they would not segregate together because there would be the possibility of crossing over ■ recombination can cause these genes to segregate independently ● further apart they are, the more likely for independent segregation ■ if genes are extremely far apart, multiple recombinations will occur so the genes will segregate independently ■ at 50% the genes assort independently ○ linked genes are genes on the same chromosome and are close enough to one another that the probability of recombination between them is less than 50% ■ the proportions of offspring will be similar but not identical ● inactivation of the x chromosome ○ so that we have the correct dosage of genetics for sex chromosomes ■ occurs early on in female development ○ cats can have calico fur color because the x chromosome is inactivated , so some cells that represent the colors that are needed to be exhibited are no longer available ● barr body: chromosomal material along the nuclear envelope in body cells in interphase ● what occurred in maria? ○ she did not have barr bodies ○ had a genotype of xy but a phenotype that resembled a female ■ this is because she did not have the sex determining region on her y chromosome ● can occur in males as well except it is known as the xx syndrome where males have the sexdetermining region on one or both x chromosomes which is moved there by translocation ● sex determining region is necessary for development of the testes and turns on certain genes in other chromosomes ■ her body makes the sry gene but does not make the receptor necessary for binding ■ she has androgen insensitivity syndrome which is the lack of the testosterone binding protein ● male development ○ sex determining region→ testes form→ testosterone→ male phenotype ● pedigrees ○ unaffected individual cannot have any alleles of a dominant trait ○ individuals marrying into the family are assumed to have no disease alleles because the trait is rare ○ unaffected individuals can be a carrier of a recessive trait ○ when trait is xlinked, a single recessive allele is sufficient for a male to be affected ○ father transmits his allele of xlinked genes to his daughters but not sons ○ mother transmits an allele of xlinked genes to both daughters and sons ○ autosomal recessive ■ both sexes with equal frequency ■ skips generations ■ affected offspring come from unaffected parents ○ autosomal dominant ■ both with equal frequency ■ doesn’t skip a generation \n ■ affected offspring must have an affected parent ○ xlinked dominant ■ mostly female but males can have as well ■ doesnt skip generations ■ affected sons must have an affected mom ■ affected daughter can have either ■ affected dada passes to all daughters ○ xlinked recessive ■ more likely in males ■ affected sons usually have an unaffected mom ■ skips generations ■ if mom is carrier, usually ½ of sons are affected ■ does not pass from dad to son ■ all daughters of affected fathers are carriers ○ ylinked ■ only males and doesn't skip a generation ○ mitochondrial inheritance ■ comes from mom ■ all children can be affected ● beyond basic mendelian genetics ○ incomplete dominance ■ often in pigmentation ■ occurs when you get a 3rd phenotype in your offspring ○ codominance ■ heterozygotes express both alleles separately hw example: electrons that enter the light reactions of photosynthesis can be traced through all the photosynthesis processes ending up in a molecule that can be later used in respiration. these same electrons can then be tracked through the processes of respiration. h20> ps2> ps1> nadph>g3p> nadh> complex 1> ubiquinol> h20 ",
"name": "",
"is_accepted": true
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] |
8e12a0e334754c088806dc8bd3d312c6 | ?problem 34e
molecular shapes; the vsepr model (sections)
the three species nh2-, nh3, and nh4+ have h—n—h bond angles of 105°, 107°, and 109°, respectively. explain this variation in bond angles. | molecular shapes; the vsepr model (sections)the three | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
{
"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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a6cea70fdd91bbefb10fa60c0e61a2fa | what is the (a) degree of ionization and (b) percent ionization of trichloroacetic acid in a 0.035 m solution? pk a = 0.52 | what is the (a) degree of ionization and (b) percent | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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5825099f7f6824c578f4d5edd3bb2883 | biol 339 study guide bio 101 exam 3 dr dhameja | biol 339 study guide | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " biology 101 – dr. dhameja study guide – exam #3 chapter 10 – photosynthesis compare and contrast a heterotroph vs. autotroph vs. photoautotroph: define photosynthesis. what two parts make up photosynthesis? what is considered the equation of photosynthesis? what kind of reaction is this equation? what about this equation is technically incorrect? draw out the diagrams of the light reactions and the calvin cycle and explain the steps in a simplistic way: in light reactions what is the solarpowered chemical factories? where can this organelle be found? what part of",
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8318941a62b166b698cf7da1f6601230 | ?problem 63e
many-electron atoms and electron configurations (sections)
(a) what experimental evidence is there for the electron having a “spin”? (b) draw an energy-level diagram that shows the relative energetic positions of a 1s orbital and a 2s orbital. put two electrons in the 1s orbital. (c) draw an arrow showing the excitation of an electron from the 1s to the 2s orbital. | many-electron atoms and electron configurations | ch 6 - 63e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " 1 english 212 study guide folder one week one: “the iroquois creation story” 1. the good mind was not contented to remain in a dark situation, and he was anxious to create a great light in the dark world; but the bad mind was desirous that the world should remain in a natural state. the good mind determines to prosecute his designs, and therefore commences the work of creation. 2. when the monsters are assembled, and they made consultation, one of them was appointed in haste to search the great deep, in order to procure some earth, if it could be obtained; accordingly, the monster descends, which succeeds, and returns to the place. christopher columbus: from “letter to santangel regarding the first voyage” 1. and since there were neither towns nor villages on the seashore, but only small hamlets, with the people of which i could not have speech because they all fled immediately, i went forward on the same course, thinking that i should not fail to find great cities and towns. 2. and the nightingale was singing and other birds of a thousand kinds in the month of november there i went. there are six or eight kinds of palm, which are a wonder to behold on account of their beautiful variety, but so are the other trees and fruits and plants…. there are birds of many kinds and fruits in great diversity. alvar nunez cabeza de vaca: from “the relation of…” 1. my only remaining duty is to transmit what i saw and heard in the nine years i wandered lost and miserable over many remote lands. 2. three months out of every year they eat nothing but oysters and drink very bad water. wood is scarce; mosquitoes plentiful. the houses are made of mats; their floors consist of masses of oyster shells. the natives sleep on these shells in animal skins, those who happen to own such. john smith: from “a description of new england” 1. let this move you to embrace employment, for those who educations, spirits, and judgements want but your purses; not only to prevent such accustomed dangers, but also to gain more thereby than you have. 2. here nature and liberty afford us that freely, which in england we want, or it costeth us dearly. \n 2 william bradford: from “of plymouth plantation” 1. he directed them how to set their corn, where to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left them till he died. he was a native of this place, and scare any left alive besides himself. 2. but that which was most sad and lamentable was, that in two or three months’ time half of their company died especially in january and february, being the depth of winter and wanting houses and other comforts; being infected with scurvy and other diseases, which this long voyage and their inaccommodate condition had brought upon them; so as there died sometimes two or three of a day, in the foresaid time; that of one hundred and odd persons, scarce fifty remained. john winthrop: “a model of christian charity” 1. now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our prosperity, is to follow the counsel of micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our god. for this end, we must be knit together in this work as one man. 2. every man might have need of other, and from hence they might be all knit more nearly together in the bands of brotherly affection. from hence it appears plainly that no man is made more honorable than another or more wealthy, etc., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man. anne bradstreet: “here follows some verses” 1. i blest his name that gave and took, that laid my goods now in the dust. yea, so it was, and so t’was just. 2. it was his own, it was not mine, far be it that i should repine; he might of all justly bereft but yet sufficient for us left. mary rowlandson: from “a narrative of the captivity and restoration of” 1. of thirtyseven persons who were in this one house, none escaped either present death, or a bitter captivity. save only one, who might say as he “and i only am escaped alone to tell the news”. there were twelve killed, some shot, some stabbed with their spears, some knocked down with their hatchets. 2. i told them the skin was off my back, but i had no other comforting answer from them than this: that it would be matter if my head were off too. \n 3 3. they would pick up old bones, and cut them to pieces at the joints, and if they were full of worms and maggots, they would scald them over the fire to make the vermin come out, and then boil them and drink up the liquor, and then beat the great ends of them in a mortar, and so eat them. they would eat horse’s guts, and ears, and all sorts of wild birds which they could catch; also bear, venison, beaver, tortoise, frogs, squirrels, dogs, skunks, rattlesnakes; yea, the very bark of trees. edward taylor: “huswifery” 1. make me, o lord, thy spinning wheel complete. / thy holy word my distaff make for me. 2. make mine affections thy swift flyers neat/ and make my soul thy holy spool to be. / my conversation make me to be thy reel/ and reel the yarn thereon spun of thy wheel. cotton mather: “the wonders of the invisible world” 1. we have been advised by some credible christians yet alive, that a malefactor, accused of witchcraft as well as murder, and executed in this place more than forty years ago, did then give notice of an horrible plot against the country by witchcraft, and a foundation of witchcraft then laid, which if it were not seasonably discovered, would probably blow up, and pull down all the churches in the country. 2. these our poor afflicted neighbors, quickly after they become infected and infested with these demons, arrive to a capacity of discerning those which they conceive the shapes of their troublers; and notwithstanding the great and just suspicion that the demons might impose the shapes of innocent persons in their spectral exhibitions upon the sufferers (which may perhaps prove no small part of the witchplot in the issue), yet many of the persons thus represented, being examined, several of them have been convicted of a very damnable witchcraft: yea, more than one [and] twenty have confessed, that they have signed unto a book, which the devil showed them, and engaged in his hellish design of bewitching and ruining our land. nathaniel hawthorne: “the minister’s black veil” 1. the subject had reference to secret sin, and those sad mysteries which we hide from our nearest and dearest, and would fain conceal from our own consciousness, even forgetting that the omniscient can detect them. 2. when does man not vainly shrink from the eye of his creator, loathsomely treasuring up the secret of his sin; then deem me a monster, for the symbol beneath which i have lived, and die! i look around me, and lo! on every visage a black veil! \n 4 week two: jonathan edwards: “sinners in the hands of an angry god” 1. the god that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. you have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. 2. o sinner! consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that god, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. red jacket: “reply to the missionary jacob cram” 1. they told us they had fled from their own country for fear of wicked men, and had come here to enjoy their religion. they asked for a small seat. we took pity on them, granted their request; and they sat down amongst us. we gave them corn and meat; they gave us poison in return. 2. we do not wish to destroy your religion, or take it from you. we only want to enjoy our own. tecumseh: “speech to the osages” 1. the white men want more than our hunting grounds; they wish to kill our warriors; they would even kill our old men, women, and little ones. 2. if you do not unite with us, they will first destroy us, and then you will fall an easy prey to them. they have destroyed many nations of red men because they were not united, because they were not friends to each other. benjamin franklin: from the autobiography \n 5 1. it was about this time that i conceiv’d the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. i wish’d to live without committing any fault at anytime; i would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. 2. i made a little book in which i allotted a page for each of the virtues. i rul’d each page with red ink so as to have seven columns, one for each day of the week, marking each column with a letter for the day. i cross’d these columns with thirteen red lines, marking the beginning of each line with the first letter of one of the virtues, on which line and in its proper column i might mark by a little black spot every fault i found upon examination, to have been committed respecting that virtue upon that day. j. hector st. john de crevecoeur: from “letters from an american farmer”; letters iii & ix 1. here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. 2. here the rewards of his industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor; his labor is founded on the basis of nature, selfinterest; can it want a stronger allurement?... this is an american. thomas jefferson: from “the declaration of independence” 1. he has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. this piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the christian king of great britain. determined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislature attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce. and that this assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die… 2. we have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend a jurisdiction over these our states…no one of which could warrant so strange a pretension: that these were effected at the expense of our own blood and treasure, unassisted by the wealth or the strength of great britain: that in constituting indeed our several forms of government, we had adopted one common king, thereby laying a foundation for perpetual league and amity with them: but that submission to their parliament was no part of our constitution, nor ever in idea, if history may be credited… the federalist: no. 1 [alexander hamilton], no. 10 [james madison] 1. but the fact is that we already hear it whispered in the private circles if those who oppose the new constitution that the thirteen states are of too great extent for any general system, and that we must of necessity resort to separate confederacies of distinct portions of the whole. \n 6 2. from this view of the subject, it may be concluded, that a pure democracy, by which i mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. olaudah equiano: “the interesting narrative of the life of…” 1. the stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome…this produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as i may call it, of their purchasers. this wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. the shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. 2. as every object was new to me, everything i saw filled me with surprise. what struck me first, was, that the houses were built with bricks and stories and in every other respect different from those i had seen in africa; but i was still more astonished on seeing people on horseback. i did not know what this could mean; and, indeed, i thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts. philip freneau: “on the religion of nature” 1. religion, such as nature taught, / with all divine perfection suits;/ had all mankind this system sought/ sophists would cease their vain disputes, / and from this source would nations know/ all that can make their heaven below. 2. joy to the day, when all agree/ on such grand systems to proceed, / from fraud, design, and error free, / and which to truth and goodness lead:/ then persecution will retreat/ and man’s religion be complete. washington irving: “rip van winkle” 1. he found the house gone to decay the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges…it was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. this desolateness overcame all his connubial fears he called loudly for his wife and children the lonely chambers rung for a moment with his voice, and then all again was silent. 2. “god knows,” exclaimed he, at his wit’s end; “i’m not myself i’m somebody else that’s me yonder no that’s somebody else, got into my shoes i was myself last night, but i fell asleep on the mountain, and they’ve changed my gun, and everything’s changed, and i’m changed, and i can’t tell what’s my name, or who i am!” \n 7 nathaniel hawthorne: “my kinsman, major molineux” 1. right before robin’s eyes was an uncovered cart. there the torches blazed the brightest, there the moon shone out like day, and there, in tarandfeathery dignity, sate his kinsman, major molineux! 2. then robin seemed to hear the voices of the barbers; of the guests of the inn; and off all who had made sport of him that night. the contagion was spreading among the multitude, when, all at once, it seized upon robin, and he sent forth a shout of laughter that echoed through the street; every man shook his sides, every man emptied his lungs, but robin’s shout was the loudest there. week three: william cullen bryant: “thanatopsis” 1. 2. 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c54b948e012fa82a685a785cec0aa009 | ?problem 6e
in problems 5–8, rewrite the given scalar equation as a first-order system in normal form. express the system in the matrix form x’ = ax + f. | solved: in 5–8, rewrite the given scalar equation as a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " last 170 midterm exam: wednesday, march 9 and friday, march 11, 2016. wednesday and friday during usual class time wednesday: ● students with last names beginning with ak will take the test in 100 gregory hall ● students with last names beginning with lz will take the test in 66 library ● please bring a #2 pencil ● please sit everyother desk in exam room friday: ● students will go to their scheduled discussion sections and take the second part of the exam. *****no notes/materials are allowed for either part of the exam****** format: 3 essay questions; 40 multiple choice questions; 8 fillintheblank questions; and 8 twosentence answers. essay questions: answer the following questions. each one is worth a total of 40 points actual essay questions for the exam 1.) we have covered four case studies focusing on different topics: land, foreign intervention, race and natural resources. choose one of the four topics (and countries) and explain how the colonial era established some of the trends of the topic that are visible in a more contemporary period (the past 30 years or so) (10 points). then identify and explain what other moments in the history of the country were important in addressing issues related to this topic (10 points). finally, discuss how other case studies that \n we have covered, demonstrate that this topic has also been a relevant issue in that country, indicating any similarities/differences that exist (15 points). reference and demonstrate understanding of at least one reading in your answer (5 points). 2.) explain trouillot’s concepts of history and silencing and why they are important in our study of latin america (10 points). demonstrate how the following materials from this course relate to trouillot’s concepts of history and silencing (10 points each): the episode of city of men watched in lecture 13, the readings by diaz de castillo/cortes/ elliot from feb. 3, and the events surrounding the sinking of the uss maine as explained in lecture 10 and the brenner reading. 3.) what was the role of the catholic church and christianity during the colonial period (10 pts)? using at least two of the following readings (b. de las casas, sor juana and/or fr. stroebel), describe the complexity of that role (15 pts). we have discussed the terms persistence, resistance and hybridity in this course. provide examples of each of these terms in relationship to religion in the colonial period (your answers should demonstrate your understanding of those three terms) (15 pts). instructions for the two sentence answers: identify the terms and connect it to other course material. your first sentence should answer who or what the term refers to. your second sentence should connect the term to a broader theme discussed in this class. examples a) mst: stands for the landless workers movement, a contemporary movement in brazil fighting to obtain land titles for farmworkers. the mst is important to our discussion of unequal land distribution in latin america. b) potosí: silver mining city in bolivia, exploited since the early 1600s by colonial spain. potosí is important to our understanding of the exploitation \n of natural resources during the colonial period. (or sentence 2 could be: potosi provides understanding of how the spanish reintroduced the mita labor draft.) concepts and terms organized by week: week 2: john chasteen's changing foci of u.s. thinking on latin america from the early 20th century to the present: 1. racial/cultural and environmental determinism (until 1930s) ○ racial explanations ■ afro and indigenous populations and racial mixture does not create the best kind of population ○ cultural explanations: ■ catholic cultural traits inferior to protestant cultural traits ○ environmental explanations: ■ weather is bad for economic activity ● solution: the region needed european immigration 2. modernization theory (19401970) ● developmentalism or modernization theory ○ underdeveloped countries→ developed countries ● backward mentalities need to be modernized ○ focus and blame to the elites for maintaining certain systems that were holding la back into underdeveloped system 3. dependency theory (1960s1980s) (picture) ● in a world of winners and losers, latin america stated losing ○ semiperiphery and periphery can never escape ○ dependant system that cannot get out of 4. social constructionism (1990stoday) ● contemporary perspectives on latin america ● identity politics: gender, race, class, religion, national and regional identities ○ model for other places to use because combines many aspect to make la what it is to understand... \n ● the world ● human condition (in the way that they have dealt with these situations) ● complex relationship between the us and the countries of la ● consider in which contexts la is useful/not history of the term ‘latin america’ ○ chilean sociology francisco bilbas (18231865) is claimed to have coined the term ○ made popular during the mid19th century by the french under napoleon the ii (political and economic region ○ distinguish the two ● take into account similarities and difference ● think critically about representations and stereotypes ● avoid thinking in generalizations and assume complexity reasons why latin america could be considered a myth and a reality yes and no: ● yes stereotypes (skin, hair) ● yes diversity (skin, hair, music) ● no similarities (patterns connected to colonial power) ● no strategic essentialism (things that have in common, they use to bind together emphasize similarities rather than differences in order to accomplish goals ) ● no historically useful (contemporary, reason why we speak the way we do, talk about it as a group, helpful) \n trouillot’s theory of history: history understood as the distinction and overlap of the sociohistorical process (“what happened”) and the narratives about it (“what is said to have happened”). cycles of silence ● silencing the past ○ history and power ○ competing groups and individuals ○ arguing that they are much less powerful ■ biased representation about what had happened ■ it's a powerful thing because we cannot always see it (not in the forefront of our mind)> why important to raise issues in this book ○ how does trouillot comes to understand history ○ there are two parts of history that we we need to proces ● there is a distinction and an overlap between ○ 1. sociohistorical process (what happened) ○ 2. historical narrative (“what is said to have happened”) understanding trouillot through the battalion de san patricio what does that mean for us? history is not the truth of what happened in the past” the past is anything that already happened we often cannot know what happened in the past ○ no info remains ○ people have different versions of events \n yet, this does not mean that anything goes or the past is irrelevant ○ it’s plausible that this stuff has happened; valid the focus is not so much on what history is, but how it works; the process ○ don’t think about concrete facts/events that happened ■ talk about how history has worked in the way that people came up their story over time and how they came to accept their story history as social process involves people in three distinct capacities: ○ 1. agentsin“relations” ■ these people have structural positions ● class: instructor, students ○ 2. actors “doing” ○ 3. subjects “experiencing” ■ in regards to what’s going on ● can give voice to their experience based on what something is on moments where silence might enter history: ○ 1. fact creation (the making of sources) ■ silencing at the level of making sources ● sources examples: primary accounts of what happened, eyewitnesses, a letter, newspaper ○ 2. fact assembly (the making of archives) ■ physical: collect historical info (online) ● other: museum (repository for different artefacts), or a library (a lot of sources, contain sources) ○ 3. fact retrieval (the making of narratives ■ movies, museum exhibits (tell us narrative, shows us a bit, guides us in understanding of what has happened) ○ 4. retrospective significance (the making of history in the final instance)(1995):26) ■ governments gives us an official version of something (not anything less than any other… but it increase significance of the source ● ex: memorials (something made public so people will only think that this is the real thing \n ● ex: movies make us think a certain way and how it is in a textbook across the entire country understanding trouillot through example ● video about how the irish were considered traitors by the americans ● st. patrick's battalion (battalion de san patricio) ○ story continued in mexico and ireland ■ us were ashamed and got rid of history ● sociohistoric processthere was a battalion of foreigners, many of whom were originally from ireland who fought with mexico during the war between mexico and the us. a number of these men deserted from the us army. ○ join mexico’s side ● historical narrativehe interpretation you just watched, the feature film one man’s hero about the san patricio’s, the numerous books about the subject, people’s renditions ● executing soldiers = fact creation ● fact creationexecuting the san patricio’seliminating witnesses to tell their story, destroying letter/ documents that tell of their existence, not reporting on them ○ destorring letters, docs of existence ● fact assembly: not arching newspapers that report on the sp’s, not including info about them in a museum about the war, not holding books about them in a library ○ not include info / artefacts about them in museum (archive), no flag ● fact retrievalot including the sp’s in a book/ report/ exhibit about the war or history ○ missing in the war stories, found out when visiting mexico ● retrospective significanceabsence of the sp’s from collective knowledge, minimising contribution in memorials ○ minimizing memorials or celebration, statue (nature of war and desertion, but doesn’t explain why not in history… we could have learned how certain immigrant groups were feeling in the past, more connected to other values, not part of common understanding in that part of history \n ○ took on trivialness in us history, not relevant or care about… we should understand that his happened because these things are left out in our history) what is power? ● the relative control by one group/individual over something important to another group/individual when does power come to play in history ● narrator ● the person or people with the power to tell the sotry/represent other ● discourse ○ language that is used to tell the story the power in the story: the narrator matters ● consider who is doing the representing, for whom, why, etc. ● history is told by the victors ● ex: sofia vergara on modern family the power in the story: discourse matters ● examples: discovery, encounter, conquest ● latin america, hispanic america, america ● last 170 as a nonwestern course silences in history ● which are the 4 moments in which silence enters the process of historical production? ○ in the ushttp://www.cnn.com/2015/02/18/us/oklahomaaphistory ○ silencing because we can have the power to do that ■ silenced because didn’t include certain speeches ● inferior people in the situation are going to be voiced because they were not before. ○ ex: martin luther king jr. and malcolm x had been considered inferior people because africanamericans were discriminated against ○ fact retrieval because of narratives and how people \n caral ● made earthquake resistant structures that are still e ulated today. ● the oldest town in the new worlds ● peru ● ancient pyramids = before incas incan empire (14631532) ● a member of the group of quechuan peoples of highland peru who established an e mpire from northern ecuador to central chile before the spanish conquest. b. a ruler or highranking member of the inca empire . 2. a member of any of the peoples ruled by the incas ● language: quechua ● llamas ○ andes mountains → raised livestock ● ayllu ● smaller community inside of the empire ● related to kinship, family, and community building ● origins in 13th century ● expansion and empire ○ colombia, ecuador, chile, bolivia, peru have similarities key feature of andean civilization ● incas were the ruling class ● quechua language ○ indigenous, not everyone speaks spanish as main language ● textiles as main medium of communication khipu ● adaptation to tropical mountain environment ○ terraces* ○ varied use of the potato* \n ○ ability to farm or raise livestock (llama / alpacas)* ● administrative / logistical unification of large areas ○ roads* ○ efficient communication (runners) ○ architecture* ○ “state” managed economy* inca terraces (peru) ● adaptation to tropical mountain environment potatoes ● adaptation to environment / food preservation: freezedried potatoes (chuno) the puna (4,000+) high grasslands of the andes ● adaptation to tropical mountain environment; raising livestock ○ help with labor work, producing food and wool ● llamas are still important in highlands today inca road works ● 40,000 km (25,000 mi) of roadway ○ stones to make paths ● bridges monumental works and labor ● surplus ○ many people were available to work ● strong state power ○ powerful as rulers because they were able to organize people to create monumental works ■ ex: machu picchu ● in depth, difficult, still standing social organization ● ayllu:kinship / family groups ○ social unit that existed on the inca empire ● mita: reciprocal labor system; under spanish became a rotational labor tax / draft \n ○ contributed labor for the betterment of the society lifestyle of original inhabitant of the americas sedentary (with state organization and imperial projects) ● mesoamerican peoples (aztex, maya ● andean people (inca) semisedentary peoples ● tupiguarani ● mapuche sedentary peoples ● arawak ● chibcha insert other group here nonsedentary peoples ● chichimecas ● people of the argentine pampas decline of the inca empire ● internal civil war between brothers atahualpa and huascar ○ father died so needed to decide rule ○ internal conflict ● spanish invasion under pizarro 15261533 ● cajamarca and emperor atahualpa’s death in 1533 ● guaman poma’s depiction of sapa inca atahualpa surrounded by spaniards quipu/khipu ● textile form of communication with knots (records) ○ stringknot that was used to communicate (recorded history for incas and caral) mita ● rotation of labor system to build the empire \n spiral symbol ● the spiral is one of the oldest symbols used by humans. it appeared thousands of years ago in southwestern native american tribal areas on cave walls and on ancient pottery. ● spirals to the zunis and puebloans represent water, wind and creatures associated with water such as snails and serpents. ● it also represents man’s “ journey in search of the center”. ● from petroglyphs, keam’s canyon, hopi mesas, arizona “it is a decoration of great frequency and consisting of single and double spirals. the single spiral is the symbol of hobobo, the twister who manifests his power by the whirlwind. the myth explains that a stranger came among the people, when a great whirlwind blew all the vegetation from the surface of the earth and all the water from its courses. with a flint, he caught these symbols upon a rock, the etching of which is now in keam’s canyon. it is 17 inches long and 8 inches across. he told them he was the keeper of the breath. the whirlwind and the air which men breathe come from this keeper’s mouth.” ● the spiral also symbolized a way of planting, starting at the center and moving out in circles as they planted. in navajo it was called ha’oolmaaz tupi guarani ● slash and burn agriculture ○ to grow crops there ○ stayed until unable to produce and move to other places ● semisedentary ● almost exterminated by disease and slavery \n aztecs ● 10 million subjects ● height of empire (13001500 ad) ● capital: tenochtitlan ○ presentday mexico city area ○ find eagle eating a snake → setup civilization at that location ● speakers of the nahuatl language spanish conquest of the aztecs ● notttt cortes says he was welcomes by moctezuma as the reincarnation of quetzalcoatl ● it is the descendent of a chieftain ● hernan cortes seen as chieftain, criticized if the truth ● quetzalcoatl deity no hernan ● moctezuma ii ● cortes was stationed in cuba (staging ground) ● permitted to land expedition to mexico ● landed in veracruz ● wanted to explore more, not obey mandate to stay on shore ● wants to explore more because made a leader at mexico ○ a lot of indigenous contact ● many were aztecs but not all ○ meets them ■ some opposition to spaniards ● finds out a lot about them ● some big empire that he is going to come across ○ tenochtitlan (mexico city) capital ■ not suspicious of the spaniards, maybe if was then he would have not ○ ● moctezuma captures ● war between 15191521 ○ spanish against spanish ○ indians fighting each other ■ both powerful ■ not same mentality ■ diversity ■ ● disease ○ european diseases that struck the indigenous \n ■ 2 months outbreak of smallpox that killed half of azteks. ● siege of tenochtitlan (1521) ○ spaniards cut off because around water ○ august→ aztec surrender mayas (ca 1800 bc) ● height of civilization in the classic period: 250900 ad ● only precolombian society to have a written language ● advanced ideas in mathematics and astrology ○ calenda taíno ● indigenous people of the caribbean ● preconquest population of hispaniola: est. 500,000 ,000,000 chinchorro ● the chinchorro mummies aremummified remains of individuals from the south american chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern chile and southernperu. they are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains, becoming popular by up to two thousand years before theegyptia mummies week 3: 1492 (3 major events and their significance) ● columbus discovered the americas ● back in europe, conquest of grenada→ drove conquest in americas ● expelled all of the jews in spain ○ church becoming stronger in spain catholic monarchs ● queen isabella and king ferdinand ● part of two kingdoms \n ○ united spain ○ spanish inquisition ■ converted mainly to catholicism ● pope was pleased→ monarchs christopher columbus ● meant to find west route to asia ● discovered the americas (landed in hispaniola) ● cuba: oct. 28, 1492 ○ the land “the most lovely that the eyes have ever seen.” ○ 1512: spanish settlement begins ○ strategic location ■ first european spanish would arrive to before the new world ● staging ground for the mainland ○ explore from there hernan cortes ● invaded aztec empire ● montezuma ○ welcoming, not suspicious ○ relationships and conquering la malinche ● 200,000 indian allies assisted cortes ○ found way to aztecs before ○ indigenous interpreter ■ picked up spanish easily ■ became his lover francisco pizarro ● captured incan empire ● incan empire was divided over civil war and unrest→ easy in la malinche/malintzen ● interpreter between the spanish and the aztecs ● traitor because helped spanish bartolome de las casas ● friar of the church (spanish \n ● realized how the indigenous were mistreated→ wrote many letters complaining to spain about this ● granted an encomienda ○ indigenous slaves assigned→ not fair → advocate of indigenous ● shows rupture in the catholic chu ch atahaulpa ● civil war between his brother, huascar, because father died so they were fighting for power ● unrest in empire, allowed them to come in ● arrogant about empire so that he brought them in very deep ● no armed men→ slaughter and captured incan civil war ● internal civil war between brothers atahualpa and huascar ○ father died so needed to decide rule ○ internal conflict ● spanish invasion under pizarro 15261533 ● cajamarca and emperor atahualpa’s death in 1533 ● guaman poma’s depiction of sapa inca atahualpa surrounded by spaniar s moctezuma ● leader of the azte s hatuey ● taino leader ○ stood up to spaniards because he didn’t want to convert to the spaniards ■ about to burn him by the stake ● tell them that last chance to heaven ○ heaven when the christians go? i wanna go to ell treaty of tordesillas ● ofencyclopædia britannica, inc.(june 7, 1494), agreement between spain and portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by christopher columbus and other late 15thcentury voyagers. \n ● pope alexander vi made a line = more land → portugal complained then they got a little more, but not m ch pedro alvares cabral ● was a portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of brazil. cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of south america and claimed it for portugal ● came later (treaty was in 1492) encomienda system ● colonial spanish america, legasystem by which the spanish crown attempted todefine the status of the indian population in its american colonies. it was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from muslims and jews during the reconquista (“reconquest”) of muslim spain. ● priests with more power ● entrustment with indigenous people to work as slaves for them ● forced labo portuguese colonization ● began by focusing in africa ● southeast asia portuguese arrival in present day brazil ● april 1500, presentday bahia ● pedro alvares cabral ● colonization rather than conquest ○ 1. portugal was very busy, many other colonies ■ did not know extent of brazil ● did not know they had to worry to conquer ○ 2. no obvious wealth in brazil ■ major empires, mined valuable emperors nope not brazil ● not a necessity to get it from there ○ 3. no massive empires ■ hadn’t seen a dominant group to overcome ● protect indigenous in order to convert them \n week 4: plantation societies where? ● brazil, cuba, west indies, central america what? ● tendency toward monocrop farming (sugar, coffee, bananas) why? ● constraints by climate, efficient ○ focused on one crop that grew well social structure ● controlled by small agrarian elite of criollo landowners ● large labor force: africans, indians, mestizos / ladinos outcomes: ● dependency ○ import of other foods and manufactured products ● not sustainable ○ boom and bust cycles ■ one crop (not diversifying) ■ if problem→ disaster because cannot rely on something else ● vast inequities ○ landowning elite get rich, everyone else is poor legacy of plantation societies legacies of colonial plantation societies are still strongly felt throughout latin america (and the world) ● vast inequalities \n ● dependence on monocrop production for export ● financial power largely in foreign interest ● dependence on importation of food and manufactured goods ● cultural production extraction economies where? ● bolivia, peru, colombia, mexico what? ● mining of metals (silver & gold especially) social structure ● controlled by nobles in the americas ● relied on indigenous labor and some african slaves outcome ● pillaging of natural resources ● high inequalities silver mines ● 15031660 more than 7 million pounds of silver reached sevilla ● production of silver in americas 10 times more than in europe ● 3 phases: ○ 15501630 staggering production* ■ big boom, mined all out ○ 16301700stagnation* ○ 17001810another big boom** *production led by bolivia; **production led by mexico \n viceroyalty colonial viceroyalties ● mexico/central america: viceroyalty of new spain (1522, mexico city) ○ caribbean: iceroyalty of new spain ● peru/andes region:iceroyalty of peru1942, lima) ● brazilviceroyalty of braz (1773, rio de janeiro) ● panama/colombia/venezuela/ecuador: iceroyalty of new granada(1717, bogotá) ● argentina/paraguay/uruguay:viceroyalty of the rio de la p(1776, buenos aires) mercantilism colonial economic system: mercantilism (1500searly 1800s) 1. national wealth measured by bullion (gold, silver) 2. favorable balance of trade a. greater exports than imports b. if someone benefits, someone else loses (not everyone wins) i. be the winner 3. sea power a. merchant fleets and military power i. to achieve favorable trade balance→ have strong merchant fleet ships 4. colonies a. important because it helped them maintain the system b. colonies provided raw materials for export c. provided large labor force 5. active role of the state \n state control: ● prohibited colonial trade with other european powers ● limited trade routes ○ use of few colonial ports and one peninsular port (seville) until 1720; then cadiz us was not the richest colony during colonial times (atlantic) triangular slave trade ● european finished goods to africa ● american raw materials to europe ○ examples: guns, copper, cloth, rum to africa enslaved africans to the americas sugar, cacao, molasses, hemp to europe ● enslaved africans to the americans emancipation ● 1838 british territories ● 1848 french territories ● 1863 united states ● 1876 puerto rico ● 1886 cuba ● 1888 brazil potosí, bolivia ● potosi mountain, “cerro rico” ● 16,000 ft. above sea level ● filled with silver (ore contains 4050% silver) ● city founded to mine silver ● mita labor draft (1573) ○ promised pope they wouldn’t use as slaves, teach religion ■ once discovered so much silver→ draft ○ 1/7 of 1850 yr. old males ○ 13,000 men/year ○ 1 week on / 2 off \n ○ wages less than expenses ■ because they needed to relocate ● minimal wages ○ arduous and dangerous ■ disease was common ○ purpose of mita was to enrich colonial government and spanish colonies mitayos’ revenge: ● snuch ore out via wives ● worked for keep on days off ● used lowquality ore to fulfill quotas; kept high quality ore ○ sold lowquality to spanish; high quality for work of own legacy of extraction societies legacies of colonial extraction societies are still strongly felt throughout latin america (and the world) ● vast inequalities ● exploitation of nonrenewable natural resources ○ went through the renaissance ● control of natural resources still in foreign hands mita ● mit'a (quechua pronunciation: mɪ ˌtʼa]) was mandatory public service in the society of the inca empire. historians use the hispanicizedmita to differentiate the system as it was modified and intensified by the spanish colonial government. sugar early sugar plantations ● 1400s ○ canary island (spain) ○ sao tome (portugal) ● caribbean: 11516 first shipment back to spain ● brazil: 1526 supplying portugal \n sugarcane ● 1626 brazil supplied most of europe’s sugar ● haiti and then cuba become import producers ● today brazil is still the largest producer of sugarcane sugar and slavery ● sugar cane requires much land and manpower ● owners got rich ● huge wealth disparity ● slave life expectancy: 715 years ● 3.5 years to recover cost of slave; so still profitable ● other industries remain undeveloped beyond misery ● enslaved persons created spaces for religion, music, dance, rituals, etc. ○ african beliefs ○ music traditions from africa ■ exposure to european instruments ○ dance ■ traditional practices combined with how to manipulate in slave system ● runaways quilombos haitian independence the haitian revolution (17911804) ● extremely wealthy colony ○ sugar ● influenced by french revolution (1789) ● second independent country in the americas ○ inspired them to do the same as the french ● first black republic ● slave revolution turned independant country ● haiti’s revolution also fueled further independence movements \n on the eve of independence ● napoleon’s control of europe, 18081814 ○ king ferdinand vii ○ relocation of portuguese monarchy ○ queen maria i sor juana ines de la cruz sor juana’s complaint: ● men push women to submit to their desires, but then shame them for doing so ● if they don’t submit then they are seen as cold and men feel offended racial/gender hierarchies in colonial period colonial hierarchies ● peninsulares people born in the iberian peninsula ● criolles americanborn offspring of peninsulares ● mestizo/mulato/coyote/lobo/zambos/cholos/etx mixed race ● indios/negros amerindians or africans/african descendants hierarchies: culture of rank & control honorable men ● dominant, forceful, unquestioned ruler of household honorable women ● saved for marriage ● lineage; marry well ● strong sense of shame; submissive to husband/father; faithful \n while this culture exists for people regardless of class; class did not influence the degree to which these norms were followed examples: ● wealthy woman had more to lose ● indian/african women bore heaviest burden as the bottom casta paintings ● the interest of thespanish enlightenment in organizing knowledge and scientific description, resulted in the commission of many series of pictures that document the racial combinations that existed in the exotic lands that spain possessed on the other side of the world. quilombo ● quilombo de palmares in alagoas, brazil, 16051694 tupac amaru ● tupac amaru ii and micaela bastida rebirth of inca kings revolt; 17801781 religious syncretism catholicism in the colonies ● maledominated ● jesuitsone order of clergy ○ by 1700’s father strobelt→ spaniards have more control. ○ violent, not humble (like indigenous) (jesuits tried to be more of the people) ● religious syncretism ○ to convert ○ form of resistance/persistence ■ on part of indigenous people because they already have traditions ● going to incorporate religious syncretism ● blending of religious beliefs from 2 or more distinct traditions, hybridity \n ○ méxicovirgin of guadalupe and dia de los muertos (day of the dead) ■ looks more like the indigenous people, traditional clothing ● combo of both ■ day of the dead create alter, offer food with expectation that they will come back, not catholic (blending) ○ cubasanteria ■ osune: maps onto the virgin mary (our lady of cherry) ● darker skin version of mary ■ yamaya ○ brazilcandomble which of following are forms of resistance, persistence, or hybridity? ● mapuche textiles ○ by hand, continue throughout history hybridity ● blending of religious beliefs from 2 or more distinct traditions, hybridity week 5: mercantilism mercantilism (1500searly 1800s) 1. national wealth measured by bullion (gold, silver) 2. favorable balance of trade 3. sea power 4. colonies a. manpower b. raw materials 5. active role of the state a. did not permit a lot of other places to have control→ easier independence \n liberalism liberalism (1800s1930) ● notions of “liberty” and “progress” ○ “liberty, equality, fraternity” (1789 french revolution ○ “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (1776 u.s. independence) ● 1) free market economy/laissez faire ○ state not involved ● 2) exportoriented strategies ○ not relying on other places, all came from one country ● 3) reason over faith ○ part of idea that science was more important than religion ○ separation of church and state ● 4) equal citizenship ○ representative democracy ○ just overcame colonial system ■ did not feel that had role ○ progress of independence ● 5) progress over tradition ○ referring to the necessity to modernize ○ always want to look ahead limits of latin american liberalism ● minimal growth ● continued elite control ● dependency ○ foreign investors for money ○ controlled land ● final blow: wwi and 192930 great depression need to reconstruct \n what needed to be done? ● produce what the rich countries prodndustria goods ● create a dynamic urban sector with educated population importsubstitution industrialization (1930s1980s) ● raul prebisch (19011985) ● director of economic commission of latin america 1930s ● early advocates of dependency thesis ○ world economy systematically disadvantages exporters of primary products ○ no one's gonna pay more for raw than industrial good ● governments need to start protecting national industry ● economic independence ○ substitute imports with domestic products ● create jobs for the working class ● increased role of state in regulating market ○ protectionism for national companies ■ nationalizing industries ● state controls an industry ○ ex: electricity is not private owned ■ tariff barriers ● harder for things produced internationally are harder to purchase than the national products ● incentive ■ quotas ● can tell what can be imported by other countries ■ direct subsidies ● paying for certain industries so that they keep prices down ● competitive to foreign made/owned products side consequences of isis ● populism ○ candidate that relies on masses backing their ideas ■ through attractive, not realistic means \n ● welfare states: ● state provided healthcare ● state provided education ● increased social expenditures ● strong social safety needs problems with isi ● continued reliance on foreign capital goods ● limited domestic markets ● lowquality products neoliberalism (1980s1990s) ● milton friedman (19122006) ● economic freedom is the means for political freedom, not the other way around ● 19461976 ○ university of chicago ○ relationship to latin american economists known as the “chicago boys” ● 1976 ○ nobel memorial prize in economic sciences ● 1988 ○ national medal of science presidential medal of freedom ● free trade/ deregulation ○ opening national economies to foreign trade and investment ○ reduction / removal of tariffs on imports ○ deregulation of capital flows / free trade agreements ● privatization ○ the sale of formerly staterun corporations and public services ● restructuring/reduction of the state ○ “downsizing” the state ○ decentralization of decisionmaking friedman's main arguments: the proper role of the government ● national defence of citizenry and property rights ○ army \n ○ police ● as “umpire” and “rulemaker” ● regulating the monetary framework consequences of neoliberalism ● individual emerges as primary unit ○ isi=collective ● collective is disempowered (ex: labor unions) ○ working class is disempowered ■ extreme wealth disparities ● reality is not the same as theory distinguish between theory and the practice (david harveyimportant critic) new left (2000stoday) ○ characterized by leaders such as lula (brazil); ○ hugo chávez (venezuela); evo morales (bolivia); ○ kirchners (argentina); ○ michelle bachelet (chile); ○ rafael correa (ecuador) ● response to failed neoliberal policies ● varying degrees of state intervention combined with free market principles dependency theory ● milton friedman porfiriato porfirio diaz ● 18761911 ● “porfiriato” ○ time in office ○ tried to modernize mexico ■ progress important ● reason over faith ○ invested in science ● foreign investment ○ economic approach \n ○ railway ● extreme inequalities ○ disparities squeezed people out ○ not fair elections ■ pushed out professional class ○ 1908 will not run in 1910 ■ just kidding, not real intention mexican revolution (19101920) ● francisco madero • victoriano huerta ● three factions ● venustiano carranza—1917 constitution ● pancho villa ● emiliano zapata—plan of ayala ● land issues in the mexican revolution francisco madero ○ diaz has him arrested ○ called from jail cell for people to revolt ■ may 1911→ diaz defeated→ flee ● 19111913 ○ president ● in favor of political change ○ agitated people because they wanted more to be done ● calls for revolution victoriano huerta ● 19131914 (led coo to run) ● amy general ● unpopular as leader ● 3 faction emerge venustiano carranza ● 19171920 ● leader of constitutionalists faction ○ mexico for mexicans ○ urban ○ nationalize foreign owned land \n ○ caused him to step down ● constitution of 1917 pancho villa ● leader of northern faction of the revolution ○ against huerta too ● assassinated, 1923 ○ a wanted man, constantly on the move ■ survived mexican revolution ■ part to cease fire in 1920 ■ assassinated because not trusted emiliano zapata ○ needed redistribution of land ● leader of southern faction of the revolution ○ zapatistas in 1910 ○ sided with madero ■ did not make reforms ● turned against him drastically ● plan of ayala ● assassinated, 1919 lazaro cardenas land policies under lazaro cardenas ● president 19341940 ● national revolutionary partri (institutional revolutionary party) ● populists/nationalist tendencies ○ agrarian reform ■ land to peasants ■ more than anyone before or after him ○ nationalization of the petroleum industry background ● neoliberalism \n ○ mexican debt crisis ○ structural adjustment programs ■ getting rid of quotas ● nafta ● president carlos salinas (19881994) ○ gets rid of ejido land protection nationalization of petroleum ● under lazaro cardenas constitution of 1917 ● venustiano carranza ● article 27: returned half of the ejido land to the villages ● all natural things in the soil and seas belongs to mexico ○ satisfied desire of constitutionalists for mexico for mexicans southern faction = land ref rm article 27 ● part of the constitution of 1917 ● returned half of the ejido land to the villages plan of ayala ● emiliano zapata ● plan of ayala, 1911 ○ necessity to give land to peasant pt 6 ○ enhido point 7 part of land designated as communal land ■ inheritance to pass on land, but do not own it as private property venustiano carranza ● constitution of 1917 populism ● supports masses over the elites ● often uses unorthodox solutions \n ○ cut his own salary in half to be one of the people ○ moved out of presidential home (save money for government, and to be one of the people) ● relationship to nationalism ○ land policies francisco madero ○ diaz has him arrested ○ called from jail cell for people to revolt ■ may 1911→ diaz defeated→ flee ● 19111913 ○ president ● in favor of political change ○ agitated people because they wanted more to be done ● calls for revolution zapatistas/ezln ○ zapatistas in 1910 ○ sided with madero ■ did not make reforms ● turned against him drastically ezlin achievements ● autonomy and indigenous rights ● ceasefire and and negotiations ● social projects: education, healthcare and collective development agrarian reform ○ land to peasants ○ more than anyone before or after him nafta ejido ● ejidos are mexican farms or ranches under the collective control of groups that work them ● president carlos salinas (19881994) \n ○ gets rid of ejido land protection ● ejido reform the mexican government has begun to pursue significant land reforms that have directly affected the ejido program. for example, last november, president carlos salinas de gortari presented to mexico's chamber of deputies an initiative for changes to the mexican constitution's article 27, which covers agricultural land tenure. noting mexico's \"insufficient output, low productivity;' and \"unacceptable living standards\" in the agricultural sector, president salinas proposed to open land ownership to greater market discipline by better defining property rights. under the new rules, members of an ejido collective can rent land to nonejido members, and can obtain full rights to the landincluding the right to sell to other parties. moreover, to protect those rights, the constitutional right to new ejido land has been eliminated, reducing the threat that newly private lands would be appropriated by the government for new communally held ejidos. limitations on ownership are greatly reduced. corporations now can own ejido land, for example. moreover, foreign investment now is encouraged and foreign corporations can own mexican agricultural land. week 6: platt amendment (19031934) ● us had right to intervene in cuban affairs when interests were threatened ● us territory on guantanamo bay triumph of the revolution rebel movement 1956 ● guerilla warfare ● attracting peasant support ● victory at santa clara, dec. 31, 1958 ○ decisive victory ● batista flees, jan. 1, 1959 the triumph of the revolution january, 1 1959→ continue \n fidel castro ● son of a sugar farmer ● lawyer ● led movement to overthrow batista january , 1959 ● poverty ● fidel castro ○ tired of foreign control ■ time of expectation interview with fidel castro, ed sullivan show, 1959 ● ed sullivan is saying that fc is admired because he’s like a george washington ● fc likes how people in the us that people are hard working ○ belongs everywhere in world because people from all countries live there ● we like you and we want you to like us ○ suspicion that bad things might happen ● soon after revolution raul castro ● once fidel assumed powe,aubecame head of the armed forces and served as cuba's defense minisaulbecame president in 2008. ● pushing cubans to have own businesses ● freedom to cell phones and internet che guevara ● ernesto \"che\" guevara, commonly known as el che or simply che, was an argentine marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, di lomat, and military theorist. \n sugar industry cuba and spain, 19th century ● one of spain’s last colonies in western hemisphere ● sugar ● 1846: 36% of population enslaved; 17% free blacks ○ afrocuban→ fear of spanish crown ● fear of another haiti ● elevation of agricultural class ○ white elites on the island at the time were given more power and status ● direct trade to us haiti’s revolution fueled the rise of big sugar in cuba ● cuba dependent on sugar ● 1780s: 10,000 tons (3.2% of caribbean production) ● 1894: 1,000,000 tons, world record at the time us economic influence on cuba ● controlled sugar industry in cuba ● primary importer of cuban sugar ● continued monocrop dependence on sugar josé martí (18531895) ● w",
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a54b8d6690b1d3435ce373110d2817ad | allah yesalemak sabah el kheir pronunciation ahlan wa sahlan marhaba meaning | allah yesalemak | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "arabic notes #1 arabic v. muslim there are 22 arabic countries. it should be noted that arabic and muslim countries are not the same thing, because arabs and muslims are not the same thing. an arab is a person whose native language is arabic, while a muslim is a follower of islam. for example, iran is a muslim country, but not an arabic country, because its official language is actually persian. however, as a fact, all arabic countries are muslim—just not all muslim countries are arabic. characteristics of arabic 1. phonic language 2. root-based 3. it is read and written from right to left 4. 28 letters 5. 3 long vowels (uu, ii, aa) 6. no upper/lower case distinction ",
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e2b315f331ed60e61ae23e1866da8067 | if v1, v2,..., vn are linearly independent vectors in rn, then they must form a basis of rn. 6 | if v1, v2,..., vn are linearly independent vectors in rn, | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "exam 2 study guide for cdfs 111 1. self concept •a person’s understanding of who he or she is, incorporating selfesteem, appearance, personality, and various traits (e.g. gender, size). selfesteem confidence in one's own worth or abilities; selfrespect 2. motivation: extrinsic occurs when people do something to gain praise or some other reinforcement. intrinsic –occurs when people do something for the joy of doing it. 3. baumrind and dimensions of parenting •authoritarian parenting: high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication •permissive parenting: high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control •authoritative parenting: parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children •neglectful/uninvolved parenting: parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives children of authoritarian parents tend to •become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy •feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things don’t go well •rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20 children of permissive parents tend to: •be unhappy and lack selfcontrol, especially in peer relationships •suffer from inadequate emotional regulation •be immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness) •continue to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood children of authoritative parents tend to: \n •be successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others •be wellliked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued children of uninvolved parents tend to: •be immature, sad, lonely and at risk of abuse •may have social and cognitive problems 4. erikson’s stage between 3 and 6 years •trust versus mistrust –infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met •autonomy versus shame and doubt –toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of selfrule over their actions and their bodies initiative vs guilt 5. parenting styles diana baumrind (1967, 1971). parents differ on four important dimensions: 1.expressions of warmth: from very affectionate to cold and critical 2.strategies for discipline: parents vary in whether and how they explain, criticize, persuade, ignore, and punish. 3.communication: some parents listen patiently to their children; others demand silence. 4.expectations for maturity: parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and selfcontrol. 6. nutrition •children need far fewer calories per pound of body weight than infants do. •obesity is a more frequent problem than malnutrition. against undernutrition and parents may rely on fast foods. to obesity cultures still guard •overfeeding is causing an epidemic of illnesses associated with obesity –such as heart disease and diabetes tooth decay –most common disease of young children in developed nations •affects more than onethird of all children under age 6 in the united states \n too much sugar and too little fiber rot the teeth just right •some children only eat certain foods, prepared and presented in a particular way. –would be pathological in adults but is normal in children under 6. •the responses of 1,500 parents surveyed about their 1 to 6yearolds (evans et al., 1997) indicated that over 75% of the 3yearolds evidenced some justright tendency, they: –preferred to have things done in a certain order or way –had a strong preference to wear (or not wear) certain clothes –prepared for bedtime by engaging in a special activity or routine –had strong preferences for certain foods 7. limbic system •amygdala a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. locations.us a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for •hypothalamus a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body. cortex outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex (sometimes called neocortex) corpus callosum•a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain, grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood. efficient. the corpus callosum makes communication between the two brain hemispheres more myelination myelin is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons. •a gradual increase in myelination makes 5yearolds much quicker than 3yearolds, who are quicker than toddlers. prefrontal cortex area of cortex at the front of the brain that focuses in anticipation, planning, and impulse control. •from ages 2 to 6, maturation of the prefrontal cortex has several notable benefits: –sleep becomes more regular –emotions become more nuanced and responsive –temper tantrums subside \n 8. gross motor skills physical abilities involving large body movements, like walking and jumping. “gross” means big in this term here fine motor skills •more difficult to master than gross motor skills •many involve two hands and both sides of the brain •typically mature about 6 months earlier in girls than boys 9. kinship care •a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver. foster care maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs 10. animism belief that objects and phenomena are alive egocentrism piaget's term for kid’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective guided participation in sociocultural theory, a technique in which skilled mentors help novices learn not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct, shared involvement in the activity. (also called apprenticeship of learning) 11. overregularization application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur •makes language seem more “regular\" than it actually is 12. head start • most widespread earlychildhood education program in the united states •begun in 1965 and funded by the federal government •initially, the program was thought to be highly successful at raising children's intelligence; ten years later, early gains were found to fade reggio emilia encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting \n montessori a system of education for young children that seeks to develop natural interests and activities rather than use formal teaching methods. •emphasize individual pride and accomplishment, presenting literacyrelated tasks (such as outlining letters and looking at books). teacherdirected stress academic subjects taught by a teacher to an entire class •help children learn letters, numbers, shapes, and colors, as well as how to listen to the teacher and sit quietly •make a clear distinction between work and play •are much less expensive, since the child/adult ratio can be higher 13. zone of proximal development •skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently private speech internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (silently or out loud) scaffolding •temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process 14. fast mapping •speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning 15. reversibility •characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. a thing can sometimes be restored to the way it was before a change occurred. focus on appearance a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young kid ignores all attributes that are not apparent theorytheory •children attempt to explain everything they see and hear. children develop theories about intentions before they employ their impressive ability to imitate. \n 16. center of gravity •moves from the breastbone down to the belly button.",
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a1e142874a1163c2083fccf82b0f554b | problem 11dq how might you determine experimentally the moment of inertia of an irregularly shaped body about a given axis? | how might you determine experimentally the moment of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " ● sanskrit = written in pallava script ○ earliest written language we found in that area ● trade across the bay of bengal (from east india to southeast asia) ○ learned how to communicate with each other and india adopted the southeastern languages ○ buddhist monks accompanied merchants to southeast asia ■ buddhism fulfilled a desire/need to southeast asians who adhered to religious institutions that were not satisfactory to them ○ this was not a form of colonialism or military intervention myanmar (formerly burma) ● nat “spirit deities”; indigenous religious figure of ancient burma ○ widespread venerationven∙er∙a∙tinoun) great respect; reverence.) ○ inline/similar to the worship of yakshis and yakshas in early india ○ nats = pronounced like “knots” ● myanmar was ruled by a line of successive military regimes that did not care about the education and enlightenment of their people. they cut them off from surrounding regions and the rest of the world (that had been discovered at that point) ● mount popa, central myanmar, shrine of 37 nats ○ built on top of a volcanic plug ○ volcano erupted here ○ the ecological life was very specific to this region (what grows here doesn’t grow anywhere else in the world) ○ buddha found success through miraculous power (dragonlike form) ● 98.5% of the myanmar population claims they are buddhist ○ has the highest population of ordained monastics than any other place in the world ● kyaiktiyo pagoda, mon state, southeast myanmar ○ single mountain with various rock outcroppings ○ all buddhist sacred sites in myanmar are gilded ■ desire to be made beautiful; gold is an appropriate gift ■ gold from pilgrims and devotees that carry gold flakes that they press onto the monument themselves ● shwedagon pagoda, yangon myanmar 11th century ce ○ foundation account ■ during lifetime of the buddha ■ there is a minor narrative detail ● after awakening under bodhi tree, two merchants came up on the buddha and offered him food, nourishment, etc ● apparently these people were burmese ● after the food was given to buddha, he gave the merchants a strand of hair each ○ this pagoda was built to house the strands of hair the buddha gave the merchants ○ top is gilded with rubies and diamonds ■ product of patronage ● the impulse to donate to buddhist stupas are consistent with the rituals in early india, but it is manifested differently than south india because of the availability of the resources (precious metals and stones) ■ everything is donated ● regilded 4 times a year in gold ■ 36,000 individual rubies just on one section ■ entire stupa is made of gold \n ■ nearly every ruby in the world comes from burma ○ southern entrance, shwedagon pagoda, circa 16th century ce ■ the most recent addition to the process of demarcating cardinal directions are from military dictator’s wife in the 90s ○ it is undeniably a stupa, but is called a pagoda ■ pagoda is a british word ○ difference b/w indian stupa and pagoda ■ the manner in which people interact with the monument ● shwedagon traditional form of veneration (circumambulation) ○ the circumambulatory process was structured in a diff. way in myanmar (8 shrine stations at specific points had to do with astrology and numerology [day of your birth, time of your birth, orientation of stars on the day of your birth) ○ 8 days a week shrine, shwedagon pagoda ■ hated the number 7 (would avoid the number 7 (days, the time, etc.) ■ there are ritual means of protecting people who are associated with the number 7 ● sometimes people would induce labor early or prolong a birth to avoid a birth associated with 7 ■ each day is associated with a form of animal ○ punctuated form of circumambulation ● pagan, central myanmar 9th century ce ○ complex ○ hundred upon hundreds of buddhist architectural forms built here ■ done by successive lines of kings (royal patronage) ■ over 2 generations ○ bupaya pagoda, 9th ce ■ very recognizable bulbus stupa ■ set on raised base ■ in terms of function, in line with traditional buddhist stupa ● although it is a rockcut monolith ● commemorative stupas ○ don’t house a physical object ○ places in areas important to indigenous saints ○ ananda temple, 11th century ■ elevation got popular ■ multitier temple bases (sometimes these structures got referred to as stupa mountains) ■ people walk into these “mountain temples” and see four large buddhas facing in each of the cardinal directions ○ mahabodhi temple, pagan, 13th century ce ■ attempt to recreate mahabodhi temple, bodh gaya, 3rd bce ■ 12th ce there was a debate about monastic practices, origin of buddha, etc., so they sent some monks to india to seek knowledge from living monastic sources in india (the very place of awakening for buddhism had fallen into ruin/abandoned) ● during this time in india, islam had come in and built their monuments and gained dominance (mughal empire era) \n ■ functioned as a religious center and as a monastic training center for monks to serve as caretakers for the conservation of the mahabodhi temple at bodhgaya ○ bhumisparsamudra buddha; bronze stele, old pagan period ca. 11th century ce ■ depicts moment of awakening for buddha under the bodhi tree at bodhgaya ■ also contains many other stories of the buddha throughout his life ■ emphasis of magical power of buddha was important to the burmese ○ kuthodaw pagoda, mandalay ■ perimeter of complex (hundreds of mini stupas) ● inscribed text of the pali tripitaka on stone tablets ○ full expression of teachings of the buddha ○ put here so it is permanent because it was lost in india (south asia) ○ venerable mingun sayadaw u vicittasarabhivamsa ■ can recite the entire word of the buddha from memory ■ living expression of the stone tablets ■ great, unbelievable accomplishment thailand ● coastal thailand ○ became infused with india ○ adopted sanskrit ○ adopted indian ideas of kingship (currently a monarchy to this day) ○ modern thai script is evolved pallava script ● mucalinda buddha dvaravati period, 8th 9th ce ○ early example of thai buddhist sculpture ○ buddha seated ○ iconographically very recognizable, but stylistically no one could mistake this a indian art. it is clearly south asian. ○ buddha is thin and fit; radically oversized hands (inexperienced sculptor in terms of form) ○ dvaravati ruled the peninsula of thailand at the time ○ representations of hindu deities ● uma (devil); sukhothai period, 14th century ○ the goddess devi ● harihara, sukhothai period, 14th ce ○ male god ○ form of the gods that never occupied a large amount of recognition and representation in architecture ● these sculptures are representations of hindu deities, but in a distinctive thai style ○ stylistically they are masterpieces ○ representation of southeast asian style ○ iconography remains constant (whether it is in india or thailand, figure are still recognizable) ● overtly buddhist nation in the modern world ○ up to 80% are buddhist ● buddha image, ayutthaya period, 15th century ce ○ still has big hands ○ flame protruding from head (to south asians this conveyed enlightenment “how do you effectively depict an enlightened being?”) ● walking buddha, sukhothai period (15th ce) \n ○ distinctively thai because of movement of the body; “walking through the sky”type movement; preference to represent buddha in this animated way; connected to the thai understanding of the buddha ○ presenting the buddha as the most beautiful and graceful and powerful, he is depicted this way (the way the body moves) ○ more common that the gender is mistaken; possibly intentional or just stylistic ● grand palace, bangkok, 18th ce (complex) ○ very premodern structure ○ has incorporated architectural and religious features that was popular way before it was built ○ not simply an administrative, political, residential sculpture. it represents the fusion of the sacred and the secular with political. ○ yaksa guardian ■ guards entrances ■ thai versions of yakshas ● remarkable degree of parallelism ■ powerful, yet protective ○ temple of the emerald buddha (wat phra kheo) ■ emerald buddha (15th century) ● have a biography of the actual image (where it was made, why, how it was moved, etc.) ● very few images have this documentation ○ typically done for specific relics rather than an image ● monk wanted to expand buddhism and to do this he wanted to create this image. he needed a specific material to make it (reading on elc gives more detail) ○ image became lost in india and after many centuries it resurfaces in sri lanka > shipwrecked > etc. (read story) ○ kings fought over it ● king in thailand has the personal responsibility to take care of the image ○ image is the sole source of legitimacy for thai kings to rule ○ if anything happened to the image, the king would be viewed as illegitimate indonesia ● borobudur, java circa 800 ce ○ on a flat, high plateau ○ volcano nearby ■ mount merapi, central java ■ has not erupted for a long time ■ area with intense geothermal activity ○ association w/ sacred spaces and mountains ○ combination of a number of recognizable forms of sacred space ■ dominant stupa (top in the middle) ■ circumambulatory tiers ■ unique (so much more complex than shwedagon, sanchi, bodhgaya, etc.) ■ 6 main areas of sight, dominated by 4 main circumambulatory paths (upper gallery) ● every inch of monument galleries has a successive series of identifiable narrative cravings ○ borobudur, exposed covered plinth on base of monument (oddity of the covered foot) ■ area with a bunch of sculpture that was covered up \n ■ no one is sure if the covering was for religious, functional, or conservationism purposes ■ discovered by accident in 1970s ● monument was sinking so it was taken apart to be put back together, that’s when they found it ■ karmavibhanga reliefs, covered gallery, borobudur ● idea of rebirth ● what you do now will do with how you are reborn ○ you are the authors of your own salvation ● consequences of obscuring this relief? conclude the upper tiers (everything above) was literally above/beyond the realm of karmic consequences > so possibly done to create a utopian space. ● the 4 upper galleries can be divided into two ○ 1st two galleries ■ first gallery, borobudur, life scenes of sakyamuni buddha extensive narrative biography of the historical buddha ● lalitavistara ● queen maya (buddha’s mother) being attended to by servants with an elephant flying around (buddha conception) ● javanese version of the great departure ○ 3rd & 4th galleries ■ gandavyuha reliefs story of sudhana ● this story is rejected roundly by buddhist communities in india ● sudhana is usually the one approaching the throne/teacher ○ thought of as “not the word of buddha” ○ so people who believed it left and took it with them ● had success outside of india (tibet, eastern turkestan, etc.) ● young man becomes committed to intensively pursue becoming a buddha himself (not to imitate buddha, but to actually become one). visits every teacher to search for insight ● internal pursuit ● through this he achieved awakening in one lifetime (didn’t take as long as the actual buddha) ● rejected because they didn’t believe anyone could be a buddha except for the buddha and that it could only be done in one lifetime ● stupas ○ top level of stupas ■ perforated stupas ■ inside each there is an image of the buddha ○ unfinished image of buddha intentionally placed in the center of the monument ■ this image is put into main stupa \n ■ individuals can become buddhas ■ literally still in the process of being made is an allegorical representation of the fact that people can still be enlightened ● possible borobudur was an attempt to create this mandala format cambodia ● angkor (capital & name of the dynasty) ● shiva, cambodia 9th ce ● devi, cambodian khmer style preangkorean style circa 8th century ce ● the way buddhism was introduced was through mercantilism (abundance of evidence) ● near perfection from day one of introduction of stone sculpture for religious purposes ● vishnu, cambodia, circa 9th century ce ○ stylistically is in no way indian ○ demonstrates freedom of interpretation and creativity utilized by cambodian sculptors ● ganesh, preangkorean style circa 8th century ce ● preah ko temple, cambodia begun 879, indravarman, “devaraja” cult ○ indravarman patronage ○ sanskrit inscription ■ to understand the orientation of this hindu temple ■ never a representation of 3 ● temple was dedicated to three forms of shiva and his consoles ● 3x3 arrangement ● 3 pairs of couples ● not just forms of shiva; each form of shiva and the goddess was a form of indravarman’s ancestors (father, grandpa, great grandpa, and their wives) ○ “devaraja” cult the worship of hindu divinities was conflated with the worship of the ancestors of a king ○ ideas from south asia were not completely absorbed ■ formed a variant form of hindu religious practices ● first seen at preah ko ● bangkok temple, cambodia; begun 881, indravarman ○ some parts destroyed by bombing during vietnam war ■ has been reconstructed since ○ indravarman and his wives, preah ko, 881 ce ■ headless sculptures (destroyed) ■ suggested image of vishnu (because of girdle) ■ indravarman has an inscription on it ● indravarman as vishnu with his two wives ■ different way of representing hinduism ● ex: mamalla always likened himself to shiva, but never actually said he was shiva or will be reincarnated as shiva ● angkor wat, cambodia, 12th ce (11131150); patronized by khmer king suryavarman 2 ○ nothing in india was ever built to this scale ○ recognizable central structure ○ huge perimeter wall ■ galleries (covered walkways) ■ several miles if you circulate all the pathways ■ all covered with elaborate narrative sculpture ● intentions/motivations of patron \n ○ limited admission? or general admission? ■ possibly closed to the public except for major religious events ○ angkor wat exterior celestial “apsaras” 12th century ce ■ apsaras = sanskrit for flying devotees/angels ■ use of hand gestures to convey specific things ■ great sense of animation/movement ○ angkor wat interior gallery relief sculpture ■ 3 prominent scenes repeatedly represented ● violence/war ● battle scenes from the ramayana and mahabharata, angkor wat, early 12th century ce ○ incarnation of vishnu fighting a demon ● vishnu churning the sea of milk, angkor wat ○ provide immortality to anyone who needed it ○ nectar of immortality ○ restorer of order ○ demons (asuras) and gods (devas) churning the ocean of milk ● yama (god of the dead) assigning reward and punishment, angkor wat ○ emphasis on reward and punishment ■ not a default principle, but there is an assessive god that assess reward or punishment ○ bottom: punishment > shackled together getting beaten by yamas guardians ○ top: reward > led to heavenly rebirth ● bayon temple, angkor thom, reign of jayavarman ○ bayon is not a hindu sculpture ○ bayon triad, cambodia, bayon period (12th ce) ○ bodhisattva lokesvara, bayon period (12th ce) ■ highly realized beings who are assured of becoming buddhas in the future, but have not yet attained that status ■ often compared to saints (like in the catholic faith) ■ ambassador for buddha ■ markings of future status ■ bodhisattva are intercessors ■ protective functions attribute to their popularity ○ eastern gateway entrance, angkor thom ■ bayon temple towers ● faces are meant to provide solace ● not entirely clear what the faces are depicting or what the purpose is ○ theories: actually replications of jayavarman himself=king acting in sentimental capacity (looking out for safety of angkor) or possibly faces of different bodhisattvas ■ buddha seated beneath mucalinda, bayon period (12th13th century) ■ portrait of jayavarman vii, circa 1200 ● looks like buddha ",
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a024d4efa82153f1ab9f0e4b242c59e4 | force times distance ii a block of mass slides with an initial speed on a smooth, horizontal surface. the block now encounters a rough patch with a coefcient of kinetic friction given by . the rough patch extends for a distance , after which the surface is again frictionless. (a) what is the acceleration of the block when it is in the rough patch? (b) what is the nal speed, , of the block when it exits the rough patch? (c) show that (the signicance of this fd =(mkmg)d = 1 2mvf2 - 1 2mvi2. vf d = 0.125 m mk = 0.260 vi = 4.33 m/s m = 1.95 kg
ft = mv0
v0
1 2mv2
29. ip your friends 13.6-g graduation tassel hangs on a string from his rearview mirror. (a) when he accelerates from a stoplight, the tassel deects backward toward the rear of the car. explain. (b)if the tassel hangs at an angle of 6.44relative to the vertical, what is the acceleration of the car? 30. in problem 29, (a) nd the tension in the string holding the tassel. (b) at what angle to the vertical will the tension in the string be twice the weight of the tassel? figure 620 problem 28
result will be discussed in chapter 7, where we will see that is the kinetic energy of an object.) | force times distance ii a block of mass slides with an | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " chapter 4 birth and the newborn infant 1. preparing for child birth a. birth plans i. expectations you have about the birth 1. medication? under what circumstances? 2. who is allowed in the birthing room? 3. music? clothes? ii. not a list of orders! iii. include contingencies 2. options for birth a. lamaze i. breath and visualization ii. different things to focus on rather than the pain iii. highly used in the 80s iv. anyone can coach them b. bradley method i. “husbandcoached” ii. very similar to lamaze c. hyponobirth i. relatively new ii. hypnotizing yourself d. water birth i. meant to ease pressure on the mother and contractions ii. makes birth more natural for the infant (liquid environment to a liquid environment) iii. incredibly important to have a sterile environment e. obstetrician i. medial specialist in birth ii. graduated from an accredited university f. midwife i. trained childbirth attendant ii. far more common outside the us g. doula i. provides support for mothers – “extra set of hands” ii. not medically trained in birth iii. historically often filled by mothers or sisters iv. associated with more positive births v. traditionally stick around postbirth 3. labor and birth a. corticotropinreleasing hormone i. triggers release of oxytocin b. 3 stages of labor i. stage 1 \n 1. contraction start 810 minutes apart, last ~30 seconds 2. increase to 2 minutes apart, last 2 minutes 3. actual muscles squeezing baby toward vaginal canal 4. dilation and effacement of the cervix 5. head first, face down ii. transition – contractions are at the greatest intensity 1. typically the most painful 2. cervix reaches peak opening iii. stage 2 – actual birth; length varies wildly 1. pushing occurs with each contraction 2. stage ends when baby is completely out of the womb iv. stage 3 1. shortest stage – few minutes 2. expelling of placenta and umbilical cord 4. cesarean delivery a. csections i. countrywide, no association between rate of csections and rate of successful births ii. linked to use of fetal monitors 1. sensors on the mother’s stomach for baby’s heart rate iii. more common in multiple births and breech births 5. neonates a. apgar scoring system i. activity (muscle tone), pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), appearance (skin color), respiration b. 10 point scale i. 03 severely depressed ii. 46 moderately depressed iii. 710 excellent conditions 6. birth complications a. preterm infants i. < 38 weeks ii. low birth weight 1. < 2,500 grams/5.5 pounds iii. verylowbirthweight 1. < 1,250 grams/2.5 pounds iv. underdeveloped organs, risk of impaired cognitive ability 7. risks for preterm delivery a. mother’s age b. father’s age c. multiples d. close pregnancies 8. postbirth a. screening \n i. american college of medical genetics recommends 29 different types of screening 1. hearing ability, genetic disorders, etc. ii. actual laws range from 3 to over 30 iii. early intervention can help with genetic disorders/health problems b. bonding i. no critical period for motherchild bonding 1. medical intervention is more important ii. human touch is key for infant development 1. skin to skin contact releases hormones c. stillbirth/infant mortality i. stillbirth – baby is never alive outside of the womb ii. infant mortality – death within a year of birth d. postpartum depression i. speculation is that it is caused by fluctuation in hormones ii. symptoms range from sadness to psychosis iii. mothers not feelings “motherly” to children e. hospital stays i. varies culturally, by insurance f. family leave i. issue in the us because we don’t have it ii. only nationwide law is one day 1. employer is not obliged to pay you after that one day 9. newborn development a. physical i. newborns have a variety of reflexes ii. rooting iii. sucking iv. swallowing/gag reflex v. grasping vi. moro – dropping, fling their arms outward vii. stepping viii. swimming – start to paddle when put in water ix. babinski – stroke their feet, toes curl b. cognitive i. habituation – newborns get used to things c. social i. imitation: mirror neurons 1. neurons in the brain light up as if actually performing a task, when in fact only observing the task 2. can lead to actual imitation 10. states of arousal a. see graph in powerpoint b. sleep 1618 hours a day typically \n 11. infant states a. active sleep (50%) b. quiet sleep (30%) c. drowsiness (7%) d. nonalert awake (3%) e. alert awake (7%) f. crying (3%) 12. fact of the day: giant pandas have the largest mothertooffspring ratio of any mammal, ranging from about 700:1 to 1500:1 \n language development 1. language – the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication a. phonology – basic sounds of language i. english has 40 phonemes (sounds) b. morphemes – smallest language unit that has meaning i. could be a word or a sound that you add to a word ii. example: adding an –s c. semantics – rules that determine the meaning of words i. how their phrased, positive or negative, where they go in the sentence 2. wernicke’s area and broca’s area of the brain, responsible for language a. comprehension (wernicke) b. production of language (broca) 3. comprehension (receptive language) precedes production (spoken/written language) a. comprehension i. understanding language and giving the desired response b. production i. adding vocal speech 4. apraxia – can’t produce language the same as everyone else 5. prelinguistic communication a. babbling starts with simple, modulated vowel sounds, then adds consonants later b. by 6 months, babbling reflects the language of origin c. can be needdriven or social in nature i. grunt, reach for something 6. first words a. first recognizable sound or first sound repeatedly applied to the same object? b. roughly between 16 and 24 months, language expands 8fold, leading to a vocabulary of around 400 words 7. holophrases a. single words that express entire sentences or thoughts, based on the situation 8. first sentences: ~18 months a. telegraphic speech i. summarized language ii. don’t include articles, conjunctions, etc. b. under/overextensions i. under: aren’t quite as common ii. over: word applies to more than it actually does c. different styles of language i. referential vs. expressive 1. referential: labeling 2. expressive: more social in nature than just informative 9. fast mapping a. learning a new word very quickly after being exposed to it once or only a handful of times \n 10. strategies for word learning a. principle of mutual exclusivity: what words refer to what objects; infants assume words can’t apply to overlapping categories b. syntactic bootstrapping: deduce word meanings and differentiate between word function based on how it is used 11. grammatical development a. overregulation: if they know adding –s makes it plural, they add –s to everything (“feets”) b. semantic bootstrapping: notice which words appear in the same position in sentences, use that to figure out how they combine with other words 12. theories of language development a. learning theory approach i. language follows basic reinforcement and conditioning ii. doesn’t explain untaught extensions in language b. nativist approach i. noam chomsky: genetic mechanism that drives the development of language; don’t have to taught or receive social feedback; born with innate language capabilities ii. all human languages share universal grammar iii. humans are born with a languageacquisition device (lad) 13. infantdirected speech a. originally called motherese i. shorter sentences ii. higher pitch iii. grammatically incorrect word usage iv. repetition v. evidenced in all cultures b. feedback: respond as if we know what they’re saying 14. fact of the day: in 1759, arthur guinness signed a 9,000year lease for land and water rights for his brewery in dublin, for a rate of 45 pounds a year. the original lease can be seen on the tour at st. james’ gate. \n chapter 1: introduction to child development 1) areas of development a) physical i) how the body develops and influences behavior ii) physical skills and abilities iii) how detriments in physical development affect behavior b) cognitive i) growth and change in intellectual capabilities ii) development of the brain iii) learning, memory, problem solving, intelligence c) social/personality (including emotion) i) social: how individuals interact with one another ii) personality: more stable, enduring aspects of behavior iii) emotional: partway between cognitive and personality 2) age ranges a) infancy and toddlerhood (birth3) b) preschool/early childhood (36) c) middle childhood (kindergartenmiddle school / 612) d) adolescence (1220) 3) individual differences a) skews generally reliable predictions 4) developmental cohorts a) generations i) baby boomers (19461960) ii) gen x (19601980) iii) millennials (19802000) b) environment impacts development as social culture influences thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors i) examples (1) civil rights / racism (2) great depression (3) internet 5) historical perspectives a) john locke (16321704) i) children as “tabula rasa,” meaning a blank slates – can be made into whatever, shaped by outside factors ii) no such thing as innate characteristics/traits b) jeanjacques rousseau (17121778) i) children as “noble savages” – born with an appropriate sense of right and wrong c) baby biographies (late 1700s) i) first systematic observations of identifiable developmental milestones d) eventually, universal education practices and public disapproval of child labor in western society contributed to recognition of childhood as a developmental state of its own \n 6) child development in the 20 century a) critical issues i) continuous vs. discontinuous change (1) continuous: constant; always growth present (2) discontinuous: collected/instantaneous; staged packages ii) critical vs. sensitive periods (1) critical periods: a time in development during which a given event/stimuli has greatest consequence; originally thought to be immutable (2) sensitive periods: a time in development during which individuals are most receptive to environmental stimuli; learning can occur across lifespan (a) example – learning a new language is easier at a young age because tons of development is occurring iii) lifespan vs. stage focus (not much of a debate anymore) iv) nature vs. nurture (1) nature=genetics, nurture=environment (2) twin studies have long been used to determine “how much” nature vs. nurture affects development (3) nature can be overcome and nurture can create outcomes just as deep and long lasting as genetics 7) other terminology a) plasticity: the brain’s ability to change neural pathways b) object permanence: if they don’t see something, it does not exist anymore 8) fact of the day a) mammals that lay eggs are called monotremes (platypus and echidna) \n chapter 5: infant physical development 1. patterns of growth a. cephalocaudal principle i. growth starts in the head ii. head is disproportionally large compared to the rest of the body iii. head takes up ¼ in fetal stage b. proximodistal principle i. growth starts in the center of the body ii. in terms of control and nervous development, you gain control over the center of the body before extremities c. principle of hierarchical integration i. complex skills are made up of simple skills d. principle of systems independence i. body systems develop at different rates ii. don’t reach maturity at the same time 2. nervous system a. electrical impulses travel through neurons and across synapses b. myelin: fatty substance that surrounds axons c. pruning: the death and removal of unused neurons/connections 3. brain a. occipital (vision), parietal (body sensations), frontal (voluntary movement and thinking), temporal (hearing) i. frontal is the largest, most complex, last to develop 1. doesn’t finish growing until mid20s 4. shaken baby syndrome a. aka abusive head trauma i. brain swelling ii. bleeding on the surface of the brain iii. bleeding behind the eyes b. diagnosis no longer considered limiting i. infection, stroke, or previous accidents can cause symptoms ii. washington post: shaken science 5. motor development a. gross motor development (coordinating entire body) i. sitting alone: ~56 months ii. crawling: ~810 months iii. walking: ~12 months b. fine motor development i. wholehand grasping: ~34 months 1. open hand closed fist ii. pincer grasping: ~8 months 1. one or two fingers c. all averages – 50% of babies will not follow these statistics 6. sensory development \n a. visual perception i. visual acuity develops rapidly, reaching 20/20 by around 6 months 1. depth perception, etc. ii. visual cliff experiment 1. one of the earliest experiments done on babies 2. strong plexiglas… babies won’t attempt to cross to mother 3. used to determine depth perception/how they process that information iii. looking time paradigms? iv. innate predispositions 1. curved lines 2. 3d figures 3. human faces b. auditory perception i. 1 month olds can distinguish between different phonetic sounds ii. 4.5 month olds can distinguish their own name iii. 5 month olds can distinguish languages iv. infants show preference for familiar melodies v. tested using sucking paradigms c. smell/taste i. infants born with highly sensitive smell and taste ii. show preference for sweet tastes d. touch i. one of the most developed senses at birth ii. babies are born with the capacity to feel pain and react to human touch iii. babies exposed to a high amount of pain in infancy develop a higher pain tolerance later in life iv. highly reactive to human touch – need to feel human touch for development, soothed by human touch 7. nutrition a. breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding i. breast milk is more nutritious and easier to digest 1. requires more frequent feeding because easier to digest ii. breast milk increases immune system and immune response iii. not all babies take to breastfeeding iv. bottle feeding can provide adequate nutrition b. weaning i. recommended no earlier than 12 months, but varies by culture and personal preference ii. solid foods can start to be introduced ~ 6 months 1. as babies grow, breast milk no longer provides enough c. malnutrition – not getting enough calories and nutrients to promote development; exists in about 1 in 5 children in the us; can effect cognitive and physical development \n d. obesity e. see cdc national statistics for breastfeeding in powerpoint 8. developmental norms a. don’t rely exclusively on them, only averages b. not true for 100% of people 9. fact of the day: on august 11, 2015, all 15 home teams in major league baseball won their games for the first time in history \n chapter 3 the start of life: genetics and prenatal development 1) conception a) gamete (23 chromosomes) + gamete (23 chromosomes) = zygote (46 chromosomes) b) multiple births i) monozygotic – one zygote splits into two (genetic identicals) (1) environmental impact: temperature/atmospheric changes, for example ii) dizygotic – two zygotes are created from two separate ova (eggs) (1) fraternal twins (2) more common – one in every sixty births (a) why? (i) better health care, increased obstetric knowledge iii) 1 in every 330 births 2) genetics a) dna genes chromosomes b) chromosomes are organized in 23 pairs, with one of each pair coming from the mother and father c) biological sex i) the 23 pair of chromosomes generally determines the sex of the baby ii) if the male gamete has a y chromosomes, the child will be male; x = female d) dominant vs. recessive traits i) dominant traits come from the genes that will express whenever present ii) recessive traits express when no dominant genes are present e) homozygous vs. heterozygous i) homozygous – same gene ii) heterozygous – different genes f) xlinked traits/genes i) genes only present on the x chromosome ii) more common in males g) polygenic inheritance i) the majority of our physical traits are polygenic: eye color, hair color, many diseases h) behavioral genetics i) the genetic study of diseases and disorders that are mainly emotional/behavioral in nature 3) genetic disorders a) down syndrome i) trisomy 21 (1) “genetic” disorder is a misnomer – technically a chromosomal disorder b) williams syndrome i) microdeletion on chromosome 7 (1) approximately 30 genes are “deleted” ii) ears stick out, appear to have thin skin, seem to age more quickly (not enough elastin in skin) iii) “antiautism” – no social barriers \n c) praderwilli syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the paternal copy of chromosome 15 (1) 2 copies from your mother ii) intellectual disability; failure to thrive at birth; low muscle tone; overeating (hyperfasia?); tend to be very short; highly underdeveloped metabolism; tend to be very anxious – require a schedule d) angelman syndrome i) deletion/duplication in the q region of the maternal copy of chromosome 15 ii) nonverbal; tend to be incredibly cheerful all the time; lots of shrieking; shorter lifespan than previously mentioned disorders (lifespan about 30 years) 4) genetics a) gene expression i) phenylketonuria (pku) – can have genotype with no phenotypic symptoms (1) can be very dangerous; blood test as soon as baby is born ii) phenotype – the outward expression of traits or genetics iii) genotype – what genes you have iv) by eliminating foods with phenylalanine, individuals can avoid any cognitive or physical symptoms, resulting in typical phenotype 5) genes and environment a) personality b) psychopathology i) diathesisstress model – genetics can predispose an individual to greater risk for developing a disorder, but it takes a stressor, or environmental factor, to “turn on” the symptoms (1) having the gene does not necessarily mean you will express it (a) example: alcoholism c) bidirectional effects i) genes environment genetic expression 6) prenatal development a) at about 8 weeks, the zygote becomes known as an embryo b) germinal stage – fertilization to 2 weeks i) zygote begins to divide (blastocyst) ii) implants into the uterine wall iii) cells begin to differentiate (1) some cells from the blastocyst form the placenta c) embryonic stage – 28 weeks i) three layers: ectoderm (skin & peripheral nervous system), mesoderm (muscles, bones, & circulatory system), and endoderm (digestive system) d) fetal stage – 8 weeks to birth i) high rate of growth (20x) ii) importance of environment (1) hormonerelated sex differentiation (2) behavioral stage (a) babies can hear \n (b) mother under a lot of stress can greatly impact how baby grows e) threats to healthy prenatal development i) maternal age (by age 35, body’s screening system begins to shut down) ii) maternal physical health (1) diet (2) smoking (3) drinking iii) maternal mental health iv) paternal behaviors 7) teratogens a) environmental agent b) sensitive period c) vary with the age of fetus at exposure d) examples i) fetal alcohol syndrome (1) most common result: underdeveloped frontal cortex (brain injury, responsible for decision making, much more likely to be exceptional impulsive, drastic social consequences) e) alcohol f) illegal drugs i) heroin: baby addicted at birth g) prescription drugs i) acutane h) tobacco i) smaller babies, smaller head circumference i) incompatible blood types j) environmental hazards i) infectious diseases; hiv/aids k) other maternal factors i) age, stress, etc. ii) study: 4 years is ideal time between children 8) fact of the day: “big ben” is the name of the great bell inside of the clock tower, not the tower itself \n chapter 2: theoretical perspectives and research 1. psychodynamic perspective a. behavior is motivated by sub or unconscious thoughts and memories or “inner force” b. sigmund freud i. pioneer of essentially all of psychology ii. psychoanalytic theory 1. personality driven by three unconscious forces: a. id i. innate (present at birth) ii. driven entirely by pleasure principle iii. entirely selfish b. ego i. acts as a buffer between the id and society ii. driven by the reality principle c. superego i. last to develop ii. forms as a result of environmental and social expectations (e.g. interaction with authority figures) iii. superego would look different in different cultures/ places iv. wants to please everyone; selfless iii. psychosexual development 1. stage age a. oral birth to 1218 months b. anal 1218 months to 3 years c. phallic 3 to 56 years d. latency 56 years to adolescence e. genital adolescence to adulthood 2. oral – fixation with putting things in their mouth; ability to use their mouth easier than hands 3. anal – wanting control over bodily functions 4. phallic oedipus complex 5. latency – didn’t think much happened during this time period c. erik erikson i. psychosocial theory 1. infancy: trust vs. mistrust a. reliance on parents for everything; needs must be met by them b. good – feelings of trust and safety in your environment and with other people c. bad – anxiety, fear, and concern \n 2. toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt a. good – feeling confident in your own abilities b. bad – selfdoubt, lack of independence 3. early childhood: initiative vs. guilt a. explore new things b. good – comfort with initiating interactions with your environment c. bad – guilt over the [potential] results of your choices 4. middle childhood: industry vs. inferiority a. how you see yourself in comparison to your peers b. good – sense of competence c. bad – low selfesteem, no sense of mastery 5. adolescence: identity vs. role diffusion a. good – a strong sense of self and where you fit in b. bad – inability to identify and behave in appropriate roles in life; no selfawareness 6. early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation a. good – development of loving, close relationships b. bad – forever alone 7. middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation a. now that you’ve successfully gotten through these stages, can you continue to grow? b. good – feelings of meaning and contribution to the world c. bad – sense of triviality 8. late adulthood: egointegrity vs. despair a. looking back on life; what is going to happen after i die? b. good – “i’ve done well” c. bad – regret 2. critiques of psychodynamic theories a. difficult to observe/measure b. more focused on males (from freud’s perspective) c. fairly apocalyptic: if one thing went wrong, you’re screwed for the rest of your life 3. behavioral theories a. development can be understood as a collection of observable, interacting environmental stimuli and the resulting behavior b. development doesn’t occur in stages – rather, it depends entirely on individual experience i. what you’re shown, what your parents teach you, etc. c. human representations of pavlov’s classical conditioning i. ringing of a bell paired with food to make dogs salivate before they see food d. john watson \n i. “give me a dozen healthy infants…and i’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist i might select.” ii. little albert experiment 1. paired stimulus effect – watson made loud noises every time albert was presented with a white mouse 2. despite no initial fear, albert began to scream and cry at the sight of the mouse. this behavior generalized to all white, fuzzy things e. b.f. skinner i. operant conditioning 1. voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on the stimuli they’re paired with 2. 3. for young children, consistency is important; young children need to know what to expect 4. let the punishment fit the crime f. albert bandura i. socialcognitive learning theory 1. learning through imitation 2. children don’t necessarily need to experience the rewards/ punishments themselves; if they see positive reinforcement for a behavior in others, they’re likely to imitate it 4. critiques of behavioral theories a. morally dubious experiments b. too much reliance on animal models i. discounts metacognition and conscience 5. cognitive theories a. jean piaget’s stages of cognitive development i. sensorimotor ii. preoperational iii. concreate operational iv. formal operational b. assimilation – taking something new and fitting it in to what you know \n c. accommodation – changing your existing mental mass d. informationprocessing i. neopiagetian ii. cognition is made up of different skills that take different time to develop e. cognitive neuroscience i. focuses on the neurological activity behind cognition 6. contextual theories a. considers development within the environment b. sociocultural approach i. lev vygotsky ii. development is a reciprocal interaction between the child and his/her environment c. bioecological approach i. zpd (zone of proximal development) and scaffolding 1. you have a level of competence and a level of challenge 2. if you push them too hard, the child won’t want to continue learning ii. microsystem – who the child interacts with an a near daily basis (immediate family, neighborhood play area, child care center) iii. mesosystem iv. exosystem v. macrosystem 7. dynamic systems theory a. integrated systems b. complex from basic, simple conditions c. similar to individual differences theory 8. main theories a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. contextual e. evolutionary* 9. fact of the day: if you start with one cent and double your money every day, it would only take 27 days for you to become a millionaire 10. science and research in child development a. the scientific method – definitions i. theory 1. “broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest” 2. “a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct” ii. hypothesis 1. “a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested” iii. operationalization \n 1. “the process of translating a hypothesis into specific testable procedures” iv. scientific method 1. formulate a research question 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions based on the results of your test 5. make the findings available b. research studies i. descriptive 1. what does a certain phenomenon look like? a. how many? how much? b. no comparison group, no relationship between variables c. research methods i. systematic observation 1. naturalistic observation – not getting involved, just watching; meant to reflect participants’ everyday lives; can’t control conditions; observees don’t know that you’re there 2. structured observation – researchers set up a situation; manipulation; conditions are the same for all participants 3. limitations a. observer influence b. observer bias (more likely to see what you’re looking for) ii. selfreport – person telling you what they feel/how they act 1. clinical interviews – open conversation; they tell you whatever they want to 2. structured interviews – open ended questions, but same questions for each participants 3. surveys – responses in the exact same way; same questions; easier to quantify and compare 4. limitations a. selfawareness iii. psychophysiological methods – biofeedback 1. used in order to generalize findings iv. case study 1. what does something look like in one person? 2. wolf boy of avignon? 3. generalizability is limited v. ethnography 1. observation of a culture or social group 2. not very common d. research studies i. correlational 1. relationship between two or more variables \n 2. quantitative mathematical data 3. correlation does not imply causation e. true experiments i. determine the casual effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable ii. require random assignment to control or experimental group 1. what determines a control group? a. placebo effect – when people are given a pill, even if it’s a sugar pill, they will psychologically think that they are getting better i. no one should know who has what, even the doctors, in order to avoid bias f. challenges in human research i. theoretical vs. applied 1. theoretical research seeks to explain processes, while applied research seeks to identify how we can change and improve development a. stockholm syndrome – becoming attached to your abuser b. applied example: medications ii. longitudinal vs. crosssectional 1. development is, by nature, longitudinal 2. crosssectional: how they are at a specific time a. allows direct comparison 3. longitudinal: measuring the same people over and over again 4. cohortsequential iii. functional challenges 1. generalizability – include additional factors to approve it iv. ethical considerations 1. working with children – assent/parental consent required, restrictions on what you can make them do 2. deception – must deceive people if studying them without their knowledge to avoid bias 3. manipulation 4. internal review boards (irbs) g. research concerns i. reliability 1. will observation be consistent? ii. validity 1. are you measuring what you think you’re measuring? 2. face validity 3. divergent validity \n 4. convergent validity iii. increase validity 1. sample size – larger, representing multiple geographic regions 2. representative sample – must reflect the people you are trying to prove research for 3. blind experimenters a. double blind study – don’t know which is which b. don’t want them to know what exactly they’re looking for 4. operational definitions – must be very explicit 5. experimental and control groups iv. ethics and research 1. freedom from harm 2. informed consent 3. use of deception – must debrief them afterwards 4. maintenance of privacy – complete deidentification h. research findings i. empirical articles include 1. abstract 2. introduction or literature review 3. method 4. results 5. 6. 7. ii. be cautious iii. don’t assume, over generalize, accept a single study, or accept casual conclusions from correlational studies iv. consider the source 11. fact of the day: both pope john paul ii and pope francis were designated as honorary harlem globetrotters \n chapter 6 cognitive development in infancy 1. piagetian theory a. four stages of development i. sensorimotor 1. development of object permanence and motor skills; little to not capacity for symbolic thought; if it wasn’t right in front of them, they had no concept of it 2. six substages a. simple reflexes: birth to 1 month b. first habits and primary circular reactions: 14 months i. coordination of simple actions into more complex processes ii. infants begin to repeat activities they find enjoyable iii. primary – actions involving the infants own body c. secondary circular reactions: 48 months i. same repetitive activities, but now involve interacting with the outside world d. coordination of secondary circular reactions: 812 months i. advent of goaldirected behavior and object permanence e. tertiary circular reactions: 1218 months i. infants start to modify their repetitive behavior to observe the consequences f. beginnings of thought: 1824 months i. advent of mental representation and deferred imitation ii. preoperational iii. concrete operational iv. formal operational b. children learn through assimilation and accommodation c. support i. importance of infants interacting with their environment ii. sequence of development d. critique i. development isn’t stagefocused ii. lack of acknowledgement of sensory development iii. cultural differences e. early motor development may disguise advances in cognitive development f. renee baillargeon’s lookingtime studies show that infants seem to understand object permanence and other physical properties of objects 2. information processing a. memory processes \n i. encoding ii. storage iii. retrieval 3. long term memory a. memory capacity increases as infants age i. infants remember how to activate a mobile by kicking b. infantile amnesia i. implicit vs. explicit memory ii. relation of memory to language 4. infant intelligence a. developmental quotient i. motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, personalsocial behavior b. bayley scales of infant development i. mental and motor abilities ii. visualspatial, nonverbal iii. see chart in powerpoint c. visualrecognition memory measurement d. information processing approach i. processing efficiency 1. how quickly infants can encode and retrieve information ii. crossmodal transference 1. how easily infants can transfer knowledge from one sense to another 5. fact of the day: the logo for the new zealand air force includes the silhouette of a kiwi bird. kiwi birds can’t fly \n chapter 7: social, emotional, and personality development in infancy 1. infant emotions a. infants are born with the capacity to express certain emotions b. social smiling/happiness doesn’t appear until at least 1 month i. rudimentary; in reaction to other people; social c. degree of emotional expression differs by culture d. determined by a study using facial coding system of babies; mapping average adult expressions onto babies; can’t tell exactly what they’re thinking; support: facial expressions tend to be the same across different cultures and in blind people; facial expressions are innate/not learned emotional expression age interest, distress, disgust present at birth social smile 12 months anger, surprise, sadness 24 months fear 56 months shame, shyness 6 months contempt, guilt 24 months e. expression i. social smiles – infants’ smiling reactions to other humans ii. social reciprocity – if they smile and an adult doesn’t smile back, they’ll stop smiling f. decoding i. understanding of verbal and tonal indicators of emotion in others ii. what is the other person actually feeling? iii. infants become skilled at picking up on happiness/joy in others iv. can pick up on tension and anger; being in an unstable environment g. social referencing i. 89 months ii. infants use the emotions of other adults to determine how to act in a situation iii. helps infants adapt to new environments and develop social skills iv. important to be consistent; learn what situations to fear/are bad 1. if they’re in an emotionally unstable environment, children will be incredibly confused when different adults react differently 2. development of self a. self awareness – the recognition of oneself as separate from others i. develops around 18 months ii. “rouge test” 1. infants are placed in front of a mirror with a spot on their face 2. also tested on chimpanzees iii. awareness of self expands to awareness of capabilities \n 1. once you recognize yourself, you can begin to tell what you can do 2. flip side: aware that you’re unique theory of mind 3. social development a. theory of mind i. understanding of thought processes and how they translate to behaviors ii. differentiating people from inanimate objects iii. development of empathy 1. an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of others iv. big step for infants: learn that people have emotions different from your own b. attachment i. the bond that forms between a child and a particular individual ii. book defines it as positive, but not always a positive 1. unhealthy attachment in adults (examples): stockholm’s syndrome, abusive relationships c. studies show preference for comfort over nourishment i. experiment with monkeys – wire “mother” vs. cloth “mother” ii. preference to cuddle with cloth over getting milk from wire d. john bowlby: attachment as a “secure base” i. person that they can always go back to; emotional and mental e. mary ainsworth’s strange situation experiment i. mom lets baby explore the room ii. stranger enters and talks to mom iii. mom leaves the room iv. mom returns and stranger leaves v. mom leaves baby alone entirely vi. stranger enters vii. mom returns and stranger leaves f. attachment styles i. secure – 60% of infants ii. avoidant iii. insecureambivalent iv. disorganized g. linked to emotional adjustment and behavior throughout life h. reactive attachment disorder i. extreme pathological form in insecure attachment ii. children who were never given the chance for secure attachment iii. latch on to any adult that they are put with without introduction; pour emotion into them iv. can become violent \n i. secure attachment ambivalent avoidant attachment attachment separation anxiety distressed when infant shows signs of infant shows no sign mother leaves intense distress when of distress when mother leaves mother leaves stranger anxiety avoidant of stranger infant avoids the infant is okay with when alone but stranger – shows fear the stranger and friendly when mother of stranger plays normally when present stranger is present reunion behavior positive and happy child approaches infant shows little when mother returns mother but resists interest when mother contact, may even returns push her away other will use the mother as infant cries more and mother and stranger a safe base to explore explores less than the are able to comfort their environment other 2 types infant equally well j. attachment and parenting i. securelyattached infants have caregivers who are more responsive and consistent 1. secure attachment built on trust ii. initially thought to apply only to mothers iii. ~1/3 of infants develop early attachments to more than one person iv. bidirectional effects k. social anxiety (78 months) i. stranger anxiety 1. as infants’ memory capacity expands, they become more wary of “new” people 2. capacity to recognize familiar faces ii. separation anxiety (appears around the same time) 1. prior to the development of object permanence, infants become anxious when their caregivers leave 2. observed across cultures 3. infants with different attachment styles will see this throughout their life l. infantinfant interactions i. babies prefer peers to inanimate objects ii. 912 monthold infants will engage in social games iii. older infants begin to imitate each other iv. older siblings serve as social models 4. personality development \n a. personality: the collection of enduring characteristics that differ among individuals b. erikson’s stages in infacy i. trust vs. mistrust ii. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. temperament – consistent, enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality i. how children behave, not why ii. infants seem to have innate temperamental characteristics, but parenting can significantly alter these patterns over time d. activity level active time : inactive time approach/withdrawal response to new stimuli adaptability how easily a child adapts to a new situation quality of mood pleasant vs. unpleasant behavior attention span how long a child will engage in activity distractibility how stimuli alter behavior rhythmicity regularity of basic functions intensity of reaction energy level of responses intensity of stimuli needed to elicit a threshold of responsiveness response e. general temperament categories i. easy – 40% of babies 1. generally happy, adaptable, followed a schedule ii. difficult – 10% of babies 1. withdrawn iii. slowtowarm – 15% 1. typically unresponsive f. goodnessoffit i. how well a baby’s temperament matches his/her environment ii. example: household they grow up in, how many siblings they have iii. slowtowarm babies are less likely to reach out g. gender differences i. adults ascribe different characteristics to infants based on the presented gender 1. children raised through society’s lens of gender differences ii. parents often treat children different by gender 1. boys: physical play 2. girls: singing, music, etc. iii. biology can play a role in physical, cognitive, and emotional difference by gender 1. exposure to different hormones in the womb 5. day care a. patterns of day care use \n i. about 60% of mothers in the us work outside the home ii. more and half of all mothers with infants under age 1 work iii. most infants are cared for by relatives iv. mothers who work fulltime are more likely to use day care centers or nonrelatives 1. day care centers require strict schedule v. ethnic differences 1. african american children are more likely to be cared for in centerbased programs 2. latino children are more likely to be cared for by family members 3. caucasian children are more likely to be cared for by nannies vi. these differences reflect income, access to child care arrangements and cultural values vii. most child care facilities are privately owned and operated viii. requirements for standards of care are minimal ix. improvement in day care quality is needed b. effects of day care i. there are contradictory conclusions 1. day care may benefit low and middleclass children 2. high quality day care may have positive effects on intellectual and verbal development 3. day care may increase aggression and decrease compliance 4. poor quality day care may affect attachment adversely c. guidelines for quality day care i. safety ii. adult/child ratios and group size 1. ratio grows as children get older, but typically 1:2 for infants 2. preference to small group size iii. staff training and program 1. degree in childhood early education? cpr/crisis management? iv. curriculum 1. appropriate day care has a structured curriculum along with free play d. culture i. child care is influenced by the broader cultural, social, political, economic and physical environments ii. there are wide variations in the form day care takes e. types of child care i. commercial child care centers ii. nonprofit child care centers (funded by government or charities; can’t compete with better/newer equipment or teachers; little to no cost) iii. private homes 1. professional home care 2. other parents earning extra money (casual arrangement) \n 3. extended family members a. less likely to have a curriculum or follow state guidelines f. patterns of use of child care i. high reliance and early entry 1. by 4 months, nearly ¾ of infants had some nonmaternal child care ii. socioeconomic factors affect number of hours and type of care 1. income level, education 2. dependence on mother’s income 3. believe maternal employment positive g. high quality child care i. medical and administrative expertise ii. small class sizes iii. low childteacher ratios iv. teachers trained in developmentally appropriate practices v. safe environment vi. stimulating toys h. outcomes of child care i. highquality care and fewer hours in care lead to positive outcomes 1. improved cognitive skills 2. improved language skills 3. good relations with parents 4. positive, skilled peer interaction 5. fewer behavior problems 6. studies show children in child care have better immune systems since they are exposed to more 6. romanian orphans a. nicholas ceausescu – leader of romania 19651989 i. outlawed contraception ii. between 1966 and 1967, birth rates increase from 1.9 to 3.7 per woman 1. could not afford children, state could not provide enough b. orphanage understaffed, malnutrition, severely deprived of attention, no behavioral regulation, not taught what parents would normally teach them (speak, stand up, sit up, etc.) 7. fact of the day a. andrew wakefield, the author of the 1998 study that claimed a link between vaccines and autism, was found to have falsified data for all 12 participants and was subsequently stripped of his medical license. additionally, he had failed to disclose that he was being funded by a law firm that planned to sue vaccine companies b. starbucks is named after a character in moby dick: starbuck, captain ahab’s first mate \n 1 hod ",
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079fcd0cac24c8da8ba26570e57dd6e2 | 822. identifying surfaces consider the surfaces defined by the following equations. a. identify and briefly describe the surface. b. find the xy@, xz@, and yz@traces, when they exist. c. find the intercepts with the three coordinate axes, when they exist. d. make a sketch of the surface. x2 16 + z2 36 - y2 100 = 1 | answer: 822. identifying surfaces consider the surfaces | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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d1175d690406c22a1d233292bb6d8ae3 | a random sample of n 8 e-glass fiber test specimens of a certain type yielded a sample mean interfacial shear yield stress of 30.2 and a sample standard deviation of 3.1 (on interfacial failure in notched unidirectional glass/epoxy composites, j. of composite materials, 1985: 276286). assuming that interfacial shear yield stress is normally distributed, compute a 95% ci for true average stress (as did the authors of the cited article). | a random sample of n 8 e-glass fiber test specimens of a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " general psychology ch. 2 notes research methods over time there have been many types of research in relation to people with disabilities. one of these is a facilitated communicator which is used by children with infantile autism which leads them to have a hard time communicating. infantile autism is not a mental disorder but a motor problem. that is why for a facilitated communicator to work, you need a facilitator to help place the child's hands gently on the keyboard and help them type out their thoughts. however in some cases this type of communication brought to be the downfall for two families because their daughters were accusing their father of rape, with no physical evidence. this test has been preformed countless times in labs to see if it really is an extraordinary claim. a wall separates the child from the adult and the adult can not see the child's screen, so the child has to type what he or she sees with the help from a hole in the wall where the adult has his or her hand helping the child. ruling out the rival hypothesis we find out from these studies that the word typed is actually the one on the facilitators screen, not the child's. so in the end this really does not work, sadly. in the end we learn something very important ..research design matters the experiment above is more linked to pseudoscience; however, some medics have found real treatments to help kids with autism. \n another test that was more pseudoscience than real is the prefrontal lobotomy. which was used to \"cure\" schizophrenia and other mental disorders. the surgery involved cutting the neural fibers that connected the brain's frontal lobes to the thalamus, which was very dangerous. the effectiveness was based on each subject and how the majority \"got better\" after the surgery. they did not really perform a systematic research to really understand if this procedure was effective. if they saw it worked that was enough for them. when they did research the procedure they found that it was not helpful it was actually damaging the patients even more. research methods why they matter? well planned designs help eliminate bias when examining different things. anyone can be tricked last chapter: occam's razor relies on principle of parsimony, evolution has favored quick assessment of environmental situations heuristics mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that we use daily, reduces cognitive energy required to solve problems, subjective. should not be relied on system 1 thinking intuitive thinking these are the fast decisions we make like judging someone we just met or running of the road if there is a car coming towards you. this is actually very useful because it can keep us out of danger. system 2 thinking analytical thinking slow and reflective unlike intuitive thinking. we use this type of thinking when we are fixing a problem, when we figure out complicated formulas and problems. sometimes this thinking can lead us to reject our hunches and think about something more. the old experiments mentioned, the researchers relied on intuitive thinking because since the patient improves, it must be working... which is wrong research designs make us think about stuff more and help us avoid using intuitive thinking as much. heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world... so its just a shortcut that helps us think there is no one scientific method because their are different types of scientists that study and observe certain things differently. their are different techniques used in different scientific methods. it pretty much just safeguards us from falling into traps. research designs: naturalistic observation is when you observe behavior in real world settings without manipulating the situation ... like when you study animals in their natural habitat we can’t study causation which is a problem but it has high external credit case studies it examines one person or a small number of people in detail, usually over a long period of time. \n again we can not infer causation and they are usually anecdotes but it can prove experiments and offer insights for more testing correlation designs the study of how two variables are linked we can use it to predict behavior but not infer causation can be positive, negative or zero experimental designs scientists manipulate variables to see if they produce differences. (experiment) we can finally infer causation with this one but its low on external credit (we can observe cause and effect) external validity is when we generalize findings in real world settings internal validity is when we draw cause and effect from a study. existence of proof is when a psychological phenomenon can occur surveys and questionnaires are very useful to help scientists find out what a person is thinking and feeling. random sample is when everyone in the population has the opportunity to be selected for a survey or study ... this is very important reliability is the consistency of the measurement. when you study the results you need to focus on reliability and validity. tests can be reliable but invalid validity is when the measure assesses what it purports to measure self reported measures are sometimes not valid because most people lie to make themselves look better, like for a job application, also people do not know their personality to such a perfect extent. response test is when research participants lie in their responses of questionnaires. correlation design examined the extent to which two variables are related. correlations: if its positive both are correlated and go up. (goes up) if its negative one goes up and one goes down, so its correlated but in the opposite direction. (goes down) if its zero, they do not go together at all the halo effect is when people find attractive people as having good qualities. scatterplot is the grouping of points on a graph in which each dot represents a persons answer. illusory correlation when we perceive a correlation between 2 variables when there is none. (like the full moon is linked to lycanths or violent crimes) these types of correlations form superstitions, like walking under a ladder. \n we use the great fourfold table of life to figure out illusory probabilities. the reason we are lead to perceive illusory correlations is because we tend to remember dramatic experiences and if nothing happens we quite certainly won’t remember that. to minimize our tendencies, we just have to pay more attention to the other blocks in the table and consider that there could be another explanation. when we use correlation designs we have to be careful not to jump to casual conclusions. correlation does not necessarily mean causation. correlation vs experimental correlation has to do with measuring participants and experimental has to do with creating scenarios. for it to be an experiment it has randomly assign participants to conditions and it has to manipulate an independent variable. random assignment sorts participants into two groups randomly (experimental group which is manipulated and control group which is kept the same) this is not the same as random selection. random selection has to do with how we choose our participants in the beginning and random assignment is how we assign them after we have chosen them. manipulation of an independent variable independent variable is the one the scientist manipulates and the dependent is the one scientist measure to see if the manipulation has an effect. operational definition is a working definition of what a researcher measures. internal validity cause and effect – to be able to infer cause and effect the only difference between the groups has to be the independent variable. confounding variable is any other variables that are different between both groups and won’t let us analyze cause and effect in the end. there are exceptions in experimental designs, like the placebo effect, the nocebo effect, the experimenter expectancy effect and demand characteristics. placebo effect is the thought that you are improving because you know you are getting the treatment. (expectations can create reality). in medication research, scientists usually give a sugar pill (placebo) to the control group so they both think they are getting the treatment. however, for this to work the experiment needs to be blind (the participant does not know which treatment they are getting) if they find out those that have the real medication will think that since it’s the real one they will get better and the others will think they have to beat out those with the real medication. nocebo effect its harm resulting from the expectation of harm. like voodoo, if someone is pricking a look alike doll with pins you think you are in pain. experimenter expectancy effect this is when the scientist knows who is getting the treatment and unintentionally biases the outcome. it’s usually not on purpose, it’s more like a confirmation bias. this is why experiments are usually double blind the scientist nor the patient knows what he is getting and giving. \n demand characteristics cues that participants pick up from a study that allows them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis. pretty much this is when participants think they know the right answers to the scientist’s hypothesis and alter their behavior and now it’s not unbiased. so scientists just give them a cover story for what they are really doing. besides designing experiments, researchers also have to worry about ethical issues. sometimes it’s hard because people do not agree with certain methods, ethical research is not clear cut. tuskegee study (19321972) • aa men living in rural alabama were diagnosed with syphilis • u.s. public health service never informed of treated, the men, just studied the course of the disease (they just didn't tell them anything) • 28 men died of syphilis, 100 related complications, 40 wives infected and 19 children born with it. monster study (1939) • 22 orphaned children assigned to control or experimental groups ◦ positive speech therapy (praising) given to half of the children ◦ negative speech (belittled them) given to the other half most had stutters in the end harmful physiological effects informed consent is when the researchers have to tell the participants what the study is about before asking them to participate. this is now required. a big ethical issue is animal research. some studies have scientist creating small lesions in animals’ brains to test their behavior afterwards. sometimes even activists against this idea help free animals or trash laboratories and it ends up in a bigger cost of damage. irb (institutional review board) informed consent justification why you are going to use deception (can't be harmful) debriefing subjects’ after need to say everything about what you are going to do statistics application of math to analyze and describe data. descriptive stats describe data numerically central tendency the measure of the center score of the data set mean average median middle score in data set mode most frequent score in data set variability measure of how loos or tight scores are. range difference between highest and lowest scores standard deviation takes into account hoe far each data point is from the mean. \n inferential stats math methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from the sample to the population. the scientific method : ask a question research existing sources formulate a hypothesis design and conduct a study draw conclusions report results this method is used to test hypothesis and prove theories. it is good because it includes safeguards. extra info: in psych, selfreport questionnaires are commonly used to collect data in research designs other than surveys. a test must be reliable to be valid, but a reliable test can still be invalid.",
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72df075dd40fbd7ea6b3aae1f04a8ca9 | there is a line through the origin that divides the region bounded by the parabola y x 2 x 2 and the x-axis into two regions with equal area. what is the slope of that line? | there is a line through the origin that divides the region | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " page 1 i. italian baroque art a. characteristics of the baroque i. baroque originates from the portuguese barroco, meaning “irregularly shaped pearl” ii. rome responds to martin luther’s criticisms with a counterreformation. iii. religious images deemed necessary to teach the laity and inspire piety. iv. v. the 3 d’s of the baroque: drama (lighting), the diagonal (complex compositional arrangements), and dynamism (movement). vi. baroque architecture is characterized by monumentality, movement, or heavy decoration. vii. rome – the birthplace of baroque style b. carlo maderno, plan for saint peter’s basilica, vatican city, rome, 1607. i. latin cross plan structure design for churches in which the arms of the “cross” are the same length. originally designed by michelangelo. ii. longitudinal plan vertically extended modern cross design. iii. saint peter is, according to catholic teachings, the 1 pope of the catholic church. c. saint peter’s, vatican city, rome, italy, 15061666; façade designed by carlo maderno, 16061612; piazza designed by gianlorenzo bernini. i. carlos maderno’s façade 1. roman temple with corinthian columns 2. elongated horizontally. d. saint peter’s basilica, vatica, begun by bramante, 1506, nave begun by carlo maderno, 1607. i. marble ii. roman barrel vault e. gianlorenzo bernini, baldacchino, saint peter’s, vatican city, rome, italy, 1624 1633, gilded bronze, marble. \n page 2 i. high altar with dramatic lighting that emanates feelings of piety and inspiration. f. gianlorenzo bernini, david, 1623, marble. i. serious, intimidating, dramatic, twisted form like the twisted columns of the high altar in st. peter’s basilica. g. gianlorenzo bernini, apollo and daphne, 16221625, marble. i. apollo sun god who is shot by cupid’s arrow and falls for daphne. she’s not interested but he pursues her. 1. she prays to the woodland spirits and they transform her into a laurel tree. 2. you can see the bark growing on her and her toes are becoming roots. her hands are the branches and have leaves \n page 3 h. gianlorenzo bernini, ecstasy of saint teresa, coronaro chapel, santa maria della vittoria, rome, 16451652, marble. i. saint teresa de avila was a nun who designed the entire coronaro chapel. 1. bernini created false theatre boxes for sculpted members of the coronaro family. they were essentially frontrow seats for the sculptures. 2. heaven looks like a very dramatic and theatrical golden glory. 3. bernini used to design stage sets for the theatre. 4. the sculpture has beautiful marble colors and a secret hidden window above it. 5. it looks like she has very heavy fabric. 6. the angel is gently pulling up her robe to pierce saint teresa’s heart with a small gold spear (the iron point has a small fire, which represents the love of god). he has light fabric and a very sweet, gentle smile. 7. she looks to be sighing with relief; her hand and foot shown look limp. this sculpture is her receiving a caress of god’s love and she is waking up her faith. hence, her facial expressions. i. gianlorenzo bernini, saint peter’s square (piazza san pietro) with colonnade, vatican city, 16651676. i. colonnade a line of columns on the same plain. ii. the obelisk and 1 fountain were already in that location when he began to design it. iii. the colonnade is like the maternal arms of the church, beckoning and welcoming the people. iv. sculptures made by bernini’s assistants j. francesco borromini, san carlo alle quattro fontane, rome, italy, 16651676. i. the mosaic cthss details are similar to sebastiano serlio’s architectural treatise, 16 century from “temple of bacchus”. ii. dynamism and movement are important details of the baroque era. k. caravaggio, conversion of saint paul, cerasi chapel, santa maria del popolo, rome, 1601, oil on canvas. i. about caravaggio: \n page 4 1. he was a drunk, brawler, and even killed a man once in a knife fight. 2. he would ask mainly homeless people to be his models. ii. tenebrism the style of lighting and shadow in a theatrical manner. a spotlight that gradually darkens everything else with a great contrast. iii. saul was a pharisee and was upset about jesus preaching. he travels to damascus and is converted to catholicism from protestantism. iv. this piece aids the counter reformation. l. caravaggio, calling of st. matthew, c. 15971601, contarelli chapel, san luigi dei francesi, rome, oil on canvas. i. reference to the creation of adam in the sistine chapel ii. christ is pointing at him and tells him to leave his things and follow him. 1. caravaggio wished to be chosen too. he hoped to be saved. m. artemesia gentileschi, judith slaying holofernes, c. 16141620, oil on canvas i. gentileschi was brutally raped. ii. she painted 4 different versions of this. iii. holofernes was persecuting the hebrews and so she took it upon herself to kill him. 1. she made a date with him and gave him enough drinks to make him drunk. 2. she and her woman servant decapitate him. 3. gentileschi felt satisfaction by this brutal, gory painting because of her rape incident. n. fra andrea pozzo, glorification of saint ignatius, ceiling fresco in the nave of sant’ ignazio, rome, italy, 16911694 i. the architecture “extends” towards the heavens. ii. christ waits for ignatius of loyola. iii. reference to michelangelo’s sistine chapel ceiling. iv. portrays the continents and personifies them. v. the 4 corners of the world, a.k.a. the 4 major continents, are portrayed.",
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19fd71469692f4217f1b38b4aa443ca9 | the distillation column in fig. 15.8 has the following i) transfer function model: y'(s) 2e-20s d'(s) 95s + 1 with gv = gm = gt = 1. y'(s) f'(s) 0.5e-30s 60s + 1 (a) design a feedforward controller based on a steady-state analysis. (b) design a feedforward controller based on a dynamic analysis. (c) design a pi feedback controller based on the direct synthesis approach of chapter 12 with tc = 30. (d) simulate the closed-loop response to a unit step change in the disturbance variable using feedforward control only and the controllers of parts (a) and (b). does the dynamic controller of part (b) provide a significant improvement? | the distillation column in fig. 15.8 has the following i) | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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e3aedadc038cd8c7009f2e095d3c0226 | use the change-of-base property and a calculator to find a decimal approximation to each of the following logarithms.iog157 | solved: use the change-of-base property and a calculator | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 money and prices in the long run chapter 16 notes the monetary system ● barter economy ○ “double coincidence of wants.” ● money ○ set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people. ● the functions of money ○ medium of exchange. ○ unit of account. ○ store of value. ○ means of deferred payment. ● money is a subset of wealth. it is the only thing that can be exchanged for goods universally. ● medium of exchange ○ item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services. ● unit of account ○ yardstick people use to post prices and record debts. ● money eliminates the coincidence of wants! ● store of value ○ item that people can use to transfer purchasing power. ■ from the present to the future. ● means of deferred payments; ○ you settle your debts with money. ● liquidity ○ ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange. ● commodity money ○ money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value. ■ ex. gold, cigarettes, etc. ● intrinsic value ○ item would have value even if it were not used as money. ● gold standard gold as money ○ or paper money that is convertible into gold on demand. ● fiat money ○ money without intrinsic value. notes key boldedtexts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ used as money because of government decree. ○ “this note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.” ● fiat an order or decree. ● money stock ○ quantity of money circulating in the economy . ● currency ○ paper bills and coins in the hands of the public. ● demand deposits ○ balances in bank accounts; depositors can access on demand by writing a check. ● measures of money stock ○ m1 ■ demand deposits. ■ traveler’s checks. ■ other deposits. ■ currency. ○ m2 ■ everything in m1. ■ saving deposits. ■ small time deposits. ■ money market mutual funds. ■ a few other minor categories. ● the federal reserve (the fed) ○ the central bank of the u.s. ● central bank ○ institution designed to ■ oversee the banking system. ■ regulate quantity of money in economy. ● federal reserve ○ created in 1913 ○ after a series of bank failures in 1907 it was established. ○ purpose: to ensure the health of the nation’s banking system. ● board of governors ○ seven members, 14year terms. ■ appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. ○ the chairman ■ directs the fed staff. ■ presides over board meetings. ■ testifies regularly about fed policy in front of congressional committees. notes key boldedtexts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ■ appointed by the president by 4year (renewable) terms. ● the federal reserve system ○ fed reserve board in washington, d.c. ○ 12 regional federal reserve banks. ■ major cities around the country. ■ the presidents are chosen by each bank’s board of directors. ● the fed’s job ○ regulate banks and ensure the health of the banking system. ■ regional federal reserve banks. ■ monitors each bank’s financial condition. ■ facilitates bank transactions clearing checks. ■ acts as a bank’s bank. ■ the fed lender of lost resort. ○ control money supply. ■ quantity of money available in the economy. ■ monetary policy. ● by federal open market committee (fomc). ● money supply ○ quantity of money available in economy. ● monetary policy ○ setting of the money supply. ● fomc ○ seven members on the board of governors. ○ 5 of 12 regional bank presidents. ■ all 12 regional presidents attend an fomc meeting, but only 5 get to vote. ○ meets about every six weeks in d.c. ○ discuss the condition of the economy. ○ consider changes in monetary policy. ● fed’s primary tool: openmarket operations. ○ openmarket operations the buying and selling of u.s. government bonds. ● fomc decrease the money supply. ○ the fed: openmarket sale. ● fomc increase the money supply. ○ the fed: openmarket purchase. ● the fed does not issue bonds, only trades them! ● money ○ currency and demand deposits. notes key bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided y instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ● behavior of banks ○ can influence the quantity of demand deposits in the economy (and the money supply). ○ ∴money supply = currency + demand deposits ● reserves ○ deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out. ● the simple case of 100% reserve banking ○ all deposits are held as reserves. ● banks do not influence that supply of money. ● fractionalreserve banking ○ banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves. ● reserve ratio ○ fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves. ● reserve requirements ○ minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold; set by the fed. ○ ∴funds to cover withdrawals. ● excess reserve ○ banks may hold reserves above the legal minimum. ■ ex. first national bank reserve ratio of 10%. ○ commonly occurs during seasonal holidays or when economy is not as reliable (people are less likely to pay). 1 ● the money multiplier = wherr r is the required reserve. ○ ex. started $100 → bank (x 10) → $1000 ○ r = 10% therefore multiplier is 0.1 vs. 10 or 1/10. ○ amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves. 1 ○ ∴reciprocal of the reserve ratio = r ● the higher the reserve ratio ○ the smaller the money multiplier. ● banks do not create wealth! ○ though they increase supply of money, they create equal amounts of debt for those they loan to; thus an equilibrium. ● bank capital ○ resources a bank’s owners have put into the institutions. ○ used to generate profit. ● assets and liabilities must be equal! ● “when banks assets don’t alleviate liabilities the bank is insolvent.” ○ from here they can only apply for a loan from the fed or be dissolved and have all their assets sold. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided b instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ good reason put your money in multiple banks. assets liabilities reserves deposits loans debt securities capital (owners’ equity) ● leverage ○ use of borrowed money to supplement existing funds for purposes of investment. ● leverage ratio ○ ratio of assets to bank capital. assets ○ leverage ratio = bank capital ● capital requirement ○ government regulation specifying a minimum amount of bank capital. ● influences the quantity of reserves. ○ openmarket operations. ○ fed lending to banks. ● influences the reserve ratio. ○ reserve requirements. ○ paying interest on reserves. ● openmarket operations ○ purchase and sale of u.s. government bonds by the fed. ○ to increase the money supply. ■ the fed buys u.s. government bonds. ○ to reduce the money supply (ex. inflation) ■ the fed sells u.s. government bonds. ○ easy to conduct. ○ used more often. ● fed lending to banks ○ to increase the money supply. ○ discount window. ■ at the discount rate. ○ term auction facility ■ the highest bidder. ● the fed determines the discount rate. ○ the fed sets a quantity of funds it wants to lend to banks. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ○ eligible banks can bid to borrow those funds. ○ loans go to the highest eligible bidder. ■ acceptable collateral. ■ pay the highest interest rate. ● reserve requirements ○ minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposit. ■ an increase in reserve requirements. ● decrease in money supply. ■ a decrease in reserve requirements. ● increase the money supply. ○ used rarely disrupt business of banking. ○ less effective in recent years. ■ many banks hold excess reserves. ● paying interest on reserves ○ since october 2008. ○ the higher the interest rate on reserves. ■ the more reserves banks will choose to hold. ○ an increase in the interest rate on reserves. ■ increase the reserve ratio. ■ lower the money multiplier. ■ lower the money supply. ● the fed’s control of the money supply ○ not precise. ● the fed does not control: ○ the amount of money that households choose to hold as deposits in banks. ○ the amount that bankers choose to lend. ● the federal funds rate ○ interest rate at which banks make overnight loans to one another. ■ lender has excess reserves. ■ borrower need reserves. ○ a change in federal fund rate. ■ changes other interest rates. ● fed reserve bank does not determine the federal fund rate. ● the fed: target the federal funds rate. ○ openmarket operations. ■ the fed buys bonds. ● decrease in the federal funds rate. ● increase in the money supply. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided b instructor. \n week 12 april 13th april 20th spring 2016 ■ the fed sells bonds. ● increase in the federal funds rate. ● decrease in the money supply. ● federal funds do not come from fed but banks to banks. notes key:bolded texts = most important facts stressed by professor. ∴ symbol = “therefore” or “in other words”. “ ” = specific definition or word choice provided by instr ctor.",
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7d2905d95074a1ac130ee18ad650c97d | ?problem 74e
group trends in metals and nonmetals (sections)
write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each of the following cases: (a) cesium is added to water. (b) strontium is added to water. (c) sodium reacts with oxygen. (d) calcium reacts with iodine. | solved: group trends in metals and nonmetals | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": " week 10 week 9; day 27 4/8/2016: no notes. exam 3: day 28 4/11/2016: the 1918 flu project pedagogy and findings: 1918 influenza virus in the news during the time of this study. what was unique about the 1918 spanish flu?: ● it killed 2040 year olds. ● it killed fast (23 days). ● hemorrhagic symptoms. oshkosh, wisconsin in 1918 population: approx. 33,000. ● world war i was going on. ● soldiers were getting ready to be sent by ship to the war. ● maybe some of the people who were in the prime of their lives were not as healthy as we thought. ● no immunity = a really bad disease. ● the first soldier that died in wwi did not die by spanish flu. ● dr. lockhart: a doctor at what is ca“winnebago mental health” today. ○ in the past, it was cal“northern insane asylum.” 1918 “spanish” influenza pandemic : ● estimates range from 2150 million people (wwi took 9 million lives). ● true members can never be known. ● many places that were bludgeoned by the flu did not keep mortality statistics. ● even in the u.s. efforts at tabulating deaths were complicated by the fact that there were no definitive tests in those days to confirm flu. ● spread faster than any plague in history. ○ took 7 days to sweep across america. ○ took 3 months to sweep around the world. how deadly was it? : ● killed more people in less time than all the plagues in history. ● in alaska, 60% of the eskimo population was wiped out. ● islands in the south pacific (where respiratory illness is uncommon and nonlethal lost 20% of their populations. ● 25x more deadly than other influenza viruses. \n ● killed 2.5% of its victims (normally 0.1% of those who get the flu die). this number is wrong so do not memorize. where did it come from? ● experts discuss two waves of influen : ○ wave 1: ■ tourist season, san sebastian, spain, february, 918: ● nothing alarming, 3 days or so of fever, aches and pains. ● highly contagiousnearly everyone exposed, became ill. ● seemed to strike young, healthy adults. ■ the rest of the world fell ill. the name of “spanish flu” may have stuck because spain did not censor its news reports, unlike other european countries. spain’s flu, was no secret. ○ wave 2 at nearly the same ti: ■ u.s. army base, midwest (fort riley, kansas), march 918: ● spread to europe. ● 15th u.s. cavalry. ● in the lungs of soldiers headed for wwi. oshkosh, wisconsin knew the flu was coming. influenza was/is airborne. timeline of influenza epidemic oshk sh: ● the worst month is october. ● october 5:10 casereportedatient zewas a young man who grew up in oshkosh. he was livingillino as a car maker. he was 1819 years old and decided to join the army. ● october 7: first 2 deaths. ● october 10:63 casereported. flower shortage. library was closed. ● october 15 440 casereportedanin effect: no public gatherings (funerals, meetings, saloon, restaurant curfew). ● october 26: many vaccinated with anthnfluenza serum from mayo hospital. ● october 31: whiskey gets inning. said to be effective against influenza. ● november 2: ban to be lifted soon. situation 014 cases to da . oshkosh, wisconsin armistice day november 11, 1918. ● the war was coming to an end. ● everyone was so excited about this, that they forgot about the flu that was going around. timeline of influenza epidemic oshk sh: ● november 11: “terms of armistice.” oshkosh got up early to show joy at the good news. ● november 12: pease parade big. spirit runs high. \n ● november 15: flu cases growing. ● november 23: city keeps lid on. closing ban remains. ● november 25: now it is smallpox 12 cases quarantined. ● november 29: disease is abating, ban will be lifted. ● november 30: influenza ban lifted. ● december 3: schools reopen. attendance was about 75%. ● december 11: total cases to d083 ● december 18: flu climbs up a bit. ● december 24: raise of smallpox ban. ● december 26: epidemic is getting weak. bio 315 (virology) undergraduate assignmen : ● use of death certificates, newspapers, diaries and school yearbooks. ● students would draw from a hat and give the story for the one in which they picked. lol letters ● “little old ladies.” ● letters sent to our professor from survivors of influenza. cytokine storm: ● a potentially fatal immune reaction consistositive feedback lobetween cytokines andimmune cell, with highly elevated levels of various cytokines. in the lungs, fluids and immune cells suacrophages may accumulate and eventually block off the airways, potentially resulting in death. healthcare workers at risk for contracting the flu. morbidity/mortality rates spanish influ nza: ● winnebago city deaths 182 ● other “probable deaths” 46 ● wwi soldiers: 56; half of these died in camps. ● winnebago city cases/newspaper record: 2083 ● winnebago city cases/public health recor: 100 public health records register of reports of contagious disease winnebago co: ty ● number of cases and when: ○ november 1918: 100 ○ december 1918: 0 ○ january 1919: 7 ○ february 1919: 7 ○ march 1919: 0 ○ april 1919: 0 ○ may 1919: 0 \n ○ june 1919: 0 ○ the reportings/ers were not very good. numbers of influenza related deaths at hospital in winnebago county : ● alexian brothers hospita: 1 ● emergency hospital: 4 ● mercyhospita 7 ● northern hospital (insane asylum) 15 ● saint mary’s hospita: 5 ● southside hospital: 2 ● sunny view isolation sanitarium: 3 ● theda clark hospital (neenah): 17 day 29 4/13/2016: the 1918 flu project pedagogy and findings continued: for exam: symptoms. difference between this flu and regular flu. incubation period. infectious dose = 1,0002,000 particles. 1918 spanish influenza in the u.s: ● killed 675,000 americans. ● 4.39/1000 national average. u.s. records: ● march, 1918 ford motor company: ○ 1000 workers called in sick with the flu. ● aprilmay, 1918 san quentin prison: ○ 500 to 1,900 prisoners. flu remedies/pharmacists : ● dr. perry w. dought, stout, wi. ● 1918 day book and financial records. ● august: 35 prescriptions. ● september: 55 prescriptions. ● october: 293 prescriptions. profit was the highest in this month. ● november: 176 prescriptions. ● december: 120 prescriptions. \n the deadly strain returned the following year in oshkosh: ● during the months of jan. and feb. 1920, there was 49 influenza related deaths in winnebago city. ● 31 of these were oshkosh residents. ● the 1920 influenza produced the same deteriorating physical effects as in 1918. you can survive 3 minutes without air (on average). 3 days without water. and 30 days without food. *know for test* cycle of avian influenza viruses in animals: shore birds → waterfowl → domestic birds → mammals (primarily swine) → humans. mortality rate: 5060%, within 12 weeks after onset of symptoms. day 30 4/15/2016: microbes in the news update elizabethkingia case in illinois ● claimed lives in wisconsin, michigan and illinois same strain in all states. ● elizabethkingia found in soil and water. ● investigators now interviewing family members. ○ communityacquired infection. chapter 10 viral and prion diseases: the influenza pandemic of 1918 killed 50 to 100 million people worldwide in a single year. biology of influenza ● influenza symptoms are coldlike, with headache, high fever, muscle pain, severe cough, and congestion. ● the disease usually disappears within 2 weeks. ● infects humans and other species, including seals, dogs, pigs, and birds (particularly ducks). transmission of influenza: ● transmitted through droplets/aerosol. ○ sneezing, coughing. ● fomites play a secondary role. ● conditions of cooler temperatures and low humidity favor transmission. ● crowding, close intermingling favors transmission. ○ example: nursing homes, classrooms, army barracks. ● infectious dose: inhaled 1,0002,000 viruses. ● rnought (how many more people are going to get sick) : 13. \n influenza strains and vaccines ● influenza has two types of surface antigenic protein spikes. ○ h (hemagglutinin)spikes attach the virus to epithelial cells of the respiratory (sialic acid) mucosa and aid in viral entry into these cells. ○ n (neuraminidase)spikes play a role in the release of new virions from cells. ● 3 types/categories of influenza viruse : ○ influenza a: ■ causes epidemics and pandemics. ■ infects animals, birds, humans, etc. ○ influenza b: ■ less severe, causes epidemics, no animal reservoir. ○ influenza c: ■ causes mild respiratory illness in humans. ● influenza surface antigens undergo two types of antigenic change. ○ antigenic shif (type a only): a major, abrupt antigenic change in the h or n spikes; results from the recombination of genetic material from cells infected with different viral strains creates a “new” influenza strain. ○ antigenic drif: results from the slow accumulation of mutations affecting the antigenicity of h and n antigens. specific antibodies against the h and n proteins are protective, but these proteins are capable of rapid evolutionary change. antigenic shift results in rapid evolution of new strains of influenza virus. influenza strains and vaccines continued: ● influenza antiviral drugs: ○ block influenza neuraminidase activity. ○ must be taken within 48 hours after symptoms to reduce severity of illness. ● zanamivir (relenza/injectio fda approved. ● oseltamivir (tamiflu/pill fo, fda approved. ● peramivir, emergency approvalduring h1n1 pandemic of 2009. the coming flu pandemic?: ● antigenic shifts of influenza a. ● johan hultin. ● 1918 influenza research. ● why so deadly? the first flu pandemic of the twentyfirst century: ● major pandemics occurred in 1918, 1957, and 1968. ● pandemics happen every 3040 years. ● the world currently faces the threat of a potential pandemic. \n ● 2009 h1n1 swine influenza pandemic. ○ epicente mexico. ○ aprildecembe: 208 countries. ○ deaths in u 7,500 to 12,000. \n week 11 day 31 4/18/16: microbes in the ne : ● earthquake in japan. ● 7.2 magnitude. ● 42+ dead. ● 1000+ injured. ● what infectious diseases will surface? ● infectiotriangl aids: ● aids acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ● caused by thuman immunodeficiencvirus (hiv). ● appeared in cdc’s morbidity and mortality weekl982 ort in 1 ● ispandemic, has spread throughout the world, particularly in africa. ● diagnosed by certain signs and symptoms: ○ hiv positive. ○ low cd4+ (helper t cell) cell count (below 200). ○ one or morepportunistinfection(bacterial, viral, protozoal, and fungal). ○ swollen lymph nodes, sudden weight loss, and a rare vascular cancer called kaposi’s sarcoma (caused by herpes v us). biology of hiv: ● hiv is a retrovirus. ○ its rna genome reversetranscribeinto dna. ○ new virus particles are released from udding by b ○ at least two types of hiv: ■ hiv: is the most common cause of aids worldwide. ■ hiv: is the most common cause of aids in west africa. \n origins of aids: ● genetic studies link hiv to the chimpanzee pan troglodytes. ● the first welldocumented case of aids occurred in an african man in 1959; he was diagnosed decades after his death. ● two researchers claimed discovery of hiv: ○ luc montagnier of the pasteur institute in paris. ○ robert galloof the national institute of health. ● the 2008 nobel prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to montagnier and his colleague francoise barresinoussi. transmission of aids: ● hiv can be transmitted in five ways: ○ sexualcontact with an infected partner: male to male, male to female, female to male, or female to female. ○ contact with contaminated blood or blood products. ○ sharing bloodcontaminated needles and syringe as with iv drug use (high frequency of transmission) or by accidental needle stick in health provider (0.5% risk of transmission). ○ transmitted from mother to child: ■ through passage of hiv across the placenta (about a 25% risk of mother does not take antivirals, 2% risk if mother on antivirals). ■ transmission to child via contact with contaminated blood and secretions during birth. ■ transmission via breast milk containing the virus. ○ premastication pre chewing food for infants (does not happen in the u.s.). aids the disease: ● hiv depletes the number of thelper cells, resulting in the individual’s becoming immunocompromised and vulnerable to opportunistic diseases caused by an array of microbes. ● hiv positive individuals, with rare exceptions, progress to clinical aids over an incubation period that can vary from a few years to 15 years or longer. ● the cdc describes four stages to hiv infection: ○ the prodromalstage is characterized by fever, diarrhea, rash, aches, headaches, lymphadenopathy, and fatigue, lasting a few weeks to a few months. ○ the latencyperiod, which can last from two to fifteen years (av: 10 years); persons may be asymptomatic but they can infect others and usually have detectable antihiv antibodies in their blood. ○ the lymphadenopathy, with swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers, night sweats, persistent diarrhea and cough, extreme fatigue, possible neurological impairment, and opportunistic infections. \n ○ conversion taids; death is likely within a few years, repeated opportunistic infections result as the immune system is severely weakened with the cd4+ tcell count dropping below 200. opportunisticinfection ● mycobacterium tb. ● herpe simplex virus. ● cytomegalovirus. ● varicellazoster virus. ● epsteinbarr virus. ● pneumocystis jirovecii. ● candida albicans. ● mycobacterium avium. cause of aids: ● evidence that hiv causes aids (based on koch’s postulates): ○ 1.pidemiologicaassociation: the suspected cause must be strongly associated with the dis(virtually all aids patients are hiv+). ○ 2.isolatio: the pathogen can be isolatedand propagatedoutside the host (true in virtually all aids cases tested). ○ 3.ransmissionpathogenesis: transfer of the suspected pathogen to an uninfected host, human, or animals results in disease idemonstrated in accidental infection of laband healthworkers, blood transfusion recipients, children of hiv+ mothers, etc.). ○ 4.reisolat: the pathogen must be reisolated from the infected host and be identical to the original patrue in aids cases tested). aids treatment and prevention: ● treatment: ○ despite great cost and effort in aids research, the goals of prevention and cure will not be met in the near future. ○ to prevent or cure aids any drug or vaccine must interfere with some aspect of hiv’s life cycle. ○ azt (the first clinically safe and effective antihiv drug) inhibits the reverse transcriptase and blocks synthesis of dna from rna. ■ azt resembles a building block of viral dna synthesis, and when it is mistakenly used by the virus dna synthesis stops. ○ proteaseinhibitor are approved for treating hiv infection and act by interfering with the processing of viral proteins used in assembly. ○ theaids cocktai” or highly acute antiretroviral therapy, uses two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor. antihiv therapies target hiv adsorption, entry of reverse transcriptase, assembly of new virions, etc. \n day 32 4/20/16: charlie sheen: ● november 17, 2015. ● diagnose approx. 2010. ● revealed hiv status. ● today show interview with matt lauer. hiv and seniors: ● growing problem. ● sexual performance meds= seniors having sex. ● symptoms of aging mimic aids: ○ fatigue. ○ pain. ○ night sweats. ○ infections. ● doctors may not think to test for hiv. ● remember we watched: dirty bird special (supplemental video). hiv epidemic in small town austin of indiana: ● over 180 cases (austin pop appro. 4,200). ● linked to injection drug use. ● generations of families inject opana or heroin together. ● worst hiv epidemic in state history. ● many reusing needles 300 times. ● tied to people injecting liquefied form of a painkiller opana. ● governor has authorized a needle exchange program. ● needleexchange program available for one year to try to reduce the number of hiv infections about 80% of cases also have hcv infection (hepatitis c virus). this can happen here!: ● winnebago county. ● 5 people died over weekend of february 67th, 2016. ● heroin overdose. ● 4 men, 1 woman. ● two in 30s. ● three in 50s. ● city of rockford. \n uw oshkosh campus: ● december 17, 2016. ● former uw oshkosh football player dexter charles. ○ delivered the heroin that killed oshkosh woman. ● charged with homicide by heroin. ○ may, 2014 overdose of 22 year old oshkosh woman deanna m. lake. aids in africa, caribbean, eastern europe, and central asia: ● since the late 1970s, over 20 million africans have died from aids. ● aids has left millions of children orphaned. ● life expectancy in some african countries is less than 40 years. ● hospital wards are overburdened. ● aids victims may be told to “go home and die,” because there are no drugs to help. ● in 1992, brazil started producing its own aids drugs and distributing them free of charge. ○ government laboratories now produce at least five aids drugs. ○ the number of aidsrelated deaths in rio de janeiro and sao paulo, the country’s hot spots of aids has plummeted. ● the caribbean has the second highest hiv prevalence after subsaharan africa. ● new infections in the caribbean region decreased by 25% in the dominican republic and jamaica and by 12% in haiti. ● decline associated with hiv prevention services for pregnant women. ● regions in eastern europe and central asia do not fit the pattern of decline or stabilization of hiv infections. ● the number of people living with hiv in eastern europe and central asia rose 250% from 2001 to 2010. ● russian federation and the ukraine have the fastestgrowing number of hiv cases. aids in the united states: ● the u.s. has one of the largest populations of hivinfected in the world. ● the annual number of new infections remains relatively stable. ● as of march, 2012: ○ 1.7 million people in the u.s. have been infected with hiv since the start of the epidemic in 1981. ○ 619,000 have died. ○ 1.2 million people living with hiv by the end of 2008. ■ 61% among men who have sex with men. ■ 46% of those living with hiv in the u.s. are african americans. ■ 1 in 5 people do not know they are infected with hiv. \n the future of aids: ● we do not know when the aids epidemic will end or when an effective aids treatment or vaccine will be found. ● active research in all phases of hiv infection and aids is under way, sponsored by the private and public sectors. hiv and influenza are discussed in chapter 16 (current plagues). gastroenteritis: ● gastroenteritis is characterized by stomach and abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. ● rotaviruses: *not on test* ○ about 200,000 er visits a year in the u.s. ● noroviruses (norwalk and norwalklike viruses: ○ infectiousdose< 10 viral particles. ○ viruses can persist in the environment. ○ naked viruses = no envelope. ○ viruses continue to be shed after recovery. ○ outbreaks associated with cruise ships, food service workers, hospitals, etc. ○ there are many different strains. ● hepatitis a: ○ usually mild and selflimiting, with an abrupt onset. ○ unusual, as recovery is usually complete without chronic infection. ○ transmission is by the fecaloral route, from contaminated food and drinking water. ○ approx. 50% of cases are subclinical. ○ good handwashing and sanitation is most effective at control. ○ diagnosis is based on detection of antibodies in the blood. ○ no specific treatment, but a vaccine is available. day 33 4/22/16: gastroenteritis: ● most cases of polio are asymptomatic, but a small number result in paralysis. ● replication in nerve cells causes paralytic poliomyelitis and limb deformities. ● transmission is from person to person, direct fecaloral contact, by indirect contact with infectious saliva or contaminated water. \n airborne viral diseases: ● usually spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person to a susceptible person. ○ respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). ○ common cold. ○ measles. ○ mumps. ○ german measles (rubella). ○ chickenpox and shingles. ○ hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. ○ severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). ○ smallpox. ○ influenza covered in chapter 16 (current plagues). respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): ● highly contagious anndemic worldwide. ● rsv is the common cause of two serious respiratory diseasronchiolitand pneumonia and is lifethreatening to infants with preexisting lung or heart conditions. ● the symptoms of the infection are nonspecific (fever, runny nose, ear infection, and pharyngitis). ● outbreaks are a threat in pediatric wards and in nurseries. ● frequent and careful hand washing decreases the transmission. ● treatment is largely supportive, and oxygen therapy may be necessary in some cases. ● the antiviral drribaviri may be administered as an aerosol. ● there is no vaccine. common cold: ● about half of all colds are caused by two rna viruses: ○ rhinoviruses ○ coronaviruses. ● symptoms are sneezing, coughing, sore throat, stiffness, and malaise. ● within some viral groups there may be over 100 different strains. ● transmission is by droplets and fomites (hands, doorknobs, etc). ● most cold viruses possess mechanisms for attachment to nasal passages. ● diagnosis of a cold is symptombased. ● the illness is generally mild and selflimiting. figure 10.06. enterovirus diseases during the summer time. they are “naked”. table 10.02 study for exam. \n measles (rubella), mumps, and german measles (rubella): ● each is of these childhood illnesses is caused by a specific rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family. ● the mr vaccine was introduced in 1968. ○ mmr consists of a mixture of live, attenuated measles, mumps, and german measles viruses. ○ the vaccine has drastically reduced the incidence of these diseases, but immunization remains necessary to maintain herd immunity. measles (rubeola): ● highly infectious; humans are the only reservoir. ● transmission by respiratory droplets, exacerbated by: ○ overcrowding. ○ low levels of herd immunity. ○ malnutrition. ○ poor medical care. ● symptoms are coldlike, with the early developmeoplik’s spotin the mouth followed by a red rash on the face that spread to the extremities and most of the body. ● measles is usually mild and selflimiting, but one in 500 children develops potentially fatal complications, including pneumonia, ear infections, brain damage, and seizures. ● it is a significant cause of death in developing countries. ● immunity from infection is lifelong, and lasts 20 years. ● mmr controversial vaccine. ● andrew wakefield: lead researcher of the 1he lancetreport suggesting mmr vaccine caused autism. ● the lancet report was retracted in 2012. ○ wakefield was found guilty of unethical medical practice and scientific misconduct. mumps : ● humans are the only natural hosts for the virus. ● most commonly infects children under the age 15. ● infection of tparotid glancauses a large swelling on one or both sides of the face. ● many children are asymptomatic. ● the virus can spread to the testes, ovaries, meninges, heart, and kidneys. ● complications (rare) include sterility (males) and deafness. rubella (german measles): ● a highly infectious rna virus, it is the mildest rashforming virus. ● endemic worldwide. ● transmitted usually by respiratory secretions (urine also). ● asymptomatic carriers may transmit the virus. \n ● the characteristic rash starts on the face and progresses down the trunk and to the extremities; it resolves in about three days. ● prenatal transmission of rubella can cause cardiac lesions, deafness, ocular lesions resulting in blindness, and mental and physical retardation. ● immunization has been very successful, declared eradicated from the united states in 2004. ",
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bb50f2c4c96161211e3bae74bb8b8b4e | the three identical boxes shown in figure 617 remain at rest on a rough, horizontal surface, even though they are acted on by two different forces, and . all of the forces labeled f ! 1f have the same magnitude; all of the forces labeled are identical to one another. rank the boxes in order of increasing magnitude of the force static friction between them and the surface. indicate ties where appropriate. | the three identical boxes shown in figure 617 remain at | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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d4898d6c3dd01e32e5fc5ae4bc0eff29 | if rope bc will fail when the tension becomes 50 kn, determine the greatest vertical load f that can be applied to the beam at b. what is the magnitude of the reaction at a for this loading? neglect the thickness of the beam. c a 26 kn f 13 12 5 5 3 4 b 2 m 4 m probs. 547/48 | solved: if rope bc will fail when the tension becomes 50 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " question 1 in societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ for the particularistic normed societies and \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ for the universalistic normed societies. a. not effective; effective b. effective; not effective c. effective; effective d. not effective; not effective 1 points question 2 all of the following are examples of universalistic norms in american society, except: a. taking piano lessons. b. being allowed to vote upon turning 18. c. stopping at traffic lights when driving. d. being required to file taxes annually. 1 points question 3 professor gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular minicultures. professor gates is studying: a. peer collectives. b. cliques. c. crowds. d. subcultures. 1 points question 4 according to kinney's research, youngsters who were \"nerds\" in middle school: \n a. were automatically labeled \"dweebs\" in high school. b. were the \"popular\" group in high school. c. could never become part of another crowd. d. had opportunities to shift status in high school. 1 points question 5 dr. whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. she pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. she met a group of students and eventually joined their group. this type of observation is called: a. naturalistic observation. b. an ethnographic approach. c. a demographic approach. d. participant observation. 1 points question 6 in comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ time with their peers \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ with their parents. a. more; than b. less; than c. as much; as d. there is too much conflicting data on this issue to give a definitive answer. 1 points question 7 janet is a 7th grader with several good friends (kathy, kara, natalie, sarah, and meredith.. natalie and sarah are in one clique. kara is in a second clique. kathy is in a third clique. \n meredith is only friends with janet. according to ennett & bauman, janet would be considered a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ and meredith would be considered a \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_. a. liaison; isolate b. isolate; isolate c. clique member; liaison d. liaison; liaison 1 points question 8 according to research, who will most likely conform to negative peer pressure? a. john, a 4th grader b. mike, a 9th grader c. bill, a 12th grader d. steve, an emerging adult 1 points question 9 research studying adolescent cliques has found that a. in high school, more than 80% of adolescents are in a clique. b. boys are more likely than girls to be a member of a clique. c. girls are less likely than boys to be isolates of the clique. d. all of the above statements are true. 1 points question 10 sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. she is very socially adept, and notices that britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than sarah receives. jealous, she decides to start a rumor about britney that \n she knows will cause many people to stop liking britney. sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what? a. reactive aggression b. friendly fire aggression c. relative aggression d. relational aggression ",
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1940f0519c0e35cec801777e86172648 | why cant an ionic bond form between potassium and magnesium? | why cant an ionic bond form between potassium and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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eb24eff1b84cda30ba684ece2e2da36d | pols 110 pols 110 pols 110 | pols 110 | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "rules of the game: - timing of elections - length of terms for house of reps, senate, president, and staggered terms for federal offices who may vote: - left up to states in constitution but since has been regulated by amendments - americans vote more often and for more offices than citizens of any other democracy special election- w hen a house member dies or leaves office house of representatives: - special elections - 2 year terms senate: - 6 year terms - ⅓ up for election at one time president: - 4 year terms - limited to 2 terms with 22nd amendment 1951 lame duck: a politician who cannot, or announces they will not, run again for office winner-take-all syst",
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554e9c413344130f84cf8731959e8f31 | what differences are likely to exist between unicellular organisms and cells of larger organisms? | what differences are likely to exist between unicellular | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts study guide: chapters 1216 chapter 12: emotions, stress, and health emotions – response of the entire organism including physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience jameslange theory – theory that experience of emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli cannonbard theory – theory that emotionarousing stimulus triggers simultaneously physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion two factor theory – theory that to experience emotion one has to be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal (schachtersinger) o spillover effect – emotions carry over into other events study in 1962 injected men with epinephrine, which triggers arousal, and made them sit in a room with a confederate that as either acting agitated or euphoric men tended to identify with the emotions of the person and interpreted the emotions of the other person to be spilled over arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it emotions follow two different brain pathways o high road – responses go through the thalamus to the brain cortex to be analyzed before sent out via the amygdala o low road – responses skip the cortex and go directly from the thalamus to the amygdala one study showed people have amygdala response to certain images that are flashed quickly without being aware of the image or their reaction theory explanation of emotions example jameslange emotions arise from our we observe heart racing after awareness of our specific a threat and then feel afraid bodily responses to emotion arousing stimuli cannonbard emotion arousing stimuli heart races at the same time trigger our bodily responses we feel afraid and simultaneous subjective experience schachtersinger our experience of emotion interpret our arousal as fear depends on two factors: or excitement depending on general arousal and conscious the context cognitive label zajonc; ledoux some emotional responses automatically feel startled by \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts happen instantly without a sound in the forest before conscious appraisal labeling it as a threat lazarus cognitive appraisal the sound is “just the wind” sometimes without our awareness defines emotion in crisis, the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body for action when crisis passes, parasympathetic division calms the body as stress hormones leave the blood stream emotions activate different areas of the brain’s cortex o left hemisphere activates with positive emotions, right frontal lobe activates with negative emotions the brain can detect subtle expressions yet finds it difficult to perceive deceiving expressions women are more likely to show empathy and describe themselves as sympathetic o women show much more emotion when watching different types of movies paul ekman studied isolated people in new guinea and their facial expressions in response to certain statements o american college students could identify their emotions facial expressions are universal cultures differ in how much emotion they express o cultural differences exist within nations facial feedback effect – tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness o forced expressions influence how we feel behavior feedback effect – tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions izard suggested there are 10 basic emotions that combine to form other emotions anger is caused by other people or small annoyances chronic hostility is linked to heart disease o anger leads to higher heart rate, sweating, rises in testosterone, and blood flow to the brain individualist cultures encourage people to vent o groups see anger as a threat to harmony catharsis – in psychology, the emotional release of aggression or the theory that releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges o this is a myth, expressing anger breeds more anger the best ways to manage anger are o to wait o to find a healthy distraction or support o to distance yourself happiness leads to more life success \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o better decision maker, more cooperative, healthier, more tolerant, social feelgood, dogood phenomenon – people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood o dogood, feelgood phenomenon positive psychology – scientific study of human flourishing with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive subjective wellbeing – selfperceived happiness with life used with measures of objective wellbeing to evaluate quality of life individuals in rich countries experience greater wellbeing economic growth in affluent countries has provided no apparent boost to morale or social wellbeing adaptationlevel phenomenon – our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience relative deprivation – the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself happy people tend to o have high selfesteem o be optimistic and agreeable o have close friendships o have work that engages skills o have religious faith o sleep well and exercise happiness is not related to o age o gender o physical attractiveness stress – process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging o stressor – a situation we view as challenging o appraisal – deciding if it is a stressor o stressor leads to appraisal leads to response leads to coping stressors o catastrophes on a large scale o significant life changes and transitions o daily hassles o low social status and power general adaptation syndrome – the concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (selye) o alarm reaction – the sympathetic nervous system is activated o resistance – hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol) and the full body engage to meet the challenge (fight or flight) o exhaustion – vulnerable to illness \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts prolonged stress damages the body tend and befriend – under stress, people provide support to others and bond to seek support from others o more frequent with women health psychology – contribution to behavioral medicine psychoneuroimmunology – study new psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together and how they affect immune system and health o stress creates energy need and leads to a lower ability to resist infections coronary heart disease – clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries type a – competitive, harddriving, impatient, verbally aggressive, angerprone people type b – easygoing, relaxed people coping – alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods problemfocused coping – alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it emotionfocused coping – avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress reactions learned helplessness – hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events o study done in which an executive rat turned off shocks and a subordinate could not, the subordinate rat had more health problems those of higher status feel more control o optimistic people have more control and cope with stress better external locus of control – the perception that chance and outside forces determine our fate o less motivation to achieve and more anxious internal locus of control – we control our own fate or free will o achieve more, cope better, less depression o locus – place selfcontrol – control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater longterm rewards o uses brain energy o can be improved with practice o has individual differences o marshmallow study in which children were tested on if they could wait to eat the marshmallow in front of them kids that resisted eating the marshmallow had more success in school and socially aerobic exercise – sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness and helps to alleviate depression and anxiety o reduces heart disease, cognitive decline, early death o improves the management of stress \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts relaxation can speed healing o lifestyle modification – control diet, medication, and exercise for survivors of heart attack meditation can reduce suffering and improve awareness, insight, and compassion religiously active people tend to live longer chapter 13: social psychology social psychology – the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another attribution theory – explain behavior by crediting either situation or person’s disposition (helder) o attribution – a conclusion about the cause of an event fundamental attribution error – the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behaviors, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition when we explain our own behavior, we are sensitive to situation o attribute good actions to our own good reasons attitudes – feelings, often influenced by beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events persuasion efforts take two forms o peripheral route persuasion – occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractiveness o central route persuasion – occurs when people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts footinthedoor phenomenon – tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request o adjust attitudes to actions o doing becomes believing role – set of expectations in social position defining how one ought to behave o zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment – people took on the roles of either a prison guard or a prisoner and led them to act accordingly the guards were violent and mean toward the prisoners and the prisoners acted subordinate even when pretending a role, we tend to adopt the attitudes and become the roles cognitive dissonance theory – act to reduce discomfort and dissonance we feel when two of our thoughts and cognitions are inconsistent (festinger) o actions and attitudes clash so, to resolve this, we change our attitudes to fit our actions conformity – adjust behavior and thinking to coincide with a group standard o asch line experiment – college students were asked to pick a certain line out of the group and many answered wrongly when confederates answered wrongly \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts 1/3 of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group people are more likely to conform when they o feel incompetent and insecure o are in a group of at least three people (medium sized) o are in a group where everyone agrees (unanimous) o admire the group’s status o have not already committed to a response or belief o know others are observing o are from a culture that encourages respect for social standards normative social influence – influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval informational social influence – influence resulting from willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality milgram’s shock experiment – the participant or “teacher” gives increasing shocks to a confederate “student” for every wrong answer they give o while the teacher was egged on by the experimenter, the confederate screams in pain o more than 60% complied with the shocks until the final volt obedience was highest in the experiment when o person giving orders was close and had authority o authority figure supported by prestigious institution o victim was distant and depersonalized o no role models for defiance social facilitation – improved performance in simple or welllearned tasks in the presence of others o what we do well we do better with an audience while what one finds difficult is more difficult when being watched social loafing – the tendency when in a group to exert less effort when trying to attain a common goal than when one is individually accountable causes of social loafing o less accountability o individual contributions are expendable o free ride on others’ efforts deindividuation – the loss of selfawareness or selfrestraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity group polarization – the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group groupthink – a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives minority influence – the power to sway majorities prejudice – unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o generally involved stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action 1. stereotypes – generalized belief about a group of people 2. emotions 3. predispositions to act/discriminate discrimination – unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members justworld phenomenon – the tendency for people to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get o social inequality – groups have fewer opportunities and resources than others social identities lead to contrast with other groups o ingroup – “us” or the people with whom we share a common identity o outgroup – “them” which is different and apart from the ingroup o ingroup bias – the tendency to favor your own group scapegoat theory – prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame vivid cases are more readily available to memory and feed stereotypes o availability heuristic – stereotypes are built on vivid cases over statistics thinking habits that reinforce bias lead to o confirmation bias – we don’t look for counters to our stereotypes aggression – any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally genetics influence aggression neural systems either inhibit or facilitate aggression o damage to the frontal lobes increase aggression o amygdala is stimulated hormonal changes o more testosterone leads to irritability, impulsiveness, and low tolerance for frustration o alcohol leads to higher likelihood of violence frustrationaggression principle – principle that frustration (blocking of an attempt to achieve a goal) creates anger which creates aggression the media models sexual and regular violence o sexual aggression seems less serious o rape myth o coercion into sex o more harmful toward women o social scripts – culturally modelled guide for how to act in various situations rely on them when we are unsure of how to behave proximity breeds liking o mere exposure effect – repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them attractiveness influences first impressions friends are more likely to have things in common o we like when someone likes us o reward theory of attraction – we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts passionate love – aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually at the beginning of a love relationship o emotions include physical arousal and cognitive appraisal o arousal can enhance one emotion or another companionate love – deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined equity – people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it selfdisclosure – revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others altruism – unselfish regard for the welfare of others bystander effect – tendency for bystanders to be less likely to give help if other bystanders are present o diffusion of responsibility o fewer help when others are available best odds of helping someone occur when o person appears to need or deserve help o person is similar to us o person is a woman o we just observed someone being helpful o we are not in a hurry o we are in a small town or rural area o we feel guilty o we are not preoccupied o we are in a good mood most important factor social exchange theory – social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs reciprocity norm – the expectation that people will help, not harm, those who have helped them social responsibility norm – the expectation that people will help those needing their help conflict – perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas between people or groups social traps – a situation in which conflicting parties, by pursuing selfinterest over the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior mirrorimage perceptions – mutual views often held by conflicting people as where each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive selffulfilling prophecy – a belief that leads to its own fulfillment positive contact (exposure, interaction, familiarity) can lead to acceptance of minority groups o the 4 c’s to resolve conflict – contact, cooperation, communications (with mediators), and conciliation superordinate goals – shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts grit – graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tensionreductionstrategy designed to decrease international tensions chapter 14: personality personality – individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that persists over time and across situations sigmund freud was a vienna physician who questioned if physical symptoms could be caused purely by psychological factors psychodynamic theory – view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences psychoanalysis – the theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions (freud) unconscious – reservoir of mainly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories (freud) free association – in psychoanalyses, it is a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivia or embarrassing id – the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives o operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification ego – largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality o operates on reality principle satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain superego – part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations o acts as a moral compass psychosexual stages – childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones (sensitive areas of the body) oedipus complex – according to freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father o to fix this, a boy begins to identify with his father identification – process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos fixation – lingering focus of pleasureseeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved defense mechanisms – psychoanalytic theory that the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality o the ego represses anxiety concerning unacceptable impulses o all defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts repression – basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories collective unconscious – shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history (carl jung) projective tests – personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger protection of one’s inner dynamics thematic apperception test (tat) – projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes (murray) rorschach inkblot test – most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots (hermann rorschach) o results do not link well to traits (validity) and different raters get different results (reliability) development is lifelong and not fixed in childhood freud underestimated peer influence freud fails to predict behavior and traits repression is a rare mental response to trauma the unconscious involves o schemas that control perceptions and interpretations o priming by stimuli o right hemisphere activity in split brain patients o implicit memories o emotions o stereotypes humanistic theories – view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy and personal growth o study healthy people through selfreported experiences and feelings o first there was freud, then behaviorism, then humanism maslow’s hierarchy of needs o seek selfactualization – the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and selfesteem is achieved or the motivation to fulfill one’s potential carl roger’s personcentered perspective o growth promoting environment requires three conditions genuineness acceptance or unconditional positive regard toward another empathy o selfconcept – all thoughts and feelings about ourselves who am i? if selfconcept is positive, one perceives the world positively humanistic psychology influences popular psychology criticisms \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o concepts are vague and subjective o emphasis on individualism could lead to selfindulgence, selfishness, and less moral restraint humanistic psychologists believe you must first love yourself to love someone else o naïve and fails to understand human capacity for evil rogers saw evil as a phenomenon and not as a trait trait – a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by selfreport inventories and peer reports o trait theory of personality – traits can be measured and differ from person to person myersbriggs type indicator – identify statistically correlate clusters of behavior o many traits are a function of two dimensions factor analysis – tap components of intelligence personality inventories – questionnaire in which people respond to items that gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors to assess selected personality traits minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi) – most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests how stable are traits? o personality develops until it is stable in adulthood o neuroticism (emotional instability) decreases with age and conscientiousness increases o varies in situations and the average behavior across many situations mostly describes you we change interests in different situations how heritable are traits? o about 50% o animals can have traits do these traits reflect differing brain structures? o brain regions correlate to traits o extraversion and shyness are correlated to the autonomic nervous system’s reactivity which is easily triggered o extraverts seek stimulation because their brain arousal is low have these traits changed over time? o culture shifts influence personality shifts how well do these traits apply to various cultures? o features of personality are common to all humans do the big five traits predict our actual behaviors? o conscientiousness, consciousness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion o yes \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o conscientiousness leads to good grades and healthy behaviors, extraversion leads to being social, happiness leads to low neuroticism, high extraversion, agreeableness and satisfaction there is stability in personality traits are stable, behavior changes socialcognitive perspective – views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context (albert bandura) o personality is an interaction of traits (thinking) and social contexts (observation) reciprocal determinism – interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment theory people assumptions view assessment psychoanalytic freud unconscious id, ego, superego free association, leads to projective tests, disorders, dream analysis defense mechanisms psychodynamic adler, horney, unconscious interplay of projective tests jung and conscious, conscious and and therapy childhood, unconscious defense mechanisms humanistic rogers, healthy people basic human questionnaires maslow strive for self needs lead to self and therapy realization actualization trait allport, stable big five – personality eysenck, costa, characteristics conscientiousness inventories mccrae due to genes , consciousness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion socialcognitive bandura traits and conditioning and past behaviors society observational learning self – in contemporary psychology, the center of personality, organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions spotlight effect – overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating of our appearances, performances, and blunders selfesteem – feelings of high or low selfworth selfefficacy – sense of competence or effectiveness o people who are down on themselves tend to be down on others selfserving bias – readiness to perceive oneself favorably \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o people accept more responsibility for good deeds and successes than bad ones or failures o most people see themselves as better than average o less found in asia and modest countries narcissism – excessive selflove and selfabsorption chapter 15: psychological disorders psychological disorder – syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a clinically significant disturbance (maladaptive behaviors that impair function) in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (which typically causes distress) phillipe pinel proposed madness is not demonic but is a sickness of the mind medical model – concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured through treatment in a hospital epigenetics – study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur with a change in dna dsm 5 – american psychiatric association’s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition; widely used system for classifying disorders through describing symptoms o criticized as casting too wide of a net or being value judgments and creating labels rosenhan study in which people falsely said they were hearing voices to a psychiatrist yet answered other diagnostic questions truthfully and all were diagnosed with a disorder the labels placed on them led the participants to be held in hospitals for long periods of time despite claiming they were no longer hearing voices anxiety disorders – characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety generalized anxiety disorder – person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal panic disorder – unpredictable, minuteslong episodes of intense dread in which one experiences terror and chest pain, choking, or frightening sensations followed by the worry of another attack o agoraphobia – fear and avoidance of situations where escape may be difficult when panic strikes phobia – persistent, irrational fear or the avoidance of an object, activity, or situation o social anxiety disorder – intense fear of being watched and judged by others obsessive compulsive disorder – unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both that interfere with living and cause distress posttraumatic stress disorder – characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety, numbness of feeling, and insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts o the greater the emotional stress during trauma, the higher the risk for ptsd symptoms 510% of people that experience trauma have it for four weeks to a lifetime when bad events happen unpredictably, anxiety disorders develop two part conditioning process o stimulus generalization – develop fear of similar frightful events (overgeneralization) classical conditioning associates certain things with fears o reinforcement – maintains fears avoidance reduces anxiety and therefore, reinforces it cognition helps us learn through observation and past experiences what to fear o observational learning in humans and monkeys o worried thoughts, interpretations, hypervigilance, loss of control, helplessness o cognitive errors, irrational beliefs, mistaken appraisal and misinterpretation genes can make us more vulnerable experiences create new brain pathways major depressive disorder – person experiences, in the absence of drugs or other medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure mania – hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common bipolar disorder – person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (manicdepressive disorder) depressive/ bipolar disorders run in families diminished brain activity in depression and more in mania norepinephrine is scarce during depression and overabundant in mania o serotonin affects mood and arousal selfdefeating beliefs and negative explanatory style feed depression o low selfesteem and learned helplessness increase depression rumination – compulsive fretting, overthinking about our problems and their causes depressed people explain things as global, stable, and internal state dependent memory – tendency to recall events as good or bad depending on their current mood stressful experiences→negative explanatory style→depressed mood→cognitive and behavioral changes through nonsuicidal selfinjury, people o find relief from negative thoughts o attract attention o relieve guilt o get others to change negative behaviors o fit in with a peer group \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts psychosis – mental split from reality schizophrenia – delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and diminished, inappropriate emotional expression o positive symptoms – presence of problems hallucinations (which lead to bad ideas or selfharm) – disturbed perception or sensory information delusions – false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders (disorganized thinking) o negative symptoms – absence of healthy behaviors reduce sociality, mute, catatonia, anhedonia chronic schizophrenia/ process schizophrenia – symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood and, as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten o caused by poverty and social problems o slow development and negative symptoms acute schizophrenia/ creative schizophrenia – begins at any age frequently occurring in response to an emotionally traumatic event and has extended recovery periods o positive symptoms biological causes o excessive receptors for dopamine (d4 receptors), poor neural firing, intensifying brain signals lead to hallucinations and paranoia o low brain activity in frontal lobes and decline in brain waves o increased activity in the thalamus and amygdala as if hallucinations are real o cortex and corpus callosum are smaller than normal o low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, oxygen deprivation, famine and fetal virus infections lead to schizophrenia social factors o social withdrawal/abnormal behavior o mother with severe schizophrenia o separation from parents o short attention and poor muscles o emotional unpredictability o solo play and poor peer relationships o childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse dissociative disorders – controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings dissociative identity disorder (did) – rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (multiple personality disorder) criticisms o is did an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts? o short and localized history through recent cultural construction o therapists look for multiple personalities o extreme form of role playing \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts rebuttals o different people have different brain waves o a method of coping with anxiety or abuse personality disorders – inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning o anxiety – ruled by fear of rejection o eccentric/odd – no social attachments and flat affect o dramatic – impulsivity, selfcentered, antisocial, attention seeking antisocial personality disorder – person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, eve toward friends and family members, and may be aggressive, ruthless, or a con artist o biological o adaptive traits o child abuse combined with genes o decreased physiological arousal o low stress hormones o impulsive in childhood and unconcerned with rewards o amygdala is smaller and frontal lobes are less active leading to criminal tendencies o hyperactive dopamine reward system anorexia nervosa – person, usually adolescent female, maintains starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise o unrealistic body image and extreme ideal bulimia nervosa – person alternates binge eating (usually of high calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting binge eating disorder – significant binge eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa childhood influences o other with eating disorder or cares about her own and her daughters weight o negative selfevaluation in the family o families with bulimia have higher incidence of childhood obesity o families of those with anorexia are competitive, highachieving, and protective \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts chapter 16: therapy psychotherapy – treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth biomedical therapy – prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology to reduce symptoms eclectic approach – an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy psychoanalysis – freud’s therapeutic technique o believed patients’ free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences (and therapists’ interpretations of it) released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain selfinsight and resolve inner unconscious conflicts interpretation – analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight transference – patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) o reclaim unconscious thoughts and feelings into conscious awareness o resistance – blocking from consciousness anxietyladen material psychodynamic therapists – therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and seeks to enhance selfinsight o discover themes on relationships and focus on improved selfawareness and self insight insight therapies – variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses humanistic therapies differences from psychoanalytic theories o humanistic therapies aim to boost selffulfillment by helping to grow in self awareness and selfacceptance o promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the focus o the path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one’s feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants o conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious o present and future are more important than the past clientcentered therapy – carl rogers’ humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate the client’s growth (personcentered therapy) active listening – empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies (part of clientcentered therapy) unconditional positive regard – caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which rogers believed would help clients develop selfawareness and selfacceptance \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts behavior therapies – applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors counterconditioning – behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors (exposure therapies and aversive conditioning) o exposure therapies – behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid avoidance worsens a conditioned fear, need guided exposure systematic desensitization – a hierarchy of anxiety triggering situations in which a pleasant relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias virtual reality exposure therapy – anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears o aversive conditioning – counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior o operant conditioning reinforces for desired behavior and withholds reinforcement for undesired behaviors cognitive therapy – teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions o gentle questioning reveals irrational thinking which can then be removed (beck) change negative selftalk the causes of disorders are thoughts o if thinking patterns can be learned, they can also be replaced cognitivebehavioral therapy – popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing selfdefeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) group therapy – therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interactions o saves therapists time and clients’ money o offers social laboratory for developing social skills o enables people to see that others share their problems o provides feedback as clients try new ways of behaving family therapy – treats family as a system and views individual’s unwanted behavior as influenced by or directed at other family members o focus on communication, conflicts, and parenting styles support groups focus on stigmatized or hardtodiscuss illness o long for community and connectedness o run by clients themselves evidencebased practice – clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences o available therapies are evaluated and applied to what is best in the unique situation \n key: definitions important people/psychologists important terms/concepts use experimental design with control group that does not receive treatment o includes patient’s values, evidence and research, and clinical expertise psychopharmacology – study effects of drugs on the mind’s behavior doubleblind procedure – neither staff nor patients know who is taking medication or a placebo antipsychotic drugs – drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder o block dopamine receptors o side effects like movement problems and obesity antianxiety drugs – drugs used to control anxiety and physical agitation o depress the central nervous system o do not solve underlying problems, addictive, slow thinking, withdrawal symptoms antidepressant drugs – treat depression and anxiety disorders by improving mood and eliminating depressive thoughts o increase neurotransmitters and inhibit reuptake (serotonin and norepinephrine) o ssri (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) o aerobic exercise, cognitive therapy, or using drugs with cognitivebehavioral therapy helps o placebo can work just as effectively moodstabilizing drugs – eliminate highs and lows of mania and depression o lithium stimulants – control impulses, focus attention, and reduce need for stimulation o block dopamine reuptake electroconvulsive therapy (ect) – biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain or an anesthetized patient o treat severe depression (weakens connections in hyper connected hub in the left frontal lobe) o neural rewiring and boosts neurogenesis o seen as barbaric psychosurgery – surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior humans were designed for physical activity and social engagement outdoor activity reduces stress and promotes health aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, antirumination, empowerment, love, and nutritional supplements all help in depression",
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17d470b973ecb2a22b98c6b092694df7 | a womans height, h, is related to the length of her femur, f (the bone from the knee to the hip socket), by the formula f 0.432h 10.44. both h and f are measured in inches. a partial skeleton is found of a woman in which the femur is 16 inches long. police find the skeleton in an area where a woman slightly over 5 feet tall has been missing for over a year. can the partial skeleton be that of the missing woman? explain. | a womans height, h, is related to the length of her femur, | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " innovation final exam study guide management is a balance between managing and controlling. firms consider users their most valuable source of new product ideas. universities contribute significantly to innovation through the publication of research results that are incorporated into the development efforts of others. the government helps universities implement discoveries and give rise to technology. creativity is the underlying process of innovation. it is the nurture for the development of new business that would otherwise lack technology and collaboration. collective thinking is most effective in groups of eccentric minds. individuals that live creative lives are key to the collaborations. all resources and capabilities are necessary to development and implementation of innovations. iphone are radical innovations since it was the unforeseen combination of many different as well as separate items since it is a phone and computer along with camera, map, camcorder, etc. now, we have a drastic increase in the smartphone industry, were we only see very minor changes every year, yet there is an increase in sales. every day we hire our phones to do the job of keeping our life on track. it is an essential to every aspect to our lives from school to work to relationships. now, we are seeing even more new features to accommodate our lives, for example, the new apps related to health and fitness. phones are now used for so much more than just a phone call; it is our handheld computers. source of innovation: o individuals o research o organization o linkage o online collaboration creativity is the ability to produce work that is useful and novel to the community. innovative workplaces: google, apple, facebook, space x, sales force, tesla, microsoft, ibm, sony, amazon, boeing, samsung, yahoo, virgin, tmobile, ford, audi, toyota, gmc, chevy, nissan, bmw, gopro, intel, l.l. bean, 3m, scaled composites. google and amazon are the most innovative companies. we discussed what companies are innovative? we compiled a list in the class. o google, apple, facebook, space x, sales force, tesla, microsoft, ibm, sony, amazon, boeing, samsung, yahoo, virgin, tmobile, ford, audi, toyota, gmc, chevy, nissan, bmw, gopro, intel, ll bean, 3m, scaled composites. o out of these, we discussed google and amazon the most. they both are two companies that had affected the classmates the most. for example, google has created many apps like google translate as well as google glasses. another example is that amazon now has delivery services based on the area you are located in. one student in the class talked about how he picked out his ingredients he needed to make buffalo chicken tacos. he said the delivery got to him a little \n over an hour later and he had dinner ready in an hour after that. he enjoyed it because this was during the snow day and he didn’t have to leave his house and it didn’t tempt him to buy more things like it would be like if we are in the store. video : choice, happiness, & spaghetti sauce (ted talk) o this video was to discuss the food industry and how the customer’s influence the business’s ideas of new products. o prego sauce was struggling as a product and in comparison to other sauces, was falling short yearly in sales. o innovation was made when a man discovered that not all individuals want a thin pasta sauce and this is how the making of chunky prego sauce was made. o when chunky prego sauce was first put on the shelves, the sales of prego sky rocketed. o the same thing happened with grey poupon mustard. it was sold in a small glass jar with old french writing and décor on the jar to make it stand out. well, there was skeptics about the popularity of the product since it wasn’t your usual yellow mustard, but is sold quickly off the shelves. video : abc nightline – ideo shopping cart o ideo is the company that created the giant mechanical whale in free willy. o shopping carts were clocked at 35 mph in this video. o the group working on this product was known for being laid back/informal, eclectic, collaborative, and for saying that there is no idea that is a bad idea. presentation idea for ideo: 1. goal description 2. idea pullin 3. time frame 4. collaboration 5. no idea is a bad idea the best way to evaluate an organization’s success in innovation is to look at the percentages of sales of products that had been introduces to the market in the last five years. the problem that you could potentially run into when doing this is that measurements can be skewed. innovation is important for firms because it is driven by globalization of markets and it is advent of advance technology. this enables more rapid product design and allows shorter production runs to be economically feasible. technological innovation advantages are increased gdp, greater mobility and communication, and improvement of medical technology. industries evaluate an organization’s success in innovation by looking over the percentages of the sales of products introduced in the last five years. industries evaluate the weakness of this measure by skewing the percentages of these sales. innovation is important for firms to compete in industries. it is driven by globalization of markets and advent of advanced technology that enables more rapid product designs and allows shorter production runs. \n industries evaluate an organization’s success in innovation by looking over the percentages of the sales of products introduced in the last five years. industries evaluate the weakness of this measure by skewing the percentages of these sales. an example of innovation that characterized the dimensions of innovations: toyota made an innovative step with the development of the prius hybrid. it is a product innovation since this is an output for the company. the prius hybrid is a radical innovation because it was very new and different when it first hit the streets. it was a competenceenhancing innovation because it soon gave other car companies, the want and desire to make vehicles that were perfect for commuters, gas saving, and eco friendly. it was architectural as an innovation because it brought in a whole new design. the car was made with an engine that would automatically switch back and forth with the energy motor to create the best gas mileage as well as allowing the vehicle to be ecofriendly. all in all, the prius hybrid was the first of its kind. it made itself a stepping stone for other car companies and models to match in innovation. honda has taken the design of toyota and has created the honda insight hybrid, which is the same design and model of the prius hybrid. an example of innovation is when toyota developed the prius hybrid. i viewed this as a product innovation since this is an output for the company. the prius hybrid is a radical innovation because it was very new and different when it first hit the streets. it was a competencyenhancing innovation because it soon gave other car company the want and desire to make vehicles that were perfect for commuters, gas saving, and eco friendly. it was architectural as an innovation because it brought in a whole new design. the car was made with an engine that goes back and forth with the energy motor to create the best gas mileage as well as ecofriendly. all in all, the prius hybrid was the first of its kind. it made itself a stepping stone for other car companies/models to match in innovation. now, honda has created the honda insight hybrid, which is modeled after the toyota prius hybrid. an example of hiring a product to do a job would be our cell phones. it allows us to keep our life on trach, every essential aspect – work, school, relationships, etc. now we are seeing even more new technology to accommodate our lives such as health and fitness apps. phones are basically computers that is being used now for so much more than calls, thus giving us the incredible machines we use today. iphones are a radical innovation since it was the unforeseen combination of many different/separate items, phones, computers, cameras, map, etc. now we have incrimination in the smartphone market, where we see minor changes every year. just last night, i saw an ad for the new samsung phone that has slightly improved. both the rate of technology performant improvement and the rate at which technology is adopted in the marketplace repeatedly to conform an sshape curve. \n collaborative research is especially important in high technology sectors, where it is unlikely that a single individual or organization will possess. all of the resources and capabilities are necessary to develop and implement a significant innovation. creativity is the underlying process for innovation. firms collaborate with customers by leveraging resources and capabilities across multiple individuals. they nurture the development of new businesses that would otherwise lack technology advice, collaboration, and funding, which would result in market failure. a disadvantage to technological innovation is pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology changes. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from large to small in the development process. o 3000 ideas > 300 submissions > 125 small projects > 4 major developments > 2 launches > 1 product successful innovation requires indepth understanding of dynamics of innovation, a well craft innovation strategy, and a well development process to implementation. for example, you start out as an innovative group with 3,000 ideas, but only 300 is submitted in the end from the group. out of these 300, 125 small projects are made to test out the product. after testing, 4 major developments are chosen and they are once again ran through to find the pros and cons to the product. out of these 4, 2 will be launched to see which one is favored. when one is chosen, this is the product that the company would use. reasons of technology improvement and technology diffusions creating an sshape curve: o the rate of technology performance improvement and the rate at which technology is adopted in the marketplace is repeatedly done to conform an sshape curve. as you gain a deeper understanding of technology, your improvements will accelerate, but at some point it begins to diminish. o technology performance and technology diffusion are related since improvements will foster a faster adoption and the adoption may motivate investment, which will improve performance. as performance increases as well as effort, the technology gets closer to the limitation. it soon lags and eventually creates an s shape curve. advantages to technological innovation is increased gdp, greater mobility and communication, and improved medical technology. disadvantages are pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology change. innovation projects fail to generate an economic return because it requires an indepth understanding of dynamics of innovations, a wellcraft innovative strategies, and a well developed process to implementation. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from larger too small in the development process. for example, you start out as an innovative group with 3,000 ideas, but only 300 is submitted in the end from the group. out of these 300, 125 small projects are made to test out the product. after testing, 4 major developments are chosen and they are once again \n ran through to find the pros and cons to the product. out of these 4, 2 will be launched to see which one is favored. when one is chosen, this is the product that the company would use. a disadvantage to technological innovation is pollution, resource depletion, and unintended consequences of technology changes. the innovation process makes a funnel with many potential new product ideas going from large to small in the development process. 1. 3000 ideas > 300 submissions > 125 small projects > 4 major developments > 2 launches > 1 product successful innovation requires indepth understanding of dynamics of innovation, a well craft innovation strategy, and a well development process to implementation. 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e4d13c9f06941786aa210549c0b80a9f | ?problem 1p
monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe at an 8.8° angle. what is the wavelength of the light used? | monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
{
"text": " stratification, class, and inequality ● the middle class suffered the most during the great recession of 2008. + social class determined impact when something happens in the economy + upper class lost most absolute dollars, but had little impact on their health home ownership is the principle source of wealth for upper/lower classes the lower class bought less expensive homes with smaller mortgages ● social stratificationnequalities among individuals and groups that are determined not by individual personality or smallscale social situations, but by attributes like age, gender, religion, and military rank. ● structured inequalities:social inequalities that result from patterns of social structure. the inequalities are built into the economic/political system rather than individual differences or chance occurrences. systems of stratification ● slavery: extreme inequalitysomeone is someone else’s literal property. almost completely gone. ● caste: indian/hindu cultures. believed that people who don’t abide by rituals and duties will be reborn into a lower position in their next life. ● class systems: system of social hierarchy that allows individuals movement between classes. 4 chief basics: ownership of wealth occupation income education ● class systems are fluid and movement is possible through the hierarchy. they are also economically based and are largescale/impersonal his makes them different from slavery and castes. ● class: largescale group of people who share common economic resources and influence their lifestyle. there is no clear argument how the notion is to be defined. + most sociologists use the term to refer to socioeconomic variations between groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power. income ● income: greatly affects one’s social position, this refers to the wages and salaries earned in paid occupations, plus money from investments. + rising real income of majority of population ● real income: income excluding rises due to inflation, to provide a fixed standard of comparison from year to year. + blue collar workers do handson work such as construction and manufacturing. their income rose, but their real income flopped in the latest decades. + increasing productivity leads to more affluent population (output per worker) through technological advancement. \n ● income distrubution is very unequal still. ‘7406, income inequality rose even more. income for the richest 5% rose by more than 65%. wealth ● wealth: all assets individuals own (cash, savings, checkings, investments, etc.) ● debt: all assets minus what someone owes. + wealthy people get money from investment and inheritence. some scholars argue that wealth, not income, is the source of social class since it’s less sensitive to fluctuations like: shift work hours health other factors that impact one’s income. ● best determinant of wealth:survey of consumer finances ( every 3 years) shows concentration connected to education, age and income. home owning is a principle assett for most families. cars and homes are not sources of wealth that can be used to pay to bills/get richer. + net financial assets for minority groups are less than for whites + white nonhispanic americans experienced less loss of assets than black/hispanic counterparts. ● white’s have enjoyed higher income and wealth historically more than blacks, so they pass it on to their children. ● oliver and shapiro: argue that discrimination plays a role in holding assets. racial gaps are prevalent in home ownership. subprime mortgages usually happen only to minorities (charge higher interest rates) + home ownership constitutes american families’ primary means for accumulating wealth. ● more and more debt has been growing and people owe more than they own. more debt means less net worth. + wealth is even more unequal globally. + difference in wealth=difference in privilege. people in the white house, pentagon and congress don’t have tons of wealth, but have tons of privilege. education ● college education increased value over years due to demand and wages ● education is one of the strongest predictors of occupation, income, and wealth later in life occupation ● occupation is an important indicator of social standing. more education= more prestige top= doctors, lawyers. middle= insurance representative. low= garbage collector. class and lifestyle ● class location, rely on income or wealth for sociologists. \n ● consumption plays a large role in everyday life culturally, and individual identity surrounds ifestyle choicessuch as how we dress and eat (not about employment) ● bourdieu: saw social class groups as identifiable according to cultural and economic capital. individuals distinguish themselves not according to economic or occupational factor, but on basis of culrutal tastes/leisure pursuits. ● need of merchants people who represent and present goods and services, symbollic or actual, for consumption. consumer society is a mass society where class differences are overridden (people of different classes can catch the same tv) differences identified through lifestyle and tastes ● social and material deprivation is because of lack of opportunity and constrained economic structure. (we don’t choose to typically buy clothes from walmart, it’s just what we can afford) theories of stratification in modern societies + most influential marx and eber. marx: means of production and analysis of class ● for marx, class refers to people with relationshieans of production ● means of production the means by which people can gain a livelihood ● capitalists:those who own the means of production ● working class selling labor to industrialists + relationship between classes exploitative ● surplus value source of value, which capitalists put to own use. produce more than employers need to repay the cost of hiring them. + industrialism > gap between wealth of minority and poverty of mass population marx was right about poverty in industrialized society and inequalities. marx was wrong about income being extremely low for most of the population. weber: class and status ● two main differences between marx and weber theories: class division according to weber derive not only from lack of/control, but also from economic differences that have nothing to do with property. lower level workers earn more depending on education, but the highest worker is more “marketable” with their degree. weber came up with status:the differences between groups in social honor or prestige that others give to them. he applied this to stratification. ● pariah groups: negative status that makes them rejected from certain occupations and such. they are rejected from political positions too. wealth doesn’t always equal high status (“new money” in europe is looked down upon) + class is objective, status is subjective by social differences. + class= economic factors and earnings. status= varying lifestyles. \n ● weber offers a more sophisticated basis than marx on stratification. davis and moore: the functions of stratification ● davis and moore: functionalist explanation of stratification, arguing that it has beneficial consquences for society. only a few people can do brain surgery, so they deserve more importance. they deserve rewards such as money or prestige or power. all societies are stratified due to benefits of different positions. functional because they ensure most qualified people fill the roles most important to society. + all in all, social position is based on talent and effort alone. ● tumin: critic of this theory, argued that functional importance of a role is difficult to measure and that the social rewards given don’t reflect someone’s actual importance. they also overlooked stratificaion limiting discovery of talent in society. social inequality limits reaching full potential, such as lack of education that prevents learning and mastering talents. erik olin wright: contradictory class locations ● three dimensions of control over economic resources in modern capitalist production, allowing us to identify major classes: 1. control over investment/money capital 2. control over physical means of production 3. control over labor power ● contradictory class locations: m anagers and white collar workers. they influence aspects of production, but lack control over others. + 8590% sell their labor (according to wright) within this is both blue and white collar workers. ● two factors that differentiate class location within this population: 1. the relationship to authority 2. possession of skills/expertise + people with more knowledge are harder to control, so employers secure their loyalty by rewarding them accordingly. annette laureau on parenting styles: concerted cultivation vs the development of natural growth ● larreau: social class influences parenting. middle class is “concerted cultivation”, with time management and assertiveness and teamwork. working class: development of natural growth, they just play freely in neighborhoods. they end up with less skills and less assertiveness. research on social stratificaion today contemporary portrait of the us class structure + there are no sharply defined boundaries between classes. \n the upper class ● the wealthiest americans, usually inherited their wealth or hold a large number of stocks or businesses. this is the 5% who are wealthy, but not super rich. they are politically influential ● globalization sparks entrepenurial work. “new wealth” is hold greatly for entrepeneurs. ● minority of people believe the rich deserve their “hard earned wealth”, but movements like occupy wall street oppose these overprivileged people who were just lucky. the middle class ● people usually associate themselves with the middle class because the us is relatively free of class distinctions. people often want to interact with the same class. ● middle class: diverse group of occupations, people who earn stable incomes at primary white collar or highly skilled blue collar jobs. shrank during the last quarter century. currently the middle class includes slightly more than half of american houeseholds. it is increasingly diverse now. + level of financial security enjoyed by the middle class has eroded over the years. upper middle class ● highly educated professionals (doctors, lawyers, engineers/professors) or own/manage small businesses. 15% of americans are this. lately are susceptible to layoffs and seen wealth shrink lower middle class ● trained office workers, elementary school teachers, nurses, police officers,. 40% of americans are this. the most varied social class strata modest homes, mostly high school and college education. the working class 40% of american households blue collar mechanics and pink collar clerical aids ● many manufacturing jobs are threatened by economic globalization, so they feel insecure. ● racial/ethnic diversity. children often bypass college and seek full time work immediately. ● lower class: 20% has low wage full time workers, part time, or not at all. house cleaning or sweatshops, they have dead end jobs and live off with no benefits. + live in poverty and are mostly not white (seldom vote and at times are homeless) the underclass ● underclass: beneath class systems and lack access to world of mainstream behavior. aka the new urban poor. \n typically african american. poor neighborhoods and even homeless, they have little hope of making it out of poverty. ● sociologists argue that they perpetuate inequality b/c of difficult conditions make them ill suited for the economy. the divide between the urban poor and the rest of society is not as great as they believe social mobility: moving up and down the ladder ● social mobility: movement of individuals through class positions as a result of changes in occupation, wealth, or income. ● intergenerational mobility: social movement across generations. ● intragenerational mobility: how far one moves up or down the social ladder throughout one’s life. ● exchange mobility: exchange of positions, such that more talented people in each generation move up the economic hierarchy, while the less talented move down. ● structural mobility: most mobility is categorized here, it is made possible by expansion of better paid occupations at the expense of poorly paid ones upward mobility is easier. + new entrants to the work force in the 80s were badly displaced in the work force, negatively affected their futures in the social class. opportunities for mobility: who gets ahead? ● blau and duncan: l ong range intergenerational mobility (working class to upper middle) was rare. why? education!! ● sewell and hauser: confirmed this conclusion. adults who raised the children inspire the educational/career aspirations. ● bourdieu: family backgrounds impact social status, but emphasize cultural advantages parents provide children. the most important factor for status is the transmission of cultural capital, coming from a “good home.” people who already hold wealth and power don’t typically worry for their children’s access to it, but working class parents lack resources or capital. + in u.s. society, it’s better to start at the top than the bottom. ● intergeneration mobility= higher education. more for men than for women, more for white than any other race. 60% of americans in top income graduated college. ● great recession of 2008: d eemphasized centraiity of educational attainment of upward mobility. graduates who entered the work force suffered long term lower wages. being accepted into college depends on social background. however! this resulted in higher rates of female labor. women don’t feel the economic downfall since they are generally paid less than men. so men suffered greater job losses. (take that) downward mobility ● middle class upbringing does not result in same status over lifetime ⅓ end up out of that status in adulthood. (downward mobility has increased recently) \n finance, construction and real estate (usually with men) often were strongly impacted. small shifts into a similar job can have psychological cost. ● women inter/intra generational shifts can also happen due to divorce. ● schwarz and volgy: divorce lead to more uncertainty and less stability , despite leaving abusive people. poverty in the united states poverty has increased over the years. ● absolute poverty: c an’t get enough to eat, common in poor developing countries ● relative poverty: industrial countries, measure of inequality. being poor compared to majority, lacks basic resources. measuring poverty ● 15.1% in poverty (2010) rate of child poverty is even worse, 1 in 5. + romania has the highest poverty child rate, u.s runs second. ● poverty line: official government measure to define those living in poverty in the u.s. 3x the cost of a nutritional diet. some believe this is an overestimation (it doesn’t take noncash forms of income like food stamps or medicaid) some say it underestimates since poor people focus on housing more than food. + genuinely underestimated older adults in poverty since they are faced with high healthcare cost. who are the poor? ● 55% people believe the poor are just lazy for their poverty. ⅔ people believe government handouts too much to them. ● a substantial part of the middle class will be in danger if the recession continues. the working poor ● working poor: people who work, but earnings don’t get them out of poverty. the minimum wage can be raised in different states, not lowered. (highest is washington, which is 8.80 per hour.) most poor people do not get welfare since they make too much to qualify for it. + disproportionately nonwhite and immigrant. lack education and healtchare. poverty, race, and ethnicity ● poverty in the u.s is higher for minority groups, even though ⅔ of poor are white. minorities work at lowest paying jobs and racial discrimination. asian americans have the highest income, but poverty rate is higher than whites. hispanics have little higher rates than blacks, but poverty rate is similar. black poverty has decreased as well as for hispanics. + this is because of economic expansion for new job opportunities. feminization of poverty \n ● this is an increase in proportion of poor who are female. usually due to divorce and single parenthood. this is dominant in hispanic households. children in poverty ● children are the principle victims of poverty in the u.s. 43% children live in poverty households elderly in poverty ● poverty rates fail to consider the high costs of medical care, which strike older adults. highest rate is for old hispanic women. income is based on social security and private retirement programs. results in modest incomes. special case of poverty: homelessness ● homeless: no place to sleep and either stay in free shelters or sleep in public places. today they are primarily young single men often of working age. + hard to count them due to not living anywhere, its hard to estimate how many. the number has decreased due to permanent shelters and supportive housing. ● most homeless numbers have children (1/3 ) very few homeless are asian or latino since they have closeknit families and community ties. veterans make up most of homelessness due to combat injuries or mental scarring. ⅔ have alcoholic problems or drugs, or mental health issues. ● rising costs of housing cause homelessness. declining income to rising rent= affordability gap. unanswered questions 1. is inequality declining or increasing in the u.s? ● kuznets curve: kuznets was an economist who made the formula that shows inequality increasing during the early stages of capital development, then declines, then stabilizes at a low level. fourth phase inequality is again increasing. the gap between rich and poor keeps growing. the u.s has the largest unequal distribution of income. ● globalization and declining governments lead to rise in inequality all over the world. the gap was widening long before the recession. officials were getting paid more than the working class. + since the recession, the growing gap has accelerated. most gains in income go to the top 5% rich. ● the average value of all homes which is the principle form of wealth for all but the wealthiest americans. dropped sharply. obama’s increase in government spending helped slow the economy inequality. \n why are poverty rates rising in the u.s? sociological debate + the poor are most affected by economic downturns. ● blame the victim the poor are responsible for their own actions. poorhouses said that poor were unable to contribute. explanations targeted poor lifestyles. ● lewis: poverty results from larger social and cultural atmosphere where the poor young are socialized. ● culture of poverty: as stated above, young people see little point in wanting to be more. ● murray: “no fault of their own”, he placed individuals who are poor intependency culture. widows, orphans, or the disabled, they rely on welfare other than working welfare erodes people’s incentive to work since it’s easier for them. + majority of american’s blame the poor for their own lifestyles. ● structural differences link to poverty, such as race, class, gender, occupational position, education, and so forth. they have lack of opportunity, they aren’t lazy. countering would require better policy and higher wages/income levels for family. what can be done to combat poverty? ● transferring wealth in forms ohigher taxeselps the poor inequality from the rich. but people usually in welfare try to escape from it due to shame. ● tanf program had welfare recipients begin work after receiving benefits for two years. employment increased. however, some had to rely on partners or just couldn’t find work. those who got jobs received less money than they had when they were on welfare, especially low income mothers who noticed that jobs payed lower income, so welfare was better. + these were conducted during an economic expansion period. when growth slows, it becomes impossible for welfare people to find new jobs. how will these economic patterns affect your life? education future wealth? this has decreased over time. traditional upward jobs will dissappear. ● overall number of jobs may not keep up with amount of college degrees out there. more women are entering the work force, and technology is working too. 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998d5ff08e8e7a98d58e0126ae64aeea | problem 14e calc? a race car starts from rest and travels east along a straight and level track. for the first 5.0 s of the car’s motion, the eastward component of the car’s velocity is given by vx(t) = (0.860 m/s3)t2. what is the acceleration of the car when vx = 12.0 m/s? | calc a race car starts from rest and travels east along a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
{
"text": " mycenae 3/22/16: mycenaean culture continued reconstruction of mycenae ● cyclopean masonry : massive rough stones that have been levered/stacked into place without mortar; named because the monuments were so large, it was as if they could only have been built by mythical cyclops/giants ○ implied huge wealth and power; was used to fortify cities and intimidate enemies ● lion gate: ca 1250 bce; famous example of cyclopean masonry, features a relieving triangle with what appears to be two lions ● lion gate hattusa : hittite capital in anatolia ca. 13501200 bce; just like in mycenae, lions are used as a sort of gateway guardian \n ● tholos tombs: aka beehive tombs. first became popular in 1600 bce, but didn’t become the dominant over shaft graves until 1250. built from smoothed stones primarily around mycenae. made up of dromos (long approach), stomion (large tomb entrance), thalamos (burial chamber), and the beehive/conical roof (corbelled vault) ● treasury of atreus: amous tholos tomb built circa 13001250 bce; excavated by schliemann. empty space indicative of a relieving triangle that has since been lost ○ named for the mythological king atreus; possibly referred to as a treasury because there was once a large amount of grave goods that have since been lost ○ the cursed house of atreus:greek mythological background ● tantalus sacrificed his son pelops to the gods; they were offended and cursed him, at the same time they resurrected pelops. pelops betrayed and murdered his friend myrtilos, resulting in another curse on the family. atreus and his brother thyestes fight for years, resulting in a false reconciliation dinner at which atreus serves thyestes his two sons for dinner; the house is then cursed for a third time. atreus has two sons, menelaus (married to helen of troy) and agamemnon (who sacrifices his daughter iphigenia for good winds before going to war; is later \n murdered by his wife clytemnestra). basically, the whole family is a mythological mess mycenaean pottery: ● kraters: tall vases used to store and transport water/wine ● pictorial style 14001150: red or brown on buff; chariot scenes, nature scenes, departure scenes. early attempts at perspective ○ warrior vase: krater ca 1200 bce from mycenae, 40.6 cm height, depicts war scene ○ chariot krater:ca. 13001250 bce, found at an art market, 41.6 cm height, departure scene that is an early example of perspective with schematic figures end of the mycenaean period ● ca. 12001000 bce: massive destruction across the mediterranean and the near east ● on greek mainland: pylos is violently destroyed; athens is sacked and parts near the acropolis are destroyed; an earthquake hits mycenae and tiryns, though the area continue to be occupied into the 11th century potential causes of mycenae destruction: ● civil wa “seven against thebes” myth ● invasion: dorian invasion ? possible entry of new greeks speaking doric dialect may have taken advantage of existing instability and taken over ● natural disaster/climate changeleads to inability to grow crops \n ● attack by sea peoples: multiple dispossessed groups travel by water and survive by raiding cities descent into the dark ages ● 15001100 bce: significant loss of technology, decentralization of power and community ● late helladic iii (12001050 bce) ○ post palatial period; regionally diverse ceramic assemblages ○ unsettled conditions die to decentralization; many people move away from the larger cities and back to the small villages they came from ● octopus style pottery (12th11th century bce) ○ derived from the minoan marine ware style ○ “stirrup” jars, characterized by the stirruplike handles; large size, used to store/transport wines and water \n the neoassyrian empire 3/24/16 assyria is located in the northernmost region of mesopotamia neoassyrian period: 911612 bce neo babylonian period: 612539 bce achaemenid persian empire: 559331 bce the middle assyrian decline ● late 13th century bce: fullest extent of the empire. assyrians consumed parts of mitanni, hittite anatolia, and babylonia ● reasserts power under tiglath pileser i circa 11141076; declines end of 2nd millennium bce as aramean empire struggles against assyria notable rulers ● ashuranipal ii (883859 bce) ● sargon ii (721705) ● sennacherib (704681) ● esarhaddon (680669) ● ashurbanipal (668627) notable sites: nineveh (aka kuyunjik), assur, nimrud (aka kalhu), khorsabad (dur sharrukin) resources : sun, clay, mud, rain (as opposed to marshes in the south), salt, timber, stone (alabaster, limestone and gypsum) qualities of neoassyrian art ● strong continuity with middle assyrian period ● greater power=greater influence : subject nations sent craftsmen and objects to assyrian capitals as tribute; foreign craftsmen imitate assyrian style but add in some of their local style ● themes: power, mastery, and ritual/religion ○ power: images of warfare, siege, brutality ○ mastery: lions/beasts are shown being conquered ○ ritual/religion: king holds back chaos by appeasing gods \n assurnasirpal ii (883859 bce) ● assyrian ruler that consolidated terrestrial gains of his father/grandfather ● launched military campaigns basically everywhere, but especially in the west, in syria and levant; built many fortresses along borders ○ focus was more so on having influence (indirect control) rather than conquest (true rulership) ● moved capital to nimrud (aka kalhu): administrative center, palace site ○ northwest palace: completed construction ca. 860 bce. built atop a mud brick terrace 120 courses hugh and 28,000 square meters. large open courtyard for public affairs, separate throne room for meetings, inner palace complex organized around small courtyards ○ ideological statement: size/scale represents physical might and strength, materials show territorial reach and influence, and the art impresses and intimidates enemies ● lamassu : stone gateway guardians built/sculpted to resemble hybrids of humans, lions, bulls, and birds. identical within a single building, and at least partially carved in the quarry prior to being erected ○ lamassus of assurnasirpal ii: ca 883859 bce built at the northwest palace at nimrud, carved from one piece of stone, about 3.3 m tall ",
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3257b6553312f70e0aa11410f88aa565 | in problems 45-70, find an equation for the line with the given properties. express your answer using either the general form or the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line, whichever you prefe r. containing the points (-3 , 4) and (2, 5) | in 45-70, find an equation for the line with the given | ch 2 - 2.3.50 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " mycenae 3/22/16: mycenaean culture continued reconstruction of mycenae ● cyclopean masonry : massive rough stones that have been levered/stacked into place without mortar; named because the monuments were so large, it was as if they could only have been built by mythical cyclops/giants ○ implied huge wealth and power; was used to fortify cities and intimidate enemies ● lion gate: ca 1250 bce; famous example of cyclopean masonry, features a relieving triangle with what appears to be two lions ● lion gate hattusa : hittite capital in anatolia ca. 13501200 bce; just like in mycenae, lions are used as a sort of gateway guardian \n ● tholos tombs: aka beehive tombs. first became popular in 1600 bce, but didn’t become the dominant over shaft graves until 1250. built from smoothed stones primarily around mycenae. made up of dromos (long approach), stomion (large tomb entrance), thalamos (burial chamber), and the beehive/conical roof (corbelled vault) ● treasury of atreus: amous tholos tomb built circa 13001250 bce; excavated by schliemann. empty space indicative of a relieving triangle that has since been lost ○ named for the mythological king atreus; possibly referred to as a treasury because there was once a large amount of grave goods that have since been lost ○ the cursed house of atreus:greek mythological background ● tantalus sacrificed his son pelops to the gods; they were offended and cursed him, at the same time they resurrected pelops. pelops betrayed and murdered his friend myrtilos, resulting in another curse on the family. atreus and his brother thyestes fight for years, resulting in a false reconciliation dinner at which atreus serves thyestes his two sons for dinner; the house is then cursed for a third time. atreus has two sons, menelaus (married to helen of troy) and agamemnon (who sacrifices his daughter iphigenia for good winds before going to war; is later \n murdered by his wife clytemnestra). basically, the whole family is a mythological mess mycenaean pottery: ● kraters: tall vases used to store and transport water/wine ● pictorial style 14001150: red or brown on buff; chariot scenes, nature scenes, departure scenes. early attempts at perspective ○ warrior vase: krater ca 1200 bce from mycenae, 40.6 cm height, depicts war scene ○ chariot krater:ca. 13001250 bce, found at an art market, 41.6 cm height, departure scene that is an early example of perspective with schematic figures end of the mycenaean period ● ca. 12001000 bce: massive destruction across the mediterranean and the near east ● on greek mainland: pylos is violently destroyed; athens is sacked and parts near the acropolis are destroyed; an earthquake hits mycenae and tiryns, though the area continue to be occupied into the 11th century potential causes of mycenae destruction: ● civil wa “seven against thebes” myth ● invasion: dorian invasion ? possible entry of new greeks speaking doric dialect may have taken advantage of existing instability and taken over ● natural disaster/climate changeleads to inability to grow crops \n ● attack by sea peoples: multiple dispossessed groups travel by water and survive by raiding cities descent into the dark ages ● 15001100 bce: significant loss of technology, decentralization of power and community ● late helladic iii (12001050 bce) ○ post palatial period; regionally diverse ceramic assemblages ○ unsettled conditions die to decentralization; many people move away from the larger cities and back to the small villages they came from ● octopus style pottery (12th11th century bce) ○ derived from the minoan marine ware style ○ “stirrup” jars, characterized by the stirruplike handles; large size, used to store/transport wines and water \n the neoassyrian empire 3/24/16 assyria is located in the northernmost region of mesopotamia neoassyrian period: 911612 bce neo babylonian period: 612539 bce achaemenid persian empire: 559331 bce the middle assyrian decline ● late 13th century bce: fullest extent of the empire. assyrians consumed parts of mitanni, hittite anatolia, and babylonia ● reasserts power under tiglath pileser i circa 11141076; declines end of 2nd millennium bce as aramean empire struggles against assyria notable rulers ● ashuranipal ii (883859 bce) ● sargon ii (721705) ● sennacherib (704681) ● esarhaddon (680669) ● ashurbanipal (668627) notable sites: nineveh (aka kuyunjik), assur, nimrud (aka kalhu), khorsabad (dur sharrukin) resources : sun, clay, mud, rain (as opposed to marshes in the south), salt, timber, stone (alabaster, limestone and gypsum) qualities of neoassyrian art ● strong continuity with middle assyrian period ● greater power=greater influence : subject nations sent craftsmen and objects to assyrian capitals as tribute; foreign craftsmen imitate assyrian style but add in some of their local style ● themes: power, mastery, and ritual/religion ○ power: images of warfare, siege, brutality ○ mastery: lions/beasts are shown being conquered ○ ritual/religion: king holds back chaos by appeasing gods \n assurnasirpal ii (883859 bce) ● assyrian ruler that consolidated terrestrial gains of his father/grandfather ● launched military campaigns basically everywhere, but especially in the west, in syria and levant; built many fortresses along borders ○ focus was more so on having influence (indirect control) rather than conquest (true rulership) ● moved capital to nimrud (aka kalhu): administrative center, palace site ○ northwest palace: completed construction ca. 860 bce. built atop a mud brick terrace 120 courses hugh and 28,000 square meters. large open courtyard for public affairs, separate throne room for meetings, inner palace complex organized around small courtyards ○ ideological statement: size/scale represents physical might and strength, materials show territorial reach and influence, and the art impresses and intimidates enemies ● lamassu : stone gateway guardians built/sculpted to resemble hybrids of humans, lions, bulls, and birds. identical within a single building, and at least partially carved in the quarry prior to being erected ○ lamassus of assurnasirpal ii: ca 883859 bce built at the northwest palace at nimrud, carved from one piece of stone, about 3.3 m tall ",
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9836eee8c52f122a0162e7761e740d32 | problem 69p a 5500-kg cart carrying a vertical rocket launcher moves to the right at a constant speed of 30.0 m/s along a horizontal track. it launches a 45.0-kg rocket vertically upward with an initial speed of 40.0 m/s relative to the cart. (a) how high will the rocket go? (b) where, relative to the cart, will the rocket land how far dues the cart move while the rocket is in the air? (d) at what angle relative to the horizontal is the rocket traveling just as it the curl as measured by an observer at rest on the ground? (e) sketch the rocket’s trajectory been by an observer (i) stationary on the cart and (ii) ordinary on the ground. | a 5500-kg cart carrying a vertical rocket launcher moves | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " aromatic compounds (cont.) antiaromatic similar to to aromatics’ criteria, but it needs even number of pi electrons pair. aromatic compound other than benzene nonaromatic compounds a compound that lacks a continuous systems of p orbitals. example : annulenes ring system that are fully conjugated. [10] annulenes nonaromatic aromatic antiaromatic 4n+2 4n example: aromatic antiaromatic \n antiaromatic nonaromatic example: nonaromatic aromatic antiaromatic aromatic ion some ring carry formal charge aromatic heterocycles heteroatoms are other atoms that are within the ring other than c or h. \n polycyclic aromatic compounds more than one ring system together. reactions of benzylic position a carbon that is attached to a benzene ring is benzylic \n oxidation the benzylic position needs at least one proton. free radical bromination substitution reactions of benzylic halides \n elimination reactions reduction of aromatic moiety hydrogenation benzene can be reduced only in a forceful manner. (at 100 atm and 150 °c) chapter 19 aromatic substitution reactions introduction halogenation with benzene doesn’t work. to make a substitution, a lewis acid must be introduce. halogenation this reaction uses mostly bromine and chlorine. this reaction requires a lewis acid catalyst. lewis acid compound use: fecl 3and alcl 3 \n mechanism: with iodine, cucl is needed for this type of reaction. 2 sulfonation fuming h 2 4consist of sulfuric acid and so3gas. mechanism: \n depending on the concentration of the sulfuric acid: concentrated = forward reaction diluted = reverse reaction nitration a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid mechanism: reduction a nitro substituent reagent : h , pt 2 fe, hcl sn, hcl nitro group to an amine group \n friedelcrafts alkylation mechanism: as for primary halide, they cannot convert into a carbocation since primary halide are very high in energy. so, they undergo h ydride shift. friedelcrafts alkylation limitation 1. halide must be attached to a sp 3 hybridized carbon. 2. polyalkylation can occur. ● more than one substituents can form on the benzene 3. some substituted aromatic rings are too deactivated to react. ● substituents that withdraws electrons. this is called deactivation. friedelcrafts acylation \n forms carboncarbon bond mechanism: ● acylium ion, rc +=o, is stabilized by resonance. clemmensen reaction activating group substituents that are good electron donating group like nitration reaction. deactivation group substituents that are good electron withdrawing group like nitration reaction. nitro group is a good withdrawing group. \n the ortho and para formation created a two positive partial charge next to each other which will create an unstable bonding. so, only meta is the most stable of the three formation. so, for major products: donating group = ortho and para products withdrawing group = meta products ",
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11935ef0093721ffafd87afd397b25bb | problem 49p cp an experiment is performed in deep space with two uniform spheres, one with mass 50.0 kg and the other with mass 100.0 kg. they have equal radii, r = 0.20 m. the spheres are released from rest with their centers 40.0 m apart. they accelerate toward each other because of their mutual gravitational attraction. you can ignore all gravitational forces other than that between the two spheres. (a) explain why linear momentum is conserved. (b) when their centers are 20.0 m apart, find (i) the speed of each sphere and (ii) the magnitude of the relative velocity with which one sphere is approaching the other. (c) how far from the initial position of the center of the 50.0-kg sphere do the surfaces of the two spheres collide? | cp an experiment is performed in deep space with two | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. btm71038 john halstead, phd research design assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction developing a methodology and design for a dissertation research topic based on the research problem, and purpose of a topic previously developed. after developing the methodology and design, a justification is provided for the use of the methodology and design and a discussion of why the alternative is less desirable. in addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed design will be provided. the topic that will be discussed herein is online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people begin an online business and many fail in the early stages. the small business association states that 60% of small businesses fail within the first year (frazer, 2015). the first step of this process includes identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. after determining which businesses are successful and further understanding the steps to make them successful, new business owners can be provided with a leg up in the online business world. in order to make an assessment of the types of businesses that are successful, an initial assessment through an online question and answer forum will be conducted. upon vetting the various companies and their owners, the next step is to conduct facetoface interviews to further analyze best practices. the strategic area of focus is based upon american businessmen or women opening up a business in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the following pages will include: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, \n 3 and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. problem statement the problem to be addressed in this proposed study is based upon failing online businesses and finding ways for new online business owners to become profitable. over 60% of small businesses have failed to achieve a profitable position and subsequently shut down (simmons, wiklund, & levie, 2014). this problem affects millions of individuals each year and can potentially be influenced by first understanding which type online business to begin. by helping individuals to understand the type of businesses that are successful, programs can be developed to help these individuals by developing a startup program. online businesses are growing in a significant manner each and every day, and many people will not take the time to understand what works and what does not work prior to jumping in head first. worldwide, there are about 300 million people trying to start about 150 million businesses. of the 150 million, only approximately 50 million businesses make it to launch (mason, 2016). to begin to identify whether a business has a high probability of becoming successful, one must look to other online business owners and the types of business strategies previously utilized. understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experiences, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. this type of work is applicable to the applied dba by researching existing data in the online business environment and applying it to the future of the online business environment. purpose statement the purpose of this research is to discover the best possible online business types to achieve success. groups of individuals in a variety of online business ventures will be studied to determine the most successful solutions to forming an online business. this process will save \n 4 time and energy for those that wish to move into the world of entrepreneurship. in this study, successful online businesses will be defined as those bringing in a net income of over $10,000 per month. with a solid understanding of the best types of businesses to begin online, an individual will be able to make an educated decision on the type of business to move into. using a quantitative methodology for this study will allow a researcher to identify the spectrum of success by identifying profitability levels. the study will also identify the number of online business started, as well as the number of individuals and the gender of the individuals starting them. by identifying each set of data collected in the research questions listed in the following section, an idea of the characteristics makes up a successful online business. research questions asking the right questions that are effective in providing an answer to the problem the research is trying to solve, requires careful consideration. questions are normally developed by utilizing one of three methods. the three methods are: logic, practicality, and accident (locke, spirduso, & silverman, 2007). by utilizing logic and practicality, questions can be developed to answer a problem by developing a hypothesis in the beginning stages of the project. as the research study continues, questions will begin to arise by pure accident, allowing other avenues to be discovered. in the given project, identifying the most successful online businesses will require significant research. the following questions target current successful online business owners: (a) what makes your online business successful? (b) how does gender affect business startup and success? (c) which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? conducting a research experiment in its natural environment has limitations. \n 5 the following will describe the hypothesis for each question: question 1: what makes your online business successful? hypothesis: ten of the sixteen items listed below need to be met to identify as successful. the following are noted as making an online business a success (a) capital, (b) strong record keeping and financial control, (c) industrial experience, (d) managerial experience, (e) planning, (f) professional advice, (g) educational level, (h) personnel, (i) economic circumstances, (j) age of business, (k) election of appropriate time to provide products or services, (l) age of entrepreneur, (m) partners, (n) parents, (o) minorities, and (p) marketing question 2: how does gender affect business startup and success? hypothesis: males are more successful in business than females. overall most females are less likely to succeed in business as there are a smaller number of females starting up businesses. females that startup businesses are more likely to startup businesses with a partner involved (kodama & odaki, 2011). question 3: which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? hypothesis: social media will be noted as the most effective online marketing tools. five main platforms for social media that are extremely effective marketing tools. the tools include facebook, youtube, google+, linkedln and twitter. each of these tools can also be utilized to track competitor effectiveness (aichner & jacob, 2015). methodology selection determining which type of study and methodology that will be utilized is vital to the research being conducted. first, a researcher must understand how to choose an appropriate research project and how to write in a scholarly way. many new students to the research field \n 6 are unsure of not only how to write in a scholarly manner, but must learn quickly how write as well and choose the appropriate type of study, qualitative or quantitative. understanding the details and the processes that develop a proper study is necessary to ensure research is conducted appropriately (caffarella & barnett, 2000). quantitative methodology could potentially be utilized within the realm of descriptive research to identify a variable. in this study the variable could entail determining the level of success by dollar figure earned per month. the interviewees could be asked a question of how much their business earns per month, and those that have the highest totals would rank as the most successful. as a researcher conducts a quantitative study, the following should be clearly identified in the analysis (a) the statistical tests which were utilized in the study, (b) why the tests were chosen, and (c) the results of the study (coughlan, cronin, & ryan, 2007). alternatively, qualitative studies consist of collecting a large amount of data, organizing and analyzing that data to create a succinct statement to provide a prediction or insight into the purpose that is being studied (lecompte, 2000). the primary element to the qualitative methodology involves descriptive research (“key elements,” 2010). upon review, the qualitative methodology is the best format for the selected research problem. by utilizing a strategy that incorporates the human element, a thorough analysis can be conducted on successful online businesses. other strengths of a qualitative study involve the level of detail that can be acquired. the weaknesses involve the acquisition of too much data that a researcher could get bogged down in the amount of data collected. in addition, the data collected could potentially be skewed by researcher bias due to nature of the questions being asked. while the weaknesses for qualitative studies may cause extensive conflicts, a quantitative study would not \n 7 provide enough data to truly understand what makes a company successful. the research will require the ability to ask a variety of in depth questions that provides more description. by understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experience, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. now that the type of study that is the most appropriate and the types of data that will need to be collected, the next step is to create a record of the collected data for further interpretation (gibbs, 2007). surveys will be the collection method of choice and will be discussed further in the upcoming sections. collection methods there are several different methods that will be utilized in this study to collect data for analysis. the three types that will be utilized are surveys, field notes, observation, and interviews. each method provides a unique way to collect data to interpret and develop a well rounded study. each type of data collected will provide a portion of data which will more fully develop the bigger picture. surveys can be utilized in (quasi) experimental data collection. the population and sample size for this study will need to be between 2550 online businesses covering a variety of online business types. trying to survey the entire population of all online businesses would not be feasible and quite expensive. conducting simple random sampling and focusing on a small sample size of the overall population will provide an equal opportunity for business selection. if the overall number of businesses in the asiapacific locale was 250500 businesses, a 10% ratio random selection could provide a fairly average response (trochim & donnelly, 2008). the small sample size is appropriate for this type of study due to the amount of information will need to be collected. the specific selection will include american based businesses operating in the \n 8 asiapacific region. by allocating limiting factors and vetting the selected interviewees, the data will become reliable and valid specifically for the identified factors. when collecting data, a survey must be valid and reliable. the location utilized to locate potential individuals for the survey is on the website quora. quora is a contemporary, webbased forum where users can post questions and acquire answers from other users. in addition, others can vote up or down the answer based upon the accuracy or quality of answer (ovadia, 2011). this method of data collection will allow researchers to acquire a base for source identification. surveys conducted through quora may provide a base of individuals to choose from, the data collected may be less reliable than surveys administered facetoface. the advantage of using surveys allows researchers to target specific information required. the facetoface survey offers the ability to not only receive the answer to the question, but additional information that is naturally acquired through conversation. the disadvantages of utilizing surveys include (a) potential false information and answers, (b) gathering information that exaggerated or understated, (c) asks irrelevant questions, and (d) attracts only those who are willing to answer the survey (cozby, 2012). another relatable study to discuss utilized quantitative design involved online business courses. the study reviewed involved three online quantitative business courses that were taught over a period of 8 years. the study took place at the location of athabasca university, and the data collected was done so by observation and experience (lam & khare, 2010). the study analyzed only three online businesses over the 8year period, and allowed the researchers to gather in depth data on a small sample size. by utilizing a small sample size, the researcher could collect an extensive amount of data. to collect the same amount of data on a much larger \n 9 sample size would have required a much larger number of individuals to collect the data. field notes and observations other data collection methods to utilize in this study are field notes and observations. both types of data collection involve field research. field research is the overall label that defines a particular type of collection method that includes direct observation of naturally occurring events. field research is different from survey research. field research records the actions are being conducted and recorded at that time rather than a survey taken after the event’s occurrence (jane & liz, 2002). field notes are described as those that are written down in the field as the event takes place. in this study, fieldwork and observation can be used in the in the form of attending an online business conference. the conference type of forum could provide a solid foundation for successful online business. by learning from each entrepreneur as to what worked well versus those actions that did not work would be valuable information to analyze. the field notes collected at the conferences could provide a way to compare and contrast viable business strategies. the advantages of using field notes would allow for a log of questions asked to current online business owners. the disadvantages would be that only a certain number of online business owners would be able to attend the conference and the information collected may be biased as others in the room challenge the answers given (cozby, 2012). interviewing interviewing is another data collection method to be used in this research study to answer the above research questions by speaking directly with selected online business owners. the preferred method for interviews would be facetoface. while electronic interviews may provide a well thought out answer that is written down, the value of facetoface interviews is priceless. \n 10 an interviewer can not only hear the answers to the questions, but also interpret body language and ask followup questions (cozby, 2012). for this study, participants would be interviewed individually. a followup study could incorporate a group interview. this followup could be utilized to analyze the differences between the business types and address the challenges by comparing and contrasting the answers given. advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses identifying appropriate questions for the study can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. the data collected could potentially be skewed by the pure nature of the experiment. data collected and potential factors that could be influenced by the analyses based upon the number of years a business has been active. the data could also be skewed by the ages of the individuals at the helm of the business. older individuals may be less likely to utilize social media and electronic means to conduct business, but may be successful due to the length of time and the experience they have been in business. identifying the reasoning behind a company’s success will be useful information to acquire. appropriate background data on each of the companies and the key managers will need to be collected to ensure the data is reviewed for accuracy. according to fink (2003), statistical analyses provide descriptions, relationships, comparisons, and predictions. another potential issue is to ensure an appropriate target is selected and it represents the entire population. a study was conducted to detect alcoholism amongst the delhi high court’s attorneys. the study showed that 5% of the targeted market were alcoholics. the issue was then attempting to apply this across the board for all lawyers, which was certainly was not the case. a study as detailed above can only be applied to the particular sector located within the study. \n 11 attempting to apply the same criteria to the lawyer population in a small town with limited stress would most likely be significantly lower (banerjee & chaudhury, 2010). for the study of online business, the target market may not apply across the board. successful online trading business may not all be successful for the same reason. to develop an understanding, a more in depth analysis must be conducted to ensure the data collected is analyzed for validity in the asia pacific region. validity validity is a concept that needs to be reviewed to ensure that is in place for each study. the three different types of validity that each study needs to be evaluated for are construct validity, internal validity, and external validity. it is important to ensure that the study being conducted is valid for each of the three types will help to determine the appropriateness of the study. each area will be discussed in the sections below. construct validity construct validity involves a specific sample size and the accuracy of the involved variables. as the defined variables are reviewed and measured within the study, inferences are developed. construct validity essentially reviews how closely the data inferences are to the reality of the concept (braun & kuljanin, 2015). with the study at hand, the data collected involves the number of businesses making over $10,000 per month. a sample inference based upon the 10% of the population, could show that the type of business with the highest success rate of 50% are in electronics sales. if applied across the board, this would imply that 50% of all asiapacific companies’ electronic companies would be successful if this were the case. internal validity \n 12 internal validity is a bit different than construct validity due the nature of cause and effect. if the current study changed but one factor in the study based upon the current conclusions, a researcher would be able to predict cause and effect relationships (cozby, 2012). an example of this could be determining that an online company could make $2,500 in sales on average by completing $500 in marketing each month. if marketing efforts were increased to $1,000 each month, the logical step would be to say that the company would double its sales. external validity external validity focuses on whether the findings of a study can be analyzed and allocate them in other settings (cozby, 2012). external validity serves to provide a sense of truth to a given conclusion in a variety of circumstances. stereotyping could be a way to define external validity. an example of this type of validity could be something like the following: if the conclusion is that it will take 2 years for a tech online business to become successful in the u.s., a tech online business will take 2 years to become successful in france. threats to validity the types of validity discussed above are in place to ensure the highest level of accuracy within a study. when a study is conducted, a researcher must identify the threats to internal and external validity. the threats begin to infiltrate procedures, treatments, or experiences of participating individuals (creswell, 2013). by identifying the potential threats, mitigating processes can be put into place. threats to validity could include something as simple as a researcher injecting a bias into the facetoface interview simply by asking questions that push an interviewee to answer a question in a certain manner. strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations \n 13 the strengths associated with this qualitative study would start with providing access to a significant number of individuals currently owning online businesses. the online environment will certainly allow for ease of access to the type of individuals that will be interviewed. while conducting the study in the online environment with online business owners is considered a strength, the challenge associated with finding the successful online business owners may be more difficult. huberman and miles (2002) discussed campbell and stanley’s attack on the “oneshot case study”. an ethical issue that evolved from this study was the thought that one observation, from one group, only one time, does not allow for other alternative outcomes. if only one possible outcome is analyzed, the data can be skewed. reporting that observed data of only one test as true across the board in every similar situation will certainly lead to an ethical dilemma. a strategy will need to be formulated to account for the other possible results and outcomes. during this study, the questions will be asked from a variety of business owners allowing for open ended discussion. another ethical issue to consider within this study will be how business owners will be found, interviewed, and protection of interviewees and information provided. if individuals are not responsive, a fee may be required to acquire the interviewees. by providing a fee, this may attract an unintended and unethical audience. another potential solution would be to locate forums that allow individuals to respond to the masses, such as quora. by utilizing a database such as quora, an ethical issue of whether or not the individual is actually a business owner or someone more or less pretending to be a business owner could develop. time will need to be taken to validate the accuracy of the person’s claims. by asking what the name of the associated \n 14 business, further research can be conducted to validate the individual’s statements. the research can then be furthered by locating the business and the individual’s association with that business by validating the relationship between the individual and the company. upon validation, the information provided will then need protection. the interviewee would need to sign a release of information as well as confidentiality agreement that specifies which portions of information would be authorized for release. in addition, names and addresses of would be withheld and how the information would be stored and disposed. conclusion this week’s final assignment was focused on selecting a research method for a previously developed study. the topic of discussion for this hypothetical study is proposal online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people undertake starting an online business and many fail in the early stages. the first step of this process included identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. by choosing a study method that involves collecting an extensive amount of data. the qualitative study provides a vehicle to ask questions that allow for more fluent and descriptive data collection. while the qualitative method allows for the a more thorough picture of the problem, the method may also hinder the study by acquiring too much data. the strategic area of focus for this assignment was based upon american businessmen or women opening up businesses in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the above pages included a discussion of each of the \n 15 noted points: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. \n 16 references aichner, t., & jacob, f. (2015). measuring the degree of corporate social media use. international journal of market research, 57(2), 257275. doi:10.2501/ijmr2015018 banerjee, a., & chaudhury, s. (2010). statistics without tears: populations and samples. industrial psychiatry journal, 19(1), 60–65. doi.org/10.4103/09726748.77642 braun, m. t., & kuljanin, g. (2015). big data and the challenge of construct validity. industrial & organizational psychology, 8(4), 521527. doi:10.1017/iop.2015.77 caffarella, r. s., & barnett, b. g. (2000). teaching doctoral students to become scholarly writers: the importance of giving and receiving critiques. studies in higher education, 25(1), 3952. doi:10.1080/030750700116000 coughlan, m., cronin, p., & ryan, f. (2007). stepbystep guide to critiquing research. par 1: quantitative research.http://keiranhenderson.com/articulate/critiquing\\_research/ data/downloads/ critiquing\\_quantitative\\_research\\_bjn.pdf cozby, p. c. (2012). methods in behavioral research. boston, ma mcgraw hill higher education fink, a. (2003). what statistics do for surveys. (2003). in a. fink (ed.), how to manage, analyze and interpret survey data. doi:10.4135/9781412984454 frazer, l. (2015). failure to launch. cpa journal, 85(5), 3436 huberman, m. & miles, m. (2002). understanding and validity in qualitative research. the qualitative researcher's companion. doi: 10.4135/9781412986274.n2 key elements of a research proposal quantitative design. (2010). retrieved from http://www. bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/develop\\_quantitative.html kodama, n., & odaki, k. (2011). gender difference in the probability of success in starting business turns negligible when controlling for the managerial experience. applied economics letters, 18(13), 12371241. doi:10.1080/13504851.2010.532097 kristandy, s. j., & aldianto, l. (2015). factors that influence student's decision in startingup service franchise business in bandung. procedia social and behavioral sciences, 169(the 6th indonesia international conference on innovation, entrepreneurship, and small business (iicies 2014), 318328. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.316 lam, h., & khare, a. (2010). effective practices for online delivery of quantitative business courses. international journal on elearning, 9(2), 229250 \n 17 lecompte, m.d. (2000). analyzing qualitative data. theory into practice, 39 (3), 146154 locke, l.f., spirduso, w.w. & silverman, s.j. (2007). developing the thesis or dissertation proposal: some common problems. retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/ 14135\\_chapter3.pdf mason, m. (2016). worldwide business startups. retrieved from http://www.moyak.com/ papers/businessstartupsentrepreneurs.html ovadia, s. (2011). quora.com: another place for users to ask questions. behavioral & social sciences librarian, 30(3), 176. doi:10.1080/01639269.2011.591279 simmons, s., wiklund, j., & levie, j. (2014). stigma and business failure: implications for entrepreneurs' career choices. small business economics, 42(3), 485505. doi:10.1007/s1118701395193 trochim, w., & donnelly, j. (2008). the research methods knowledge base. 3rd. ed. mason, oh cengage \n northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. btm71038 john halstead, phd research design assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction developing a methodology and design for a dissertation research topic based on the research problem, and purpose of a topic previously developed. after developing the methodology and design, a justification is provided for the use of the methodology and design and a discussion of why the alternative is less desirable. in addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed design will be provided. the topic that will be discussed herein is online business development. by understanding the various types of online businesses that become successful is a process that will take significant research and analysis. everyday thousands of people begin an online business and many fail in the early stages. the small business association states that 60% of small businesses fail within the first year (frazer, 2015). the first step of this process includes identifying the types of businesses that are the most successful and subsequently analyze and comprehend the factors that make them successful. after determining which businesses are successful and further understanding the steps to make them successful, new business owners can be provided with a leg up in the online business world. in order to make an assessment of the types of businesses that are successful, an initial assessment through an online question and answer forum will be conducted. upon vetting the various companies and their owners, the next step is to conduct facetoface interviews to further analyze best practices. the strategic area of focus is based upon american businessmen or women opening up a business in the asiapacific region. this region of the world is chosen based upon personal preference to also open a business in this area of the world. the following pages will include: (a) statement of the problem, (b) purpose statement, (c) research questions, (d) methodology selection, (e) advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses, (f) validity, \n 3 and (g) strengths, challenges, and ethical considerations. problem statement the problem to be addressed in this proposed study is based upon failing online businesses and finding ways for new online business owners to become profitable. over 60% of small businesses have failed to achieve a profitable position and subsequently shut down (simmons, wiklund, & levie, 2014). this problem affects millions of individuals each year and can potentially be influenced by first understanding which type online business to begin. by helping individuals to understand the type of businesses that are successful, programs can be developed to help these individuals by developing a startup program. online businesses are growing in a significant manner each and every day, and many people will not take the time to understand what works and what does not work prior to jumping in head first. worldwide, there are about 300 million people trying to start about 150 million businesses. of the 150 million, only approximately 50 million businesses make it to launch (mason, 2016). to begin to identify whether a business has a high probability of becoming successful, one must look to other online business owners and the types of business strategies previously utilized. understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experiences, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. this type of work is applicable to the applied dba by researching existing data in the online business environment and applying it to the future of the online business environment. purpose statement the purpose of this research is to discover the best possible online business types to achieve success. groups of individuals in a variety of online business ventures will be studied to determine the most successful solutions to forming an online business. this process will save \n 4 time and energy for those that wish to move into the world of entrepreneurship. in this study, successful online businesses will be defined as those bringing in a net income of over $10,000 per month. with a solid understanding of the best types of businesses to begin online, an individual will be able to make an educated decision on the type of business to move into. using a quantitative methodology for this study will allow a researcher to identify the spectrum of success by identifying profitability levels. the study will also identify the number of online business started, as well as the number of individuals and the gender of the individuals starting them. by identifying each set of data collected in the research questions listed in the following section, an idea of the characteristics makes up a successful online business. research questions asking the right questions that are effective in providing an answer to the problem the research is trying to solve, requires careful consideration. questions are normally developed by utilizing one of three methods. the three methods are: logic, practicality, and accident (locke, spirduso, & silverman, 2007). by utilizing logic and practicality, questions can be developed to answer a problem by developing a hypothesis in the beginning stages of the project. as the research study continues, questions will begin to arise by pure accident, allowing other avenues to be discovered. in the given project, identifying the most successful online businesses will require significant research. the following questions target current successful online business owners: (a) what makes your online business successful? (b) how does gender affect business startup and success? (c) which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? conducting a research experiment in its natural environment has limitations. \n 5 the following will describe the hypothesis for each question: question 1: what makes your online business successful? hypothesis: ten of the sixteen items listed below need to be met to identify as successful. the following are noted as making an online business a success (a) capital, (b) strong record keeping and financial control, (c) industrial experience, (d) managerial experience, (e) planning, (f) professional advice, (g) educational level, (h) personnel, (i) economic circumstances, (j) age of business, (k) election of appropriate time to provide products or services, (l) age of entrepreneur, (m) partners, (n) parents, (o) minorities, and (p) marketing question 2: how does gender affect business startup and success? hypothesis: males are more successful in business than females. overall most females are less likely to succeed in business as there are a smaller number of females starting up businesses. females that startup businesses are more likely to startup businesses with a partner involved (kodama & odaki, 2011). question 3: which web tools are most effective in supporting online businesses? hypothesis: social media will be noted as the most effective online marketing tools. five main platforms for social media that are extremely effective marketing tools. the tools include facebook, youtube, google+, linkedln and twitter. each of these tools can also be utilized to track competitor effectiveness (aichner & jacob, 2015). methodology selection determining which type of study and methodology that will be utilized is vital to the research being conducted. first, a researcher must understand how to choose an appropriate research project and how to write in a scholarly way. many new students to the research field \n 6 are unsure of not only how to write in a scholarly manner, but must learn quickly how write as well and choose the appropriate type of study, qualitative or quantitative. understanding the details and the processes that develop a proper study is necessary to ensure research is conducted appropriately (caffarella & barnett, 2000). quantitative methodology could potentially be utilized within the realm of descriptive research to identify a variable. in this study the variable could entail determining the level of success by dollar figure earned per month. the interviewees could be asked a question of how much their business earns per month, and those that have the highest totals would rank as the most successful. as a researcher conducts a quantitative study, the following should be clearly identified in the analysis (a) the statistical tests which were utilized in the study, (b) why the tests were chosen, and (c) the results of the study (coughlan, cronin, & ryan, 2007). alternatively, qualitative studies consist of collecting a large amount of data, organizing and analyzing that data to create a succinct statement to provide a prediction or insight into the purpose that is being studied (lecompte, 2000). the primary element to the qualitative methodology involves descriptive research (“key elements,” 2010). upon review, the qualitative methodology is the best format for the selected research problem. by utilizing a strategy that incorporates the human element, a thorough analysis can be conducted on successful online businesses. other strengths of a qualitative study involve the level of detail that can be acquired. the weaknesses involve the acquisition of too much data that a researcher could get bogged down in the amount of data collected. in addition, the data collected could potentially be skewed by researcher bias due to nature of the questions being asked. while the weaknesses for qualitative studies may cause extensive conflicts, a quantitative study would not \n 7 provide enough data to truly understand what makes a company successful. the research will require the ability to ask a variety of in depth questions that provides more description. by understanding current online business owners’ perceptions and experience, the most successful niche(s) can be identified. now that the type of study that is the most appropriate and the types of data that will need to be collected, the next step is to create a record of the collected data for further interpretation (gibbs, 2007). surveys will be the collection method of choice and will be discussed further in the upcoming sections. collection methods there are several different methods that will be utilized in this study to collect data for analysis. the three types that will be utilized are surveys, field notes, observation, and interviews. each method provides a unique way to collect data to interpret and develop a well rounded study. each type of data collected will provide a portion of data which will more fully develop the bigger picture. surveys can be utilized in (quasi) experimental data collection. the population and sample size for this study will need to be between 2550 online businesses covering a variety of online business types. trying to survey the entire population of all online businesses would not be feasible and quite expensive. conducting simple random sampling and focusing on a small sample size of the overall population will provide an equal opportunity for business selection. if the overall number of businesses in the asiapacific locale was 250500 businesses, a 10% ratio random selection could provide a fairly average response (trochim & donnelly, 2008). the small sample size is appropriate for this type of study due to the amount of information will need to be collected. the specific selection will include american based businesses operating in the \n 8 asiapacific region. by allocating limiting factors and vetting the selected interviewees, the data will become reliable and valid specifically for the identified factors. when collecting data, a survey must be valid and reliable. the location utilized to locate potential individuals for the survey is on the website quora. quora is a contemporary, webbased forum where users can post questions and acquire answers from other users. in addition, others can vote up or down the answer based upon the accuracy or quality of answer (ovadia, 2011). this method of data collection will allow researchers to acquire a base for source identification. surveys conducted through quora may provide a base of individuals to choose from, the data collected may be less reliable than surveys administered facetoface. the advantage of using surveys allows researchers to target specific information required. the facetoface survey offers the ability to not only receive the answer to the question, but additional information that is naturally acquired through conversation. the disadvantages of utilizing surveys include (a) potential false information and answers, (b) gathering information that exaggerated or understated, (c) asks irrelevant questions, and (d) attracts only those who are willing to answer the survey (cozby, 2012). another relatable study to discuss utilized quantitative design involved online business courses. the study reviewed involved three online quantitative business courses that were taught over a period of 8 years. the study took place at the location of athabasca university, and the data collected was done so by observation and experience (lam & khare, 2010). the study analyzed only three online businesses over the 8year period, and allowed the researchers to gather in depth data on a small sample size. by utilizing a small sample size, the researcher could collect an extensive amount of data. to collect the same amount of data on a much larger \n 9 sample size would have required a much larger number of individuals to collect the data. field notes and observations other data collection methods to utilize in this study are field notes and observations. both types of data collection involve field research. field research is the overall label that defines a particular type of collection method that includes direct observation of naturally occurring events. field research is different from survey research. field research records the actions are being conducted and recorded at that time rather than a survey taken after the event’s occurrence (jane & liz, 2002). field notes are described as those that are written down in the field as the event takes place. in this study, fieldwork and observation can be used in the in the form of attending an online business conference. the conference type of forum could provide a solid foundation for successful online business. by learning from each entrepreneur as to what worked well versus those actions that did not work would be valuable information to analyze. the field notes collected at the conferences could provide a way to compare and contrast viable business strategies. the advantages of using field notes would allow for a log of questions asked to current online business owners. the disadvantages would be that only a certain number of online business owners would be able to attend the conference and the information collected may be biased as others in the room challenge the answers given (cozby, 2012). interviewing interviewing is another data collection method to be used in this research study to answer the above research questions by speaking directly with selected online business owners. the preferred method for interviews would be facetoface. while electronic interviews may provide a well thought out answer that is written down, the value of facetoface interviews is priceless. \n 10 an interviewer can not only hear the answers to the questions, but also interpret body language and ask followup questions (cozby, 2012). for this study, participants would be interviewed individually. a followup study could incorporate a group interview. this followup could be utilized to analyze the differences between the business types and address the challenges by comparing and contrasting the answers given. advantages and disadvantages/errors and analyses identifying appropriate questions for the study can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. the data collected could potentially be skewed by the pure nature of the experiment. data collected and potential factors that could be influenced by the analyses based upon the number of years a business has been active. the data could also be skewed by the ages of the individuals at the helm of the business. older individuals may be less likely to utilize social media and electronic means to conduct business, but may be successful due to the length of time and the experience they have been in business. identifying the reasoning behind a company’s success will be useful information to acquire. appropriate background data on each of the companies and the key managers will need to be collected to ensure the data is reviewed for accuracy. according to fink (2003), statistical analyses provide descriptions, relationships, comparisons, and predictions. another potential issue is to ensure an appropriate target is selected and it represents the entire population. a study was conducted to detect alcoholism amongst the delhi high court’s attorneys. the study showed that 5% of the targeted market were alcoholics. the issue was then attempting to apply this across the board for all lawyers, which was certainly was not the case. a study as detailed above can only be applied to the particular sector located within the study. \n 11 attempting to apply the same criteria to the lawyer population in a small town with limited stress would most likely be significantly lower (banerjee & chaudhury, 2010). for the study of online business, the target market may not apply across the board. successful online trading business may not all be successful for the same reason. to develop an understanding, a more in depth analysis must be conducted to ensure the data collected is analyzed for validity in the asia pacific region. validity validity is a concept that needs to be reviewed to ensure that is in place for each study. the three different types of validity that each study needs?",
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dc4209429e7e80b7b69a53b5c18d297e | in problems 41-44, find the intercepts and graph each line. 1 1 43 -, + -y = 2 | in 41-44, find the intercepts and graph each line. 1 1 43 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday, 4/13/16 the “second” new deal criticism on roosevelt’s new deal the creation of the dependent class, so he pushes for... ● social security act (august 14, 1935) ● wpa works progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslaves interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (july 5, 1935) ○ guaranteed workers to organize without company interference ○ 3 million (1933) → 9 million (1939) election of 1936 ● most lopsided victory in american history (fdr won 61% of popular vote, 98% of the electoral vote over landon) ● solidified the democratic hold on power in the us ● but fdr’s second term wasn’t a good one: unemployment rate still stays at around 20% the end of reform ● judicial reform ○ aka the “courtpacking scheme” ○ fdr couldn’t get to the supreme court (they were getting in the way of the new deal) *political cartoon (constitution doesn’t say how many people in congress there can be) ● world affairs ○ fdr’s “arsenal of democracy” fireside chat, december 29, 1940 ■ wanted to tell americans to get involved world war ii ● started by adolf hitler wanted germany to be the strongest power in europe ○ fascist wanted to use military force to get his goal ○ knew germany wasn’t strong enough ○ september 1, 1939 germans invade poland ○ in response britain and france order them to surrender or them will start a war appeasement (hitler and mussolini) 1. economic depression a. interested in domestic problems, not national ones 2. other foreign policy concerns 3. sympathy for germany a. treaty of versailles too harsh for the germans? b. sympathy for hitler and mussolini \n 4. dread of reliving the first world war a. 1 million british troops died in the war lots of deaths b. most families had family member or friend killed or wounded in wwi british prime minister neville chamberlain “peace in our time” (1938) we saved britain and france once, we aren’t going to again, not interested what is our country doing? (not only did we not do anything, but we took steps to ensure we wouldn’t get involved) ● the “merchants of death” view of wwi ● the neutrality acts ○ sinking of the lusitania american’s cannot be on belligerent ships ○ fdr didn’t like this defeat of france may 10, 1940 germany attacked france june, 1940 france surrenders americans were stunned that germany defeated france france had advanced war material after the fall of france: 1. burkewadsworth act, sept 1940 a. peacetime act 2. destroyers for bases, sept 1940 3. lend lease, march 1941 (notice it is after fdr is reelected in november 1940) a. us is at war with germany where does japan fit in? ● military control of government ● need for resources and living space ○ attack on manchuria, 1931 ○ attack on china, 1937 ● determination to take advantage of european war to make gains in asia ● the attitude of the united states in an obstacle ○ embargo, july 1941 america cut off japan’s access to metal and oil (we exported a lot, surprisingly) ○ federalization of philippine army and reinforcement of philippine garrison, july 1941 japan is at war with china (china and america were friends) japan attacked america! pearl harbor december 7, 1941 \n how did we get into war with germany? when hitler heard about pearl harbor he declared war with us congress may not have passed it if america decided to declare war with germany america at war ***in textbook ● some themes ○ the war of machines ■ aircraft 1944 ● america: 96,000 ● germany: 39,000 ● japan: 28,000 ■ major ships: 1944 ● america: 2,247 ● japan: 248 ■ tanks 1943 ● america: 29,000 ● germany: 17,000 ■ the us built these machines and built the machines to bring these machines over! (i.e. built the rrs, the ships) ■ the depression helped the us because the unemployed were able to make war material so they had jobs ■ 4x as many people served in wwii than they did in wwi wwii veterans were the “greatest veterans” ○ the human cost of war ○ the “good war” draft registration ● married men were exempt from drafting ● many people registered casualties (military only) ● america 16 million ○ 1 million dead and wounded ● britain 6 million ○ 700,000 dead and wounded ● ussr unknown ○ 20 million dead and wounded ● germany 20 million ○ 10.4 million dead and wounded ● note: as much as90% of all german casualties resulted from germany’s war with the soviet union. ● new warwaging technologies allowed greater destruction than ever before \n ○ the atom bombs ○ however, more japanese civilians were killed by conventional bombs than the atom bomb ● dehumanizing ideologies the atomic bomb ● initial funding for research granted before the war began (19391940); manhattan project began in 1942 ● fear was that germany would get the bomb ● mid1945: germany has surrendered. japan clearly cannot win the war, but it has not been invaded and cannot be without great cost. ● what can compel japan to surrender under terms (and at a cost) the allies will find acceptable? context for decision making about the use of the atom bomb: us casualties in the pacific on the approach to japan, 19441945 ● philippines 48,000 ● iwo jima 30,000 ● okinawa 51,000 conditions of wwii caused very many people to die dehumanizing of the enemy makes it easier to kill them wwii was seen as the “good” war, creating a more inclusive definition of citizenship domestic impact of the war: catalyst for a more inclusive america? ● america barely had any civilian casualties (as opposed to many dead in china, britain, france, etc) rationing ● restrictions on excess use of material (fabric): no vests, trouser cuffs, doublebreasted suits; pleated skirts, twopiece bathing suits became more common (used less cloth) ● restrictions on private home construction ● manufacturing of autos for private use was illegal (last one built feb. 10, 1942) but not too much rationing ● “farm times became good times.” farm wife in idaho ● “going to work in the navy yard, i felt like something had come down from heaven. the war completely turned my life around.” shipyard worker ● macy’s dept. store chain had highest volume of one day sales in history (dec 7, 1944) \n ● even with rationing, civilian consumption rates rose markedly in the us from 19411945 the experience of all other countries at war was exactly the opposite of the united states’ experience hardships, but no significant hardships african american and the war ● about 700,000 blacks moved out of the south ● executive order 8802 banned discrimination in defense jobs ● about 1 million blacks served in the armed forces 75% of african americans lived in the rural south going into wwii some would go out west to work a chance of new wealth, but racism did not stop wendell willkie (republican candidate for president, 1940) ● “if we want to talk about freedom, we must mean freedom for everyone inside our frontiers.” one world, by willkie ● defeated by president roosevelt governor frank dixon, alabama ● “the war emergency should not be used as a pretext to bring about the abolition of the color line.” ● i.e. things have to change once the war ends the double “v” victory over 1) the nazis, and 2) racism women war workers: some statistics ● by 1945, about ⅓ of workingage women are in the work force. about 2 million worked in defense industries (a 110% increase in the number of women working in industry) ● in peacetime, about ¼ of workingage women worked outside the home ● in war time, the majority of workingage women did not work outside the home ● 350,000 women served with the military world war ii: a catalyst for internationalism (transforming the us from isolationist to one that embraced involvement in world affairs) ● refused to join the “league of nations” in 1919 ○ established “united nations” in 1945 ● refused to forgive europe’s war debts in the 1920s (under coolidge) ○ established the international bank for reconstruction and development (the world bank) ● passed isolationist neutrality acts in the 1930s ○ joined collective security organizations in the 1940s ● passed protective tariffs in the 1920s and 1930s \n ○ general agreement on tariffs and trade (the wto) in 1947 america wanting to be involved in foreign affairs led to peace and prosperity for all the world… or the cold war the cold war ● soviet union saw us taking over influence that they thought they should be taking ● because the germany was defeated, soviet union took over europe, some of korea, china, etc. and didn’t want to stop there ● two great superpowers: america and soviet union ● stalin said capitalism and imperialism will make war certain to happen ● winston churchill and harry truman ○ truman was the president ○ did churchill address soviet union? ● stalin was getting nervous that america was taking over ● america had turkey and stalin wanted it ○ turkey was hostile to russia ● truman believed stalin wanted to dominate the world ● big powers were trying to make atomic weapons the us and ussr: sources of tension ● general ○ conflicting economic systems and ideologies ● specific ○ past history ■ wwi communists took russia out of the allied camp in early 1918; us sent soldiers to north russia and siberia ■ late recognition of soviet regime ■ russogerman nonaggression pact, 1939 (in 19391941, the ussr was an ally of germany) ○ status of eastern europe, and other soviet actions in the 1940s ● germany attacks poland, holland, norway, belgium, france, britain soviet union helps them (acts as an ally) ● soviet union betrayed/attacked germany, and that’s when they were no longer allies yalta conference, feb 1945 ● big 3: us (roosevelt), britain (churchill), and ussr always met near the ussr border ● war isn’t over at this time, yet germany is failing ● meeting about postwar what will happen to poland? ● us (roosevelt and churchill) wanted stalin to have selfdetermination let the country pick their own government \n potsdam conference ● roosevelt died and replaced by truman ● churchill replaced by atley ● no agreement over germany’s status ● zones in germany (american zone, british zone, french zone= west germany), soviet zone= east germany ● stalin didn’t want an economically prosperous, powerful germany, and america did william o. douglas ● stalin’s speech of february 1946 is “a declaration of wwiii” (stalin’s speech says communism will ensure that war is avoided) ● liberal supreme court justice (from 19391975) james forrestal “venona” ● 19421945 soviet union launched an unrestrained espionage offensive against the us. it reached its peak when the us had a friendship with the ussr ● late 1940s the evidence by venona had american conclude that stalin was going to betray the us… and they were right. george kennan and the “containment doctrine” ● soviet union extremist is the normal form of rule ● foreigners were expected to be enemies ● ussr thinks that with the us, there can be no permanent modus vivendi. “way of living”) ● from the “long telegram” 1946, written by mr. x (anonymously) ● how to push against the soviet union? containment the “iron curtain” speech ● russians only admire military strength, so us needs to defeat them with our own strength former vicepresident henry wallace ● we are still spending a lot on the military ● it would look to others that we didn’t want peace ● roosevelt told the public that he wouldn’t keep wallace as his vicepresident we still never really knew what the soviet wanted josef stalin \n ● “one death is a tragedy; one million deaths is a statistic.” ● easy to see stalin as hitler you cannot appease dictators! biggest lesson of wwii! ",
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741f43a4870d2e9208d8f0955d14d055 | liesder mayea liesder mayea liesder mayea | liesder mayea | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
{
"text": "peñas arriba y introducción a niebla oct. 16 y 18 marcelo es una persona perezosa y rico y no necesita trabajar se da cuenta que necesita trabajar en la tierra para vivir una vida llena la ignorancia es el peor mal de la serie humano- sócrates del punto de vista del racista, el racismo es la verdad o no pueden ver otra realidad se convierte en un líder de este pueblo, un filósofo rey como sabe la diferencia entre bien y mal? o podemos a hacer algo mal y no sabemos o nuestras acciones puedan ser malas por otra gente un dictador es de una manera como un filósofo rey el fin trágico que es la tecnología? todo lo que cambiamos en la naturaleza es un",
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39e637cfdbf299fc2aa616ee1725b9ae | ?problem 1rcq
what is the energy source for the motion of gas in the atmosphere? what prevents atmospheric gases from flying off into space? | solved: what is the energy source for the motion of gas in | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
{
"text": " soc 100 week 11 chapter 8 social stratification o working class 33% focus on getting by slightly favor liberal, but not by much targeted by political candidates due to variability value social life, education is necessary evil o lower class 20% living on the edge or apathy stays pretty consistent percentagewise 2008 grew to 25% religion – if there is one in the neighborhood they go, if not they don’t new class society o upper class is 20% upper, small diamond shape o lower/middle is 80% lower, large diamond shape o illustrates distribution better does not correspond to wealth distribution clicker what class did you grow up in? o overwhelmingly middle class clicker – where will you be in 20 years? o overwhelmingly middle class, and some upper who gets ahead – christopher jencks o education * years of certain levels of education o who your parents are * how many children father’s career o luck o race o sex o hard work o * education and parents are most important) functionalist see it as acceptable education requires hard work conflict – we don’t choose our parents, so it’s not fair income has been rising steadily since 1950 o however, distribution does not show change as equal among classes highest 20% income has risen greatly but as you go down the classes, income has remained almost the same from 1940’s – 1980 the increase in income was relatively equally distributed \n now only the upper classes are seeing a rise in income clicker – will you be better off fincancially than your parents o 40% yes o 30% no or uncertain more billionaires than ever o 2003 262 billionaires o 2016 – 1810 billionaires o riches – bill gates $75 billion o richest women $36.1 billion o oprah – 3 billion o pat striker 2.3 billion from fort collins likely the “anonymous” donator that donated 25 million for stadium o u.s has 8 of the top 10 billionaires national study – “differences in income in us are too large” o class figures – 61% agree, 10% disagree o national study 65% agree, 14% disagree some billionaires agree the giving pledge – billionaires donating half of their wealth reasons for lower class mobility in us o rise of the money culture making money > content/enjoyment of life o bank deregulation in 1980’s and 1990’s harmful to majority of us, beneficial to super wealthy o technology – jobs done by machines o rise of emerging markets, especially in china and india clicker emily and mark are high school teachers, volunteer every weekend, and are very religious what class are they in? o correct answer= average middle class poverty o relative poverty: poorer in relation to others with more money o absolute poverty: deprivation of resources that is lifethreatening or inability to afford minimum standards of food, clothing, shelter, and health o most poverty in us is relative poverty who is responsible for poverty o blame the poor: the poor are mostly responsible for their own poverty (functionalist) o blame society: society is primarily responsible for poverty (conflict) national study who’s responsible for helping the poor o 27% government o 24% people should take care of themselves o 46% combination of both what is major cause of poverty? \n o us, japan, australia – lack of individual effort o mexico, sweden, germany societal injustice poverty rate in us o normally assume a family of 4 with 2 kids under 18 o current 47 million 14.5% us population $24,250/year o 55% more than current poverty rate = 73 million, 22.5% us population $37,588 / year o lifestyle of those at 155% of poverty rate never go out to eat, to movies, entertainment, don’t take vacations, hire babysitters, buy anything in excess who are the poor o age: 19.9% of children under 18 9.5% of elderly 65 and above o race/ethnicity 28% of native americans 27% of african americans 23.5% of hispanic americans 10.5% asian americans 9.6% white o sex/gender 31% of female head of household 16% male head of household o workers 14% of the poor work fulltime 45% of the poor work at least parttime to reach 155% of poverty, you need to make $18.07/hour well over minimum wage hidden costs of class o judgement from others o feelings of hopelessness o acceptance of symbols of inability o loss of dignity and a sense of accomplishment homelessness o 2540% work o 37% are families with children o 25% are children o 2530% are mentally disabled o 30% are veterans o 40% drug and alcohol dependent cure for poverty? \n o answer depends on whom you blame clicker welfare vs. wealthfare what does government spend most money on? o 64% said health care for richest 10% of elderly medicare beneficiaries correct answer clicker – government housing subsidies end up going to ? o more to the middle class than the poor welfare distribution o distributed unequally in a manner that is deemed best o everyone gets some sort of entitlement how are we doing? o us is one of richest nations and has one of highest standards of living o some members of our society are benefitting handsomely while others are not o “rich getting richer, poor are getting poorer, so it all averages out” ",
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c5ab08785f3f26884bdac3ec7b7c068f | ?problem 105p
refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a refrigerator at 900 kpa and 60°c, and leaves as a saturated liquid at the same pressure. determine the heat transfer from the refrigerant per unit mass. | answer: refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
{
"text": "april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica \n april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica ",
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eddc713705133a9eb4c91800b432809c | health care fraud. most errors in billing insurance providers for health care services involve honest mistakes by patients, physicians, or others involved in the health care system. however, fraud is a serious problem. the national health care anti-fraud association estimates that approximately $68 billion is lost to health care fraud each year.15 when fraud is suspected, an audit of randomly selected billings is often conducted. the selected claims are then reviewed by experts, and each claim is classified as allowed or not allowed. the distributions of the amounts of claims are frequently highly skewed, with a large number of small claims and a small number of large claims. since simple random sampling would likely be overwhelmed by small claims and would tend to miss the large claims, stratification is often used. see the section on stratified sampling in chapter 3 (page 196). here are data from an audit that used three strata based on the sizes of the claims (small, medium, and large): | health care fraud. most errors in billing insurance | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "am 270 week 12 chapter 8 merchandise assortment factors to consider for assortment planning o $$$ o line plan summary o customer service level in regard to having products for which customers are looking stock situation: instock vs. stockout o line presentation color variety measurable assortment dimensions o assortment factor dimensions that define characteristics of a product referred to as an “element” in the line plan summary o stock keeping unit (sku) unique piece of merchandise defined by assortment factors/elements most frequent reason for stockout: size other factors (color, details) you can compromise on o assortment breadth # of product lines carried # of categories available o assortment depth # of items within each product line # of skus within each category o sku vs. assortment depth more skus, more assortment depth more customers have to choose from more difficult to keep all unique pieces of merchandise in stock o more likely to have stockouts o assortment volume total number of units in an assortment merchandise budget / average retail price of the category integration of assortment dimensions into assortment plans o assortment distribution percentage allocation within each assortment factor estimate based on rate of sale how fast each style/size/color sells in an assortment o volume per assortment factor # of units per assortment factor (ex: volume per style) (assortment volume) x (assortment distribution % of assortment factor) o volume per sku \n # of units for each sku in an assortment # units per style x color% x size % example: see handout if the style has 90 units, red constitutes 70%, size small constitutes 10% o 90 x .7 x .1 = 6.3 = 6 \n am 270 week 12 chapter 8 merchandise assortment factors to consider for assortment planning o $$$ o line plan summary o customer service level in regard to having products for which customers are looking stock situation: instock vs. stockout o line presentation color variety measurable assortment dimensions o assortment factor dimensions that define characteristics of a product referred to as an “element” in the line plan summary o stock keeping unit (sku) unique piece of merchandise defined by assortment factors/elements most frequent reason for stockout: size other factors (color, details) you can compromise on o assortment breadth # of product lines carried # of categories available o assortment depth # of items within each product line # of skus within each category o sku vs. assortment depth more skus, more assortment depth more customers have to choose from more difficult to keep all unique pieces of merchandise in stock o more likely to have stockouts o assortment volume total number of units in an assortment merchandise budget / average retail price of the category integration of assortment dimensions into assortment plans o assortment distribution percentage allocation within each assortment factor estimate based on rate of sale how fast each style/size/color sells in an assortment o volume per assortment factor # of units per assortment factor (ex: volume per style) (assortment volume) x (assortment distribution % of assortment factor) o volume per sku \n # of units for each sku in an assortment # units per style x color% x size % example: see handout if the style has 90 units, red constitutes 70%, size small constitutes 10% o 90 x .7 x .1 = 6.3 = 6 ",
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2a60ebbcca24cf38b6f69440c729c01f | consider the following generic reaction: y2 \_ 2xy!2xy2 a2b2 \_ 2c!2cb and 2a in a limiting reactant problem, a certain quantity of each reactant is given and you are usually asked to calculate the mass of product formed. if 10.0 g of y2 is reacted with 10.0 g of xy, outline two methods you could use the determine which reactant is limiting (runs out first) and thus determines the mass of product formed. a method sometimes used to solve limiting reactant problems is to assume each reactant is limiting and then calculate the mass of product formed from each given quantity of reactant. how does this method work in determining which reactant is limiting? | consider the following generic reaction: y2 \_ 2xy!2xy2 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. 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eca23675769ce1f5fa40c0783c08a9ae | the use of the interval requires a large sample. for each of the following combinations of n and p, indicate whether the given interval would be appropriate. a. n 50 and p .30 b. n 50 and p .05 c. n 15 and p .45 d. n 100 and p .01 e. n 100 and p .70 f. n 40 and p .25 g. n 60 and p .25 h. n 80 and p .10 | the use of the interval requires a large sample. for each | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " biol 2510 notes for test 3 overview – anatomy primary sex organs: gonads male = testes females = ovaries produce: o gametes (sperm and ova) o hormones: testosterone, estrogen secondary sexual characteristics regulate reproductive system accessory (secondary) reproductive organs reproductive tract – ducts and organs o receive, store, transfer gametes o female: environment for development of zygote, embryo, fetus accessory glands – fluids for transfer external genitalia – transmission of gametes male reproductive system – testes within scrotum sperm 3 degrees celsius below core body temperature (about 93.2 degrees fahrenheit) cremaster muscle – elevates or suspends testes o proximity to core dartos muscle – o shrinks/expands scrotal skin cold – shrink hot – expand seminiferous tubules – site of spermatogenesis = production of spermatozoa (sperm cells) o spermatogenic cells – in epithelial walls of seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm includes spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids spermatogenesis: o spermatogonia – stem cells divide through mitosis and become primary spermatocytes meiosis i forming secondary spermatocytes meiosis ii becoming \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ seminiferous tubules 1. spermatogenic cells: meiosis sperm \n 2. sertoli cells (sustentocytes) bloodtestis barrier sperm are genetically unique nutrients and signaling molecules move spermatogenic cells along to lumen phagocytize defective cells and cytoplasm secrete inhibin and androgenbinding protein (abp) – regulate spermatogenesis 3. leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) – produce testosterone 4. myoid cells: contract, move sperm through tubule tunics: tunica vaginalis o “sheath” o two layered o derived from peritoneum tunica albuginea o “white coat” o fibrous capsule o septa lobules containing seminiferous tubule male reproductive system – sperm’s big adventure seminiferous tubules rete testis – sperm from seminiferous tubules efferent ductules – sperm from efferent ductule, mature and stores sperm vas (ductus) deferens – (in spermatic cord) paired tubes that deliver sperm to ejaculatory duct ejaculatory duct – connects vas deferens to urethra urethra: 3 regions – prostatic, membranous, and spongy male reproductive system – penis penis – copulatory organ for delivering sperm to female reproductive tract o root – attachment to body o shaft – body that contains erectile tissue: corpus spongiosum – midventral erectile tissue surrounding (spongy) urethra bulb of penis at root corpora cavernosa – paired dorsal erectile tissue (most abundant tissue of penis) crus of penis at root both are dense ct, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces o glans penis – enlarged tip of penis \n prepuce – foreskin that encloses the glans removal = circumcision (60% of newborn males in us) male reproductive system – accessory glands semen – milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions accessory glands: o seminal vesicles (2) – alkaline fluid, 70% of semen. enhance sperm motility and fertility fructose citrate coagulating enzyme (vesiculase) o prostate gland (1) – slightly acidic fluid activates sperm, 2030% citrate enzymes prostatespecific antigen o bulbourethral glands (2) – thick, clear mucus for lubrication and to neutralize urine 1. question: fructose (a carbohydrate) is aerobically metabolized by sperm cells. this means that fructose functions as a(n) \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ source for the sperm. a. energy male reproductive system – semen composition and purpose: o relaxin: hormone that enhances sperm motility o citrate (atp) and fructose: provide energy for sperm o prostaglandins: decrease viscosity of mucus at the cervix and stimulates sperm movement through female reproductive tract o suppression of immune response in female reproductive tract o antibiotics: destroy some bacteria o clotting factors: cause coagulation to vagina wall male reproductive system – erection and ejaculation erection – enlargement, stiffening of penis o parasympathetic reflex to arousal: nitric oxide released locally – vasodilation of arterioles supplying erectile tissue and blood fills vascular spaces expansion of corpora cavernosa compresses drainage veins (to maintain erection) corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open during ejaculation ejaculation – propulsion of semen from male duct system o under sympathetic control: bladder sphincter constricts (keeps urine and semen separate) \n reproductive ducts and accessory glands contract – empties contents into urethra spinal reflex triggers muscle contraction and semen release from urethra o refractory period – time after ejaculation before another erection can be achieved mitosis/meiosis review diploid chromosomal number (2n) – normal chromosome number in most body cells; 46 in humans (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes) haploid chromosome number (n) – number of chromosomes in gametes; 23 in humans mitosis – process by which most body cells divide; replicated chromosomes distributed equally to 2 daughter cells o chromosomes replicated o chromosomes align o sister chromatids pulled toward the opposite polls o each daughter cell has a copy of every chromosome meiosis i – process of nuclear division that forms the gametes; occurs in gonads o chromosomes replicated o synapsis – replicated chromosomes pair up with their homologue o chromosomes align o homologous chromosomes separated to opposite poles o each daughter cell has haploid chromosome number meiosis ii – o chromosomes align o sister chromatids pulled apart 1. question: true or false. spermatazoa are haploid because they have gone through meiosis and have a chromosomal number of 1n. a. true 2. spermatagonia are haploid because they have gone through meiosis and have a chromosomal number of 1. a. false – spermatoagonia are stem cells that go through mitosis and are diploid male reproduction system – hormonal regulation the hypothalamicpituitarygonadal (hpg) axis: o gonadotropinreleasing hormone (gnrh) from hypothalamus causes a release of: luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) from anterior pituitary lh causes leydig cells secrete testosterone (t) for spermatogenesis fsh causes sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and androgen binding protein (abp) \n negative feedback o inhibin inhibits fsh secretion o testosterone inhibits gnrh and lh secretion, leading to lower t levels testosterone from leydig cells: o fetus male external genitalia o neonate brain development, sexual differentiation, ??? o puberty – 2 sex characteristics: pubic, axillary, facial, chest hair deepening of the voice skin thickens and becomes oily bones grow and increase in density skeletal muscles increase in size and mass o is the basis of libido in both males and females dhea important in females male reproductive system – pathologies 1. cryptorchidism – “hidden” testes 2. testicular cancer a. most common cancer in young men b. risk factors: orchitis and cryptorchidism c. detection: selfexam. solid mass. 3. prostate ndncer a. 2 most common causes of death in men b. risk factors: fatty diet, genetic predisposition i. retrovirus – newly discovered, sexually transmitted enzyme in semen increases male susceptibility c. detection: palpation, ultrasound, blood levels of psa read your book: pages 10541062 female reproductive system – ovaries 1. ovaries – produce ovum (=egg) and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone a. layers of ovary i. cortex – houses forming gametes ii. medulla – large blood vessels and nerves 2. ligaments: a. ovarian ligament – anchors to uterus b. suspensory ligament – anchors to pelvic wall c. mesovarium – encloses and holds ovary in place 3. ovarian follicles = immature egg (oocyte) and surrounding cells (follicle cells or granulosa cells) a. oogenesis – egg production \n i. in fetus: oogonia – stem cells divide through mitosis and become primary oocytes start meiosis but arrested in late prophase 1 until puberty ii. after puberty: 1 primary oocyte finish meiosis 1 first polar body (smaller haploid cell) and secondary oocyte 1. secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but arrested at metaphase 2 and is ovulated 2. if no sperm penetrates: oocyte deteriorates 3. if sperm penetrates: secondary oocyte finishes meiosis 2 second polar body and ovum b. follicular development i. primordial follicle – primary oocyte and single layer of follicle cells ii. primary follicle – primary oocyte and single layer of enlarged follicle cells iii. secondary follicle – primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells iv. vesicular (antral) follicle – with large fluid filled antrum (cavity); secondary oocyte sitting on stalk of cells 1. ovulation – single, secondary oocyte ejected from ovary into fallopian tube; once a month v. corpus luteum – “yellow body”, ruptured follicle after ovulation. secrete progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over vi. corpus albicans – “white body”, if no pregnancy; scar left after corpus luteum regresses female reproduction system – comparison with male 1. female: monthly changes of a menstrual cycle a. 1 oocyte each month (male 20150 million sperm/ml ejaculation) 2. female: all gametes they will ever have are produced at birth (probably) a. 500 oocytes ovulated (male continuous production) 3. oogenesis 1 viable gamete (spermatogenesis 4 viable gametes) 4. oogenesis begins in the fetus (spermatogenesis begins at puberty, ~age 14) female reproductive system – uterine tubes uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts) – receive ovulated oocyte, site of fertilization, no contact with the ovaries o ~4 inches long o ampulla – enlarged distal end of tube where fertilization takes place o infundibulum – funnelshaped end of tube with ciliated projections (fimbriae) that drape over ovary o isthmus – constricted proximal region where uterine tube joins uterus o composed of: sheets of smooth muscle (move oocyte toward uterus) highly folded mucosa with ciliated cells (move oocyte toward uterus) and nonciliated cells (secrete moist, nutritive fluid) uterus – hollow, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum o anterior to rectum and posterosuperior to bladder \n o ~3 inches long (nonpregnant) o 3 regions: body, fundus, cervix o 3 layers of uterine wall: perimtrium – serous layer myometrium – smooth muscle, expels baby during childbirth endrometrium – mucosal lining where embryo implants, sheds if no implantation occurs vagina – thin walled tube extending from cervix to body exterior o ~34 inches long o female organ of copulation (chamber for sperm deposition) o 3 layers of vaginal wall: adventitia, muscularis, mucosa (contains rugae) homologous structure shared embryonic or evolutionary origin 1. question: abp functions to: a. concentrate testosterone 2. abp is found mainly in: a. sertolli cells homologous structure shared embryonic or evolutionary origin female reproductive system – external genitalia 1. mons pubis – rounded fatty area overlying pubic symphysis 2. labia: a. labia majora – lateral skin folds: homologous to scrotum b. labia minora – medial skin folds: homologous to ventral penis 3. vestibule – recess enclosed by labia minora that contains external urethral and vaginal orifices 4. greater vestibular glands: mucous secreting glands on posterolateral sides of vaginal opening for lubrication: homologous to bulbourethral glands 5. clitoris – partially protruding structure composed of erectile tissue (like corpora cavernosa); anterior to urethral orifice, homologous to glans penis female reproductive cycles ovarian and uterine 1. question: the gamete in “5” is what? \n a. secondary oocyte female – ovarian cycle ovarian cycle – monthly events associated with maturation of egg o follicular phase (days 114, variable depending on a person and stress) primordial follicle primary follicle oocyte enlarges follicle cells around primary oocyte become cuboidal primary follicle secondary follicle follicle cells proliferate into multiple layers (= granulosa cells) secondary follicle late secondary follicle formation of theca folliculi (layer of connective tissue around follicle) thecal cells produce androgens, granulosa cells convert to estrogens formation of zona pellucida (glycoprotein substance secreted by oocyte that forms a layer around oocyte) late secondary follicle vesicular follicle formation of antrum (fluidfilled cavity between granulosa cells) o ovulation vesicular follicle ruptures secondary oocyte is expelled into fallopian tube o luteal phase (1528, duration is set) remaining follicle (thecal and granulosa cells) form into corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates ~10 days, leaving only corpus albicans (scar) if pregnancy, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over (~3 months) female – uterine cycle uterine (menstrual) cycle – monthly changes inn uterine environment o menstrual phase (days 15) – uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium, estrogen/progesterone levels low o proliferative (preovulatory) phase (days 614) – rising levels of estrogen cause endometrium to rebuild itself and cervical mucus thins o secretory (postovulatory) phase (days 1528) – rising levels of progesterone increase vascularization of endometrium, prepares it for implantation of embryo, endometrial glands enlarge cervical mucus thickens o if no pregnancy – progesterone levels fall and endometrium prepares for menstrual phase \n female – hormone regulation of cycles major hormones involved: o gonadotropinreleasing hormone (gnrh) – stimulates anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) o fsh – stimulates follicle growth o lh – stimulates follicle maturation, stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens and causes ovulation o estrogen – “sex” hormone, analogous to testosterone promote oogenesis and follicle growth induce secondary sexual characteristics growth of breasts increased fat deposition around hips and breasts widening of pelvis promotes endometrial growth during proliferative phase of uterine cycle o progesterone – “sex” hormone; promote secretory phase of menstrual cycle female – early to mid follicular phase gnrh causes fsh and lh secretion fsh binds to receptors on granulosa cells, promoting follicular growth and proliferation lh causes thecal cells to secrete androgens o androgens converted to estrogen in granulosa cells negative feedback of estrogen stop rise of fsh and lh o positive feedback of estrogen onto the granulosa cells allows continued production of e when lh and fsh are low female – late follicular phase and ovulation a dominant follicle begins to secrete high levels of e granulosa cells start to secrete inhibin and small amount of p o inhibin suppresses fsh e now exerts a positive feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary o rise in e thickens endometrium o lh surges (and to lesser extent fsh) lh surge: o oocyte complete meiosis i becoming secondary oocyte o triggers ovulation o ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum female – early to mid luteal phase corpus luteum secretes e, p, and inhibin o feedback negatively on hypothalamus and pituitary progesterone: o prepares endometrium for implantation o thickens cervical mucus \n female – late luteal phase if no fertilization o corpus luteum degenerates o estrogen and progesterone levels drop o this releases negative feedback and fsh and lh levels begin to rise new follicles begin to develop female reproductive system – mammary glands function: produce milk to nourish newborn modified sweat glands (technically part of the integumentary system) o areola – ring of pigmented skin o nipple – protrusion with openings to lactiferous ducts o lobes – 1520 per breast, made up of lobules and ducts o lobules – contain alveoli (hollow cavities) with secretory cells (produce milk) and myoepithelial cells (milk letdown) o lactiferous ducts – carry milk to openings in nipples o lactiferous sinus – store milk female pathologies ectopic pregnancy – zygote implanted in peritoneal cavity/distal portion of tube pelvic inflammatory disease o infection in peritoneal cavity scarring of uterine tubes/ovaries o sti (e.g. gonorrhea) can escape uterine tubes cervical cancer – cancer of cervix o risk factors: cervical inflammations, sti (ex. hpv), multiple pregnancies o detection: pap smear breast cancer – typically arise in epithelial cells of ducts o risk factors: early onset menstruation and late menopause, no pregnancies (or later in life), no (or short period) breastfeeding, genetics o detection: routine monthly breast exam, mammograms o treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, drug therapy, lumpectomy, mastectomy hormonal contraception estrogen and progestin (progesterone mimic) constant intermediate level = reduced hpg activity o oocyte is not released from ovary o cervical mucous thickens, reduced sperm o alters endometrium side effects o weight gain \n o sore breasts o irregular menstrual flow o nausea o acne o mood changes/decreased libido development of reproductive system genetic sex determined by sex chromosomes – xy or xx (we have 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes) o males = xy; females = xx sry (sexdetermining region of the y) gene o development of male reproductive structures 5 to 6 week old fetus gonadal ridge – future gonads for both male and female metanephros (kidney) – future female reproductive ducts; fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 of vagina mesonephric (wolffian) duct – future male reproductive ducts; epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, and seminal vesicles paramesonephric (mullerian duct) genital tubercle – small projection on external surface; gives rise to external genitalia labioscrotal swelling – swelling inferolateral to genital tubercle male development male development begins in week 7 o mullerian ducts regress o testes from gonadal ridges o seminiferous tubules form in gonadal ridges and join wolffian ducts via efferent ductules o wolffian ducts develop external genitalia begins developing in week 8 o penis forms from genital tubercle o labiocscrotal swellings orm the scrotum ~2 months before birth, testes to descend from abdominal cavity into scrotum female development o if sry gene is absent, this stimulates female development. female is the default sex. o development begins at week 8 o wolffian ducts regress o ovaries form rom gonadal ridges o mullerian ducts develop o external genitalia begins to develop o clitoris forms from genital tubercle \n o labioscrotal swellings become the labia majora reproductive system ii o fertilization – sperm’s chromosomes combine with chromosomes of secondary oocyte forming a zygote (the initial cell) o oocyte – viable 1224 hours post ovulation o sperm – viable 2448 hours after ejaculation o how many days per month is a woman fertile? o 3 days fertilization o fate of sperm: o leak out of vagina o destroyed by acidic environment in vagina o blocked at the cervix o phagocytes destroy them o peristalsis guides sperm to oocyte (~100 to few thousand) & secretions in female reproductive tract capacitate sperm process of fertilization o sperm: enzymes digest junctions between granulosa cells o sperm binds to receptors on zona pellucida o acrosomal reaction – acrosomoal enzymes digest holes through the zona pellucida o one sperm binds and fuses to the plasma membrane of oocyte o cytoplasmic contents of sperm enter oocyte o oocyte completes meiosis ii o cortical reaction prevents polyspermy o enzymes released by oocyte destroy its sperm receptors o zona pellucida hardens o the two nuclei fuse forming the zygote pregnancy and developmental periods o pregnancy – events that occur from fertilization until infant is born o gestation period – length of time woman is pregnant; ~280 days o embryonic period – fertilization to week 8 o fetal period – week 9 to birth embryonic development: cleavage o cleavage – period of rapid mitotic divisions o 36 hours: 1 cleavage creates 2 identical cells = blastomeres o 72 hours: morula (16 or more cells) o 45 days: blastocyst: cluster of ~100 cells \n fluidfilled cavity zona pellucida breaks down trophoblast – single layer of large, flattened cells; aids implantation, role in placenta formation, protect embryo from mother’s immune system inner cell mass – internal cluster of 2030 cells; forms embryo and 3 extraembryonic membranes o 67 days: implantation of blastocyst into endometrium begins maintenance of pregnancy o at implantation: o human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) – from trophoblast, stimulates corpus luteum e and p pregnancy test o postimplantation: o chorion develops from trophoblast, takes over stimulating corpus luteum development: extraembryonic membranes o we are descended from egg layers… amniotes o yolk sac from inner cell mass nutrients to developing embryo o amnion from inner cell mass of blastocyst transparent sac, fills with amniotic fluid protection, temperature regulation o allantois forms as outpocket from end of yolk sac blood vessels become part of umbilical cord becomes part of urinary bladder o chorion from trophoblast develops chorionic villi that form part of placenta embryonic development: gastrulation o gastrulation – formation of 3 primary germ layers o primary germ layers: o ectoderm becomes: epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands brain and spinal cord o endoderm becomes: epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems and associated glands o mesoderm becomes: \n everything else developmental milestones o between 23 months – placenta fully formed and functional o 5 weeks – brain, spinal cord, other organs developing, heart begins beating o 8 weeks – arms, legs, face developing o 912 weeks – head dominant, retina of eye forms, genital sex evident, hematopoiesis begins o 1316 weeks – eyes and ears developing, body growth, bones distinct o 1720 weeks – movements o 2130 weeks – substantial weight gain / fetus viable ~24 weeks o 3140 weeks – slowed weight gain, subcutaneous fat being deposited parturition (birth) labor – series of events that expel infant from uterus 3 parts o initiation rise in estrogen oxytocin receptors in cells of myometrium estrogen causes braxton hicks contractions fetus begins producing oxytocin: stimulate placenta to release prostaglandins oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate rhythmic contractions of myometrium (=real labor) + feedback loop: mother’s hypothalamus triggers release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary, more prostaglandin release from placenta greater myometrium contraction o dilation cervix dilates (to ~10 cm) and effaces (thins) o expulsion strong uterine contractions push baby out o placental uterus continues contracting to expel placenta and attached fetal membranes lactation lactation – production of milk by mammary glands mammary gland development during pregnancy: o ducts elongate and branch, lobuloalveolar development and growth o due to prolactin (anterior pituitary), estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen (placenta) \n colostrum – “first milk”; immunoglobulins (antibodies), antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin), and antibacterials (lysozyme) composition of “true milk” (23 days after birth): o fat, protein, sugar o minerals o vitamins o hormones o water o immunofactors (antibodies, antimicrobials, antibacterials) o bacteria milk production and letdown prolactin – stimulates milk production oxytocin – causes milk letdown reflex o trust, pairbonding, contentment o wound healing decreases the time needed to heal being around others releases oxytocin, which helps healing o important in “romantic attraction,” sexual arousal (especially in females) o treatment for autism? endocrinology – endocrine system ch. 16 overview – endocrine vs. exocrine glands 1. endocrine: ductless glands a. secrete: hormones – chemical messenger i. bloodstream or in an extracellular fluid then diffuse into bloodstream ii. receptors bind hormones response b. ex: pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, adrenal glands 2. exocrine: nonhormonal components to membrane surface (body cavity, lumen of organ or body surface) through ducts a. ex: salivary glands, mammary glands, chief cells in stomach, liver, and pancreas b. *pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine hormones vs. paracrines and autocrines hormones – chemical messengers released into bloodstream or ecf (and then diffuse into bloodstream) o circulate throughout body, receptors to respond autocrines – chemical messengers, exert effect on cells that secrete them o ex: prostaglandins in smooth muscle \n paracrines – chemical messengers, exert effect on nearby cells o act locally o ex: somatostatin in pancreas inhibits insulin from beta cells compared to nervous system, endocrine system: o releases hormones (vs. neurotransmitter) o has a systemic effect (vs. localized) o takes minutes or hours for effect (vs. milliseconds) o effects long lasting: hours, days, years (vs. shortlived) o regulates long term metabolic functions (vs. shortterm muscle/gland activity) overview – functions maintenance of overall homeostasis and reproduction negative feedbacks! o maintains the internal environment in the body (the optimum biochemical environment) o influences metabolic activities o integrates and regulates growth and development o controls, maintains stimulates sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development, and nourishment of the newborn overview – types of hormones amino acid derivatives (amines) – from amino acid tyrosine o are water soluble o ex: thyroid hormones o epinephrine/norepinephrine (from adrenal medulla) peptide hormones – consist of short or long chains of amino acids o are water soluble o ex: thyrotropinreleasing hormone (trh, from hypothalamus) o adh (from posterior pituitary) o oxytocin (from posterior pituitary) o growth hormone (from anterior pituitary) o lh, fsh (both from anterior pituitary) lipid derivatives – are lipid soluble o steroid hormones – constructed from cholesterol ex: estrogen, testosterone, progesterone (from gonads), glucocorticoids (from adrenal cortex) o eicosanoids – made from fatty acids ex: prostaglandins (from cells throughout body) how hormones work – target cell activation target cells – activity is altered by the hormone activation depends on 3 factors: o blood levels of the hormone which depend on: rate of synthesis/secretion \n levels of binding plasma proteins (for lipidsoluble hormones) clearance rate (halflife) o relative number of receptors on the target cell upregulation – target cells form more receptors in response to increasing blood levels of hormone downregulation – target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of hormone o affinity of receptors for the hormone mechanism of hormone action in general, hormones can act on target cells in 1 of 2 ways: o secondary messenger (involves regulatory g proteins): aminoacid derived and peptide hormones (watersoluble, hydrophilic hormones) steps hormone binds to a gproteinlinked receptor on the plasma membrane hormone binding activates the gprotein gprotein binds to an enzyme, activating the enzyme to produce second messenger, such as camp second messenger activates or inactivates enzymes in the cell o activate genes: steroid and thyroid hormones (lipidsoluble, hydrophobic hormones) steps diffuse through plasma membrane of cells bind receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus hormonereceptor complex (hrc) o enters nucleus in nucleus, hrc binds to specific region of dna either turn genes “on” or “off” 1. question: which type of hormone utilizes a gprotein coupled receptor on its target cell? a. hydrophilic hormones 2. question: which of the following form a hormonereceptor complex to alter a target cell? a. testosterone effects of hormones hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes in target cells: o alter plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels ex: epi, norepi opens ca channels on heart o increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of enzyme or proteins o activate or deactivate enzymes \n ex: glucagon activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen o induce secretory activity ex: progesterone on cervical mucus production during secretory phase of uterine cycle o stimulate mitosis ex: growth hormone on skeletal muscles control of endocrine activity hormones are synthesized and released in response to: o humoral stimuli – a direct response to changes in blood levels of a certain ion or nutrient ex: low blood ca causes secretion of parathyroid hormone o neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release sympathetic ns stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from adrenal medulla o hormonal stimuli – endocrine organ secrete hormones in response to hormones from another endocrine organ gnrh from hypothalamus lh and fsh from anterior pituitary estrogen from ovaries pituitary gland (hypophysis) 1. connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum 2. consists of 2 major lobes: a. anterior pituitary – composed of glandular tissue, produce/secrete many hormones b. posterior pituitary – composed of neural tissue, stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus hypothalamicpituitary axis hypothalamicpituitary relationship o anterior pituitary no direct neural connection to hypothalamus vascular connection – hypophyseal portal system (2 capillary beds connected by veins) 6 hormones produced (all protein): luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), prolactin (prl), adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), thyroidstimulating hormone (tsh), and growth hormone (gh) steps secretion of regulatory hormones from hypothalamic neurons regulatory hormone travel through hypophyseal portal system into the anterior pituitary hormones from anterior pituitary released into capillaries o posterior pituitary \n maintains neural connection with hypothalamus – hypothalamic hypophyseal tract 2 hormones released: antidiuretic hormone (adh), oxytocin steps: hypothalamus synthesizes stored in posterior pituitary within axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons released in response to action potentials from the hypothalamic neurons pathologies: growth hormone 1. gigantism – hypersecretion of gh in children 2. acromegaly – hypersecretion of gh after epiphyseal plates closed a. overgrowth of hands, feet, face 3. pituitary dwarfism – hyposecretion of gh a. slows long bone growth b. may coincide with deficiencies in other pituitary hormones hypothalamicpituitarythyroid axis 1. thyroid glands a. located on the trachea, just inferior to the larynx b. inside thyroid glands i. follicles – secrete thyroid hormones 1. follicular cells – epithelial cells making up the walls of follicles, synthesize thyroglobulin (glycoprotein) and secrete it into the cavity 2. follicular cavity – stores colloid (fluid with thyroglobulin and attached iodine atoms for th synthesis) ii. parafollicular cells 1. secrete calcitonin – decreases blood ca levels in animals, role not clear in humans thyroid hormones 1. major metabolic hormones – affects almost every cell in the body except adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland itself 2. 2 active forms of the hormone a. thyroxine (t4) – less potent form, has 4 iodine ions, predominant th secreted by thyroid gland, most t4 is converted to t3 at the target tissue b. triiodothyronine (t3) – more potent form, has 3 iodine ions, small amount is produced by thyroid hormone 3. effects a. promote glucose catabolism, mobilizes fats b. increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production \n c. increase adrenergic receptor in blood vessels (increase sensitivity to sympathetic ns activity) d. regulate tissue growth and development, including muscular, skeletal growth, development of ns thyroid hormone synthesis 1. follicular cell synthesizes enzymes and thyroglobulin, which are secreted into follicular cavity 2. iodide ions are transported into follicle cells 3. iodide ions then move into follicular cavity and are oxidized to iodine 4. enzymes add iodine to thyroglobulin to make t1 (monoiodotyrosine) and t2 (diiodotyrosine) 5. enzymes link t1 and t2 a. t1 + t2 yields t3 (triiodothyronine) b. t2 + t2 yields t4 (thyroxine) 6. thyroglobulin endocytosed back into follicular cell 7. enzymes cleave t3 and t4 from thyroglobulin, hormones secreted into bloodstream control of thyroid hormone secretion 1. stimuli for release: a. decreased thyroid hormone levels in blood b. low body temperature 2. thyrotropinreleasing hormone (trh) from hypothalamus thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) from anterior pituitary t3 and t4 from thyroid gland 3. t3 and t4 exert negative feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hpt axis – pathology 1. hyperthyroidism a. cause i. grave’s disease – autoimmune disease, abnormal antibodies mimic tsh b. symptoms i. increased bmr, heat production, sweating ii. muscle weakness, weight loss iii. hyperexcitable reflexes and psychological disturbances, e.g., insomnia, irritability, restlessness iv. rapid, irregular heartbeat v. bulging eyeballs c. treatment i. surgically remove thyroid ii. consume radioactive iodine hpt axis – pathology 2. hypothyroidism (myxedema) \n a) cause 1. removal of thyroid gland 2. lack of iodine in the diet b) symptoms 1. feeling cold, low metabolic rate 2. slowed reflexes, slow speech and thought process 3. slow heart rate 4. goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) – insufficient iodine follicular cells produce colloid, insufficient iodine to make t3 and t4 pituitary increase tsh secretion more unusable colloid reason for iodized salt c) treatment 1. iodine supplements 2. thyroid hormone replacement therapy",
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83643a1fd0a4ba275de1e79cb5d564a5 | a pebble is dropped from rest from the top of a tall cliff and falls 4.9 m after 1.0 s has elapsed. how much farther does it drop in the next 2.0 seconds? (a) 9.8 m (b) 19.6 m (c) 39 m (d) 44 m (e) 27 m | a pebble is dropped from rest from the top of a tall cliff | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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5961297dd603525b7882508e90fa6325 | biol 202 concordia biol 202 concordia biol 202 concordia | biol 202 concordia | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "january 8, 2018 lesson 1: overview of biology and introduction to chemistry chapter 2: chemistry, sections 2.12.7 1.1.1 what is biology? •the scientific study of living organisms •living organisms: fish humans amoeba mushroom ecoli plants 1.1.2 common features of living organisms 1. organisms are made of cells the cell is the smallest unit of life living organisms are made of one or more cells unicellular organisms: an individual is made of only one cell ex: ecoli, amoeba, multicellular organisms: an individual is made of multiple cells humans, animals 2. cells reproduce by cell division ",
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3c522c403565dba61aa4704fd88ebd58 | 3740. different axes of revolution use either the washer or shell method to find the volume of the solid that is generated when the region in the first quadrant bounded by y = x2, y = 1, and x = 0 is revolved about the following lines. y = 6 | answer: 3740. different axes of revolution use either the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": "psyc 203: human development exam 2 review (ch.710) chapter 7: physical and cognitive development in early childhood sleep patterns and problems - most u.s. children average about 11 hours of sleep at night by age 5 and give up daytime naps - bedtime varies by countries o zuni: no regular bedtime, sleep when sleepy o canadian hare: bed time after dinner but no naps - sleep disturbances are only occasional and usually are outgrown - persistent sleep problems may indicate an emotional, physiological, or neurological condition that needs to be examined - sleep terrors o awaken abruptly early in the night from a deep sleep in a state of agitation o usually occur between ages 313 and affect boys more often than girls - walking and talking o fairly common o accidental activation of brains motor control - nightmares o common o brought on by staying up too late, eating a heavy meal close to bedtime, or overexcitement - enuresis (bed wetting) o involuntary bed urination at night by children o about 1015% of 5 year olds, more commonly boys motor skills - preschool children make great advances in gross motor skills, such as running and jumping which involve the large muscles - physical development flourishes best in active, unstructured free play - fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts and drawing pictures, involve eyehand and smallmuscle coordination - gain in fine motor skills allow young children to take more responsibility for their personal care - system of actions is increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permits a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment handedness - handedness is the preference for using one hand over the other - usually evident by age 3 - because the left hemisphere of the brain, which controls the right side of the body, is usually dominant most people favor their right side - singlegene theory \n o dominant allele for right handedness o 82% of population is right handed health and immunizations - because of widespread immunizations, many of what once were the major disease of childhood are much less common in western industrialized countries - in developing countries diseases such as measles, whooping cough and tetanus still take a large toll - preventing obesity - over 10% of 25 year olds are overweight - lowincome children of all ethnicities are at greater risk - heredity and learned eating habits also contribute obesity rate increases - three factors are critical in the prevention of obesity: o regularly eating an evening meal together as a family o getting adequate amounts of sleep o watching less than 2 hours of tv a day - under nutrition is an underlying cause in more than half of all deaths before age 5 piagetian approach: the preoperational child - the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic - from age 2 – 7 symbolic function - the ability to use symbols, or mental representations such as words number or images to which a persona has attached meaning - preschool children show symbolic function through the growth of deferred imitation, pretend play and language understanding of objects in space - because children under age 3 need to keep more than one mental representation in the mind at one time it is hard to understand scale models and maps understand of causality - preoperational children cannot yet reason logically about cause and effect - they reason by transduction, mentally linking two events, especially events lose in time, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship - familiar settings help advance causality o ex. i am quiet so i wont wake the baby understanding of identities and categorization \n - preschool children develop a better understanding of identities: the concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in form, size, or appearance - by age 4 many children can classify by two criteria, such as color and shape - the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive is called animism o familiarity increase accuracy understanding of number - infants as young as 4 ½ months have a rudimentary concept of number - ordinality, the concept of comparing quantities (more or less, bigger or smaller) seems to begin at around 12 to 18 months - by age 4 children have words for comparing quantities, bigger, smaller immature aspects of preoperational thought - one of the main characteristics of preoperational thought is centration, the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others - preschoolers come to illogical conclusions because they cannot decenter, think about several aspects of a situation at one time egocentrism - egocentrism is a form of centration - young children center so much on their own point of view that they cannot take in another’s - ex. luis believes that his bad thoughts have made his sister sick or that he cause his parents marital troubles - three mountain task - a child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds. a doll is placed on a chair at the opposite side of the table. the investigator asks the child how the mountains would look to the doll. they described the mountains from their own perspective, therefore preoperational children cannot imagine a different point of view which indicates egocentrism conservation - failure to understand conservation is an example of centration - failure to understand the fact that two things that are equal remain so if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away - examples: number, length, liquid, matter/mass, weight, area, volume - the ability to conserve is also limited by irreversibility, failure to understand that an operation or action can go in two or more directions language development - by age 3 the average child knows and can use 900 to 1,000 words - by age 6 a child typically has an expressive vocabulary of 2,600 words and understand more than 20,000 - this rapid expansion of vocabulary may occur through fast mapping grammar and syntax \n - at age 3, children typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense and know the difference between i, you, and we - sentences are short, simple and declarative (ex. kitty wants milk) pragmatics and social speech - pragmatics, how we use language to communicate o knowing how to ask for something - social speech, speech intended to be understood by a listener o trying to explain something clearly private speech - talking aloud with no intended listener - normal and common in childhood - piaget says it’s a sign of cognitive immaturity because young children are egocentric - vygotsky says it is a special type of communication: conversation with the self delayed language development - about 3% of preschoolage children - may be problems in fast mapping - many children catch up especially if comprehension is normal key terms deferred imitation: becomes more robust after 18 months is based on having kept a mental representation of a previously observed event pretend play: children may make an object, such as a doll, represent or symbolize something else such as a person transductive reasoning: mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship animism: tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive centration: the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others recognition: ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus recall: ability to reproduce material from memory scaffolding: temporary support to help a child master a task fast mapping: process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation \n chapter 8: psychosocial development in early childhood selfimage representation - at age 4 the first step is single representation o statements are onedimensional o thinking jumps from particular to particular without logical connections o cannot imagine having to emotions at once (you can’t be happy and scared) o cannot acknowledge that his real self, person he actually is, is not the same as his ideal self, the person he would like to be - at age 5 second step, representational mapping o logical connections between one aspect of himself and another o expressed in completely positive, all or nothing terms, cannot see how he might be good at some things and not at others o ex. i can run fast and climb high selfesteem - the selfevaluative part of the selfconcept, the judgment children make about their overall worth. - based on children’s growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves o ex. i or good or i am bad - the helpless pattern o when selfesteem is contingent on success o children may view failure or criticism as an indictment of their worth and ma feel helpless to do better o improved selfesteem depends on whether children believe their traits are fixed or changeable selfevaluative emotions - ability to recognize guilt, shame, pride - develops around age 3 - becomes more complex with age understand conflicting emotions - young children have difficulty in recognizing that they can experience more than one emotion at the same time - most children acquire a more sophisticated understand of conflicting emotions during middle childhood \n erikson: initiative vs guilt - erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so - conflict arises from the growing sense of purpose and the desire to plan activities - children reconcile the desire to “do” with their desire for approval - virtue of “purpose”, the courage to envision and pursue goals without fear of punishment gender - gender identity is the awareness of one’s femaleness or maleness and all it implies in one’s society of origin - gender differences are psychological or behavioral differences between males and females o measurable differences are few o 78% of gender differences are small to negligible, and some differences such as in self esteem change with age o boys superior motor performance and more active physical activity o girls better attention and inhibition of inappropriate behavior o cognitive difference are few perspectives on gender development - gender roles are the behaviors, interest, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females - gender typing, the acquisition of a gender roles, takes place early in childhood, but children vary greatly in the degree to which they become gendertyped - gender stereotypes are preconceived generalizations about male or female behaviors o ex. all females are passive and dependent - biological approach o many or most behavioral differences between the sexes can be traced to biological differences o genetic, hormonal, and neurological activity - evolutionary approach o child develops gender roles in preparation for adult mating and reproductive behavior o theory of sexual selection, gender roles are universal and resistant to change - psychoanalytic approach o freud suggested a process of identification o gender identity occurs when the child identifies with the same sex parent o occurs when a boy gives up desire to possess his mother; a girl her father - cognitive approach o once a child learn she is a girl or he is a boy, the child sorts information about behavior by gender and acts accordingly \n o classify themselves as male or female - social learning approach o child mentally combines observations of gendered behavior and creates own behavioral variations o observation enables children to learn about gendertyped behaviors o children select or create their own environments thought choice of playmates and activities cognitive levels of play - functional play o insists of repeated practice in large muscular movements such as rolling a ball - constructive play o the use of objects or materials to make something, such as a house of blocks or a crayon drawing - dramatic play o involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles: it rests on the symbolic function which emerges during the last part of the second years o involves a combination of cognition, emotion, language and sensorimotor behavior parten’s social dimensions of play - unoccupied behavior o the child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest - onlooker play o the child spends most of the time watching other children play, talks to them asking questions or making suggestions but does not enter into the play - solitary play o the child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them - parallel play o the child plays independently but among the other children, playing with toys like those used by the other children but not necessarily playing with them in the same way - associative play o the child plays with other children. they talk about their play, borrow and lend toys, follow one another and try to control who may play in the group - cooperative play o the child plays in a group organized for some goal to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation influences on play - gender segregation, tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender o boys lean toward active play o girls choose more structured activities - culture \n baumrind’s parenting styles - authoritarian o control and unquestioning obedience - permissive o parents value selfexpression and selfregulation - authoritative o value child’s individuality, as well as restraint - neglectful or uninvolved o parental needs are most important - inductive techniques for parenting - designed to encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior by reasoning with a child - ex. setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences of an action key terms gender identity: awareness of one’s own gender and that of other occurs between ages 2 and 3 gender constancy: awareness that one will always be male or female; also called sex category constancy power assertion: disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement chapter 9: physical and cognitive development in middle childhood brain development - loss in the density of gray matter in certain regions of the cerebral cortex. this process reflects pruning of unused dendrites - the loss in density in gray matter is balanced by a steady increase in white matter, axons or nerve fibers that transmit information between neurons to distant regions of the brain - another way to measure brain development is by changes in the thickness of the cortex. - patterns of development in prefrontal cortex nutrition in middle childhood - children need about 2400 calories per day - less than 10npercent of calories should come from saturated fat overweight children - fall behind peers in physical and social functioning - may have lower health related quality of life - tend to suffer emotionally and compensate by indulging themselves with food and treats \n - tend to become overweight adults at risk for hypertension heart disease, orthopedic problems, diabetes and other medical issues prevention and treatment of overweight children - less time in front of tv and computers - healthier school meals - education to help children make better food choices - regular physical activity - parents should address eating patterns before the child becomes overweight piagetian approach: the concrete operational child - at about age 7 children enter the stage of concrete operations when they can use mental operations, such as reasoning to solve concrete problems - cognitive advances - special relationships and causality o concrete operational children have a clearer idea of distance from place to place o better use of maps and models - categorization o the ability to categorize helps children think logically o seriation: arranging objects in a series based on dimension ex. lightest to darkest o transitive inference: knowing the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object o class inclusion: ability to see relationship between a whole and its parts ex. flowers and specific types like daisies, 7 daisies but 12 flowers, are there more flowers or daisies - inductive and deductive reasoning o children in concrete operation use on inductive reasoning, starting with specific observations about particular members of a class of people, animals, objects and drawing conclusions about the class as a whole ex. my dog barks, so does terrys dog so all dogs bark o deductive reasoning doesn’t develop until adolescents, starts with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class ex. all dogs bark. spot is a dog. so spot barks - conservation o concreteoperational children can answer conservation problems in their heads o children understand identify, reversibility and decentering o horizontal décalage, the inability to transfer knowledge of conservation (liquids vs solids) - numbers and mathematics o learn to “count on “ o more adept at solving simple story problems o some intuitively understand fractions o able to estimate how much time do i need to walk to school \n strategies for remembering - external memory aids: using something outside the person o ex. a note pad, making a list, setting a timer - rehearsal: strategy to keep an item in working memory thought conscious repetition o repeating a phone number in your head - organization: categorizing material to be remembered o placing information into categories ex. animals, clothing - elaboration: making mental associations involving items to be remembered o imagining items associated with something else gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences - linguistic: ability to use and understand words an nuances of meaning - logical/math: ability to manipulate numbers and solve logical problems - spatial: ability to find ones way around and judge relationships between objects - musical: ability to perceive and create patterns of pitch and rhythm - bodily: ability to move with precision - interpersonal: ability to understand and communicate with others - intrapersonal: ability to understand the self - naturalist: ability to distinguish species and their characteristics sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence - three elements or aspects of intelligence o componential (analytic) determines how efficiently people process information o experiential (insightful or creative) determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks o contextual (practical) determines how people deal with their environment intelligence tests - wechsler intelligence scale for children o individual intelligence test for school age children which yields verbal and performance scores as well as combined scores o ages 616 - otislennon school ability tests o group intelligence test for kindergarten to 12 grade o children are asked to classify items, show an understand of verbal and numerical concepts, follow directions the iq controversy - in favor of using iq tests - extensive information about validity and reliability - scores form middle childhood are fairly food predictors of school achievement - criticisms of iq tests - the tests can underestimate children who do not test well \n - the tests do not directly measure native ability, only test current knowledge influence of culture on iq cultural bias: tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than others culturefree tests: intelligence tests that if they were possible to design would have no culturally linked content culturefair test: intelligence tests that deal with experiences common to various culture, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias key terms - transitive inference: knowing the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object - seriation: arranging objects in a series based on dimension - metamemory: knowledge about the process of memory chapter 10: psychosocial development in middle childhood selfconcept development: representational systems - the third stage in development of self definition characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self - broad, inclusive selfconcepts that integrate different aspects of the self - around age 7 or 8 - “i am really smart in math, but i am having troubles in english - global self worth erikson’s industry vs inferiority - fourth stage of psychosocial development - children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority - virtue that follows successful resolution of this stage is competence, a view of the self as able to master kills and complete tasks - includes social support from family and friends family atmosphere - children exposed to parental discord had high levels of o internalizing behaviors: anxiety, fearfulness, and depression o externalizing behaviors: aggressiveness, fighting, disobedience and hostility \n parenting issues in middle childhood - coregulation o parent and child share power o parent: general supervision o child: self regulation - discipline o inductive techniques – point out actions to child o ex. hitting jermaine hurts him and makes him feel bad adjusting to divorce - divorce causes stress for all family members - adjustment of children depends upon: - childs age or maturity - the level of parental conflict before the divorce - gender and temperament - psychosocial development before divorce custody and visitation - in most cases, mothers get custody - joint custody o custody shared by both parents o beneficial if parent can cooperate - joint legal custody o parents share the right to make decisions about the child’s welfare - joint physical custody o child lives part time with each parent long term effects of divorce - most children adjust reasonably well - however, divorce increases risk of: - antisocial behavior - difficulties with authority figures - dropping out of school - emotional or psychological problems (anxiety) cohabiting families - similar to two parent families but tend to be more disadvantaged - less income, education - more mental health problems - more likely to break up than married families stepfamilies - adjustment may be stressful \n - may include relatives up to 4 adults - child’s loyalty to an absent or dead parent may interfere with bonding to stepparent - findings on the impact of remarriage on children are mixed gay or lesbian families - an estimated 9 million children have at least one homosexual parent - research shows no special concerns in terms of children’s physical, cognitive, or emotional development - children of homosexuals are no more likely to be homosexual than children of heterosexuals adoptive families - adoption is found in all cultures throughout history - 60% of adoptions are by stepparents or relatives, usually grandparents - increase in open adoptions o parties share information or have direct contact - us adoptions of foreign born children quadrupled from 1978 to 2001 special challenges of adoptive families - integrating child into the family - explaining the adoption to the child - helping the child develop a healthy sense of self - decisions about contacting biological parents - foreign adoptions do not appear to entail any more problems than domestic adoptions types of aggression - instrumental or proactive aggression o view coercion as an effective means to get their way (preschool) - hostile aggression o aim is to hurt the victim - often takes relational (social), rather than overt (physical) form - aggressors may have hostile attribution bias o see others as trying to hurt them media and aggression - 6 out of 10 tv shows portray violence - usually glamorized, trivialized or glorified - most studies support a casual relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior - virtual violence (video games) may have a stronger impact than passive media (tv) bullies and victims \n - bullying: aggression deliberately directed against a particular target - victims are usually weak, vulnerable, defenseless patterns of bullying - become established as early as kindergarten - bullying increases during middle school then declines - temporary rise as social networks form o especially with middle school boys - boys tend to use overt aggression - girls tend to use relational aggression disruptive conduct disorder - oppositional defiant disorder (odd) o pattern of behavior persisting into middle childhood marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance - conduct disorder o repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others - generalized anxiety disorder - not focused on any specific part of their lives - worry about everything: school grades, storms, earthquakes, hurting themselves on the playground - tend to be self conscious, self doubting, and excessively concerned with meeting the expectations of others - seek approve and need constant reassurance key terms: hostile attribution bias: tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or selfdefense instrumental aggression: aggression aimed at achieving an objective the hallmark of preschool period rough and tumble play:",
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73b5c4d3487aed827fa729a093d7820b | ?problem 6e
what sequence of pseudorandom numbers is generated using the linear congruential generator xn+1= = (4xn + 2) mod 7 with seed x0 = 3? | solved: what sequence of pseudorandom numbers is generated | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
{
"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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e2624397041d6da0f68228d2c4cefe73 | ?problem 10e
let x have the uniform distribution u(?1, 3). find the pdf of y = x2. | let x have the uniform distribution u(?1, 3). find the pdf | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
{
"text": "geo 101 – the dynamic earth exam 4 study guide this is not all inclusive – especially if you don’t fill it out fully. what are the types of fossilization that we covered and how do they work? o frozen or dried o amber or tar sticky sap on a tree, tar is when oil has seeped to the surface looking like a drinking hole o preserved or replaced o permineralization o carbonization o molds and casts (replica or original) o trace fossils o extraordinary fossils (dna) what are evolution and natural selection? o evolution both fact and theory change in a population over a succession of generations, due to the transfer of inheritable characteristics o natural selection is theory that explains fact organisms are different same differences are advantages more advantages = more offspring population of organisms are always changing to adapt to their environment what are some the many pieces of evidence that help us understand how organisms evolve? o anatomy skeletons, teeth, anything left behind fossils modern o vestigial organ organ that no longer functions in the same way that it did o embryology way bone develops o genetics pnas phylogenic relationships among the major cetartiodactly subgroups o biogeography o homology the sameness how anatomy looks the same in different creatures what causes extinction? o climate change o tectonic activity causes sea level to rise \n habitat changes o asteroid or comet impact o new predators you must know the definitions of the relative dating techniques we covered in class and be able to use them like we did during the class activity. o original horizontality how sediment is deposited fairly horizontal o superposition applies to sedimentary only undeformed older on bottom can get tricky o lateral continuity sediments are deposited in continuous layers can be distributed later o cross cutting relationships formations in relation to each other baked contact inclusions what do unconformities tell us? o abrupt transitions in a stratigraphic column missing time non deposition erosion how do geologists use fossils for dating? o principle of fossil succession fossils are found in limited strata found in a definable order (amphibians, mammals, etc.) don’t reappear o how we use fossil index fossils trilobites well dated widespread short lived how was the geologic column created? o represents entire earths history o graphic representation of the layers of rock that make up the earths crust o divided into segments each of which represents a specific time interval how does a radioactive isotope give us a numerical age? o decay and half life \n unstable atoms eject particles predictably become more stable atom (14c – 14 n) parent isotope daughter isotope o half life time it takes for half of the population to decay cannot predict when single atom will decay what characteristics does an object need in order to be dated with radioisotopes? o carbon dating what can be dated with radioactive methods? what other methods can you use to determine a numerical age? o igeneous rocks o metamorphic sometimes, depends on temperature and mineral type what did we date to determine the age of the earth? o 4.5 billion years old know the major events in each eon or era that we covered in class: names of supercontinents, big geological events, types of life that first appeared. (use the handouts – they will make studying so much easier!!) hadean eon 4.55 ga formation of earth 4.5 ga differentiation o dense materials sink 4.5 ga formation of moon before 4.4 ga o molten tock surface o non oxygen atmosphere o no water after 4.4 ga (australian zircon) o maybe solid rock o non oxygen atmosphere o some water 4 ga meteor o destroyed existing surface o surface reformed small volcanic islands end of hadean eon o no life o very little land \n o acidic ocean not made out of water archean paleogeography o 80% of continental area seas and atmosphere o liquid water to create seas o not much oxygen in atmosphere first life o earliest fossil 3.5 ga single cell carbon isotopes stromatolites algae mats photosynthesis (creates oxygen) 2.95 ga helped increase oxygen proterozoic eon start paleography 90% of continental crust that we have today this is growing throughout the entire eon supercontinents large land masses nearly all continents constant splitting and reassembling profound affect on climate rodinia – first supercontinent pannotia reverse of rodinia atmosphere amount of oxygen increases so much algae is causing the leap of oxygen how do we know this o bif bandit iron formation cannot form unless a certain amount of oxygen is in the air o this changes chemistry of ocean \n life eukaryotic evidence = 2.7 ga first fossils from 2.1 ga symbiotic relationship life plants ocean – algae land algae o fungi fossil 650 to 544 ma o molecular clock= 1.3 ga ediacaran fauna – soft bodied – very unlikely we have the fossils for them 565 ma (million years) worms, jellyfish no shells underwater soft bodied fossils snowball earth – glaciers everywhere glaciers on land possible frozen ocean mass extinction ends eon end of the proterozoic o paleozoic era early o break up of pannotia o epic continental seas o taconic orogeny o new england o ends in glaciation life o cambrian explosion massive diversification of life plants o ocean algae seaweed o land simple fungi algae \n liverwort animal o diverse shelled animals o triobites o sponges o corals o echinoderms o first vertebrate jawless fish middle paleogeography o climate warmed and sea level rose reefs o progenies plants o vascular plants woody tissue, seeds, veins could grow larger o large swampy forests (mosses and ferns) animals o diverse shelled animals o fish: jawed, lobe fin, ray fin o spiders and insects o 1 amphibians tiktaalik o cross between fish and tetrapod o fish fins scales gills o tetrapod anything that has these four appendages flat head ribs neck fins support weight late paleogeography o global cooling sea level drop o pangaea forms o alleghanian orogeny appalachians ancestral rockies plants o gymnosperms conifer cycads (palm like) ginkgo \n animals o amphibians diversify st o 1 reptiles eggs with shells end giant extinction event at 248 million o 96% of marine species o 70% of terrestrial species o largest in history mesozoic early paleography break up of pangaea north atlantic ocean inland seas plants gymnosperms diversify animals 1 swimming and flying reptiles 1 turtles coral dinosaurs! warmblooded huge sauropods feathered birds last dinosaurs mammals very small not like modern late \n paleography pangaea broken o india warming and sea level rise o inland seas laramide orogeny plants 1 flowering plants flowering plants and hardwoods take over animals modern fish dinosaurs diversify mammals diversify end of mesozoic kt boundary extinction event o meteor o dinosaurs (except birds) o 75% plant life cenozoic paleogeography himalaya formation atlantic and pacific separated climate cooler climate o grasslands ice age: o creates land bridge plants flowering plants and gymnosperms diversify st 1 grasses \n animals mammals diversify and flourished o giant mammals at first what is the extremely general history of human evolution? (what did the graph on the slide look like?) how do the various fossil fuels form? o sun solar energy plant matter fossil fuel wind o gravity tides falling water o chemical reactions o nuclear fission o geothermal – happens in the center of the earth o oil and natural gas hydrocarbon compounds remains of marine algae and plankton in what geological formations do different fossil fuels get trapped? o anticline o fault o salt dome o stratigraphic what methods do we use to extract fossil fuels? o tar sands viscious oil in sand cannot pump mined then heated heated then pumped very expensive o oil shale has not reached oil window mined then heated very expensive \n o fracking hydraulic fracturing extracting natural gas increases well production drawbacks groundwater contamination land use issues o extracting oil and natural gas drilling puncture the seal rock pumping brings oil to the surface o refining oil crude oil is distilled process depends on grade sulfur content specific gravity are we running out of oil? what are the various answers to this question? o other sources exist liquidfied coal oil shade tar sands methane hydrate o not economically viable at current prices and technology o will we run out geologists soon economists will stop using it first what are the drawbacks of fossil fuel use? o air pollutions particles and gases acid rain o carbon dioxide greenhouse gas o byproducts mine runoff o spills groundwater ocean o fatalities in mines a lot \n what are the types of alternative energy we covered? what are their advantages and drawbacks? o nuclear power energy release when nucleus is split (fission) drawback controlling nuclear reactions o lot of work and planning o potential meltdown nuclear waste damaging to living organisms long time decay (decades centuries) o wind must have steady breeze clean drawback noisy ugly hazard to wildlife o solar sunlight converted to electricity clean drawbacks not efficient not cost effective o hydroelectric two kinds river o no pollutants o drawbacks damns tidal o no pollutants o drawbacks construction o geothermal use the earths eternal heat where it come near the surface used in two ways water steam to turn turbines drawbacks conditions limited extra office hours for exam prep: monday, april 11 from 12:002:00pm (if these don’t work, email for an appointment)",
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f44837ae5d8b70fd5517efe2733430da | each of the following molecules contains at least one multiple (double or triple) covalent bond. give a plausible lewis structure for (a) ocs; (b) (c) (d) (e) | each of the following molecules contains at least one | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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cbc1f4ed856d7f914a209dc559e52237 | ?problem 6cq
while jumping on a trampoline, sometimes you land on your back and other times on your feet. in which case can you reach a greater height and why? | solved: while jumping on a trampoline, sometimes you land | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " week 6: comparative anatomy ● occipital lo mostly important for sight ● temporal lobe responsible for processing sensory information, includes fusiform gyrus (for face recognition), wernicke’s area (for speech comprehension, primary auditory cortex; medial temporal lobes play important role in encoding episodic memories ● parietal lo includes the somatosensory cortex; lesion in right parietal cortex results in hemineglect syndrome (person doesn’t process stimuli in left visual field) ● frontal lo includes the primary motor cortex, involved in executive functions like decision making, planning, inhibition of unwanted behavior ● gyrusthe ridges formed from the folding of the cortex ● sulcusthe valleys formed from the folds ● axial, coronal, sagittal refer to different kinds of cuts that are made to study the anatomy of the brain \n medial:towards the middle lateral towards the side ● gray matter:regions of the brain that are rich in neuronal cell bodies; includes nuclei of brain, cerebral and cerebellar cortices ● white matter: large axon tracts in the brain and spinal cord, often myelinated ● gyrification inde a way to quantitatively measure the folding of the brain cortex across species; takes the length of the contour along all the gyri/folds and divides it by the length of the actual exposed surface of the cortex ○ gi = complete contour/outer exposed contour ○ a higher gi is associated with more folding of the cortex, and generally indicates higher intelligence (humans have a higher gi than sheep, for example) ● brainstem: sits atop the upper end of the spinal cord and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla; manages reflexive behavior like breathing rate, consciousness, and heart rate; also involved with reward system (covered in the next section) ● hippocampus: important for retention and encoding of episodic memory, but not so much semantic memory ● medial temporal lobes: damage to this area generally results in amnesia that impairs declarative memory, but not so much working memory ● amygdala: part of limbic system that is important for the processing of emotion; also important for acquisition and expression of conditioned fear ● synaptic pruning: the loss or rearrangement of synaptic connections that we don’t use/are no longer necessary ● whisker barrel cortex the primary somatosensory cortex of rodents show overrepresentation for their whiskers → each whisker has a module of cortex called a whisker barrel that is disproportionately large compared to other cortex areas ○ demonstrates the specialization of the brain to the behavior of different species ○ for example, humans have an overrepresentation of fingers in the primary motor cortex \n week 7: reinforcement learning/emotion ● neuroeconomics: the use of neuroscience to resolve issues in economics ○ developed because rational choice models did not accurately predict what people actuall choose, since people don’t always make rational choices ● dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in learning and reward evaluation ● dopaminergic pathways: ○ mesolimbic pathway: vta project to nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia → amygdala, hippocampus, other cortical regions ○ nigrostriatal pathway: substantia nigra projects to dorsal striatum of basal ganglia ● reward prediction erro r vpredicted = reward prediction error ○ gets minimized over time ● rescorlawagner learning: ○ vpredicted = vpredicted + α( r vpredicted) ○ first vpredicted is the value being updated; second and third vpredicted are the initial prediction of the values ○ α= learning rate ○ r = reward value ● temporal difference learninsuccessive states of the world are correlated over time, so our predictions about those states also change and correlate over time ○ reward prediction error guides behavior through temporal difference learning ● autonomic nervous system: responsible for unconscious bodily functions like breathing, digestion, and regulating heart beat ○ sympathetic: prepares the body for fight or flight; release of adrenaline, increases heart rate, perspiration, attention ○ parasympathetic: counters the effects of sympathetic nervous system after the body becomes aroused ● skin conductance response: measured by placing electrodes on the skin surface to measure the electrical activity in response to emotions ○ sweat glands are activated more during emotional arousal → increased electrical conductance ● nucleus accumbens: part of the basal ganglia, vta projects to nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway ● ventral tegmental area (vta dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to nucleus accumbens ● substantia nigr dopamine neurons in the midbrain that project to the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia \n week 8: memory ● double dissociatio using experimental behavior tests to dissociate different brain areas and functions ● in the context of tweather prediction task: ○ weather prediction task → 4 cards predicted rain/shine with a certain probability ○ involves working memory/skill learning ○ accuracy in skill learning for control population increases over number of trials ○ amnesiacs (damage to mtl): accuracy improves over time ○ parkinson’s disease (damage to basal ganglia): accuracy doesn’t improve over time ● in context of tpairedassociation task: ○ paired association task→ certain pairings of cards were associated with rain or shine ○ involves episodic memory ○ control and parkinson’s populations have about same accuracies ○ amnesiacs more impaired in accuracy ● from this double dissociation, one can conclude that since damage to basal ganglia → impaired skill learning, and damage to mtl → impaired episodic memory, the basal ganglia and mtl have different functions for memory that are independent of each other ● classical conditioning: ○ unconditioned response (ucr): an innate response to a stimulus ○ unconditioned stimulus (ucs): the stimulus that elicits the ucr ○ conditioned stimulus (cs): an unrelated stimulus paired with the ucs ○ conditioned response (cr): the reflex that happens with presentation of the cs ○ ex: dog salivates (ucr) at sight of food (ucs) → pair bell tone with food → dog salivates (cr) when it hears the bell tone (cs) ● operant conditionin increasing or decreasing a behavior by giving rewards or punishments ● fear conditioninrats are conditioned with a tone (cs) that precedes a mild foot shock (us) → after many trials, rats show change in physiology and react in fear when the tone is presented alone (cs) → show increased blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rates, engagement of sympathetic fight or flight response ● extinctio: removal of unconditioned stimulus when subject repeatedly performs conditioned response → conditioned response decreases in absence of unconditioned stimulus ● contextual fear conditioniwhen a fear response is also elicited by features of the environment, such as parts of the testing chamber where the conditioning took place, as opposed to fear response being elicited by a cue/conditioned stimulus (this is cued fear conditioning) \n ● synaptic consolidatigrowth of new synaptic connections or restructuring of existing ones in the first few hours of learning ● system consolidatio gradual process of reorganization of structures in the brain pertaining to memory after learning, slower process than synaptic consolidation ● standard consolidation theoduring encoding of a memory, details are stored in cortical areas involved in processing different aspects of the event (auditory, visual, etc.) and summary of the event is stored in hippocampus → during storage/consolidation, traces of the memory are stabilized → during retrieval of an event, hippocampus receives a cue that activates the various cortical traces that stored the parts of that event ● multiple trace theo distinguishes between episodic and semantic memories ○ episodic memories are always dependent on the hippocampus, and each time a memory is reactivated, it leaves a new memory trace in the hippocampus → older memories then have more traces stored in hippocampus and are harder to erase when hippocampus is partially damaged ○ semantic memories are gradually stored in the cortex independently from the hippocampus ● pattern separation: ○ we encode representations very differently in our brains even though they’re visually similar ○ the different representations are encoded by different patterns of brain activity so that they can be encoded as separate memories ● pattern completio using a clue/piece of evidence to trigger a memory of a complete pattern ○ ca3 region has a recurrent collateral mechanism → input causes a pattern that’s associated with a memory ○ if the input is incomplete, then the input associates back to itself and activates other connections at the same time, completing the pattern ● subsequent memory paradigm: can be used to distinguish between brain activity for encoding vs. retrieval of memories ○ subjects study a series of items while brain activity is recorded ○ subjects perform encoding trials, requiring them to remember some of the studied items and forgetting others ○ encoding trials are then labeled as subsequently remembered or subsequently forgotten depending on how the subjects did ○ brain activity during these two trials are then compared using data from eventrelated potentials brain structures important for memory: ● prefrontal corteworking memory ● medial temporal lob involved in episodic memory ● hippocampus: integrates memory traces from cortices when encoding memory, then activates all traces when retrieving memory ● basal gangli important for skill learning \n ● amygdala: important in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning ● cerebellum:error correction and learning ● sensory cortexperceptual priming week 9: synapse ● synapse:the space between neurons ● axon termina the end of the axon ● presynaptic/postsynap the neuron before vs after the synapse ● electrical synap current flows from presynaptic neuron into postsynaptic neuron ○ pre and post synaptic neurons are linkap junction ○ gap junction contains specially aligned ion channels that allow ions to pass through ○ transmission across gap junction can go either way and is really fast ● chemical synapse communication between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters/chemicals ○ space between pre and postsynaptic neurons is cynaptic cl space is much larger than a gap junction ○ presynaptic neuron haesicle small spheres, membranebounded, contains neurotransmitters ● voltage gated ion channpens/closes based on electrical current ● ligand gated ion channpens/closes depending on chemical that binds to it ● ionotropic receptolinked directly to ion channels ○ contains an extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters, and membranespanning domain that creates an ion channel ○ combines neurotransmitter binding and ion channel functions ○ made up of several units ○ create rapid postsynaptic potentials ● metabotropic receptoactivate ion channels by activation of intermediate called gprotein ○ contains extracellular site that binds neurotransmitters and intracellular site that binds g proteins ○ binding of neurotransmitter → binding and activation of g protein → g protein interacts directly with ion channels or other proteins ○ consist of single units ○ create slower postsynaptic potentials ● ca2+: ○ in vesicle release: calcium ion voltage gated channels open when action potential reaches axon terminal → influx of ca2+ into the presynaptic neuron causes vesicles to fuse with neuronal membrane and empty neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft \n ○ in ltp: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell, triggering ltp ● neurotransmitter reuptak neurotransmitters that was emptied into the synapse by the presynaptic cell get taken back into the presynaptic cell ● excitator increase likelihood of action potential firing in postsynaptic cell ● inhibitor decrease likelihood of action potential firing ● glutamate: excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for brain function; nearly all excitatory neurons activated by glutamate ○ its precursor is glutamine ● dopamine: reward evaluation and learning ● serotoninmood regulation, also mediates gut regulation ○ precursor is tryptophan ○ binds to 5ht receptor ● long term potentiatia longlasting increase in neural transmission between two neurons, results in strengthening of synapses ● nmda receptor: glutamate receptor that is blocked by mg2+ when the postsynaptic cell is resting → when postsynaptic cell is depolarized, mg2+ is removed and allows ca2+ to enter the cell ○ ltp is triggered when the presynaptic neuron fires to release glutamate while the postsynaptic cell is depolarized at the same time → strengthens the synapse between the neurons and in turn changes the gene expression of the cell → increases the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptnmda ll ( upregulation) week 10: ● autism spectrum disordeneurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication, social interactions, repetitive stereotyped behaviors ○ different from other disorders by having social deficits as core symptom ○ dsm criteria: impairment using nonverbal behavior, failure to develop peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share interests with others, lack of social/emotional reciprocity ○ difficulty processing faces, emotional expressions, and biological motion ○ reduced activation in fusiform gyrus and amygdala when viewing faces ○ difficulty integrating parts into wholes/synthesizing information ○ difficulty following gaze/using gaze to infer other people’s intentions ○ tend to analyze problems by applying rigid rules ● pathway for face processinpathway begins in occipital lobe upon seeing a face ○ divided into ventral and dorsal pathways that process in parallel \n ○ ventral: processes invariant aspects of face, discriminates faces from other objects and other faces, includes fusiform face area → sent to anterior temporal lobe, where face is linked with semantic/episodic knowledge about the person ○ pathway important for person recognition ○ dorsal: processes changeable aspects of faces like perception of eye gaze and expressions, superior temporal sulcus → limbic system (emotion processing), auditory complex (speech perception), and intraparietal sulcus (spatial attention processing) ○ ventral pathway: occipital lobe → fusiform face area → anterior temporal lobe ○ dorsal pathway: occipital lobe → superior temporal sulcus → limbic system, auditory complex, intraparietal sulcus ● mirror neurons: discovered in macaque monkeys in inferior prefrontal gyrus ○ increase activity when grasping action is performed and also when grasping action of another person/animal is viewed ○ may be important in understanding empathy, theory of mind, and language acquisition ○ evidence for mirror neurons in humans is suggestive but do not have same anatomical features as those found in monkeys ● theory of mind:inferring the mental states of others, attributing actions of others to their beliefs, goals, desires, feelings ● join attentio directing your attention to something that is cued by someone else ● savant syndrome: people who have mental disabilities such as autism but possess abnormally high capabilities in specific areas ventral medial prefrontal cortreceives and regulates sensory input temporoparietal junction border between parietal and temporal lobes; contributes to outofbody experiences fusiform face area face recognition and person identification superior temporal sulcus processes changeable aspects of faces like eye gaze and expressions, projects to the limbic system during face perception amygdala: activity in this area related to implicit racial biases ",
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60cc166859e429f4a13f13d5e3900e10 | if the resultant couple of the three couples acting on the triangular block is to be zero, determine the magnitude of forces f and p. f y z d p f a p c b x 600 mm 150 n 150 n 400 mm 300 mm 500 mm prob. 469 | solved: if the resultant couple of the three couples | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " test 2 study guide gy101 made by elle gossman. this study guide covers everything from the last test to the notes taken on 3/23. because studysoup requires study guides to be submitted 4 days before the test, it does not contain the last section of notes in class, taken on 3/28.. however, i will post those notes as soon as i can after i take them. covering notes from 2/22 the greenhouse effect is when the atmosphere lets in energy from the sun but keeps a lot of energy from going back out. without it, earth would be at 18℃. influences on temperature include altitude, elevation, and topographical influences. we have daytime heating and nighttime cooling, while trees, clouds, water, and wind moderate temp ranges. pressure sea level pressure is about 1000 milibars and is the pressure of all the gases added up. as altitude increases, pressure decreases. this relationship is nonlinear. pressure maps show pressure gradients with isobars. equation of state: p=⍴rt. symbols, in order: pressure, density, constant, temperature horizontal pressure gradients are over big areas and pressure changes slowly. in vertical pressure gradients, pressure changes very quickly. gravity counters vertical pressure gradients to make hydrostatic equilibrium and hold the atmosphere against the ground. coriolis: things at the equator spin fast while the poles go slow. things going from pole to equator or vice versa are thrown off course. deflection is weakest at the equator. the coriolis force and pressure gradients balance out. friction slows moving air and is only significant below the planetary boundary layer at 1.5 km. covering notes from 2/24 cyclones and anticyclones form mostly in the midlatitudes, spinning because of the coriolis effect. anticyclones: high pressure center, clockwise airflow in the northern hemisphere, descending air, and correspond to highpressure ridges. cyclones have low pressure centers, turn counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, and correspond to troughs. troughs are elongated areas of low pressure systems in the upper atmosphere, while ridges are elongated areas of high pressure systems in the upper atmosphere. high pressure is distributed away from weather phenomena, and elevation is important for both of these. azimuth shows the angle from north that wind is blowing from. \n our water probably came from meteorites and asteroids several billion years ago. water is less than .05% of earth’s mass. 97% of earth’s water is in oceans, 2% in icecaps and glaciers, and 1% in usable freshwater sources. covering notes from 2/29 water cycle has reservoirs, where water is stored; flows/pathways, which are routes between reservoirs; and residence times, which are how long water spends in each reservoir. reservoirs: oceans are the biggest reservoir and contain about 96.5% of all water, over 1bil. km³. water spends 10001500 years on average. soil is the next biggest reservoir and holds about 12,000km³ with a residence time of 12 months. the atmosphere isn’t a huge reservoir, but it moves stuff quickly. gets water through evaporation and transpiration. residence time of 9 days. processes: evaporation: water gains energy to go from liquid form to gas. evaporation rate is affected by humidity, air temperature, and solar radiation. condensation: water loses energy, goes from gas to liquid. sometimes happens just because there’s too much water in the air. the water condenses onto condensation nuclei. transpiration: liquid water in plants turns straight into water vapor through the leaves. flow rate of 21,000km³/year. humidity is how much water vapor is in the air. vapor pressure is how much pressure it puts on the atmosphere. saturation vapor pressure is how much v.p. the air can take. absolute humidity is the density of water vapor. specific humidity represents a given mass of water vapor in a given mass of air, and does not change as air expands or contracts. saturation specific humidity is the humidity of air at saturation. relative humidity is how much water vapor is in the air vs how much the air can hold, and is a percent. dew point is the temperature the air has to reach for water vapor to condense, and depends on how much water vapor is in the air. notes from 3/2 hail and snow usually have a residence time of 46 months. glaciers have residence time of 20 100 years, and ice sheets have up to 900,000 years. precipitation is when water vapor condenses, grows, and then falls. sublimation is solid to gas, and deposition is gas to solid. once precipitation reaches the ground it becomes either runoff or infiltrates and becomes groundwater, often depending on the soil’s porosity, permeability, and saturation. if the soil works right, aquifers can form. \n effects of curvature: small drops have high curvature. tiny drops need supersaturation to get a droplet of pure water. heterogeneous nucleation is when water condenses onto condensation nuclei, or hygroscopic aerosols. factors affecting saturation: solutions they have lower evaporation than pure water ice nuclei sometimes things don’t freeze at 0℃, but become supercooled diabatic processes involve the transfer of energy. 2nd law of thermodynamics says that energy goes from areas of high energy to low. associated with fog, not clouds adiabatic processes form clouds and have temperature changes, but do not have an energy exchange. 1st law of thermodynamics says that change in internal temp. is equal to the total heat added and work done by surroundings. air cools as it rises because molecules spread apart covering notes from 3/7 dry adiabatic lapse rate is how fast unsaturated air cools as it rises, and is 1℃/100m. environmental lapse rate is how fast temperature drops as you go up. condensation happens when air reaches saturation and can happen in air or on a surface. forms include dew (as temp drops at night, air becomes saturated and water condenses), frost (forms like dew, only surface temp is below freezing and it uses deposition), and frozen dew (dew forms, then the temp drops below freezing. this causes black ice on roads) clouds form via adiabatic cooling. remember that, please. rate of change in dew points is dew point lapse rate. condensation begins at the lifting condensation level, but 50m above that no new drops can be made because all the aerosols have been used, so water drops grow. covering notes from 3/9 effect of heat and humidity is the heat index. sweating cools people down because water gathers energy from our bodies to evaporate. high humidity can prevent evaporation or slow it down. mechanisms of lifting air: 1) orographic uplift a mountain forces air up, uses adiabatic cooling. rain shadows are on the other side of the hill. 2) frontal lifting two air masses of different temperatures meet, one pushes the other out of its way. cold fronts bring storms. 3) convergence air moves horizontally into an air, pushed from two different directions, and piles up. 4) localized convection air at the surface is heated and rises. \n liquids and gases have buoyancy and act against stuffs’ weight. displacement of the atmosphere: static stability how likely an air pocket is to move unstable air keeps moving after it’s given a little push stable air after getting a push, it goes back to its original spot. neutral air stops moving after the push stops, and stays where it was left. limitations of lifting unstable air include: entrainments (mixing) when air mixes because of turbulence. inversions layers of stable air that make temperature rise with altitude radiating inversion the surface cools and causes radiation fog frontal inversions on boundaries of warm and cold fronts subsidence inversions a layer of air goes down and compresses, thus warming up. environmental lapse rate is how fast the temperature in a packet of air changes as it rises, and depends on heating and cooling in the lower atmosphere, advection (mixing) of warm/cold air at different levels, and advection of air masses with different elrs. covering notes from 3/21 high clouds have bases above 6,000m, are made of ice crystals, and have the cirro prefix. cirrus clouds: wispy, very cold, and have fall streaks from where ice crystals fall out. cirrostratus: cirrus clouds thicken and spread out. mares tales horizontal swirls in turbulent conditions. cirrocumulus high, thin, and look like lines across the sky middle clouds are 26,000 m, mostly liquid drops, and have the alto prefix. altostratus: thick enough to block out the sun while covering the sky altocumulus patchy, but still cover a lot low clouds have bases below 2,000m, generally liquid drops, and have the stratus term. they have shallow vertical extent and usually cover big areas. nimbostratus light and happen when altostratus clouds thicken stratocumulus low, layered clouds with some vertical development cumulonimbus thunderstorm clouds, lots of vertical development. level out at the top, and indicate unstable conditions. cumuliform vertical development violent updrafts, heavy precipitation, and large temperature differences. cumulus congestus cumulus clouds develop on top of each other unusual clouds: mammatus low level turbulence, stack like protrusions from the base of a cloud \n lenticular clouds discs that form downwind of mountain ranges banner clodus similar to lenticular, only anchored to a single mountain peak. when in doubt over banner/lenticular, look at the shape. macreous stratosphere clouds of supercooled water. also called mother of pearl clouds. coverage: over 90% of the sky is covered with clouds means the sky is overcast. 6090% is broken. 1060% is scattered. under 10% is clear. precipitation processes: growth of cloud droplets: drag opposes gravity when something falls and terminal velocity is achieved after drag balances gravitational acceleration. small things fall slower than big ones. from class: gravity pulls down on the water droplet while drag slows it down, when the drop falls faster than the updraft it falls to earth. covering notes from 3/23 raindrops are about 100x the size of cloud droplets and fall when they get big enough to overcome updrafts. drops grow through condensation after all condensation nuclei have been used. warm clouds: above 0℃ throughout, found in the tropics and in the warm season, the midlatitudes. grow via collisioncoalescence (drops slam into each other and connect). collector drops have high terminal velocities, so they can overcome updrafts to fall into other drops. cold clouds: below 0℃ throughout. cool clouds have portions of both above and below 0℃. both types need supercooled water to grow via bergeron processes ice crystals grow at the expense of water drops. riming liquid water freezes straight onto ice crystals. aggregation ice crystals are joined together when surface water freezes. snow: ice crystals in the cloud fall and reach the ground without melting. forms via bergeron processes, riming, and aggregation. lake effect and mountain ranges can affect snowfall. lake effect needs unstable air, enough water vapor, and convergence or convection to work. lake effect is when water evaporates into cool air, then condenses and falls. raindrops start out as spheres, but change to a mushroom shape due to friction. they have a maximum size of 5mm. graupel are ice crystals that go through riming and can be enormous. sleet starts as ice crystals, melt, and refreeze as they fall. freezing rain is basically sleet that doesn’t completely refreeze before hitting the ground. rain gauges measure rainfall. snowfall measurements are made by melting it and finding out how much water it equates to. cloud seeding involves shooting condensation nuclei into nonprecipitating clouds to increase precipitation.",
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b9bce21ceb7b83957e85f9924ea39df3 | ?problem 33e
use the ratio test to show that the radius of convergence of the series in equation (13) is infinite. [hint: see problem 7, exercises 8.2, page 435.] | use the ratio test to show that the radius of convergence | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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b40ed4f33bdfc93e652cbe23d2fe4145 | ?problem 2e
suppose that you know that a golfer plays the first hole of a golf course with an infinite number of holes and that if this golfer plays one hole, then the golfer goes on to play the next hole. prove that this golfer plays every hole on the course. | suppose that you know that a golfer plays the first hole | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": " persia, greece, and rome: where does the persian empire being? (origin) interaction between media and persia is the first recording of the p. empire. 1. media is a powerful empire. 2. a powerful ruler and a lot of vassals a. persia was a vassal state, an independent entity that paid tribute to media. 3. cyrus the great did not want to continue payinf tribute. he rose up and took power away from the medes’ ruler in 550bce. a. the king was his grandfather, king astyges. 4. cyrus expands persian power. a. expands extensively into greece, egypt, jerusalem… b. he constructs long royal road to transport. c. strong and innovative military armour and different ways to conquer: i. uses light infantry aka cataphacts ii. heavily armored, horses armed as well iii. phalanx system: military formation philip ii: father of alexander the great alexander takes over in 336 bce starts expansion process 334330 bce, he forces persians out of macedonia and forces persians to retreat (and go east) takes over persepolis invades egypt and becomes pharaph in 332bce also becomes king of persia also emperor of macedonia \n great general (in battles) after his death, the empire fractures o antigonid kingdom greece o ptolemaic kingdom egypt o seleucid kingdom southwest asia greeks spread their culture amongst all of ancient world and move around. rome origin: a shewolf nurses romulus and remus in 1753 bce. city of rome founded c. 1999 bce, part of an etruscan kingdom, who where in power prior to romans in what is known as ancient lattium. in about 500 bce it becomes a republic. o i.e, a state with elected officials large assembly that elected 2 consuls annually elected the praetor governed the city when counsels were not in rome twelve tablets of law o the law equally applied to everyone despite wealth (in contrast to hammurabi’s code which was classist) o first law code in europe o wealthy landowners are able to build large estates known as latifundias while there are masses of poor people who are unable to support themselves. o farmers don’t have land to grow food o slaves en masse \n marius introduces series of reforms to create balance. o creates professional army which pays o creates retirement plans for these legionaires (men enlisted in the army) which eases wealth disparity o provides poor men with arms for army purposes close bonds form between generals and legionaires generals manipulate the masses; here julius caesar comes to power. o wellloved o innovative, great orator o rose in rank very quickly names self “dictator for life” with support from the army assasinated by members of the senate o “et tu brutus” octavian aka augustus given new name by the senate after brutal civil war caused by julius caesar’s assassination. he led victorious faction in war augustus: “revered one” o his ascent to power begins the roman empire julius caesar was assassinated by senate because they wanted the republic reestablished (from the dictatorship it had become) and now augustus ended up becoming an even more powerful dictator. roman empire encompasses most of mediterranean territory and part of britannia. 44 provinces within empire; each with trusted advisors empirial roads are created o pax romana: “period of peace” \n o all borders were stable, not under much attack, and supported augustus and his empirical ways. o until about 180 ad military was extremely helpful in maintaining pax romana for about 200 years. creates military junta which is comprised of magnates, i.e, very powerful military men which bind the empire. northern reaches of empire experiences turmoil. think german/northern territories. at this time, persia is rule by the parthians. romans eventually clash with the parthians. o romans win both clashes. o parthia gives up a lot of wealth; at this time it was a very rich dynasty. they fight largely over armenia because it leads to caspian sea (read: more trade). o both empires suffer as they fight: both weaken o",
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1d33df94d10abf69113ebfd36ade0bcc | ducharse conjugation ducharse conjugation ducharse conjugation | ducharse conjugation | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "jarrett 1 reflexive verbs what are reflexive verbs? they are verbs used to indicate the subject does something to or for himself or herself. when will you make a verb reflexive? subject & object are the same. example: yo canto. translates to i sing. example 2: yo me canto. translates to i sing to myself. the subject is repeating the action of its self, because of this you will have to conjugate the verb. yo me lavarse lava la manos. ",
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78ccbb7115008c4761d1564ade42dddc | problems 6366 involve zero-coupon bonds.a zero-coupon bond is a bond that is sold now at a discount and will pay its face value at the time when it matures; no interest payments are made.zero-coupon bonds a zero-coupon bond can be redeemed in 20 years for $10,000. how much should you be willing to pay for it now if you want a return of: (a) 10% compounded monthly? (b) 10% compounded continuously? | 6366 involve zero-coupon bonds.a zero-coupon bond is a | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " contemporary views of long term memory three types of memory system ● semantic memory: stores knowledge about the world ○ decontextualized (independent of time and place) ○ how do you know that zebras have stripes? ● episodic memory: memory of experiences in subjective space and time ○ permits a personal past ○ long term memory of temporarily unique events ○ you remember your 21st birthday better than your lunch last week ○ autobiographical memory: usually significant to yourself and forms your personal life history ■ specific, personal, longlasting ■ late developing (childhood amnesia is the inability for people to form episodic memories before 24 years of age) ■ not to be confused with stuff your parents told you that you don’t actually remember ○ flashbulb memory: extremely vivid episodic memories ■ usually attached to a surprising, significant, or emotional event ● procedural memory: know how to do something rather than knowiomething ○ sometimes implicit (tacit, nondeclarative) ○ can function without episodic memory ● how to ice skate (procedural) vs. remembering when you learned to ice skate (episodic) vs. knowing ice is frozen water (semantic) what makes memories durable? ● some say repetition but this isn’t always the best (could you describe a penny even though you’ve seen it a thousand times?) ● trying to remember what’s on a penny is a recall test which is hard ● recall is much harder than recognition ● clearly repetition is not enough to make this stick permanently in memory ● we can account for this with the level processing theory levels of processing theory ● level or depth of processing (encoding) is the main factor governing storage and retrieval ● long term memory is not simply a permanent storage bin ● basically what you do with a memory after you get it determines whether or not you keep it ● the deeper levels of processing are the ones who make the longest lasting memories ● memory is a byproduct of perceptual/cognitive processing ● superficial processing: leads to poor, short lived memories ● deep, semantic processing: more durable memories \n ● effort makes no difference ● evidence for levels processing theory: ○ maintenance vs. elaborative rehearsal ■ repeating something over and over does not mean it will stick around long (this is maintenance or mere repetition) ■ elaborative rehearsal means you elaborate on it (you see an 803 phone number and think “that’s a sc phone number”) ■ mere repetition does not work because all they’re doing is keeping the information in short term memory ○ repeated exposure may not lead to retention of memory ■ e.g. we have all seen a penny a million times, but we can’t describe it ■ e.g. we have seen a telephone keypad many times but we can’t remember which button goes with each letter ■ in a british study, 0 of 50 adults could put all the numbers and letters on a blank phonepad ○ incidental learning is unintentional learning ■ results of surprise memory tests for differently encoded material showed that the deeper the processing required, the more they remembered ■ e.g. when asked to label some words as upper or lowercase, say a rhyme for some words, or put words in a sentence, the deeper the level of processing the more words they remembered ■ e.g. counting consonants in a word vs. putting the word in a category (you remember more of the category words because this requires a deeper level of processing) ■ people wondered if this wasn’t a matter of time (it’s faster to note if something is uppercase than to put it in a sentence) ■ they did structural tests where participants made consonants cs and vowels bs (brain = ccbbc) and they did semantic tests asking whether a word fit in a sentence that’s given ■ the structural test took longer than the semantic test but we remembered the semantic task afterwards better ○ selfreference effect: relate something to yourself and you’ll remember it better ■ selfschema: deeper processing of yourself ■ particularly easy to do if someone gives you a list of adjectives to remember and you apply them to yourself ■ we have a lot of deep processing when we think about things related to ourselves ■ think about experiences you have had and you have a lot of memory of these experiences (you can avoid getting a paper cut because you remember what you did the last time you got a papercut) effects of context on memory \n ○ encoding specificity principle: the probability of remembering depends on similarity of encoding at the time of learning and time of test taking ■ this always happens in a particular context ■ this network of things can help you either remember or not ■ a.k.a. context dependent memory (tendency to remember details about things depends on this match of context) ■ we have an advantage of taking a test in the same room that we learned the material ○ physical context: recall is better in the same physical environment ■ their memory was better tested with the same music they listened to when they studied than if they were tested with different music or silence ○ affective context (mood dependent memory): recall is better when your emotional state at the time of learning and time of recall match ■ i.e. something learned while in a particular mood is best retrieved when in the same mood ■ they took people and made them happy or sad with hypnosis ■ they learned word lists and then were tested while happy or sad ■ there was better memory when the mood was matched ○ mood congruence effect: better memory for material that “fits” your mood ■ e.g. happy people are more likely than depressed people to remember pleasant events ■ don’t confuse this with the mood dependent memory ○ pollyanna principle (positivity bias): we tend to have better memory for pleasant material ■ e.g. rosy views of past vacations ■ travelers on a europeans tour and students on thanksgiving break who went on a trip remembered it as more enjoyable than they said it was at the time ■ in retrospect, the trip becomes more pleasant ■ 61% of the students on a three week bike trip in california said they were disappointed during the trip, but several months later only 11% later remembered they’d been disappointed ○ state dependent learning: better memory with the same level/type of drug influence ■ we induce people or animals with drugs and then tested their memory ■ e.g. they had people smoking either cigarettes or weed ■ they used people who volunteered willingly ■ those who were tested under the same drug they used to learn the material did better ■ this does not mean it is a good idea to smoke weed and study and then go to an exam while high comprehension effects on memory \n ● poor comprehension generally means poor memory ● power law of learning: rate of memory loss decreases over time (basically the forgetting curve) reconstructive vs. reproductive memory ● reconstructive memory: getting the gist is really important ● reproductive memory: basically literal recall ○ our memories are not really like storage bins where we just sticks things away to be remembered ○ we forget stuff, distort stuff, and add stuff in ○ so reproductive memory is not very useful ● bartlett did studies where he repeatedly tested people’s ability to recall odd stories ○ he gave people english folk tales and asked them to recall them ○ omissions: people left out information, especially stuff that is illogical or violates expectations ■ e.g. stuff that didn’t really fit in with the story ○ additions: people added information that would help explain incongruous passages ■ they truly believed this information was in the story in the first place ■ e.g. subjects spent less than a minute in a college office and about a third of them “recalled” books in the room when no books were actually in there ○ transformations: also called distortions ■ altered information: fishing replaces seal hunting because it’s more familiar ■ altered sequences: people couldn’t always remember the correct order (we often get help with this from semantic memory because we know things like we eat the entree before the dessert) ○ some of the things that were forgotten could be recalled later so stuff isn’t just gone if we can’t remember it at some point in time ● bartlett was aware that people used their general knowledge about the world to aid them in remembering things ○ he refers to these things as schemas: memories are shaped by an active organization based on past experience or general knowledge ○ e.g. we could describe someone’s visit to a nice restaurant even though we weren’t with them because we know what it’s like ○ schemas: body of organized information we have about a concept, event, or knowledge domain ○ script: type of schema consisting of the knowledge of the typical ordered sequence of events/actions in a particular situation ■ e.g. how you go about getting gas in your vehicle ■ e.g. checking into a hotel ■ basically a schema with a sequence \n ○ we can try and remember how to get gas by remembering our last trip to the gas station ● linguistic memory: we retain the gist of a passage or sentence rather than the words verbatim ○ seems to be reconstructed from knowledge ● semantic integration: we take information from multiple sentences and store it in abstract form ○ in doing this, we no longer remember the exact words ○ we see a couple of sentences taken from a short story and people are basically able to figure out the plot without remembering or ever knowing the exact words of the story eyewitness testimony and face recognition studies ● research done by loftus ● we’re quite good at recognizing faces we’re familiar with ● however, faulty eyewitness testimony is the most frequent cause of wrongful convictions ● we usually find out that it was wrongful conviction because dna exonerates people ● these are wellmotivated and wellintended witnesses ● misleading postevent information: can distort and transform memories ○ e.g. misleading questions ○ appears that memories themselves are changed, not just people’s reports ○ you could ask “well, just how tall were they?” and now the witness thinks they’re tall ● source monitoring confusions: a memory derived from one source may be misattributed to another ○ includes information from before or after a remembered event ○ you may remember something directly but not remember where it came from ○ people remembered meeting bugs bunny at disneyland even though he’s not even disney ○ they put a clerk from a store that got held up in the lineup and the witness picked him (they got the place right but the source wrong) ● best match criterion: e.g. picking a person from a lineup who most resembles your memory of the culprit ○ a lot of people take the attitude that the culprit is definitely in the lineup, so they don’t feel like they can just say that none of them are right ○ so they pick the person who best matches the culprit and this could be a totally innocent person ● confidence is a poor index of accuracy ● just because someone is confident does not mean they are accurate (this is actually an extremely low correlation) ● weapons focus effect: if there’s a weapon involved in a crime, people find it harder to report on the person \n ○ we’ve already seen that attention can be really limited and you can see this in crimes involving a weapon ○ our attention is dragged to the weapon and not the person ○ people can often give a really good description of the weapon but then not really be able to describe the person recovered memories and false memory syndrome ● false memory syndrome: involves the belief that a behavioral problem is a reaction to a repressed traumatic event (usually childhood sexual abuse and the development of pseudo memories of childhood trauma) ● there was a lot of this surrounding child caretakers in the 1990s ● it included parents ● this appears to not be about remembering false things, but being led into false memories by someone or something ● accusations of childhood sexual abuse went up like crazy in the 1990s how false memories can be induced ● false memories can be induced by suggestion, usually from an authority figure ● loftus had older siblings tell their little siblings that something had happened to them as a kid ○ the older brother of chris (14 yo) told him that he got lost in the mall as a kid (this never actually happened) ○ chris originally gives vague memories like he remembers seeing the stores ○ then after a few weeks of being asked twice a week what he remembers, he starts describing all sorts of details and stuff ● in one study, participants were shown a fake photo of them in a hot air balloon that had been photoshopped from a real photo of them and it led to a vivid recollection of that experience even though they had never actually been in a hot air balloon ● false memories can be induced by dream interpretations because beliefs about one’s past can be readily influenced by a clinician’s dream interpretation ○ dreams may be the “royal road to memory manipulation” ○ studies have found that if you tell someone a dream indicates this particular thing happened to them, they are very confident that it actually happened to them ○ dreams can often later be mistaken for actual events ● imagination inflation: imagining events increases the likelihood of believing it happened ○ people can develop both a belief in, and “memory” of, an event that never actually happened to them simply by imagining it occurred ● false memories can be induced by suggestive therapists who may use hypnosis, sodium amytal, dream interpretation, and/or guided imagery ● recovered memories from childhood abuse are more likely to be valid if they occur outside any form of therapy and are a surprise to the victim causes of forgetting \n ● decay (lack of use): loss of inactive (unrefreshed) memories ○ we forget stuff we don’t use ○ this virtually impossible to test, but theoretically likely to occur ○ forgetting occurs more with episodic memory than with semantic memory ○ we can’t really test this because as time happens other things happen and this leads to interference ● interference: loss of memory due to other material ○ proactive interference: forward acting ■ older memories prevent new facts from being committed to memory ■ e.g. when you learn a new language, your old language may get in the way of your learning ○ retroactive interference: backward acting ■ new memories tend to replace old memories ■ e.g. learning a new language could make it difficult to remember an older language ● amnesia: loss of memory due to trauma or drugs ○ anterograde amnesia: something happens and they can’t remember new information (they have a learning deficit) ■ usually their memory span (stm) is normal ■ the memory that exists for them is stuff that happened before the incident ■ this can be temporarily druginduced (with midazolam) which can be very helpful for research ■ korsakoff syndrome often happens to chronic alcoholics and they are likely to suffer memory losses and cannot learn new things ■ h.m. was a famous case where he had a surgery that took out his amygdala and a lot of his hippocampus ● there wasn’t any long term memory for events after the surgery but most of the older memories are intact ● he basically didn’t learn anything new for the rest of his life ■ clive had a brain infection and he lives every moment in isolation from the past (e.g. minutes after eating a meal, he won’t remember that he ate) ● he remembers a lot such as his wife, how to play piano, how to read, write, and talk ● he feels like he’s always just woken up ○ retrograde amnesia: (backwards) no lasting memory of events for a limited period prior to the incident, but information is often retained shortly after the incident and onwards ■ causes include ect (shock therapy) or head trauma such as concussions ■ how far back it wipes out can be somewhat variable memory shifts due to knowledge or interference ● knowledge can include environmental variants like momentum or gravity ● we can have shifts in memory just due to stuff we know \n ● e.g. we know that if you let go of a cup it will fall to the ground ○ if you drop a cup and the lights go out while it’s falling, we will remember the location of the cup in the air as lower than it actually was when the lights went off ● this is representational momentum: memories tend to be distorted in the direction of perceived or implied motion ○ e.g. if we just glance at a bus, we’ll probably remember that it was further down the road than it was ○ these changes match the changes in events (e.g. if the event is faster, the change will be more extreme) ● boundary extension: tendency to remember more of a scene than was actually seen ○ pictures drawn from memory may include elements that would logically fall just outside the boundaries of the original ○ e.g. students saw a picture of a fork and were then asked to recreate it and they drew much more of the fork than was in the picture because they have extensive knowledge of forks reconstructive memory: some main points ● memories are rarely exact reproductions of what was experienced; we typically reconstruct memories using inference, beliefs, preexisting knowledge, and postevent information ● our memories can have distortions and additions as well as errors of omission ● other people may intentionally or unintentionally distort our memories or even implant false memories ● people can have false memories in a variety of situations ● source monitoring problem: we can have problems correctly identifying the source of information in memory ● confidence is not a good indicator of accuracy methods of improving encoding and consolidation ● consolidation: converting memories from short term to long term memory ● mnemonics: memory tricks (can be very helpful in acquiring a foreign language vocabulary) ○ method of loci: method of locations ■ traceable to a time in ancient greece when the roof fell in at a banquet and killed all but one man ■ this one man was able to name everybody at the banquet table by the method of loci ■ if you’ve got a set of locations in your mind, you can remember things at those locations and mentally revisit these things and remember things ■ three steps: identify a sequence of familiar places, create images of toberecalled items associated with places, recall by “revisiting” the places \n ○ peg word system: pairs of rhyming words form “pairs” for the toberecalled items ■ e.g. #4 is door, #3 is tree, #2 is shoe, etc….. ○ first letter technique: acrostics ■ homes are the great lakes of michigan ■ roy g biv are the colors of the color spectrum ○ chunking: reducing the amount you need to remember by putting them in chunks ○ rhyming/keying: eg. picturing a polka dotted lever to remember that polk was the eleventh president ● verbal rehearsal (maintenance) doesn’t work nearly as well as mnemonics ● dual (multiple) encoding: encode things in more than one way and you’ll remember it better ○ enactment effect: performing actions produces better recall than only learning action phrases ■ e.g. tear the paper ■ combines visual and motor memory ○ you could also combine visual and verbal ○ use varying study environments: college students who studied a list of 40 vocabulary items in two different rooms did far better on the test than students who only studied the list in one room ● comprehension: try to do whatever it takes to understand the material because you’ll remember it better if you comprehend it ● minimize interference: e.g. study before going to sleep ● use distributed vs. massed practice: memory is better when the learning is spread out (spacing effect) ● use deep processing such as elaborative rehearsal ● selftest: test yourself on the material before the actual exam ○ testing effect: people who are tested on information and then review how they did and why they missed things will know the information much better ● the goal of these improving retrieval techniques is to recreate types of processing that occurred when the event was originally encoded ○ context reinstatement is a reliable technique ■ e.g. sometimes law enforcement will take the witness back to the scene of the crime ○ a common problem with other techniques is false memories ■ e.g. adults over a long period of time tried to remember the names of schoolmates and there was as steady and significant increase in false names as time went on ○ hypnosis is likely to lead to additional information ■ there may be more recall, but if often won’t be accurate information ■ hypnosis is often used when there is a retrieval problem (they think they saw more than they are able to report) ■ hypnosis increases confidence but not accuracy \n ■ people are more open to suggestion under hypnosis ● to improve your chances of remembering where you put something, don’t hide it in bizarre or unusual places prospective memory ● remembering to do things in the future, as opposed to retrospective memory ● memory for intentions ● time based ○ e.g. remember to go to class at 2:00 ○ e.g. remember to take the pie out of the oven ● event based ○ e.g. remember to ask a friend about a problem with your car ○ e.g. remember to buy milk on the way home ○ e.g. remember to attach a file to an email ● this is far less studied than retrospective memory, but there are many similarities between the two ○ e.g. impact of retention interval (it is easier to remember to do laundry after class if class ends in an hour as opposed to four hours) ● prospective memory ability appears to be correlated with episodic memory ability ● failures are common and can occur even for highly important events or items and even with a short retention interval ○ departing from your customary action can make these failures more likely ○ being distracted ○ time pressure (you’re in a hurry and you’re likely to forget stuff) ● aging paradox: old people are often more impaired in the laboratory but perform significantly better on timebased tasks than young people in naturalistic settings ○ e.g. make a phone call or take a pill at a certain time ○ this paradox is probably due in part to differences in ongoing task demands in the lab and everyday life metacognition ● metacognition is the knowledge and beliefs about cognition, including awareness, understanding, and monitoring of one’s own cognitive state and activities ● comprehension monitoring (metacomprehension): understanding how well you understand something ○ this can be really important for students because they need to know if they understand the material in class ○ this is necessary for effective reading ○ failures to spot inconsistencies and contradictions reveal a metacomprehension problem ○ such failures are more common in inexperienced readers ○ a study found that only about half of children spot explicit inconsistencies and almost none spot implicit inconsistencies in stories \n ○ college students tend to overestimate comprehension and learning and this is a failure of metacomprehension ● spatial metacognition: e.g. judgement of one’s sense of direction ○ being able to judge if you’re lost or not ○ overall, we have a pretty good metacognition about our sense of direction ○ people who rate rate themselves as having a good sense of direction are usually good at these tasks ■ point in the direction of a known location (e.g. sites on campus) ■ maintaining orientation (e.g. in a maze or underground tunnel system) ● metamemory: your awareness of how your own memory works (one’s awareness and control of memory processes and capacities) ○ includes knowledge and beliefs about one’s own abilities, judgement of ease of learning, judgement of how well you’ve learned it, and feeling of knowing (tip of the tongue phenomenon) ○ self knowledge: type of metamemory where you have some idea of how you compare in memory to people around you ○ knowledge about differences among tasks (we know it’s easier to remember four numbers than forty) ○ strategic knowledge: such as knowing how to use rehearsal and knowing that elaborative rehearsal usually works better than rote quotation ○ you have better metamemory when you: ■ have easy material ■ overlearning/active learning: basically you already know it and you’re going over it again ■ intentional vs. incidental learning (knowing if we’re intentional, we’ll remember it better) ■ feedback: we know selftesting will help us remember something ● general problem with metacognition: we tend to overestimate our performance in comprehension or memory ○ optimistic bias includes both foresight (overestimating future bias) and hindsight bias ○ this can be adaptive, for example if students thought they were going to fail classes, they wouldn’t even take them ○ there is less overconfidence in experts with more experience ○ there is less overconfidence for easy questions mental imagery ● mental images are mental representations of objects or events that are not perceptually present ● you can come up with a visual representation even though you can’t actually see it ● e.g. if you think of a frog you can generate an image in your mind ● this is not input from our senses; it is internal and topdown processing ● there’s an ongoing controversy \n ● some people say mental images are simply epiphenomena which means they are byproducts of other cognitive processes ○ propositional hypothesis: all information is coded and stored in propositional form ○ images are created from information stored in the forms of propositions (propositions have a true or false value) ○ and these abstract languagelike representations are true or false ○ basically, you know that frogs do or do not have tails ○ the argument is that these images are generated along the way of other cognitive processes ● other people say that the mental images have function somewhat similar to perceiving things ○ they have functional significance ○ analog code (pictorial representation) hypothesis: we can generate images that are analogous (similar but not the same) ○ we can sometimes use mental images like we use real images ○ we can store images away as something other than propositions ● research shows that imagery seems to be able to substitute for perception in many situations ● several perceptual effects are also found in imagery ● imagery can often seem helpful or necessary for solving some problems ○ e.g. people who are experts at an abacus can picture an abacus and do math in their heads by visualizing this ○ it’s hard to argue that mental imagery is just a byproduct based on things like this ● this is supported by the existence of hallucinations which are internally generated images that people mistake for actual perception ● we don’t confuse images for percepts usually because our images are more feeble than actual percepts imagery research ● shepard started this famous research because he had a dream where things were floating around in space so he started examining mental imagery ○ he looked at depictions of 3d objects by presenting them in pairs in people and asking if they are the same ○ he found that people would rotate the objects so they are similarly placed to see if they matched up or not ○ this is called mental rotation ○ reaction time was highly correlated with the degree of rotation, as if the participants were viewing rotating objects and waiting for them to match up so they can compare them ○ participants appear to perform this task by rotating one object until it can be viewed from the same perspective as the reference figure ○ this is very nicely supported by data \n ○ there are some big individual differences in the ability to do this ○ there was follow up research asking if people can tell if two images are mirror images of each other or not ■ the findings were similar ○ men tend to be better at mental rotation ● shepard did more research asking people to mentally fold paper ○ asked them, “when folding this pattern into a cube, do these two marked sides meet?” ○ this is called mental paper folding ○ we count the number of folds that would need to be made to make the sides meet and there is clear relationship between the number of folds and reaction time ○ there were also experiments where there were patterns on the sides of the cube and participants were asked to choose what the cube would look like when folded up ● people tend to create mental images that are similar in size and other aspects as real life ● image sizing: having mental images that are similar in size to real life ○ there is faster sentence verification for larger images (given people a statement and asking them if it’s true or false) ○ in a larger picture, things are more obvious ● internal psychophysics: the study of how your mental experience relates to the physical world ○ e.g. mental clock example: when asked how far apart the hands are at a certain time, people automatically picture a mental clock face ○ if you cut the lighting in half, people don’t just guess that the light is halved (it’s more complicated than that) ○ people take longer making decisions about things when they are similar to each other ■ symbolic distance effect: when asked which of two animals are larger, it takes longer when the animals are similar in size ■ e.g. mental clocks: we take longer to judge angles of hands on imaged clocks when the hands are closer together ● selective interference: within modality > cross modality ○ more interference from task to another if they involve the same sensory system ○ e.g. visual + visual has more interference than visual + auditory ○ this holds for percept + percept and image + percept ■ people were asked to notice an auditory or visual signal while keeping an auditory or visual image in their mind ■ the best performance is when they are doing two different modalities ● neuropsychology: studies that basically show that part of our brains involving perception are the same parts of the brain with imagery ○ with mental imagery, we use the same parts of the brain we’d actually use to see something (same with auditory) \n ○ brain damage sometimes produces parallel impairments in imagery and perception ■ e.g. recognizing and visualizing faces (prosopagnosia: face blindness) ■ people that have prosopagnosia might not even recognize their family by facial appearance (they can identify them by other means) ■ people with this also report that they can’t visualize faces ○ neuroimaging has shown many common neural processes underlie perception and depictive imagery ○ so we’re using the same circuits to see stuff and to visualize stuff ■ the fusiform face area is activated when we see faces and when we visualize faces eidetic imagery ● a mental image that is so vivid and clear that it is as if it is actually perceived ● eidetikers are usually children and they have images of limited duration ● photographic memory = accurate + detailed + ltm ● there is very little evidence for true photographic memory and some of the research that has been done is suspect ● there was a famous case of a woman who supposedly had a photographic memory and it turns out she was married to the guy doing the research and the author refused to let anyone else examine her. spatial cognition ● e.g. is detroit or denver further west? ● e.g. describe exactly how you get to moe’s from class ● e.g. if you are in a new city, would you rather have accurate verbal directions or a map? ● for some people, a survey map can be really confusing and sometimes verbal instructions can be simpler ● however, verbal instructions can be limiting while maps offer more options ● people will pick the way they prefer to get around: verbal or pictorial ● map have reversibility: if you know a > b, then you know b < a ● maps are more flexible, but verbal instructions have landmarks ● females are more likely to prefer verbal instructions because they tend to rely more on landmarks ● is your internal representation of how to get somewhere on campus more like a visual map or a list of steps? ● tolman was originally against any idea of cognitive maps because he was strict behaviorist ○ however, he had rats going through a maze and found that rats formed cognitive maps that encoded routes and environmental relationships ○ he found that he clearly couldn’t explain what the rats were doing with behaviorism \n ○ they don’t learn a set of behaviors; they actually form an internal representation of the maze ○ there were rats who just ran across the top of the maze and jumped down to their reward ○ cognitive maps are just an analogy because our cognitive maps may have missing or distorted information unlike survey maps ● survey maps: accurately present distance and direction ● network maps: present important intersections (nodes) and other minimal information needed for navigation ○ simplified versions of survey maps ○ nodes are like stops on the subway ○ originally created for the london transit system, which was so complicated everyone found it confusing ○ these would show stops and order, but not distance or extraneous information ○ good for showing limited information ○ more schematic: “distance” may be indicated by number of nodes rather than milage ○ shows relative but not absolute distances or exact directions ○ our cognitive maps are more like network maps than survey maps ● cognitive maps: ○ limited information ○ schematic ○ rarely reflect absolute distances or direction ○ distance estimates are longer if there are: ■ more landmarks along the road (urban roads vs. rural roads) ■ more changes in direction ■ basically, the more “things” you remember on your journey, the longer you estimate the distance to be ● heuristics: general problemsolving strategies that often lead to a good solution (rules of thumb) ○ tend to simplify or standardize elements in our mental maps ○ used for many spatial judgements ○ allow approximate but imprecise spatial judgement ● using heuristics we tend to: ○ regularize angles to 90 degrees (right angle bias) ○ remember things are more symmetrical (symmetry heuristic) ■ e.g. we think of curved roads as straight ○ remember things are more vertical or horizontal (rotation heuristic) ○ tend to remember things such as landmarks and boundaries are more lined up than they are in reality (alignment heuristic) ■ e.g. tendency to line up europe and america visual spatial abilities \n ● there appear to be at least five qualitatively different kinds of spatial abilities ● each person could be good at a few of these and not as good at the others and people are all independent in these abilities ● field independence: requires identification of orientation (e.g. vertical) while ignoring distracting information ○ people are influenced by irrelevant things in the room around them ○ field dependent person: if there are four photos and one is not skewed while the other three are, they skew the not skewed one to match the rest ○ field independent person: would straighten the three skewed ones ○ rod and frame test: we ask people to put things on a true horizontal or vertical ○ water level task: we show people a tilted container of water and ask if the water line is horizontal (if you’re not influenced by the container, you’ll recognize that the water line did not tilt with the container) ● mental rotation ○ both timed and untimed tests ○ related to route learning ○ there is a sex difference here ○ this predicts useful abilities like being able to find your way around ● spatial visualization: complex, analytic, multistep processing of spatial information ○ this is the ability to visualize particular things ○ e.g. paper folding, hidden object games ○ embedded figures task: trying to find a shape in a pattern ○ men are often more correct than women ● spatiotemporal ability: involves judgements about, and responses to, dynamic visual displays ○ add motion to it ○ e.g. being able to catch something with one hand (you have to put your hand in the right place and close it at the right time) ○ this often comes up in various types of sports ○ e.g. time of arrival judgements ○ e.g. judging when a target is coincident with a stationary line ○ e.g. velocity judgements ● spatial location memory (object location memory task) ○ e.g. identify if items have changed location from one situation to another ○ women are usually better at this task sex differences in spatial abilities ● males are consistently better on most of these except spatial visualization ○ there doesn’t appear to be any significant difference between males and females with this ● females are usually better at spatial location memory ● males are more likely to use imagery when solving problems ● sex differences have been found in both lab and field tests \n ● hunter gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities (evolution and sex differences) ○ women have to devote a lot of time and energy to pregnancy and raising children ○ so men are more likely to hunt, take long trips etc… ○ women are more likely to be gatherers and are good at spatial location memory because they need to remember good gathering spots ○ men developed spatial cognitive abilities to find the food, track the food, capture the food, and find their way back home ● other species with spatial abilities ○ male birds and mammals tend to perform better than females on tests of spatial ability in species in which the males have larger home ranges ○ but in species in which females range further (e.g. brood parasitic cowbirds) females tend to perform better than males ○ brood parasitic cowbirds lay their eggs in other birds’ nests and allow the other bird to incubate them and raise them ○ therefore, females need to look all over the place looking for different nests so these females perform better than males on spatial abilities tests ● sex differences in spatial abilities are associated with size differences in the hippocampus between different species ● the mean performance of men on the mental rotation test is about one sd higher than women (this is a huge difference) ○ this test is highly correlated with being able to find your way around ● metaanalysis confirms male advantage in mental rotation tasks, which is largest when there are time constraints ● crosscultural data shows that men scored significantly higher than women on mental rotation tasks ○ however, women outperformed men on test of object location memory in this study ● there is more variation in males, resulting in more males in each extreme ● sex differences in spatial ability can be affected by experience ○ e.g. mental rotation scores were changed by ten hours of playing tetris sex differences in cognition ● math ○ men are generally better ○ from 19712008 men always did better on the math section of the sat ○ if you look at performance on really high level math tests, men do better ○ females do better in math (and all other subjects) at school ○ males get higher scores on math reasoning and problem solving tests (sat or act) whereas females tend to do as well on tests involving lower level skills ○ sex differences are most obvious at highest levels of achievement and ability ○ this is also evident among preschoolers ○ males are more variable, resulting in more males at both extremes \n ○ so someone that is really bad at math is more likely to be male ● language: women tend to be better at fluency, spelling, grammatical usage, and reading ● episodic memory is on average better in females ● within gender variability is typically much greater than between gender variability ",
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5605867f448480f1ee29acf72775828c | state the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of each function.y =1 + 2cos 2ax
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| state the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of each function.y =1 + | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 12 notes material not required from chapter 12: figures 2, 6, 1820, 29, 32, 34.b, 42; tables 4, 6 and 9; p394395 sections on “flow autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, and response to injury”; p399 section on “velocity of capillary blood flow”; sections 12.7, 12.12, 12.17 and 12.18; section f key terms in intro circulatory system aka cardiovascular system: responsible for transportation of molecules/substances over long distances; contains the following heart: the pump blood vessels/vascular system: interconnected tubes blood: fluid connective tissue, contains water, solutes, cells 12.1 – components of the circulatory system blood o formed elements: includes erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc, fight infection and cancer), platelets (cell fragments, blood clotting) o 99% rbc carrying oxygen to tissues/carbon dioxide from tissues o plasma: liquid that formed elements are dissolved in o hematocrit: % rbc in blood; normally 4245% depending on gender (the rest is plasma) plasma o plasma proteins: most of plasma solutes by weight; exert osmotic pressure that favors absorption of extracellular fluid into capillaries albumins (most abundant, synthesized in liver), globulins, fibrinogen (functions in clotting) o serum: plasma with fibrinogen/other proteins in clotting removed o also contains nutrients, wastes, hormones, mineral electrolytes (na , k , etc.) blood cells are all descended from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells erythrocytes (rbc) o major function: gas transport (oxygen/carbon dioxide); contain large amounts of hemoglobin that reversibly bind to gases (1415.5 g/100 ml blood depending on gender) o biconcave disk and small size allow for large surface area to volume ratio for oxygen/carbon dioxide to rapidly diffuse to/from cell o produced in bone marrow; do not contain nuclei and organelles after differentiation into rbc (only some ribosomes present in young rbc or reticulocytes; mature/lose ribosomes in a day) o average life span: 120 days (1% or 250 billion cells are replaced each day) breaks down in spleen and liver (produces bilirubin as result) o erythropoiesis: rbc production; needs iron, folic acid, vitamin b 12 iron: needed for oxygen binding to hemoglobin in rbc \n o must be replaced by ingestion of ironcontaining foods as it is lost through sweat, feces, urine, menstrual blood o iron deficiency: leads to inadequate hemoglobin production o hemochromatosis: excess iron in body; leads to abnormal iron deposits, organ damage o homeostatic control is in intestinal epithelium (which absorbs iron from food) o ferritin: protein in body that stores iron (in liver) to buffer against deficiency o transferrin: irontransport plasma protein that collects iron released from old rbc and takes it to bone marrow for recycling into new rbc folic acid and vitamin b 12 o folic acid: found in leafy plants, yeast, liver; required for synthesis of thymine ( formation of dna and cell division) o folic acid deficiency fewer rbc produced o vitamin b : 12quired for action of folic acid; found only in animal products; contains cobalt o intrinsic factor needed in gi tract to absorb vitamin b ; lack of protein causes 12 pernicious anemia (vitamin b d12iciency rbc deficiency) hormones o erythropoietin: controls erythropoiesis; secreted into blood by connective tissue cells in kidneys acts on bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation secreted at a rate to produce rbc equal to loss of rbc (receives negative feedback from oxygen decreased oxygen to kidneys leads to increase erythropoietin production) testosterone can stimulate release ( why hematocrit is higher in men) anemia: decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen; due to one of following: o decrease in total number of rbc with normal quantity of hemoglobin o low concentration of hemoglobin per rbc o combination of both sicklecell disease: caused by single base mutation that leads to abnormal hemoglobin molecules that interact with each other to form fibrous polymers, causing sickle shape o blocks capillaries, leads to tissue damage/pain, destruction of rbc, anemia o heterozygotes only show symptoms when oxygen levels are unusually low and have resistance to malaria (blood infection spread by mosquitos) polycythemia: more rbc than normal (increased hematocrit) causes increased viscosity (more friction) and difficulty in moving blood through vessels, puts strain on heart o basis for “blood doping” leukocytes o major function: immune defenses o neutrophils: phagocytes in blood; most abundant; released during infections/inflammation; contains antibacterial protein defensing o eosinophils: blood/mucosal linings of gi/respiratory/urinary tracts; release toxic chemicals to kill parasites \n o monocytes: phagocytes in blood; develop into microphages in tissues/organs o macrophages: located to encounter invaders at skin/lining of respiratory and digestive tracts; can engulf viruses/bacteria o basophils: secretory cells that produce anticlotting factor and histamine o lymphocytes: t and b types; protect against specific viruses, bacteria, toxins, cancer cells by either directly killing or creating antibodies platelets o produced when megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells) pinch off and enter circulation o functions in blood clotting regulation of blood cell production o only bones of chest/base of skull/spinal vertebrae/pelvis/limb bones produce blood cells after childhood o hematopoietic growth factors (hgfs) help proliferation and differentiation and inhibit apoptosis of new cells (ex: erythropoietin) many types produced by a variety of cells can be used to supplement deficiencies due to disease/damage circulation o bulk flow: rapid flow of blood through body produced by pressures created by pumping heart; all components of blood move together o branching allows all cells to be within 2 layers from blood vessels (specifically capillaries) for nutrient/metabolic waste product exchange (diffusion and mediated transport) o pulmonary circulation (right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk lungs (pulmonary arteries from trunk go to each lung) left atrium via pulmonary veins) o systemic circulation (left ventricle via the aorta body right atrium via the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava) allows systemic tissues to receive oxygenated blood and independent variation in blood flow through different tissues as needed (figure 12.6) portal system: unique system used by liver and anterior pituitary glands for blood circulation o arteries arterioles capillaries: blood moving away from heart o capillaries venules veins: blood moving towards heart o microcirculation: arterioles, capillaries, venules o left side of the heart has high oxygen content, right side has low oxygen content 12.2 – pressure, flow, and resistance hemodynamics: collective term for all 3 factors o blood flow (f): always from regions of high to low pressure o hydrostatic pressure = pressure (p): force exerted by blood, generated by heart contractions (l/min; δp in mmhg) \n o resistance (r): how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference; can only be measured by f and δp greater viscosity, greater length of tube, or smaller radius = greater resistance r=1/r 4 o f=∆ p/r applies to flow through blood vessels and through heart chambers (resistance comes from valves in this case) ultimate function of circulatory system: ensure adequate blood flow through capillaries of various organs 12.3 – anatomy general structures o pericardium: protective fibrous sac surrounding heart o epicardium: fibrous layer in between pericardium and heart o myocardium: wall of the heart, cardiac muscle cells, lined on inside with endothelial cells (endothelium) o interventricular septum: separates right and left ventricles o atrioventricular valves (av valves): separates atrium and ventricle; one way blood flow atrium ventricle; open/close passively due to pressure differences (opens when atrial pressure is higher; closed with high ventricular pressure) tricuspid valve: right side bicuspid valve: left side (aka mitral valve) chordae tendineae: fibrous strands connected valves to papillary muscles to prevent valves from inverting (prolapse; can occur with injury and disease) o semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic valves; open/close passively due to pressure differences to ensure blood moves in one direction through heart o there are no valves at entrances of superior and inferior venae cavae or pulmonary veins atrial contraction is enough to constrict backflow cardiac muscle o cardiac muscle cells in myocardium must be very resilient to come together and exert pressure on blood enclosed during a contraction only 1% of heart cells are replaced per year o entire heart (all cells) contract with each beat 3 billion contractions without rest in a lifetime o innervation by sympathetic (entire heart; release norepinephrine for beta adrenergic receptors) and parasympathetic (special cells in atria; release ach for muscarinic receptors) nerve fibers blood supply o no exchange of nutrients/metabolic waste occurs until blood passes through capillaries \n coronary arteries: arteries supplying myocardium (coronary blood flow) so cells can exchange nutrients/waste products 12.4 – heartbeat coordination efficient pumping of blood requires that the atria contract first, followed almost immediately by the ventricles o contraction is triggered by depolarization starting at the sinoatrial (sa) node in right atrium near entrance of superior vena cava; gap junctions allow this to happen quickly/excite entire heart o sa node acts as pacemaker for heart, determines heart rate sequence of excitation: o action potential in sa node depolarization spreads through atria atrioventricular (av) node at base of right atrium (connected to sa node via internodal pathways) through ventricles via bundle of his divides into left and right bundle branches that reach bottom of heart/walls of ventricles propagation of action potentials through av node is slow; atria will contract first and ventricles will contract when atria relax fiber bundles are composed of pukinje fibers: large diameter, rapid conduction, low resistance gap junctions myocardial cell action potentials + + o resting membrane is more permeable to k than na = negative resting membrane potential; depolarizing is due to influx of na + + + o na depolarization transient k repolarization depolarized plateau 2+ound 0 mv as k permeability declines and ca enters cell (ltype ca channels: long lasting) ca channels inactivate, k exits and causes repolarization o ventricular cells have a longer plateau than atrial cells nodal cell action potentials o pacemaker potential: gradual depolarization of the sa node (does not have a steady resting potential) that causes an action potential when threshold is eventually reached; contributed to by: + progressive reduction in k permeability unique set of channels that open at negative membrane potential values (f (funny)type channels for na influx) 2+ t(transient)type ca channels: opens briefly and gives important final depolarizing boost o sa node is brought to threshold faster than av node due to pacemaker currents automaticity: ability of sa node for spontaneous, rhythmic self excitation (inherent rate is about 100 depolarizations per minute) determines how quickly threshold is reached/action potential is generated o pacemaker mechanism creates action potential depolarizing due to ca (not 2+ na ) slow transmission of cardiac excitation to av node repolarization \n o ectopic pacemakers: when slower inherent pacemaker rates of other cells in conducting system create own rhythm (still driven to threshold by sa node) av conduction disorder: reduction/elimination of action potential transmission from sa node to av node due to disease/druginduced malfunction of av node; cause ectopic pacemakers to start very slow (2540 beats/min); causes ventricles to contract out of synch with atria fix av conduction disorders with artificial pacemaker electrocardiogram (ecg or ekg): tool for evaluating electrical events in the heart o recording electrodes detect currents running through fluids surrounding heart after action potentials in multiple cells (not direct record of changes in membrane potential across individual cells) o shows p wave (atrial depolarization), qrs complex (ventricular depolarization), t wave (ventricular repolarization) atrial repolarization takes place during qrs complex; cannot be seen o ecg leads record at different locations on limbs and chest for comparison o use to diagnose myocardial defects excitationcontra2+ion coupling o when ca influxes into cell through ltype channels and creates plateau, ryanodine receptors in sarcoplasmic reticulum are stimulated to release even more ca ca activates thin filaments muscle contraction ca returns to 2+ + 2+ sarcoplasmic reticulum via ca atpase pumps and na /ca countertransporters o more ca released = stronger contraction (i.e. during exercise) refractory period o summation of contractions is impossible due to long absolute refractory period unlike skeletal muscle; absolute refractory period lasts almost as long as contraction (250 msec) 12.5 – mechanical events of the cardiac cycle cardiac cycle: recurring cycle of atrial and ventricular contractions and relaxations o two major phases: systole (ventricular contraction and blood ejection) and diastole (ventricular relaxation and blood filling) systole can be broken down into isovolumetric ventricular contraction (contraction of ventricles while valves are closed, increases ventricular bp and develops tension, but muscle does not shorten) and ventricular ejection (pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in aorta/pulmonary trunk, valves open, muscles shorten to push blood out) stroke volume (sv): volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole diastole can be broken down into isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (ventricles begin to relax while valves are closed), ventricular filling (av valves open to allow blood flow), and atrial contraction \n o ***see page 381 in textbook for a really indepth explanation of cardiac cycle (timing of pressure/electrical/mechanical changes) o at rest, 80% of ventricular filling occurs before atrial contraction (early diastole) ensures that filling is not seriously impaired during periods when the heart is beating rapidly and that diastole duration is reduced heart rates greater than 200 beats/min don’t leave enough time for filling and blood volume leaving heart decreases (bad) explains why conduction defects that affect atrial pumping abilities do not seriously impair ventricular filling (ex: during atrial fibrillation when atria fails to work as effective pumps) pulmonary circulation pressures o pressure changes in right ventricle and pulmonary arteries are same as left ventricle and aorta (pg. 381) typical pulmonary arterial systolic and diastolic pressures are 25 mmhg and 10 mmhg (lowpressure system, thinner walls) systemic arterial pressures are 120 mmhg and 80 mmhg both have same stroke volume heart sounds: result from cardiac contraction normally head through a stethoscope o “lub” = closure of av valves; onset of systole o “dup” = closer of pulmonary and aortic alves; onset of diastole o heart murmurs: other sounds heard from heart, usually indicative of disease or defects laminar flow: smooth blood flow (normal) may become turbulent with defect (detected with heart murmurs) stenosis: abnormally narrowed valve, causes turbulent blood flow insufficiency: blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve septal defect: blood flowing between two atria or two ventricles through a small hole 12.6 – the cardiac output cardiac output (co): the volume of blood each ventricle pumps as a function of time, usually expressed in l/min o at steady state, co flowing through the systemic and pulmonary circuits is the same o co=hr×sv hr = heart rate (beats/min) sv = stroke volume (l/beat) o co of 5.0 l/min average for a resting, averagesized adult (nearly all of 5.5 l total blood volume is pumped around the circuit once each minute) o co will increase with strenuous exercise o hr and sv do not always change in the same direction (ex: sv can decrease with blood loss, but hr will increase) control of heart rate \n o in the absence of nervous/hormonal influences, the heart beats around 100 beats/min (inherent autonomous discharge rate of the sa node) at rest, influence of parasympathetic neurons results in resting hr of 70 75 beats/min o parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons end on the sa node parasympathetic = hr decreases (reduces inward current, hyperpolarizes sa node cells by increasing permeability to k = slower depolarization) sympathetic = hr increases (increases ftype channel permeability = faster depolarization) also innervate other parts of conducting system (sympathetic = increases conduction velocity through entire cardiac system; parasympathetic = decreases rae of spread of excitation through atria and av node) o epinephrine (adrenal medulla) speeds heart up by acting on same beta adrenergic receptors as norepinephrine released by neurons o body temperature, plasma electrolyte concentrations, hormones, adenosine (myocardial cell metabolite) also affect cardiac nerves (figure 12.26) control of stroke volume (volume of blood ejected during each contraction) o a change in force during contraction can produce a change in stroke volume (will never fully empty ventricles) changes in enddiastolic volume (preload: volume in ventricles before contraction) changes in magnitude of sympathetic ns input to ventricles changes in afterload (ex: changes in arterial pressures that ventricles pump against) o frankstarling mechanism: all other factors being equal, the sv increases as the enddiastolic volume increases, seen in a ventricularfunction curve lengthtension relationship: enddiastolic volume is a major determinant of how stretched the ventricular sarcomeres are just before contraction must contract harder with greater stretch (more voume) complex mechanism: stretching cardiac muscle cells towards optimum length decreased space between thick and thin filaments more cross bridges can bind during a twitch increased sensitivity to troponin for binding ca and increased ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum at any given hr, an increase in venous return = increase co (increase enddiastolic volume, increase sv) so blood does not accumulate in pulmonary circulation sympathetic regulation o distributed to entire myocardium o norepinephrine acts on betaadrenergic receptors to increase ventricular contractility (strength of contraction at any enddiastolic volume) along with increase hr \n any increased force of contraction and stroke volume resulting from sympathetic regulation is independent from any change in enddiastolic ventricular volume not related2+o franksterling mechanism (figure 12.28a) overall ca concentrations increases more quickly in cytosol, reaches greater excitation value, and returns to preexcited state more quickly faster, stronger contraction o ejection fraction: helps quantify contractility (directly related) ef=sv/edv edv = enddiastolic volume 50%75% under resting conditions in healthy heart o neglect parasympathetic effects on ventricular contractility afterload o the greater the load, the less contracting muscle fibers can shorten at a given contractility (figure 9.17 for review) an increased arterial pressure tends to reduce sv skip 12.7 12.8 – arteries thick walls containing large quantities of elastic tissue; “elastic tubes” large radii allow lowresistance conduction of blood to various organs as well as act as a “pressure reservoir” for maintaining blood flow through tissues during diastole arterial blood pressure o compliance: δv/δp; how easily a structure will stretch (greater compliance = greater ability to stretch) o a volume of blood equal to about 1/3 of sv leaves arteries during systole; rest of sv remains in arteries which increases pressure allows blood to continue to be driven into arterioles during diastole (figure 12.33) ventricular contraction always occurs before arterial pressure can reach zero (equal pressure of blood entering heart as leaving heart) o systolic pressure (sp): maximum arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection o diastolic pressure (dp): minimum arterial pressure occurring just before ventricular ejection o usually measured as systolic/diastolic (ex: 120/80 mmhg) o pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (ex: 40 mmhg) can be felt as pulse/throb in arteries in neck/wrist/etc. magnitude dependent on sv (direct relationship), speed of ejection of sv (direct), and arterial compliance (indirect; higher pressure with lower compliancy) o arteriosclerosis: stiffening of arterial walls, progress with age and leads to higher pulse pressure \n o mean arterial pressure (map): average pressure driving blood into tissues averaged over the entire cardiac cycle 1 map=dp+ (sp−dp) 3 compliance has no major influence on map (effects on systolic and diastolic pressure change but in opposite directions) measurement of systemic arterial pressure o sphygmomanometer: blood pressure cuff used to measure systolic and diastolic pressures (used in conjunction with a stethoscope) inflate until no sound is heard, release air slowly and record first number when sound is first heard again (systolic) and second number when sound disappears again (diastolic) korotkoff’s sounds: highvelocity turbulent blood flow that produces audible vibrations (with stethoscope) *** not the same as the lubdup sounds heard when valves close 12.9 – arterioles 2 major functions: in organs, responsible for determining the relative blood flows to given organs at any given mean arterial pressure and as a whole, determine mean arterial pressure o f=∆ p/r=map/resistance organ venous pressure is ignored (close to zero); map is constant throughout body o differences in flow are determined by differences in the resistance to flow offered by each tube wide tubes = les resistance = greater flows if radius of each tube is independently altered, blood flow through each is independently altered (smaller radius = less flow) large main arteries serve as pressure reservoir contain smooth muscle that can relax (vasodilation, increased radius) or contract (vasoconstriction, decreased radius) o pattern of bloodflow distribution depends upon degree of arteriolar smooth muscle contraction within each organ/tissue intrinsic tone: spontaneous contractile activity of arteriolar smooth muscle; sets baseline level of contraction that can be increased/decreased by external signals o increase in contractile force above it causes vasoconstriction o decrease in contractile force causes vasodilation o controlled by local controls and extrinsic (reflex) controls local controls: mechanisms independent of nerves/hormones that organs/tissues use to alter their own arteriolar resistances (selfregulate blood flow) o active hyperemia: manifestation of increased blood flow during increased metabolic activity; direct result of arteriolar dilation \n metabolic activity decreased oxygen (used in atp production), increased co ,2h ions (lactic acid), adenosine (atp byproduct), k ions (action potential repolarization), eicosanoids (phospholipid byproduct), bradykinin (peptide generated from protein kininogen generated from enzyme kallikrein secreted from gland cells) and nitric oxide arteriolar dilation most highly developed in skeletal/cardiac muscle and glands extrinsic controls: reflex mechanisms serves wholebody needs (ex: regulating arterial blood pressure; redistributing blood flow for specific function such as heat loss) o sympathetic neurons innervate most arterioles release norepinephrine to bind to alphaadrenergic receptors vasoconstriction (vasodilation via reducing presence of hormone) *** betaadrenergic receptors in heart, alphaadrenergic in arterioles allows for antagonists to block actions of norepinephrine in certain places reflex serves wholebody needs (ex: regulating arterial blood pressure; redistribute o parasympathetic neurons do not have important innervations in arterioles o noncholinergic, nonadrenergic, autonomic neurons release neither ach or norepinephrine release vasodilator substances particularly nitric oxide; contributes to control of gi system blood vessels innervate arterioles in penis/clitoris to mediate erection (sildenafil (viagra) and tadalafil (cialis) work by enhancing nitric oxide pathway to facilitate vasodilation) o hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine can bind to alphaadrenergic receptors on arteriolar smooth muscle and cause vasoconstriction can also bind to beta 2adrenergic receptors and relax muscle (less common than alpha in most vascular beds no effect; arterioles in skeletal muscle are important exception) angiotensin ii: constricts most arterioles vasopressin: released by posterior pituitary in response to decreased blood pressure + atrial natriuretic peptide: vasodilator by regulating na balance and blood volume; overall physiological importance unknown endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle o can be acted on by substances/mechanical stimuli to secrete several paracrine agents that diffuse to the adjacent vascular smooth muscle to induce relaxation/constriction o nitric oxide: important paracrine vasodilator (aka edrf) released continuously in significant amounts by endothelial cells in arterioles (maintains basal level vasodilation) \n responds quickly to large number of chemical mediators involved in reflex/local control o prostacyclin (prostaglandin i [pg2 ]): 2icosanoid, vasodilator; is not secreted until needed o endothelin1 (et1): vasoconstrictor released by endothelial cells in response to mechanical/chemical stimuli can function as a hormone if high enough concentrations in blood are reached for widespread arteriolar vasoconstriction arteriolar control in specific organs o figure 12.39 – factors that determine arteriolar radius o table 12.7 – importance of local and reflex controls in specific organs 12.10 – capillaries approximately 5% of blood is moving through capillaries at any time, allowing exchange of nutrients, metabolic end products, and cell secretions o some exchange also occurs in venules permeate every tissue in body except cornea; cells are no more than a few cells away from the nearest capillary o allows for highly efficient diffusion/exchange has essential role in tissue function leads to questions about angiogenesis (capillary growth and development) and what stimulates it in injury/healing/cancer o known that vascular endothelial cells initiate new capillary networks through stimulation by angiogenic factors (cancer cells also secrete these) angiostatin: naturallyoccurring peptide involved in inhibition of blood vessel growth can be used to reduce size of tumors in mice anatomy of capillary network o thinwalled tube of endothelial cells only one layer thick o no surrounding smooth muscle or elastic tissue o in some organs, they have a second set of cells that surround basement membrane to affect diffusion ability of substances (i.e. in brain) o intercellular clefts: waterfilled spaces in between flat cells of endothelial wall o fusedvesicle channels: form when endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles fuse o vasodilation/vasoconstriction of other vessels (arterioles) affects blood flow through capillaries blood sometimes enters through metarterioles that connect arterioles to venules moves though precapillary sphincter into capillary (can close off capillary completely if needed; open when tissue is active) diffusion across the capillary wall: exchanges of nutrients and metabolic end products o blood flow is slow to maximize exchange time o substance movement between interstitial fluid and plasma relies on diffusion, vesicle transport, and bulk flow (sometimes mediated transport too) in all capillaries (except brain), diffusion is only important means of net nutrient/oxygen/waste movement \n o lipidsoluble substances (oxygen and co ) easi2y diffuse while ions/polar molecules need to pass through waterfilled channels in endothelium waterfilled channels allows rate of ion/polar molecule movement to be high (not as high as lipid rates) intercellular clefts and fused vesicles only small amounts of protein can diffuse (usually need vesicular transport) o “leakiness” of capillaries differs between organs due to waterfilled channels one extreme: tight capillaries (brain) with no intercellular clefts, only tight junctions need carriermediated transport through bloodbrain barrier other extreme: large intercellular clefts (liver) that allow even proteins to move easily o transcapillary diffusion gradients occur as a result of cellular utilization of substance (established by local metabolic rate: increased metabolism leads to increased need for glucose/oxygen and increased production of co ) 2 glucose: continuously transported from interstitial to cells by carrier mediated transport mechanisms oxygen: moves in same direction as glucose (into cells) by diffusion carbon dioxide: continuously produced by cells and diffuses from cells to interstitial fluid (ultimately diffusing into capillary) active hyperemia and increased cellular utilization of materials both lead to increasing diffusion gradients increasing rate of diffusion bulk flow across the capillary wall: distribution of extracellular fluid o bulk flow of proteinfree plasma to distribute the extracellular fluid volume (plasma and interstitial fluid) o capillary walls are highly permeable to water and all plasma solutes except proteins proteinfree plasma moves by bulk flow when hydrostatic pressure difference exists (capillary blood pressure vs. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure) filtration capillary blood pressure is usually higher hydrostatic pressure difference exists to filter proteinfree plasma out of capillaries into interstitial fluid (protein stays in capillaries) o osmotic flow of water brings solutes with it to penetrate membranes (to balance nonpenetrating solute concentrations); high to low concentration o effects of solutes crystalloids: lowmw solutes present in large quantities in plasma; can easily penetrate capillary pores ( concentrations in plasma/interstitial fluid are the same); includes na , cl, and k + colloids: plasma proteins that cannot move though capillary pores and have low concentrations in interstitial fluid water concentration is slightly lower in plasma than interstitium, creating osmotic gradient from interstitium to capillary o starling forces: four factors that determine net filtration pressure nfp=p +π cp −if if c \n capillary hydrostatic pressure, osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration, interstitial hydrostatic pressure, osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (respectively) + = favors movement out of capillary; – = favors movement into capillary *** usually can ignore p ifvirtually 0 mmhg) if net outward pressure exceeds inward pressure, bulk filtration of fluid will occur (leaving proteins behind in capillaries as fluid leaves) can be applied to pulmonary circulation (starling forces favor filtration slightly more in lungs than other tissues) o regional differences in capillary pressure capillary hydrostatic pressures vary in different regions of the body and are strongly influenced by laying down/standing/sitting capillary hydrostatic pressures are also subject to physiological regulation mostly by changes in resistance of arterioles in that region dilating arterioles = increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (less pressure is lost in overcoming resistance between arteries and capillaries) favors movement of fluid out of capillary/increased filtration edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces (due to imbalance in starling’s forces) o can be caused by heart failure (increased venous pressure reduces blood flow out of capillaries excess filtration and accumulation of interstitial fluid) o can occur in systemic or pulmonary tissues o injury ( release of histamines/etc.) can cause dilated arterioles increase in capillary pressure and filtration increased size of intercellular clefts/ability of plasma proteins to escape from bloodstream increase in protein osmotic force in interstitial fluid can increase filtration/edema o can be caused by abnormal decrease in protein plasma concentration (water does not need to remain in capillaries to balance concentration leaves capillary) caused by liver disease (decreased protein production) or kidney disease (protein loss in urine) or kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition) 12.11 – veins capillaries venules veins last set of tubes that blood flows through on way back to heart o pressure difference between peripheral veins (1015 mmhg) and right atrium (close to 0 mmhg) drives venous return in systemic circulation adequate pressure due to low resistance to flow from veins (large diameters) major functions: act as lowresistance conduits for blood flow from tissues to heart and reflexively alter diameters in response to changes in blood volume to maintain venous return pressure \n o peripheral veins in arms/legs contain oneway valves that ensure blood moves towards heart o rate of venous return = major determinant of enddiastolic ventricular volume ( sv) determinants of venous pressure o volume of fluid in tube o compliance of walls o veins can accommodate large volumes of blood with relatively small increase in internal pressure 60% of total blood volume is in systemic veins, but pressure is only 10 mmhg (compared to 15% of blood in systemic arteries at 100 mmhg) o walls contain smooth muscle innervated with sympathetic neurons (norepinephrine release muscle contraction, increase pressure) drives more blood into right side of heart can also respond to hormonal/paracrine vasodilators and vasoconstrictors o skeletal muscle pump: increases local venous pressure of veins running through muscles during contraction; forces more blood to heart o respiratory pump: diaphragm descends during inhalation increase in abdominal pressure increase in intraabdominal vein pressure; also results in decrease in pressure in intrathoracic veins/right atrium; bigger pressure difference forces more blood to heart any changes in venous return almost immediately causes equivalent changes in cardiac output through frankstarling mechanisms ( they are the same except for transient differences) skip 12.12 12.13 – baroreceptor reflexes arterial baroreceptors o respond to changes in pressure o found where left and right common carotid arteries divide into two smaller arteries that supply the head with blood (carotid sinus) and in the arch of the aorta (aortic arch baroreceptor) afferent neurons travel from these points to the brainstem and provide input to the neurons of cardiovascular control centers o at a particular steady pressure (ex: 100 mmhg), there is a certain rate of action potential discharge from neurons, which increases/decreases with increased/decreased pressure medullary cardiovascular center o located in the medulla oblongata o receive input from the various baroreceptors throughout the body uses it to determine the action potential frequency sent back to the vagus (parasympathetic) neurons in the heart/sympathetic neurons in the heart/arterioles/veins \n increased rate of discharge = decreased sympathetic activity and increased parasympathetic activity angiotensin ii and vasopressin are also altered (decreased pressure = increased secretion = arteriole constriction) arterial baroreceptor reflex operation o ex) decreased arterial pressure (due to hemorrhage) = decreased rate of firing leads to increased heart rate (due to increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity) increased ventricular contractility arteriolar constriction increased venous constriction net result: increased cardiac output, increased total peripheral resistance, and bp returns to normal o functions primarily as a shortterm regulator of arterial bp will adapt to prolonged change in bp (new set point) other baroreceptors contribute to a feedforward component of arterial pressure control 12.14 – blood volume and longterm regulation of arterial pressure baroreceptors cannot set longterm arterial pressure as they will adapt to any prolonged change blood volume controls longterm regulation blood volume influences venous pressure/return, enddiastolic/stroke volumes, and cardiac output o all related, thus increased blood volume increases arterial pressure (and increased arterial pressure decreases blood volume) negative feedback loops blood volume can only stabilize longterm arterial pressure if blood volume itself is stabilized o urinary and circulatory systems both interact to help maintain this 12.15 – other cardiovascular reflexes and responses causes of increased blood pressure: o decreased arterial oxygen concentration o increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration o decreased blood flow to brain o pain originating in the skin (from viscera/joints decrease in bp) other physiological states (eating, sexual activity, sleeping) affect bp mood influences bp (lower when happy) changes triggered by higher brain centers to medullary cardiovascular center cushing’s phenomenon: increased intracranial pressure causes a dramatic increase in mean arterial pressure o cranium cannot expand to accumulate pressure pressure is directed inwards on brain, which decreases blood flow to all parts of brain accumulation of waste/not enough oxygen o fluid must be removed to fix \n 12.16 – hemorrhage and other causes of hypertension hypotension: low blood pressure, regardless of cause o consequences: reduced blood flow to brain/muscles hemorrhage: type of hypotension caused by significant deceased blood volume o immediate response: arterial baroreceptor reflex cannot restore all the way back to normal: directly affected factors (stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial pressure) remain below normal; values not directly affected (affected only by reflex; heart rate, total peripheral resistance) are higher than normal increased peripheral resistance vasoconstriction (less blood flow) why skin can become pale/cold o interstitial fluid will move into capillaries due to decreased hydrostatic pressure autotransfusion; can restore blood volume to normal in 1224 hours after moderate hemorrhage o both responses can restore up to 30% blood volume lost blood volume must actually be restored by increased fluid ingestion/minimized water loss (initiated by increased thirst/reduction in water and salt lost in urine) mediated by hormones rbc must be recreated to replenish blood severe sweating, burns, diarrhea, and vomiting can also cause hypotension o depletes body of water and essential ions cardiac contractility can cause hypotension (ex: during a heart attack) strong emotion can cause hypotension (and sometimes fainting) vasovagal syncope o higher brain centers inhibit sympathetic activity to circulatory system/enhance parasympathetic activity ( decreased blood flow to brain & arterial pressure) shock: any situation in which a decrease in blood flow to the organs and tissues damages them o hypovolemic shock: caused by decrease in blood volume secondary to hemorrhage or loss of fluid other than blood o lowresistance shock: due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance secondary to excessive release of vasodilators (allergy/infection) o cardiogenic shock: due to extreme decrease in cardiac output from any variety of factors (ex: during heart attack) o deterioration of the heart leads to decreased cardiac output more shock; which can become irreversible skip 12.1712.18 12.19 – hypertension hypertension: chronically increased systemic arterial pressure (above 140/90 mmhg) o 26% of adults worldwide affected; 34% u.s. citizens affected \n o left ventricle is chronically pumping against an increased arterial pressure develops muscle mass: left ventricular hypertrophy initially helps maintain heart function; leads to diminished contractile function and heart failure over time o can lead to atherosclerosis, heart attacks, kidney damage, stroke (blockage/rupture of a cerebral blood vessel, causing brain damage) risk of heart disease/stroke doubles with every 20 mmhg increase in systolic pressure and every 10 mmhg increase in diastolic pressure primary hypertension: hypertension of uncertain cause; more common o suspected genetic/environmental factors changes in lifestyle can reduce factors (weight loss, reduced salt intake, cessation of smoking/heavy drinking, clean eating, exercise) o genes associated with angiotensinaldosterone system and regulation of endothelial cell function/arteriolar smooth muscle contraction suspected o most significant factor: increase in total peripheral resistance caused by reduced arteriolar radius secondary hypertension: identified causes o renal hypertension: due to kidney damage increased renin release leads to excessive concentrations of angiotensin ii (vasoconstrictor) and low urine production treat with lowsodium diet and diuretics o endocrine disorders (syndromes involving hypersecretion of cortisol, aldosterone, thyroid hormone) can cause it o medications (oral contraceptives, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) can cause it o sleep apnea linked to it table 12.11 – drugs used to treat hypertension by decreasing cardiac output and/or total peripheral resistance 12.20 – heart failure collection of signs and symptoms that occur when the heart does not pump an adequate cardiac output o may be pumping against a chronically increased arterial pressure (hypertension) or structural damage to the myocardium due to decreased coronary blood flow and etc. can group patients into two categories o diastolic dysfunction: reduced compliance of the ventricle (abnormal stiffness) results in reduced ability to fill adequately at normal diastolic filling pressures leads to reduced enddiastolic volume = reduced sv contractility is still normal causes: systemic hypertension hypertrophy o systolic dysfunction: results from myocardial damage (ex: from heart attack); decrease in cardiac contractility (lower sv at any given enddiastolic volume) presents as decrease blood ejection; enddiastolic volume increases \n triggers arterial baroreceptor reflexes, which are elicited more than usual because afferent baroreceptors become less sensitive o less discharge = brain thinks pressure decrease has occurred tries to compensate (increased hr, total peripheral resistance, concentrations of hormonal vasoconstrictors) eventually leads to increased fluid retention and massive expansion of extracellular fluid o when fluid retention increases, problems arise ventricles with systolic dysfunction will become very distended with blood worsens situation edema will eventually occur, swelling of the legs and feet failure of left ventricle with fluid will lead to pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs), which impairs normal gas exchange o left ventricle fails to pump blood to the same extent as the right ventricle increased blood volume in pulmonary vessels faster rate of filtration than lymphatics can deal with o worse at night due to laying down while sleeping treatment of heart failure: o correct precipitating cause (ex: hypertension) with drugs o cardiac transplant 12.21 – hypertrophic cardiomyopathy condition that frequently leads to heart failure one of the most common inherited cardiac diseases (1 in 500 people) characterized by increased thickness of heart muscle, especially interventricular septum and wall of left ventricle o interferes with cardiac output to meet metabolic requirements o angina pectoris: chest pain experienced by reduction of blood flow to heart disruption of orderly array of myocytes and conducting cells in walls o can lead to dangerous/fatal arrhythmias usually symptomless until too late causes unknown; possible genetic factors identified (involving myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin) treatment: drugs to prevent arrhythmia, surgical repair of septum and valve, heart transplant 12.22 – coronary artery disease and heart attacks coronary artery disease: changes in one or more of the coronary arteries causes insufficient blood flow (ischemia) to the heart o many patients with coronary artery disease experience recurrent transient episodes of inadequate coronary blood flow/angina before ultimately suffering a heart attack myocardial infarction: death of portion of heart affected by myocardial damage \n o symptoms: prolonged chest pain (often radiating from left arm), nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, shortness of breath o diagnosis made by ecg and detection of specific cardiac muscle proteins in plasma o ventricular fibrillation: abnormality in impulse conduction triggered by damaged myocardial cells; cause of sudden death during myocardial infarction cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr) can sometimes save individuals (series of chest compressions and mouthtomouth) defibrillation: electrical current passed through heart in effort to correct abnormal electrical activity heart attacks are experienced by about 1.1 million americans (over 40% die from it) causes o atherosclerosis: major cause; thickening of portion of arterial vessel wall closest to lumen with plaques made of many smooth muscle cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, deposits of cholesterol/fatty substances, and dense layers of connective tissue matrix reduces coronary blood flow can result in coronary thrombosis: blood clot; total occlusion, generally triggers heart attack likely caused by initially damage/inflammation that becomes excessive, cigarette smoking, excess cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and stress prevention o exercise (can red",
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7013d526346a492212cedc91fdabe4e3 | replace the force of f = 80 n acting on the pipe assembly by an equivalent resultant force and couple moment at point a. [ 400 mm 300 mm y 200 mm 200 mm 250 mm 30 40 f 80 n b a z prob. 4110 | solved: replace the force of f = 80 n acting on the pipe | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " lecture exam 3 study guide kingdom fungi introduction to plantae bryophytes introduction to tracheophytes and pterophytes. kingdom fungi defining fungi ● singlecelled (yeast) or multicellular ● sexual or asexual reproduction ● extract and absorb nutrients from their surroundings ● closest kingdom related to animals anatomy: ● grow in hypha (hyphae pl.) tangle of tiny filaments ○ what is the benefit? enormous surface area for digestion ● mycelium mass of connected hyphae ● fungal walls include chitin (yes, the same stuff found in exoskeletons of arthropods) ○ in contrast: cell wall of a plant or protist cell is composed of cellulose ● septum cross walls separating the hyphae ○ but there is usually an opening between 2 cells/the septum isn’t complete which explains why fungi grow so quickly→ cytoplasm can stream quickly back and forth, carrying nutrients to the growing tips of hyphae \n reproductive cycle: ● fungi nucleus is typically haploid (1n) ● only the zygote is diploid (2n) ● diploid zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid species ● spores germinate into haploid hyphae hyphae may have more than one nucleus: ● monokaryotic 1 nucleus ● dikaryoti 2 nuclei sometimes many nuclei intermingle in the common cytoplasm of the fungal mycelium ● heterokaryotic nuclei from genetically distinct individuals ● homokaryotic nuclei are genetically similar to one another capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction ● sexual reproduction ○ fusion of two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types ■ results in a diploid (2n) cell ○ may form mushrooms or puffballs ● spores are the most common means of reproduction among fungi ○ may form from sexual or asexual processes ○ most are dispersed by the wind nutrition ● heterotrophic usuallyarasiteor aprobes(organisms that get their nutrients from dead or decaying matter) ● all fungal digestioextracellul fungal strands secrete digestive enzymes to dissolve its food ● obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into surroundings and then absorb the organic molecules produced by this external digestion ● fungi can break down cellulose and lignin ○ decompose wood ○ some fungi are carnivorous ● fungi absorb their digested food directly through their cell walls ● many species are predators: ○ fire tiny missiles at passing prey ○ stun prey with toxic chemicals ○ enter as tightly wound coil, explosively expand to scramble interior of host phylum chytridiomycota → chytridiomycetes or chytrids. ● aquatic, flagellated fungi ● closely related to ancestral fungi ● mave motilezoospores (spores with flagella for movement) \n phylum zygomycota bread molds ● fungi that produces zygotes ● lack septa in hyphae except when reproducing ● not monophyleti still under research ● sexual reproduction ○ fusion of gametangia forygosporangium ○ haploid nuclei faryogamy) to form diploid (2n) zygote nucleus ○ zygosporangium develops and inside the zygospore develops ○ meiosis followed mitosis occurs during germination of zygospore ■ releases haploid spores ● asexual reproduction is more common ○ sporangiosporeshave sporangia that release spores \n phylum glomeromycota ● glomeromycetes are a tiny group of fungi ● form intracellular associations with plant roorbuscular mycorrhizae ○ this is a type of symbiosis ○ mutualism ■ fungus cannot survive without the host plant ● fungus gets carbohydrates and plant gets phosphorus ○ potentially capable of increasing crop yields with lower phosphate and energy inputs ○ important for evolution of land plants ○ no above ground fruiting structures phylum basidiomycota mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc. ● basidiomycetes are some of the most familiar fungi ● many are food source for people ○ some, on the other hand, are hallucinogenic or deadly poisonous ● named for basidium clubshaped sexual reproductive structure ● reproduction: ○ karyogamy occurs within basidia ■ only diploid cell in life cycle ○ meiosis follows ○ the four haploid products are incorporated into basidiospores ○ spore germination leads to the production of monokaryotic hyphae ■ results imonokaryotic mycelium, or primary mycelium ○ different types of monokaryotic hyphae may fuse ■ results inaikaryotic myceliu or secondary mycelium ■ heterokaryotic mycelium ■ basidiocarps(mushrooms) are formed entirely of secondary mycelium \n phylum ascomycota yeasts, common molds cup fungi, truffles, and morels ● serious plant pathogens ● penicil(used in antibiotic medicines) is produced by genus penicillium ● named forascus microscopic, saclike reproductive structure ○ karyogamy occurs within asci ■ only diploid nucleus of life cycle ○ asci differentiate in ascocarp ○ meiosis and mitosis follow, producing 8 haploid nuclei that become walled ascospores ● asexual reproduction ○ conidia formed at the ends of modified hyphae called conidiophores ○ allow for rapid colonization of a new food source yeast ● unicellular ● most reproduce asexually via budding ● yeasts can ferment carbohydrates ○ break down glucose into ethanol and co2 ○ used to make bread, beer, and wine ● used for genetic researchfirst eukaryotes to be manipulated extensively ○ saccharomyces cerevisiaewas the first eukaryote to have genome sequenced \n ecology ● principal decomposers ● fungi symbiosis ○ obligate symbiosis essential for fungus’s survival ○ facultative symbiosis nonessential ● interactions ○ pathogenetic pathogens harm host by causing disease ○ parasitic cause harm to host (but do not cause disease) ○ commensal relationships benefit one partner but does not harm the other ○ mutualistic relationships benefit both partners ■ lichens ● symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (usually green algae or cyanobacteria) ○ usually ascomycetes ● unable to grow normally without the photosynthetic partner ● sensitive to pollutants economic importance edible, fermentation, used in making many cheeses agricultural importance many fungi are agricultural pests medical importance fungal diseases (yeast infections, ringworm), fungal antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin), psychoactive drugs ● fungal diseases are difficult to treat because of the close phylogenetic relationship between fungi and animals ecological importance primary planetecomposers. only fungi can digest lignin (the substance that gives wood its stiffness) here’s the ted talk video on fungus that we watched in lab! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi5frpv58ty introduction to plantae origin of land plants ● all green algae and the land plants shared a common ancestor a little over 1 bya ○ not all photoautotrophs are plants because red and brown algae are excluded ● a single species of freshwater green algae gave rise to the entire terrestrial plant lineage ○ split into two major clades ■ chlorophytes never made it to land \n ■ charophytes sister to all land plants ○ land plants… ■ have multicellular haploid and diploid stages (haplodiplontic) ■ trend toward more diploid embryo protection ■ trend toward smaller haploid stage (gametophyte stage) adaptations to terrestrial life ● protection from desiccation ○ waxy cuticle and stomata ● moving water through the body ○ tracheophytes have tracheids ■ xylem takes water from the roots to the leaves ■ phloem takes photosynthetic nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant ● dealing with uv radiation caused mutations ○ shift to a dominant diploid generation ● haplodiplontic life cyalternation of generatio ) ○ multicellular diploid stage sporophyte ■ produces haploid spores via meiosis ■ diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia ● produce 4 haploid spores→ first cells of gametophyte generation ○ multicellular haploid stage gametophyte ■ spores divide by mitosis ■ produces gametes by mitosis ■ gametes fuse (fertilization) to form diploid zygote ● first cell of next sporophyte generation ■ gametangia that make sperm cellsntheridi look different than those that make egg cellrchegonia) alternation of generations so, all plants have an alternation of generations. this idea was incredibly confusing to me at first because the teacher was like “the plant’s offspring are different organisms” and i’m here like “well how is this different from any other reproductive cycle because i really hope my children are different organisms from me also”. but the way that i think of it now is that it would be like i had a kid and they were super different looking from me and functioned differently from me but then my kid’s offspring (so my grandchildren) would have similar anatomy and function to my own. that’s kind of how plants work. the offspring of the sporophyte is a gametophyte; the two have different anatomy and function. and then that gametophyte’s offspring is a sporophyte. basic plant anatomy: ● vascular plant \n ○ root system (anchor) ○ shoot system (support) ● 3 basic tissue types ○ dermal outer protective cover ○ ground function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion ○ vascular conducts fluids and dissolved substances throughout the plant body ● tissues consist of one or more cell types ● tissue systems – each of these tissue types extends through root and shoot systems ● meristems→ undifferentiated cells that can divide infinitely and give rise to many types of differentiated cells… they’re like stem cells for plants ○ extension of shoot and root systems produced pical meristems ■ located at tips of stems and roots and is covered by a root cap or leaf primordia for protection vascular tissue ● xylem principal waterconducting tissue. also conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates, and supports the plant body ○ vessels continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged endtoend ○ tracheids dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another ○ transpiration diffusion of water vapor from plant ● phloem principal foodconducting tissue in vascular plants roots→ 4 parts: root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation stems→ support, undergo growth from cell division in apical and lateral stems, develop into leaves, other shoots, and even flowers leaves→ initiated as primordia by the apical meristems, principal site of photosynthesis, determinate in structure (growth stops at maturity) ● 2 different morphological groups ○ microphyll leaf with one vein branching from the stem and not extending the entire length (phylum lycophyta, whisk ferns) ○ megaphylls several to many veins bryophytes ● lack vascular tissue primitive traits: ● rely primarily on diffusion \n ● limited to moist environments ● bryophytes need water to reproduc sperm are flagellated and must swim to the egg ● lack a true rootshoot syst roots are tiny rhizoids (epidermal cells that anchor the plant to the soil) ● sporophytes are not free living lifecycle ● the leafy green plant we think of as “mossametophyte generation ● the sporophyte generation is not freeliving→ grows out of the tissues of the gametophyte and depends on its parent for nutrition gametophyte is dominant phylum bryophyta mosses ● moss species ar ioeciou(distinct male and female plants) ○ male have antheridia at the top ○ female have archegonia at the top ● mosses can reproduce sexually or asexually (by fragmentation) ● ecological importance ○ retains moisture and nutrients in ecosystems ○ functions as a seedbed for higher plants ○ most abundant plant in polar ecosystems ● life cycle: ○ gametophyte is the dominant stage ■ spores germinate into tiny green threadsrotonema(looks like green algae) ■ buds develop into adult gametophytes \n phylum hepaticophyta liverworts ● lobes suggest the shape of a liver ● simplest bodies of any green plant. looks like a flat scaly leaf with prominent lobes ● store food as oil, not starch ● some lack stomata and waxy cuticle ● life cycle ○ similar to mossesgametophyte is dominant stage ○ archegonia hang from the underside of tiny umbrellas ○ can grow vegetative buds calleemmae cups that break off and grow into a new plant phylum anthocerophyta hornworts ● gametophytes look like liverworts, but send up a tiny mosslike sporophyte ● more closely related to mosses, because they have stomata ● symbiotic with cyanobacteriawhich fix nitrogen for the hornworts introduction to tracheophytes and pterophytes tracheophyte plants ● cooksonia the first vascular land plant arose 420 mya ○ only a few centimeters tall without roots or leaves ● anatomy ○ xylem conducts water and dissolved materials from the roots to the rest of the plant ○ phloem conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant ● vascular systems allow for enhanced size and height ○ develops in sporophyte but not gametophyte heterosporous plants produce two different type of spores (few ferns; all seed plants) ● megaspore grows into female gametophyte ● microspore grows into male gametophyte \n homosporous plants produce a single type of spores (most ferns and allies) evolution from aquatic to truly terrestrial plants ● evolution of the spore was the key to the bryophytes’ emergence onto land ● evolution of vascular tissue and seeds let tracheophytes become fully terrestrial ● euphylls→ true leaves. evolved as a response to global environmental change. a web of tissue stretched between small terminal branches many similarities to bryophytes ● ferns and fern allies have freeswimming flagellated sperm, larger nonmotile egg ● sperm must swim through water, so ferns and allies are limited to moist environment ● sporophyte develops directly from the gametophyte differences between bryophytes and ferns ● sporophyte is the dominant stage in ferns ● ferns and fern allies monoecious antheridia and archegonia on same plant ● gametophytes are freeliving plants, very small, only develop in moist areas ● sporangia attached to sporophylls ● sporophylls organized into clubshaptrobilus ● plant growth assisted rhizomes, modified underground stems that help spread it around strobilus phylum lycophyta club mosses ● sister group to ferns and other fern allies ● tropical species are mostepiphytes(plants that grow on other plants) ● temperate species grow in forest understory in small clusters ● lycophylls (microphylls) small, simple leaf with one vascular strand (vein) ● have sporophylls organized introbili \n ○ these fall to the ground when ripe and release spores ● gametophytes are independent, freeliving, look nothing like the parent plant phylum sphenophyta horsetails ● closely related ferns ● equisetum is the only surviving genus of this phylum ○ may be the oldest living plant on earth ● anatomy ○ leaves are little more than flattened stems ○ hollow stems are ribbed, jointed, whorl of leaves arise at each joint ○ stems are very rough to the touch ○ highly branched vegetative stalks (look like a horse’s tail) ○ unbranched reproductive stalks, tipped with a large strobilus bearing sporangia ○ homosporous spores dispersed by elater (like little springs that launch the spores), develop into a tiny green gametophyte phylum psilophyta whisk ferns ● closely related to ferns ● only living vascular plants that lack true leaves or true roots ● found in tropical, subtropical habitats, and is a common weed in greenhouses ● small sporangia are bright yellow, form along the upper stems ● gametophytes are tiny threadlike plants that lack chlorophyll \n ○ symbiosis with fungi to get nutrients phylum pterophyta ferns ● clusters of sporangia are cor (sorus) ● sorus often protected by an umbrellalike structure called an ndusium ● mostly homosporous, though some are heterosporous ● fern life cycle differs from that of a moss→ much greater development, independence, and dominance of the sporophytegametophyte lacks vascular tissue ○ spores germinate into a tiny heartshaped autotrophic gametophyte callrothallus ○ archegonia and antheridia on lower surface archegonia at the notch of the heart, antheridia near the rhizoids ○ sperm swims across to reach the egg ○ early stage of sporophyte is caiddleheadbecause it looks like the spiral on a violin \n gymnosperms and angiosperms seed plants ● first fully terrestrial plants ○ sperm no longer needs water to reach the egg ○ seeds keep embryos from drying up ○ seeds can be modified for dispersal ● no longer rely on flagellated sperm to reproduce→ pollen grain moves through the air to reach the egg. pollen grain is carried by wind, water, and animals (pollinators) ● all adult sporophytes of seed plants, like those of primitive plants, produce haploid spores by meiosis ● all seed plants are heterosporous ● spores develop from a spore mother cell ○ microsporesdevelop in a microsporangia, from a microscope mother cell ○ megaspores develop in a megasporangia, from a megaspore mother cell ● spores develop into tiny gametophytes, smaller than those of ferns and fern allies ○ microsporesdevelop into male gametophytes ○ megaspores develop into female gametophytes ● sporophyte is the dominant generation seed ● embryo protected byntegument ○ an extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue ○ hardens into seed coat ● megasporangium divides by meiosis inside ovule to produce haploid megaspore ● megaspore produces egg that combines with sperm to form zygote ● also contains food supply for the embryo ● the seeds allow the embryo to be dormant 2 gendered gametophytes ● male→ pollen grains. dispersed by a wind of pollinator. no need for water ● female→ develop within an ovule. enclosed within diploid sporophyte in angiosperms gymnosperms ● plants with “naked seeds” ● 4 living groups ● lack flowers and fruits ● have ovule exposed on a scale (modified leaf) phylum coniferophyta pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others ● coastal redwood tallest living vascular plant (100 meters) \n ● bristlecone pine oldest living tree (4,900 years) ● found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the world ● gametophytes ○ male→ pollen grains ■ develop from microspores in male cones by meiosis ○ female ■ pine cones form on the upper branches of the same tree ■ larger than males and have woody scales ■ two ovules develop on each scale ● each ovule contains a megasporangium ○ each megasporangium will become a female gametophyte phylum cycadophyta cycads ● sporophytes resemble palm trees ● palmlike shrubs and trees, with crown of very thick leaves atop unbranched stems ● dioecious, separate male and female plants ● leaves are incredibly well defended \n ○ sharp tips on leaves. toxic secondary compounds, including neurotoxins and carcinogens phylum gnetophyta ● xerophytes plants adapted to arid conditions ● only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem ● ephedra, like whisk fern, is a “stem plant”, photosynthetic with no leaves ○ source of the drugphedrine… pulled from markets in 2004 because it was causing strokes and heart attacks in diet pills ● common in deserts of the american west and mexico, grows everywhere except australia phylum ginkophyta ● only one living species remains ginko biloba ● dioecious male and female reproductive structures form on different trees ● seeds are covered by a fleshy coat ○ the ginko conspiracy… they removed the female ginko tree that shades tulane’s president’s fancy lexus… \n angiosperms flowers house the gametophyte generation ● morphology: ○ modified stems bearing modified leaves ○ primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stal edicel the p ○ pedicel expands at the tip to form a receptacle, to which other parts attached ○ flower parts are organized in circles called whorls ■ outermost whorepals ■ second whorletals ■ third whortamens(androecium) ● pollen is the male gametophyte ● each stamen has a pollenbeanthe and afilamen (stalk) ■ innermost whorynoecium/carpel ● consists of one or more carpels ● house the female gametophyte ○ ovule enclosed in diploid tissue at the time of pollination, develop into seed ○ carpel a modified leaf that covers seeds, develops into fruit wall ■ 3 major regions: ● ovary swollen base containing ovules ● stigma tip where pollen lands ● styl neck or stalk \n phylum anthophyta ● water lilies one of the first clades to evolve ● angiosperms quickly became the dominant plants, although gymnosperms continue to rule in cold, dry, or sandy habitats ● oldest known angiosperm rchaefructu. discovered in mainland china ● flowering plants are superior competitors ○ able to survive in a greater variety of habitats ○ mature more quickly ○ produce greater number of seeds ○ fruit for seed dispersal ○ widerbore vessels to conduct water ○ animals aid in pollination can survive as small scattered populations, whereas windpollinated species need dense populations ● can be perennials or annuals ● leaves are thin blades, diversity of shapes coevolution occurs when an evolutionary change in one organism leads to an evolutionary change in another organism that interacts with it ● evolution of fruit dispersal aligns with evolution of animal population ○ fruits function to disperse seeds→ animals eat fruit, but don’t digest seeds ○ tiny hooks and spines attach to animal ○ also dispersed by wind or water ● flowers that rely on animal pollination have showy petals to attract the pollinators… advertise their reward of nectar, sugar water, to attract pollinators flowering plants go to great lengths to avoid pollinating themselves ● chemical pollen and ovule are chemically incompatible ● architectural stamens and stigma are arranged to avoid contact ● temporal pollen and stigma mature at different times seeds are an important adaptation ● they maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions ● they protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable ● they provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food ● they facilitate dispersal of the embryo fruits ● contain 3 genotypes ● most simply defined as mature ovaries (carpels) ● during seed formation, the flower ovary begins to develop into fruit ● it is possible for fruits to develop without seed development ○ bananas are propagated asexually ● dispersal: \n ○ ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates ○ hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals ○ burial in caches by herbivores ○ blowing in the wind ○ floating and drifting on water angiosperm reproduction ● singlemegaspore mother cell in ovuleundergoes meiosis ○ produces 4 megaspores ■ 3 disappear ■ nucleus of remaining megaspore divides mitotically ● daughter nuclei divide to produce 8 haploid nuclei ○ 2 groups of 4 ● integuments become seed coat ○ form micropyle ● embryo sac= female gametophyte ○ 8 nuclei in 7 cells ○ 8 haploid daughter nuclei (2 groups of 4) ■ 1 from each group of 4 migrates toward center ● functions as polar nuclei may fuse ■ egg ● 1 cell in group closest to micropyle ● other 2 are synergids ■ antipodals ● 3 cells at other end ● pollen production occurs in the anthers ○ diploid microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce four haploid microspores ○ binucleate microspores become pollen grains ● pollination ○ mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma ○ pollen grains develop a pollen tube that is guided to the embryo sac ○ one of the two pollen grain cells lags behind ■ this generative cell divides to produce two sperm cells ■ no flagella on sperm ● double fertilization ○ one sperm unites with egg to form the diploid zygote ○ other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm ■ provides nutrients to embryo ● sporophytes form sporangia ○ stamens are highly modified sporophylls ○ sporangia are located on the stamens, inside the anthers. each anther holds four microsporangia \n ● microspore mother cell divides by meiosis to form four haploid microspores ○ each microspore develops into a multicellular pollen grain ○ pollen grains are the male gametophytes ○ microspore divides into a tube cell (will form pollen tube) and a sperm cell (nucleus will act as sperm) ● mature male gametophyte is reduced to only three cells ● double fertilization!!! ● life cycle: \n monocots and icots ● many ways to tell them apart at a glance ○ surest way is to plant one, and see how many seed leotyledons) come up ● if a single seed leaf emerges from the seed, it’s a monocot ● if two seed leaves emerge from the seed, it’s a dicot there are many other ways to tell monocots and dicots apart ● monocots have flower parts in 3’s or multiples of 3 (3 petals, 3 stamens, etc.) ● dicots have flower parts in 4’s, 5’s, or multiples of 4 and 5 ● leaf venation: dicots usually have netlike venation and monocots usually have parallel venation ● organization of the vascular bundles test content: 20 fill in the blank features of fungi and plants taxonomy about 15 multiple choice 10 matching fungi and plant reproduction and life cycle he’ll give you a term and you match it to which phylum it’s in short answer response (very short answer) about 25 points fungus and plant structure alternation of generations and general reduction in gametophyte generation taxonomy and characteristics of fungi and plants evolution and adaptations of plants life cycles: know structures and features of each phylum. compare and contrast ife cycle \n taxonomy: kingdom fungi phylum gloceromycota phylum basidiomycota phylum zygomycota phylum ascomycota kingdom plantae bryophytes need water to reproduce phylum bryophyta ground mosses phylum hepaticophyta liverworts phylum anthocerophyta hornworts (i remember this because tric eratops have horns tracheophytes: have vascular tissue ferns and fern allies: no true root/shoot system. still need water to reproduce phylum lycophyta club mosses phylum sphenophyta horsetails phylum psilophyta whisk ferns phylum pterophyta true ferns gymnosperms: “naked seed” plants have true root/shoot system phylum coniferophyta conifers. evergreens. cones for gametangia phylum gnetophyta desert plants. ephedra. phylum cycadophyta cycads. like little palm trees. phylum ginkophyta ginkos angiosperms: flowering and fruits phylum anthophyta double fertilization creates fruit \n practice test multiple choice: 1. a mass of hyphae in a fungus is commonly referred to as a(n) a. mycelium b. mycorrhizae c. conidium d. sporangium e. ascus 2. the cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides including a. polyglycans b. phospholipids c. bilipid layers d. glycolipids e. chitin 3. what are found in archegonia? a. eggs b. zygotes c. sperm d. spores e. none of the above 4. which of the following plant phyla consists of plants that lack a vascular system? a. coniferophyta b. gnetophyta c. anthophyta d. bryophyta e. pterophyta 5. what is the function of xylem tissue? a. to transport carbohydrates b. to transport chloroplasts c. to transport water and dissolved nutrients d. to transport children to school e. to transport meristems 6. what is the function of the sori found on the underside of fern fronds? a. gas exchange b. preventing excessive water loss \n c. they contain the spores d. they aid in photosynthesis e. sori have no known function 7. approximately how many extant species are in the phylum ginkophyta? a. 1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 1,000 e. 10,000 8. ephedrine is a stimulant that is derived from a species of which phylum? a. hepaticophyta b. coniferophyta c. pterophyta d. gnetophyta e. gingophyta 9. what does it mean if a plant is dioecious? a. there is double fertilization of the embryo. b. pollination and fertilization are separate events. c. there are separate male and female sporophytes. d. the sporophyte and the gametophyte are on the same plant. e. it is heterosporous 10. all species of phylum anthophyta have a. nectaries b. animal pollinators c. scented flowers d. fleshy fruits for dispersal e. ovules enclosed in carpels 11. why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants? a. the sperm cells in seed plants are capable of resisting desiccation. b. seed plants use pollen instead of sperm for fertilization. c. pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal. d. sperm cells are used to transport pollen to the archegonia. e. ovules are contained within the pollen. 12. pollen comes from the a. carpel b. petal \n c. stigma d. anther e. style 13. double fertilization occurs when a. the sperm and tube nuclei fertilize the egg. b. two sperm cells fertilize the two polar nuclei. c. one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei. d. the polar nuclei fuse with the egg after it has fused with the sperm. e. none of the above. 14. some species of mosses and liverworts can reproduce asexually by producing little vegetative buds in \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ that can grow into new gametophytes. a. sporangia b. sporophyte c. archegonia d. gemmae cups e. none of the above 15. a tracheophyte is any plant that has a. stoma b. seeds c. flagellated sperm d. vascular tissue e. guard cells 16. brewer’s yeast and the antibiotic producing fungus, penicillium, are members of this phylum a. ascomycota b. basidiomycota c. chytridiomycota d. glomeromycota e. zygomycota \n shortanswer questions 1. describe how fungal mitosis is different from animal mitosis. 2. define mycorrhizae. which phylum of fungi forms a mycorrhizal association with plants? 3. review the life cycle of zygomycota. what is a gametangium? a zygosporangium? 4. how is the function of fungi and bacteria similar in many ecosystems? 5. describe alternation of generations in plants. sketch the plant life cycle and label two life stages and two cell processes. 6. what is produced in a gametangium? a sporangium? which process of cell division occurs in each structure? 7. review the life cycle of phylum bryophyta. elaborate on your discussion from question 5. 8. compare and contrast the morphology of the three moss phyla: bryophyta, hepaticophyta, and anthocerophyta.. 9. what are two ways bryophytes and pterophytes are similar and two ways they are different? 10. review the life cycle of phylum pterophyta. what is a prothallus, a fiddlehead? 11. compare and contrast the morphology of the gametophyte plant in the phyla bryophyta and pterophyta. 12. how does the pine tree (coniferophyta) life cycle differ from the life cycle of ferns (pterophyta) and mosses (bryophyta)? how are these life cycles similar? 13. what is the importance of seeds and fruits to plants? 14. explain the process of double fertilization and the formation of the endosperm. 15. compare and contrast the four phyla of gymnosperm plants. 16. what are the four whorls of a flower and the function of each? \n answer key: 1. a 2. e 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. c 11. c 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. d 16. a short answer: 1. describe how fungal mitosis is different from animal mitosis. fungi nucleus is typically haploid (1n) only the zygote is diploid (2n) hyphae can have more than one nucleus monokaryotic 1 nucleus dikaryotic 2 nuclei 2. define mycorrhizae. which phylum of fungi forms a mycorrhizal association with plants? glomeromycota form intracellular associations with plant roots crbuscular mycorrhizae ■ this is a type of symbiosis ■ mutualism ● fungus cannot survive without the host plant ○ fungus gets carbohydrates and plant gets phosphorus ■ potentially capable of increasing crop yields with lower phosphate and energy inputs ■ important for evolution of land plants 3. review the life cycle of zygomycota. what is a gametangium? a zygosporangium? ● sexual reproduction ○ fusion of gametangia forms a ygosporangium \n ○ haploid nuclei fusearyogamy) to form diploid (2n) zygote nucleus ○ zygosporangium develops and inside the zygospore develops ○ meiosis followed mitosis occurs during germination of zygospore ■ releases haploid spores ● asexual reproduction is more common ○ sporangiospores have sporangia that release spores 4. how is the function of fungi and bacteria similar in many ecosystems? they are decomposers!!! 5. describe alternation of generations in plants. sketch the plant life cycle and label two life stages and two cell processes. alternation of generations is the alternation between the sporophyte and gametophyte stages in kingdom plantae. 6. what is produced in a gametangium? a sporangium? which process of cell division occurs in each structure? the gametangium produces gametes which fuse into a sporangia zygote and the sporangium produces spores that grow into the gametangia 7. review the life cycle of phylum bryophyta. elaborate on your discussion from question 5. in phylum bryophyta, the gametophyte stage is dominant (the “moss”) and then a sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte. spores form in the sporangia and then are released to grow into gametangia. 8. compare and contrast the morphology of the three moss phyla: bryophyta, hepaticophyta, and anthocerophyta. ● bryophyta: “moss” gametophyte and little stemlooking thing is the sporophyte ● hepaticophyta: liverworts. gametophyte looks like waxy leaves and the sporophyte looks like an umbrella ● anthocerophyta: hornworts. have a liverwort morphology in the gametophyte stage and a moss’s morphology for the sporophyte 9. what are two ways bryophytes and pterophytes are similar and two ways they are different? ● similarities: they still need water to reproduce because the sperm are flagellated. they use spores. both do not have true rootshoot systems ● differences: bryophyte gametophyte stage is dominant while pterophyte sporophyte stage is dominant. pterophytes are vascular plants. 10. review the life cycle of phylum pterophyta. what is a prothallus, a fiddlehead? ● prothallus: gametophyte stage. looks like a little heart \n ● fiddlehead: a young fern leaf. looks like the spiral on a violin 11. compare and contrast the morphology of the gametophyte plant in the phyla bryophyta and pterophyta. ● bryophyta: dominant. large and widespread. moss. ● pterophyta: microscopic. nondominant stage. looks like a heart. 12. how does the pine tree (coniferophyta) life cycle differ from the life cycle of ferns (pterophyta) and mosses (bryophyta)? how are these life cycles similar? ● coniferophyta have separate male and female structures for producing the gametophytes. the gametophytes become a seed. 13. what is the importance of seeds and fruits to plants? ● seeds: ○ they maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions ○ they protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable ○ they provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food ○ they facilitate dispersal of the embryo ● fruit: ○ entices animals to eat them and after digestion and defecation, the seeds will be viable for growth ○ provides nutrients to the seed 14. explain the process of double fertilization and the formation of the endosperm. each pollen particle has two sperms. when the pollen lands on the stigma, one sperm travels down the style and fertilizes the egg in the flower’s ovary. the other sperm fertilizes the two polar cells in the flower’s ovary which creates a 3n cell. the 3n cell divides and becomes the carpel (the fruit part of the plant) while the 2n zygote develops into the seed. 15. compare and contrast the four phyla of gymnosperm plants. ● coniferophyta: forms pine cones as the female gametangium. monoecious. ● cycadophyta: look like small palm trees. these bad boys are literally all over campus. they are dioecious which means that there are distinct male and gametophyte plants ● gnetophyta: ephedra. have evolved to thrive in hot, arid environments. dioecious. ● ginkophyta: ginko trees. only one species in the phylum. dioecious. 16. what are the four whorls of a flower and the function of each? ● flower parts are organized in circles called whorls ○ outermost whorl epals ○ second whorl etals \n ○ third whortamens(androecium) ■ pollen is the male gametophyte ■ each stamen has a pollenbeanthe and afilamen (stalk) ○ innermost whorynoecium/carpel ■ consists of one or more carpels ■ house the female gametophyte ",
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a5e1116380d4ea0ebcf5c71250c897f6 | what particles do the following quark combinations
produce: (a) uud, (b ) u u s, (c) us, (d ) du, (e) cs? | what particles do the following quark combinationsproduce: | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " 1 reproductive systems male vs female primary reproductive structure in males are the testicles. o occurs in pairs. internally divided into sections. (if dissected, would look internally same as an orange) each section (lobe) has a seminiferous tubules. each tubule is roughly 3 feet long. seminiferous tubules are where sperm production occurs. epididymis o extension of the tubules on the outside of the testicle. this is where sperm is stored for brief periods of time vas deferens connects to the epididymis moves sperm from the testicle to the urethra. o (urethra) this is the only structure shared by the reproductive and urinary system in males. o no structures are shared between the female reproductive and urinary systems. production of semen seminal vesiclenear the prostate gland toward the end of the vas deferens. prostate gland: production of semen. o surrounds the urethra, located at the base of the bladder o the prostate continues to grow throughout life. has a very fibrous outer covering which restricts oenlargement o as it grows, it may restrict flow within the urethra making it difficult to completely empty the bladder. o prostate is prone to develop cancer, easily treatable if caught early. cowper’s gland \n 2 o located at the base of the prostate o connects to the urethra urethra: drains the bladder and facilitates the introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract. penile shaft made up of 2 types of tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum) collectively known as erectile tissue o when stimulated, these tissue fill with blood causing an erection interstitial cells found in the testicles major function: production of testosterone sperm: main regions o tail: used for swimming o midpiece: has numerous mitochondria mitochondria provide atp needed by tail o head region: nucleus (needed for fertilization) acrosome: package of digestive enzymes enzymes are used to degrade the outer portion of an ova (egg) seminal fluid (semen) structures that produce semen o testicles: contribute sperm to the semen o seminal vesicle & prostate & cowper’s gland: produce the rest of the semen contained in it: sperm, alkali solution (used to neutralize the ph of the female reproductive system. sperm are most active in a neutral environment (ph around 7) female reproductive tract tends to be acidic o fructose: produced by one of the 3 glands. o broken down by the sperm in order to produce atp \n 3 o prostoglandins: hormones that cause uterine contractions force sperm higher into the female reproductive tract external genitals testicles: o surrounded by scrotal sac scrotal sac expands and contracts under the influence of temperature suspended outside of the body (usually mammals) sperm production is greatly influenced by temperature 98.6 is too hot for functional sperm 93 is optimal temperature female reproductive system ovary: primary reproductive structure oproduces ova osolid structure oproduces some hormones (estrogen) o the ovaries take turns during each uterine cycle oviduct:is a tube that is loosely attached to the ovary o captures an ova when released conducts it towards the uterus is where fertilization occurs fallopian tubes; uterine tubes o at the tip of the oviduct where it loosely attaches to the ovary is fingerlike growths called fimbriae o are in constant motion and create a “water” current which forces any released ova into the oviduct uterus opear shaped organ, mostly smooth muscle, sits on top of the urinary bladder, where development will take place if fertilization occurs vagina (vaginal canal) ofacilitates intercourse oreceives male penis oserves as the birth canal olined with erectile tissue cervix ojunction between the vagina and the uterus \n 4 external genitals: oclitoris female organ of arousal; made up of erectile tissue, almost identical in structure to the male penis. olabia majoria and minora: folds of skin that cover the vaginal opening produce lubricants during intercourse menstrual cycle (uterine cycle) average length 28 days (can run anywhere from 1840 days) odays 15: menstruation, inner lining of uterus is discharged o days 613 proliferation stage (build up) o day 14 ovulation (ova released from ovaries) o days 1528 secretory phase, uterus prepares for implantation o birth control: o abstinence 100% o vasectomy almost 100% o tubal ligation (uterine tubes clipped) almost 100% o oral contraception (pill) almost 100% when tracked, it’s actually closer to 85% because the pill needs to be taken approx same time every day o contraceptive implants 95% o contraceptive injections 99% o intruterine device (iud) 90% device inserted into the cervix; usually made of copper or some kind of metal. does not prevent fertilization, just implantation o diaphragm 90% a device that covers the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o cervical cap 85% plugs the cervix; prevents sperm from reaching the ova o male condom 85% sleeve that fits the penis and traps sperm; the most effective method at preventing std’s o female condom 85% \n 5 sleeve that fits into the vagina and traps sperm very good at preventing std’s o coitus interruptus 75% removal of penis before ejaculation; couples that are attempting to get pregnant have only a roughly 25% success rate and 25% failure rate o jellies, creams and foams 75% chemicals that have spermicidal effects (kills sperm) are intended to be used with other forms of birth control o natural family planning 70% plan days of ovulation, avoid sex several days around that time o douche 70% contains spermicidal chemicals; while flushing some sperm out and some higher o sexually transmitted diseases aids caused by a virus; treatable but at present not curable acquired from an exchange of body fluids the immune system degenerates (targets helper tcells) victims tend to die from rare type of diseases genital herpes caused by a virus; treatable but not curable open sores on the genitals tend to be selfhealing tend to reoccur closely related to the virus that causes cold sores active outbreaks (individuals) tend to be caused by stress genital warts caused by a virus, warts develop on the genitals treatable but not curable; they tend to reoccur in females, there appears to be a link between genital warts and certain types of uterine/ovarian cancer gonorrhea caused by bacteria easily curable with antibiotics \n 6 one of the more common types of std’s symptoms: o white discharge from the penis/vagina o painful urination o in men: scar tissue can develop in the urethra may lead to a complete blockage medical intervention is required o in females: symptoms seem to go unnoticed scar tissue develops in the uterine tubes leading to sterility o at one point, was the most common cause of sterility medical intervention is required chlamydia probably the most common type of std but least reported most people are asymptomatic some people develop flu like symptoms but recover quickly some develop painful urination but recover quickly easily treated with antibiotics has a very weak immune response predisposes a person to contracting other std’s o most people diagnosed with an std, have chlamydia (85%) syphilis caused by bacteria easily treated in the early stages (antibiotics) impossible to treat in later stages stage 1: an (painless) ulcer develops on the genitals usually heal within a couple of weeks and may leave a scar stage 2: a rash develops on the palms of the hand/soles of the feet usually occompanied by flu like symptoms; may occur several months after the ulcer heals; rash clears in a couple of weeks stage 3: development of gumas (large weeping ulcers that develop throughout the body) the worst ones are the ones that develop on the internal organs (lead to death) untreatable \n 7 parasitic infection initial symptoms can last up to 9 months secondary can last up to 3040 years o fertilization: union of a sperm and an ova which forms a zygote. only 1 sperm penetrates the egg and the nucleus of the sperm and ova combine o takes place in the oviduct (fallopian tubes) requires hundreds of sperm/but only one penetrates the ova sperm: o head: acrosome, nucelus o middle piece: mitochondria for power o tail: swimming ova: o corona radiata: thick outer layer consists of cells from the ovary o zona pellucida: thickened middle layer o plasma membrane is not degraded during a fertilization event o the events of fertilization: o 1: thousands of sperm reach the ova and release the contents of their acrosome o 2: enzymes from the acrosome begin to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida o 3: eventually, one sperm comes in contact with the plasma membrane the remaining events take place within microseconds. a: plasma membrane separates from the zone pellucida this creates a gap making it difficult for additional sperm to enter b. a gap created fills with fluid c. the interior of the ova begins to spin o sperm and ova are unique because they each have a haploid nucleus so that when they combine they maintain the original chromosome count haploid means half. o development after fertilization: o cleavage: the zygote begins to divide without increasing in size, the cells numbers double after each division \n 8 (the cell size decreases by half during each division) o morula: solid ball of cells produced by cleavage events (mulberry) o blastula: cells from the center of the morula migrate to the outside leaving a hollow ball some cells remain in the cavity o gastrula: cells invade the space between the endoderm and the ectoderm (forming endoderm and ectoderm) cells reinvade the hollow space left by the blastula. this forms 2 layers of cells inner layer: endoderm o will eventually produce most of the internal organs outer layer: ectoderm o will eventually form the skin and nervous system toward the end of gastrulation, the cells invade the space between the endoderm and ectoderm (these cells form mesoderm) mesoderm will eventually produce skeletal and muscle tissue o neurula: notochord develops which will eventually be replaced by the spinal cord o germ layers: ectoderm: skin, brain and neurons, linings of the nose mouth and anus mesoderm: muscles, connective tissue, reproductive organs endoderm: digestive tract, glands, bladder (other internal organs) o implantation zygote embeds into the uterine lining oplacenta: a huge capillary bed (exchanges w/tissues) forms from fetal cells/blood vessels from the fetus intertwine with mothers blood vessels (forming a huge capillary bed) to provide nutrients and remove waste from developing embryo. is only present during pregnancy delivered after the baby (afterbirth) the placenta can develop anywhere within the uterus. umbilical cord attaches from the fetus to the placenta o embryonic development o 1st stages: first and second months of pregnancy \n 9 o week 1: preembryonic development implantation has not occurred, cleavage events occurring, nutrients are supplied by yolk, and blastula formation occur cell mass may split to form identical twins week 2: cell mass arrives at the uterus implantation occurs placenta begins to form tissues are being produced week 3: nervous system begins to develop (first system) o circulatory system begins to develop week 4: the appearance of a tail is present on embryo o head is much larger than rest of embryo o limb buds are present o eyes, ears, and nose all begin to appear o heart beats o liver produces blood cells osecond month: oarms and legs become more developed ostart getting fingers and toes by end of second month all major organ systems have developed o fetal development o third and fourth month: head growth slows (does not stop) eyelashes and eyebrows, hair on head, fingernails and nipples begin to appear bone begins to replace cartilage heartbeat may be heard approximately 6 in/6oz amniotic sac: filled with fluid, prevents drastic temp change, protects against mechanical damage. o fifth through seventh month: movement may be felt lanugo covers the baby (fine downy hair covering the entire body) eyelids open 12 in/3 pounds also covered with vernix casiosis (waxy substance looks like cheese) \n 10 prevents the fetus from becoming waterlogged o eighth and ninth month head begins to point down towards the cervix growth of fetus 21 inches/7.5 pounds o birth o stage 1: mucus plug, which has been at the cervix, is expelled amniotic sac breaks (water breaking) cervix dilates to 4 inches o stage 2: contractions every 12 minutes the uterus began contracting somewhere in the second/third month (called braxton hicks contractions) crowning: baby’s head appears in birth canal baby is expelled head first umbilical cord is cut after baby begins to breath normally o stage 3: delivery of the placenta ",
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141caa7d24bf851f03c86bec485ebea0 | find the absolute minimum and maximum values of the function f (x, y) = x2 + 3xy + y2 + 5 on the unit disc d = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 1}. | find the absolute minimum and maximum values of the | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " art history 4/4/2016 chapter 15 th th chi rho iota page from the book of kells: late 8 or early 9 century pg. 428 (figure 151) painted and drawn on animal skin. this book features the 4 gospels that show the ornamental celebration of christ’s first appearance in the books. swirling patterns and interlaced forms for decoration. the interlacing is normally animals or plants. and this is probably a copy of the small metal work of that day’s art. these were made as a codex not scrolls, they were bifold sheets sewn together and gathered into a book. this was a large undertaking too. there were 4 people writing the languages 3 painters working on them. each page took about a month to 6 weeks. 4050 pages were normally done. 180 calf hides were used. the pigment colors were precious and usually came from other places, and would sometimes take 6 months to trade. the monastery objects were always the most important and precious during this time. europe of the early middle ages pg. 430 (map 151) there were about 9 major different ethnic groups in the area shown in this image. roman colonies were all through the west. christianity was trying to be spread around france, england and ireland. jewelry of queen arnegunde: 580590 pg. 432 (figure 152) from the early community of franks. found in grave sites and excavated at an abbey or monastery complex. of st. denis north of paris, was an area of trade for franks. the pin itself from this image was about 8 inches long. merovech converted to christianity in 596 and he was the first merovingian. the wealthy people who wore jewelry gave them power, status and wealth. also some a sign of beauty earing’s, necklaces, broach/pin to hold up clothing, rings, there were handbags that would be used to hold some jewelry and other items as well. there was a red over garment that was gold embroidered thread during the time by the queen and clasped around the waist and neck by some of these objects. the garments helped fasten the clothing together too. the metals were pounded into shape, chased, and inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, then mounted into metal compartments. gummersmark brooch: 6 century pg. 433 (figure 153) scandinavians artists made this. \n silver that was gilded with gold also and it was about 6 inches tall. the top was rectangular and there was a medallion plate below that was the cover for the safety pin catch. around the frame you see the characteristic pattern changes. eye and beaks of a bird is represented around the rectangular top. at the bottom part a man is squeezed between two dragons. there are monster heads and crouching dogs. there was an active area of represented animals. design is symmetrical and represents the order of the world. animals is seen in profile or from the front. hinged clasp, from the sutton hoo burial ship: 7 century pg. 434 (figure 154) found in a buried ship with weapons, armor, and other objects for the wealth. leather body armor over his shoulders. the two sides were connected with the gold pin. gold was fused into the surface of the piece symbol of the evangelistic matthew, gospel book of durrow: second half of the 7 century pg. 435 (figure 155) painted with tempera such as in the late roman empire. the owner of it was converted to christianity. the gospel book of some sort was needed in each village and each monastery where monks lived. this book was commonly placed on church alters and placed in ceremonies. people felt better having a book, they felt protected. the book contains geometric pages, 4 full pages of evangelist symbols, one page containing symbols of all 4 evangelists, 4 text pages to begin each of the 4 gospel books. all the evangelists had their own symbol, matthews was that of an abstract man. it looked very childlike and had no arms. walks in profile. frame of this page shows a copy of metal work decoration. the page looks off white which means it was treated but left in most of the traditional color. page with the beginning of the text of matthew’s gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 436 (figure 156) ethewall bound it who was eadfrith’s successor there were silver or lead pigments that were added into outlines on the pages. these were aided by devices, straight edges, compasses, oval shapes and everything could be drawn precisely. the letters were elaborately framed and there was roman influence which makes it look more naturalistic. matthew writing his gospel, lindisfarne gospel book: 715720 pg. 437 (figure 157) o agios means saint \n the reader was able to specifically identify with the writer when looking at this book. ezra restoring the sacred scriptures, in the bible known as the codes amiatinus: 700715 pg. 437 (figure 158) 3 copies were made of this writing. behind him is a library of books from this time. this is a better illusion of the ezra than the image of matthew from before. lots of detail like in roman text. south cross, ahenny: 8 century pg. 438 (figure 159) high cross: this one is made out of a local stone from the area. granite, sandstone and limestone were commonly used to make this type of stone cross. this specific one is made of sandstone and is on a monastery ground for a boundary marker. these could also be places where some miraculous event happened or could have been identified for local saints to find. they do not make a special burial place, but mostly special effects and boundaries. metal work influenced the shape of this piece maius woman clothed with the sun, the morgan beatus: 940945 pg. 439 (figure 1510) copies of original manuscript on vellum. represents the triumph of the church over its enemies. there are definitive columns of color here. emeterius and ende, with the scribe senior battle of the bird and the serpent, commentary on the apocalypse by beatus and commentary on daniel by jerome: 975 pg. 440 (figure 1511) tempera on parchment both of the artists took responsibility for the arts and shared the work. this is the representation of a triumph over satan. text states the bird represents christ that covers itself with mud to trick the saint and then the snake decides the bird is harmless and then he conquers over the snake/satan and kills him. 4/6/16 pg. 428 (map 151) gripping beasts, detail of oseberg ship: 815820 pg. 441 (figure 1512) \n made to float into inter coastal waters, steady waters. for kings and queens or leaders. leaders were buried on ships and floated to sea. sometimes set on fire. intricate work was done on this and it looks like a snake curled up at the end. furnishings were on a ship, sled, bed, and other materials were carved and the sides of the sled was carved. their ship and burial was their work of art. the fantasy imagined in these ships were part of their world and their artwork. royal rune stones, righthand stone ordered by king harald bluetooth: 983985 pg. 442 (figure 1513) ordered this stone and it had a quote: made for gorm and thyra his father and mother. he won all demark and norway making the denmark into christians. these were his accomplishments. exterior (a) and cutaway drawing (b) of stave church, borgund, norway: 11251150 pg. 443 (figure 1514a) staves are stakes made of tree trunks and they are rounded on one edge. the frame of this building is made of timber. made with slot construction. the horizontal sections lock into place with the vertical sections. the shingles were square and covered in bark pieces. the roof is set at 45 degree angles. all the angels of the roof were 45 degree angles to keep snow from sitting on top. the work was open inside. you can see the criscross boards and eves. equestrian portrait of charles the bald: 9 century pg. 444 (figure 1515) charlemagne went to rome. living between the eastern or saline franks. charlemagne was crowned as roman emperor. he brought back the title for himself. was crowned by a pope. this is a portrait of himself. head of a frankish king was not the last bullet style. they were trying to recreate the roman empire look, their ancestors of romans had lived in italy. they came from that area to this franks region. interior view (a) and section drawing (b), palace chapel of charlemagne: 792805 pg. 445 (figure 1516a) 8 sided building and on one side there was a tribute. charlemagne was a coequal of the spiritual leader of the empire. his throne was across from the chapel. there was a huge atrium outside of the temple and there was a giant gate entering into it. it was the gate to a giant courtyard. the second floor of the building had a throne and porch. he could have addressed the people either in the atrium or inside the building. the king combined the spiritual and secular. interior view (a) and section drawing (b) palace \n pg. 445 (figure 1516) westwork, abbey church of corvey: 9 century pg. 446 (figure 1517) western entrance of the church. this was a model of a huge entrance at the west. two towers, elevated second section where there is a gallery. this was developed in the carolingian times and carried to the next time period also. this is where one of the bishops came, religious and secular titles were held by them at the same time. there was their own chapel in here for them to go by themselves and stay on trips here. local saints also might have had special chapels. the bishops, kind or emperor could have resided on the west side of these churches. saint gall plan (original and redrawn with captions): 817 pg. 447 (figure 1518a&b) benedict order was established in this time. early people were like monks and deprived themselves and were alone. these people devoted themselves to god and were wealthy the complex was protected like a castle. this was a place of safety, peace and security. some of them were wealthy people. this is a blueprint of a monastery. there is an abbey inside it called st. gall. the claustrum is important, place usually a courtyard and set off from a busy street. a lot of big churches have areas like this where it is a place of contemplation and meditation. right in the center of this blueprint and the dormitory is right outside of that. there was a craft center for clothing and goods and for others goods like leathered materials. this actually became an enterprise. the church is connected into the claustrum. the abbey churches built up the area in front of the alter. there was a wall built to shelter the quire away from the church. there was a naïve they could enter into separately. page with st. matthew the evangelist, coronation gospels: 9 century pg. 448 (figure 1519) page with st. matthew the evangelist, ebbo gospels (fig 1520) this style is different because the figure has no halo and the figure is rendered differently with turbulent. the lines that were drawn are going back and forth franticly. this is an inspired drawing, a lot of agitation in the drawing. the blue colors are spiritual and exciting. a closer look: psalm 23 in the utrecht psalter: 816835 pg. 450 these started to be used in services and read from during service. \n there is a drawing of the psalm and a literal image of it. the 23 psalm shows that the psalmist is in it. all of these images show references into communion and the religion. the imagery was represented in this image. crucifixion with angels and mourning figures, lindau gospels: 870880 pg. 451 (figure 1521) there is concordances in these. ornate pages and then the gospels are covered. there is a jeweled cover with precious stones and gilded. this book is about the crucifixion, evangelism and angles, also figures in morning of the crucifixion. these books house a precious work. gero crucifix: 970 pg. 454 (figure 1524) huge sculpture, over 6 feet tall. not idealized christ like shown in the last image. this is the suffering christ and a physical image of him suffering. in the back the communion was held on this sculpture. plan (a) and interior (b), church of st. cyriakus, gernrode: 961 pg. 453 (figure 1523b) doors of bishop bernward: 1015 pg. 455 (figure 1525) bronze doors. this is the biblical narrative from the very beginning scenes from genesis, exodus. giant bronze knockers. this is a whole casted piece of bronze. the sculptors used the lost wax method. this allowed them to model these figures in 3 dimensions and allowed the background to be characterized. ",
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4fd998ec61dcd9c8e47b1a755cdef650 | suppose the functions (x) and g(x) are defined for all x and that and find the limits as of the following functions | suppose the functions (x) and g(x) are defined for all x | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " tuesday april 5th planning and strategy 1. strategic planning process a. remind yourself: why are you in business? i. what is your vision 1. vision statements are long term projections of where your company will be 2. these tend to accompany values, beliefs, guiding principles ii. what is your mission 1. mission statements are in a 35 year period a. a subset of the vision statement b. they identify i. what the organization does ii. who the primary customers are iii. how the organization goes about its business iii. value proposition 1. describes why customers should purchase from you as opposed to the competition 2. corporate strategies growth a. concentration i. growth through reinvesting in the current line of business b. vertical integration i. aimed at controlling distribution c. horizontal integration i. growth by combining/buyingout competitors d. diversification i. expanding a company’s operations into a new industry to produce new goods or services e. international expansion i. global strategy 1. selling the same product in every international market ii. multidomestic strategy 1. customizing products and marketing strategies to specific national conditions a. gain local market share b. this raises production costs, leading to higher prices \n 3. corporate strategies stability and renewal a. kaizen continuous improvement b. stability i. business as usual ii. maintain market share and customer base c. renewal i. when a company is in trouble d. retrenchment i. stabilizing if the company is shaky 4. business level strategies a. standard models for differentiation and the achievement of profitability i. operational excellence 1. best total cost ii. product leadership 1. best, most innovative products iii. customer intimacy 1. best total solution 5. functional level strategies a. strategies used by an organization’s various functional departments to support the competitive strategy i. marketing ii. hr iii. financial iv. sales v. etc. 6. quantifying the vision, mission, etc. a. construct analysis i. looking at your vision, mission, etc., you can pick out words and phrases that are measureable ii. those measureable things are known as kpis key performance indicators 1. metrics indicate the overall business health 2. kpis tell you whether strategic business plans are working b. constituent element analysis i. breaks down each level 1 kpis into next level metrics to be measured 7. strategic planning a. one of the four tasks of management b. longrange planning (35 years) focusing on the organization as a whole \n c. determines a series of milestones and indicators (used within pdca) for achieving the mission and moving toward the vision d. is achieved through gap analysis 8. gap analysis *** a. the gap between the target value and the current value of the kpi determines if: i. 9. daily management 10. policy deployment planning a. this is all called hoshin planning, aka hoshin kanri i. integrating an organization’s business plans with its vision, mission, value, proposition, core competencies, etc. 11. profound knowledge a. when companies are in trouble, often outside views are needed b. it is hard to get a perspective when stuck in a hole c. outside views are profound knowledge \n thursday april 7th m otivation 1. types of motivators a. intrinsic i. doing work for the sake of working ii. liking working iii. internal b. extrinsic i. behavior to acquire material or social rewards ii. behavior to avoid getting in trouble iii. external c. modern psychology leans towards intrinsic motivators being more effective in the workplace i. autonomy the desire to direct our own lives ii. mastery the urge to get better and develop skills iii. purpose the need to do what we do for reasons bigger than ourselves 2. managers must a. create a resonant environment i. create excitement, energy, optimism, hope ii. the challenge about this is that it is all psychological; you’re responsible for motivating yourself iii. 73% of employees in the us are not excited about their work 3. theories of motivation a. needs theories i. claim people are motivated by opportunity to meet unfulfilled needs 1. hierarchy of needs, twofactor, threeneeds theories 2. maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, selfactualization (lowest to highest) a. not everyone is motivated by the same things b. once a need is met, the motivation is gone 3. two factor theory (herzberg) (motivation slides for examples) a. hygiene factors (extrinsic) i. elements of the job context ii. sources of job dissatisfaction b. motivator factors (intrinsic) i. elements of the job content ii. sources of satisfaction and motivation c. this implies that intrinsic factors drive motivation, not money \n 4. mcclelland’s needs theory a. need for power i. management, work over people b. need for affiliation i. let people work in teams, meet new people, associate with others, work with others c. need for achievement i. put someone on a fast track towards upper level work, congratulate on hard work etc. all about me ii. this one has been studied most extensively iii. high achievers aren’t necessarily good managers because they are very self centered d. need for cognition (n ew) ii. there are better models that exist than these iii. these models try to uncover the needs of employees b. process theories i. equity 1. fairness of outcomes and inputs a. are employees perceiving themselves as equal to other employees b. when there is a feeling of unfairness people try to restore a perceived sense of equity c. everyone has a different perspective on what is fair ii. expectancy (victor vroom) 1. expectancy people put in some work, expecting a certain level of performance 2. instrumentality a person’s perception about the extent to which their performance will result in a certain outcome attainment 3. valence how desirable each of the possible outcomes available for a job are for employees iii. goal setting 1. 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f86c7145ac9fc20d768593c556036c60 | biol 2100 biol 2100 biol 2100 | biol 2100 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": " genetics test 3 study guide overview chapter 10 - know the historical figures and experiments each performed - know the components of dna and the structures chapter 11 - how dna is packed into the nucleus of the cell - endosymbiont theory chapter 12 - central dogma of dna replication - all enzymes involved in replication chapter 13 - central dogma of dna replication (again) - processes of replication and where they occur chapter 10 characteristics of dna and rna - genetic material must contain complex information - genetic material must replicate faithfully and quickly - genetic material must encode phenotype - genetic material must have the capacity to vary",
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76206726fad1bf4f10ee73f072772d33 | compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions. describe the particles that are involved in each type of reaction and the changes they undergo. | compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica \n april 12 2016 we are beginning the late antiquity phase of the romans. it is the final stage right after the soldier emperors. dates from 284 ad 476 ad. it is the spread of the christian faith. various religions practiced at the beginning of it (pegans, christians, egyptians, baels, etc.), they were like a dozen of religions practiced at the beginning but it all ended into one monotheistic religion. the main reason of the spread of religion is the promise of salvation to all (no requirements were needed to be saved, you were not required to know how to read or write for example) and in an era of total chaos, salvation seemed the most positive choice one made. dura europos known as the pompeii of the east it was a city which was destroyed (like pompeii) destroyed in 256 ad sinagogue jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ad with this destruction, jews began spreading themselves among the regions jews workship inside the buildings (unlike pegans for example, who workship on the outside, they decorated their temples mostly on the outside) for jews, it is forbidden to depict god (also a truth in islam) for jews, it is fine if you depict stories from the torah (five books of the old testament for jews which have to be read three times a week), but you are not allowed under any circumstance to depict god stories depicted are read from left to right samuel anoints david the first king david is here these are frescos painted on blasters figures are depicted iin a simplistic way for a total legibility of the complete story book says the legs do not correspond to the men, but dr. grossman states legs do correspond, so we should state that on the final figures are simple to keep distractions away from communicating the message of the story another reason for the simple figures is that you don’t have stylish painters in this stage kirche, christian community house the major difference between jews and christians is that jews are still waiting for the messiah to come and christians believe this messiah is jesus christ \n at this time, there were no churches rather, christian communities reunited in private homes christians were minority at the time, a community was made of 7 people at its maximum eclesia means a christian community titulus is the proper term for the private houses where christians gathered inside the titulus, there is always a room destined only for baptisms (baptistery) they also have atriums (courtyards) there are historical and archaeological proof of christian persecutions, one of them is edict of milan which was made in 315 ad, it is a proclamation of christians stating your freedom at practicing any religion you want without the fear of being persecuted by any ruler, happened at times of constantine catacomb of priscilla there were underground passageways of strict tufa to accommodate poor people’s bodies at this phase it was illegal to bury someone inside the town/empire, s/he had to be buried outside of town since it was expensive to bury on land, the majority of the romans were buried on these catacombs because this land was owned by no one, it was free to all christians didn’t used to cremate (romans were the ones cremated), they would bury the intact body on the catacomb 4 million people could fit in here it had like 90 miles of passageways loculus/loculi was the place where the body was placed, there were little rectangles and they were painted with terracotta at this era, life expectancy was short; most children died before reaching 5 years old, so they were buried at these rectangles for christians, the date of your death was your birthday because this is the date when you enter to heaven (at each anniversary, your family would gather around and eat dinner) place was nasty, there were rats, an awful smell, you could get a disease and it was just disgusting to be there arcosolium was the larger table that could accommodate an entire family, this is the type of tomb you could buy if you had more money but if you had even more money, you could buy an entire cubiculum, which was an entire room to bury your family the best preserved places that show christian art are catacombs these serve as sources \n we do not have sources for the early spread of christianity the paintings are fresco artworks are influenced by peganism because they have reclining figures ( roman and greek influence of depicting the afterlife figures), at the roof there is medusa (to protect the cubiculum), you have astronomical figures like scorpio at the roof, catacomb of donitica church was rebuilt underground martyrs are the people who died for believing in christianity saints are ordinary people who lived all their lives being christians and because of this, they are honored as saints (people with certain powers towards certain characteristic things in their lives). you can have remains like bones and objects from them, you could pray to these objects. many saints were buried at catacombs, later they were removed along with martyrs to be underground only at the churches saint peter was buried and later, constantine built the entire vatican around his body making it to be under the altar of the vatican good sheperd good shepherd is jesus it is depicting here the story of jona (at hebrew in the bible) since we don’t have an exact description of how christ looked like, many images have been attributed to him in art exegesis is this prefiguration of christ exegesis is proved in this story of jona; since jona was swallowed by a gigantic serpent and spit out three days later, here is the proof jesus christ rebirth 3 days it is the mythical signal of jesus coming to be the messiah to bring peace jona is here in the orant position, the position to pray they are praying to christ for the deceased sarcophagus junius bassus pegans were buried cremated in sarcophagus christians were buried with body intact at the catacombs this sarcophagus in particular belonged to a roman administrator this administrator was baptized moments before he died the reliefs shown at this sarcophagus are a mix of pegans and christians imagery (old testament) at the center, christ is without beard wearing a toga next to peter (first pope) \n christ is stepping above caelus (pegan god, sky god; giving the message god rules heavens) at the relief below this, the scene of christ entering jerusalem in a mula is depicted at the top left, we see the scene of abraham sacrificing his own son obeying god’s orders (exegesis) next to this scene, we see plaus is going to be beheaded we see on different scenes the arrest of two of the apostles of jesus, testing both’s faith at the bottom left there are adam and eve from the old testament; again, we see their faith being tested giving birth to the original sin vatican city vatican city is a country within a country the surrounding walls delineate the territory of the vatican center of the vatican there is the saint peter basilica at one side we see gardens (belong to the pope) we also see the sistine chapel (private chapel of the pope) plaza saint peter is here old saint peter’s basilica first built church serves as three purposes: martyrium (all martyrs are going to be adored here), funeral hall (bodies were buried inside the church) and pilgrimage (you could travel to the holly place to pray to the remains of the saints stood here) constantine built it in 319 church really has two influences= aula palatina and basilica ",
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ee64fc315ce8819683d0784ce492063a | let p be a prime natural number. show that | let p be a prime natural number. show that | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
{
"text": " week 4: day 10: vsepr (valence shell electron pair repulsion). electronic shape: ● linear (2 sites). ● trigonal planar (3 sites). ● tetrahedral (4 sites). molecular shape: ● linear (2 sites). ● trigonal planar (3 sites). ● tetrahedral (4 sites). ● bent. linear: ● 2 atom yxy ● 1 atom xy e shape and molecular shape are the same most of the time. e shape of trigonal planar: \n ● three atoms bonded to the central atom. ● molecular shape is also trigonal planar. two atoms bonded w/ trigonal planar shape: e shape tetrahedral: ● four atoms bonded to the central atom. ● molecular shape is also tetrahedral. 3 atoms bonded + 1 lone pair: \n bent molecule: 2 atoms bonded to a central atom with a tetrahedral e shape gives you a bent molecule. example 1: co c = 4 valence electrons. o2= 12 valence electrons. 4 + 12 = 16 4 because each line is worth 2 valence electrons) = 12 remaining valence electrons. \n the lewis structure that is labeled the “best lewis structure” is the best because each element contains 8 valence electrons each (an octet). it is satisfied. know: h needs 2 valence electrons to be satisfied. be needs 4 valence electrons to be satisfied. b needs 6 valence electrons to be satisfied. all 3 need less than 8 valence electrons to be satisfied. e shape: linear. molecular shape: linear. polarity: nonpolar. example 2: so s = 6 valence electrons. o2= 12 valence electrons. 6 + 12 = 18 4 ecause each line is worth 2 valence electrons) = 14 remaining valence electrons. \n e shape: trigonal planar. molecular shape: bent. polarity: polar. example 3: nh3 n = 5 valence electrons. h3= 3 valence electrons. 5 + 3 = 8 6 (because each line is worth 2 valence electrons ) = 2 remaining valence electrons. e shape: tetrahedral. molecular shape: trigonal. polarity: polar. \n example 4: nh41+ n = 5 valence electrons. h= 4 valence electrons. 5 + 4 = 9 1ake one out because it has a positive one charge) = 8 8because each line is worth 2 valence electrons) = 0 e shape: tetrahedral. molecular shape: tetrahedral. polarity: polar (charged species are polar). example 5: so 3^2 s = 6 valence electrons. o= 18 valence electrons. \n 6 + 18 = 24 + dd two on because it has a negative two char = 26 6because each line is worth 2 valence electr = 20 remaining valence electrons. e shape: tetrahedral. molecular shape: trigonal. polarity: polar (charged species are polar). day 11: * ionic = no tri’s or di’s. strong acids (put into h2o → 100% dissociate ((1 proton and 1 ion)) = h+): h2so4 hcl hbr hi hclo4 hno general rules for naming: 1. hx hydro\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_ic acid. 2. “ate” forms “ic” acids. → so sulfate. → h sosulfuric acid. 3. “ite” forms “ous” acids. → h so sulfurous acid. \n ex: h3o4 ^3 = phosphoric acid (phosphate). hno2 ^1 = nitrous acid (nitrous acid). 1 carbon = meth 2 carbon = eth 3 carbon = prop 4 carbon = but 5 carbon = pent 6 carbon = hex 7 carbon = hept 8 carbon = oct 9 carbon = non 10 carbon = dex functional groups determine ending: 1ethanol: 1butanol: \n * know acetic acid structure, name, etc. c2h3^1 = acetate ion * ions are always polar * (chco 2 ^1) test example 1: draw lewis structure for the nitrate ion. no3 ^1 : how many valence electrons do you have? n = 5 valence electrons. o3 = 18 valence electrons. 5 + 18 = 23 + 1 (because it has a negative 1 charge) = 24 6 (because each line is worth 2 valence electrons) = 18 remaining valence electrons. put in all 18 remaining valence electrons. each element must be satisfied with 8 valence electrons each! before turning the 2 valence electrons into a shared electron, o is satisfied (8), but n is not (6)...in order to satisfy n, you turn the 2 valence electrons into a shared electron, which then satisfies both n and o. \n test example 2 : boron trichloride lewis structure has \\_\\_\\_ sites of e density, e shape, molecular shape, polar/nonpolar? 24 valence electrons! day 12: sodium phosphate → will 100% dissociate in water which means it’ll break apart into ions. 1+ 3 na 3p o4 → 3na(aq) + 1po (aq) whatever you start with (na 3) you will bring the 3 to the other side always!! * 1 mole = 6.022x10^23 * g = gas l = liquids aq = aqueous s = solids limiting reagents: a + 2b → c + d \n example 1: 18 na+ + 8 cl → how many nacl? 1 na+ + 1 cl → 1 nacl. 18 na+ x1 nacl = 18 nacl. 1 na+ 8 cl 1 nacl =8 nacl. 1 cl the answer is always the smallest one. example 2: 36 na ^1+ + 24 p4 ^3 → how many napo4 3 na + 1 p^3 → 1 na3po. 36 na ^1+ 1 napo = 12 napo4. 3 na ^1+ 24 po ^3 1 napo4 = 24 n3po . ^3 the answer is always the smallest one. how to make 45 iron(ii) phosphorus: how many iron(ii)? how many phosphates? 45 fe(po → \\_\\_ fe ^2+ + \\_\\_ 43 fe(po2→ 3 fe ^2+ + 2 p ^3 3 fe ^2+ + 2 p4^3 → 1 f(po 2 iro: 45 f3(po4 x3 fe ^2+= 135 fe ^2+. 13(po4 phos: 45 3po4) x po ^3= 90 po ^3 3(pof) 135 90 = 45 (po)2. ",
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6b5e633184288d619f554046d8dc914f | the two 3-ft-long shafts are made of 2014-16 aluminum. each has a diameter of 1.5 in. and they are connected using the gears fixed to their ends. their other ends are attached to fixed supports at a and b. they are also supported by bearings at c and d, which allow free rotation of the shafts along their axes. if a torque of 600 lb # ft is applied to the top gear as shown, determine the maximum shear stress in each shaft. | the two 3-ft-long shafts are made of 2014-16 aluminum. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
{
"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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29f7b59d9df7c6cb117b77c4dacae2cf | biol 1010 carleton biol 1010 carleton biol 1010 carleton | biol 1010 carleton | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
{
"text": "chapter 11: plasma membrane • membrane in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: • bacterial cells have a layer of lipids which separates it intercellular and extracellular — one membrane. • eukaryotic cells have multiple membranes, organelles are enclosed in an internal membrane and the entire cell is enclosed in another membrane. • gives the cell its shape and structure. • different membranes have different lipids and proteins which represents their function and what types of organelles are being transported and imported throughout the cell (ie. channels). • lipids (review): • diverse group of compounds such as fatty acids and are soluble in organic solvents (don’t dissolve in water) and fat. •",
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cbeca562bb6b9b1560552e17b490b635 | two brass rods ab and bc, each of uniform diameter, will be
brazed together at b to form a nonuniform rod of total length
100 m which will be suspended from a support at a as shown.
knowing that the density of brass is 8470 kg/m3, determine (a) the
length of rod ab for which the maximum normal stress in abc is
minimum, (b) the corresponding value of the maximum normal
stress. fig. p1.6 | solved: two brass rods ab and bc, each of uniform | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
{
"text": " chapter 12 notes: social psychology week april 3 april 10 a. social psychology: the study of how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. 12.1 how does group membership affect people? humans have an overriding motivation to fit with the group. interpersonal attachments motive have evolved for adaptive purposes. a. social brain hypothesis (dunbar) large prefrontal cortexes because of the high dynamic and complex social groups. i. people favor their own groups a. formation ofingroup (belong groups) anutgroups o not belong groups) b security from predators and assistance in hunting and gathering food. c. better mating opportunities i. two conditions appear to be critical for group formation: a. reciprocity: “if you scratch my back, i'll scratch yours” i. reciprocity means that if person a helps (or harms) person b, then person b will help (or harm) person a. b. transitivity “people generally share their friend’s opinions of other people” b. outgroup homogeneity effect: the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. c. social identity the the idea that in groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. d. ingroup favoritism the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup.people are more willing to do favors for ingroup members or to forgive their mistakes or errors. the power of group membership is so strong that people exhibit ingroup favoritism even if the groups are determarbitrary processes. a. minimal group paradigm: the basis of group membership occurred even when the participants were told that the basis of group membership was arbitrary. \n b. women show a much greater automatic ingroup bias toward other women than men do toward other women. e. various brain regions (including the fusiform face area, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the amygdala) are differentially active when we consider ingroup versus outgroup members. f. the medial prefrontal cortex is less active when people are members of outgroups. ii. groups influence individual behavior a. social facilitation: the presence of others enhances performance. occurs in other animals i. zajonc’s model: animals are predisposed to become aroused by the presence of others of their own species. arousal leads animals to emit a dominant response. this model predicts that social facilitation can either enhance or impair performance. the change depends on whether the response that is required in a situation is the individual’s dominant response. i.e. crowds do not distract professional players while they will distract amatuer players due to pressure. b. deindividuation: reduced attention to personal standards when part of a group i. stanford prison study: this experiment demonstrate what people are willing to do when put in a situation with defined social roles. c. group decision making: riskyshift effect :groups often make riskier decision than individuals do. i.group polarization : the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. ii.groupthink: the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased d. social loafing: the tendency to work less hard in a group than when alone. occurs when people’s efforts are pooled so that individuals do not feel personally responsible for the group’s output. iii. people conform to others a. conformity: altering one’s beliefs/behaviors to match those of other people \n b. influence: i. normative influence occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in with the group and to avoid looking foolish ii.nformational influence occurs when people assume that the behavior of the crowd represents the correct way to respond. autokinetic effect: power of conformity in social judgement. c. social norms: expected standards of conduct influence behavior d. the asch and sherif studies. i. groups enforce conformity, and those who fail to go along can be rejected. ii people tend to conform to social norms, even when those norms are obviously wrong. iii.) when do people reject social norms? group size too small lack of unanimity (any dissent from majority opinion can diminish the influence of social norms. anxiety of social exclusion (actually appeared as a signal in the amygdala iv. people are often compliant a. compliance: the tendency to do things requested by others: i. footinthedoor effect: once people commit to a course of action, they behave in ways consistent with that commitment. ii. door in the face people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request. iii. lowballing strategy once a person has committed to an option, then deciding to do so by spending a bit more money does not seem like such a big decision. v. people are obedient to authority \n a. milgram’s famous study demonstrated the tendency to follow the directions of authority. (experimentee was a teacher administering shocks to conduct a test) some situations produced less obedience i. nearly twothirds completely obeyed all the experimenter’s directives. 12.2 when do people harm or help others? vi. many factors can influence aggression a. aggression: any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. another factor that influences aggression is heat. b. biological factors: i. genetic research has identified the role of the maoa gene in aggression: a. maoa is not a “violence gene.” b. associated with amygdala and neurotransmitters(serotonin) c. maoa gene controls the amount of mao, an enzyme that regulates the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine. ii. the hormone testosterone also appears to have a modest correlation with aggression. however a particular form of the gene appears to make individuals susceptible to environmental risk factors associated with antisocial behaviors. iii ) the prefrontal cortex is important for controlling emotional and behavioral reactions. c. social and cultural factors. i. culture of honor: men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. vii. many factors can influence helping behavior a. prosocial: actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping by providing benefits to others, prosocial behaviors promote positive interpersonal relationships. b. altruistic behavior: providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so: natural selection occurs at the genetic level rather than at the individual level. \n inclusive fitness (hamilton’s): the adaptive benefits of transmitting genes rather than focusing on individual survival. people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes, also known as kin selection. i. kin selection ii. reciprocal helping: robert rivers: one animal helps another because the other may return the favor in the future. viii. some situations lead to bystander apathy a. bystander intervention effect: failure to offer help to someone in need if other bystanders are around. i. diffusion of responsibility : bystanders expect other bystanders to help. thus the greater the number of people who witness someone in need of help, the less likely it is that any of them will step forward. ii. social blunders: people feel less constrained from seeking help as the need for help becomes clearer. iii. wish to be anonymous people are less likely to help when they are anonymous and can remain so. iv. how much harm do they risk to themselves by helping? v. kitty genovese 38 witnesses and still none of them could do anything to stop the murder. ix. cooperation can reduce outgroup bias a. sherif's robbers cave experiment: among strangers, competition and isolation created enemies among enemies, cooperation created friends. b. shared superordinate goals — goals that require people to cooperate — reduce hostility between groups. c. jigsaw classroom i. children in jigsaw classrooms grow to like each other more and develop higher selfesteem than do children in traditional classrooms. dependent on one another to achieve a task as a group. each person is specialized in one thing. \n 12.3 how do attitudes guide behavior? a. attitudes are evaluations of: i. objects. ii. events. iii. ideas. and are shaped by social context and play an important role in how we evaluate and interact with people. x. people form attitudes through experience and socialization a. negative attitudes develop more rapidly than positive attitudes. in general, bad is always a stronger motivating force than good. b. mere exposure effe ct greater exposure leads to familiarity and therefore more positive attitudes. ex: when people are presented with normal photographs of themselves and the same images reversed, they tend to prefer the reversed version because the reversed versions correspond to what people see when they look in the mirror. xi. behaviors are consistent with strong attitudes in general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior. the strong and personally relevant nature of the attitude will lead the person to act the same across situations related to that attitude. the more specific the attitude, the more predictive it is. attitude accessibility: the ease or difficulty that a person has in retrieving an attitude from memory. a. ease of attitude accessibility predicts behavior resistant to change. xii. attitudes can be explicit or implicit a. explicit attitudes: because we know we hold them, we can report them to other people. b. implicit attitudes: at an unconscious level, they influence feelings and behavior. these influence feelings and behaviors because people can access these implicit attitudes from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. \n in a way, implicit attitudes function like implicit memories. xiii. discrepancies lead to dissonance a. cognitive dissonance: dissonance is a lack of agreement, occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. i. an uncomfortable mental state ii. due to contradiction between two attitudes or between behavior and attitude iii. insufficient justificatioone way to get people to change their attitudes is to change their behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible. iv. postdecisional dissonance: dissonance can arise when a person holds positive attitudes about different options but has to choose one of the options. for example, a person might have trouble deciding which of many excellent colleges to attend. post decisional dissonance then motivates to focus on one school’s the chosen school’s positive aspects and the other school’s negative aspects. v. justifying effort:when people put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or discomfort to join a group, they experience a great deal of dissonance. after all, they would typically not choose to be in pain, embarrassed, or uncomfortable. people dissolve dissonance by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it. “they have sacrificed so much to join a group, people believe the group must be extraordinarily important. xiv. attitudes can be changed through persuasion a. persuasion is active and conscious effort to change attitude through transmission of message. persuasion is most likely to occur when people pay attention to a message, understand it, and find it convincing. most importantly, the message must be memorable. strong arguments that appeal to emotions are the most persuasive. advertisers also use the mere exposure effect, repeating the message over and over in the hope that multiple exposures will lead to increased persuasiveness. b. according to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasive communication changes attitudes through a: i. central routewhen people are motivated to process information and are able to take that information. people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. leads to strong attitudes that last over time. \n ii. peripheral route: minimal attention to information leads to impulsivity. when people are either not motivated to process information or are unable to process it. this route leads to moreimpulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because of endorsement \n 12.4 how do people think about others? xv. physical appearance affects first impressions first thing to notice is typically the face of a person during an initial interaction a. nonverbal behavior, otherwise referred to asbody language , ithe facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others: thin slices of behaviorpeople can make accurate judgements based on only a few seconds of observation. thin slices of behavior are powerful cues for impression formation. i. accurate judgments can be based on brief observations. ii. facial expressions and body movements influence impressions. xvi. people make attributions about others a. attributions: people’s explanations for why events or actions occur they are explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behaviors. people are motivated to draw inferences in part by a basic need for both order and predictability. b. personal attributions: xplanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts these explanations refer to things within people, such as abilities, mood, or efforts. for example, you might assume that a firefighter saved the kitten because he is brave. c. situational attributions explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions fritz heider and harold kelley has described people as intuitive scientists who try to draw inferences about others and make attributions about events. but unlike objective scientists, people tend to be systematically biased when they process social information. when explaining other people’s behavior, people tend to overemphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the expectancy that people’s actions correspond with their belief and personalities. these explanations refer to outside events, such as luck, accident or the actions of other people. d. in explaining behavior, undamental attribution error is the tendency to: i. overemphasize personality. \n ii. underestimate situation. e. actor/observer discrepancy: i. in interpreting our own behavior, we focus on situation. ii. in interpreting others’ behavior, we focus on personality. example: people tend to attribute their own lateness to external factors such as traffic. while they tend to attribute other’s lateness to personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of organization. xvii. stereotypes are based on automatic categorization a. stereotypes: mental shortcuts for rapid processing of social information b. as a result of directed attention and memory biases, people may see illusory correlations. stereotypes guide attention toward information that confirms the stereotypes and away from disconfirming evidence. *moreover when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype. this latter process is known as subtyping. xviii. stereotypes can lead to prejudice a. prejudice : negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype b. discrimination: inappropriate, unjustified treatment of people based on prejudice c. ingroup/outgroup bias is the tendency to: i. positively evaluate groups we belong to. ii. negatively evaluate groups different from ours d. modern racism: subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs . modern racists tend to believe that discrimination is no longer a serious problems and that minority groups are demanding too much societal change as in too many changes to traditional values. ex: people may condemn racist attitudes toward latinos but be unwilling to help a latino in need. \n xix. prejudice can be reduced a. inhibiting stereotypes. i. in everyday life, inhibiting stereotyped thinking is difficult and requires selfcontrol. b. perspective taking and perspective giving: i . perspective taking involves people actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people. such contemplation can reduce racial bias and help to smooth potentially awkward interracial interactions. taking another group’s perspective appears to reduce negative or positive stereotypes. ii. perspective giving, in which people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination. \n 12.5 what determines the quality of relationships? a. relationships are connections with friends and with romantic partners. xx. situational and personal factors influence interpersonal attraction and friendships a. relationships are promoted by: i. proximity and familiarity. a. the more people come into contact, the more likely they are to become friends. the more often people come into contact with each other because they are physically nearby, they more likely they are to become friends. ii similarity or “birds of a feather” matching principle and personal characteristics a. people tend especially to like those who have admirable personality characteristics and who are physically attractive. iv. physical attractiveness. a. how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures. b. “what is beautiful is good” stereotype; the belief that attractive people are superior in most ways some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures. nevertheless, how people rate attractiveness is generally consistent across all cultures xxi. love is an important component of romantic relationships a. passionate love: intense longing and sexual desire i. generally happens early in relationships b. companionate love: strong commitment to caring for and supporting partner i. evolves in relationships \n c. love in relationships may be related to early attachment styles from childhood days. (how their parents treated them and their attachment behavior) people whose parents treated them inconsistently—sometimes warm and sometimes not—have ambivalent attachments. these people are best described as clingy. they worry that people do not really love them and are bound to leave them. about 11 percent of adults report having this attachment style. xxii. staying in love can require work if people do not develop companionate forms of satisfaction in their romantic relationships—such as friendship, social support, and intimacy—the loss of passion leads to dissatisfaction and often to the eventual dissolution of the relationship a. dealing with conflict: i. being overly critical ii. holding the partner in contempt (i.e., having disdain, lacking respect) iii. being defensive iv. mentally withdrawing from the relationship, arguing by only seeing things from one side of the relationship. b. happy couples also differ from unhappy couples in attributional style. attribution style: how one partner explains the other’s behavior. i. they overlook bad behavior or respond constructively, a process called accommodation. also, optimistic people typically have a happier relationship than those who are not. c. can psychology rekindle a romance? the following will help: i. show interest in your partner. ii. be affectionate. iii. show you care. iv. spend quality time together. v. maintain loyalty and fidelity. vi. learn how to handle conflict. 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943577f2b4d60f0938c05dd6ed998018 | ?problem 34e
in z, let . prove that z = hk. does z = h × k? | in z, let . prove that z = hk. does z = h × k | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": "evolution of jazz thurs. 14 jan jazz essence of jazz is improvisation birthplace: new orleans cultures of africa and western europe (france) only indigenous art form in america *art imitates life* history of jazz 1718: founding of new orleans by la salle marquis iberville/ marquis de beinville (french architects) built nola finished construction in 1723 named after duke of orleans who found it (french) 1763: france becomes spain, nola under the influence of spain cultures combine//1765 fire burns nola, rebuilt with french/spanish architecture napolean bonapart rebuilds france and french take back nola in 1801 50% of population european/ 50% of population slaves from africa 1803: louisiana purchase ($0.04 per acre) by pres. jefferson 3 elements that make up music 1. melody 2. harmony 3. rhythm melody genre: the blues indigenous to america “blue notes”: sad or somber emotional quality evolution of jazz tues. 19 jan *3 elements of music= melody harmony rhythm plus lyrics* lyrics tell story, history, and “love” is most popular idea and topic for lyrics “name 3 types of music performed by slaves” 1. work songs 2. field hollers 3. ring shouts “what is the technique used to perform this music?” call and response \n nonsecular/religious music slave owners force slaves to participate in religious (protestant/catholic) services secular music american blue’s men “tremadors” craft of songwriting applied by “tremadors” for entertainment, about everyday life (not religious!) instruments had to be travelfriendly (acoustic guitar, etc.) syncopation playing with rhythm to be more “dance friendly” syncopating the rhythm=unpredictable (idea that is very french) evolution of jazz thurs. 21 jan townsquare in nola=congo square marketing technique: blues notes/putting on a show to sell products ragtime: scott joplin: debuted ragtime at world’s fair maple leap rag storyville (18971917) red light district in nola= where jazz thrived/ where everything (vices) was legal jelly roll morton composer of maple leaf rag (different from joplin’s version) innovator of jazz (swing feel) *syncopation* evolution of jazz tues. 26 jan “ragtime” piano marching band instruments that all together can make the sound of ragtime piano: tuba (brass) trumpet (brass) trombone (brass) (lower in pitch) clarinet (woodwind) (higher in pitch) drums (percussion) banjo (similar to guitar) (african) downsizing of band: lighter, more economical \n test question: what was the most popular form of entertainment in america in the first half of the 20 century? ans.: dancing venue: when and where the music is being played size of band changes *social and economic issues changes that* ~art imitates life~ riverboats: source of travel, entertainment, economic travel, activities dixieland music (not quite jazz) instruments trying to sound like ragtime piano trumpet very important uptown musicians played by ear improvisation couldn’t read downtown musicians trained professionals could read buddy bolden: uptown trumpet player; made melody by ear joe oliver “king oliver”: innovator, led band of great influence king oliver’s creole jass band innovator’s of dixieland style of music no recording because color of skin (black) original dixie jazz band (odjb) all white led by trumpet player who was racist made very first historic recording 1917 made first jazz recording of song “dixie jazz band one step” evolution of jazz thurs. 28 jan “dippermouth blues” collective improvisation: each member of band improv. \n (audios on black board) sound system: victrola mechanical, not electronic drums and vocals were hard to record bessie smith black vocalist sang song st. louis blues; composed by w.c handy *the most important/influential musician in the development of america’s indigenous art form* louis armstrong louis armstrong father of jazz music significant role in american history plays trumpet born in august of 1901 during nola’s 3 war 1 of 2 children, mom was a maid, dad left the family, little supervision got in trouble, went away to school, forced to join band (trumpet) “king” oliver got louis first job with kid ory, a trombone player, on a riverboat song: mack the knife one of three versions of the song from the 3 penny opera (story about jack the ripper) roaring 20s gov’t took over storyville, new orleans prohibition people traveled north “king” oliver and his creole jass band moved to chicago and had louis armstrong move up too, and join the band. evolution of jazz tues. 2 feb video: james reese europe “the hellfighters” lit. reese takes “ragtime” to europe for the first time ever “negro music, but american music” first black to play in carnegie hall trumpet vs. cornet cornet: fast and rough (“king” oliver) trumpet: complicated and mellow \n manuel perez: classically trained//creole of color “king” oliver played in perez’s ensemble evolution of jazz thurs. 4 feb 1920’s venues change from brothels to “speakeasies” (drinking and gambling during prohibition) ensemble changes from 1 person playing ragtime piano in 1912 to numerous people playing together in the 1920’s prominent entertainment: dancing james p. johnson black piano player/composer first black to write for broadway stage wrote “the charleston”; the song of the 1920’s louis armstrong king oliver does 3 things for armstrong 1. helps him get his first job on riverboat playing for kid ory 2. summoned armstrong to move to chicago in 1919 and adds him to band 3. ultimately encourages armstrong to go solo (louis armstrong and hot 5) louis armstrong and hot 5 (mid 1920’s) 1. kid ory (past boss): trombone 2. johnny st. cry: banjo 3. johnny dodds: clarinet 4. louis armstrong: trumpet 5. lil hardin (female): piano “gut bucket blues” song where louis armstrong introduces the hot 5 armstrong then adds two more members to band becoming hot 7 1. bill johnson: bass 2. johnny dodds’ little brother “baby dodds”: drums san francisco newspaper first publishes the name “jazz” unlike jack johnson (heavy weight champion), armstrong was humble armstrong connected with audience and was recognized around the world after performing in europe louis armstrong’s contributions to the art form (most important musician) jazz music’s first virtuoso he separates improvisation from melody, prioritizes improvisation. his creativity makes improv a higher priority, no longer the melody jazz is only form of music where improve is priority \n he creates vocabulary of jazz music creates “scat sing” and records scat singing in 1928 for a record socially, aside from musically, he was america’s first cultural ambassador invited to perform in europe; same stages as classical artists, operas, symphonies jazz becomes respected armstrong takes a 2minute part as playing “gabriel” in a musical movie first black on screen armstrong’s solo on trumpet: “west end blues” (scat song) evolution of jazz tues. 9 feb mardi gras: green fate, purple justice, gold power louis armstrong (cont.) career lasts many decades jazz evolves but armstrong’s style remains constant and eventually becomes passé accused of “tomming” the audience (sucking up to whites for special treatment) miles davis said “no him no me.” song “ain’t misbehavin’” in 1960s (when television was median) song “hello dolly” 1964 in major key (also broadway musical) song “what a wonderful world” cotton club elite and exclusive speakeasy new york//harlem 1929 (illegal) 1933 (appealed and legal) duke ellington most influential and important composer classically trained same era as louis armstrong ragtime piano evolves to stride (large movement by left hand) applied improvisation, syncopated rhythm composes with classical format= level of sophistication duke ellington’s contributions to the art form \n 1. stride piano player / throughcomposed 2. musical director at the cotton club 3. incredibly prolific composer wrote over 2000 pieces (opera, etc.) 4. same era as louis armstrong; born 1899, died 1974 5. wrote specifically for each band member 6. incredibly experimental 7. considered 2 greatest ambassador of the american cultural art form evolution of jazz thurs. 11 feb duke ellington big band ensembles: 4 sections 4 trumpets 4 trombones 5 or 6 saxophones (different sizes) rhythm section piano bass drums guitar dance halls 1933=no more prohibition large dance halls for large band ensembles duke ellington song: “things ain’t what they used to be” song: “prelude to a kiss” feat. johnny hodges johnny hodges: alto sax **song: “cotton tail” ellington transcribes the “major scale” major role in evolution of jazz cootie williams trumpet song: “concerto for cootie” count basie kansas city big band ensembles in the midwest “boogiewoogie” was his piano playing style (rather than stride) \n “rifforiented”: short melodic fragments put together in orchestration song: “1 o’clock jump” **song: “splanky” duke ellington and count basie are equally important to composure and evolution of jazz. duke ellington count basie new york kansas city stride piano boogiewoogie through composer rifforiented harmonic development rhythmic development evolution of jazz tues. 16 feb adolph sax saxophone soprano, alto, tenor, bass coleman hawkins modern jazz saxophone player vertical style (notes up and down), rather than linear wide, fast bravado help of duke ellington bright sound (metal mouthpiece) lester young equally as influential as coleman hawkins song: “body and soul” (1939 coleman hawkins recorded) sounds opposite of coleman hawkins dark sound (brass mouthpiece) straight tone (modern technique) flow melody, not short notes: linear style help of count basie song: “lester leaps in” ella fitzgerald 1917 harlem best jazz singer (scat singing) song: “how high the moon” chick webb drummer \n own band recruits fitzgerald song: “atisket, atasket” norman granz concert promoter “jazz at the philharmonic” recruits musicians to philharmonic halls song book series: records many covers of songs song: “mack the knife” 1958 song: “lets call the whole thing off” feat. louis armstrong evolution of jazz thurs. 18 feb billie holiday hard upbringing tragic life legacy of music song: “god bless the child” lester young: friend (platonic relationship), taught her singing with straight tone song: “strange fruit” song: “good morning heartache” 5 of the most successful big band leaders up to 1947 glenn miller trombone left band joined army song: “in the mood”, dance: “jitter bug” artie shaw clarinet evolved art form song: “begin the beguine” tommy dorsey trombone made the most money, most successful singer: frank sinatra drummer: buddy rich harry james trumpet \n song: “you made me love you” discovered frank sinatra benny goodman produced the 1st jazz concert at carnegie hall: jan. 16, 1936 song: sing sing sing ft. gene krupa on drums frank sinatra harry james (discovered him) called him “frankie satin” colombia records called him “the voice” launched in 1947 evolution of jazz tues. 1 march true or false: modern jazz develops smoothly from swing style, not as a reaction against it. false high art form: does not require an audience popular art form: relates to audience bebop minton’s playhouse - bar in harlem - no cabaret license (illegal to dance there) - jam session 1. band members play music for themselves, no dancers or audiences 2. music stand on own as art form 3. melody faster, hard to understand, cannot dance along 4. clubs got smaller, band ensembles got smaller (big band era) thelonious sphere monk - led jam sessions at minton’s playhouse - piano player - new york charlie parker “bird” - development of modern jazz - alto sax - song: “koko” - kansas city - heroine addict dizzy gillespie - trumpet - south carolina - performer like louis armstrong \n - song: “salt peanuts”, different, comical monk, bird, dizzy all contributors to vocabulary of bebop afrocuban jazz - style of jazz in cuba (precastro 19461948) - mario bauza, band leader - chano pozo, percussionist - song: “manteca” pozo and bauza tues. 15 march evolution of jazz miles davis - east illinois, st. louis - 18 yrs old student at juliard in ny - trumpet - influenced by charlie parker - member in charlie parker’s quintent - became heroine addict miles davis and the cool school - boplicity - 2 famous albums - the birth of the cool: 1949 - kind of blue: 1959 - song: “so what” 10 year long significant jazz period: 19591969 kind of blue 1959 - miles davis: trumpet - cannonball adderley: altosax - first sunny rollins then john coltrane: tenorsax - bill evans: piano, voice - paul chambers: bass greatest of era and most recorded - jimmy cobb: drums \n what are the 5 different in design albums in 1959? 1. “kind of blue” by miles davis 1959 2. “time out” by the dave brubeck quartet 1959 3. “giant steps” by john coltrane 1959 4. “the shape of jazz to come” by ornette coleman 5. “mingus ah um” by charles mingus style of beebop - fast tempos - complex harmony - unable to sing melodies - no written arrangements thurs. 17 march evolution of jazz style of cool school - light weight tone quality - moderate tempos - lyrical approach to improvisation - sometimes use of written arrangements dave brubeck - cool school - song: “take 5” - “blue rondo al la turk” bill evans - piano trio - song: “all of you” stan getz - the duke ellington of brazil - song: “the girl from ipanema” - composer: antonio carlos jobism - rhythm: bossa nova nat king cole - song: “it’s only a papermoon” tues. 22 march evolution of jazz \n dizzy gillespie cuba stan getz brazil hard bop east coast/ ny more drums recordings blue notes records (onsite recordings) producer: alfred lyon style characteristics of hard bop dark, rough edged texture more activity from drummers more original compositions art blakey and the jazz messengers song: “caravan” (4 drum solos) horace silver: piano clifford brown: trumpet horace silver piano most important composer of the hard bop era composer for jazz messengers funky piano song: “the preacher” clifford brown trumpet song: “cherokee” thurs. 24 march evolution of jazz miles davis “prince of darkness” “kind of blue” album is highest selling album worked with gil evans \n third stream: the cool school miles davis 1 quintet in the ‘50s and ‘60s post bop era hard bop (art blakey) modal avant garde free jazz miles davis 2 quintet (defines post bop) tony williams 17 years old found by art blakey drums herbie hancock 23 years’ old piano song: “footprints” *composer* song: “maiden voyage” song: “cantaloupe island” ron carter bass wayne shorter saxophone “miles smiles” – album of post bop style characteristics of post bop harmony is ambiguous time keeping: drums on symbol, bass is steady or walking not contra fact (old music, new melody), the songs are the band member’s=new songs tues. 29 march evolution of jazz 3 major albums 1. “kind of blue” by miles davis 1959 2. “time out” by the dave brubeck quartet 1959 3. “giant steps” by john coltrane 1959 john coltrane born in north carolina in 1926, grew up in philadelphia tenor sax career with miles davis from 19551959 (“kind of blue” album) song: “’round midnight” left miles davis and made his own album “giant steps” 1959 recorded for a label owned by two brothers from turkey song: “stepping out” (harmony, melody, rhythm=complex) \n john coltrane quartet john coltrane: tenor sax elvin jones: drums mccoy tyner: piano jimmy garrison: bass song: “my favorite things” john coltrane’s album “a love supreme” coltrane’s most important album of his career december 1964 song: “my one and only love” by john coltrane and johnny hartman 4 movements (like a symphony) thurs. 31 march evolution of jazz the john coltrane quartet=complexity postbop style characteristics complex harmonic approach rhythmic complexity elvin jones led incredibly influential quartet great ballad player (voice: johnny hartman) ushers in free jazz movement soprano saxophone song: “the jupiter variation” album: “a love supreme” recorded in ’64 and released in ‘65 avante garde // free jazz movement ornette coleman alto sax texas album: “the shape of jazz to come” song: “lonely women” charles mingus worked in all 5 subsets of modern jazz bassist/ composer album: “mingus ah um” song: “fables of faubus” modern jazz: 5 subsets 1. bee bop 2. cool school (miles davis, stan getz) \n 3. hard bop (horace silver, composer and clifford brown, trumpet) 4. post bop (coltrane) 5. avante garde (coleman) what are the 5 different in design albums in 1959? 1. “kind of blue” by miles davis 1959 2. “time out” by the dave brubeck quartet 1959 3. “giant steps” by john coltrane 1959 4. “the shape of jazz to come” by ornette coleman 5. “mingus ah um” by charles mingus tues. 12 april evolution of jazz rise of rock and roll cream (band) song: “sunshine of your love” guitarist (american blues): eric clapton the who (band) song: “won’t get fooled again” carlos santana song: “black magic woman” guitarist: pete townshend jimmy hendrix song: “purple haze” very influential career 4 years’ long led zeppelin two major albums in 1968 and 1969 album: “led baloon” song: “whole lot of fun” guitarist: jimmy paige summer of 1967 san francisco monterey festival woodstock barry gody 1959: “motown” george wein producer he and miles davis heard “sly and the family stone” at the monterey festival and signed them together they started new sound guitarist: sylvester stallone \n rise of the electric guitar miles davis 1979 creates new style of jazz called “fusion”. 3 style of jazz he participated in. fusion elements of jazz and rock album: “bitches brew” by miles davis and john mclaughlin (british guitarist) song: “spanish key” thurs. 14 april evolution of jazz electric guitar the most prominent instrument of the 1960’s synthesizers the most prominent instrument of the 1970’s rise of disco era monophonic synthesizers a lot of computer gear manipulate sounds polyphonic synthesizers as technology advances keyboards change sounds and textures can play sounds of other instruments weather report band in the 1970’s started by joe zawinul and wayne shorter other members: miroslav vitous manelo badrena jaco pastorios “world music” song: “milky way” album and song: “black market” acoustic and electric instruments song: “bird land” 1977 tues. 19 april evolution of jazz 80s smooth jazz \n jazz and pop music kenneth garlick seattle improv of jazz mixed with pop mentality “song bird” neoclassical movement 1981 take on “caravan” =neoclassical style wynton and branford marsalis harry konic jr. song: “it has to be you” pat metheny production and use of instruments song: “beat 70” thurs. 21 april evolution of jazz nat king cole song: “route 66” (cool school) 1950’s capital record label song: “mona lisa” (not jazz, pop) song: “the christmas song” first black to have own talk show (longer 30 min) two most recognizable voices in 20 century: elvis presley and frank sinatra frank sinatra song: “fly me to the moon” born on dec. 12, 1915 crooner: style of singing nicknamed: the voice signed columbia records arranger of music: nelson riddle (with capital records) song: “i’ve got the world on a string” song: “come fly with me” with count basie orchestra movies with sam davis jr. 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f047dc482ddca3a157c3090a3bb40b76 | disk a has a weight of 5 lb and disk b has a weight of 10 lb. if no slipping occurs between them, determine the couple moment m which must be applied to disk a to give it an angular acceleration of 4 rad>s2. | disk a has a weight of 5 lb and disk b has a weight of 10 | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.21 | [
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"text": " russian 100 notes: week of 4/4/16 ● after the fall of communism... foreign ice cream vanilla is/was the most popular flavor hot dogs with buns (they had never eaten them with buns prior) new movie theatres with nice seats and food (popcorn for example) health clubs (gyms/fitness) aerobics was the fitness craze with women. women especially, wanted to lose weight. along with the aerobics, women of all ages went on all kinds of diets. sweat pants, sweatshirts, jogging shoes, etc… country club (just one in moscow) jewelry a russian man, giving his fiance a wedding ring was not the norm. women wear their wedding bands, men typically do not. wedding bands are worn on the right hand, not the left. amber was the thing to buy in terms of jewelry. in the 90’s, costume jewelry came in from china and became very popular. cosmetics what does a russian woman want to own more than anything? western brand cosmetics*** fashion women are incredibly invested in fashion. they dress in a very sexy way, especially the younger women. \n the men don’t like to dress up much, except maybe on their wedding day. a good businessman would buy italian clothes (italian leather shoes, belts, briefcases, suits, etc..) perfume (especially french) sunglasses reading glasses everyone could get them but they all had the same frames. pets pets were not a big part of russian life, there wasn’t usually room in the small apartments for any animal aside from a cat. cats were often used for pest control. in the new russia, big dogs were the fad. if your neighbor had a dog, you got abigger dog. artificial flowers and silk foreign cars stolen from germany (mercedes and bmw) stuffed animals/barbie dolls especially with young women movies mostly american movies (you could hardly find a russian movie) they were all dubbed these movies were very expensive (upwards of $20, $30, $40) nothing is edited on tv or in movies music videos/mtv american music was everywhere eventually, by the late 90’s, yeltsin had 50/50 russian/us music on the radio omens \n they believe in magnetic forces the are very superstitious they believe in palm reading, zodiacs, fortune tellers, etc… soap operas favorite tv shows*** american cop shows action films cartoons (among all age groups)*** books/literature**** they wanted to read everything in translation no one was writing anything of their own translations were usually very poor detective stories and mysteries were the most popular*** magazines (most popular: cosmopolitan*) anything western pornography/erotica there was nothing like this, prior billboards, tv advertisements, sex was everywhere strippers were everywhere (hotels, bars, etc…) american style bars and restaurants laundry detergent deodorant they had never had access to it prior foreign toothpaste russian toothpaste was horrible teeth quality was very poor real shampoo/hygiene products including hair dye for the women malls \n was very expensive cell phones russians wore their cellphones around their necks roller blading/tattooing/piercings/dog fighting drive in movie theatres built one in moscow, hardly anyone came, so that was the end of it motor cycle clubs most famous one was called night wolves bowling alleys night clubs/dance clubs casinos these were all closed and made ‘underground’ mafia came in poker became a sport gambling became an addiction only four areas of the country allows gambling but they are too far away for most to go to ● russians finally begin writing their own literature again, making their own movies, removing english words/phrases from their language (under putin) listening to russian music, etc… ● if they can afford it, politics aside, young people still prefer to buy something made in the united states*** for them, that is quality and it gives them some kind of status among their friends. ● favorite sports… hockey socker ● violence in sports (especially hockey) led many athletes to travel abroad to out of fear of being murdered ● there was so little crime under communism, that it was almost unheard of \n ● high crime rate started after the fall of communism ● russian heroin addicts have a 4 year life expectancy after they become hooked ● prostitutes in russia have an even shorter life expectancy ● in 1998, it was put into effect, that police could stop and search people on the street, looking for drugs usually. ● afghanistan produces the majority of the world’s heroin ● among the young, in russia, there is no stigma around doing drugs ● roughly 100,000 die in russia, annually due to drugs ● currently, russia is the #1 consumer of heroin, in the world ● exotic animals have become a new fad in russia, people owning eagles and hawks for example. mafia members might keep alligators, siberian tigers (becoming extinct), squirrels, etc… ● as a last resort for heroin addicts, there was a brain institute where neurosurgeons would perform a three hour surgery to attempt to neutralize the part of the brain that controls addiction. this institute reported that 70% of patients were successfully cured without any effects to their personality. by 2001, the government banned these surgeries. ● krokodil russian for crocodile, is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. a synthetic heroin, extremely addictive and dangerous. a morphine derivative cheap homemade extremely lethal primary ingredient is codine much higher dosage for the same high causes your skin to scale up, turn black, and fall off, to the bone, hence the name crocodile (many/most developed gangrene) users typically die within a year of use, the most is 23 years \n ● russian government issued a statement last year that they will never legalize marijuana, they see it as a gateway to heroin. ● after the fall of communism, the russian youth turn to either drugs or religion*** they feel a spiritual emptiness. ● religion… freedom of religion by the late 80’s (strong revival in many religions: islam, christianity, orthodox, etc). many christians would wear crosses around their necks, they needed a cross to be baptised. the russian orthodox cross is slightly different from the traditional cross, with bars above and below the traditional cross. young people decorate their homes with religious icons, russians especially include a lot of color ● ***there are more russians who profess to being religious than those who do not. ● 75% of americans (december 2015) say they are christians, this number continues to drop. ● ***one of the major trends among young people during the gorbachev era, was an interest in prerevolutionary russia russia of the czars, before communism especially the last czar, and his family as part of that interest, was the restoration of churches ● all churches were restored, the people involved in these restorations were the young ● ***with the revival of religion, all of these religious groups from all over the world, went to russia, trying to convert the russians to a religion. ● ***new law in religion cracked down, there are now only 4 officially recognized religions today... \n russian orthodox judaism islam buddhism ● ***young people to this day (started after the fall of communism and intensified during the 90s) when asked, who do you trust the most? the number one answer is the orthodox church (doesn’t necessarily mean that they attend church). ",
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d189cedecd83d1419435fc4d5277c45e | use the differential equation approach to find i(t) for t > 0 in the network in fig. p7.1. t = 0 2 h 12 v 6 6 + i(t) figure p7.1 | use the differential equation approach to find i(t) for t | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " tuesday 4/5/16 why did the united states enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies a. war was economic boom for us b. our money was going towards britain and france 2. shared principles of democracy a. opposition to german militarism b. not everyone was probritish 3. german attacks on american neutrality a. sinking of the lusitania because germans didn’t want america and britain to trade (?) b. “unrestricted submarine warfare” beings early 1917, america declares war with germany in april 1917 america at war: what was its contribution to victory? ● america didn’t determine the strategy ● the donkeys ( 1961) ● german 210mm guns artillery was the big killer of soldiers in the war of 19141918 ● war of attrition us didn’t have any tactics ● us needed, “men, men and more men” ● germans end the war agreeing to an armistice (armistice day, 11/11) problems of peacemaking wilson at versailles why did the us enter the war? 1. financial commitment to the allies 2. shared principles of democracy 3. german attacks on american neutrality and... 4. how could we influence the postwar peace, if we were not actively involved in fighting the war? ● “peace without victory,” wilson, january 1917 (before we enter the war) ● “fourteen points” speech, wilson, january 1918 ○ end to secret treaties, establish league of nations \n wilson’s new world order ● spread democracy because democracies did not engage in wars of conquest ● an end to trade barriers would reduce tensions that led to war ● a “league of nations” rather than arms and alliances would be the key to international order there were two problems: one was the europeans the reality of versailles ● britain would not accept freedom of the seas ● “open diplomacy” was conducted behind closed doors ● peace without victory became the “war guilt clause” for germany ○ made the germans resentful and determined to “get even” when the opportunity presented itself in the future ● selfdetermination for some; but other border realignments just created new problems the other problem was the us opposition to the treaty *** in textbook ● november 1918 elections gave control of congress to the republicans ○ president wilson did not involve republicans in the peace negotiations, even though he needed a republicandominated senate to approve any treaty (art ii, sec 2 of the constitution) ● irreconcilables did not want anything to do with a league of nations ● reservationists not necessarily against a league of nations but wanted restrictions on its authority over the united states ● opposition to article 10 did it commit nations to using force to maintain the peace and guarantee territorial integrity? the twenties events of 19181919 ● influenza killed 500,000 americans (more american soldiers died of this than at the hands of the germans) ● “red scare” generated by bolshevik (communist) revolution in russia and bombing campaign in us *** in textbook ● 1919 more strikes than in any other year of american history ● chicago white sox threw the world series! ● manufacturing inexpensive consumer goods (electric mixer, the vacuum, refrigerator, washing machine) ● age of consumption ● instant gratification, fulfillment with consumption \n a consumer culture ● a society in which the majority of people seek fulfillment and defines identity through acts of consumption ● new values like, “instant gratification” rather than selfdenial, restraint, saving for the future, and so on (the supposed values of the older generation) ● “problems” resolved through consumption the automobile: backbone of industry ● 1900 → 300 firms produced 4,000 cars ● 1922 → ford produced 2 million cars ● 1927 → one car for every 5.3 people in the us; in france one for every 44 people; in germany one for every 196 model t cost went down automobiles encouraged consumption i.e. general motors cadillac → different styles of cars came out every year so your car could complement your personality promote dissatisfaction so people buy new cars ● clyde barrow (bonnie and clyde) “i always prefer to steal a ford.” car industry set up credit for consumers (so people can get a loan) ● mass entertainment! ● 1929 40% houses had radios ● film industry! increasingly homogenized america… people dressing the same way, buying the same products, watching the same movies, but this creates tension in society because of this new culture culture clash *** in textbook ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● “national origins” or immigration act of 1924 ● instituted a permanent quota system, with total immigration capped at 164,000 based on percentages (2 percent) of ethnic origins shown in 1890 census ● example: italy’s quota was 3,845, great britain’s was 65,361 \n thursday 4/7/16 culture clash ● the triumph of nativism (immigration restriction) ● the second ku klux klan ○ earlier kkk was in south, this one is in the midwest (oh, in, tx, ok, or) ○ 100% americanism no more immigrants! ● the scopes trial ○ can’t teach evolution too secular ○ similar to plessy vs. ferguson separate but equal politics of the 1920s resurgent republicanism warren harding (1920) ● “i can handle my enemies; it’s my damn friends i have to worry about!” ● ^^^ corruption during harding administration ● trickledown theory of economics calvin coolidge (1924) ● coolidge joke: “did you hear that former president coolidge was found dead?” “really! how could they tell?” herbert hoover (1928) ● hoover is “certainly a wonder and i wish we could make him president of the united states. there would not be a better one.” fdr the great depression (under the hoover administration) ● “great engineer” ● said he would donate presidential salary to charity why depression? ***in textbook ● the stock market crash, 1929? ○ shares decreased by about 40% ● depressed agricultural prices and farm closures ● lack of diversity in economy ● overproduction of consumer goods “... all of the policies of the new deal failed to end the great depression; it ended when the united states began rearming in 1941...” n economic history of the us so… in order to end a depression, go to war \n ● depressions happen about every 2530 years ● but this great depression is the only one that doesn’t go away immediately and becomes a worldwide depression some figures: ● national income: ○ $87.4 billion in 1929 ○ $41.7 billion in 1932 ● by 1932, 2025% national unemployment with higher statewide numbers: ○ 50% in cleveland ○ 80% in toledo ● bank closures to 1933 wiped out $7 billion in savings ● hoover believed the great depression was only temporary ○ government never did anything to help the depression and it would go away ○ hoover believes he should do the same as it got worse, he looked bad ○ democrats were trying to embarrass hoover ○ hoovervilles, hoover flags, “hard times are still hoovering over us” election of 1928 almost all the states election of 1932 only took 6 states fdr ● had the draft of a speech against high tariffs, another supporting it, and told his speech writers to mesh the two together ● new deal ● willingness to try new things ● confident grin ● attempted assassination of fdr, but wounding others ● fireside addresses road to recovery? ● bank holiday ○ emergency banking act, 9 march 1933 this bill was passed unanimously by the house (seven “no” votes in the senatenread by any member ● the hundred days 15 major pieces of legislation national recovery administration ● governmentsanctioned cartels ● industrial compacts and codes to set wages, hours, and working conditions ● part of the national industrial recovery act (nira) \n civilian conservation corps ● a workrelief program ● 3 million young men employed; paid $30 a month (had to send $25 home) ● national forests; flood control; beautification projects public works administration ● first of the major “makework” programs of the new deal ● allotted $3.3 billion for public works (idea is to put money into people’s pockets quickly) jmu was built using pwa project money! problems ● conservatives thought that new deal programs were corrupting “american ideals” fdr was going too far! ● radicals saw the great depression as proof that capitalism was dead fdr was not doing enough to recognize that reality! ● and economic indicators did not indicate that much recovery was taking place floyd olson of minnesota and the farmlabor party upton sinclair ● democratic candidate for governor of california in 1934 ● epic end poverty in california program; seize idle lands and factories and turn them over to workers’ and farmers’ cooperatives huey long of louisiana ● “share our wealth society” (1934) ● fdr: long was “one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” ● dictatorship the “second” new deal ● social security act (1935) ● wpa work progress administration ○ $11 billion works program (included the exslave interviews) ○ nation’s single largest employer ● wagner act, or national labor relations act (1935) \n ",
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e3ee2a63f3769a6e4ed627f913f09215 | ?problem 5e
let y1 < y2 < · · · < y8 be the order statistics of eight independent observations from a continuous-type distribution with 70th percentile ?0.7 = 27.3.
(a) determine p(y7 < 27.3).
(b) find p(y5 < 27.3 < y8). | let y1 < y2 < · · · < y8 be the order statistics of eight | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " unit 8: disorders and t reatments read chapters 13 and 14 . 1) be able to define harmful dysfunction. (399) . a behavior or an emotional state that is harmful to oneself or others, as judged by the community or culture in which it occurs . 2) what is a mental disorder? how does unusual behavior differ from a mental disorder? (399400) . any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self destructive, seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others . . 3) what is the purpose of the dsm? what are some of the advantages of using the dsm? what are some of the problems with the dsm? (400402 and lecture) . the dsm implies that everyday problems are comparable to serious mental disorders . 4) be able to define and distinguish between categorical or dimensional models of mental disorders. which model does the dsm primarily rely on? (lecture) . 5) what is generalized anxiety disorder? (406) . a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension . 6) what is a phobia? how do phobias differ from fears? (407) . an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object . 7) what is posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)? what are symptoms of ptsd (be able to list three)? (408) \n . a disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or lifethreatening event has symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal . 8) what is obsessivecompulsive disorder? how do obsessions differ from compulsions? what is the function of compulsions in this disorder? (409) . an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts and repetitive (obsessions), ritualized behaviors (compulsions) . 9) what is major depression? how do symptoms differ from normal sadness? (410411 and lecture) . a disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behavior, cognition , and body function . 10) one local source of help for suicide prevention is gryphon place. if asked on the exam to provide the name of the local suicide prevention center in kalamazoo, be able to provide this name. note: the website for gryphon place is http://www.gryphon.org . 11) what is bipolar disorder? what is a manic episode? (411) . a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur . 12) what is the vulnerabilitystress model of depression? be able to describe the four contributing factors of this model. (411413) . approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression . 13) what characterizes borderline personality disorder? how does it differ from bipolar disorder? (414 and lecture) . a disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions; it often results in intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others . 14) what is antisocial personality disorder? (414415) . a personality disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive reckless acts \n . 15) what is dissociative identity disorder? what is the controversy regarding the existence of this disorder? be able to discuss the controversy in detail, including the arguments of the posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model. (425427) . a controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; formerly known as multiple personality disorder . 16) what is schizophrenia? be able to list and describe the five core abnormalities associated with the disorder. (427429) . a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments . 17) be able to list and describe the four main classes of drugs used for the treatment of mental disorders. (435437) . antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) – drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; they are often used off label and inappropriately for other disorders such as dementia and impulsive aggressiveness . antidepressant drugs – drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety . antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers) – drugs commonly prescribed for patients who complain of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry . lithium carbonate (type of salt) – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself . 18) what are the cautions about drug treatments that the book lists? (437440) . publication bias – the tendency for journals to publish positive findings but not negative or ambiguous ones many publishers have financial ties in the pharmaceutical industry placebo effect – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself high relapse and dropout rates – a person may only have shortterm success with antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs. anywhere from ½ to 1/3 of people stop taking \n medications due to the unpleasant side effects. those people are likely to relapse disregard for effective, possibly better nonmedical treatments – drugs are typically the more popular source of treatment. this is due to advertisements and rise of popularity by consumers unknown risks over time and drug interactions – the effects of taking antidepressants indefinitely are still unknown, especially for vulnerable groups such . 19) what is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy? (442) . all different forms of psychodynamic treatment share a goal of exploring the unconscious dynamics of personality, such as defenses and conflicts . 20) how does flooding differ from graduated exposure? (443) . flooding – in behavior therapy, a form of exposure treatment in which the client is taken directly into a feared situation until his or her panic subsides . graduated exposure – in behavior therapy, a method in which a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides . 21) what is systematic desensitization? be able to describe its relation to counterconditioning. (444) . in behavior therapy, a stepbystep process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience; it is based on the classicalconditioning procedure of counterconditioning . 22) what is cognitive therapy? how do mindfulness and acceptance based therapies differ from traditional cognitive therapies? (445447 and lecture) . a form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions . 23) what is behavioral activation? (lecture) . 24) what is clientcentered therapy? (447) . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard \n . 25) be able to describe the scientistpractitioner gap. what is meant by empirically supported treatments? (452453 and lecture) . 26) review the “when therapy helps” section in your textbook. what types of therapies have the most empirical support? (454455) . cognitive therapy’s greatest success has been in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression . . 27) be able to list and describe the risks associated with psychotherapy. (458459) . the use of empirically unsupported, potentially dangerous techniques . inappropriate or coercive influences, which can create new problems for the client . prejudice or cultural ignorance on the part of the therapist . sexual intimacies or other unethical behavior on the part of the therapist . . 28) be able to list and explain the suggestions the book provides for being a smart consumer of psychological treatments. (461) ",
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f9e45e537bd30e39019d5f23b8b89672 | area of a segment of a circle use two approaches to show that the area of a cap (or segment) of a circle of radius r subtended by an angle u (see figure) is given by aseg = 1 2 r21u - sin u2. a. find the area using geometry (no calculus). b. find the area using calculus. \_ r cap or segment | solved: area of a segment of a circle use two approaches | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " genes & evolution chapters 14, 15.1 & 16.1, 20, 21, chapter 14 central dogma of molecular biology eukaryote transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm deoxyribose gene expression is the process by which dna directs the synthesis of proteins ( or in some cases, just the rnas) facts! ● archibald garrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell. ● the term codon is also used for the dna nucleotide triplets along the nontemplate strand ● the first codon was deciphered in 1961 by marshall nirenberg (uuu) the one gene–one protein hypothesis based on results from work in their lab on nutritional mutants, beadle and tatum proposed that the function of a specific gene is to dictate production of a specific enzyme that catalyzes a particular reaction. states that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme transcription is the synthesis of rna using information in the dna. the two nucleic acids are written in different forms of the same language, and the information is simply transcribed, or “rewritten,” from dna to rna \n messenger rna (mrna) because it carries a genetic message from the dna to the proteinsynthesizing machinery of the cell. translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mrna.the cell must translate the nucleotide sequence of an mrna molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide ribosomes are the translation sites primary transcript. the initial rna transcript from any gene, including those specifying rna that is not translated into protein is called primary transcript triplet code the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the dna as a series of nonoverlapping, threenucleotide words. template strand it provides the pattern, or template, for the sequence of nucleotides in an rna transcript. codons the mrna nucleotide triplets are called codons, and they are customarily written in the 5′→ 3′ direction rna polymerase an enzyme called an rna polymerase pries the two strands of dna apart and joins together rna nucleotides complementary to the dna template strand. they don’t need a primer promoter the dna sequence where rna polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as the promoter terminator the sequence that signals the end of transcription transcription unit the stretch of dna that is transcribed into an rna molecule facts! bacteria have single type of rna polymerase that synthesis not only mrna but also other types in contrast, eukaryotes have at least three types of rna polymerase transcription factors in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins called transcription factors mediate the binding of rna polymerase and the initiation of transcription. transcription initiation complex the whole complex of transcription factors and rna \n polymerase ii bound to the promoter is called a transcription initiation complex rna splicing a stage of rna processing in the eukaryotic nucleus is the removal of large portions of the rna molecule that is initially synthesized—a cutandpaste job introns the noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions are called intervening sequences, or introns. exons the regions that code are called exons. they are called exons because they are eventually expressed. spliceosome the removal of introns is accomplished by a large complex made of proteins and small rnas. transfer rna the message is a series of codons along an mrna molecule, and the translator is called transfer rna (trna). main function is to transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool to growing polypeptide. anticodon the particular nucleotide triplet that basepairs to a specific mrna codon. signalrecognition particle (srp) the signal peptide, a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end (nterminus) of the polypeptide, is recognized as it emerges from the ribosome by a proteinrna complex called a signalrecognition particle (srp). this particle functions as an escort that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the er membrane. \n mutations responsible for the huge diversity of genes found among organisms because mutations are the ultimate source of new genes point mutations changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene. nucleotidepair substitution replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides substitution silent mutation which has no observable effect on the phenotype missense mutations substitutions that change one amino acid to another one nonsense mutation a point mutation can also change a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon. insertion or deletion insertions and deletions are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene frameshift the # of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three immediate ( 1 pair insertion) extensive (1 pair deletion) no frameshift (missing amino acid) spontaneous mutations the incorrect base will be used as a template in the next round of replication, resulting in a mutation. such mutations are called spontaneous mutations. \n the p site (peptidyltrna binding site) holds the trna carrying the growing polypeptide chain, while the a site (aminoacyltrna binding site) holds the trna carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain. discharged trnas leave the ribosome from the e site (exit site). the nucleotide base triplets uag, uaa, and uga do not code for amino acids but instead act as signals to stop translation. ● in a bacterium, the rna transcript is immediately usable as mrna; in a eukaryote, the rna transcript must first undergo processing. ● eukaryotic promoter commonly includes a tata box, ● during rna processing, both ends of the primary transcript are altered. ● the 5′ end is synthesized first; it receives a 5′ cap, a modified form of a guanine ● at the 3′ end, an enzyme adds 50–250 more adenine (a) nucleotides, forming a polya tail. chapter 15.1 and 16.1 this picture is about the tryptophan first, cells can adjust the activity of the enzymes that are already present second, cells can adjust the production level of certain enzymes; that is, they can regulate the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes. one basic mechanism for this control of gene expression in bacteria, described as the operon model, was discovered in 1961 by françois jacob and jacques monod operator the switch is a segment of dna called an operator. positioned within the promoter or, in some cases, between the promoter and the enzymecoding genes, the operator controls the access of rna polymerase to the genes. \n enchancer in genetics, an enhancer is a short (501500 bp) region of dna that can be bound by proteins (activators) to activate transcription of a gene. these proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. operon dna sequence on a prokaryotic chromosome including (in 3’ to 5’ order): a promoter, operator, enzymes repressor the operon can be switched off by a protein called repressor regulatory gene changing the transcription or translation changes amount of mrna and potentially amount of proteins inducible gene expression transcription of the operon occurs when environmental conditions induce( turn on) transcription corepressor a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off. \n inducer differentiation the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function. morphogenesis, the physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute morphogenesis, the development of the form of an organism and its structures. cytoplasmic determinants maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development induction such signals cause changes in the target cells, a process called induction chapter 21 microevolution we can define evolution on its smallest scale, called microevolution, as a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. genetic variation differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other dna sequences. hardyweinberg principle describes the expected frequency of genotype in a population for a single locus only with 2 alleles this principle states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work(textbook version) \n population a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. gene pool consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population. if only one allele exists for a particular locus in a population, that allele is said to be fixed in the gene pool, and all individuals are homozygous for that allele. if multiple are present then individuals might be either homozygous or heterozygous. conditions for hardyweinberg equilibrium conditions for microevolution change in allele frequency in a population over generation a. genetic variation b. random selection a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. natural selection d. sexual selection genetic variation individuals of a population differ in their genetic make up 1. mutation 2. sexual reproduction a. crossing over b. independent assortment of homologous chromosomes c. fertilization. \n gene drift random events that change allele frequency without regard to whether traits provide a reproductive advantage. 1. genetic drift is significant in small populations 2. can cause allele frequencies to change at random 3. can lead to loss of genetic variation within populations 4. can cause harmful alleles to become fixed founder effect when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population bottleneck effect a sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. a severe drop in population size can cause the bottleneck effect, so named because the population has passed through a “bottleneck” that reduces its size ● bottlenecking a population tends to reduce genetic variation. gene flow the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes occurs when conditions favor individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other directional selection \n disruptive selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes stabilizing selection acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. this mode of selection reduces variation and tends to maintain the status quo for a particular phenotypic character selection pressure some aspect of the env’t that reduces survival & repro of a phenotype chapter 20 phylogeny evolutionary relationships among organisms inferred by comparing traits between potential close relatives classification hierarchy of more inclusive categories taxon named unit at any level of hierarchy kingdom > phylum > class > order > \n family > genus > species sister taxa groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives basal taxa refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and hence, lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group. homologies phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called homologies analogy a potential source of confusion in constructing a phylogeny is similarity due to convergent evolution inferring relationships comparing traits between potential close relatives 1. morphology 2. biochemistry 3. pattern of embryonic development 4. dna sequence data basal taxon outage taxa that are each other's closest relatives because they share an immediate common ancestor. cladistics common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. using this methodology, biologists attempt to place species into groups called clades, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants \n shared ancestral character a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. shared derived character an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade characters different from ancestors and unique to the clade. clade complete group of descendents from a single ancestor. outgroup an outgroup is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage parsimony simplest explanation is the most likely ",
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91583c303202f5a026904764375fd3c8 | actuarial science uconn math 2620 math 2620 uconn | actuarial science uconn | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": " financial mathematics i math 2620 final exam review sheet chapter 1 – interest rates overview o interest: the birth of money from money, payment by the borrower for the use of an asset that belongs to the lender over a period of time o capital: the asset in question o principal: monetary capital o interest rate: percent of capital amount o risk of default: risk that borrower will not be able to repay the loan principal if some then lender normally requires a higher interest rate interest o interest on saving accounts ",
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74f8a205315155d312a890714e36ed36 | does there exist a taylor series in powers of z - 1 - i that diverges at 5 + 5i but converges at 4 + 6i? | does there exist a taylor series in powers of z - 1 - i | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " unit 8: disorders and t reatments read chapters 13 and 14 . 1) be able to define harmful dysfunction. (399) . a behavior or an emotional state that is harmful to oneself or others, as judged by the community or culture in which it occurs . 2) what is a mental disorder? how does unusual behavior differ from a mental disorder? (399400) . any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self destructive, seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person unable to control the impulse to endanger others . . 3) what is the purpose of the dsm? what are some of the advantages of using the dsm? what are some of the problems with the dsm? (400402 and lecture) . the dsm implies that everyday problems are comparable to serious mental disorders . 4) be able to define and distinguish between categorical or dimensional models of mental disorders. which model does the dsm primarily rely on? (lecture) . 5) what is generalized anxiety disorder? (406) . a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension . 6) what is a phobia? how do phobias differ from fears? (407) . an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object . 7) what is posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)? what are symptoms of ptsd (be able to list three)? (408) \n . a disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or lifethreatening event has symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal . 8) what is obsessivecompulsive disorder? how do obsessions differ from compulsions? what is the function of compulsions in this disorder? (409) . an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts and repetitive (obsessions), ritualized behaviors (compulsions) . 9) what is major depression? how do symptoms differ from normal sadness? (410411 and lecture) . a disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behavior, cognition , and body function . 10) one local source of help for suicide prevention is gryphon place. if asked on the exam to provide the name of the local suicide prevention center in kalamazoo, be able to provide this name. note: the website for gryphon place is http://www.gryphon.org . 11) what is bipolar disorder? what is a manic episode? (411) . a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania occur . 12) what is the vulnerabilitystress model of depression? be able to describe the four contributing factors of this model. (411413) . approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce specific mental disorders, such as depression . 13) what characterizes borderline personality disorder? how does it differ from bipolar disorder? (414 and lecture) . a disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions; it often results in intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others . 14) what is antisocial personality disorder? (414415) . a personality disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive reckless acts \n . 15) what is dissociative identity disorder? what is the controversy regarding the existence of this disorder? be able to discuss the controversy in detail, including the arguments of the posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model. (425427) . a controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; formerly known as multiple personality disorder . 16) what is schizophrenia? be able to list and describe the five core abnormalities associated with the disorder. (427429) . a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments . 17) be able to list and describe the four main classes of drugs used for the treatment of mental disorders. (435437) . antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) – drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; they are often used off label and inappropriately for other disorders such as dementia and impulsive aggressiveness . antidepressant drugs – drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety . antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers) – drugs commonly prescribed for patients who complain of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry . lithium carbonate (type of salt) – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself . 18) what are the cautions about drug treatments that the book lists? (437440) . publication bias – the tendency for journals to publish positive findings but not negative or ambiguous ones many publishers have financial ties in the pharmaceutical industry placebo effect – the apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself high relapse and dropout rates – a person may only have shortterm success with antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs. anywhere from ½ to 1/3 of people stop taking \n medications due to the unpleasant side effects. those people are likely to relapse disregard for effective, possibly better nonmedical treatments – drugs are typically the more popular source of treatment. this is due to advertisements and rise of popularity by consumers unknown risks over time and drug interactions – the effects of taking antidepressants indefinitely are still unknown, especially for vulnerable groups such . 19) what is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy? (442) . all different forms of psychodynamic treatment share a goal of exploring the unconscious dynamics of personality, such as defenses and conflicts . 20) how does flooding differ from graduated exposure? (443) . flooding – in behavior therapy, a form of exposure treatment in which the client is taken directly into a feared situation until his or her panic subsides . graduated exposure – in behavior therapy, a method in which a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides . 21) what is systematic desensitization? be able to describe its relation to counterconditioning. (444) . in behavior therapy, a stepbystep process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience; it is based on the classicalconditioning procedure of counterconditioning . 22) what is cognitive therapy? how do mindfulness and acceptance based therapies differ from traditional cognitive therapies? (445447 and lecture) . a form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions . 23) what is behavioral activation? (lecture) . 24) what is clientcentered therapy? (447) . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard . a humanist approach, devised by carl rogers, which emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard \n . 25) be able to describe the scientistpractitioner gap. what is meant by empirically supported treatments? (452453 and lecture) . 26) review the “when therapy helps” section in your textbook. what types of therapies have the most empirical support? (454455) . cognitive therapy’s greatest success has been in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression . . 27) be able to list and describe the risks associated with psychotherapy. (458459) . the use of empirically unsupported, potentially dangerous techniques . inappropriate or coercive influences, which can create new problems for the client . prejudice or cultural ignorance on the part of the therapist . sexual intimacies or other unethical behavior on the part of the therapist . . 28) be able to list and explain the suggestions the book provides for being a smart consumer of psychological treatments. (461) ",
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9a3c96ea9304c72d935cf04927f73641 | give an example for each type of intermolecular force. (a) dipole-dipole interaction, (b) dipoleinduced dipole interaction, (c) ion-dipole interaction, (d) dispersion forces, (e) van der waals forces | give an example for each type of intermolecular force. (a) | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "islamic education in african societies to leave would be to capitulate (during the colonialism period); others called for hijra; others interpreted it as the beginning of the end focus on inner path—mysticism adaptibility nothing is fixed; not static even institutions changed over time; islamic schools were never static (even in precolonial times) o oral tradition—what gets passed down is modified and cast in a way that reflects current circumstances variety of strategies (e.g. mneumonic devices) o translations into vernacular languages o continual change after colonialism (response to secularism) bronner and umar foucault (french philosopher) o transmission of knowledge is decided by those in power (who receives knowledge) o dissemination of knowledge parallels with socioeconomic order o different types/levels of knowledge episteme: most broadly based; dominant way of knowing; a worldview, but not characterized by content, but by a way of producing and acquiring knowledge; implicit; set of norms that unite discursive practices; inescapable shift from traditional to modern system during the colonial period o pivoting from an esoteric (restricted, secretive) episteme to a “rationalistic”/democratic (open, bureaucratized) educational system structure becomes regularized or open, does not hinge on personal relationships anymore o esoteric: more hierarchical; through initiation to transform its possessor (holistic transformation) o rationalistic: available to everyone; marginalizes emotion, religion, and mysticism; quran still accepted, but in regards of knowledge, it is openly accessible; intellectual development not guided by spiritual development education separate from religious education traditional system (precolonial system) quran school (chuo) o singleteachers (typically in their homes) \n students go to live with them to read and learn the quran o “primary school” (graduate when fully learn quran) o focuses on memorizing o memorize without comprehension o night of the quran o link between memorization and devotion (piety) most profound act (for children); form of respect o cultivating a respect for the learned men and women o bila kayf: without questioning (why/how) god is not idol speculation o teacher possesses baraka (spiritual power) teaching is an act of piety majlis (‘ilm school) o second phase; leaving quran school to go to another teacher(s) o islamic disciplines based off individual texts usually begins with tafsir (textual interpretation/translation; learning the meaning of the quran) madrasa secular subjects taught along with religious subjects differences: o critical for power and influence; critical for national development o taught in accordance with the “rationalism”/democratic pedagogy o primary and secondary education systems o as education is opened, opportunities for females to attend schools increases night classes for married women colonial and postcolonial periods o waqfs: benevolent societies o allowed to teach muslim subjects if also taught secular subjects still felt marginalized o private muslim schools funded by waqf funds inferior to the muslimchristian schools o madrasas funded by mosques o expected to meet requirements; subsidies from government if met curriculum 1990s onward o many funded by external donors o influx of privatized schools result of economic changes disinvestment of public services, so they looked for foreign donors \n islamic education in african societies to leave would be to capitulate (during the colonialism period); others called for hijra; others interpreted it as the beginning of the end focus on inner path—mysticism adaptibility nothing is fixed; not static even institutions changed over time; islamic schools were never static (even in precolonial times) o oral tradition—what gets passed down is modified and cast in a way that reflects current circumstances variety of strategies (e.g. mneumonic devices) o translations into vernacular languages o continual change after colonialism (response to secularism) bronner and umar foucault (french philosopher) o transmission of knowledge is decided by those in power (who receives knowledge) o dissemination of knowledge parallels with socioeconomic order o different types/levels of knowledge episteme: most broadly based; dominant way of knowing; a worldview, but not characterized by content, but by a way of producing and acquiring knowledge; implicit; set of norms that unite discursive practices; inescapable shift from traditional to modern system during the colonial period o pivoting from an esoteric (restricted, secretive) episteme to a “rationalistic”/democratic (open, bureaucratized) educational system structure becomes regularized or open, does not hinge on personal relationships anymore o esoteric: more hierarchical; through initiation to transform its possessor (holistic transformation) o rationalistic: available to everyone; marginalizes emotion, religion, and mysticism; quran still accepted, but in regards of knowledge, it is openly accessible; intellectual development not guided by spiritual development education separate from religious education traditional system (precolonial system) quran school (chuo) o singleteachers (typically in their homes) \n students go to live with them to read and learn the quran o “primary school” (graduate when fully learn quran) o focuses on memorizing o memorize without comprehension o night of the quran o link between memorization and devotion (piety) most profound act (for children); form of respect o cultivating a respect for the learned men and women o bila kayf: without questioning (why/how) god is not idol speculation o teacher possesses baraka (spiritual power) teaching is an act of piety majlis (‘ilm school) o second phase; leaving quran school to go to another teacher(s) o islamic disciplines based off individual texts usually begins with tafsir (textual interpretation/translation; learning the meaning of the quran) madrasa secular subjects taught along with religious subjects differences: o critical for power and influence; critical for national development o taught in accordance with the “rationalism”/democratic pedagogy o primary and secondary education systems o as education is opened, opportunities for females to attend schools increases night classes for married women colonial and postcolonial periods o waqfs: benevolent societies o allowed to teach muslim subjects if also taught secular subjects still felt marginalized o private muslim schools funded by waqf funds inferior to the muslimchristian schools o madrasas funded by mosques o expected to meet requirements; subsidies from government if met curriculum 1990s onward o many funded by external donors o influx of privatized schools result of economic changes disinvestment of public services, so they looked for foreign donors",
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556ad1913a8c2f5a9135fdd15a0ddcf7 | a. given the plant shown in figure p12.1, what relationship exists between b1 and b2 to make the system uncontrollable? b. what values of b2 will make the system uncontrollable if b1 = 1? [section: 12.3] | a. given the plant shown in figure p12.1, what | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 1 later adolescence and family tasks lecture notes 3/25/16 later adolescence (1824) focus on identity and individuation: dominant anxiety of later adolescence is identity work identity triangle (again): need to establish a working model of ourselves in order to be an adult occupation o career decision making process—career decision making is a drawn out process that is based on information and experiences interacting with one another. interaction between education, collecting information, and having experiences. experience is a big part of career decision making. you can’t decide one day on the spot, you need the experience and exposure to information on different careers. career decision making takes time. only 20% of college graduates are working in the fields related to their major 10 years after graduating. this suggests that we should encourage people to be educated and have experiences and then make decisions about their career path instead putting so much emphasis on career decision in college. lifestyle values psychosocial crisis: identity versus identity confusion as you move into your 20’s, you work on a more mature identity. identity confusion: to launch yourself into adulthood, you have to have a fairly mature identity. the absence of that identity manifests in confusion about who you are. manifestations of identity confusion? what is an anxious identity? o they don’t commit to any working models. can’t settle on values, lifestyle, and a career they are seekers without a path. there comes a point in time when we are expected to achieve a place of comfort with our identity so we can make choices and decisions. if this doesn’t happen, you are perpetually in an adolescence stage of life. anxiety and identity foreclosure o there is anxiety to make these decisions and to commit to a working model of yourself. this can result in foreclosing: some people prematurely shut down working on their identity and make decisions prematurely about their identity in an effort to protect themselves from this ongoing anxiety. these people have huge regrets when they get older because their identity choices don’t bring them joy. they don’t feel like they are growing over time, they feel more stifled. ex. people who hate their job. they didn’t take the time to gather information and have the experience to make a decision of what career they want. they feel locked in and become bitter and angry. central process: role experimentation \n hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 2 in order to have an identity, you need to experiment with different identities and spend time collecting information. experimentation involves experiencing yourself in different situations, environments, doing things with different people and different places. according to erikson, in order for this experimentation to take place, you should have a psychosocial moratorium. for youth, there should be a moratorium period on psychosocial development. instead of pressuring people more to work on these anxiety provoking issues, they should back off and pressure less and provide youth with a period of time where they are free to experiment without excessive pressures and anxieties to make decisions. it should be a period of time when you are given permission to play and experiment. ex. letting your child take a year off from college to volunteer in a different country. ex. going abroad or taking a gap year. individuation (from both peers and family) adolescence must establish a sense of individuation from both their peers and families. young people are moving towards a place where they act with greater authority over their lives, where they act with a greater sense of autonomy, and are able to self regulate. reflected in young people becoming increasingly better at taking responsibility for their life, taking responsibility for their care, and acting in an age appropriate autonomous way. reducing your dependence on parents and peers. moving towards becoming financially less dependent on others. ex. if parents have financial control on you, you feel less individuation because they have that power over you with decision making for example. indicators of individuation –balancing autonomy and connection in ageappropriate ways reworking patterns of “dependencies” financial dependencies: parents pay for many things, which makes them have more power over their adolescent child functional dependencies: ability to manage your day to day care. manage your bills, take car of your car, do things instead of having parents to it for you. emotional dependencies: when we are, we give other people power over us because we attribute too much significance to their approval or disapproval of us. the power we give to other people with their approval or disapproval of us. as you grow older, this should be decreased. it is critical for adolescence as they move into their 20s to become more and more individuated. be less functionally, financially, and emotionally dependent on others. individuation can be conceived of as both a requirement for identity development and an outcome of identity development! . individuation from peers as a foundation for “individual identity.” o as you individuate from your peers, you are way more likely to experiment and act on what is important you you rather than succumb to peer pressure \n hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 3 individuation from family as a foundation for “individual identity.” o as you individuate from your parents, their approval and disapproval matters less and they have less control over you in that aspect o they exercise less control over your life individual identity as a foundation for individuation from peers individual identity as a foundation for individuation from family family tasks for the family with adolescents system needs to provide “support” for identity and individuation reworking boundaries: the primary task for a family with adolescents is the reworking of boundaries. parents have to have less involvement with your life and provide greater autonomy and independence. renegotiating patterns of authority: a subtask. have to trust that their child will make their own decisions. when children are young, it is reasonable for parents to expect they will do what they are told. as children merge and go towards adulthood, parents don’t really have a right to tell them what to do. they can make suggestions, but they have to give up exercising excessive authority and trust they will take control over their own life. note on parent/adolescent conflict as related to the reworking of boundaries the job of adolescence is to push for autonomy. parents say “give me proof that you can be trusted to act with high autonomy and i will give you control over your life.” this creates conflict. the conflict isn’t because they have different values, it is because one is pushing for autonomy and one is pushing for evidence of autonomy. this conflict is necessary to rework that balance. individuation enhancing: give them the opportunity to earn authority over their lives and experience themselves as autonomous. note on parent/ adolescent conflict as related to the renegotiation of patterns of authority power legitimacy continuum – distinctions between authority and oppression: conflict in the adolescence years revolve around whether kids accept the parents’ authority over them as legitimate. parents have to be authorities and also constantly provide opportunities for the kids to experience individuation. if kids feel oppressed, they will not view the parent as legitimate. o legitimate expressions of parental power youth view parents as having this legitimate authority \n hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 4 leads to the experience of intimacy: the key to intimacy is all around authority and autonomy dynamic. it is based around kids experiencing the parents’ control over them as being legitimate. o nonlegitimate expressions of parental power youth feel unfairly dominated and control leads to an escalation of conflict erodes foundation of intimacy sabatelli, ronald. “later adolescence and family tasks.” hdfs 1070. university of connecticut, storrs. 25 march 2016. lecture. \n hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 5 what is necessary for parents to be willing to renegotiate boundaries and patterns of authority? it is necessary for youth to push for greater autonomy and authority parents require “evidence” of responsibility the authorityresponsibility dance! note on the lies that adolescents tell! research shows that all adolescents lie. they lie because it is a way of bypassing the conflict that occurs around the dynamic between authority and responsibility. this is a way of an adolescent to claim authority without going through the conflict. why do some parents need to be “pushed” to rework boundaries and patterns of authority? what do they have to be anxious about? parents don’t give up authority easily because they are anxious about giving their children control and authority. when you give adolescents authority, there is a lot to be concerned about such as drunk driving. when they go off to college, the parents have no way of knowing if you are going to class and have no access to your grades unless you share them. the task for parents is to demonstrate individuation enhancing patterns: no different than the toddler years patters. genuine concern individuation enhancing patterns: parents need remain present but not intrusive in an age appropriate way. don’t tell you what you should do or force you to do things. empathically responsive to the tensions experienced by youth (requires decentering and the ability to selfsooth). important for parents to be empathically responsive to the tensions of their age appropriate stress. parents need to monitor their use of “should”. “should” creates tension between the parent and child. individuation inhibiting patterns: more anxiety than less anxiety expelling: parents are telling you you are on your own. communicates that you don’t matter and have no support. amplifies pressure to find out identity issues. binding: parents don’t let go. the child never experiences competency and autonomy. prevent them from developing skills and resources for being autonomous. delegating: the parents encourage their kids to follow a certain path to enhance the parent’s identity. the parents are vicariously living through and deriving an identity from the kid’s emerging identity. this robs kids of the opportunity of exploration and \n hdfs 1070 lecture notes 3/25, page 6 experience. you see this more where kids early on are identified as being special in some ways; when the kid has a gift for the violin and the parents keep telling him or her they have to do this as a career. the kid is not given an opportunity to explore and experience other things. \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 1 adolescence 3/23/16 lecture notes adolescence as a stage in life built upon epigenetic assumptions what happens in the earlier stages of development serves as a foundation for development and each stage has very specific stage tasks that serve as a foundation for further development. define adolescence transitional stage after childhood and before adulthood. it is critical for individuals to be able to form a coherent identity because that coherent identity serves as a platform for the early adult years. individuals need a comfortable identity to succeed as a young adult and on. early versus later adolescence early (13–18) later (19–25 & rising) why two stages instead of one? because adolescence now takes longer for people, which elongates the full entry into adult status why is it taking longer? requirements for adulthood are more complex o have to have more job skills, more maturity, have to make more money, have to live more independently than ever before economic factors (interact with one another): o inflation: assimilate those pressures into your daily life. pay more for food than ever before, pay more for fuel, housing, medical costs. everything is at a much higher rate. education has risen. this puts people in a downward economic spiral. o economic downward mobility: we are the first cohort to experience this. the cohorts before us experienced upward mobility (meaning you would exceed your parents’ standard of living). likelihood of achieving your parents’ standard of living and succeeding your parents’ standard of living is low today. pressures in adolescence – revolve around identity development identity: a work in process which revolves around 3 different factors: the identity triangle: continuous tension throughout the adolescence years. continuously required to take a stand for these values. this pressure comes from everywhere and everyone. life style \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 2 occupation ideology identity development process in early adolescence the tensions revolve more around lifestyle and ideology than around occupation crisis becomes, then, one of: group identities vs alienation you continuously deal with everyone but more so deal with your parents pressuring you to figure out those 3 factors (lifestyle, occupation, ideology). you are also pressured to go along with peers. we become less egocentric in our adolescence years. cognitive egocentrism: we become more capable of understanding other people’s points of view. becoming more capable of understanding the norms for conformity—when a young child thinks about his life in an egocentric way (noncognitive egocentric), he or she doesn’t reflect about what other people think about him or her and is unaware of conformity. as they become less egocentric, they become more aware of conformity pressures, social expectations and demands, which makes them more vulnerable to societal pressures and peer pressure. peer pressure (group identities vs. alienation): we define ourselves by the groups we are connected to and also define ourselves to the groups we are alienated from. there is a dynamic tension between these 2 forces which helps us develop our lifestyle, values, and career. ex. tension between a group of students who strive to do their best in school and students who blow all their work off and skip class. these early working models provide a foundation for a more mature working model that will eventually find our identity. o group identities: pressure to develop your identities within a group. align ourselves with certain groups based on their values and ideologies. exists on a continuum: the degree by which you can achieve your goals in a certain peer group. the peer groups that we fit into and get along with are people who reduce our anxiety. (who we are) o alienation: powerful component of the identity development process. it is a negative form of involvement with groups. don’t subscribe to the norms, goals, expectations of that group. in opposition to what the group stands for. makes a stand about who we are. alienated from the groups that make us most anxious. (who we are not) central process of early adolescence: peer pressure peer pressure compels us to consider how and to what degree we are connected to or alienated from various social systems \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 3 alienation is reflected in the degree to which one feels that one can achieve their goals by participation in various social systems. exists on a continuum involves reactions that we have to various social systems \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 4 attitudinal manifestations of degrees of alienation: normlessness: don’t subscribe to their norms, they have no meaning for us meaninglessness: what provides them with a sense of meaningness has no meaning to us powerlessness social isolation purposelessness: alienation becomes a problem if you wind up with no group to fit into. ultimately those who are completely alienated from the peer world, their families, their teachers: they feel a profound sense of normlessness, meaninglessness, powerlessness, and isolation. reactive systems: one may be more or less alienated from these groups. the systems that you connect with are just as important because they provide you with information that you use to form your identity which you use as a platform to serve for your adult years. a red flag comes up when kids are alienated from multiple system and the only group that they wind up fitting with is equally alienated from others. when you run into kids in early adolescence years like this, they are scary because they feel no purpose or meaning. they endorse a point of view where the values of society are insignificant. they also might have sociopathic tendencies. types of reactive systems are: family school systems/teachers peers community/neighborhoods note – for each individual there could be other systems of influence that he or she reacts to o church o employers early identity, thus is grounded in: we define ourselves through our positive connections to others we define ourselves in reaction to the systems we feel alienated from these define our values, lifestyle choices, help to shape our career objectives \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 5 kids who are really at risk are the ones who are alienated from multiple systems. the more you are alienated from different systems, the more isolated and alone you are. this is not a comfortable place for young people, so alienated children find others that are just as equally alienated. their group belief becomes: everyone is a jerk, stupid, and there is no meaning in what other people value. kids like this become more reactive and are more likely to go down the destructive path and organize their identity to be antisocial, non subscribing to morality and ethics, and more likely to form a collective distain to others. this could lead to maladaptive and deconstructive ways. these behaviors are reflective of their formed identity. “hypothesis: the more one is alienated from family, school, and neighborhood systems (who are extensions of parental authority) the more the connections to peers become important. hypothesis: the more one is alienated from family, school, and neighborhood systems, the more likely one will find a group to connect with that is also alienated from these systems. hypothesis: peer groups that share high degrees of collective alienation from family, school and neighborhood systems are likely, also, to be alienated from other peer systems. hypothesis: the more identity is based on reactive alienation from family, school, neighborhood and peer systems, the greater the likelihood that one is likely to engage in maladaptive modes of adaptation – the more likely, in other words, one’s identity is likely to lead them to act in maladaptive ways.” (sabatelli) modes of adaptation to alienation: compelling question here is what does a person do when he or she is negatively involved with a broad array of social systems – to put it another way, what does a person do when he or she believes that these broader systems serve as an obstacle to personal development? when we are alienated there are different ways to adapt to alienation: pay attention to the definitions, not the words! rebellion – what they do is they attempt to change the systems to find a better fit between them and those they are alienated from. they try to change the goals of others in groups they are alienated from in order to have a better fit. ex. if an outcast because don’t do drugs (think they are evil) and everyone else does, go out and preach to others about the dangers of drugs and alcohol. alienation makes them anxious and they respond in a way to get others to conform to their view. self estrangement –you accept the alienation as a defining feature of yourself, become okay with not fitting in. it takes a long time for \n 3/23/16 lecture notes, page 6 people to become comfortable with their alienation because it is painful and uncomfortable. not critical or angry at others, just on own path and know that he or she doesn’t fit well with other groups. conformity – you change yourself to better fit with the broader system. even though its not really you, you do it to fit in. these pressures overcome/overwhelm your own values. oftentimes an individual will experience helplessness because they can’t be themselves. when you see certain adolescences that are depressed, a working hypothesis is to encourage a therapist to find out if they are caught up in the cycle of conforming to fit in when the they don’t really see it as who they are. ex. even though you don’t think getting high is a good thing to do, you do it anyway to fit in and matter to others. retreat – abandon any hope of connection to broader systems; they just retreat. there is no point in being a part of anything, no hope and no connection. retreat into a world of relationships where they all share a disregard for values and attitudes of broader systems. engage in 1 or 2 predominant destructive ways of retreating: selfdestructive retreats – derive one’s identity from committing to behaviors and beliefs that others find objectionable but are at the same time quite harmful to the self. results in them being identified as a problem and having difficulties with authority. ex. drinking heavily, don’t go to school, always giving the finger to others otherdestructive retreats –get angry and commit to the destruction of other systems. ex. habitually vandalizing things, feel it is okay to harm others, disregard laws and moral codes of conduct, and act out in anger to others they are alienated from. all of us experience some degree of alienation. in the mode of responding to alienation, we are defining our identity and moving forward in a way that results in us to be connected to society with unique values and beliefs and aspirations. super alienated people never reach that and experience a lot of dysfunction. sabatelli, ronald. “early adolescence and alienation.” hdfs 1070. university of connecticut, storrs. 23 march 2016. lecture.",
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3540f577357e059362ec1271f9a5c11a | in exercises 91102, use an inverse matrix to solve (if possible) the system of linear equations. 3x 10y
5x 17y
8
13
| solved: in exercises 91102, use an inverse matrix to solve (if possible) the system of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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dcdce1b10205bf45c5d7d061f3ac7990 | in exercises 69 and 70, the sums have been evaluated. solve the given system for and to find the least squares regression parabola for the points. use a graphing utility to confirm the result. 4c
40c
40b
40a
544a
19
12
160
x | in exercises 69 and 70, the sums have been evaluated. | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. ib701381 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 1 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the purpose of this week’s assignment was to review and evaluate the challenges that face marketers and company owners when pursuing a global business strategy. for an international marketer, the discussion no longer involves local products, one environment, and local marketing. it also must now include a global marketing strategies, international consumers, and a broad range of stakeholders. an international marketer must no longer focus on a particular type of client or customer, but open up a broad marketing strategy to influence a broad range of stakeholders. companies can significantly increase their sales by taking their product internationally, but they must take into consideration a number of factors. the specific factors for discussion are as follows: 1) the global market forces and the marketers need to adjust to a changing environment, 2) analyze and evaluate how market forces and marketers are the critical catalysts between individuals, businesses, and society, and 3) assess how general electric (ge) leveraged its leadership in environmental business areas to seek new ideas and communicate its international marketing strategy, and provide critical analysis on whether this approach is effective in the international environment. global market forces and marketers need to adjust to take a products or company from a local market to a worldwide entity, marketers will need to make a number of adjustments to ensure success. the marketers must now now only look at what affects the product locally, but take into consideration the culture and changing environment the global audience requires. if the culture and environment of the area is not taken into consideration, there can be significant impact to a company. some may not think that these particular concepts are significant matters, but without understanding them, they can certainly \n 3 hurt a company’s bottom line. an example where the local environment wasn’t taken into consideration as much as it should have been coke’s most recent snafu. as coke serves as a global product, one of the major marketing challenges they encounter daily is ensuring that that they do not become offensive to a culture or society. coke released its product into germany with an ad that celebrated 75 years’ prior as a wonderful time and place to grow up as a kid. the idea behind this concept was to celebrate the incorporation of new flavors and the fanta product, but the marketing side did not take into account what happened in germany 75 years prior when they released the campaign. while it may have been a great time period for fanta and coke, the coke marketers certainly did not take into consideration the period of the war and the horror of this period (times of israel staff, 2015). while people in countries that were not affected by the war may not be as offended, the jewish population as well as the german population took the ad to heart. the concept of marketing this product in such a way to germany certainly offended a large enough part of the population that it became international news. while this may be an incident that coke can survive with a minor drawback in sales, a smaller company could be put out of business. reid (2015) discussed several different types of marketing strategies. those strategies include the following: 1) follower marketing, 2) leader marketing, 3) niche marketing, and 4) challenger marketing. each strategy is effective in its own right within the multinational environment. follower strategies are those that fall under the concept of utilizing known, well developed, and tested strategies. on the other hand, leader marketing pushes the envelope and aggressively attacks a market based upon an unknown. microsoft is identified as a leader in this area of marketing. the third strategy is niche strategy. a marketer can position a company to \n 4 impact a very small, very specific, niche market. if this marketer identifies small segment of a given population, and directly markets to it, the rewards can be significant. shafie, sitinabiha, and cheng ling (2014) also discussed how technology is the driving factor behind globalization. a company that could originally base its sales and profits on local competition are now finding themselves with a much higher level of competition. now companies must stay competitive and also must be aware of what not only local companies are selling, but online and international businesses are well. marketers must incorporate best practices and innovative product lines in order to stay competitive. market forces, marketers, and the critical catalysts stojanovic and meulen (2012) bring to light the impact of creating a global brand which is much more cost effective when comparing it to the alternative brand development with local implementation. within their article, the authors discuss the variations of the strategies. if a company develops an overall brand that is attractive to the masses, it needs to take a broad marketing path. while this is noted as the most cost effective strategy, it may not take into account the needs of subgroups within the masses. the authors bring up marketing certain drugs such as lipitor and viagra as key examples. while in the u.s. the marketing strategy could be extremely descriptive when discussing the product and it’s uses and this would be acceptable. if that same marketing strategy was used in a country like saudi arabia the level of offense they would most likely cause would be significant. in order to avoid marketing issues, product marketing would need to be very broad in scope and conservative in nature. in order to sell the product effectively, marketers need to become the catalyst between the company and the consumer by analyzing each aspect and taking the appropriate action. marketers also serve as catalysts in other areas. one of the areas brought to light during \n 5 this study is selling to rural communities. rural communities are hard to reach areas that are usually different than those that are located within the surrounding cities. companies must use marketing agents to develop a strategy to best service each area. this could fall into the arena of marketing to a niche market, depending on how different the urban and rural communities are from each other. executives and ceos have been known to send their marketing personal into a location, requiring them to live in that area to learn about climate, culture, and socioeconomic conditions (douglas & craig, 2011). by understanding the niche population, marketers can serve as the catalysts between individuals, businesses, and society and the market. general electric’s leadership general electric (ge) leveraged its leadership in environmental business areas to seek new ideas and communicate its international marketing strategy by launching an ecomagination challenge. this challenge was issued worldwide and utilized to solicit the best ideas for sustainable methods to upgrade grid power generation. this overall strategy was genius on the part of ge. the company not only sent out their vision, but acquired buyin from countries around the world with their competition. by doing so, ge received 4,000 proposals from 150 countries around the world. essentially the company outsourced it’s engineering, design, and development to countries worldwide. this allowed each country to develop their own ideas on how to create the best system for each location. while ge did not have to pay out to design a new system, they certainly benefited from designers around the world. they were also to evaluate the best possible systems for specific types of areas. an example of this is coastal versus intercostal region power grid design. the power grid design is different in each area due to to the basic geography and topography of each area. after analyzing the propels submitted from each area, ge selected and awarded contracts based on those proposals (czinkota & \n 6 ronkainen, 2013). ge has an extremely successful strategy that certainly should be a benchmark for international businesses around the world. conclusion the purpose of this week’s assignment was to review and evaluate the challenges that face marketers and company owners when pursuing a global business strategy. for an international marketer, the discussion no longer involves local products, one environment, and local marketing. it also must now include a global marketing strategies, international consumers, and a broad range of stakeholders. an international marketer must no longer focus on a particular type of client or customer, but open up a broad marketing strategy to influence a broad range of stakeholders. companies can significantly increase their sales by taking their product internationally, but they must take into consideration a number of factors. the specific factors for discussion are as follows: 1) the global market forces and the marketers need to adjust to a changing environment, 2) analyze and evaluate how market forces and marketers are the critical catalysts between individuals, businesses, and society, and 3) assess how general electric (ge) leveraged its leadership in environmental business areas to seek new ideas and communicate its international marketing strategy, and provide critical analysis on whether this approach is effective in the international environment. \n 7 references czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013) international marketing. mason: southwestern douglas, s. p., & craig, c. s. (2011). convergence and divergence: developing a semiglobal marketing strategy. journal of international marketing, 19(1), 82101. doi:10.1509/jimk.19.1.82 reid, s. (2015). a critique on the multinational marketing strategies. scholedge international journal of business policy & governance, 2(3), 15. retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11905075/a\\_critique\\_on the\\_multinational\\_marketing\\_strategies shafie, s. b., sitinabiha, a. k., & cheng ling, t. (2014). organizational culture, transformational leadership and product innovation: a conceptual review. international journal of organizational innovation, 73043. retrieved from http://www.ijoionline.org stojanovic, a. & meulen, (2012). if you launch it, they will come: bridging global and local marketing to extract the greatest value from that rare product launch. journal of brand strategy, 1(1), 1524. retrieved from http://www.henry stewartpublications.com/jbs times of israel staff, (2015). fanta ad ‘forgets’ germany’s nazi past. retrieved from http://www.timesofisrael.com/fantaadforgetsgermanysnazipast/ ",
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c1ded9fd971d19edd4a299cfa00d63d1 | ?problem 35p
the clausius-clapeyron below relation is a differential equation that can, in principle, be solved to find the shape of the entire phase-boundary curve. to solve it, however, you have to know how both l and ?v depend on temperature and pressure. often, over a reasonably small section of the curve, you can take l to be constant. moreover, if one of the phases is a gas, you can usually neglect the volume of the condensed phase and just take ?v to be the volume of the gas, expressed in terms of temperature and pressure using the ideal gas law. making all these assumptions, solve the differential equation explicitly to obtain the following formula for the phase boundary curve:
p = (constant) × e–l/rt,
this result is called the vapour pressure equation. caution: be sure to use this formula only when all the assumptions just listed are valid.
relation: | the clausius-clapeyron below relation is a differential | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.31 | [
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"text": " northcentral university assignment cover sheet student: this form must be completely filled in follow these procedures: if requested by your instructor, please include an assignment cover sheet. this will become the first page of your assignment. in addition, your assignment header should include your last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number. this should be left justified, with the page number right justified. for example: save a copy of your assignments: you may need to resubmit an assignment at your instructor’s request. make sure you save your files in accessible location. academic integrity: all work submitted in each course must be your own original work. this includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by your instructor. knowingly submitting another person’s work as your own, without properly citing the source of the work, is considered plagiarism. this will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course. it may also result in academic dismissal from the university. jtb70138 gisela salas, phd global marketing environment assignment 8 faculty use only <faculty comments here> <faculty name> \n 2 introduction the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility bridging the gap to bridge the gap between an american mnc working in china, and local chinese companies, a number of factors must be taken into consideration. american companies need to be aware of how the chinese conduct business. one of the main considerations will be the chinese and their relationship building process. in business, the chinese focus on building long term business and personal relationships. they often will contact an individual they know from \n 3 their current business dealings that have an established relationship that has an existing relationship with and bring all parties together. if a trusted company and personnel conduct business with the potential new company this establishes a report as the current business partner vouches for new business in the relationship. this may be difficult avenue for new vendors to establish themselves within until other relationships have been built. as the chinese people and partners become more comfortable with the individuals in their friendships and partnerships, communications become much more direct, allowing the gap between cultures to be bridged. (park, levine, weber, lee, terra, botero, & wilson, 2012). the chinese businessmen and women focus on utilizing high context communication styles and relationships. the high context communication style is a very passive form of communication, offering a bit of interpretation and translation into any conversation. this form of communication leaves a significant area open to guessing and assuming while reading between the lines. while the chinese may operate on one side of the spectrum, american’s fall on the other side of the spectrum. americans, in general, are very pointed and direct in their business dealings and require very little context to develop an understanding of what the desires and wants of the company. while low context language is a characteristic of american communication styles, and high context language is representative of the chinese business practices. high context language requires a significant amount of body language and interpretation of symbolic gestures while low context requires very little interpretation (zhu, 2009). an american company desiring to move into the chinese marketplace must recognize the differences between the cultures and study the specific nuances between them. in addition, a \n 4 strong entry method for an american company moving into the chinese marketplace is to form a partnership with a local company. as the u.s company partners with a local corporation, the company begins to build rapport. building rapport in this fashion would significantly benefit an american company. another area that could be a problem for an american company is the use of children for labor. the estimated total of child laborers being utilized as recently as 2011, is between 2 and 3.5 million children. this includes the number of children forced into labor not only by employers but parents as well. this is a significant issue and is now becoming more prevalent due to the increased media coverage (minli & jun sung, 2011). while american’s and a significant portion of the world see utilizing child labor as a significant issue, the chinese tend to have a different mindset. in some cases, parents in a chinese household may be necessary for children to work to help the family keep from starving. in some families this is the only way the family can survive. to bridge this gap, the u.s. company must find an appropriate strategy to conduct business without offending the chinese. leadership a man that exuded leadership and a mentor to my own work is steve jobs. apple is one of the most successful global companies in existence due to his perseverance and insightfulness. his character consisted of many qualities that were not appreciated by many, but his level of success was extraordinary. he was a harsh man, driven, and had very little time for other peoples’ opinions. although, what he did have was a creative side that allowed him to focus upon and blend art, creativeness, and technology. his instruction was very clear and his focus and intention shared with his employees. jobs was also known for following a path in life and business that were unique. conforming to a standard other than his own was not part of his plan \n 5 (cusumano, 2011). as on of the most controversial leaders and ceos within the current history, a researcher could debate as to the effectiveness of job’s leadership. one could assume that his leadership style as unbending and direct as it was potentially lost business for apple, but his creativity and level of vision could be debated as the reasons why apple was so successful in the first place (hurleyhanson & giannantonio, 2013). cultural differences marketers have an increasingly difficult position as they are responsible for not only getting the product out to market but the nuances of the people in the country the product is being marketed within. while it may seem obvious that understanding cultural differences are second nature to a marketer, they are not necessarily so. american marketers, as most american’s in general, have an opinion that other cultures should bend to the will of the american. other cultures do not appear to be as forward with the same opinion. in many cases, while traveling abroad, other cultures have a tendency to shy away from americans as we are viewed as unbending, too direct, and often times brash and offensive. while cultural differences should be considered second nature and reflexive, a majority of the time they are not. the statement “all too often cultures are insufficiently studied or wrongly interpreted by newly entering outsiders” is true. many marketers focus on certain aspects of a culture and then begin to apply the aspect to all others within that culture. the term used for this concept is stereotyping. while culture is generally analyzed and evaluated at a societal or national level, the culture needs to be analyzed at the regional, organizational, and individual level to effectively uncover smaller cultures within a culture (samaha, beck, & palmatier, 2014). one of the main challenges for any mnc is negotiating deals with people or companies \n 6 within different countries with differing values and beliefs. the challenge while conducting business in a new environment is doing so in a way that will not offend the other culture. with one small slip of the tongue or the perception of the body language being presented, could put an end a deal before it begins. negotiating in a foreign county can be difficult due to the context, high or low, direct or indirect communication, and the underlying meanings of body language. the variations of each of the items noted can be the make or break decision within a deal (payne, 2013). while a negotiator may believe a certain culture will act a certain way, there are no clear cut guidelines. in addition, the rules and the line may become very fuzzy, the negotiator must stay cognizant of the other culture. a personal example to provide a further insight of this existed while serving on active duty as a contracts manager in afghanistan. the rule of taking gifts from a contractor over $25 was not allowed. the guideline was outlined in the regulations and was a policy throughout the department of defense. while the local national afghan contractors knew about the rule; it was their custom to bring gifts to those offering a contact for bid. as the solicitation document was advertised for twentyfoot twalls, an afghan business owner chose to bring a large gift of flowers to me personally as the deputy commander in theater, otherwise known as the war zone. the flowers were freshly picked from the local lands as their dirt caked roots were still attached when presented. the gesture for me was a bit out of the norm as a u.s. citizen, in a position of authority, but this concept was customary to them. the procedure was to make the attempt to politely refuse the gift if it exceeded the $25 threshold. if politely declining didn't work and if the person would be highly offended if the gift was refused, an individual could accost the gift and subsequent spread it amongst the office or turn it into the judge advocate general (jag). after the jag received the gift, a formal report was created and \n 7 placed on file. if the gift was valuable, for instance jewelry or silk rugs, the gift was later sold and the funds distributed back to the office. from the military standpoint, this type of gesture was considered to be an improper gift known as a bribe, while the afghan businessmen may see the offering a purely a custom and polite gesture. another challenge for any mnc entering a foreign market is what actually constitutes a crime. each country has a unique set of rules and laws that make up the justice system. the rules from one country to another can vary from slightly different to completely different in nature. an mnc or even just the individuals working within that company can find the way to a jail sentence rather rapidly if laws are not followed. ignorance and/or not knowing the rules is not an excuse that is acceptable to the lawmakers and enforcers of other countries. it is the individual's responsibility to know and ensure the country's rules are understood prior to traveling and functioning in a given environment. even if all of the specific rules are not understood, a mitigation technique would involve hiring a local to help walk through the customs and courtesies within each individual country. recently after conducting an interview with s. long, (personal communication, december 30, 2015) this concept i found to be true. she was discussing a story of her most recent experiences while working abroad. ms. long and her coworker participated in the doctors without borders and found out the customs were very different while working in saudi arabia. ms. long’s coworker, a british citizen, was unaware of certain laws in saudi arabia. as they traveled to one of their sites, her coworker decided to light a cigarette in the back seat of the taxi. after lighting up, the taxi driver pulled over, grabbed her coworker by the hair and beat her so severely she need an emergency room. even as \n 8 a british citizen, this woman had little to no rights in this country. she was not pulled out for the actual lighting of a cigarette, but rather that she was a woman and lighting the cigarette. ms. long and her coworker put themselves in a hostile situation by not knowing the customs and law in saudi arabia. the laws, no matter how obscene they may seem to the rest of the world, ms. long’s friend could have been killed without any repercussions of the saudi government. according to the saudi government, the taxi driver had every right to discipline a woman that was not conforming to certain standard. now, this may be an extreme example of culture and a country's custom, any incident could cause issues if the rules and laws are not followed nor translated appropriately. child slavery and trafficking are significant issues to contend with while working within china's borders. china is a developing country with and overcrowded population. trafficking, slavery, and child labor will affect those businesses operating in china. a business may come into contact with one or all of these issues while working within the county (payne, 2013) the important part each business owner must know and understand is how to battle each effectively to avoid unethical business dealings. trust in business china and india both have similar cultures in the sense that they are focused on building relationships in business. trust is a significant factor between entities that are conducting business within the chinese culture. not only is the relationship factor a significant attribute of any business wishing to conduct business within china, but reputation is important as well. the chinese release products and conduct business with corporations that are proven in safety as well as reputation. this also relates directly back to developing relationships. the chinese are loyal \n 9 to the products that have developed positive relationships within the marketplace (cayla & arnould, 2008). relationships are also important for the people of india. social structures, networks, and norms are areas that the people of india firmly believe in. the structures and networks are set up over time allowing relationships to be built over a period of many years. this concept allows for a certain level of trust to be maintained. larger nations such as the u.s. are primarily focused upon profit and contracts, and are generally not concerned about other areas outside of profitability (levien, 2015). the family and social element within both india and china support a barrier to entry for outside firms. an outside firm would best function in this type of environment by developing a relationship with a local business and creating a partnership first and foremost. with the partnership, the local company can serve as the face of that partnership, allowing for an outside firm to perform on the backend. this strategy may or may not be effective if the connection between the two companies is identified by the consumers and the consumers do not approve. consumers may see this as a betrayal to the overall system, but on the other hand, the opportunity cost may be worth the risk. global business responsibility one of the questions for this week’s assignment takes a look at milton friedman’s viewpoint towards corporate responsibility in the global business environment. as a researcher, one must ask, who is milton friedman and why do we care? milton friedman, according to wikipedia (2015) was “…an american economist who received the 1976 nobel memorial prize in economic sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.” milton friedman’s contention that the only \n 10 responsibility of a global business is “to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game?” friedman’s theory was that corporate social responsibility went only as far as to make and increase profits (wikipedia, 2015). the question was asked is if i personally agree with this philosophy. the answer to this question is no, not at all. corporations are entities and just as humans, they have responsibility and liabilities. as we can see from the past, companies that were not held accountable and were only in business to make money, did so at a cost to not only other people, but to wildlife and the environment as well. while people that enter into the business world may not consider the responsibilities they need to face if something goes wrong. it’s not a shock to most of the world that most companies would do what they could to not have to be responsible for a potential issue. when it comes to money, greed consistently brings out the worst in people and to defeat this, laws must be put into place to protect land, wildlife, as well as human life. an example of a corporate entity being made to take responsibility, even if saving face is what made the final determination to clean up the mess, was bp. bp’s oil spill in 2010 killed 11 workers, caused injuries to 17 others, created billions in environmental damage, as well as losses to companies in the business of seaside tourism and real estate (winkler, & gordon, 2013). other issues that need to be considered during an oil spill are ties to renewable sources, damage to ecosystems, future economic worries, and safety issues with seafood harvests in oiled areas. in addition, full ecosystems can be lost with the newly polluted water whether the aquatic life rests on the tainted waters or eats the prey living in the ocean that have been tainted (gill, ritchie, picou, langhinrichsenrohling, long, & shenesey, n.d). in addition, businesses closed and weren’t opened. if an area is a tourist attraction is \n 11 affected by an oil spill in the area and business are not able to take in enough income, the doors will close, and many on a permanent basis. once the businesses close, people may have to relocate to find employment or begin a new business, lessening the funds in the community even further. also, those individuals that fish and utilize the sea to provide an income, can also be affected. people that have lived their entire lives providing an income for their families are now faced with dire conditions. the company that had the spill needs to fully compensate individuals for the current and future loss. this issue can become very difficult when attempting to place a figure on the level of damage inflicted. during these types of scenarios, greed can be found on every end. no one wants to give up profit and those with the loss will want to do everything that can be done to acquire every last penny. finding an equitable adjustment for all parties involved is extremely to do as there are now more individuals involved. now, companies have to pay attorney’s fees, surveyors, assessors, judges, and the list goes on. in 2010, there was yet another oil spill that was large enough to make the news. there were eleven crew members of exxon’s deepwater horizon drilling rig killed, and others injured in a significant accidental spill. this large spill affected thousands of fishermen, marine life and organisms, as well as marshes and the lands along the coast of louisiana, mississippi, alabama, and florida. during this spill 4.4 million barrels of oil were discharged, and while exxon was able to clean up a significant portion of the oil, the effects of the spill will be seen for decades to come (griggs, 2011). while bp and exxon were charged with cleaning up the mess they created, there were mandated to pay out current as well as potential future losses as well. the companies were sued by hundreds of people, from employees to family members of employees, to land owners, to \n 12 wildlife associations. the damage that was caused was greater than anyone could have imagined and while that is a significant issue, the fact that the u.s. federal government had to assist the people affected by the spills. the government assisted with ensuring individuals were properly taken care of and housed, fed, and clothed during the time of crisis. the question that needs to be asked was; why are government funds, otherwise known as taxpayer dollars are being utilized to clean up a mess created by an extremely large global organization (mancuso, alemayehu, fox, & fulk, 2014). \n 13 conclusion the changes taking place in the international marketplace are more prevalent than ever. global firms are subject to competition, large supply sources of supply, rapidly changing political, economic, social, technological, and climatic environments. as global firms begin to operate in this large, fast changing environment, the firms must find new and unique ways to bridge the gap between the current environment and the projected environment. multinational corporations (mncs) need to not only to comply with their home country’s laws but the laws within the newly selected operational area. within the confines of an mnc, the company’s leadership is responsible for finding ways to operate around the globe. examples that will be discussed are those that include american versus chinese cultures and the leadership operating within another country’s constraints. in addition to working within constraints of various cultures, leadership and managers’ must take cultural differences into consideration and plan appropriately. by planning for the differences between the cultures, successful business operations can be conducted. this week’s assignment will discuss the following: (a) bridging the gap, (b) leadership, (c) cultural differences, (d) trust in business, and (e) global business responsibility \n 14 references cayla, j., & arnould, e. j. (2008). a cultural approach to branding in the global marketplace. journal of international marketing, 16(4), 86112. doi:10.1509/jimk.16.4.86 cusumano, m. a. (2011). the legacy of steve jobs. communications of the acm, 54(12), 26 28. doi:10.1145/2043174.2043184 czinkota, m. r., & ronkainen, i. a. (2013). international marketing. mason: southwestern gill, d., ritchie, l., picou, j., langhinrichsenrohling, j., long, m., & shenesey, j. (n.d). the exxon and bp oil spills: a comparison of psychosocial impacts. natural hazards, 74(3), 19111932. griggs, j. w. (2011). bp gulf of mexico oil spill. spill. energy law journal, 32(1), 5779 hurleyhanson, a. e., & giannantonio, c. m. (2013). staying hungry, staying foolish: academic reflections on the life and career of steve jobs. journal of business & management, 19(1), 79 levien, m. (2015). social capital as obstacle to development: brokering land, norms, and trust in rural india. world development, 747792. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.012 mancuso, l. c., alemayehu, b., fox, m. a., & fulk, h. k. (2014). covered in oil—again. entrepreneurial executive, 191934. milton friedman. (2015). in wikipedia. retrieved january 1, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/milton\\_friedman minli, l., & jun sung, h. (2011). child labor in the people’s republic of china: an ecological systems analysis. international social work, 54(4), 565. doi:10.1177/0020872810382804 park, h. s., levine, t. r., weber, r., lee, h. e., terra, l. i., botero, i. c., & wilson, m. s. (2012). individual and cultural variations in direct communication style. international journal of intercultural relations, 36179187. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.010 payne, r. j. (2013). global issues. new jersey: pearson education, inc. samaha, s. a., beck, j. t., & palmatier, r. w. (2014). the role of culture in international relationship marketing. journal of marketing, 78(5), 7898. doi:10.1509/jm.13.0185 winkler, d. t., & gordon, b. l. (2013). the effect of the bp oil spill on volume and selling prices of oceanfront condominiums. land economics, 89(4), 614631 \n 15 zhu, y. (2009). managing business relationships in new zealand and china: a semantic perspective. management international review, 49(2), 225248. retrieved from http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575 personal interview. sarah long (2015) ",
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857f0c268486bce423344071e51227ba | a carpet is to be installed in a room of length 9.72 m and width 5.3 m. find the area of the room retaining the proper number of significant figures. | a carpet is to be installed in a room of length 9.72 m and | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " chapter 1: human inquiry and science o page 3 looking for reality much of what we know, we know by agreement rather than by experience. scientists have certain criteria that must be met before they’ll accept the reality of something they haven’t personally experienced. in general, an assertion must have both logical and empirical support: it must make sense, and it must not contradict actual observation. scientists accept an agreement reality: those things we “know” as part of the culture we share with those around us. epistemology is the science of knowing: methodology (a subfield of epistemology) might be called the science of finding out. epistemology: the science of knowing: systems of knowledge methodology: the science of finding out; procedures for scientific investigation. inquiry is a natural human activity, seeking to explain events and predict future events. when we understand through direct experience, we make observations and seek patterns or regularities in what we observe. two important sources of agreedon knowledge are tradition and authority. however, these useful sources of knowledge can also lead us astray. whereas we often observe inaccurately in day to day inquiry, researchers seek to avoid such errors by making observation a careful and deliberate activity. we sometimes jump to general conclusions on the basis of only a few observations, so scientists seek to avoid overgeneralizations by committing to a sufficient number of observations and by replicating studies. in everyday life we sometimes reason illogically. researchers seek to avoid illogical reasoning by being as careful and deliberate in their reasoning as in their observations. moreover, the public nature of science means that others can always challenge faulty reasoning. o page 17 purposes of social research social research has three main purposes: exploring, describing, and explaining social phenomena. many research projects reflect more than on of these purposes. sometimes social research is a vehicle for exploring something – that is, mapping out a topic that may warrant further study later. some social research is done for the purpose of describing the state of social affairs. \n often, social research aims at explaining something – providing reasons for phenomena, in terms of causal relationships. explanatory social research provides explanations that are more trustworthy. o page 24 quantitative and qualitative data the distinction between quantitative and qualitative data in social research is essentially the distinction between numerical and nonnumerical data. quantitative data are numerical: qualitative data are not. both types of data are useful different research purposes. every observation is qualitative at the outset. quantification often makes our observations more explicit. it can also make aggregating and summarizing data easier and opens up the possibility of statistical analyses. the qualitative approach seems more aligned with idiographic explanations, whereas nomothetic explanations ae more easily achieved through quantification. chapter 2: paradigms, theory, and research o page 32 some social science paradigms there is usually more than one way to make sense of things. underlying every explanation or theory is a paradigm – one of the fundamental models or frames of reference we use to organize our observations and reasoning. in other words, a paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something. social scientists use a variety of paradigms to organize how they understand and inquire into social life. paradigms are often difficult to recognize as such because they are so implicit, assumed, taken for granted. they seem more like “the way things are” than like one possible point of view among many. the sanctity of the individual is not an objective fact of nature; it is a point of view, a paradigm. when we recognize that we are operating within a paradigm, two benefits accrue. first, we are better able to understand the seemingly bizarre views and actions of others who are operating from a different paradigm. second, at times we can profit from stepping outside our paradigm. we can see new ways of seeing and explaining things. we can’t do that as long as we mistake our paradigm for reality. ultimately, paradigms cannot be true or false; as ways of looking, they can only be more or less useful. rather than deciding which paradigms are true or false, try to find ways they might be useful to you. a distinction between types of theories that cuts across various paradigms is macrotheory (theories about largescale features of society) versus microtheory (theories about smaller units or features of society). \n the positivistic paradigm assumes we can scientifically discover the rules governing social life. the conflict paradigm focuses on the attempt of one person or group to dominate others and to avoid being dominated. the symbolic interactionist paradigm examines how shared meanings and social patterns are developed in the course of social interactions. ethnomethodology focuses on the ways people make sense out of lie in the process of living it, as though each were a researcher engaged in an inquiry. the structural functionalist (or social systems) paradigm seeks to discover what functions the many elements of society perform for the whole system. feminist paradigms, in addition to drawing attention to the oppression of women in most societies, highlight how previous images of social reality have often come from and reinforced the experiences of men. critical race theory both examines the disadvantaged position of a social group and offers a different vantage point from which to view and understand society. o page 55 the links between theory and research in practice, there are many possible links between theory and research and many ways of going about social inquiry. using theories to understand how society works is key to offering practical solutions to society’s problems. in the deductive model, research is used to test theories. in the inductive model, theories are developed from the analysis of research data. o page 56 the importance of theory in the “real world” no matter how practical and/or idealistic your aims, a theoretical understanding of the terrain may spell the difference between success and failure. if you want to change society, you need to understand the logic of how it operates. theory helps create questions, shapes our research designs, helps us anticipate outcomes, and helps us design interventions. chapter 4: research design o page 93 introduction any research design requires researchers to specify as clearly as possible what they want to find out then determine the best way to do it. o page 94 three purposes of research exploration, description, and explanation. exploration is the attempt to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon exploratory studies are most typically done for three purposes: (1) to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better \n understanding, (2) to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study, and (3) to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent study the chief shortcoming of exploratory studies is that they seldom provide satisfactory answers to research questions, although they can hint at the answers an can suggest which research me6thods could provide definitive answers. description is the precise measurement and reporting of the characteristics of some population or phenomenon under study because scientific observation is often careful and deliberate, scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than are casual ones. many qualitative studies aim primarily at description. descriptive studies answer questions of what, where, when, explanation is the discovery and reporting of relationships among different aspects of the phenomenon under study. description studies answer the question “what so?” while explanatory ones tend to answer the question “why?” explanatory studies address questions of why. o page 97 the logic of nomothetic causality both idiographic and nomothetic models of explanation rest on the idea of causation. the idiographic model aims at a complete understanding of a particular phenomenon, using all relevant causal factors. the nomothetic model aims at a general understanding – not necessarily complete – of a class of phenomena, using a small number of relevant causal factors. there are three basic criteria for establishing causation to nomothetic analyses: (1) the variables must be empirically associated, or correlated; (2) the causal variable must occur earlier in time than the variable it is said to affect; and (3) the observed effect cannot be explained as the effect of a different variable in other words: (1) the variables must be correlated, (2) the cause takes place before the effect, and (3) the variables are nonspurious. correlation o unless some actual relationship where changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other – a statistical correlation – is found between two variables, we can’t say that a causal relationship exists. o we can’t say a causal relationship exists unless the cause precedes the effect in time. o page 109 the time dimension \n the research of social processes that occur over time presents challenges that can be addressed through crosssectional studies or longitudinal studies crosssectional studies are based on observations of a sample, or cross section, of a population, or phenomenon that are made at one time. although conclusions drawn from such studies are limited by this characteristic, researchers an sometimes use such studies to make inferences abut processes that occur over time. many explanatory studies are also crosssectional. in longitudinal studies, observations are made at many times. such observations may be made of samples drawn from general populations (trend studies), samples drawn from more specific subpopulations (cohort studies), or the same sample of people each time (panel studies). trend study: a type of longitudinal study in which a given characteristic of some population is monitored over time. cohort study: a study in which some specific subpopulation, or cohort, is studied over time, although data may be collected from different members in each set of observations. panel study: a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same set of people (the sample or panel) at several points in time. chapter 5: conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement o page 128 introduction the interrelated processes of conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement allow researchers to move from a general idea about what they want to study to effective and welldefined measurements in the real world. researchers can measure anything that exists. o page 133 indicators and dimensions conceptualization gives definite meaning to a concept by specifying one or more indicators of what we have in mind. an indicator is a sign of the presence or absence of the concept we’re studying. indicator: an observation that we choose to consider as a reflection of a variable we wish to study. for example, attending religious services might be considered an example of religiosity. dimension: a specifiable aspect of a concept. “religiosity” might be specified in terms of a belief dimension, a ritual dimension, a devotional dimension, a knowledge dimension, and so forth. specifying the different dimensions of a concept, then, often paves the way for a more sophisticated understanding of what we’re studying. o page 144 levels of measurement nominal measure: a variable whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness. in other \n words, a level of measurement describing a variable that has attributes that are merely different, as distinguished from ordinal, interval, or ratio measures. gender is an example of a nominal measure. nominal measures merely offer names or labels for characteristics. ordinal measure: a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes we can rank order along some dimension. variables with attributes we can logically rankorder are ordinal measures. the different attributes of ordinal variables represent relatively more or less of the variable. variables of this type include social class, conservatism, alienation, prejudice, and intellectual sophistication. an example is socioeconomic status as composed of the attributes high, medium, low. interval measure: a level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. the fahrenheit temperature scale is an example of this, because the distance between 17 and 18 is the same as that between 89 and 90. iq tests is another example. when comparing two people in terms of an interval variable, we can say they are different from one another (nominal), and that one is more than another (ordinal). in addition, we can say “how much” more in terms of the scores themselves. ratio measure: a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures and in addition are based on a “true zero” point. age is an example of a ratio measure. comparing two people in terms of a ratio variable, then, allows us to determine (1) that they are different (or the same), (2) that one is more than the other, (3) how much they differ, and (4) the ratio on one to another. o page 151 criteria of measurement criteria of the quality of measures include precision, accuracy, reliability, and validity. precision concerns the fineness of distinctions made between the attributes that compose a variable. whereas reliability means getting consistent results from the same measure, validity refers to getting results that accurately reflect the concept being measured. researchers can test or improve the reliability of measures through the testretest method, the splithalf method, the use of established measures, and the examination of work performed by researcher workers. testretest method: make the same measurement more than once. splithalf method: as a general rule, it’s always good to make more than one measurement of any subtle or complex social concept. this procedure lays the groundwork for another check on reliability. let’s say you’ve created a questionnaire that contains \n ten items you believe measure prejudice against women. using the splithalf technique, you would randomly assign those ten items to two sets of five. if the two sets of items classify people differently, you most likely have a problem of reliability in your measure of the variable. using established measures: another way to help ensure reliability in getting information from people is to use measures that have proved their reliability in previous research. the yardsticks for assessing a measure’s validity include face validity, construct validity, and content validity. face validity: that quality of an indicator that makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variable. seems accurate on its face construct validity: the degree to which a measure relates to other variable as expected within a system of theoretical relationships content validity: the degree to which a measure coves the range of meanings included within a concept chapter 6: indexes, scales, and typologies o page 163 introduction single indicators of variables seldom capture all the dimensions of a concept, have sufficient validity to warrant their use, or permit the desired range of variation to allow ordinal rankings. composite measures, such as scales and indexes, solve these problems by including several indicators of a variable in one summary measure. index: a type of composite measure that summarizes and rank orders several specific observations and represents some more general dimension scale: a type of composite measure composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them. examples include the bogardus social distance, guttman, likert, and thurstone scales. o page 166 index construction index: a type of composite measure that summarizes and rankorders several specific observations and represents some moregeneral dimension there are four main steps in the construction of an index: selecting possible items, examining their empirical relationships, scoring the index, and validating it. item selection: the first step in creating an index is selecting items for a composite index, which is created to measure some variable. o face validity: the first criterion for selecting items to be included in an index o unidimensionality: a composite measure should represent only one dimension of a concept \n o general or specific: although measures should tap the same dimension, the general dimension you’re attempting to measure may have nuances. o variance: select items differing in variance. examination of empirical relationships: the second step in index construction is to examine the empirical relationships among the items being considered for inclusion. an empirical relationship is established when respondents answer to one question help us predict how they will answer other questions. o bivariate relationships among items: a bivariate relationship is, simply put, a relationship between two variables. o multivariate relationships among items: more than two variables index scoring o when you’ve chosen the best items for the index, you next assign scores for particular responses, thereby creating a single composite index out of the several items. o first decide the desirable range of the index scores. the first decision, then, concerns the conflicting desire for (1) a range of measurement in the index and (2) an adequate number of cases at each point in the index. you’ll be forced to reach some kind of compromise between these conflicting desires. o second decide whether to give each item in the index equal weight or different weights. equal weighting should be the norm. index validation o item analysis: an assessment of whether each of the items is included in a composite measure makes an independent contribution or merely duplicates the contribution of other items in the measure o external validation: the process of testing the validity of a measure, such as an index or scale, by examining its relationship to other presumed indictors of the same variable. if the index really measures prejudice, example, it should correlate with other indicators of prejudice. o page 185 likert scaling a type of composite measure developed by rensis likert in an attempt to improve the levels of measurement in social research through the use of standardized response categories in survey questionnaires to determine the relative intensity of different items. likert items are those using such \n responses as “strongly agree,” “agree,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.” o page 190 typologies typology: the classification (typically nominal) of observations in terms of their attributes on two or more variables. the classification of newspapers as liberalurban, conservativeurban, or conservativerural would be an example. we attempt to assign index or scale scores to cases in such a way as to indicate a rising degree of prejudice, religiosity, conservatism, and so forth. in such cases, we’re dealing with single dimensions. often, however, the researcher wishes to summarize the intersection of two or more variables, thereby creating a set of categories or types, which we call a typology. typologies can be used effectively as independent variables, but interpretation is difficult when they are used as dependent variables. chapter 7: the logic of sampling o page 199 two types of sampling methods today, probability sampling remains the primary method of selecting large, representative samples for social research, including national political polls. at the same time, probability sampling can be impossible or inappropriate in many research situations. probability sampling is the general term for samples selected in accordance with probability theory, typically involving some randomselection mechanism. o page 199 nonprobability sampling social research is often conducted in situations that do not permit the kinds of probability samples used in largescale social surveys. nonprobability sampling is any technique in which samples are selected in some way not suggested by probability theory. examples include reliance on available subjects as well as purposive (judgmental), snowball, and quota sampling. in addition, researchers studying a social group may make use of informants. each of these techniques has its uses, but none of them ensures that the resulting sample will be presentative of the population being sampled. reliance on available subjects is an extremely risky sampling method for social research. this method does not permit any control over the representativeness of a sample. purposive sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which the units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researcher’s judgement bout which ones will be the most useful or representative. snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling method, often employed in field research, whereby each person interviewed may be asked to \n suggest additional people for interviewing. appropriate when the members of a special population are difficult to locate. quota sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of prespecified characteristic, so that the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being sampled. chapter 9: survey research o page 261 topics appropriate for survey research surveys may be used for descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory purposes. they are chiefly used in studies that have individual people as the units of analysis. survey research is probability the best method available to the social researcher who is interested in collecting original data for describing a population too large to observe directly. surveys are also excellent vehicles for measuring attitudes and orientations in a large population. o page 262 guidelines for asking questions surveys include the use of a questionnaire – an instrument designed to elicit information that will be useful for analysis. choose appropriate question forms questions and statements: gives you more flexibility in the design and makes the questionnaire more interesting openended and closedended questions o openended: respondent asked to provide their own answers. in depth, qualitative interviewing relies almost exclusively on openended questions o closedended: respondent asked to select an answer from among a list provided by the research. provides greater uniformity and more easily processed. make items clear and precise avoid doublebarreled questions. the items should only ask about one thing. o when researchers ask respondents for a single answer to a question that actually has multiple parts respondents must be competent to answer o continually ask yourself if they can reliably answer your question respondents must be willing to answer questions should be relevant short items are best avoid negative items avoid biased items and terms \n o page 295 secondary analysis secondary analysis provides social researchers with an important option for “collecting” data cheaply and easily but at a potential cost in validity. as a mode of observation, survey research involves the following steps: (1) questionnaire construction, (2) sample selection, and (3) data collection, through either interviewing or selfadministered questionnaires. secondary analysis is a form of research in which the data collected and processed by one research are reanalyzed – often for a different purpose – by another. this is especially appropriate in the case of survey data. data archives are repositories or libraries for the storage and distribution of data for secondary analysis. the key problem involves the recurrent question of validity.",
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af6ee67621f3b972716be3f88f135b2e | a completely amorphous and nonporous polymer will be: (a) transparent (c) opaque (b) translucent (d) ferromagnetic | a completely amorphous and nonporous polymer will be: (a) | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " water h2o made of two hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom ● needs no digestion and is easily absorbed ● makes up to 50% to 75% of body weight ● major solvent ● very essential without water, death can occur within 1 to 2 weeks functions of water in the body a solvent major component of blood , saliva, sweat, tears, music, joint fluid removes wastes helps transports substances lubricates tissues regulates body temperatures helps digests foods participates in many chemical reactions helps maintain proper blood ph sources of water total of water intake: includes water in beverages and foods water weights of fruits and vegetables typically ranges from 60 to 95% metabolic water: water formed by cells as a metabolic byproduct diuretic ● diuretics ○ substances that increase urine output ● two common dietary diuretics ○ caffeine ○ alcohol ● diuretics inhibit adh, resulting in urinary water losses that are less than amount of fluid consumption dehydration ● 1 to 2% fatigue and thirst ● 4% loss of muscular strength and endurance ● 7 to 10% severe weakness ● 20% death can too much water be toxic? ● water intoxication \n ○ too much water consumed at a time, or conditions in which kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood ■ excess water dilutes sodium concentration of blood, disrupting water balance ○ signs and symptoms: ■ dizziness, headache, confusion, poor coordination, bizarre behavior, and seizures ■ can be deadly what is bpa ● although bottled water is safe to drink, the plastic used to contain it may have toxic effects on health ● bisphenol a, which is also called bpa is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins ● scientists are studying bpa to determine the extent to which the chemical can affect human health major and trace minerals ● major minerals ○ are essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day ■ calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur ● trace minerals ○ are essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100 mg per day ■ chromium, fluoride, copper, iodine, iron , manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc why are minerals necessary? diverse roles, including: structural components of tissues ions blood clotting fluid bal sodium and hypertension hypertension condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure hypertension increases risk of: heart disease stroke kidney failure \n blood pressure ● systolic pressure maximum blood pressure within arteries when ventricles of the heart contract ● diastolic pressure pressure when ventricles relax between contractions major risk factors for hypertension not a single cause, but several factors increase risk family history advanced age african american ancestry obesity physical inactivity consuming excess sodium excess alcohol type 2 diabetes cigarette smoking potassium ● why is potassium necessary? ○ major positively charged ion in intracellular fluid ○ needed for nerve impulses, contracting muscles, and kidney function ○ potassiumrich diets may reduce blood pressure ● diet adequacy: ○ al:4700mg/d ■ most americans consume ~2700mg/d magnesium ● participates in >300 chemical reactions ● roles in the body include ○ regulation of muscle and nerve function ○ maintenance of strong bones ○ strengthening the immune system ● dietary adequacy ○ adult rda = 310 to 420 mg/d magnesium deficiency and toxicity ● deficiency ○ rare among healthy americans ○ most likely in girls between 1418 of age ● toxicity ○ results from ingesting excessive laxatives, antacids, or dietary supplements. \n iron (fe) ● why is iron necessary? ○ iron is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin ■ hemoglobin iron containing protein in rbc that transports oxygen to tissues and some co2 away from tissues ■ myoglobin iron containing protein in muscle cells that controls the oxygen uptake from rbc ● iron is involved in energy generation and immune function regulating iron digestive tract absorbs 515% of iron. only ~5%of iron from enriched grains is absorbed most iron is stored as ferritin in the liver iron from broken down hemoglobin is “recycled” and incorporated into new hemoglobin dietary adequacy ● rda ○ women = 18 mg/d iron ■ most females from ages 19 to 50 years have low intakes ● men = 8 mg/d ○ average intake for american men is 17.5 mg/d signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia ● pale skin ● fatigue and weakness ● irritability ● difficulty concentrating and thinking ● brittle nails ● headaches zinc ● why is zinc necessary? ○ a component of about 100 enzymes ○ needed for ■ wound healing ■ normal sense of taste and smell ■ dna synthesis ■ immune function \n zinc deficiency ● zinc deficiency often occurs in people with chronic digestive tract problems and exclusively breastfed infants ● associated with delayed sexual maturation and growth retardation ● no maturing ● so many of our foods have a lot of zinc that is why zinc deficiency is so rare or uncommon iodide ● why is iodide necessary? ○ required for normal thyroid function and production thyroid hormone ○ thyroid hormone controls metabolic rate ○ in the us some table salt is fortified with iodide to prevent deficiency dietary deficiency of iodide ● goiter: ○ characterized by enlarged thyroid gland ○ common before advent of iodized salt in areas where iodine content of soil was poor ● cretinism: ○ irreversible condition affecting infants born to women who were iodide deficient during pregnancy fluoride ● fluoride is not an essential nutrient ● fluoride strengthens bones and teeth when ingested in small amounts ● long term consumption of too much fluoride can cause fluorosis ○ white specks on teeth → teeth becoming brown or black ● putting fluoride in water decrease chances of cavities by 67% for children selenium (se) ● why is selenium necessary? ○ part of several proteins called selenoproteins ■ many selenoproteins are antioxidants ● antioxidants are keeping you safe from disease ○ may reduce risk of certain cancers ○ kehsan disease heart gets enlarged osteoporosis \n bone health two types of bone tissue cortical bone (compact bone ) very dense tissue making up 80% of the skeleton trabecular bone (spongy bone ) “scaffolding” on the inside of bones, supports cortical bone and makes up 20%of the skeleton helps us weigh less but prone to osteoporosis ● bones develop through three processes: ○ bone growth increase in bone size; completed by age 14 in girls and age 17 in boys ○ bone modeling shaping of bone completed by early adulthood ○ bone remodeling reshaping of bone ● bone remodeling involves: ○ resorption surface of bones is broken down ■ osteoclasts cells that erode the surface of bones ○ formation of new bone by cells called osteoblasts ■ osteoblasts produce the collagen containing component of bone osteoporosis ● factors influencing the risk of osteoporosis include: ○ age ○ gender ○ genetics ○ nutrition ○ physical activity weight bearing exercise and toning ● there is no cure ● the progression of osteoporosis may be slowed by ○ adequate calcium and vitamin d intake ■ regular exercise ■ antiresorptive medications \n peak bone mass occurs at approx. 30 years of age. afterwards, bone loss starts to outpace bone deposition; at menopause there is a surge of calcium out of the bones the hump on the back of older people dowager's hump loss of calcium bone loss and most common type of bone fractures in women spinal vertebrae, hip, and wrist or forearm fractures risk factors for developing osteoporosis ● alcoholism ● advanced age ● female gender ● chronic steroid use ● rheumatoid arthritis ● surgically removal of ovaries ● thinness or weight loss ● white race cause of osteoporosis ● calcium and vitamin d ○ bone strength later in life ■ bone building during childhood and adolescence ● gender and hormone ○ menopause for women ○ body weight ● physical activity ● tobacco smoke and alcohol ● protein ○ too little ○ too much ○ sources ● sodium, caffeine \n ● other nutrients calcium recommendations ● recommendations vary: ○ set according to lifestyle ● sources: ○ foods and beverages first ■ dietary calcium ■ sunshine for vitamin d ○ supplements ■ types of supplements 1000 mg of calcium per day for 1950 years diagnosis and medical treatment ● dexa scan ● drug therapies ● estrogen replacement therapy chapter 8 vitamins vitamins: basic concepts ● what is a vitamin? ○ a complex organic compound that: ■ is not made by the body or made in amounts that are enough to maintain a good health ■ occurs naturally in common foods ■ causes a deficiency disorder when it is missing from the diet ■ restores good health, if the deficiency disorder is treated early by supplying the missing substance sources of vitamins ● natural sources: ○ plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria ● synthetic: ○ made in laboratories by chemists synthesized by microbes in laboratories ● most natural and synthetic forms have equal activity in the body except: ○ natural vitamin e: greater activity than synthetic ○ synthetic folic acid: greater activity than natural classifying vitamins \n ● fat soluble a, d,e, & k ○ associated with lipids in foods and the body ■ do not dissolve in water or urine ● stored in the body and may be toxic ● water soluble b vitamins and c ○ dissolve in watery components of foods and the body ■ excreted in urine ■ most are not stored to a major extent ● generally non toxic roles of vitamins vitamins may: have hormonal action (e.g. vitamin d) participate in certain chemical reactions regulate a variety of body processes cell division growth and maintenance of tissues vitamin absorption ● most absorption occurs in small intestine ○ absorption is not 100% efficient ● absorption generally increases when more of the vitamin is needed: ○ growth (during infancy and adolescence) ○ pregnancy ○ lactation (milk production) populations at risk for vitamin deficiency ● alcoholics ● older adults ● hospitalized people (long term) ● people with: ○ anorexia nervosa ○ certain gastrointestinal disorders ○ rare metabolic conditions vitamin a ● retinol (preformed a): ○ most active form; in animal foods ● betacarotene (provitamin a) ○ carotenoid that the body can convert to some retinol ● major functions: ○ normal vision and reproduction \n ○ cellular growth ○ immune system activity ○ epithelial cell production and maintenance what is night blindness? ● the inability to see in dim light ● early sign of vitamin a deficiency ○ the retina, the lightsensitive area inside each eye, contains rods and cones that are specialized nerve cells essential for vision ■ rods and cones need vitamin a to function properly vitamin a adequacy and deficiency ● dietary adequacy: ○ rda: 700 900 mcg rae ● vitamin a deficiency: ○ certain epithelial cells produce too much keratin ■ keratin tough protein found in hair, nails, and outermost layers of skin ○ excess keratin: ■ skin becomes rough and bumpy ■ inner eyelid cells that normally secrete mucus to protect cornea become keratinized ● can result in xerophthalmia vitamin a toxicity ● excess vitamin a (retinol) may lead to liver damage ● excess betacarotene (carotenemia): ○ yellowing of skin due to excessive betacarotene intake ■ generally harmless ■ accutane vitamin d ● rickets: vitamin d deficiency in children ○ results in soft bones that do not grow properly and become deformed why is vitamin d necessary? \n ● vitamin d is needed for: ○ metabolism of calcium and phosphorus ○ production and maintenance of healthy bones ● parathyroid hormone (pth): ○ released when blood calcium levels drop ○ stimulates kidneys to increase active vitamin d produces and decreases urinary calcium excretion vitamin d adequacy and deficiency ● dietary adequacy: ○ rda: 15 mcg/day for adults < 70 years of age ● vitamin d deficiency: ○ rickets ■ uncommon ■ may develop in breastfed infants ○ osteomalacia “adult rickets” vitamin d toxicity ● upper limit (ul): ○ 100 mcg/day (4000 iu) ● vitamin d toxicity: ○ too much calcium is absorbed ■ the excess calcium is deposited in soft tissues including kidneys, heart, and blood vessels vitamin e ● alphatocopherol ● functions: ○ fatsoluble antioxidant found in cells ■ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (good) ● maintains immune system function vitamin e adequacy, deficiency, and toxicity ● dietary adequacy ○ rda: 15 mg/day ● vitamin e deficiency ○ impaired immune system function ○ nerve damage ● vitamin e toxicity \n ○ upper limit (ul) 1000 mg/day ○ excess may interfere with vitamin k’s role in blood clotting how do antioxidants work? ● by giving up an electron to a free radical, an antioxidant protects other molecules. ○ action stabilizes the free radical ● betacarotene and vitamins e & c function as antioxidants antioxidants protect phospholipids, dna, unsaturated fatty acid, proteins from free radicals vitamin k ● liver needs vitamin k to make certain clotting factors vitamin k adequacy, deficiency, and toxicity ● dietary adequacy: ○ al: 120 mcg/d for men; 90 mcg/d for women ● vitamin k deficiency: ○ may occur in newborns or ○ on long term antibiotic therapy ● vitamin k toxicity: ○ none known for natural forms ○ synthetic forms are toxic ● produces vitamin k in the bacteria in our intestines thiamin ● functions: ○ part of coenzyme involved in release of energy from carbohydrates ○ metabolism of certain amino acids ○ synthesis of neurotransmitters vitamins do not have calories / give energy thiamin deficiencies ● beriberi: ○ people are weak, have poor muscular coordination, and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema. note severe pitting edema (fancy way of saying swelling) in woman’s left leg. \n ● wernickekorsakoff syndrome: ○ typically seen in alcoholics, because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion. riboflavin ● functions: ○ coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids ● deficiency: ○ may occur in people who do not drink milk or eat enriched grains ★ because b vitamins are water soluble they are often added in grains niacin ● functions: ○ part of two coenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions ● deficiency: ○ pellagra: the “4 d’s” of pellagra dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death folate ● folic acid (synthetic) and folacin ● functions: ○ good food sources of folate: ■ leafy green vegetables, liver, legumes, asparagus, broccoli, and oranges ● a b vitamin neural tube defects ● during the first few weeks after conception, the neural tube forms ○ neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord ● folatedeficient pregnant women are at risk if giving birth to infants with neural tube defects ● anencephaly ○ brain does not form properly ● spina bifida ○ spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spinal cord vitamin c ● functions not part of coenzyme: ○ collagen synthesis ■ protein that gives strength to connective tissues ■ collagen makes up your tendons ○ antioxidant activity \n ○ other roles: ■ immune system functioning ■ synthesis of bile, and certain neurotransmitters and hormones ● dietary adequacy: ■ rda = 75 to 90 mg/day (smokers have higher rda’s) chapter 10 energy balance what are overweight and obesity? ● overweight having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and/or body water ● obesity condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat ○ widespread nutritional disorders in the u.s. ● in 20092010 ○ 69% of american adults were either overweight or obese body composition ● two major components: ○ fatfree mass: ■ body water, mineralrich tissues, and proteinrich tissues ○ total body fat: ■ adipose tissue ■ essential fat in cell membranes, certain bones, and nervous tissue energy output ● energy output or expenditure: ○ what energy cells use to carry out activities ● output includes energy for: ○ basal and resting metabolism the amount of calories you need to stay alive (basal) what you burn while sitting and breathing ○ physical activity ○ thermic effect of food (tef) ○ nonexercise activity thermogenesis (neat) basal and resting metabolism ● metabolism: ○ sum of all chemical changes or reactions that constantly occur in living ■ anabolic (building) reactions require energy ■ catabolic (breaking down) reactions release energy ● basal metabolism: \n ○ minimal number of calories used for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours factors that influence metabolic rate ● thyroid hormone (if not producing enough then metabolic rate slows it down) ● body composition ( ● sex (taller people burn more calories than shorter aka male) ● body surface area ^ ● age (goes down as get older) ● calorie intake ● fever (goes up) ● stimulant drugs (speed metabolism) ● pregnancy and lactation (raises metabolic rate, body requires up to 500 more calories a day) ● recovery after exercise (increase) other uses of energy ● thermic effect of food (tef): ○ energy used to digest foods and beverages, and absorb and process the nutrients ○ typically 5 to 10% of total caloric intake ● nonexercise activity thermogenesis (neat) ○ energy spent on involuntary skeletal muscle activity such as fidgeting, shivering, and maintaining muscle tone or body posture ○ some people may expend as much as 700 kcal/day from neat adipose tissue ● all cells contain some lipids, but adipose cells store a droplet of fat ○ overeating can cause an increase in fat cell size and number ● scientists think that once fat cells are formed, the remain, unless they die or are surgically removed \n subcutaneous fat and visceral fat ● subcutaneous fat: ○ sub = under cutaneous = skin ○ helps insulate ○ protect muscles and bones from injury ● visceral fat: ○ forms protective structure under abdominal muscles and over stomach and intestines lower body fat: ● “pear shape” adds stress to hip and knee joints, but carries lower risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes central body fat: ● “apple shape” poses higher risk or serious health problems measuring waist circumference ● waist circumference is a quick and easy way to determine obesity related risk ● desirable circumferences: ○ men < 40 inches ○ women < 35 inches body fat distribution: effects on health ● distribution of excess body fat is more closely associated with obesityrelated diseases than the percentage of total body fat ● centralbody obesity is characterized by excessive abdominal (visceral fat) ● central obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes how can i calculate my bmi? ● what is bmi? ○ numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems ● simple formula: \n ○ weight (lbs) divided by height (in)^2 x 703 adult weight status categories (bmi) ● below 18.5 underweight ● 18.524.9 healthy ● 25.029.9 overweight ● 30.039.9 obese measuring body fat ● underwater weighing ○ compares weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water ● problems: ○ inconvenient, expensive, and impractical dualenergy x ray absorptiometry (dxa) ● uses multiple lowenergy xrays to scan body: ○ provides detailed “picture” of internal structures ○ problems: very expensive and not widely available outside of clinical settings air displacement ● assesses body volume ● subject sits in bod pod chamber ● volume of air in chamber with a person in it is compared to a volume without the person in it bioelectrical impedance ● measures conduction of a weak electrical current through the body ● problems: ○ method can be reliable if body hydration status is normal ○ scientific data about accuracy of devices designed for home use are lacking skinfold thickness ● skinfold thickness is measured at multiple body sites by a trained person ● benefits: relatively easy and inexpensive to perform ● problems: may underestimate total body fat on overfat people what causes overweight and obesity? ● physiological aspects ● environmental influences ● behavioral factors ● psychological forces \n physiological factors ● hunger vs. satiety: ○ hunger: uncomfortable feeling leading to a desire to eat ○ satiety: sense that enough food was eaten ● proteins that regulate hunger: ○ ghrelin hormone, secreted mainly by stomach, that stimulates eating behavior ○ leptin hormone, secreted by adipose cells , that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body ○ cck hormone secreted by small intestine that reduces hunger ○ pyy peptide secreted by intestines that reduces hunger genetic factors ● inherited characteristics that influence weight include: ○ metabolic rate ■ “thrifty metabolism” ○ hormone production ○ body frame size ○ pattern of fat distribution ● what is the setpoint theory? ○ scientific notion that body fat content is genetically predetermined environmental influences ● appetite: ○ the desire to eat appealing foods ● hunger: physiological signals ● environmental influences include: ○ food advertising ○ increased portion sizes ○ conditions that reduce a person’s physical activity genes and environment ● children’s body weights are similar to the weights of their parents ● which has a greater influence: genes or the environment? ● environment and other factors can modify gene expression (epigenetics) \n other factors that influence weight ● mood ● selfesteem ● emotions ● societal pressure key factors of successful weight management ● motivation ● calorie intake reduction ● regular physical activity ● behavior modification motivation ● motivating factors include: ○ recognition of need to change ○ weight loss “triggers” ○ medical recommendation to lose weight calorie intake reduction ● loss of 1 lb body fat requires a negative energy state of 3500 kcal ● to lose 1 lb in 7 days: ○ reduce caloric intake by 500 kcal per day ○ expend 500 more kcal per day ○ or combine eating fewer calories and exercising more to result in a deficit of 3500 kcal ● regular physical activity ○ by increasing activity, dieters do not need to limit kcal intake as much behavior modification ● analyze behaviors to identify cues and “problem” behaviors ○ cues are environmental factors that stimulate eating behavior, such as viewing food commercials ● develop ways to change negative foodrelated and/or physical activityrelated behaviors tips for modifying food and exercise related behaviors ● planning menus ● grocery shopping ● food preparation ● eating behaviors ● holidays and parties \n ● restaurants ● physical activity ● self monitoring ● rewards for new behaviors ● changing negative thought pattern chapter 11 physical activity \n components of a workout regimen ● warm up ● aerobic workout ○ type ○ duration ○ frequency ○ intensity ○ progression ● cool down physical activity recommendations ● u.s. dhhs recommendations for healthy adults under 65 years of age: ○ moderateintensity physical activity for 150 minutes a week ○ vigorousintensity physical activity for 75 minutes a week ○ eight to 10 strengthening exercises (812 repetitions of each exercise) that focus on major muscle groups twice a week \n determining the intensity of physical activity ● intensity ○ level of exertion used to perform an activity ● factors that influence intensity ○ duration ○ type of activity ○ body weight ● methods of determining intensity ○ assess breathing rate ○ assess heart rate calculating agerelated maximum heart rate ● to calculate your agerelated maximum heart rate, subtract your age from 220 ○ target heart rate zone range of heart rate that reflects the intensity of exertion during physical activity ● moderate intensity target zone is 50 to 70% of agerelated maximum ● vigorous intensity target zone is 70 to 85% of agerelated maximum aerobic and resistance exercises ● aerobic exercise ○ sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups ○ raises heart rate, giving the heart and effective workout ● resistance exercise ○ activities that increase muscle mass and strength ○ resistance exercises also increase bone mass energy for muscular work ● energy metabolism ○ cells obtain energy through a series of chemical reactions ■ first, catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, or alcohol ■ energy stored in carbonhydrogen bonds is captured in high energy compound atp ● atp forms when an inorganic phosphate group bonds with adp energy from glucose ● glucose can be catabolized anaerobically or aerobically \n ○ catabolism involves oxidation, removal of electrons from one compound to create another ● anaerobic catabolism: the 1st stage of glucose oxidation is glycolysis splitting of a glucose molecule to form 2 pyruvate molecules ● a small amount of atp is formed by glycolysis further oxidation of glucose ● aerobic catabolism: if oxygen is available pyruvate can enter aerobic respiration pathways three major energy systems ● phosphocreatine (pcr) ○ anaerobic ● lactic acid ○ anaerobic ● oxygen ○ aerobic lactic acid energy system ● in anaerobic conditions, glucose is converted to pyruvate, and then lactic acid ○ enough atp is formed to last 30 to 40 seconds ● lactic acid releases hydrogen ions and becomes lactate ○ certain muscles can use some lactate for energy ○ most lactate enters the bloodstream ■ liver removes lactate and converts it into glucose oxygen energy system ● during low to moderate intensity exercise (aerobic conditions), muscle cells can completely metabolize glucose ○ produces ~ 18 times more atp than during anaerobic conditions aerobic capacity ● what is aerobic capacity? ○ the maximal oxygen intake during vigorous physical exertion (vo2 max) ● simple way to know your vo2 max: ○ when you exercise to the point that you cannot carry on normal conversation because of increased breathing rate \n fat or carbohydrate for fueling exercise? ● intensity of activity influences type of fuel use ○ fat predominates when at rest and during low to moderateintensity activities ○ carbohydrate is the main fuel for high intensity activities ○ protein contributes a small amount of energy, with slightly more used during endurance exercise ",
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3c83fe0e17cb46305d34556492c1c415 | an important process for the production of acrylonitrile (c3h3n) (annual u.s. production is greater than 109 lb) is given by the following equation: 2c3h6(g) 1 2nh3(g) 1 3o2(g) 88n 2c3h3n(g) 1 6h2o(g) a 150.-l reactor is charged to the following partial pressures at 258c: pc3h6 5 0.500 mpa pnh3 5 0.800 mpa po2 5 1.500 mpa what mass of acrylonitrile can be produced from this mixture (mpa 5 106 pa)? | answer: an important process for the production of | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.04 | [
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"text": " chapter 1 – property and casualty insurance a. risk management overview a. organizations must effectively manage four categories of loss exposures: property, liability, personnel, and net income loss exposures. b. loss exposure a. property loss exposure i. a condition that presents the possibility that a person or an organization will sustain a loss resulting from damage (including destruction, taking, or loss of use) to property in which that person or organization has a financial interest. b. liability loss exposure i. a condition that presents the possibility that a person or an organization will sustain a loss resulting from a claim made against that person or organization b someone seeking money damages or some other legal remedy. c. personnel loss exposure i. a condition that presents the possibility of loss caused by a key person’s death, disability, retirement, or resignation that deprives an organization of that person’s special skill or knowledge that the organization cannot readily replace. d. net income loss exposure i. a condition that presents the possibility of loss caused by a reduction in net income. c. risk management process a. step 1: identifying loss exposure i. the organization must identify its loss exposures within each of the loss exposure categories. 1. example: property loss exposures could include the following: a. losses resulting from damage, such as: b. costs to rebuild or repair damaged or destroyed office buildings c. restore computer data; 2. losses resulting from taking, such as: a. potential theft losses that could occur from persons inside and outside the organization 3. loss of use costs to relocate the business during rebuilding and to store equipment and supplies until the damaged building and property have been repaired or replaced. b. step 2: analyzing loss exposure i. these exposures should then be analyzed to determine the likelihood of loss and its probable extent. 1. example: techniques for managing these property exposures might include the following: a. loss reduction, such as: i. installing a sprinkler system to prevent fire damage and establishing a security system with the local fire department. b. loss prevention, such as: i. establishing internal security controls to prevent employee theft and installing a security system to avoid robbery. c. separation, such as: i. establishing an arrangement with another nearby organization to enable work to continue during any business disruption and establishing offsite storage for computer data backup tapes d. risk transfer, such as: i. purchasing property insurance. c. step 3: examining feasibility of risk management techniques i. the costs associated with each technique should be considered to determine which are feasible and which are not \n 1. example: installing a sprinkler system might not be feasible because of the cost and potential work interruption. while purchasing insurance in establishing arrangements for temporary relocation of the business and for offsite storage for backup tapes might be feasible. d. step 4: selecting the appropriate risk management techniques i. the feasibility study should assist the organization in choosing the best techniques. e. step 5: implementing selected risk management techniques i. implementing the selected techniques could include the following: 1. arranging meetings with organizations with which the organization could potentially establish a resource sharing arrangement 2. selecting a partner organization 3. establishing the plan ii. i could also include meeting with an insurance agent to procure the best policy to meet the organization’s needs f. step 6: monitoring results and revising the risk management program i. monitoring the results might involve the following: 1. staging trial run with the resource organization to make sure the system's could handle the increased workload that such an arrangement could entail 2. reviewing organizational policies that could influence the success of such an arrangement 3. annually reviewing insurance coverages and limits to ensure that the organization’s needs continue to be met. d. risk management techniques a. avoidance i. avoidance eliminates any possibility of loss. the probability of loss from an avoided loss exposure is zero because an entity decides not to assume a loss exposure in the first place (proactive avoidance) or to eliminate one that already exists (abandonment). b. loss prevention i. loss prevention involves reducing the frequency of a particular loss. c. loss reduction i. loss reduction involves reducing the severity of a particular loss. d. separation i. separation involves dispersing a particular activity or asset over several locations. separation involves the routine, daily reliance on each of the separated assets or activities, all of which regularly form a portion of the organization’s working resources. e. risk control and commercial property loss exposure a. most losses result from a chain of events. b. in some cases, a combination of unrelated events converges to cause a los. c. risk control measures are designed to address the links in the chain of events and the unrelated events that converge. d. specific risk control measures provide valuable property protection and are applicable to property losses cause by these events: i. fire ii. burglary, robbery, and employee theft 1. theft risk control often focuses on the three most common types of theft: a. burglary is theft by someone who forcibly enters the place where the property is kept. b. robbery involves the use (or threat) of force against the person from whom the property is taken. c. employee theft (also called employee dishonesty or embezzlement) is theft that an employee commits against his or her own employer. iii. explosion iv. windstorm \n 1. preloss actions for windstorm include these: a. design structures to withstand anticipated wind loads. b. provide storm shutters and blinds for windows and openings rated to handle high wind loads. c. maintain roof and wall systems, including roof tiedowns d. secure materials and equipment located outside the facility e. locate trees and utility poles away from structures. v. flood 1. the flood risk control measures or devices may be implemented: a. dams and other impoundments of water b. channels designed to direct the runoff and open areas over which flood waters can spread out c. property protections, such as dikes and sand bags (or other barriers), that divide flood waters d. equipment designed to resist the pressure of flood waters and the effects of dampness, such as pumps to remove water and allow for runoff e. structures constructed in floodprone areas with the lowest floor above the 100 year flood level f. plans to move property to higher ground when needed vi. earthquake 1. earthquake resistant structures are designed to withstand the forces of earth movement. e. generally, risk control measures take one or both of two approaches: i. the engineering approach ii. the human behavior approach common policy formats a. multiline policies and monoline policies a. multiline policy i. also known as a package policy ii. most organizations are insured under this for most of their property and liability loss exposures b. monoline policy i. many organizations purchase specialty coverages, such as flood insurance, in these policies. b. standard forms and nonstandard forms a. standard forms i. developed by iso, aais, or other insurance advisory organizations. b. nonstandard forms i. insurers’ or brokers’ independently develop forms. c. commercial package policy a. policy that covers two or more lines of business by combining iso’s commercial lines coverage parts. b. under iso commercial lines manual policy writing rules, one of the coverage parts of a cpp must cover buildings and/or business personal property, and another must cover commercial general liability. c. examples of additional property coverage parts are commercial crime, commercial inland marine, and equipment breakdown. d. each coverage part consists of these components: i. one or more declarations forms (containing information about the insured and the particular loss exposures insured) ii. one or more coverage forms (containing most of the essential terms of coverage) iii. for some liens of insurance, a general conditions form iv. any applicable endorsements (modifying the terms of the coverage form or general conditions form) d. businessowners policy a. a package policy hat combines most of the property and liability coverages needed by small and medium size businesses. \n e. output policy a. a policy that combines, in one form and associated endorsements, all or most of the commercial property coverages that the insured organization needs, and uses flexible rating plan. common policy conditions a. cancellation a. the insured may cancel the policy at any time by mailing or delivering written notice of cancellation to the insurer. b. the insurer can cancel the policy by mailing or delivering written notice of cancellation to the first named insured. b. changes a. in practice, changes are often first made by verbal communication and confirmed afterwards in writing. c. examination of books & records a. the insurer reserves the right to examine and audit the insured’s books and records related to the policy at any time during the policy period and for up to three years after the policy’s termination. b. however, if the insurer prefers to verify the reports by making an onsite inspection of the insured’s books and records, the condition permits the insurer to do that. d. inspections and surveys a. the insurer has the right, but not the obligation, to inspect the insured’s premises and operations at any reasonable time during the policy period. e. premiums a. the first named insured is responsible for paying the policy premium. if the insurer owes a return premium, it will make payment only to the first name insured. f. transfer of rights & duties under this policy a. the insured cannot transfer any rights or duties under the policy to any other person or organization without the insurer’s written consent. commercial property conditions forms commercial property conditions o a required component of the commercial property coverage part that contains conditions applicable to all commercial property coverage forms. policy condition o any provision that qualifies an otherwise enforceable promise made in the policy. a. other common conditions a. valuation i. for an insurer to determine the amount of a loss, the policy must specify a valuation basis for the type of property insured. ii. actual cash value (acv) 1. cost to replace property with new property of like kind and qualify less depreciation. iii. replacement cost (rc) 1. the costs to repair or replace property using new materials of like kind and quality with no deduction for depreciation. b. coinsurance c. insured’s duties in the event of a loss d. appraisal i. if the insurer and the insured disagree about the value of covered property or the amount of a covered loss, the appraisal condition allows either party to demand an appraisal. e. loss payment i. the insurer usually has the option of either paying the value of the lot or damaged property or paying for repair or replacement. f. recovered property i. if either the insured or the insurer recovers any insured property after the loss settlement, the other party must be notified. \n g. vacancy i. if the building in which the loss occurs has been vacant for sixty consecutive days before the loss, the insurer is not obligated to pay for loss caused by vandalism, sprinkler leakage, building glass breakage, water damage, theft, or attempted theft. h. mortgage holders i. the mortgage holder must pay any premiums due to the insurer. ii. the mortgage holder must submit a proof of loss within sixty days of the insurer’s request iii. the insurer must be notified of any change in ownership, occupancy, or substantial change in risk known to the mortgage holder. i. loss payees \n chapter 2 – property and casualty insurance a. building a. completed additions b. fixtures i. any personal property affixed to real property in such a way as to become part of the real property. c. permanently installed machinery & equipment d. personal property owned by you that is used to maintain or service the building e. if not covered by other insurance, additions under construction & materials, equipment, supplies & temporary structures on or within 100ft. b. your business personal property a. furniture & fixtures b. machinery & equipment c. stock d. all other personal property owned by you & used in your business i. categories 1 through 4 – property owned by the insured e. labor, materials, or services furnished on property of others f. leased personal property g. improvements & betterments 1. alterations or additions made to the building at the expense of an insured who does not own the building and who cannot legally remove them. ii. categories 5 through 7 – property owned by others c. personal property of others a. this agreement insures personal property of others only while it is: i. in the named insured’s care, custody, or control ii. located in or on the building described in the declarations or in the open (or in a vehicle) within 100 feet of the building or structure or within 100 feet of the described premises, whichever distance is greater. d. where coverage applies e. buildings and other property exclusions a. land b. water c. bridges d. roadways, walks, patios, etc. e. retaining walls that are not a part of a building f. bulkheads, pilings, piers, wharves, and docks g. the cost of excavations, grading, back filling, or filling h. foundations below the lowest basement floor or, if there is no basement, the surface of the ground i. underground pipes, flues, and drains f. plants and outdoor property exclusions a. outdoor grain, hay, straw, and other crops b. outdoor trees, shrubs, and plants c. outdoor radio or television antennas d. outdoor fences e. outdoor trees, shrubs, and plants unless they are “stock” or part of a vegetated roof. g. other personal property a. money, securities, and similar property i. the items in this category that are specifically excluded in the bpp are “accounts, bills, currency, food stamps or other evidences of debt, money, notes or securities.” b. electronic data and valuable papers \n i. the bpp defines “electronic data” broadly to include information, facts, or computer programs used with electronically controlled equipment. c. vehicles, watercraft, aircraft i. the exclusion does not apply to these items: 1. vehicles or selfpropelled machines or autos that the named insured manufactures, processes, or warehouses. 2. vehicles or selfpropelled machines, other than autos, that the named insured holds for sale. (automobiles held for sale are specifically excluded.) 3. rowboats or canoes out of the water at the described premises. 4. trailers, but only to the extent they are covered under the nonowned detached trailers coverage extension. d. animals e. property more specifically described in another form i. the meaning of “property more specifically described” is illustrated by these comparisons: 1. “stock” is a more specific description than “your personal property” 2. “electronic data processing equipment” is a more specific description than “machinery and equipment” 3. “bulldozer id# 266402” is a more specific description than “motorized land vehicle.” f. airborne or waterborne personal property bpp additional coverage additional coverage 1. debris removal 2. preservation of property 3. fire department service charge 4. pollutant cleanup and removal 5. increased cost of construction 6. electronic data bpp coverage exensions 1. newly acquired or constructed property a. if the policy covers business personal property, the extension also provides automatic coverage for these: i. business personal property at any newly acquired location other than firs, trade shows, or exhibitions ii. business personal property located at newly constructed or acquired buildings at the location described in the declarations b. the coverage for buildings and business personal property provided by this extension is temporary. it terminates automatically at the earliest of three dates: i. the expiration date of the policy ii. thirty days after the acquisition of the new location or the start of construction of the new building iii. the date the insured notifies the insurer of the new location or new building. 2. personal effects and property of others 3. valuable papers and records (other than electronic data) 4. property offpremises 5. outdoor property 6. nonowned detached trailers 7. business personal property temporarily in portable storage units bpp conditions \n a. limits of insurance b. deductible a. example: i. limits of insurance of $100,000 with $1,000 deductible 1. with a $500 loss: no payment (loss is less than the deductible) 2. with a $100,000 loss: $99,000 payment ($100,000 $1,000 deductible) 3. with a $110,000 loss: $100,000 payment ($110,000 $1,000 deductible exceeds the limit of insurance) c. valuation a. actual cash value (acv), replacement cost (rc), and selling price b. small building losses c. stocks sold but not delivered d. safety glass e. tenants' improvements and betterments bpp optional coverages a. agreed value a. optional coverage that suspends the coinsurance condition if the insured carries the amount of insurance agreed to by the insurer and insured. b. inflation guard a. coverage for the effects of inflation that automatically increases the limit of insurance by the percentage of annual increase shown in the declarations. c. replacement cost a. coverage for losses to most types of property on a replacement cost basis (with no deduction for depreciation for obsolescence) instead of on an actual cash value basis. a, b, and c can be used for buildings only, personal property only, or both buildings and personal property. d. extension of replacement cost to personal property of others. \n chapter 3 – property and casualty insurance cases of loss – basic and broad forms a. perils covered by the basic and broad forms a. fire b. lightning c. explosion d. windstorm or hail e. smoke f. aircraft or vehicles g. riot or civil commotion h. vandalism i. sprinkler leakage j. sinkhole collapse k. volcanic action b. additional perils coverage by broad form a. falling objects b. weight of snow, ice, or sleet i. this covered peril does not refer to rain or other water. c. water damage i. if the building or structure containing the system or appliance is covered property, the insurer also agrees to pay the cost to tear out and replace any part of the building or structure to repair damage to the system or appliance, but the cost ot repair the defect that caused the loss is excluded. ii. the peril also excludes water damage from these causes: 1. discharge or leakage from roof drains, gutters, downspouts, or similar fixtures or equipment. 2. discharge or leakage from a sump or related equipment or parts, including overflow caused by sump pump failure or excessive volume of water. 3. continuous or repeated seepage or leakage of water or steam from an insured system (including the presence or condensation of humidity, moisture, or vapor) occurring over a period of more than fourteen days. 4. the gradual seepage of water through a floor or inside a wall. an example of a loss from this peril is rotting of flooring or structural members. 5. freezing of plumbing, unless “you” (the insured) (1) “do your best” to maintain heat in the building or (2) shut off the water supply and drain the equipment if head is not maintained. the purpose of the exclusion is to cover freezing loses only if the insured has taken reasonable preventative measures. c. basic and broad form additional coverages a. additional coverage – fungus i. coverage applies only when the fungus is the result of one or more covered causes of loss that occur during the policy period. the additional coverage does not apply to losses resulting from fire and lightning, because the fungus exclusion does not exclude fungus resulting from fire and lightning. b. additional coverage – collapse i. coverage only applies is caused by one or more of the following perils: 1. any cause of loss covered by the broad form 2. hidden building decay (unless known to the insured before the collapse). 3. hidden insect or vermin damage (unless known to the insured before the collapse). 4. weight of people or personal property 5. weight of rain that collects on a roof \n 6. use of defective materials or methods in construction, remodeling, or renovation if the abrupt collapse occurs during the course of construction, remodeling, or renovation. causes of loss – basic and broad form exclusions the basic form and the broad form each have a separate section of exclusions, which contain three parts: o a group of eight exclusions with leadin wording that contains anticoncurrent causation language o a group of four additional exclusions that does not contain anticoncurrent causation language. o a group of “special exclusions” that apply only to certain coverage forms other than the building and personal property coverage form (bpp) (such as for business income and extra expense coverage, which are discussed in another section) a. anticoncurrent causation language b. ordinance or law c. earth movement d. government action e. nuclear hazard f. utility services g. war and military action h. water i. fungus, wet rot, dry rot, and bacteria j. four additional basic and broad form exclusions a. four additional basic and broad form exclusions do not contain anticoncurrent causation language: i. artificially generated electrical energy ii. explosion of steam boilers iii. mechanical breakdown iv. neglect k. other exclusions in the basic form l. limitation on loss of animals ",
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35a169da8e4d43d3223a262319f03473 | describe the geometry around each of the three central atoms in the ch3cooh molecule | describe the geometry around each of the three central | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.43 | [
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"text": "extra credit: ‘the abolitionists’ 29th january @ 7pm library auditorium (see syllabus for extra credit information) 27 january 2014 english colonies: north and south lesson idea: after a troubled start, england established northern and southern colonies for different purposes, including capital gain and to set an example of model communities. these distinct purposes paved the way for problems in the future. want to make money and set an example to the world, but mostly to england. spain has been in the new world for a while (gold) and france is getting into the trading business. 1558: elizabeth i: english start making their way into the new world, exploration and stealing/plundering 1570: sir frances drake (privateer / pirate) stealing and plundering gold and etc. from spanish galleons made 2nd ‘round the world voyage (1580s) england: colony in ireland lots of resistance!!!! for hundreds of years ireland (catholic) and england (protestant) ideas about how to colonize in new world (most barbaric methods used) 1585: sir walter raleigh landed at roanoke (“lost colony”) in the outer banks area of north carolina to establish a colony / supply base for privateers out of england. leader of roanoke left for england to get supplies for the colony, was delayed for years by england’s war with the spanish. when expedition returns, found roanoke abandoned. “croatoan” carved into a tree nearby but no inhabitants found. mystery of history: no one knows what happened to roanoke. aristocrats and other useless people with no idea how to survive may have turned to the indians for help, they may have abandoned the colony for a better place to live, they may have died. \n 1606: king james ii grants charter to merchants to go to the new world. (merchants, aristocrats, gentlemen, etc.) incorporated as the virginia company of london: a jointstock operation. people buy stock in the company and get returns based on profits made in the new world. a way of reducing risk, spreading out investments, seems safe way to get money from new world, especially after roanoke. (“virginia” named for the virgin queen, elizabeth i) 1607, spring at the new world they find a place surrounded by water on 3 sides, fairly inland from the ocean, water deep enough to park ships. jamestown land with about 104 men and boys following the virginia company instructions. build a fort settlement, but they are not prepared for winter. thyphoid, dysentery, and yellow fever ravage the 1st wake of settlers. (james river is a tidal saltwater river from the atlantic ocean. settlers were using it to dump their sewage but it didn’t get swept out to sea. saltwater sewage contained dysentery and was not fit to consume.) spring 1607, settlers were aristocrats, tradesmen, merchants, and artisans, not farmers. not used to working. the only food comes from the native americans. “no farmers = no food” john smith takes control of the settlers and declares “he who does not work, does not eat.” talks to powhatan leader (wahunsunocock) to settle difficulties b/w indians and settlers. after helping the english settlers for a while, wahunsunocock/powhatan sees settlers as a drain on society and is tired of giving them handouts. commands his people to stop helping the settlers. winter (november) 1609 / 1610, the starving time, jamestown has about 500 inhabitants. with no help from the indians, the population drops down to about 60 people. inhabitants have no food reserves and no clean water. kill and eat horses, pigs, rats, snakes, etc. some eventually start exhuming corpses or, in one case, a man kills and eats his wife. some bully indians into giving them food. if the colony fails, investors in england will lose all the money they have invested in the colony. jamestown must survive and thrive. 1614, john rolfe (husband to pocahontas) elite member of the jamestown colony \n starts importing tobacco plants from the west indies and experimenting on it. by 1670, millions of pounds of tobacco are being exported to england tobacco becomes one of the first cash crops; is a foundation crop for the economy of jamestown. trustees of the virginia company develope the headright system a person coming to virginia as a new investor will receive 100 acres will get another 50 acres per person brought with them to the new world (including family members and indentured servants) 16101622: more than 9000 people come to jamestown; most are indentured servants. by 1622, only 2000 are alive. headright system becomes the foundation for plantation economy that will take hold in new england (jamestown and virginia) and in the south. 1619 @ jamestown, virginia 1. change to government 2. change to population 3. beginnings of slavery in america 1. the virginia company decides to create a representative government. establish the house of burgesses to replace martial law. virginia company sends six (6) representatives and each city (4) in virginia and each plantation (7) will get to send 2 elected representatives. 2. women start coming to jamestown in significant numbers. the virginia company commands virgin women to jamestown to become wives to the male inhabitants to begin families. “a fit hundred… maids, young and uncorrupt, to make wives to the inhabitants and by that means make the men more settled and less movable.” by the end of 1619, 19 women are sent to jamestown. 57 more young maids were sent a few years later to be wives to the men. 3. beginning of slavery in america (as indicated by historians) john rolfe purchased about 20 african slaves (indentured servants) from dutch traders to work the tobacco fields in jamestown. massachusetts \n 1606 virginia company of plymouth received its charter (also a joint stock company) wanted to create a model community in a corrupt world instead of making money massachusetts bay colony historians identify this as “the beginning of america” henry viii creates the church of england and changes the predominant religion in england. (separatists and puritans) puritans think the changes the king made getting away from catholicism are not good enough and that the church of england should purify the church of any catholicism / catholic dogma. separatists flee england to holland (neatherlands) but don’t like that their children are developing dutch habits instead of english. sail for the new world. 1620: land at plymouth rock > 102 people came over on the mayflower but only about 30 are separatists (pilgrims); create 1st permanent settlement in northern us separatists create the massachusetts bay company want to create a model community 90% of immigrants land @ 1630 bring doctors, farmers, educators. came with families 1636: establish harvard college build tax supported school system: towns with 50+ families, must have an elementary school towns with 100+ families, must have an elementary and secondary school. 1630 john winthrop 1st governor of massachusetts wrote sermon ‘modell of christian charity’ (ereader: 2.4) “we must delight in each other; make each other's condition our own; rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, as members of the same body. so shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace.” “this shall be a city up on the hill. the eyes of all the people are upon us.” \n 22 january 2014 early colonization of north america pacific coast artwork can be found in modern art ex) seattle seahawks logo is very reminiscent of pc rendition of an eagle. christopher columbus born in genoa, italy sailed for the king and queen of spain in 1492 to find a sea route to india and asia @ san salvador (in the bahamas) thinks he’s made it to india, named the native arawaks “indians” key conquistadors: spain, portugal fight over land until the pope steps in to divide up the continent ownership between different countries. ponce de leon, sailed ~ 1513 1st european to land in florida searching for the nw passage (sea route to asia) balboa magellan hernando de soto (ex. hernando, ms in desoto county) 1530/40s buried in the mississippi river to keep the native indians from desecrating his corpse explored se america, florida, arkansas, and other areas on and around the mississippi river tributaries hernan cortez very destructive in what is now modern mexico document from cortez in the ereader why do they matter??? it’s not what they found, but what they brought with them and the changes they set in motion. columbian exchange the widespread exchange of produce (maize, beans, squash, corn, tomatoes), animals (sheep, cattle, horses), plants, culture, weapons, human populations african and indian slaves), communicable diseases (smallpox), technology, and ideas between the american and afroeurasian hemispheres following: 1. the voyage to the americas by christopher columbus in 1492, \n 2. colonization and trade by europeans in the americas, and 3. the institution of the slave trade in africa and the americas. some of the smallest factors in history were not people at all. it is the effects on native peoples, such as the spread of disease from the europeans to the native americans. one drop of breath from a person infected with smallpox can infect at least 1000 people. if you could survive smallpox, you’d be immune as an adult. since the indians did not have any immunity to the european diseases, it spread like wildfire. some were given smallpox on purpose so the conquistadors could come in and take over with a minimum of resistance. prior to the european incursion, historians estimate approximately 4 million native americans north of mexico and into canada. afterwards, once smallpox is introduced, the disease spreads and kills approximately 90% of the population, leaving fewer than 60k indians after the 1800s. fleeing infected peoples would spread the disease to other tribes. infected peoples might not know they were infected for up to 2 weeks. around 1793, torch vancouver found indians in canada and pacific northwest with pockmarks and other scars from smallpox. communities combined and swapped stories and information and sometimes even blended in elements of christianity. military, environmental, cultural, economic, political conquest of the indians in north america. lesson idea in the 16th and 17th centuries, several european nations pursued empires of “god, gold, and glory”by establishing colonial outposts in the americas, through which they could funnel riches back to europe. the success of the colonies depended in large part on their relations with the native peoples. spain coronado (francisco vázquez de coronado) arrives @ zuni (in modern new mexico) around the same time desoto is exploring the mississippi river area. brings 300 european men, women; over 1000 indian allies, about 1500 mules and horses takes zuni pueblo by force for spain but are not prepared for winter in new mexico start stealing food and clothing from the indians, raping native women, etc pueblo revolt zuni revolt against coronado and his men/allies; fairly successful on the part of the zuni indians juan de oñate, 1590 search for gold (looking for legendary city of cibola) brought men, women, children to make a permanent settlement \n indians saw it as a complete invasion of their homeland, but did not have guns to defend themselves. indians revolted @ acoma, killed 11 spanish soldiers oñate fights back and, in turn killed about 800 and enslaved another 600 natives. bartolome de las casas (spanish priest) letter/reading in ereader advocates against enslavement of the native indians would rather convert them to catholicism. encourages enslaving and using african slaves. spain, a very and predominantly catholic country, established multiple missions for their soldiers and for the priests to convert the natives to christianity (catholic). san antonio (“remember the alamo!”) san diego san francisco (est 1776) spanish / indian children are called mestizos. the bloodline of a person determined their position in society. the whiter you were, the higher you were placed in society (more elite). the more black or indian you were, the lower you placed in society. people begin really defining race. priests looked at mestizos and created a symbol for them to identify with, helping to integrate the spanish and indian cultures: the virgin guadalupe spain is dominant in north america through the 1700s, and are the most aggressive in their pursuit of god, gold, and glory. they took nothing short of military, cultural, and environmental genocide of the natives to accomplish this. france giovanni de verrazano (italian) sailed for france around 1524 explored south carolina and maine 1st to explore new york harbor verrazano–narrows bridge (connects staten island and brooklyn) searching for the nw passage (sea route to asia) jacques cartier, 1534 ~ 1542 searching for nw passage (sea route to asia) 3 trips 1. coastline of gulf of st. lawrence (canada), 1534 names canada 2. st. lawrence river to hochelaga, 153536 meet iroquois at what is modern montreal; encouraged to keep travelling west to find “shiny metal” gold, copper, bronze, silver, etc (they don’t \n care what kind!) very harsh winter; helped by native iroquois. still loses ~25% of his men. 3. further west into canada until ~1542 find “shiny metal” pyrite (useless) french fishers start trading with the abenaki fish and seafood for beaver essentially start the beaver and fur trade in north america. abenaki algonquian (alg.) huron (hur.) iroquois (irq) samuel champlain, 1608 beaver trade explodes and causes beaver to become almost extinct bring indians into a capitalist marketplace to get guns to defend themselves, they must provide the required furs and good the traders want. middle ground blending of cultures the french are not there to colonize, but will marry indian wives, trade, etc. the indians trade goods and services, begin to take on french customs, etc.",
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d29532132101eaffa4fd0a3cfde1cf0e | manny cota manny cota manny cota | manny cota | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "name: course: date: instructor: student academic skills assessment worksheet assignment background: knowing what your strengths and weaknesses are will help you understand steps you should take to improve as a student. gcu wants to assist you in improving in certain areas, such as study habits and note taking. assignment instructions: complete the following two sections to assess your academic skills. section 1: complete this survey by highlighting the number that best illustrates your response to the statements below. 1. i have good study habits. strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly ",
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16b815d6c822c128ddc6e1758cb85b86 | ?problem 64e
many-electron atoms and electron configurations (sections)
(a) state the pauli exclusion principle in your own words. (b) the pauli exclusion principle is, in an important sense, the key to understanding the periodic table. (c) explain. | many-electron atoms and electron configurations | ch 6 - 64e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.39 | [
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"text": " intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 prison industrial complex what is it? “a set of bureaucratic, political and economic interests” that. . . encourages increased spending on imprisonment regardless of need results in large numbers of people (poor, black and brown) imprisoned driven by profit of private industry created by liberal and conservative politicians and policy makers the complex: 2.2 million adults are incarcerated in the u.s. (1 in every 100 adults is locked up) total u.s. adult population: 250 million total u.s. population: 317 million correctional control: 7 million individuals are under some form of correctional control in the united states (incarceration, probation, parole) source: bureau of justice statistics who is affected? one in three u.s. adults: arrested by age 23. disproportionately affected: communities of color; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals; people with histories of abuse or mental illness are disproportionately affected. between 70 million and 100 million americans (1 in 3) have some type of criminal record. race & gender 41 million african americans in u.s , making 13.5% of u.s. total population 46% black men 54% black women black males (18 or older): 1 in 15 men are incarcerated black males (2034): 1 in 9 are incarcerated however, all men (18 or older): 1 in 54 are incarcerated. black women (3539): 1 in 100 women are incarcerated. however, all women (3539): 1 in 265 are incarcerated. black men black men are 6 times more likely to be incarcerated than white men. black and white men use marijuana and crack at the same level, yet black men are incarcerated more often. in 2000 there were 791,600 black men in prison and 603,032 enrolled in college. hispanic men are 2.5 times more likely than white men. source: the sentencing project; u.s. bureau of justice statistics women women represent the fastest growing prison population. \n intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 the majority in prison are black and latina women. they account for upwards of 80% of the incarceration increase. largely in response to the violence/rape inflicted upon them in their lives. 1970: 5,600 women incarcerated in the u.s. 2001: 161,200 women incarcerated in the u.s. 19702001: 2,800% increase in women behind bars. american south at the end of 2007, the south had the largest increase in incarceration rates (2.8%): 623,563 to 641,024 origins: why? war on drugs “tough on crime” antidrug abuse act of 1986 mandatory minimum sentencing of five years for crack cocaine possession. 3 strikes law increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of a felony who have been previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or serious felonies. by first use of cocaine, punishment was a 3 – 5 years sentence. by third felony, punishment is often times 25 year life imprisonment. 1994 crime bill (clinton) crack cocaine uses get more time than powder users. crack users were often black, yet powder users were often white. white person using powder cocaine received lesser sentencing. fair sentencing act of 2010 decreased the disparity between the amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine required to receive certain penalties. eliminated mandatory minimum sentencing. prisons stimulated state, local, and rural economic need. private industry: the profit motive it is a multibillion dollar industry. stimulates revenue for several corporations and small companies. a pay phone at a prison can generate as much as $15,000a year—about five times the revenue of a typical pay phone on the street. prisons are laborintensive institutions, offering yearround employment. recessionproof, usually expanding in size during hard times. prisons bring stable, steady income to regions long accustomed to highly seasonal, uncertain economy. supports employees and generates wages for local services. the economic impact of the prisons extends beyond the wages they pay and the local services they buy. have political power and leverage. \n intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 traded for investments. what else accounts for mass incarceration? why are african american men incarcerated at a high rate? poverty racial discrimination/history/systemic oppression personal responsibility (poor choices) poor education/limited options insufficient family support harmful peer socialization substance abuse personal history of abuse (sexual, emotional) and mental health problems why are african american women incarcerated at a disproportionate rate? poverty substance abuse sexual and emotional abuse history mental health issues insufficient family support racial discrimination/history/systemic oppression personal responsibility (poor choices) poor education/limited options consequences of mass incarceration in 2007: more than half of americans (54%) in state and federal prisons were parents of minor children. source: the sentencing project; u.s. bureau of justice statistics economic impact increasing unemployment rate when people are in prison. barriers to employment after completing sentence. banned from public assistance after completing sentence. education much more money spent on prisons than education. political rights disenfranchisement hurts black community; tears people down. gives less hope and opportunity to make a change. past offenders cannot serve in juries; poor people will not have a jury of their peers. some past offenders may not be informed that they still hold the right to vote. politicalsocioeconomic impact: the cycle unemployment => decrease in tax revenues => less funding for schools and other social services => crime and unmet social needs => criminal justice system => middleclass, businesses leave urban areas, shrinking revenues \n intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 further => jobs move (1970s decline of manufacturing) => more unemployment social and cultural impact broken individual lives broken families broken communities structural inequality and abuse cycles of generational hardship bankrupt state economies poverty, work and the new economy causes of poverty can’t get jobs due to lack of education. newer, more stable occupations (doctoral; law; accounting; white collar jobs) require higher levels of schooling. lack of resources to further one’s education must either choose a low paying job or often times a path of crime increasing current demands need to pay rent; buy food; etc. can’t save for college or other future opportunities. environment may have been poor (neighborhood; schools without good teachers) structural reasons: motions to keep certain people from certain areas/access in order to restrict them from working in those areas. 1970s – georgia marta bus system limited access to suburban areas many only used public transport, so they couldn’t reach jobs outside of the city. also, a political reason. 1970s – deindustrialization high paying jobs were replaced with low paid workers outside of the country (china, etc.) many black people were now reduced to low wage service jobs (secretary; fast food) economic downturns, such as the 2008 recession \n intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 unemployment by race (december 2015) national rate: 5.1% african americans: 8.3% hispanics: 6.3% asians: 6.0% whites: 4.5% median income (2012) all households: $53,657 (half above, half below) asians: $74,297 whites: $60,256 latinos: $42,491 african americans: $35,398 feminization of poverty/gender inequality the process of women becoming a larger share of the poor than men poverty has a gender component that affects black families disproportionately women are hit harder economically. men with low education can still find jobs in construction, trade work, mechanics, etc. women earn less than men. men are valued more: socially they are seen as the “head” of the family. women don’t ask for raises. tend to ask for less and receive less. women may want/have children, so companies may not hire them because it would restrict economic productivity for the company. the overall proportion of children living with single mothers has risen steadily, from 8% in 1960 to 24% in 2010 since black women don’t have as many skilled job opportunities as white women, black children are affected more. 75 million children live in singlemother households. 16% white children live in singlemother families 27% latino children 52 % african american children source: population reference bureau breaking the cycle children born in the bottom 20% only have 1% chance or reaching the top 5% of income earners (mostly entertainers). government policy: the narratives who needs help baby mama myth: always on welfare; makes too many bad choices/irresponsible (too many babies). \n intro to african american studies [afam 2000] spring 2016 culture of poverty: black people have values different than whites/others, not morally equivalent who deserves help myth of meritocracy: black people are not seen as worthy you get what you deserve mentality: what did you do to get to your current situation? myth of the “job creators”: worth is determined by how many jobs you provide/create for others, ability to share wealth with others. what keeps people poor? barriers to mobility discrimination: ways people get locked into a circumstance (profiling people based solely on their names on their resumes.) race; gender; generational cycle of poverty. government policy and income inequality policies that indirectly limit economic progress for poor people social safety net tanf snap medicaid head start unemployment insurance social security earned income tax credit policies that support economic growth/preservation for the wealthy subsidies farm oil research (science and medicine) mortgage deduction capital gains tax payroll tax threshold",
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1dfe9cb2f60e6db69b1b8d80a1b0e18a | based on a study of 2121 children between the ages of one and four, researchers at the medical college of wisconsin concluded that there was an association between iron deficiency and the length of time that a child is bottle-fed (milwaukee journal sentinel, november 26, 2005). describe the sample and the population of interest for this study. | based on a study of 2121 children between the ages of one | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": " psychology 049 week 8 notes chapter 9 you are constantly imitating others you inadvertently imitate postures, speech, facial expressions (when talking to someone at a party you might imitate their body language or facial expression, when speaking to someone with an accent you tend to imitate their accent as well) o students imitate professors (unaware that they are imitating) increases rapport (the more imitation the more enjoyable interaction) (unconscious imitation) chameleon effects (another way of describing how we take on each other’s mannerisms and style of speaking) (2 people brought in. asked to describe a picture to another person. one is an experimenter and one is the subject. this is called confederate.) o 'confederate' foot shake, face rubbing o subjects imitate unconsciously o speed of action also imitated o breathing (watching someone else on a treadmill) o eating amounts (depends on who you are eating with) must be human actions you've imitated your whole life at two weeks old: (book will be more specific) o facial actions tongue protrusions blinking some expressionlike behavior speech movements: 'ah' vs. 'm' whether seen or heard you imitate the words, syntax, rate, intonation, and accent of speech (syntax: how someone puts words in a sentence; two ways of saying the same thing) (you will match the rate at which a person speaks. ex: west coast vs east coast) (intonation: the flow at which a person speaks. when exited voice goes higher and then comes back down to a normal voice. ex: jay leno) o finegrain aspects of speech \n 'pa' vs. 'ba' voice onset time (when saying ‘pa’ the vocal chords vibrate after you release your lips) (when saying ‘ba’ vocal chords vibrate before you release your lips) extent is specific to speakers o 1/20 — 2/20 of a second (distinguishes my pa from your pa) (when we talk to each other we start imitating each other’s delay time. this is called voice onset time.) o we imitate this extent shifts our speech 1/200 of a second (unconscious brain more accurate than conscious) too small to willfully control imitation makes you a better person imitation facilitates social interactions (one subject and one confederate. this time the confederate will imitate the subject while the subject is describing the pictures. has to be subtle and a little delayed) o being imitated makes you like a person more and consider the interaction more successful being imitated also: o facilitates agreement, increases waitress tips, enhances product enjoyment, enhances avatar likeability (subjects can’t know they are being imitated. works with selling products. ex: pepsi vs coke challenge.) (future: building robots so they imitate you. ex: head nods) (car navigations like siri have been noted to be easier to deal with if the voice imitates yours subtly) imitation must be subtle, smooth, delayed facilitates positive behaviors towards others pencil dropping experiment (an experimenter comes in with a stack of papers and pencil. the experimenter pretends to walk funny and drop all the pencils. it has been shown that if you have been imitated you are more likely to help pick up the pencils.) (makes you a better person) \n imitation makes you a better perceiver imitative practice helps you 'see' more: sports, music (when learning to play tennis you’re learning through imitation so now when you watch tennis on tv you will see the game in a whole different light.) motor training enhances perceptual skill o odd arm coordination facilitates pointlight walking perception (you’re asked to sit and watch someone do a weird dance only using their arms. then you are asked to learn the dance and practice it. so you learn the motor skill by imitation and then they perfect the motor skill by practice.) (pointlight: darkening a person’s face or body by putting reflective dots on their joints and when they start moving you can identify things such as their gender and size.) restricting covert imitation suppresses perception o facial expressions – blinded by botox (you are shown a series of faces going from a sad face, to a in between face, to a happy face. the question is where are you going to put that dividing point between the happy faces and sad faces? can you discriminate the neutral faces? more than likely you can unless you are restricted from imitating. you are a little less accurate if your face is restricted from imitating. ex: pen in between lips.) o arm vs. leg motions (shown 2 pictures and asked if they people in it are doing the same position) (you are pretty good at it but you would be less good at the position of the arm when swinging your arm.) your motor system influences how you perceive (swinging your legs and trying to determine if the positions of the legs are the same in the 2 pictures makes you less accurate only about the legs not the arms) o in a body system specific way you use your motor system to perceive creating temporary lesions using tms in relevant motor areas inhibits perception of: (break a part of the brain) o face emotion – blinded by botox (troubling perceiving other’s facial expression) o weight lifting \n (trouble determining how much weight a person is lifting as you watch. heavy or lighter?) o hand and arm actions (not body parts) (trouble perceiving other’s hand movements) what about covert imitation? o not much observable beyond faces but: o apply weak, short tms pulse to motor cortex (instead of breaking part of the brain for some time, we’re going to prime the brain. weaker stimulus and shorter stimulus. doesn’t break the brain but excites the brain. primes the motor brain) primes muscles for covert imitation (when watching someone pitching or swinging your arms will twitch. body part specific) o watching hand or arm motions induces activity in hand or arm o same for listening to, or lipreading speech (if ‘ba’ was repeated and your brain had been primed, your lips would twitch and if ‘da’ was repeated your tongue will twitch. this is true even if you watch a silent movie.) your brain is always imitating action planning cells – motor brain regions (cells that were involved in motor behavior. monkey imitated a graduated student reaching for raisins. cells respond when you are doing the behavior and are also involved when seeing someone else doing the behavior) o also respond to seeing the same movements mirror neurons (initiates behavior it responds to seeing that same behavior) mirror neuron systems—mns o analogous motor areas in human brain responsive to seeing hand, face actions helps with perception o effected by tms transient lesions most active during imitation yawning – familiarity (contagious) (mirror neuron) (the more familiar someone is the more contagious) (contagious with dogs) other's intentions? (intentions through body movement) autism? inhibited imitation (less contagious yawning); less mns activation (fewer imitative behavior than the rest of us) \n empathy? selfratings correlate with mns activity (more activity in their mirror neuron systems than people who don’t rate themselves as empathetic) you are strongly drawn to imitate eye gaze eyetracking measures (your attention will follow the magician) o observer's gaze tracks magicians with a halfsecond lag gaze misdirection o eyetracking o eyes follow ball, not magician's gaze o but your attention follows gaze you're fooled, but your eyes are not eyeshifting task o accuracy and reaction time influenced by face's gaze direction no influence of arrows also works with subliminal faces gaze can influence your opinion of a target object o gazed at objects rated as more likable gaze can influence your opinion of the gazer o more predictive faces rated more trustworthy chapter 10 multisensory speech sue thomas professional lipreader (fbi) o lost all hearing at 18 months before most of language acquisition o received intensive speech therapy: 7 years guided production in front of mirror deaf typically twice as good at lipreading o early start, primary means of communication other factors: gender, stm span, reading speed neuroplasticity of early deaf o greater reactivity to visual motion, particularly in periphery o auditory cortex responds to sign language; other hand and arm gestures",
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d5961c309636d7f5936fad35abd06c90 | ?problem 38e
differentiating and integrating power series find the power series representation for g centered at 0 by differentiating or integrating the power series for f (perhaps more than once). give the interval of convergence for the resulting series.
g(x)= in(l + x2) using | differentiating and integrating power series | ch 9.2 - 38e | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.25 | [
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"text": "1 define an operating system an operating system is a program/software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. 2 computer types micro, mini, mainframe, super 3 describe the evolution and trends of the operating system 1940: first generation computer based on vacuum tube technology 1950: second generation focused on cost effectiveness 1960: third generation multiprogramming, program scheduling 1970 virtual memory developed to solve physical limitation 1980 multiprocessing 1990 demand for internet capability, and multimedia applications 2000 virtualization 4 distinguish an operating system from a computer system computer system is software (program). hardware (physical machine and electric components. operating system is part of computer system (software) and manages all hardware and software \n 5 computer object oriented design load only the critical elements into the main memory and call other objects as needed. kernel (operating system nucleus) o resides in memory at all times, performs essential tasks, and protected by hardware kernel reorganization o memory resident: process scheduling and memory allocation o modules: all other functions advantages o modification and customization without disrupting integrity of the remainder of the system o software development more productive 6 explain the operations of an operating system monitor its resources continuously. enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when and how much. allocate the resource when appropriate deallocate the resource when appropriate 7 list the different categories of operating systems five types/categories: batch, interactive, realtime, hybrid, embedded two distinguishing features = response time and how data enters into the system \n 8 identify the key operating system managers memory manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. ram processor manager: a composite of two submanagers, the job scheduler and the process scheduler, which decides how to allocate the cpu. cpu device manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. it monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system’s devices. keyboard, printer, disk drive file manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files. program files, data files, compilers. network manager: the section of the operating system responsible for controlling access to and the use of networked resources. network comms, protocols 9 describe the early memory management allocation schemes singleuser contiguous, fixed partitions, dynamic partitions common requirements of old memory management techniques (disadvantages of the old schemes) entire program loaded into memory contiguous storage stays in memory until job completed each places severe restrictions on job size sufficient for first three generations of computers multiprogramming not supported in singleuser contiguous 10 describe the new memory management allocation schemes paged memory allocation o divides each incoming job into pages of equal size demand paging scheme o pages brought into memory only as needed segmented memory allocation scheme \n o each job divided into several segments (logical pieces), where the segments are different sizes segmented/demand paged memory o combination of segmentation and demand paging virtual memory o combination of ram and disk space that running processes can use. firstfit memory allocation first partition fitting the requirements o advantage: faster in making allocation o disadvantage: leads to memory waste bestfit memory allocation smallest partition fitting the requirements o advantage: makes the best use of memory space o disadvantage: slower in making allocation 11 explain the process management concept and concurrency of operating systems processor manager composite of two submanagers job scheduler: higherlevel scheduler o job scheduling responsibilities o job initiation based on certain criteria process scheduler: lowerlevel scheduler o process scheduling responsibilities o determines execution steps o process scheduling based on certain criteria hold (handled by job scheduler) ready (handled by process scheduler) waiting (handled by process scheduler) running (handled by process scheduler) finished (handled by job scheduler) six algorithm types firstcome, firstserved (fcfs) – nonpreemptive shortest job next (sjn) – nonpreemptive priority scheduling – nonpreemptive shortest remaining time (srt) – preemptive round robin (rr)– preemptive multiplelevel queues – more of a package, 1 queue per policy \n concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other multiple processes within os multiple threads within a process there is no need for ‘rules’ if there is no shared resources (e.g. data) or resource/data is constant (readonly), otherwise we need synchronization… lack of process synchronization consequences • deadlock: “deadly embrace” • system comes to standstill • resolved via external intervention • starvation • infinite postponement of job 12 identify the four basic functions of device management monitoring of status of each device enforcing policies to determine which process will get a device and for how long. allocating the device deallocating the device dedicated devices (e.g. printer) shared devices (e.g. hard disk) virtual devices a virtual device is a combination of dedicated and shared devices. it is actually a dedicated device which is transformed to a shared device. (e.g. printer converted to shareable device through a spooling program which reroutes all print requests to a disk.) sequential access disk dasd flash memory optical disk, magnetic disk, fixed and movable head \n ready – determined by process scheduling algorithms waiting – signal to continue processing running – l/0 request page fault divide each job into equal size pages brought into memory only as needed each job divided into different size, segment are different size combination combination of ram and disk space that running process can use it checks the validity of each request for memory space and, if it’s a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job. which decides how to allocate the cpu. controlling access to and the use of networked resources. 13 explain the fundamentals of file management and the structure of the file management system in a computer system, the file manager keeps track of its files with directories that contain the filename, its physical location in secondary storage, and important information about each file. file storage tracking policy implementation file allocation if user access cleared file deallocation field – group of related byte record – group of related field file – group of related record (information used by specific program) file organization refers to the arrangement of records within the file \n sequential record organization easiest to implement because records are stored and retrieved serially, one after the other. direct record organization uses direct access files, which, of course, can be implemented only on direct access storage devices indexed sequential record organization combines the best of sequential and direct access.",
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7b9d0b7953ba99764e03157e228e681f | in problems 13-24, analyze each equation and graph it. 1'(3 - 2 sin () = 6 | in 13-24, analyze each equation and graph it. 1'(3 - 2 sin | studysoup | studysoup.com | 2021.10 | [
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"text": "aliya cook clas 202 04/04/2016 classics roman life and culture early dates c. 1000 bce earliest signs of settlement on the capitoline; earliest known tombs in forum valley c. 900 bce beginning of permanent settlement on the palatine 753 bce trad. “founding” by romulus c. 600 etruscan domination the etruscans occupied the area north of the t. river an indigenous italian people related to the villanovans art, architecture, shows greek and phoenician influence thought to have come from libyans urns for ashes shaped like houses: villanova hut urn etruscan is related to neither latin nor greek only language somewhat related to is a pregreek dialect about 9,000 epigraphic texts: some are bilingual with greek at delphi, with punic at pyrgi in italy a linen book preserved in the binding of egyptian mummy pyrgi tablets: details the dedication of a king to a goddess loanwords from latin and greek to etruscan some etruscan words are theatrical: words that mean stage (scaena), actor (histrio), and character (persona) our knowledge of the etruscans comes from material culture, mostly tombs caere, modern cerveteri: necropolis mausoleum of augustus: rome c. 28 bce a strong interest in the afterlife, comes from the various forms of art in their tombs sarcophagi designed in ways that express the actual people, i.e. a man and a woman sitting at a banquet, a man lounging on a bed eating something from a bowl with inscriptions along the edge of the sarcophagi threedimensional sarcophagi a socially lively afterlife, some married women kept their own names; very progressive/aggressive women in liby \n wealthy community, especially in 800500 bce; rich in mineral resources, i.e. iron and silver; agricultural fertility successful trade, considerable trade with gold and gems in these areas. women lived quite highly monteleone chariot c. 530, found around 1902, metropolitan museum of art, very small, bronze work of people fighting tomb paintings, people hunting and netting birds, as well as fishing on a boat achilles ambushing a trojan warrior bucchero pottery: red plate, fired with a kiln hot enough to stop up all the holes and deprive the atmosphere of oxygen, which drew out the iron and left the pottery black architecture with three rooms behind pillars, no steps on the side pantheon: rome—has a porch with a dome, pillars not all the way around like in greek architecture makes a big use of the arch etruscan insignia, used by the consuls i. toga praetexta ii. sella curulis iii. fasces places where fasces were in accordance to mussolini have been gouged out for americans fasces are much more liberating images seven kings of rome romulus numa pompilius tullus hostilius ancus marcius l. tarquinius priscius (tarquin the first) i. comes from tarquinni in the north ii. livy carefully says that lucumo is on the janiculum when the omen appears wife claims this is a good omen iii. lucumo must enter the city by the pons iv. livy also notes his entering into the city v. demaratus of corinth (father) a refugee from a political upheaval “happens to settle in a town called tarquinii marries into a local family servius tullus l. tarquinius superbus (tarquin the proud) \n **walls and bridges are not neutral; they are not simply infrastructure** \n aliya cook clas 202 04/04/2016 classics roman life and culture early dates c. 1000 bce earliest signs of settlement on the capitoline; earliest known tombs in forum valley c. 900 bce beginning of permanent settlement on the palatine 753 bce trad. “founding” by romulus c. 600 etruscan domination the etruscans occupied the area north of the t. river an indigenous italian people related to the villanovans art, architecture, shows greek and phoenician influence thought to have come from libyans urns for ashes shaped like houses: villanova hut urn etruscan is related to neither latin nor greek only language somewhat related to is a pregreek dialect about 9,000 epigraphic texts: some are bilingual with greek at delphi, with punic at pyrgi in italy a linen book preserved in the binding of egyptian mummy pyrgi tablets: details the dedication of a king to a goddess loanwords from latin and greek to etruscan some etruscan words are theatrical: words that mean stage (scaena), actor (histrio), and character (persona) our knowledge of the etruscans comes from material culture, mostly tombs caere, modern cerveteri: necropolis mausoleum of augustus: rome c. 28 bce a strong interest in the afterlife, comes from the various forms of art in their tombs sarcophagi designed in ways that express the actual people, i.e. a man and a woman sitting at a banquet, a man lounging on a bed eating something from a bowl with inscriptions along the edge of the sarcophagi threedimensional sarcophagi a socially lively afterlife, some married women kept their own names; very progressive/aggressive women in liby \n wealthy community, especially in 800500 bce; rich in mineral resources, i.e. iron and silver; agricultural fertility successful trade, considerable trade with gold and gems in these areas. women lived quite highly monteleone chariot c. 530, found around 1902, metropolitan museum of art, very small, bronze work of people fighting tomb paintings, people hunting and netting birds, as well as fishing on a boat achilles ambushing a trojan warrior bucchero pottery: red plate, fired with a kiln hot enough to stop up all the holes and deprive the atmosphere of oxygen, which drew out the iron and left the pottery black architecture with three rooms behind pillars, no steps on the side pantheon: rome—has a porch with a dome, pillars not all the way around like in greek architecture makes a big use of the arch etruscan insignia, used by the consuls i. toga praetexta ii. sella curulis iii. fasces places where fasces were in accordance to mussolini have been gouged out for americans fasces are much more liberating images seven kings of rome romulus numa pompilius tullus hostilius ancus marcius l. tarquinius priscius (tarquin the first) i. comes from tarquinni in the north ii. livy carefully says that lucumo is on the janiculum when the omen appears wife claims this is a good omen iii. lucumo must enter the city by the pons iv. livy also notes his entering into the city v. demaratus of corinth (father) a refugee from a political upheaval “happens to settle in a town called tarquinii marries into a local family servius tullus l. tarquinius superbus (tarquin the proud) \n **walls and bridges are not neutral; they are not simply infrastructure**",
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55bd5561da1ece6081c0689f589c87bf | pols 206 pols 206 pols 206 | pols 206 | studysoup.com | 2021.17 | [
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"text": "thursday, 18 lectures 1 and 2 challenges: partisan polarization: far r. far l. fears about terrorism and foreign aggression economic uncertainty mounting debt: $19 trillion accumulation of deficits. politics: who gets what, when and how how are we going to close the gap? raise taxes? cut spending? pivotal moment country could emerge stronger and better or…? prof. fulton’s approach: evaluate politics from a rational perspective what are the institutions that govern us how are they structured who are the key players why do we observe the outcomes that we do how can we change them? challenge",
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