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This is a list of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered. __TOC__ State Route 1E State Route 1E (SR 1E) was a route in Floyd County extending along present-day Old Cedartown Road, Park Avenue, Maple Avenue, East Sixth Street, and 2nd Avenue from US 27/SR 1 to US 27/SR 1, as well as US 411/SR 53. Originally part of US 27/SR 1, it was originally designated as SR 1 before being reassigned as SR 1E in 1955. US 27/SR 1 had been relocated along former SR 1 Spur, which is present-day US 27/SR 1 from Old Cedartown Road to present-day US 411 in 1938 with the old route remaining as SR 1 through Lindale. When US 27 was upgraded and relocated in 1968 to the Rome Connector, SR 1E was truncated to end at the present-day interchange of Maple Avenue. Essentially a business route for an unincorporated community south of Rome, the state no longer saw the value in retaining an old alignment and transferred control to Floyd County in 1985. State Route 3W (Albany 1946–1957) State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path as it currently does in the Albany metropolitan area. By the end of 1926, the segment of the highway from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this stretch of SR 3. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city. By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced. By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3. State Route 3W (Albany 1960–1973) State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Albany. It traversed portions of Dougherty and Lee counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment from the Mitchell–Dougherty county line to Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on it through the Albany metropolitan area. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was projected to be designated from the western part of Albany to US 19/SR 3 north of the city. By April 1949, the southern part of SR 3W was hard surfaced, while its northern part had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1950, the entire length of SR 3W was hard surfaced. By July 1957, SR 3 in the northern part of Albany was redesignated as SR 3 Conn. due to SR 3W being redesignated as part of SR 3. By June 1960, SR 3 Conn. was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline, and its old path was redesignated as the second SR 3W in the city. In 1973, SR 3W was redesignated as part of SR 3, while its former path was redesignated as part of SR 133. State Route 3W (Thomaston) State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S. State Route 3E (Thomaston) State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N. State Route 3N State Route 3N (SR 3N) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3E was redesignated as SR 3N. In 1988, SR 3N in Thomaston was redesignated as the northbound lanes of SR 3. State Route 3S (Thomaston) State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the city of Thomaston, in Upson County. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through the city as it currently does. By the end of 1926, the segment of SR 3 through Thomaston had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1929, US 19 was designated on this segment. By June 1963, the path of SR 3 in Thomaston was split into SR 3W and SR 3E. It was unclear as to which highway US 19 traveled on. In 1987, SR 3W was redesignated as SR 3S. In 1988, SR 3S in Thomaston was redesignated as the southbound lanes of SR 3. State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1937–1946) State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through this area as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of the highway. The Atlanta–Marietta segment had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline. State Route 3W (Atlanta–Marietta 1954–1955) State Route 3W (SR 3W) was a short-lived state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these cities as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this segment of SR 3. It had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive. By the end of 1946, SR 3W was redesignated as part of the SR 3 mainline. By June 1954, the second SR 3W in this area was designated between the two cities. By June 1955, it was redesignated as part of SR 3. State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta) State Route 3E (SR 3E) was a state highway that existed in Atlanta and Marietta. It traversed portions of Fulton and Cobb counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 3 traveled on essentially the same path through these two cities as it currently does. By the end of 1926, US 41 had been designated on this entire segment of SR 3, which had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1937, SR 3 was split into two parts between Atlanta and the northwest part of Marietta. US 41/SR 3 traveled northwest on the original path, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on a more eastern path between the two cities. SR 3E's path from SR 120 in the east part of Marietta to US 41/SR 3 in the northwestern part of the city. The rest of SR 3E was under construction. By the end of the year, SR 3W was established, traveling northwest with US 41 on Marietta Street and Old Marietta Road, while SR 3E traveled north-northwest on Hemphill Street and Northside Drive. All of SR 3E in the northern part of Atlanta was hard surfaced. From the north part of the city to the northwest part, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Later that year, all of SR 3E from Atlanta to northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line had a completed hard surface. In 1940, nearly the entire segment of SR 3E in Marietta had a completed hard surface. It was under construction from northwest of the Fulton–Cobb county line to the eastern part of Marietta. By the end of the next year, the entire length of SR 3E had a completed hard surface. By February 1948, SR 3E was moved off of Hemphill Avenue. It, along with US 41 Temp., followed US 19 on Spring Street, then traveled west on 14th Street and resumed the Northside Drive path. By April 1949, US 41 Temp./SR 3E's southbound lanes traveled on Hemphill Avenue. By the middle of 1950, US 41 Temp./SR 3E was shifted off of US 19 on Spring Street and 14th Street, and traveled on Hemphill Avenue again. In 1952, US 41 Temp. was redesignated as part of the US 41 mainline. In 1985, SR 3E was decommissioned. State Route 3S (Marietta) State Route 3S (SR 3S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Marietta in Cobb County, Georgia. By the end of 1965, it was designated from SR 3 to SR 5. Between 1974 and March 1980, SR 3S was redesignated as SR 3 Spur. State Route 4 (1919–1929) State Route 4 (SR 4) was a state highway that was formed at least as early as 1919. It began at the Alabama state line, traveled to the east-southeast and intersected SR 1 in Rome. It then curved to the southeast and reached its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 3 in Cartersvile. By the end of 1921, SR 4 was extended southeast into the main part of Cartersville, on a concurrency with SR 3 and headed north-northeast to an intersection with SR 2/SR 53 in Fairmount. By the end of 1926, almost all of the Alabama–Rome segment, and the southern half of the 1921 extension, had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In the vicinity of Rome, the highway had a "completed hard surface". About half of the Rome–Cartersville segment was under construction. The easternmost part of this segment, and nearly the entire SR 3 concurrency, had a "completed semi hard surface". By the end of 1929, the entire length of the original segment of SR 4 was redesignated as SR 20, with US 41W designated along the Rome–Cartersville segment. US 41 was designated along the former SR 3 concurrency. The 1921 extension was redesignated as SR 61. SR 4 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of parts of SR 15, SR 17, and SR 24. State Route 7W State Route 7W (SR 7W) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7W traveled through the western part of the city. In 1985, it was decommissioned. State Route 7E State Route 7E (SR 7E) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR 7 through the Cordele area was split into SR 7W and SR 7E. SR 7E traveled through the main part of the city, concurrent with US 41. In 1985, it was redesignated as part of the SR 7 mainline. State Route 9E State Route 9E (SR 9E) was a state highway. It was originally constructed early in 1941. In July 1981, as the extension of SR 400 had reached SR 60 south-southeast of Dahlonega, this designation was decommissioned. The routing that was followed by SR 9E starts where Hopewell Road splits from the current SR 9 north-northeast of Coal Mountain in Forsyth County, and parallels SR 400 very closely. The road changes names to Lumpkin Campground Road as it enters Dawson County, passes by the North Georgia Premium Outlet Mall, then crosses SR 53 and SR 400 in rapid succession. Just before intersecting with SR 136 the road changes names again to Harmony Church Road, then is called Auraria Road as it becomes SR 136. The road crosses SR 400 once more to its west, parts ways with SR 136, then travels north through the community of Auraria into Lumpkin County to its northern terminus at SR 9/SR 52 west of Dahlonega. State Route 11E State Route 11E (SR 11E) was a state highway that existed entirely within Bibb County in the Macon metropolitan area. It functioned like an eastern alternate route of US 41/SR 11/SR 49. In 1953, it was established from US 41/SR 11/SR 49/SR 247 south-southwest of Macon to US 41/SR 11/SR 49 in the city. Between June 1960 and June 1963, SR 49 was shifted eastward, off of US 41/SR 11 and replacing SR 11E. State Route 13W State Route 13W (SR 13W) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 19/SR 9 north of Atlanta to the southwestern corner of North Atlanta. Between February 1948 and April 1949, its northern terminus was extended to US 23/SR 13 east-northeast of North Atlanta. In 1971, SR 13W was redesignated as part of SR 141 (Peachtree Road/Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) and SR 13 Conn. State Route 15W State Route 15W (SR 15W) was a short-lived state highway that existed completely within the city limits of Athens. It functioned like a bypass of downtown. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from US 129/US 441/SR 15/SR 24 north-northwest to US 129/SR 15. Between February 1948 and April 1949, the path of SR 15 was shifted westward, replacing SR 15W. State Route 16S State Route 16S (SR 16S) was a state highway that existed in portions of Jefferson, Glascock, and Warren counties. In 1942, it was established from an intersection with SR 16 west-northwest of Wrens to another intersection with SR 16 southeast of Warrenton. A decade later, the path of SR 16 southeast of Warrenton was shifted southward, replacing the path of SR 16S. The portion from southeast of Warrenton to northwest of Wrens was redesignated as SR 16 Conn., while the portion from northwest of Wrens to north of Louisville was redesignated as SR 16 Conn. State Route 20 (1919–1921) State Route 20 (SR 20) was a very short-lived state highway that traveled from Gray to Sparta. It was formed at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1921 and redesignated SR 22. It began at an intersection with SR 11 in Gray. It traveled to the east-northeast and entered Milledgeville, where it intersected SR 24 and SR 29. It then went northeast to Sparta, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 15 and SR 16. SR 20 was reused that same year on a different road (see below). State Route 20 (1921–1929) State Route 20 (SR 20) was a state highway in the east-central part of the state. At least as early as 1919, part of SR 24 was established from Louisville to Waynesboro. By the end of September 1921, the path of SR 24, from Waynesboro to Louisville, was shifted northwestward. The former path of SR 24 was redesignated as SR 20. Between October 1926 and October 1929, the path of SR 24, from Augusta to Louisville, was reverted to the Waynesboro–Louisville path, replacing SR 20. SR 24's former path, on US 1, was redesignated as part of SR 4. SR 20 was reused on that same day as a redesignation of most of the original SR 4. State Route 26E State Route 26E (SR 26E) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of Chatham County, in Savannah Beach, which is what Tybee Island was known as at the time. The roadway that would eventually become SR 26E was established between June 1963 and the end of 1965, as SR 26 Loop, between two intersections with US 80/SR 26 in the southern part of the city. In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 26E. In 1985, SR 26E was decommissioned. State Route 27S State Route 27S (SR 27S) was a state highway that existed in the central part of Dodge County, southwest of Eastman. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from US 341/SR 27 west of Eastman to US 23/US 341/SR 27 southeast of the city. In 1977, it became the new route of US 341/SR 27. State Route 28 (1919–1937) State Route 28 (SR 28) was a state highway that traveled from Georgetown to Vienna. It was established at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1937. It began at an intersection with SR 39 in Georgetown. It traveled to the northeast and intersected SR 1 in Lumpkin. It curved to the east-southeast through Preston. In Americus, the highway intersected SR 3 and SR 26. It headed to the east and entered Vienna, where it met its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 7. By the end of 1926, a segment just east of Preston was under construction. The eastern half of the Preston–Americus segment had a completed hard surface. The Dooly County portion of the highway had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the end of 1929, a segment just east of Lumpkin and a segment just west of Preston had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the middle of 1930, SR 28 was extended northeast from Vienna to Hawkinsville. A few months later, the Richland–Preston segment was under construction. By 1932, US 280 was designated on the Richland–Americus segment. Near the end of the year, the entire Vienna–Hawkinsville segment had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By the end of 1937, s segment just southwest of Hawkinsville had a completed hard surface. Just a few months later, all of SR 28 had been redesignated as SR 27. This was done so that SR 28 could be reused on former SR 52 and SR 105 to match South Carolina. State Route 34 (1919–1926) State Route 34 (SR 34) was a short-lived state highway in the western part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919 and was decommissioned in 1926. When it was established, it extended from SR 1 and SR 16 in Carrollton to SR 8 in Villa Rica. In 1926, its entire length consisted of a "sand clay or top soil" surface and was redesignated as a southern branch of SR 8. Within three years, US 78S had been designated along the path of SR 8's southern branch. A decade later, US 78S had been redesignated as US 78 Alt. Nearly another decade later, SR 8 had been redesignated as SR 8 Alt. By the beginning of 1953, US 78 Alt. had been decommissioned. By the middle of 1954, SR 8 Alt. had been redesignated as SR 166 from Carrollton to northeast of the city and SR 61 from that point to Villa Rica, as they travel today. SR 34 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route. State Route 36 (1919–1941) State Route 36 (SR 36) was a state highway that originally existed from Danielsville to Elberton, when it was established at least as early as 1919. By the middle of 1930, its western terminus was shifted southwestward into Athens. By the end of the year, the western terminus had been reverted to Danielsville and extended northwest to Commerce. The Athens–Comer segment was redesignated as SR 82. In 1941, SR 82 west of Comer and the Comer–South Carolina segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as SR 72, while the Commerce–Comer segment of SR 36 had been redesignated as an extension of SR 98. That same day, the old SR 72 was redesignated as SR 36. State Route 42A State Route 42A (SR 42A) was a state highway in Atlanta. It was entirely concurrent with US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 (Ponce de Leon Avenue). It was formed in 1941 and decommissioned only five years later, in 1946. It began at an intersection with US 19/SR 9 in the northern part of the city. From there, US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12/SR 42A traveled to the east to an intersection with SR 42. Here, SR 42A ended, and US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 continued to the east. State Route 43 (1919–1941) State Route 43 (SR 43) was a state highway that originally existed from a point north-northwest of Gainesville, north-northeast to Cleveland, and then northwest to Turners Corner, when it was established at least as early as 1919. Its original southern terminus was at SR 11 north-northwest of Gainesville, and its original northern terminus was at SR 9 in Turners Corner. By the end of 1921, SR 11 and SR 43 were swapped in this area. SR 11 took over the entire route of SR 43, while SR 43 was shifted to travel from a point north-northeast of Gainesville northwest to SR 9 just northeast of Dahlonega. By the end of 1926, the southern part of the new path had a sand clay or top soil surface, and the rest of it had a completed semi hard surface. By the end of 1929, the Lumpkin County portion of the highway had a completed hard surface. By the middle of the next year, all of the highway was completed. In 1941, SR 43 was redesignated as SR 52. Note that SR 43 was reused on former SR 70 to match South Carolina that same day. State Route 44 (1919–1921) State Route 44 (SR 44) was a short-lived state highway that only existed from the Alabama state line, northwest of Jakin, to Brinson. It was established at least as early as 1919, and was decommissioned by the end of 1921. It was redesignated as part of SR 38. SR 44 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route. State Route 45 (1919–1926) State Route 45 (SR 45) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established at least as early as 1919 on a path from SR 8 and SR 13 in Lawrenceville, south-southeast to Loganville, east-southeast to SR 11 in Monroe, and east-northeast to SR 15 in Watkinsville. By the end of 1921, the Lawrenceville–Loganville segment was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 13, the western terminus was extended west-southwest to what was known as "Ingleside" (now known as Avondale Estates), and the eastern terminus was shifted to the northwest to end at SR 8 west-southwest of Athens. By the end of 1926, the segment from Ingleside (now labeled as "Avondale") to Loganville and the segment from Monroe to the Athens area were redesignated as US 78/SR 10, while the Loganville–Monroe segment was also redesignated as US 78 and SR 13 (and possibly SR 10). SR 45 was reused in 1930 along part of its current route. State Route 46 (1919–1921) State Route 46 (SR 46) was a short-lived state highway that started at SR 32 and SR 33 in Sylvester to SR 7 and SR 35 in Tifton. It was established at least as early as 1919. By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 50. SR 46 was reused in 1921 along part of its current route. State Route 50N State Route 50N (SR 50N) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50N was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester. By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn. By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface. In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface. Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway. In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline. State Route 50S State Route 50S (SR 50S) was a state highway that existed in the city limits of Albany, within Dougherty County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 50S was established at least as early as 1919 as SR 32 from Dawson through Albany and into Sylvester. By the end of 1921, SR 50 was designated across the state. This truncated SR 32 at Ashburn. By the end of 1926, the portion of SR 50 in the eastern part of Albany had a "completed hard surface". By the middle of 1930, from west of Albany to the Worth–Tift county line, the highway had a completed hard surface. The western half of the Dougherty County portion of the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed semi hard surface. In January 1932, the Dawson–Albany segment had a completed hard surface. Between February 1948 and April 1949, US 82 was designated on SR 50 through the Albany area. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the path of SR& 50 through Albany was split into SR 50N and SR 50S. SR 50N used Broad Avenue and Sylvester Road, while US 82/SR 50S used Oglethorpe Avenue and Albany Expressway. In 1973, SR 50N was redesignated as SR 50 Conn., while SR 50S was redesignated as the SR 50 mainline. State Route 51 (1919–1921) State Route 51 (SR 51) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1919 and 1920, SR 51 was designated from Blue Ridge to the Tennessee state line. By the end of 1921, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 5. Note that the SR 51 number was reused in 1921 along part of the current highway. State Route 52 (1921–1937) State Route 52 (SR 52) was a state highway in Columbia and Richmond counties, in the Augusta metropolitan area. Between 1919 and 1921, SR 52 was designated from the South Carolina state line, northwest of Augusta, and the South Carolina state line again on the northeastern edge of the city. Before 1926 ended, the entire length of SR 52 had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. By the middle of 1930, in an area northwest of Augusta, SR 52 was shifted to a more western alignment. This segment was located about half of the distance from the Columbia–Richmond county line and the original segment. The original part northwest of the split did not have a highway number. The highway had a "completed hard surface" from there to Augusta. The year ended with all of SR 52 having a "completed hard surface". The original part's Richmond County portion did, too. By February 1932, the entire length of the highway had a completed hard surface. Near the end of the year, the northwestern part of SR 52 was shifted back to its original alignment and re-signed as SR 52. The western extended part was re-designated as SR 104. Before 1938, all of SR 52 was redesignated as the southern segment of SR 28. State Route 54B State Route 54B (SR 54B) was a state highway just south of Atlanta. When it was established in between 1919 and 1921, it extended from an intersection with SR 16 in Sharpsburg northeast to an intersection with SR 54 in Fayetteville. By the end of 1926, the northern half had a sand clay or top soil surface. Nearly a decade later, the entire length of SR 54B was redesignated as a re-routing of the SR 54 mainline. State Route 56 Spur State Route 56 Spur (SR 56 Spur) was a spur route that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Richmond County. Its route was entirely within the city limits of Augusta. Its west–east section was part of Tobacco Road. It was known as Doug Barnard Parkway for the rest of its length. Its entire length was within the city limits of Augusta. Its southern terminus was at an intersection with the SR 56 mainline (Mike Padgett Highway). Its northern terminus was at an intersection with US 1/US 25/US 78/US 278/SR 10/SR 121 (Gordon Highway) in downtown Augusta. Here, the roadway continues as Molly Pond Road. The highway was decommissioned in 2014. State Route 60 (1921–1926) State Route 60 (SR 60) was a short-lived state highway in the southeastern part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 27 in Sterling northeast to an intersection with SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. By the end of 1926, the highway was removed from the state highway system. This short segment of highway would later be used as part of SR 131 in 1939, in which this section became part of SR 99, and SR 131 was shifted further north. State Route 60 (1930–1940) State Route 60 (SR 60) was a very short state highway that existed entirely within Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 60 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of the highway had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. It later became SR 213 one year later. This portion became part of SR 229, which along with SR 213, was decommissioned in the 1980s. SR 60 was reused as a renumbering of former SR 86, and SR 86 was reused to renumber the duplicate SR 160. State Route 62 (1926–1929) State Route 62 (SR 62) was a short-lived state highway in the northeastern part of the state. It was proposed between 1919 and 1921 on a path from SR 11 at a point northwest of Jefferson, at approximately the location of Talmo, northeast to SR 15 in Homer. By the end of 1926, SR 62 was established on this same path, with US 129 having been applied onto SR 11. Within three years, this short highway had been decommissioned. State Route 63 (1921–1967) State Route 63 (SR 63) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it only extended from SR 30 in Ellabell to SR 26 at a point that approximates today's location of Eden. By the end of 1926, its termini were shifted to SR 30 in Lanier to US 80/SR 26 in Blitchton. By the end of 1929, the highway's western portion had a "sand clay or top soil" surface, while its eastern portion was under construction. Also, the western terminus was shifted again, to Pembroke. The next year, the eastern portion had a sand clay or top soil surface. At the end of the year, US 280 was designated along the entire path of SR 63. Before 1934 ended, the western portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Just a few months later the eastern portion of SR 63 was under the same condition. About six months later, the eastern terminus area had a completed hard surface. Near the end of 1936, the rest of the highway also had a completed hard surface. About a year later, SR 30's length southeast of Pembroke was swapped with the entire length of SR 63. That meant that SR 63 eastern-most terminus was now at US 17/SR 25 southeast of Clyde. The portion of this "new" path just southeast of Pembroke, as well as the entire segment southeast of Clyde, was under construction. Within a year, those under construction segments had completed grading, but were not surfaced. By the middle of 1939, a small portion of the highway farther to the southeast of Pembroke had the same conditions. Before the year ended, the rest of the highway's length also had the same conditions. A few months later, most of the highway's length that today is within the boundaries of Fort Stewart was under construction. Later in 1940, the segment from US 17/SR 25 to SR 144 southeast of Clyde had a completed hard surface. About five years later, Fort Stewart was established. Most of the state highways that traveled within the area now covered by the base were removed. Due to this, SR 63 was split into two short segments: one from the northern edge of the base to Pembroke and one from Richmond Hill to the southeastern edge of the base. By the end of 1948, state highways were re-established through the base, thereby reconnecting SR 63 as a single highway. One year later, the eastern terminus of the highway was extended south-southeast to Fancy Hall. Before 1953 ended, the Keller–Richmond Hill segment was hard surfaced. In 1954, the segment from the northern edge of Fort Stewart to Pembroke was hard surfaced. At the end of the decade, the Fancy Hall–Keller segment was paved. Before 1966 began SR 63 Spur had been established from SR 63 southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister. In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur. State Route 63 Spur State Route 63 Spur (SR 63 Spur) was a short-lived spur route of SR 63. Before 1966 began, SR 63 Spur was established from the SR 63 mainline southeast of Richmond Hill east to Fort McAllister. In 1967, SR 67's path south of Pembroke was shifted to the east, taking over the entire path of SR 63; therefore, SR 63 Spur was redesignated as SR 67 Spur. In the middle 1970s, SR 144 was extended east and south-southeast, taking over the route of SR 67 southeast of Fort Stewart; therefore, SR 67 was redesignated as SR 144 Spur. State Route 63 (1968–1986) State Route 63 (SR 63) went from SR 144 to SR 196. This was cancelled in 1986. It does not show on any official GDOT state maps, but is on some online maps. The SR 63 was reused in 1989 along the current highway. State Route 65 (1921–1926) State Route 65 (SR 65) was a state highway that formerly exited in the extreme northeastern part of the state. At least as early as 1919, a local road was established between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines in Rabun County. By 1921, this road was designated as SR 65. By the end of 1926, this was cancelled. In 1932, this route was restored as SR 105. This roadway would eventually be redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28. SR 65 was reused on an unrelated route (no longer part of the current route) in 1932. State Route 68 (1921–1932) State Route 68 (SR 68) was a short-lived state highway in the north-central part of the state. When it was established between 1919 and 1921, it extended from SR 9 in Cumming southeast to SR 13 in Buford. In January 1932, SR 68 was decommissioned and redesignated as part of SR 20. SR 68 was reused for part of its current route by March 1932. State Route 69 State Route 69 (SR 69) was a very short state highway located entirely in Towns County in the extreme northern part of the state. The highway traveled from US 76/SR 2 north to the North Carolina state line, where it became North Carolina Highway 69 (NC 69). SR 69 followed the roadway currently designated as the concurrency of SR 17/SR 515. It was formed in 1930, and was redesignated as part of SR 17 between 1957 and 1960. Between 1919 and 1921, the roadway that would eventually become SR 69 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 2 in Hiawassee to the North Carolina state line north of Hiawassee. By the end of 1930, this road was designated as SR 69, with a completed semi hard surface. A few years later, the highway's location was shifted a few miles to the west. Its southern terminus was still at SR 2, but began northwest of Hiawassee, as it currently travels. By the end of 1935, the highway had a completed hard surface. Twenty years later, SR 17 north of US 76/SR 2 was shifted to the west to travel concurrently with SR 69. Between 1957 and 1960, SR 69 was decommissioned, while SR 17 stayed on this segment of highway. State Route 70 (1932–1941) State Route 70 (SR 70) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. When it was established between 1930 and 1932, it extended from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line. At this time, the highway was under construction. In early 1934, SR 70 was extended south-southwest to US 78/SR 10/SR 17 north-northwest of Thomson. By the end of 1937, the segment of SR 70 from Lincolnton to the South Carolina state line had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1938, a small portion of the highway southwest of Lincolnton had a "completed hard surface". Late in 1941, all of SR 70 was redesignated as SR 43 to match South Carolina. SR 70 was not reused until 1968, when part of SR 74 was renumbered to SR 70. State Route 72 (1930–1941) State Route 72 (SR 72) was a state highway in the west-central and central parts of the state. It was established in 1930 on a path from US 19/SR 3 north-northwest of Thomaston to SR 18 in Barnesville. Later that year, the western terminus was shifted southward into Thomaston. At the end of 1933, SR 72 was extended northeast to Jackson. A few months later, it was extended again, this time north-northeast to Covington. Three years later, the entire length of the Thomaston–Barnesville segment had a "completed hard surface". Later that year, SR 72 was extended southwest to SR 41 in Woodland. The next year, the eastern terminus was under construction. By the middle of 1939, the then-western terminus had a completed hard surface. At this time, the then-eastern terminus had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. Near the end of 1940, SR 72 was extended north-northwest along SR 41 to Manchester and then west-northwest to SR 85 in Warm Springs. It was possibly also extended west-southwest to US 27/SR 1 in Pine Mountain, but GDOT maps didn't show a highway number for this segment of highway. The entire extension had a completed hard surface. Meanwhile, the eastern terminus was under construction. By the end of the year, the eastern terminus had a completed hard surface. A few months later, the entire Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface was under construction. By the end of 1941, the entire highway was redesignated as SR 36. The Newton County portion that didn't have a hard surface had completed grading, but was not surfaced. SR 72 was reused as a renumbering of most of old SR 36 and part of SR 82 to match South Carolina. The rest of SR 36 became an extension of SR 98. State Route 73W State Route 73W (SR 73W) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established and paved between two intersections with US 25/US 301/SR 73. It traveled north-northwest to an intersection with SR 46 and then northeast to its northern terminus. In 1993, it was decommissioned. State Route 73E State Route 73E (SR 73E) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established on US 25/US 301 as a redesignation of SR 73. It straddled the intersection with SR 46/SR 119. In 1993, it was reverted to be part of SR 73. State Route 85W State Route 85W (SR 85W) was a state highway that existed from south of Shiloh to Woodbury. The highway that would eventually become SR 85W was established in 1930 as part of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs. By the middle of 1933, the portion of the highway from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city. At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs. By the middle of 1937, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction. Near the end of the year, part of the Waverly Hall–Warm Springs segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1939, the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had a completed hard surface. In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury. By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction. In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs. By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W. That year, SR 85W's segment south of Warm Springs was reverted to being designated as SR 163. The next year, this was undone. Also, the segment of SR 85W from Warm Springs to Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester. About thirty-three years later, SR 85W was redesignated SR 85 Alt. State Route 85E State Route 85E (SR 85E) was a state highway between south of Shiloh and Woodbury. In 1935, SR 85 was extended southeast on SR 41 to Manchester and then north-northeast through Woodbury. At the end of 1936, part of SR 85 around Shiloh was under construction. In 1940, SR 85, from Manchester to approximately halfway between it and Woodbury, was under construction. At the end of 1941, a portion of SR 85 just east-northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface. At this time, a portion of the highway from south of Woodbury had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, a portion northeast of Manchester had a completed hard surface. The next year, a portion south of Woodbury had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. The entire length of SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Chalybeate Springs had a completed hard surface. A small portion north-northeast of Chalybeate Springs had a sand clay or top soil surface; the portion from there to Woodbury had a completed hard surface. Between 1946 and 1948, the Chalybeate Springs–Woodbury segment had a completed hard surface. Between 1955 and 1957, SR 85 from south of Shiloh to Woodbury was redesignated as SR 85E. Between 1960 and 1963, US 27 Alt. was shifted eastward onto SR 85E from south of Shiloh to Manchester. About thirty-two years later, SR 85E was redesignated as part of the SR 85 mainline again. State Route 86 (1930–1940) State Route 86 (SR 86) was a short-lived state highway in the North Georgia mountains region of the north-central part of the state. In 1930, SR 86 was established from Blue Ridge northeast to the North Carolina state line west-northwest of Ivy Log. In January 1932, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction. The next month, the western terminus of SR 86 was shifted eastward to begin northwest of Morganton. By mid-1933, the portion of SR 86 from northwest of Morganton to Mineral Bluff had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. Later that year, the entire length of SR 86 had a completed semi hard surface. In 1936, the entire length of SR 86 was under construction. At the beginning of 1937, SR 86 was extended southeast to US 19/SR 9 in Porter Springs. A few months later, SR 86's original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In late 1940, all of SR 86 was renumbered SR 60. About 37 years later, the original segment of SR 86, from Mineral Bluff to the state line was used for the path of SR 60 Spur, because SR 60 was rerouted over SR 245, which was cancelled. SR 86 was reused that same day as a renumbering of the duplicate SR 160. State Route 91W State Route 91W (SR 91W) was a state highway in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It functioned like an alternate route of SR 91. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from SR 91 south-southwest of Albany to SR 3W just west of the city. By February 1948, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1973, SR 234 was extended to the east, absorbing all of SR 91W. State Route 105 (1932–1937) State Route 105 (SR 105) was a state highway that existed entirely within Rabun County in the northeastern part of the state. The road that would eventually become SR 105 was established at least as early as 1919 between the North Carolina and South Carolina state lines. By 1921, the highway was signed as SR 65. This SR 65 was cancelled in 1926. SR 105 was designated in late 1932. By the end of 1934, the entire length of SR 105 was under construction. By the middle of 1937, SR 105 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Before 1938, all of SR 105 was redesignated as the northern segment of SR 28. SR 105 was reused on an unrelated route in 1938 (no longer part of its current route). State Route 131 State Route 131 (SR 131) was a state highway that was located in Glynn and McIntosh counties in the coastal part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 131 was established between 1919 and 1921 as SR 60 from SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick to SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. By the end of 1926, it was decommissioned. SR 131 was established in 1936 on what is currently SR 99 on an eastern curve between intersections with US 17/SR 25 in Darien and Eulonia. Later that year, the portion from Darien to approximately Meridian was under construction. In 1938, this segment had a "completed hard surface". From approximately Meridian to approximately Valona, the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In late 1939, SR 131 was established on a segment from US 84/SR 50 west-northwest of Brunswick to SR 32 northwest of Brunswick and on a segment from US 25/US 341/SR 27 southwest of Darien to US 17/SR 25 south-southwest of Darien. However, there is no indication if these were separate segments of the highway or extensions. The segment from approximately Valona to Eulonia was under construction. A few months later, the northern terminus of the southern segment was shifted eastward to a southwest–northeast routing. Also, the western terminus of the central segment was shifted south-southwest to connect with SR 32 at US 25/US 341/SR 27 north-northwest of Brunswick. By the end of 1941, the southern segment was under construction. The central segment was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The Valona–Eulonia segment of the northern segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, the entire length of all three segments of SR 131 were redesignated as an extension of SR 99. SR 131 was moved to an alignment from South Newport to east-northeast of it. The entire length of this new segment had a completed hard surface. By the end of 1946, the highway was extended east-southeast to the Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge. This extension had a completed hard surface. By the end of the decade, SR 131 was extended west-southwest to Jones. In 1953, the entire length of this extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced. About a decade later, this segment was hard surfaced. In 1977, it was decommissioned. Twelve years later, the eastern part was decommissioned, as well. State Route 134 State Route 134 (SR 134) was a state highway that was located in Telfair and Wheeler counties. It was established in early 1937 from US 341/SR 27 southwest of Towns to SR 15 in Jordan. This segment of highway remained virtually unchanged for over a decade, when it was given a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By early 1949, SR 134 was established on a segment from SR 149 south-southeast of McRae to US 341/SR 27 northwest of Lumber City. However, there is no indication if the two segments were separate or were connected via a concurrency with US 341/SR 27 between them. By the middle of 1950, US 23 was designated on US 341/SR 27 between the two segments. In 1953, the original segment of SR 134 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this segment was hard surfaced. Between 1957 and 1960, SR 15 at this segment's eastern end was shifted farther to the east. Its former path was redesignated as part of SR 19. Between 1960 and 1963, the newer segment of SR 134 was paved. It wasn't until 1988 that the entire length of the highway was decommissioned. State Route 143 State Route 143 (SR 143) was a state highway in the northwestern and north-central parts of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 1 from LaFayette to Trenton. By the end of 1921, SR 1 west of LaFayette was shifted to the east and off its former alignment. SR 53 was indicated to be a "contingent road" from LaFayette to Calhoun, with a concurrency with SR 1 in LaFayette. By the end of 1926, a portion of SR 53 northwest of Calhoun had a "completed semi hard surface". The decade ended with SR 53's path west of Calhoun being shifted farther to the south. The segment of SR 53 that had existed from LaFayette to Villanow was redesignated as part of SR 2. In 1930, the portion of SR 2 from approximately Naomi to Villanow had a completed semi hard surface. In February 1932, this segment's eastern end was shifted slightly to the north. In 1934, SR 2 was extended to an undetermined point northwest of LaFayette. A few years later, SR 143 was established on SR 53's former path from Vilanow to Calhoun. Later that year, SR 2 was extended farther to the northwest. Its southeast part (northwest of LaFayette) was under construction, while its northwest part had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1939, SR 2 was extended northwest to its intersection with SR 157. The western two-thirds of its length in this area had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Near the end of the year, SR 2 was extended north-northwest to an intersection with US 11/SR 58 in Trenton. The eastern part of this extension was under construction. In early 1940, this last extension of SR 2 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Around the middle of the year, the portions of SR 2 both north-northwest and east-southeast of the SR 157 intersection had a "completed hard surface". The next year, nearly the entire portion of SR 2 from just south-southeast of Trenton to just southeast of Cooper Heights had a completed hard surface. Later that year, SR 143 was designated on an eastern alignment from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate. By the end of 1946, SR 2 was extended to the Alabama state line. Also, its segment from LaFayette to Villanow was hard surfaced. By early 1948, all of SR 2 west-southwest of Trenton, the entire western segment of SR 143, and the eastern half of the eastern segment of SR 143, had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The western half of its eastern segment was indicated to be "projected mileage". By the middle of 1949, SR 2 was shifted much farther to the north. Its former alignment from the Alabama state line to Villanow was redesignated as a western extension of the western segment of SR 143. A portion northwest of LaFayette was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1950, a portion just east-southeast of Trenton was hard surfaced. In 1953, the portion west-southwest of Trenton and the portion from Sugar Valley to Calhoun were hard surfaced. The eastern segment's portion east of the SR 156 intersection had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this last segment was hard surfaced. By mid-1955, the Gordon County segment of the western segment (from Villanow to Sugar Valley) and the portion of the eastern segment (west of the SR 156 intersection) had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1960, the entire western segment was hard surfaced. Nearly the entire part of the eastern segment west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned. By the end of 1963, the decommissioned part of the eastern segment was re-instated. In 1970, a portion of the eastern segment southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced. In 1973, the portion of the eastern segment was decommissioned was indicated to be "under construction or projected mileage". In 1977, all of the western segment from the Alabama state line to northwest of Sugar Valley was redesignated as part of SR 136. All of the western segment from northwest of Sugar Valley to Calhoun was redesignated as SR 136 Conn. The eastern segment from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn. State Route 143 Connector State Route 143 Connector (SR 143 Conn.) was a connecting route in the northwestern part of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 143 Conn. was established between 1963 and 1966 as an unnumbered road from SR 143 northwest of Sugar Valley to Resaca. In 1972 it was designated as SR 143 Conn., ending at US 41/SR 3. In 1977, all of SR 143 west of a point northwest of Sugar Valley and all of SR 143 Conn. were redesignated as parts of SR 136. State Route 148 (1939–1949) State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 148 was established between 1919 and the end of 1921 as an unnumbered road from SR 1 in Fort Oglethorpe to SR 3 in Ringgold. By the end of 1926, US 41 was designated on SR 3. The entire length of the highway had a "completed semi hard surface". In 1930, US 41W was designated on SR 1. By the end of 1934, US 41W was decommissioned. It was redesignated as part of US 27. By the middle of 1939, the unnumbered road was designated as SR 148. 1940 ended with the entire length of SR 148 having a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1949, SR 2 was shifted to the north, replacing the entire length of SR 148. State Route 148 (1955–1966) State Route 148 (SR 148) was a state highway in the central part of the state. SR 148 was designated between the middle of 1954 and the middle of 1955 from SR 18 east-southeast of Forsyth to SR 87 eas of Bolingbroke. Its entire length had a "completed hard surface". Between 1957 and 1960, Interstate 75 (I-75) and SR 401 were built on a northeastern bypass of Forsyth. The southern terminus of this bypass connected with the western terminus of SR 148. Between 1960 and 1963, I-75 (and possibly SR 401) was extended southeast to just northeast of Bolingbroke, replacing SR 148 northwest of this point. Between 1963 and the end of 1966, I-75 was extended southeast through the Macon area, replacing SR 148 from northeast of Bolingbroke to east of this community (between the I-475 interchange northwest of Bolingbroke and SR 19 Spur east of the community, I-75 was under construction). The remainder of SR 148 was redesignated as part of SR 19 Spur. State Route 154 (1940–1946) State Route 154 (SR 154) was a state highway in the north-central part of the state. It was established in late 1939 from an intersection with SR 156 in Blaine to SR 5 in Talking Rock. The next year, it was under construction. Before the year ended, it was established on an eastern alignment from SR 108 northeast of Jasper to SR 183 northwest of Dawsonville. Around the middle of 1941, this new segment was under construction. In 1942, the original segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, both segments of SR 154 were redesignated as parts of SR 136. SR 154 was reused for a former section of SR 41 that same day. State Route 158 (1940–1941) State Route 158 (SR 158) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In 1940, SR 158 was established from US 41/SR 3 in Tunnel Hill to SR 71 in Varnell. At the end of the next year, it was renumbered SR 201, because there was already another SR 158 elsewhere in the state. State Route 160 (1939–1995) State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in northern Clayton and southwestern DeKalb counties. SR 160 was established from SR 54 in Forest Park to SR 42 south-southeast of Constitution. By the end of 1949, it was extended south-southeast on SR 54 and then west-northwest to US 19/US 41/SR 3. In 1995, the western segment was decommissioned completely, while the eastern segment was redesignated as SR 54 Conn. State Route 160 (1940–1941) State Route 160 (SR 160) was a state highway in the central part of the state. In 1940, SR 160 was established from SR 78 south of Adrian to SR 46 west of Oak Park. Later that year, SR 160's segment from south of Adrian to SR 56 northeast of Soperton had a "completed hard surface". The eastern part of the highway was under construction. By the end of 1941, all of SR 160 was renumbered SR 86, with the portion from northeast of Soperton to west of Oak Park having a completed hard surface, as there was already another SR 160 elsewhere in the state. State Route 161 State Route 161 (SR 161) was a state highway in central Polk County and southwestern Floyd counties. Its southern terminus was in Cedartown. It proceeded northwest to Cave Spring to an intersection with US 411/SR 53. It was established with a "completed hard surface" in 1939. Between 1960 and 1963, it was redesignated as part of an extended SR 100. State Route 163 State Route 163 (SR 163) was a state highway in the west-central part of the state. The highway that would eventually become SR 163 was established as SR 85 from south of Shiloh to SR 41 in Warm Springs. By the middle of 1933, the entire highway had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. The next year, the segment of the highway just south-southwest of Warm Springs was shifted westward to a curve into the city. At the end of 1936, two segments were under construction: around Shiloh and just west-southwest of Warm Springs. By the middle of the year, a portion from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs was under construction. Near the end of the year, the segment form south of Shiloh to Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. 1939 ended with the segment from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs having a completed hard surface. In 1940, SR 163 was built from Warm Springs to Woodbury. By the middle of 1941, SR 163's segment just northeast of Warm Springs was under construction. In 1942, a portion of SR 163 northeast of Warm Springs had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1946, SR 85 was shifted eastward to a more direct path between Columbus and Manchester. Its old path between south of Shiloh and Warm Springs was redesignated as a southerly extension of SR 163. By the middle of 1950, US 27 Alt. was designated on SR 163 from south of Shiloh to Warm Springs. By 1952, SR 163 was redesignated as SR 85W. State Route 167 State Route 167 (SR 167) was a state highway that existed on a southeast-to-northwest path from the Savannah metropolitan area to Millen. In early 1940, the highway was established on a path from US 17/SR 25 southwest of Savannah and then north-northwest to US 280/SR 26 west-northwest of the city. In 1942, US 280 was truncated to the west-northwest; its path through this area was redesignated as an east-southeast extension of US 80. SR 167 was extended west-northwest on US 80/SR 26 to just west-northwest of the Chatham–Effingham county line and then on a solo path to the north-northwest to the Effingham–Screven county line. The original segment was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The entire concurrency with US 80/SR 26 and its solo trek from there to Guyton had a "completed hard surface". The next year, SR 167 was extended northwest to Millen. In 1944, a small portion of the highway north-northwest of Guyton had a completed hard surface. By the end of 1948, the original segment was indicated to have "projected mileage". A small portion between Guyton and Egypt had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Another small portion northwest of that one had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By 1952, the segment northwest of US 80/SR 26 was redesignated as a southeast extension of SR 17, with a portion southeast of Millen having completed grading, but not being surfaced. By the middle of 1955, the original segment of SR 167 was decommissioned. State Route 170 State Route 170 (SR 170) was a state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state, in Dade and Walker counties. At the end of 1940, it was established on a path from SR 157 south-southeast of Trenton east-south to a point just west of SR 193 southeast of the city. About a year later, the entire length was under construction. In 1945, the eastern terminus was shifted north-northwest to end at an intersection with SR 193 east-northeast of Trenton. By the end of 1948, the eastern terminus of the highway was truncated to end at a point east of Trenton. By the end of 1951, the eastern terminus was extended north-northeast and then northwest to end at another intersection with SR 157 west of Chattanooga Valley. This made the "eastern" terminus now the "northern" one. Most of this extension had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. The northern part of it had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The portion east of the southern terminus was hard surfaced. In 1953, the entire extension had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By mid-1955, it had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. By the middle of 1957, this extension had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. Between 1960 and the end of 1963, the northern part of the extension was paved. At the end of the decade, the entire length of SR 170 was hard surfaced. In 1974, SR 157 was shifted eastward, replacing all of the north–south portion of SR 170, with the old alignment being redesignated as SR 189. The east–west portion of SR 170 was simply decommissioned. State Route 175 State Route 175 (SR 175) was a state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state, in Lowndes and Lanier counties. In 1940, it was established from SR 122 and SR 125 in Barretts to US 84/SR 38 in Naylor. By the end of 1948, a portion of the highway from east-southeast of Barretts (at the Lowndes–Lanier county line) to west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection northwest of Naylor had completed grading, but was not surfaced. From this point to the second crossing of the county line it had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. About five years later, the western terminus was truncated to a point west-northwest of the SR 31 intersection. By the middle of 1955, it was further truncated to the intersection with US 221/SR 31. By the end of 1963, the entire remaining segment of highway had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. In 1969, SR 175 was decommissioned. State Route 176 State Route 176 (SR 176) was a state highway in the northwestern part of the state. In late 1940, it was established from SR 120 in Lost Mountain to SR 92 in New Hope. In 1942, the highway was extended south-southeast to SR 6 in Powder Springs. The extension was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the southern part of the extension had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1948, the entire length of the extension was hard surfaced. A portion of the original segment just west of Lost Mountain had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the middle of 1950, this portion was hard surfaced. In 1953, a portion west of Lost Mountain had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Two years later, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. By the middle of 1957, this segment was indicated to have a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. Before the decade ended, the New Hope–Lost Mountain segment was paved. Also, an unnumbered road was built from Lost Mountain to US 41/SR 3 in Acworth. In 1969, the New Hope-to-Lost Mountain segment was shifted to the northeast onto this unnumbered road. Its former alignment was redesignated as SR 92 Conn. In 2010, SR 176 was decommissioned. This table shows the last alignment of the highway. State Route 179 State Route 179 (SR 179) was a state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It traversed Grady and Baker counties. At the end of 1940, SR 179 was established from SR 111 in Calvary to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham. In 1942, it was extended north-northwest to just north of the Grady–Mitchell county line, and then west to SR 97 in Vada. The entire highway was indicated as being "on system–not marked or maintained". By the end of 1949, SR 262 was established on the Grady–Mitchell county line, replacing the east–west part of SR 179. By the middle of 1950, a portion north-northwest of Whigham was hard surfaced. Two small portions between Whigham and the Grady–Mitchell county line had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the end of 1951, the southern two thirds of this segment was hard surfaced. A portion south-southeast of Whigham had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, this portion near Whigham was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1954, the entire Calvary–Whigham segment was hard surfaced. A portion south of the SR 262 intersection was shifted eastward and had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. About a year later, this portion was hard surfaced. In 1987, SR 179 was decommissioned. State Route 179 Connector State Route 179 Connector (SR 179 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 179 that existed in the southwestern part of the state. In 1969, it was established between US 27/SR 1 east-southeast of Amsterdam to SR 111 and SR 179 in Calvary. In 1987, SR 179 Conn. was decommissioned. State Route 181 (1940–1941) State Route 181 (SR 181) was a short-lived state highway that existed entirely in Walton County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 181 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. The entire length of this road had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as the entire length of SR 60. At the end of 1940, it was redesignated as SR 181. At the end of 1941, it was redesignated as SR 213. SR 181 was reused for a former portion of SR 8 on that same day. State Route 205 State Route 205 (SR 205) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was assigned to Bells Ferry Road in Cherokee County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established between SR 92 at a point southwest of Canton and SR 5 in the city. By the middle of 1955, all of the highway except for the southern terminus was hard surfaced. The portion at the southern terminus had completed grading, but was not surfaced. About two years later, this southern part was paved. In 1970, SR 92's segment between Acworth and Woodstock was shifted southward, and SR 205 was extended southward on SR 92's old alignment to SR 92's new path. In 1985, it was decommissioned. State Route 207 State Route 207 (SR 207) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state, completely within Oconee County. It is now known as Hog Mountain Road. In 1942, SR 207 was established from SR 53 west-northwest of Watkinsville to US 129/SR 15/SR 24 north-northeast of the city. Its entire length was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the entire highway had a "completed hard surface". In 1983, it was decommissioned. State Route 209 State Route 209 (SR 209) was a state highway in the Athens area. It existed entirely within Oconee County. In 1942, it was established from US 78/SR 10 southwest of Bogart, north-northwest to US 29/SR 8 in Bogart, and then northeast to the Oconee–Clarke county line. This northern terminus was just south-southeast of the Oconee–Clarke–Barrow–Jackson county quadripoint. The entire length of the highway was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the southern half of the highway had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1946, the southern terminus was shifted to another intersection with US 78/SR 10, but at a point south-southeast of Bogart. The entire length of this new part was hard surfaced. The northern terminus was truncated to the US 29/SR 8 intersection in Bogart. In 1983, SR 209 was decommissioned. State Route 210 State Route 210 (SR 210) was a very short state highway that was located in Lookout Mountain. At the end of 1941, it was established from SR 157 and SR 193 just west of the city limits of Lookout Mountain and then east and northeast to the Tennessee state line, at the Chattanooga city limits. The next year, the entire length of the highway had a "completed hard surface". Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was shifted to a different alignment. It traveled from SR 157 northwest to the Tennessee state line, at the Lookout Mountain city limits. This new alignment was paved. Between 1963 and 1966, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the east. The highway then traveled on a south-southwest to north-northeast direction. In 1977, SR 210 was redesignated as part of SR 189. State Route 213 State Route 213 (SR 213) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, Jasper, and Morgan counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 213 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, it was designated as SR 60. In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction. At the end of the next year, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213. In 1942, SR 142's segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, SR 213 was designated on a southern segment. It extended from SR 36 south-southwest of Covington, then southeast and east to SR 11 in Mansfield. It may have also been designated from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington; however, these segments were not specifically designated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as SR 229, which was also designated on the segment of roadway from Newborn to east of Covington. The Mansfield–Newborn segment of SR 213 was hard surfaced. By the end of 1948, SR 213 was extended east-southeast from Newborn to SR 83 in Pennington. From its western terminus to just west-southwest of Mansfield, and from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington, the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. From just west-southwest of Mansfield to east-southeast of Newborn, which included the SR 142 segment (with which SR 213 had a brief concurrency), it was hard surfaced. In 1953, the segment of SR 213 from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington was hard surfaced. From its western terminus to just west of Mansfield, it had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the western end of SR 213 was paved. At the end of the 1950s, all of the highway was paved. In 1982, SR 213 was decommissioned. State Route 213 Spur State Route 213 Spur (SR 213 Spur) was a spur route of SR 213 that existed entirely in Pennington, which is southwest of Madison, in Morgan County. Between 1960 and the end of 1963, SR 213 Spur was established in Pennington from SR 213 to SR 83. In 1982, it was decommissioned. State Route 214 State Route 214 (SR 214) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 26 east-southeast of Fountainville to another intersection with SR 26 in Oglethorpe. The next year, its entire length had a "completed hard surface". The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next 40 years. In 1982, SR 214 was decommissioned. State Route 214 Bypass State Route 214 Bypass (SR 214 Byp.) was a bypass route of SR 214 just west of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, it was established from SR 26/SR 49 southwest of the city to SR 214/SR 214 Spur northwest of it. In 1982, SR 214 Byp. was decommissioned and redesignated as the southern part of SR 128 Byp. State Route 214 Spur State Route 214 Spur (SR 214 Spur) was a spur route of SR 214 that existed mostly within the city limits of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, SR 214 Spur was established from SR 214/SR 214 Byp. northwest of Oglethorpe to SR 90/SR 128 in the city. In 1982, SR 214 Spur was decommissioned. State Route 217 State Route 217 (SR 217) was a state highway that existed entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 128 north of Oglethorpe to SR 127 south-southeast of Reynolds. Between 1963 and 1966, the entire length of the highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1969, SR 217 was decommissioned. State Route 218 State Route 218 (SR 218) was a short state highway that existed in Walker and Catoosa counties. It is currently known as Lakeview Drive. In 1942, it was established from US 27/SR 1 in Lakeview to SR 146 southeast of that city. Between November 1946 and February 1948, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1985, SR 218 was decommissioned. State Route 221 State Route 221 (SR 221) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of Jasper County. In 1943, it was established from SR 16 west of Monticello to SR 11 in Prospect. A decade later, the entire highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the entire length was paved. The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next two decades. In 1983, it was decommissioned. State Route 222 State Route 222 (SR 222) was a short state highway that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Meriwether County. Today, it is known as Jesse Cole Road. In 1943, it was established from SR 85 east-northeast of Manchester to SR 173 north of that city. Its entire length had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1948, its entire length had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, SR 85 was redesignated as SR 85E. By the end of 1960, the entire length of SR 222 was paved. In 1986, this highway was decommissioned. State Route 226 State Route 226 (SR 226) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed parts of Dawson and Hall counties. In 1943, it was established from SR 53 to SR 9E at two different points northwest of Gainesville. By the end of 1946, its entire length was hard surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated to the Hall–Dawson county line. Between 1963 and 1966, it was further truncated to a point just west of the county line. In 1968, yet another truncation left the southern terminus at the northern shore of Lake Lanier. In 1980, SR 226 was decommissioned. State Route 229 State Route 229 (SR 229) was a state highway in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, and Jasper counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 229 was an unnumbered road built between 1921 and the end of 1926 between SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60. In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction. At the end of 1941, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213. The next year, the SR 142 segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, SR 213 was designated on a southern alignment, which may have included a portion from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington. However, these segments were not indicated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. SR 229 was designated from SR 11 in Monticello to SR 142 north-northwest of Farrar. The southern part of this segment had a "completed hard surface"; its northern part had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as part of SR 229. It was also designated on a segment from Newborn to east of Covington; however, there was no indication if the three segments were connected by concurrencies with other highways or not. The northern portion of the segment from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1948, the SR 142 segment was hard surfaced. SR 229's segment from Newborn to east of Covington had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface. By the end of 1951, the northern segment of SR 229 was hard surfaced. The portion from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar was also hard surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the portion from Newborn to east of Covington was paved. In 1982, SR 229 was decommissioned. State Route 235 Former SR 235 was a loop road from SR 9 in what is now the Buckhead neighborhood of Atlanta. Heading south, it pulled off of SR 9 (Roswell Road) onto Habersham Road NW, turning left onto Chatham Road NW, following it to Andrews Drive NW, turning right onto Andrews Drive NW and following it until rejoining SR 9 (Peachtree Road). The road first appeared in 1944, and was deleted between 1961 and 1963, when it was converted to a local road. State Route 238 State Route 238 (SR 238) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from the Alabama state line west-southwest of LaGrange to US 29/SR 14 southwest of Lees Crossing. By the end of 1948, the entire highway, except for the westernmost portion had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The next year, the western terminus also had that same type of surface. By the middle of 1950, all of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1975, SR 238 was decommissioned. State Route 239 State Route 239 (SR 239) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Walker County and the southwestern part of Chattooga County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from SR 48 in Cloudland to SR 157 southeast of Rising Fawn. Its entire length was hard surfaced. Almost exactly 30 years later, the southern portion of SR 157 was shifted southeastward, replacing all of SR 239. State Route 243 State Route 243 (SR 243) was a state highway that existed on a path from southwest of Gordon to Milledgeville. It traversed portions of northwestern Wilkinson and south-central Baldwin counties. The southern-most was part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbus and Augusta. State Route 244 State Route 244 (SR 244) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Troup County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established from the Alabama state line west-northwest of LaGrange to SR 109. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1975, it was decommissioned. State Route 245 State Route 245 (SR 245) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1946 and 1948, SR 245 was designated from Mineral Bluff to McCaysville. Each terminus had a completed hard surface; the central part had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface. The next year, the entire length of SR 245 was hard surfaced. In 1977, SR 60's path from northwest of Morganton to the North Carolina state line was shifted westward, replacing all of SR 245. Its former path from Mineral Bluff to the state line was redesignated as SR 60 Spur. State Route 248 State Route 248 (SR 248) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. It traversed the north-central portion of Washington County and the east-central portion of Hancock County. Between 1948 and the end of 1949, it was established from SR 102 north-northeast of Warthen to SR 16 in Jewell. The southern half of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, this portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The Hancock County portion was hard surfaced. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the entire highway was paved. In 1982, it was decommissioned. State Route 249 State Route 249 (SR 249) was a short-lived state highway. Between 1946 and 1948, an unnumbered road was built from Murrayville to Dahlonega; it had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The next year, the unnumbered road between Murrayville and Dahlonega was designated as SR 249. By the middle of 1950, all of SR 249 was hard surfaced. By 1957, SR 60 was extended south-southwest on US 19/SR 9 into Dahlonega, then south-southeast to Gainesville, replacing all of SR 249. State Route 250 State Route 250 (SR 250) was a state highway that existed in Tattnall and Evans counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 250 was established between 1945 and the end of 1946 as an eastern segment of SR 64 from US 25/SR 73 south of Claxton to US 280/SR 30 east-southeast of Daisy. This segment was indicated to be "projected mileage". By the end of 1948, the southern terminus of this segment was completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1949, SR 250 was established on a slightly different alignment. It began at an intersection with US 25/US 301/SR 73 south of Claxton, at a point farther south than the eastern segment of SR 64 did. Its eastern terminus was at SR 129 south-southeast of Claxton, in the northwestern part of Camp Stewart. By the end of 1951, the portion of SR 64 on either side of the SR 250 intersection had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, the entire Tattnall County portion of SR 64 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The northern terminus of it was shifted westward to end in Daisy. By the middle of 1957, SR 250 was shifted northwest, replacing the entire length of the eastern segment of SR 64. By the end of 1963, the entire length of SR 250 was paved. In 1985, SR 250 was decommissioned. State Route 258 State Route 258 (SR 258) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from US 27/SR 1 west-northwest of Hogansville to US 29/SR 14 in that city. In 1953, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, it was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 54. State Route 259 State Route 259 (SR 259) was a state highway in the southeastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Camden County and the southeastern part of Brantley County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 252 in Tarboro to US 84/SR 50 in Atkinson. The Camden portion of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Between 1963 and the end of 1966, the entire length had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1968, the northern half of the Brantley County portion was hard surfaced. In 1978, the rest of the highway was hard surfaced. At the beginning of 1980, SR 259 was decommissioned. State Route 261 State Route 261 (SR 261) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from the Altamaha River on the Wayne–Long county line to US 25/US 301/SR 23 south of Glennville. By August 1950, it was extended northeast to an intersection with SR 196 at a point south-southeast of Glennville. By the end of 1951, the southern terminus of the highway was shifted northwest to be just north-northwest of the Wayne–Long–Tattnall county tripoint. In 1952, the southern terminus of SR 261 was reverted to its former location. The northern half of the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated slightly to the northeast. Between 1963 and the end of 1965, the southern terminus was once again reverted to its former location. At this time, the entire highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1967, the northern half was hard surfaced. In 1981, SR 261 was decommissioned. State Route 263 State Route 263 (SR 263) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Taylor County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 128 north of Reynolds to US 19/SR 3 south-southwest of Salem. In 1953, the southern half of the highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1955, the northern half had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. By mid-1957, this segment was paved. In 1987, SR 263 was decommissioned. State Route 265 State Route 265 (SR 265) was a very short state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. It was entirely within Telfair County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 117 east-northeast of Jacksonville to SR 149 northeast of that town. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1976, the portion of SR 149 south of the SR 265 intersection was shifted northeastward, replacing all of SR 265. State Route 267 State Route 267 (SR 267) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from SR 41 south of Geneva to US 80/SR 22 west-southwest of it. The entire length of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the west-southwest. Between July 1957 and June 1960, the entire length was paved. By the middle of 1963, the northern half of the highway was redesignated as part of SR 355. In 1997, SR 267 was decommissioned. State Route 269 State Route 269 (SR 269) was a short state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. The highway was completely within Taliaferro County; however, the southern part traveled on the Warren–Taliaferro county line. Between April 1949 and August 1950, the highway was established from SR 12 southeast of Crawfordville to SR 47 in Sharon. Its entire length had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the end of 1951, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1983, SR 269 was decommissioned. State Route 276 State Route 276 (SR 276) was a short state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from a point west-northwest of Ludowici to US 25/US 301/SR 23 northwest of the city. Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was shifted slightly westward. At this time, the entire length of the highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1981, SR 276 was decommissioned. State Route 277 State Route 277 (SR 277) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Laurens County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from the Dodge–Laurens–Bleckley county tripoint to US 80/SR 19/SR 26 in Dublin. The entire Dexter–Dublin segment was hard surfaced. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the southern terminus of the highway was truncated to just west of Dexter. By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to just south-southeast of its former location. By mid-1957, the southern terminus was shifted to its original location. By the middle of 1960, SR 277 was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 257. State Route 287 State Route 287 (SR 287) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Taylor County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, SR 287 was established from a point just south of the Macon–Taylor county line southeast of Reynolds to SR 96 east of that city. In 1952, the southern terminus was truncated to the county line. The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was truncated slightly. By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to the county line. Near the end of the decade, the southern terminus was truncated again to the point that it was in 1954. Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was reverted once again to the county line. In 1987, SR 287 was decommissioned. State Route 289 State Route 289 (SR 289) was a state highway that existed in the southeastern part of the state. It traveled along the Appling–Jeff Davis county line. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established from US 23/SR 15 south-southwest of Graham to US 341/SR 27 in the city. In 1953, the central portion of the highway was shifted eastward to a more direct path between its termini. The portion of the highway north of the Big Satilla River had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1960 and the middle of 1963, the portion south of the river was given the same treatment. In 1970, the portion north of the river was hard surfaced. Between 1978 and March 1980, SR 289 was decommissioned. State Route 290 State Route 290 (SR 290) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was entirely within Quitman County. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Hatcher to US 82/SR 50 west-southwest of Springvale. In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted westward. This put the highway on a nearly due north–south direction. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1981, SR 290 was decommissioned. State Route 291 State Route 291 (SR 291) was a short state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was located completely within Quitman County. Between August 1950 and the end of 1951, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Morris to US 82/SR 50 nearly due wet of Springvale. In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted slightly. This put the highway on a nearly due southwest–northeast direction. The next year, the southern terminus was shifted slightly to the northwest. By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was extended slightly to the west. The entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. Between 1963 and 1966, the alignment of the highway was shifted to become a J-shaped highway. In 1981, SR 291 was decommissioned. State Route 294 State Route 294 (SR 294) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 294 was established in 1952 as SR 294N from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city. The next year, the entire length of SR 294N was hard surfaced. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was redesignated as SR 294. Between 1963 and 1966, it was again redesignated as SR 294N. This roadway would eventually become SR 20 Spur. State Route 294N State Route 294N (SR 294N) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. It was established in 1952 from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city. The next year, all of SR 294N was hard surfaced. Between June 1955 and July 1957, the highway was redesignated as SR 294. Between 1963 and 1966, SR 294 was again redesignated as SR 294N. In 1994, SR 294N was redesignated as SR 20 Spur. State Route 294S State Route 294S (SR 294S) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. Nearly the entire highway was within the city limits of Emerson. In 1952, it was established from US 41/SR 3 in Emerson to just west of Red Top Mountain State Park in the far northeastern part of the city. The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1955, US 41/SR 3 in the area was shifted eastward; the western terminus of SR 294S was then at SR 293. In 1977, SR 294S was decommissioned. State Route 295 State Route 295 (SR 295) was a short-lived state highway in the city of Atlanta. Between September 1953 and June 1954, it was established on what was listed on maps as simply "Expressway" (a predecessor of I-75/I-85/Downtown Connector) from US 19/US 41/SR 3 at Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was decommissioned. State Route 300 (1959–1982) State Route 300 (SR 300) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It followed a route between Monticello and US 129/US 441/SR 24, near the Rock Eagle State 4-H Club Center north of Eatonton. It was established in 1960. Later that year, a small portion at the eastern terminus was paved. By 1967, the section from its western terminus to the intersection with SR 142 was paved. In 1970, the entire length of the highway was paved. By 1983, the highway was decommissioned and given to local authority. SR 300 was reused as a renumbering of part of SR 257 and all of SR 333. Note that SR 333 would be reused on an unrelated route in 1993. State Route 304 State Route 304 (SR 304) was a north–south state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Columbia County. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was established from US 221/SR 47 just north of Appling north-northeast to US 221/SR 104/SR 150 in Pollards Corner. It was completely concurrent with US 221. The entire length of US 221/SR 304 was paved. In 1987, SR 47 between Appling and Leah was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with US 221. This necessitated a decommissioning of SR 304. State Route 312 State Route 312 (SR 312) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 27 Bus./US 84 Bus./SR 38 in Bainbridge to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham. The portion of SR 312 from Bainbridge to SR 262 north-northeast of Climax was paved. From that point to Whigham had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. By the middle of 1963, the eastern part of the highway was also paved. In 1980, SR 312 was decommissioned. State Route 318 State Route 318 (SR 318) was a west–east state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traveled completely within Dawson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from the Dawson Demonstration Forest and Wildlife Management Area south-southwest of Dawsonville to SR 53 southeast of that city. The entire length of the highway was paved. By the middle of 1963, it was extended south-southeast on a concurrency with SR 53, then solely east and southeast to War Hill Park northeast of Chestatee. In 1971, the western terminus was truncated to SR 9 south of Dawsonville. In 1980, the eastern terminus was truncated to SR 53. In 1985, SR 318 was decommissioned. State Route 319 State Route 319 (SR 319) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed the northeastern part of Barrow County and the south-central part of Jackson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from SR 211 north-northwest of Statham to US 129/SR 24 about halfway between Arcade and Jefferson. The entire highway was paved at this time. The highway was virtually unchanged for the next 30 years. In 1990, it was decommissioned. State Route 321 State Route 321 (SR 321) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Bryan County and the southeastern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 280/SR 30/SR 63 in Pembroke north-northeast to SR 119 west-northwest of Blitchton. The entire Bryan County portion was paved, while the entire Bulloch County portion had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. By the middle of 1963, the Bulloch County portion was paved. SR 321 was designated on a separate segment from US 80/SR 26 south-southeast of Stilson, then northeast and north-northwest to SR 119 southwest of Guyton. From the southern terminus of this segment to the turn to the north-northwest had a topsoil or gravel, unpaved surface; while the rest of it was paved. There was no indication if the two segments were connected via concurrencies with SR 119 and US 80/SR 26 or if they were two separate segments. By the end of 1966, SR 119's segment at the northern terminus of the original segment was redesignated as part of SR 46. SR 321's southern segment was extended on a direct connection with the newer segment. The central portion of the newer segment was hard surfaced. In 1967, SR 119 was re-routed southward, replacing all of SR 321. The former path of SR 119 through Stilson was redesignated as SR 119 Conn. State Route 322 State Route 322 (SR 322) was a state highway in the central part of the state. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, it was established from US 1/SR 4/SR 46 in Oak Park then south-southeast to SR 292 east of Lyons. In the middle of the 1960s, its entire length was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 86. State Route 333 (1963–1982) State Route 333 (SR 333) was a north–south state highway that existed in two separate segments in the state. The highway traversed portions of Thomas, Mitchell, Dougherty, Lamar, Pike, Spalding, Henry, and Clayton counties. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the highway was established on US 19 from the Florida state line to Camilla. This truncated SR 35, which was concurrent with US 19 from the Florida state line to Thomasville. The segment of US 19 between Thomasville and Meigs, with which SR 3 was concurrent was redesignated as US 19 Bus. SR 333 was established on a sole routing from Camilla to the eastern part of Albany, while US 19/SR 3 traveled on a slightly more western path. SR 333 was also established on US 19/US 41 from SR 16 in Griffin to an indeterminate location between Jonesboro and Hapeville. From Griffin to Lovejoy and in Jonesboro, SR 3 traveled on a more eastern path. Between Lovejoy and Jonesboro and from north-northwest of Jonesboro, US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 traveled concurrently. By 1966, US 19 between Camilla and Albany was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with SR 333. It was unclear if the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to Lovejoy or not. That year, SR 333 was indicated to be "projected mileage" from an unnumbered road in the southern part of Barnesville, then west-northwest and north-northwest through Aldora, then north-northeast past US 41/SR 7, then north-northwest through Milner, then northwest and north-northwest past US 19/SR 3 south of Griffin, then north-northwest through the western part of Griffin to connect with the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 intersection with SR 92 in the northern part of the city. The next year, US 341's path through the Barnesville–Aldora area was shifted southwestward to travel concurrently with SR 333 from just south of Barnesville to US 41/SR 7 Conn. just north of the city. SR 333 was indicated to be projected mileage and under construction from this intersection to the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 92/SR 333 intersection in Griffin. In 1968, the highway was indicated to be projected mileage from the US 19/US 82/SR 50S/SR 333 and US 19/SR 3W intersections in Albany. The under construction segment from just north of Barnesville to south of Griffin was completed. The next year, the portion of SR 333 from just north of Barnesville to Griffin was decommissioned. In 1970, all of SR 333 north of Griffin was also decommissioned. In 1974, a freeway was built in Albany, with SR 333 designated on it. Three years later, US 19 through the main part of Albany was shifted northeast to travel concurrently with the SR 333 freeway. By March 1980, US 82 in Albany was also shifted onto the freeway. Later that year, the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to the US 19/US 19 Bus./US 82/US 82 Bus./SR 50/SR 50 Bus./SR 62/SR 333 interchange in Albany, with SR 50 shifted onto the freeway. In 1982, all of SR 333 that remained was redesignated as SR 300. SR 333 was reused in 1993 for part of the old alignment of SR 33, which was rerouted over part of SR 133. SR 133 took over part of the old alignment of SR 33 and took over a portion of SR 94. State Route 333 Spur State Route 333 Spur (SR 333 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 333 that was planned to be put inside the city limits of Albany. In 1976, it was indicated to be "projected mileage" from the SR 333 freeway just north of the Clark Avenue interchange and northeast to Turner Field Road. In 1980, it was deleted, never having been built. State Route 336 State Route 336 (SR 336) was a state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from SR 328 east of Avalon to SR 17 in the southeastern part of Toccoa. The entire highway was paved. In 1982, the highway was decommissioned. State Route 340 State Route 340 (SR 340) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed the northeastern part of Douglas County and the south-central part of Cobb County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 340 was established in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 78/SR 8 in Austell to SR 3 in Fair Oaks. Between June 1960 and June 1963, this road was designated as SR 340. The entire length of the highway was paved. In 1983, SR 5 was re-routed on a more southerly track, replacing all of SR 340. State Route 342 State Route 342 (SR 342) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Dawson County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from SR 183 southeast of Juno to SR 52 southeast of Amicalola, on the southern edge of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The entire highway was paved. In 1982, it was decommissioned. State Route 343 State Route 343 (SR 343) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Rabun County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established on a concurrency with US 23, US 441, and possibly SR 15 from Tallulah Falls and Wiley. The entire path of this concurrency was paved. By the end of 1965, it was decommissioned, with US 23/US 441/SR 15 all traveling on SR 343's former path. State Route 344 State Route 344 (SR 344) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed portions of Floyd and Bartow counties. The highway that would eventually become SR 344 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 4 from Rome to Cartersville. By the end of 1926, a portion of the highway from just east of Rome to a point northwest of Cartersville was under construction. In the northwestern part of Cartersville and farther to the west, a portion of the highway had a "completed semi hard surface". Within three years, the segment of SR 4 was redesignated as part of SR 20, with US 41W designated on it. The portion of the highway just east of Rome had a "completed hard surface". The highway was under construction northwest of Cartersville. By the middle of 1930, the entire Rome–Cartersville segment had a completed hard surface. Before the end of 1934, US 41W between Rome and Cartersville was redesignated as part of US 411. In 1953, a small portion of SR 20 in the northern part of Cartersville was hard surfaced. A few years later, all portions of SR 20 that had been built were paved. Between 1960 and 1963, US 411 between Rome and Cartersville was shifted on a more southerly routing, concurrent with SR 344, which was commissioned at this time; SR 20 remained on the old alignment. In 1977, SR 344 was decommissioned, and SR 20 was shifted onto US 411 between Rome and Cartersville. SR 20's old alignment was redesignated as part of SR 293. State Route 345 State Route 346 State Route 346 (SR 346) was a short east–west state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Jackson County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 11 in Talmo to SR 82 Spur northeast of the city. the entire highway was paved. In 1966, SR 82 Spur and SR 82 swapped paths in the area. In 2004, SR 346 was decommissioned. State Route 349 State Route 349 (SR 349) was an east–west state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled entirely within the northern part of Walker County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from SR 193 in Flintstone to US 27/SR 1 in Rossville. In 1986, it was decommissioned. State Route 350 State Route 350 (SR 350) was a state highway that existed in the Athens – Clarke County metropolitan area. It was entirely in Clarke County and the city limits of Athens. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 15 in the northwestern part of the city to US 29/SR 8 in the northeastern part. The entire divided highway was paved. By the end of 1965, US 29 was designated on SR 350 from the US 129/SR 15 interchange, which also has US 29 Temp. and US 441 Temp., to the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 441 Temp. was designated on it from the US 129/SR 15 interchange to the US 441/SR 15 Alt. interchange. A western extension of SR 350, ending at US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10, was under construction. Also, SR 350 was under construction east-southeast just slightly from the US 29/SR 8 interchange. In 1966, SR 350 was decommissioned. US 29 was designated on the freeway from the western terminus to where it, as well as SR 8, depart the freeway. This interchange also had SR 8 Bus. and SR 106. SR 8 was designated on the entire length of the freeway. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 8 Bus., still concurrent with US 78/SR 10. State Route 351 State Route 351 (SR 351) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Clayton and Henry counties. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the roadway that would eventually become SR 351 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 138 in Jonesboro to US 23/SR 42 east-northeast of Flippen. Between June 1960 and June 1963 SR 351 was designated on this road. In 1985, it was decommissioned. State Route 353 State Route 353 (SR 353) was a north–south state highway that was located in the south-central part of the state. It traversed the northwest portion of Coffee County, the extreme northeastern part of Irwin County, and the southeastern part of Ben Hill County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the roadway that would eventually become SR 353 was established as an unnumbered road built from SR 158 west of Douglas, then north and northwest to SR 268 west-southwest of Broxton. By the end of 1965, SR 353 was designated on this road and extended northwest to the Coffee–Irwin county line. In 1966, SR 353 was proposed to be extended northwest to SR 206 north-northeast of Wray in the southeastern part of Ben Hill County. In 1973, the highway was extended on this planned path. In 1980, it was extended south-southeast around the southwestern part of Douglas to SR 135. In 1988, SR 206 was shifted southeast, replacing all of SR 353. The old route of SR 206 later became SR 706. State Route 357 State Route 357 (SR 357) was a north–south state highway that was located in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Muscogee County and the city limits of Columbus. In April 1932, the roadway that would eventually become SR 357 was built as an unnumbered road from the main part of Columbus east to the western edge of Fort Benning. Later that year, SR 103 was designated on this road, with a "completed hard surface". In 1952, an unnumbered road was built from SR 103 in the eastern part of Columbus north-northwest to US 27 Alt./SR 85. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 103's southern terminus was truncated to Buena Vista Road and Brennan Road in the main part of Columbus. Its former path on Buena Vista Road was redesignated as SR 357. The unnumbered road built a decade before was also numbered as part of SR 357. In 1969, SR 357 was extended south-southwest to SR 85 south of Columbus (now within Fort Benning). This extension replaced SR 1 Spur. In 1983, SR 357 was decommissioned. State Route 359 State Route 359 (SR 359) was a short lived state highway that existed completely within Chatham County, mostly within the city limits of Savannah. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from just north of Hunter Air Force Base south of the city to US 17/US 80/SR 25/SR 26S in downtown, traveling on Abercorn Street and 37th Street. In 1968, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 204. State Route 361 State Route 361 (SR 361) was a north–south state highway that was located in the central part of the state. It was completely within Bibb County, mostly in the city limits of Macon. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, the roadway that would eventually become SR 361 was built as Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road south of Macon. In 1967, SR 361 was established from US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon, west on Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road, then north-northeast on Fulton Mill Road, Heath Road, Tucker Road, and Foster Road, and then northeast on Bass Road to SR 87 east-southeast of Bolingbroke. In 1972, US 23 was shifted onto SR 87. In 1976, US 129 onto US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon. In 1982, SR 361 was decommissioned. State Route 363 State Route 363 (SR 363) was a north–south state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. It was completely within Early County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 363 was built in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 84/SR 38 in Saffold to SR 39 in the southern part of Blakely. The next year, the northern terminus of this road was shifted to SR 62 in the western part of Blakely. In 1966, the northern terminus was shifted back to its original location. In 1967, SR 363 was designated on this road. In 1985, all of SR 363 except for the southern piece was decommissioned. This southern portion was redesignated as part of SR 370. State Route 363 Spur State Route 363 Spur (SR 363 Spur) was a spur route of SR 363 that existed entirely in the southwestern part of Early County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, an unnumbered road was built west-southwest from Cedar Springs. In 1967, SR 363 Spur was designated on this road. In 1985, when SR 363 and SR 363 Spur were decommissioned, SR 273 was extended west-southwest of Cedar Springs. This replaced the eastern part of SR 363 Spur. What was the western part was redesignated as SR 273 Spur. State Route 364 State Route 364 (SR 364) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southern part of the state. It traversed portions of Thomas and Brooks counties. In 1966, it was established from US 84/SR 38 west of Boston to US 84/SR 38 west of Quitman. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1982, it was decommissioned. State Route 366 State Route 366 (SR 366) was a north–south state highway that was located in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Hart County. In 1967, it was established from an intersection with SR 51 and SR 77 west of Hartwell, then northwest on a concurrency with SR 77 and solely north-northwest to Interstate 85 (I-85) northeast of Lavonia and just south of Tugaloo State Park. The entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1990, SR 77's path in the Lavonia area was shifted northeast, replacing all of SR 366. Its former path was redesignated as SR 77 Conn. State Route 367 State Route 367 (SR 367) was an east–west state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Chatham County in the Savannah metropolitan area. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 26 Loop was established from US 80/SR 26 in Whitemarsh Island, then southeast over Turner Creek, then northeast and north-northeast to US 80/SR 26 in Wilmington Island. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 367. In 1985, it was decommissioned. State Route 373 State Route 373 (SR 373) was an east–west state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state. It was completely within Gordon County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadways that would eventually become SR 373 were built as unnumbered roads. One extended from Calhoun to Cash. The other extended from Cash to SR 53 in Sonoraville. In 1972, SR 373 was designated on both of these roads, starting at SR 156 in Calhoun. In 1977, it was decommissioned. State Route 375 State Route 375 (SR 375) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It traversed portions of Quitman and Stewart counties. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 was built as an unnumbered road from Florence north-northeast to Omaha, and then eastward to US 27/SR 1 south-southeast of Louvale. In 1968, this road was extended south-southwest to SR 27 in Georgetown. In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375. Later that year, it was redesignated as a northern extension of SR 39. State Route 375 Connector State Route 375 Connector (SR 375 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 375 that existed entirely in Stewart County in the west-central part of the state. In 1970, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 Conn. was built as an unnumbered road from Florence to US 27/SR 1 in Lumpkin. In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375 Conn. Later that year, it was redesignated as SR 39 Conn. State Route 379 State Route 379 (SR 379) was a short-lived east–west state highway that was located in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Pickens County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 379 was established in 1941 as an eastern segment of SR 143 from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate. By the end of 1946, the eastern half of this segment had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The western half of it was indicated to be "projected mileage". By the end of 1960, nearly the entire part of this highway west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned. By the end of 1963, this decommissioned part was re-instated. In 1970, a portion of it southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced. In 1973, this portion was indicated to be "under construction or projected mileage". In 1977, all of SR 143 from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn. In 1981, SR 379 was decommissioned. State Route 381 State Route 381 (SR 381) was a north-south state highway located in Paulding County in the northwestern part of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 381 was built in 1939, when SR 92 was extended from Hiram to Acworth. By the end of 1948, the entire length of SR 92 that would become SR 381 was hard surfaced. In 1966, the Dallas–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted to the southeast. Its old alignment became SR 92 Spur. In 1972, the Hiram–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted east. Its old alignment between New Hope and Cross Roads became a northeast extension of SR 92 Spur. In 1979, SR 92 Spur was redesignated as SR 381. In 1990, SR 381 was decommissioned. On April 4, 1977, Southern Airways Flight 242 attempted a landing on this stretch of highway near New Hope. The DC-9 crashed, killing the flight crew, 60 passengers, and eight people on the ground. It also destroyed a gas station, grocery store, and other structures. State Route 387 State Route 387 (SR 387) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Fulton and Clayton counties. In 1990, it was established on Camp Creek Parkway from Interstate 285 (I-285) in East Point to I-85 in College Park. The next year, it was decommissioned. State Route 407 Loop State Route 407 Loop (SR 407 Loop) was a loop route of SR 407, an unsigned designation along Interstate 285 (I-285; similar to SR 404 Spur in Savannah). It traveled off I-285 (now Glenridge Drive), and then turned left onto Dunwoody–Peachtree Road by Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta to I-285 (SR 407) once again. The route was officially removed in 1994. State Route 701 State Route 701 (SR 701) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely in Troup County. In 1970, it was indicated to be "projected mileage" from a point west of LaGrange to SR 109 south-southeast of Glenn. In 1973, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1975, SR 109 was shifted southwestward, replacing all of SR 701. State Route 701 Spur State Route 701 Spur (SR 701 Spur) was a short-lived spur route of SR 701 that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely in Troup County. In 1970, it was indicated to be "projected mileage" from the Alabama state line west of Abbottsford to SR 701 in that community. In 1973, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1975, it was redesignated as SR 109 Spur. State Route 704 State Route 704 (SR 704) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the northern part of Chatham County. In 1973, it was proposed from SR 30 west-northwest of Monteith to SR 21 north-northwest of that community. Between January 1979 and March 1980, the path of SR 30 in the Monteith area was shifted northward, replacing the proposed path of SR 704. State Route 705 State Route 705 (SR 705) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of Cobb County. It was proposed between 1961 and 1966 from SR 5 southwest of Marietta to SR 5 in southern Cherokee County. By 1973, the interchange with I-75 and a short piece of SR 705 northeast of it were built. In 1976, SR 705 between I-75 and the northern intersection with SR 5 was built and redesignated as SR 5 Conn. In 1984, SR 5 Conn. was redesignated as SR 5 Spur. SR 5's path north of Marietta was shifted westward, onto Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-575, replacing all of the proposed portion of SR 705. State Route 706 State Route 707 State Route 707 (SR 707) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the southeastern part of Midway. In 1974, it was proposed from US 17/SR 25 and SR 38 at the eastern terminus of US 82 to SR 38 east-southeast of Midway. Between January 1979 and March 1980, the path of SR 38 east of Midway was shifted southward, replacing the proposed path of SR 707. US 82 was extended along this path. State Route 713 State Route 713 (SR 713) was a state highway. In 1977, I-575/SR 713 was proposed from I-75 north of Marietta to just south of the Cherokee–Pickens county line. It was completed from SR 140 south of Canton to SR 20 east of the city. The next year, the entire Cobb County portion (except for the southern end) of I-575/SR 713 was under construction. By March 1980, I-575/SR 713 was completed to SR 92 southwest of Woodstock and one exit to the south in the Canton area. SR 713 was proposed to be extended northwest to SR 5 in Talking Rock. SR 713 Spur was proposed from SR 5 to SR 713 at the northern terminus of I-575. Later that year, the southern completed part of I-575/SR 713 was extended south to I-75. The next year, SR 5's path from south of Nelson to southeast of Talking Rock was shifted westward, replacing the northern extension of SR 713. In 1982, I-575/SR 713 was under construction from SR 92 southwest of Woodstock to south of Canton and from east of Canton to I-575's northern terminus north-northwest of Ball Ground. SR 713 was proposed to be extended northwest to SR 5 west-northwest of Talking Rock and north to the southern terminus of SR 719 at SR 5. The next year, I-575/SR 713 was completed from SR 92 southwest of Woodstock to south of Canton. In 1985, I-575 was completed northeast to a point southwest of Ball Ground. SR 5's path from Talking Rock to south-southwest of Ellijay was shifted westward, replacing all of SR 713. State Route 713 Spur State Route 713 Spur (SR 713 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 713. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, it was proposed from SR 5 to SR 713 at the northern terminus of Interstate 575 (I-575). In 1981, SR 5's path from south of Nelson to southeast of Talking Rock was shifted westward, replacing SR 713 Spur. State Route 714 State Route 714 (SR 714) was a proposed state highway. Its entire planned length was entirely within the west-central part of Ware County. In 1978, a southern bypass of the main part of Waycross, designated as SR 714, was proposed from SR 122 west-southwest of the city to US 1/US 23/SR 4 southeast of it. In 1982, a proposal to extend SR 714 was shown to have extended from just south of SR 122 north-northwest to US 82/SR 50 east-southeast of Waresboro (meeting the bypass road for the northwestern part of Waycross), and then west-northwest to another meeting point with US 82/SR 50 on the western edge of Waresboro. Between January 1984 and January 1986, the path of US 82 and SR 50 was shifted onto the path of SR 714, thus replacing it. State Route 719 State Route 719 (SR 719) was a proposed state highway. Between the beginning of 1979 and March 1980, it was proposed from SR 5 south-southwest of Ellijay to US 76/SR 5 northeast of that city. In 1981, SR 719 was under construction. In 1983, SR 5 in Gilmer County was shifted eastward, replacing the proposed path of SR 719. State Route 721 State Route 721 (SR 721) was a short-lived state highway that existed in portions of Spalding and Butts counties. At least as early as 1919, SR 7 was established on essentially the same path as SR 721 would eventually travel. Between the end of September 1921 and October 1926, US 41 was designated on this path. Between the beginning of 1959 and the beginning of 1964, US 41 and SR 7 were shifted onto the new western bypass of the city, and off of this path. Between the beginning of 1974 and the beginning of 1980, SR 721 was designated on two segments: the former path of US 41/SR 7 in Griffin and from High Falls Road east of the city to SR 16 west-southwest of Jackson. This last intersection was just to the east of the Spalding–Butts county line. It was proposed between the two segments. In 1983, the path of SR 16 east of Griffin was shifted southward, replacing SR 721. State Route 726 State Route 726 (SR 726) was a state highway In 1983, it was proposed as a western bypass of Powder Springs, Clarkdale, and Austell, from an unnumbered road south-southwest of Powder Springs to US 78/SR 5/SR 8 southwest of Austell. In 1986, US 278/SR 6 in the Powder Springs–Austell area was shifted westward, onto the path of SR 726 and the northern part of the unnumbered road in Powder Springs. The former path from Powder Springs to Austell was redesignated as SR 6 Bus. In 1988, a proposed northern rerouting of US 278/SR 6 was designated as a second iteration of SR 726. In 1990, SR 726 was completed. The next year, the path of US 278/SR 6 in the Powder Springs area was shifted northward, onto the former path of SR 726. This table shows the completed section of SR 726. State Route 728 State Route 728 (SR 728) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the eastern part of the McRae area. In 1994, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of McRae, from US 280/SR 30 south-southwest of the city, around to US 319/US 441/SR 31, just north of where they split from US 280/SR 30 northeast of Helena. As of the 2013 Telfair County map, the bypass was still proposed. State Route 730 State Route 730 (SR 730) was a proposed state highway. In 1982, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of LaFayette, from southeast of the city to north-northeast of it. In 1988, US 27/SR 1 in the area was shifted eastward, onto the path of SR 730. Its former path through the city was redesignated as US 27 Bus./SR 1 Bus. State Route 732 State Route 732 (SR 732) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the southwestern part of the Athens metropolitan area, almost entirely in Oconee County. In 1983, the southwestern part of the Athens Perimeter Highway, designated as SR 732, was proposed to be the final connecting piece of the freeway. In 1987, the Athens Perimeter Highway was completed, with SR 10 on the southern part. State Route 733 State Route 733 (SR 733) was a proposed state highway in the northeastern part of Gilmer County. Between 1977 and 1980, it was proposed between two intersections with US 76/SR 5 northeast of Ellijay. Between 1984 and 1991, US 76/SR 5/SR 515 was shifted onto the path of SR 733, replacing it. State Route 734 State Route 734 (SR 734) was a proposed state highway in the northeastern part of Gilmer County. Between 1977 and 1980, SR 734 was proposed from US 76/SR 5 south-southwest of Cherry Log, across US 76/SR 5 north-northeast of Cherry Log, and then to another intersection with US 76/SR 5 in Lucius. Between 1984 and 1991, US 76/SR 5/SR 515 was shifted onto the path of SR 734, replacing it. State Route 736 State Route 736 (SR 736) was a short proposed state highway that was planned in Augusta. In 1982, it was proposed to connect the eastern terminus of the John C. Calhoun Expressway (which would later carry SR 28), at 15th Street, with the western terminus of Greene Street, at SR 4 (13th Street). In 1985, SR 28 was shifted southwest, off of Broad Street northwest of 5th Street, and onto John C. Calhoun Expressway, the proposed path of SR 736, and Greene Street. State Route 741 State Route 741 (SR 741) was a proposed state highway that was planned in Crawfordville. In 1983, it was proposed as a western bypass of Crawfordville, from SR 22 southwest of the city to SR 22 northwest of it. In 1985, the path of SR 22 in Crawfordville was shifted westward, replacing the proposed path of SR 741. State Route 744 State Route 744 (SR 744) was a proposed state highway in the western part of Polk County. In 1987, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of Cedartown, from US 27/SR 1/SR 100 south-southwest of the city to US 27/SR 1 north-northeast of it. In 1991, the path of US 27/SR 1 through the area was shifted eastward, replacing the path of SR 744. State Route 744 Spur State Route 744 Spur (SR 744 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 744 that partially existed in the city limits of Cedartown. In 1987, it was proposed from US 27/SR 1/SR 100 in the city to the proposed path of SR 744 southeast of it. In 1991, US 278/SR 6 was shifted southward, out of the main part of the city, replacing the spur route. State Route 746 State Route 746 (SR 746) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of Floyd County, just to the east of Rome. In 1985, it was proposed from US 411/SR 20 southeast of Rome north-northeast and northwest to SR 53 at the eastern terminus of SR 53 Spur. In 1990, the portion of SR 746 between US 411/SR 20 and SR 293 was built. Two years later, all of the original completed and proposed portions of SR 746 from US 411/SR 20 to SR 53 and the entire length of SR 53 Spur were redesignated as parts of SR 1 Loop. At this time, a separate segment of SR 746 was proposed from SR 20 west-northwest of Rome south-southeast and southeast to US 27/US 411/SR 1/SR 53 just north-northeast of Six Mile, east-northeast to SR 101 south-southeast of Rome, and east-northeast and north-northeast to US 411/SR 20 at SR 1 Loop. Nearly a decade later, the proposed western terminus was shifted westward on SR 20 to begin at a point east-northeast of Coosa. In 2005, the entire length of SR 746 was cancelled. This table shows the completed portion of SR 746. State Route 747 State Route 747 (SR 747) was a short-lived state highway that existed just north of Newnan. In 1984, a northern bypass of Newnan was established from US 29/SR 14 just north of the city to SR 34 just northeast of it. However, it was unnumbered. The next year, a western extension of this bypass, designated as SR 747, was proposed to have a western terminus at SR 34 west of the city. In 1986, this bypass was then proposed as SR 34 Byp. The next year, it was re-proposed as SR 747. In 1988, it was completed as SR 747 from US 27 Alt./SR 16 to US 29/SR 14. The next year, this bypass was entirely redesignated as SR 34 Byp. State Route 748 State Route 748 (SR 748) was a proposed state highway In 1987, it was proposed as part of an eastern bypass of Rockmart, from SR 113 east-northeast of the city south and south-southeast to US 278/SR 6 east-southeast of Van Wert. In 1990, US 278/SR 6 was shifted northeast from Van Wert on SR 113 and southeast on the proposed path of SR 748, with SR 101/SR 113 concurrent with them to Yorkville. State Route 754 State Route 754 (SR 754) was a state highway that existed in Cobb and Cherokee counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 754 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 5. SR 5's path between Marietta and northeast of Canton was shifted onto Interstate 575 (I-575), replacing SR 713 on that path. The portion between Marietta and west-northwest of Lebanon was redesignated as SR 754. In 1986, the southern terminus was truncated to just north of Piedmont Road north of Marietta. The next year, the southern terminus was re-extended to the northern terminus of SR 5 Spur. In 1991, the northern terminus was truncated to SR 92 southwest of Woodstock. In 1995, the southern terminus was truncated to just south of the Cobb–Cherokee county line. In 1997, the southern terminus was truncated to the county line itself. In 2003, the highway was decommissioned. State Route 758 State Route 758 (SR 758) was a proposed state highway that was planned in the southeastern part of Macon. In 1985, it was proposed as a southeastern rerouting of US 80, from the intersection of US 80/SR 22 (Eisenhower Parkway) and US 41 Bus./US 129/SR 11/SR 49 east-northeast and north-northeast to US 23/US 80/US 129 Alt./SR 19/SR 87 (Emery Highway). In 1998, the entire length of SR 758 (except for the westernmost portion) was canceled. The western part was built as an eastern extension of Eisenhower Parkway, but as an unnumbered road. State Route 759 State Route 759 (SR 759) was a very short-lived state highway that existed entirely within the northern part of Jackson County, to the east of Commerce. In 1989, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of the main part of Commerce, from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Commerce to another intersection north-northeast of the city. In 1991, SR 759 around Commerce was completed. The next year, the path of US 441/SR 15 in the Commerce area was shifted eastward, replacing SR 759. The former path of US 441, on SR 334 and SR 98, was redesignated as US 441 Bus. State Route 765 State Route 765 (SR 765) was a proposed state highway that existed in the Homer area. In 1991, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of Homer, from US 441/SR 15/SR 164 south-southeast of Homer to US 441/SR 15 north-northeast of the city. In 2004, the path of US 441/SR 15 in the Homer area was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 765. State Route 768 State Route 768 (SR 768) was a proposed state highway in Paulding County. In 1987, it was proposed as a southern bypass of Dallas, from west-southwest of the city to US 278/SR 6/SR 120 southeast of it; this replaced the proposed path of SR 6 Byp. In 1990, US 278/SR 6/SR 120 was routed on the proposed path of SR 768. State Route 768 Spur State Route 768 Spur (SR 768 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 768 that was planned to be placed in the east-central part of Paulding County, north-northwest of the city limits of Hiram. Between the beginning of 1982 and the beginning of 1987, it was planned to be designated between the proposed path of SR 768 and US 278/SR 6/SR 120, at the point where they met the western terminus of SR 360. In 1990, US 278/SR 6/SR 120 was shifted southward, onto the proposed path of SR 768, with SR 120/SR 360 shifted onto the proposed path of SR 768 Spur. State Route 771 State Route 771 (SR 771) was a proposed state highway in the north-central part of Fannin County. In 1986, it was proposed from SR 5 south of McCaysville to the Tennessee state line north-northwest of the city. 1996 maps still showed the route on this proposed path, though the route was never built. In 2001, the proposal was cancelled. State Route 773 State Route 773 (SR 773) was a proposed state highway that was proposed partially for the town of Tallulah Falls. In 1986, it was proposed as a western cut-off, on a more direct path between two intersections with US 23/US 441/SR 15 from south of Tallulah Falls and into the city. The next year, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15 in the Tallulah Falls area was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 773. The former path was redesignated as SR 15 Loop. State Route 789 State Route 789 (SR 789) was a proposed state highway in Polk and Paulding counties. In 1987, it was proposed as a northeastern bypass of Yorkville, from north-northeast of Yorkville to east of it. In 1993, US 278/SR 6 was shifted northeast from Yorkville onto the former proposed path of SR 789 State Route 793 State Route 793 (SR 793) was a proposed state highway in the north-central part of Carroll County and the southern part of Haralson County. In 1988, it was proposed as a western bypass of Bremen, from south-southwest of the city to north-northwest of it. In 1993, US 27/SR 1 in the Bremen area was shifted westward, onto the path of SR 793. The former path was redesignated as US 27 Bus./SR 1 Bus. State Route 811 State Route 811 (SR 811) was a proposed state highway in the central portion of Haralson County. In 1989, it was proposed from US 27/SR 1 south-southeast of Buchanan north-northwest across US 27/SR 1, and curved around the east side of the city to a point north-northwest of it. In 1992, US 27/SR 1 was rerouted onto the proposed path of SR 811 and was shifted east of the city. The former path was redesignated as US 27 Bus./SR 1 Bus. State Route 813 State Route 813 (SR 813) was a proposed state highway in the northern part of Walker County. In 1994, it was proposed as a western bypass of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, from US 27/SR 1 east-northeast of Chickamauga to SR 2 west-southwest of Fort Oglethorpe. In 2001, US 27/SR 1's path through the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park was shifted westward, onto the path of SR 813. State Route 816 State Route 816 (SR 816) was a proposed state highway that was proposed in the northern part of Sandersville, in the central part of Washington County. In 1988, it was proposed as a northern bypass of Sandersville, from Deepstep Road northwest of the city to SR 88 east-northeast of it. The next year, the proposed path of SR 816 was extended southwest to SR 24 west of the city. In 1991, the path of SR 88 was extended westward, replacing the proposed path of SR 816. State Route 817 State Route 817 (SR 817) was a proposed state highway that was planned form Gwinnett, Barrow, and Oconee counties. In 1989, a southern bypass of the Dacula–Athens area, designated as SR 817, was proposed from US 29/SR 8 (and what was then the eastern terminus of SR 316) west-southwest of Dacula to the southwest corner of the Athens Perimeter Highway. In 1991, SR 817's path from west-southwest of Dacula to SR 11 north of Bethlehem was completed as an eastern extension of SR 316. In 1993, SR 817's path from north of Bethlehem to US 78/SR 10 southeast of Bogart was also completed as an eastern extension of SR 316, with US 29 shifted onto its entire length, from what was the western terminus of the proposed path of SR 817. SR 8 was shifted onto US 29/SR 316 from southeast of Russell to southeast of Bogart. In 1996, SR 817's path in the southwestern part of Athens was completed as an eastern extension of SR 316, with US 29/US 78/SR 8 concurrent with it. State Route 818 State Route 818 (SR 818) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the Watkinsville area. In 1990, a western bypass of the city, then proposed as a northern extension of SR 186, was planned from US 129/US 441/SR 24 north-northeast of Bishop to US 129/US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of Athens. In 1992, this bypass was then proposed as SR 818. In 1995, the path of US 129/US 441/SR 24, with SR 15 north of SR 24's northern terminus, was shifted westward, replacing the proposed path of SR 818. The former path of US 129/US 441/SR 24 was redesignated as US 129 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 24 Bus. State Route 822 State Route 822 (SR 822) was a state highway that existed entirely within the city limits of Dublin. In 1989, it was established from just south of the CSX railroad tracks in Dublin north-northwest to US 80/US 319/SR 26/SR 29/SR 31 (Bellevue Avenue). In 1992, the path of SR 31 in Dublin was shifted east-southeastward, off of US 319/US 441/SR 19 and US 80/US 319/SR 26/SR 29, and onto the path of SR 822. State Route 826 State Route 826 (SR 826) was a proposed state highway that was planned in the western part of Eatonton, in the central part of Putnam County. In 1988, it was proposed as a western bypass of the city, from US 129/SR 44 in Warfield to US 129/US 441/SR 24 north of Eatonton. In 1992, the path of US 129/US 441/SR 24 in this area was shifted westward, replacing the proposed path of SR 826. State Route 827 State Route 827 (SR 827) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the southern part of the Butler area. In 1993, it was proposed as a southern bypass of the main part of Butler, from SR 96 west-northwest of the city to another intersection with SR 96 east of the city. In 1999, this bypass's proposed designation, SR 827, was canceled. Later, in 2006, SR 96 was shifted onto the Butler bypass.. State Route 828 State Route 828 (SR 828) was a proposed state highway that was planned in the central part of Jenkins County. In 1989, it was proposed as a northeastern bypass of Millen, from SR 21 east of the city to US 25/SR 121 north-northwest of it. In 1995, the path of SR 21 in the Millen area was shifted northward, replacing the path of SR 828. State Route 829 State Route 829 was a state highway that existed just south of Sylvania. In 1988, an unnumbered road was built from US 301/SR 73 at the southern terminus of SR 73 Loop south-southwest of Sylvania to SR 21 southeast of the city. In 1990, this road was designated as SR 829. In 1993, the path of SR 21 in the Sylvania area was shifted south-southwest, replacing the path of SR 829 and then routed on US 301/SR 73 Loop. Its former path was redesignated as SR 21 Bus. State Route 831 State Route 831 (SR 831) was a proposed state highway in the southeastern part of Decatur County. In 1989, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of Attapulgus, from east-southeast of the city to north-northwest of it. In 1995, US 27/SR 1 was shifted onto this bypass. Its former path was redesignated as SR 1 Bus. State Route 835 State Route 835 (SR 835) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the northern part of Habersham County. In 1989, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of Hollywood and Turnerville, from SR 17 just south of Hollywood to US 23/US 441/SR 15 south-southwest of Tallulah Falls. In 1993, the path of US 23/US 441/SR 15, from Hollywood to Tallulah Falls, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 835. State Route 838 State Route 838 (SR 838) was a proposed state highway in the north-central part of Early County. In 1992, it was proposed as an eastern bypass of Blakely, from south-southeast of the city to north-northeast of it. The next year, US 27/SR 1 in the Blakely area was shifted eastward, onto the path of SR 838. The former path through the city became US 27 Bus./SR 1 Bus. State Route 844 State Route 844 (SR 844) was a proposed state highway in the north-central part of Laurens County. Between the beginning of 1966 and the beginning of 1972, it was proposed as a western bypass of Dublin, from US 319/US 441/SR 31 south of the city to US 441/SR 29 north-northwest of it. By the beginning of 1977, this highway was canceled. State Route 847 State Route 847 (SR 847) was a proposed state highway in the central part of Randolph County. In 1993, it was proposed as a southeastern bypass of Cuthbert, from south-southwest of the city to north-northeast of it. The next year, the path of US 27/SR 1 through the Cuthbert area was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 847. The former path was redesignated as US 27 Bus./SR 1 Bus. State Route 863 State Route 863 (SR 863) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the central part of Effingham County. In 1993, it was proposed as a western bypass of Springfield, from SR 21 south-southeast of the city to another intersection with SR 21 northwest of it. In 1997, the path of SR 21 in the Springfield area was shifted westward, replacing the proposed path of SR 863. State Route 876 State Route 876 (SR 876) was a proposed state highway for the south-central part of Banks County, southeast of Hollingsworth. In 1992, it was proposed as a southeastern bypass of Hollingsworth, from US 441/SR 15 south-southeast of Hollingsworth to SR 198 southeast of the community. In 1997, the path of US 441/SR 15, from Homer to Cornelia, was shifted eastward, onto the proposed path of SR 876. State Route 877 State Route 877 (SR 877) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the north-central part of Banks County. In 1992, a cutoff, north-northeast of Hollingsworth, was proposed as an unnumbered road from Hollingsworth to US 441/SR 15 north-northwest of it. Two years later, the cutoff north-northeast of Hollingsworth, was then proposed as SR 877 and extended to SR 105 just east of the southern end of its concurrency with US 441/SR 15. In 2002, SR 877 was canceled. State Route 896 State Route 896 (SR 896) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the northwestern part of Ware County. In 1992, a northwestern bypass of Waycross, designated as SR 896, was proposed from US 82/SR 520 east-southeast of Waresboro to US 1/US 23/SR 4 north-northeast of Waresboro. In 1995, the path of US 1/US 23/SR 4 through the Waycross, Georgia micropolitan area was shifted to the west, replacing the route of SR 896. The former path was redesignated as US 1 Bus./US 23 Bus./SR 4 Bus. State Route 899 State Route 899 (SR 899) was a proposed state highway that was planned as a northern bypass of Gray. Between the beginning of 1996 and the beginning of 2010, it was proposed from US 129/SR 11/SR 18/SR 22 southwest of Clinton, at the west end of SR 18's concurrency with US 129/SR 11/SR 22, to SR 22 east-northeast of Gray. In 2016, this bypass was canceled. State Route 901 State Route 901 (SR 901) was a proposed state highway that was planned within the city limits of Athens. In 1992, it was proposed as a slightly western rerouting of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of Athens. Its path was from US 129/US 441/SR 15 southwest of their southern interchange with what is now SR 10 Loop north-northwest to Timothy Road just north of the freeway. In 2001, the path of US 129/US 441/SR 15 in the southern part of Athens was shifted westward, onto the proposed path of SR 901 south of the freeway. State Route 932 State Route 932 (SR 932) was a proposed state highway that was planned inside the city limits of Gray. In 1993, it was proposed as a southern bypass of the main part of the city, from US 129/SR 11/SR 18/SR 22 in the southwestern part to SR 22 east-northeast of the city. The next year, the proposed path of SR 932 was truncated to SR 18 in the southeastern part of Gray. In 1998, the path of SR 18 in Gray was shifted southward, replacing the proposed path of SR 932. State Route 1011 State Route 1011 (SR 1011) was a short proposed state highway that was planned for the southeastern part of Columbia County. Between January 1964 and January 1970, it was proposed from SR 28 west-northwest of Martinez east-northeast to Blackstone Camp Road. By January 1975, it was canceled. Between January 1997 and January 2009, this proposed path would be used as a northward shifting of the southern terminus of Blackstone Camp Road. Its former path was renamed simply Old Blackstone Camp Road. State Route 1056 State Route 1056 (SR 1056) was a short state highway that existed in the central part of Martinez. Between January 1997 and January 2009, it was established on Davis Road from either Executive Center Drive or King Road west-northwest to SR 104 (Washington Road). By January 2013, it was decommissioned. State Route 1082 State Route 1082 (SR 1082) was a state highway that existed entirely in Martinez with portions proposed in Evans and Martinez. Between January 1997 and January 2009, it had three proposed segments and one signed portion. The westernmost segment was proposed from SR 104 (Washington Road) at the northern terminus of Towne Centre Drive east-southeast to Rountree Way, just southeast of Columbia Industrial Boulevard. The second portion was from Rountree Way, just northwest of Columbia Industrial Boulevard, east-northeast slightly to Columbia Industrial Boulevard. The third portion was from Blue Ridge Drive, just southwest of its southern intersection with Halifax Drive, to Old Evans Road, just south-southeast of Old Petersburg Road. The fourth portion, which was indicated to be signed, was on Old Petersburg Road, from Old Evans Road east-southeast and southeast to Baston Road. By January 2013, the second and third segments were canceled, and the fourth segment was decommissioned. By January 2017, the first segment was canceled. State Route 1109 State Route 1109 (SR 1109) was a proposed state highway that was planned for the central part of Effingham County. Between the beginning of 1997 and the beginning of 2010, it was proposed as a northern bypass of Springfield, from SR 21 north-northwest of the city to SR 119 in the northern part of the city. Between the beginning of 2012 and the beginning of 2015, SR 1109 was canceled. See also References External links Georgia Department of Transportation Georgia Roads - The Unofficial Georgia State Highways Web Site Georgia State Highway Ends Former state routes

Ascochyta doronici is a fungal plant pathogen that causes leaf spot on African daisy. See also List of Ascochyta species References Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Category:Eudicot diseases doronici Category:Fungi described in 1878

"Maniac" is a song performed by American girl group Girlicious. Released as the second single from their second album, Rebuilt. It officially impacted Canadian radio on March 23, 2010. It was released to iTunes Canada on April 6, 2010. Maniac" reached number seventy-four on the Canadian Hot 100. It performed best on the Serbian Top 50 singles where it charted for eleven weeks and reached a peak of eleven. Writing and inspiration "Maniac" was written by Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench. Natalie Mejia explained the main concept behind the song saying, "It is just about a love that kind of drives you crazy. You know how love can be. It is a universal law". Nichole Cordova later added, "We've all been through that crazy love, so that's what the song is about." Performance The single was performed for the first time on March 12 at CHUM FM FanFest 2010. On 4 June 2010, they performed the single at Toronto Pride. Release On March 22, 2010 a 1:30 clip of the song premiered on the girl's official website and Myspace. A day later on March 23, 2010 the song was sent to top 40 Canadian radio stations for mainstream radio play. The single was digitally released to iTunes Canada on April 6, 2010. Chart performance On the week of May 25, 2010 "Maniac" entered and peaked on the Canadian Hot 100 at number seventy-four. It remained on the chart for two weeks. On the Serbian Top 50 singles, the song charted for eleven weeks and reached a peak of number eleven. On Portal PopLine MTV Brazil, the "Maniac" video became the most requested and watched video ever, with more than 200 000 views. Music video Background The music video for "Maniac" was shot on April 6, 2010 in East Los Angeles, California at the Linda Vista Community Hospital. The video was directed by Kyle Davison. It premiered on May 4, 2010. The girls were featured in a special "On Set" with Much Music where the video initially premiered. While shooting the "On Set" the girls explained the main concept behind the video, "Basically were the patients, [...] we act as if were insane, mad women. It's new, it's exciting, it's something we haven't done yet." Synopsis The video starts off with the three girls seen in separate cages dancing. It then cuts to Chrystina's respective solo where she is seen on an operating room table surrounded by male dancers. The following scene shows all three girls performing choreography while walking down a hallway. Nichole in her respective solo, is seen on a bed singing her verses while being loured by male dancers. After another scene of choreography in water this time, the video cuts to Natalie's respective solo; She is seen in a corner with a spotlight on her with male backup dancers. In the final scene, the girls and male dancers are seen performing more choreography until the girls are eventually locked up by the male dancers. This was the last music video to feature the group before the disbandment in 2011. Chart positions Radio date and release history References External links Category:2010 singles Category:Girlicious songs Category:Songs written by Joacim Persson Category:2010 songs Category:Universal Music Canada singles Category:Songs written by Drew Ryan Scott

Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music is a 2013 book by S. Alexander Reed, published by Oxford University Press, and bills itself as "the first serious study published on industrial music." Synopsis The book is an attempt to chart the history of industrial music as a genre from its early influences (including art music, Italian Futurism, Situationism, and the works of Antonin Artaud and William S. Burroughs) to the present day (including its connections to political radicalism, the gothic subculture, and dance music). The book is divided into five parts: Technology and the Preconditions of Industrial Music Industrial Geography Industrial Musical Style Industrial Politics People and Industrial Music The foreword is written by Stephen Mallinder of first-wave industrial act Cabaret Voltaire. Release and reception The book received a subvention by the American Musicological Society and a certificate of merit for research in rock music by the Association for Recorded Sound Collections. It attracted attention in the field of popular music studies, appearing on syllabi at Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, New York University's Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, and at Ithaca College. It received favorable reviews in Popular Music, Music & Letters, Popular Music and Society, Music Theory Online, Rock Music Studies, and Choice. In popular media, it was covered by Brainwashed, WNYC, and Keith Moliné reviewed it in The Wire. In the lead up to release, the introduction was reproduced by PopMatters. Music site Heathen Harvest discussed the thesis at length, noting the "bulk of Reed’s book aims precisely at showing that, in fact, there are unifying elements that run through the main stages of industrial music." The book was translated into French and published in 2018 by Éditions du Camion Blanc. References Category:2013 non-fiction books Category:Oxford University Press books Category:Books about rock music

Yigal Arnon (; December 9, 1929 in Tel Aviv – April 27, 2014) was an Israeli lawyer and founder of Yigal Arnon & Co.. Biography Yigal Arnon received his LL.M. degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1953, and was admitted to the Israel Bar in 1954. On the Israeli Friends of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem web site, he is described as one of the leading jurists in Israel. Legal career He served as the chairman of the First International Bank of Israel, the fifth largest bank in Israel, between 1987 and 2000, followed by becoming Chairman of F.I.B.I Holdings Ltd.; Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew University; and Chairman of Arkia Israel Airlines, the second largest airliner in Israel, of which he was reported to own almost 20%. Arnon was known to represent the Safra brothers' Israeli interests and has represented Ehud Olmert and Aryeh Deri in the past. References Further reading External links Hebrew U. alumni bio Yigal Arnon & Co. Law firm bio Category:1929 births Category:2014 deaths Category:Israeli Jews Category:Israeli lawyers Category:Law firm founders Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni

Klytia (minor planet designation: 73 Klytia) is a main-belt asteroid. It was the second and last asteroid discovery by the prolific comet discoverer Horace Tuttle, on April 7, 1862. It is named after Clytia, who loved Apollo in Greek mythology. Of the first one hundred numbered asteroids, Klytia is the smallest. Based upon photometry observations between 1984−2007, it has a sidereal rotation period of 8.283065 h with an amplitude that can range up to in magnitude. The lightcurve shows some shape irregularities. There are two valid solutions for the pole's ecliptic coordinates: (λ1, β1) = (38°, +75°) and (λ2, β2) = (237°, +73°). References External links Category:Background asteroids Klytia Klytia Klytia Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen) 18620407

Westerhever () is a municipality in Nordfriesland in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Geography Westerhever lies on the northwestern tip of the Eiderstedt Peninsula. The Westerheversand Lighthouse is a major landmark on the peninsula which is surrounded by salt marshes. The saltmarshes, lighthouse, and beaches attract about 80,000 visitors every year. History The island Westerhever was first settled by humans in the 12th Century. The first humans there built a ring dike to protect the land. External links References Category:Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein Category:Nordfriesland

Joseph Trotter Mills (December 18, 1812 – November 22, 1897) was an American attorney, jurist, and politician based in Wisconsin. He served four one-year terms in the state assembly. Biography Born in 1812 in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, near Paris, Joseph Trotter Mills as a youth lived and studied with his uncle Benjamin Mills, who was a judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Moving west, in 1831 Mills studied at Illinois College in Jacksonville, Illinois. He worked as a tutor in 1834 and 1835, teaching the children of Colonel Zachary Taylor, then commanding officer of Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Michigan Territory. Later Mills married and had a family. He prepared to change his work by reading the law with an established firm; in 1844, he was admitted to the Wisconsin bar. He practiced law in Lancaster, Wisconsin. From 1865 to 1877, Mills served as Wisconsin Circuit Court judge. In 1856, 1857, 1862, and 1879, Mills served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican. His son-in-law, James Sibree Anderson, was also a member of the Assembly. Mills died at his son's home in Denver, Colorado. Notes Category:1812 births Category:1897 deaths Category:People from Paris, Kentucky Category:People from Lancaster, Wisconsin Category:Illinois College alumni Category:Wisconsin lawyers Category:Wisconsin Republicans Category:Wisconsin state court judges Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Category:Zachary Taylor Category:People from Bourbon County, Kentucky

Barbara was launched in Philadelphia in 1771 and came to England circa 1787. She initially sailed as a West Indiaman, but then between 1788 and 1800 made five complete voyages as a whaler. The Spanish captured her late in 1800 in the Pacific during her sixth whaling voyage. Career Barbara first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1787 with W.Cruden, master, Hankey, owner, and trade London–Grenada. She had been lengthened in 1777, and had undergone a good repair in 1782. This information may have been slightly stale as there are numerous mentions in Lloyd's List (LL) in 1785–1786) of a Barbera, Clark, master, sailing between London and Grenada. In 1787–1788 there are also reports Barbera, Cruden, master, sailing between London and Grenada. 1st whaling voyage (1789–1790): Barbara appeared in LR for 1789 with B. Clark, master, Lucas & Co., owner, and trade London–Southern Fishery. Captain Benjamin Clark sailed from London on 4 February 1788. When Barbara returned she was carrying 124 tuns of whale oil and 100 cwt of whale bone. 2nd whaling voyage (1790–1791): Captain Stephen Skiff sailed in 1790. Barbara returned on 13 January 1791. She had 1400 barrels of right whale oil aboard when she was at Saint Helena in December 1790 on her way home. 3rd whaling voyage (1791–1793): On 21 July 1791 Captain Skiff and Barbara were at , bound for the Le Maire Strait. She had passed Brava, Cape Verde two days earlier. arrived at London on 16 August 1792 having left her convoy at the Scilly Isles a few days earlier, a convoy that included Barbara, on her way home. Barbara returned on 22 August 1793 with 113 tuns of oil. 4th whaling voyage (1793–1795): Captain Skiff sailed again in 1793 for Peru. Barbara returned to London on 25 August 1795, with 60 tuns of sperm oil, 90 tuns of whale oil, + 60 cwt of whale bone. 5th whaling voyage (1796–1798): Captain Skiff sailed in 1796, bound for the Pacific. Barbara returned to London on 3 July 1798, via Cork. 6th whaling voyage (1798–loss): Captain Jethro Gardner acquired a letter of marque on 3 September 1798. He sailed from London on 20 September 1798, bound for the Pacific. In December she stopped in at Rio de Janeiro for food, water, and replenishment. Fate The Spanish captured Barbara, Gardner, master, in 1800 and carried her into Guayaquil. She was sailing from the South Seas fishery to London. She was captured in February 1800 after sailors from the Spanish packet San Jose killed the captain and two officers. Citations and references Citations References Category:1771 ships Category:Ships built in Philadelphia Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England Category:Whaling ships Category:Captured ships

The Independent Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Independiente, PSI) was founded in March 1938 by Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Carlos Salamanca, Jorge Aráoz Campero, Carlos Montenegro and Augusto Céspedes, following a split in the United Socialist Party. Independent Socialist Party was created by a radical sector and was “the advocate economic nationalism and are in favor of controlling foreign capital, and its re-investment in Bolivia”. The Independent Socialist Party was associated with the revolutionary government of Colonel Germán Busch Becerra, between 1937 and 1939. For the 1938 elections, the Independent Socialist Party was the component of the pro-military Socialist Single Front. During the 1938 Constituent Assembly, the Independent Socialists were an influential element of the leftist political grouping. Many of the PSI's founders were student activists, war veterans, and journalists of the middle class. The Independent Socialists elected some deputies of National Congress in 1940, and during Enrique Peñaranda del Castillo's administration they were among the government's opponents in parliament. In 1941 the Socialistas Independientes decided to form a more massively based political party, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement. References Category:Defunct political parties in Bolivia Category:Political parties established in 1938 Category:Socialist parties in Bolivia

Standings and Results for Group F of the Top 16 phase of the 2011–12 Turkish Airlines Euroleague basketball tournament. Standings Fixtures/Results All times given below are in Central European Time. Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Game 4 Game 5 Game 6 References External links Standings Group F

The yellow lance, scientific name Elliptio lanceolata, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is endemic to the United States. References Category:Fauna of the United States Category:Elliptio Category:Bivalves described in 1828 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Seguenzia lineata is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae. Description The height of the shell attains 4.6 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Yucatan, Mexico, and in the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil at depths between 640 m and 1234 m. References External links To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) To Encyclopedia of Life To World Register of Marine Species lineata Category:Gastropods described in 1879

Acacia gregorii, commonly known as Gregory's wattle, is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae native to Western Australia. Description The prostrate or low spreading dense shrub typically grows to a height of and a width of . It has hairy branchlets with triangular to ovate stipules that taper to a slender point and are long and wide. The hairy evergreen phyllodes have an ovate, elliptic to oblong-elliptic shape with a length of and a width of . It blooms from June to August and produces yellow flowers. The rudimentary inflorescences have globular or obloid flowerheads containing 35 to 60 golden flowers and are in diameter. Following flowering oblong hairy seed pods form that are crowded on the receptacle. Each pod is in length and wide containg one or two seeds. Each ovoid shaped dark brown is around long. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1826 in the work Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. It was reclassified by Leslie Pedley in 2003 as Racosperma gregorii as part of the work A synopsis of Racosperma C.Mart. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) as published in Austrobaileya then transferred back to the genus Acacia in 2006. It is similar in appearance to Acacia crispula and Acacia shuttleworthii which are both found further south. It also shares some affinities with Acacia crassistipula. The species name honours Francis Thomas Gregory who crossed the Pilbara as part of his 1861 expedition. Distribution It is native to an area along the west coast in the Gascoyne, Pilbara and Mid West regions of Western Australia where it is found on sandplains, coastal hills and among limestone outcrops growing in red sandy soils as a part of spinifex or in heathland communities. See also List of Acacia species References gregorii Category:Acacias of Western Australia Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller Category:Plants described in 1862

Relikt may refer to: RELIKT-1, a Soviet cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment on board the Prognoz 9 satellite Relikt explosive reactive armour for military vehicles, an improved version of Kontakt-5

In organic chemistry, phosphonium coupling is a [[cross-coupling reaction for organic synthesis. It is a mild, efficient, chemoselective and versatile methodology for the formation of C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–S bond of unactivated and unprotected tautomerizable heterocycles. The method was originally reported in 2004. The C–OH bond of a tautomerizable heterocycle is activated with a phosphonium salt (PyBroP, PyBOP, BroP, or BOP), and subsequent functionalization with either a nucleophile through SNAr displacement or an organometallic through transition metal catalyzed cross coupling reaction. The in situ activation of the C-OH bond in phosphonium coupling has been applied to cross coupling reactions of tautomerizable heterocycles and arenols using other types of activating reagents. Phosphonium coupling generates in situ a pseudo aryl or heteroaryl halide (the intermediate phosphonium species), which subsequently reacts with its coupling partner. References Category:Organic chemistry

The Battle of Tripolje (), also known as the Battle of Gračanica (), was fought in November 1402 between the Serbian Despotate, ruled by the Lazarević dynasty, and the Branković family, aided by the Ottoman Empire. Following the Ottoman defeat at Ankara in 1402, Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević saw an opportunity to free himself of Ottoman overlordship. Awarded the high honorary title of despot by Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, Lazarević began to wield increasing autonomy in his political decision making. Following a quarrel, said to have arisen because of his nephew Đurađ Branković's intent to join forces with the new Ottoman sultan, Lazarević had Branković imprisoned. Freed by a friend, Branković joined the Ottoman ranks and was set to fight Lazarević. Buoyed by Ottoman reinforcements, Branković set up in Kosovo, along the route through which Lazarević would return from the Adriatic coast to the Serbian interior. The two sides clashed at the field of Tripolje on 21 November 1402. The larger part of Lazarević's army, commanded by his brother Vuk, engaged Branković's forces while Lazarević clashed with the Ottomans. While Vuk experienced setbacks fighting Branković's forces, Lazarević encountered more success in fending off the Ottomans, thereby deciding the battle in his favor. The Lazarević brothers fell out following the battle. Lazarević allied himself with Hungary in 1403, ending his subservience to the Ottomans, while the Lazarević–Branković conflict continued over the years. Background The Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in July 1402 and the subsequent disappearance of Sultan Bayezid I presented an opportunity for the Serbian magnates to take advantage of the turmoil and wield more autonomy in their political decision making. Having fought on the side of the Ottomans, they returned from Ankara through Byzantine-held territory. The new political landscape made for closer Byzantine–Serbian cooperation, and in August 1402, at Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos awarded one of the Serbian magnates, Stefan Lazarević, the very high title of Despot. Second only to imperial dignity, the title brought the bearer great honor. From Constantinople, Lazarević was hoping to pave the way for an independent Serbia. While staying there, he came to quarrel with another Serbian magnate, his nephew Đurađ Branković. Although the reasons remain unknown, fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Ragusan chronicler Mavro Orbini attributes the quarrel to Lazarević's suspicions that Branković wanted to join forces with Süleyman Çelebi, Bayezid's oldest son, who held power in Rumelia. The historian Dimitris Kastritsis notes that the rivalry between Branković and Lazarević dated back to the time of Bayezid, who had expelled Branković's father from his lands and granted some of them to Lazarević. Although Lazarević aimed to induce Emperor John VII to imprison Branković, it is not certain if he succeeded. In 1402, Lazarević ordered Branković imprisoned, but the latter spent little time in captivity, as he was freed with the help of a friend in September of that year. Branković immediately went to Süleyman Çelebi, whom he asked for troops to fight Lazarević. Prelude The Lazarević–Branković conflict became an opportunity for the Ottomans, who readied for war, to regain the power they had once wielded in the Balkans. A Serbian contingent returning home from Asia Minor was abruptly attacked and destroyed near Edirne on the orders of an Ottoman commander. It became clear to Lazarević that the rest of his army could not return using that route. Branković and the Ottomans sought to prevent Lazarević and his brother Vuk from returning home. Branković's forces were joined by an Ottoman contingent, ordered by Süleyman to take control of local roads and prevent the Lazarević brother's crossing, which was expected to take place in the Branković-controlled territory of Kosovo. Still mistrustful of Branković's intentions, Süleyman sent one of his commanders to monitor Branković, to ensure that he was truly loyal. The Lazarević brothers and a detachment of about 260 men left Constantinople and embarked for the coast of Zeta by ship. Before landing in Zeta, Lazarević had become aware of Branković's plans; the brothers prepared for battle. They met with their brother-in-law Đurađ II Balšić, who supported them militarily, and had their mother Milica raise an army in the Despotate. Lazarević's army made its way inland in late October 1402, on detouring roads towards the Žiča monastery. Branković's forces and the Ottoman contingent gathered near the Gračanica Monastery. Battle The two sides clashed on 21 November 1402, at Tripolje, near the Gračanica Monastery. The date of the battle coincided with the Presentation of Mary. Lazarević divided his army into two groups. Constantine of Kostenets, Lazarević's biographer (ca. 1431), wrote that the army was divided between the two brothers, in case one fell the other would be saved and stay a "good shepherd of the flock". Lazarević assigned the larger group to his brother Vuk, while he took the smaller group. It is unknown whether the army that Balšić contributed as security was present at the battle. Branković enjoyed significant Ottoman support. While Lazarević engaged the Ottomans, Vuk engaged Branković's forces. Upon seeing Lazarević's bravery on the battlefield, it is said that many Ottoman soldiers felt like retreating. Lazarević had been famed for his bravery at the earlier battles of Nicopolis and Ankara. Among the Ottoman vassals were kesar Uglješa Vlatković and his troops. Vlatković is believed to have divulged the Ottomans' battle plans, and perhaps even turned on them during the battle, thereby contributing to its outcome in Lazarević's favor. Orbini claims that Vlatković discouraged the Ottomans by telling them that they would not be able to withstand the first rush. According to Orbini, Lazarević "chased Turks by the bunch". Meanwhile, Branković inflicted great damage on Vuk's forces. As he was unable to resist Branković's pressure, it was Lazarević who decided the battle. Ultimately, Branković and the Ottomans were decisively defeated. Constantine of Kostenets wrote how Lazarević "bloodied the right hand of his" in battle. Orbini wrote that Lazarević won the battle "more with strategy than the courage of his soldiers". After the battle, the Lazarević brothers withdrew to the fortified city of Novo Brdo. Aftermath Lazarević managed to take power in the country, bolstered by the reputation and work of his mother Milica, who was also politically active. The Lazarević–Branković conflict continued. In December 1402, the Republic of Ragusa expressed great regret regarding the conflicts in Serbia. Sultan Bayezid died in Tatar captivity in March 1403, which ignited a war between his four sons. There are accounts that Lazarević and Süleyman agreed to a truce shortly after the battle. Through the Gallipoli treaty in early 1403, Süleyman promised not to interfere in Serbia, on the condition that Lazarević accept his obligations towards the Ottoman Empire, which were in effect prior to the Battle of Ankara, and consisted primarily of tribute and military support. Lazarević reneged on his previous obligations and continued fighting Branković and the Ottomans. Around this time, the Lazarević brothers had a falling-out. The rift apparently stemmed from Vuk's perception that he had not emerged from the battle as a victor. Lazarević complained about the casualties under Vuk's command and wanted him to train in the art of war. Lazarević took to instructing his brother in military matters, but Vuk felt slighted after Lazarević said "some hard words" during instructions. Feeling hurt, with a gap between them, Vuk "waited some time, and finding the right time" ran off to Süleyman in the summer of 1403. Kalić believes that there was also a disagreement on the division of lands, while Blagojević believes that Lazarević's continued opposition to the Ottomans in light of the truce played a role. Vuk thus decided to leave the country and enter the ranks of Süleyman Çelebi. In order to retain his independence from the Ottomans, who were closing in from the south, Lazarević turned to the Kingdom of Hungary, which could be counted on militarily. After becoming a Hungarian vassal in 1403, Lazarević was offered peace by the Ottomans on his terms, and the Despotate was no longer a subject of the Ottoman Empire. Vuk returned to the Despotate shortly thereafter and the brothers ruled in accord. The Ottoman–Serbian peace, Hungarian–Serbian alliance, Hungarian ceding of large territories in the north to the Despotate, and the merger of Vlatković's province to Lazarević's domain, resulted in Lazarević expanding his claims on all the Serbian lands. Annotations References Sources Tripolje Category:1402 in the Ottoman Empire Category:15th century in Serbia Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Serbian Wars Tripolje Tripolje Tripolje Category:Gračanica, Kosovo Category:History of Kosovo Category:Serbian Despotate

Emergency Hospital is a 1956 American drama film directed by Lee Sholem and written by Don Martin. The film stars Walter Reed, Margaret Lindsay, John Archer, Byron Palmer, Rita Johnson and Peg La Centra. The film was released on November 2, 1956, by United Artists. Plot Cast Walter Reed as Police Sgt. Paul Arnold Margaret Lindsay as Dr. Janet Carey John Archer as Dr. Herb Ellis Byron Palmer as Ben Caldwell Rita Johnson as Head Nurse Norma Mullin Peg La Centra as Nurse Fran Richards Robert Keys as Police Officer Mike Flaherty Rhodes Reason as Juvenile Officer Ross References External links Category:1956 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:United Artists films Category:American drama films Category:1950s drama films Category:Films directed by Lee Sholem Category:Films scored by Paul Dunlap

Mauricio Rodríguez may refer to: Mauricio Alonso Rodríguez, Salvadoran football player and manager Mauricio Rodriguez Anza, Mexican architect and designer Mauricio Rodriguez, vocalist and frontman of Mauricio & Palodeagua Mauricio Rodríguez (composer), Mexican musician. Mauricio Rodríguez (athlete), Venezuelan discus thrower Mauricio Rodríguez Múnera, Colombian journalist and ambassador. Mauricio Rodríguez (politician), Venezuelan Minister of Communications and Information

The Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Digital Infrastructures is senior minister of the Spanish Department of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation. The Secretary of State for Telecommunications is responsible for the promotion, regulation and knowledge of the telecommunications sector, audiovisual services and the Information Society, the dialogue with the professional, industrial and academic sectors and the coordination or cooperation between different ministries and with other public administrations regarding these matters. The Secretariat of State is divided in five departments, one with the level of Directorate-General and four with the level of Deputy Directorate-General. The Secretary of State for Telecommunications is also the maximum responsible of the company Red.es, a public company in charge of the development of programs to boost the digital economy, innovation, entrepreneurship, training for young people and professionals and support for SMEs by promoting the efficient and intensive use of Information and Communication Technologies. History Since the arrival of the democracy to Spain, becoming an advanced country was one of the goals of the first democratic governments and that means to have a good network of communications. The importance was such that in 1977, a year before the Constitution was approved, a Ministry of Transport and Communications was created. This Ministry assumed most of the competences that the current Secretariat of State for Communications has and the organs of this ministry dedicated to telecoms had most of them the level of Directorate-General. In 1985, because of the fast growing of the communications systems and media, the department dedicated to telecoms in this Ministry was elevated to the level of General Secretariat and was divided in three departments: for mail, for telecoms and for communications infraestructure. In 1990, the Ministry was fusionated with the Ministry of Development but maintain the communications department intact. It wasn't until 2000 when the department was elevated to the level of Secretariat of State and the current department is officially created. At the beginning received the name of Secretariat of State for Telecommunications and for the Information Society and depended from the Ministry of Science from 2000 to 2004 and from the Ministry of Industry since 2004 to its renovation in 2016. In 2016, a new government reestructuration created a new ministry with competences over Energy, Tourism and Communications, being called Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda. With this ministry, the Secretariat of State was renamed Secretariat of State for the Information Society and Digital Agenda. Two years later, in 2018, a change in the government provoked that the competences over telecommunications were transferred to the Ministry of Economy and the Secretariat of State was renamed Secretariat of State for Digital Progress. Structure Under the authority of the Secretary of State there are the following departments: The Directorate-General for Telecommunications and Management of Audiovisual Communication Services. The Deputy Directorate-General for Telecommunications Management. The Deputy Directorate-General for Telecommunications and Digital Infrastructure Operators. The Deputy Directorate-General for Planning and Management of the Radioelectric Spectrum. The Deputy Directorate-General for Telecommunications and Digital Infrastructure Inspection. The Deputy Directorate-General for Customer Service of Telecommunications and Digital Services. The Deputy Directorate-General for Audiovisual Communication Services Management. The Provincial Offices for Telecommunications Inspection. The Division for Economic Programming and Hiring. List of Secretaries of State for Telecoms References Category:Government of Spain Category:Secretaries of State of Spain Category:Telecommunications in Spain

Jadwisin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Serock, north-east of Legionowo, and north of Warsaw. The village has a population of 1,000. References Jadwisin

Vikramōrvaśīyam (, meaning Urvashi Won by Valour) is a five-act Sanskrit play by ancient Indian poet Kalidasa who flourished in the 4th Century CE, on the Vedic love story of king Pururavas and an Apsara, a celestial nymph named Urvashi. As per the tradition, while the basic plot has taken elements from the sources such as the Samvada Sukta of the Rigveda (ऋग्वेद), Mahabharata and others, Kalidasa has made significant adaptations to make the presentation more appealing while establishing his prowess as a playwright (नाटककार). Vikramorvashiyam is the second of the three plays written by Kalidasa, the first being Mālavikāgnimitram (मालविकाग्निमित्रम्) and the third being the celebrated Abhijñānaśākuntalam (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्). According to one theory, "Vikrama" in the title alludes to Kalidasa's patron king Vikramaditya; however, there is no evidence for this. It simply means "Valour". Origin of the plotPandya, S. M. & Shah, U. (1993). The Sources of the Play and the Changes Brought about by Kalidasa. (Ed.s) Chapter-3, Mahakakavikalidasavirachitam Vikramorvashiyam, Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad. p. 25-29. The classical theory of Sanskrit drama, known as Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र) makes it a rule that the plot of a Sanskrit drama 'must be famous' (नाटका: ख्यातवृत्ता: स्यात्). Accordingly, authors of Sanskrit plays use the stories from Puranas, Vedic texts and classic epics, namely Mahabharata and Ramayana for developing plays. However, the core objective of a drama is entertainment (मनोरंजन). Since everyone is familiar with the basic plot, if the presentation of the play is not interesting or enchanting in some way, people would be bored. Hence there is emphasis on originality (मौलिकता) of the playwright. In the case of Vikramorvashiyam, here is how Kalidasa has adapted the original subject: Rigveda (ऋग्वेद): In the 95th section, called Sukta (सूक्त) of the tenth cluster (called Mandala/मण्डळ), there is a dialogue between Pururava and Urvashi. Situation suggests that she has left the king after living for four years with him. The king beseeches her to return, but she refuses (saying, "न वै स्त्रैणानि सन्ति शालावृकानां हृदयान्येता:" - meaning, the hearts of women are not like those of jackals). The story ends at that. Shatapatha Brahmana (शतपथ ब्राह्मण): Apparently aimed at emphasizing importance of a Yagya, Pururava was attracted to Urvashi when she came to his city. She agreed with a condition, but when the king could not honor it because of manipulation by Gandharva people, she left him. Later, moved by the king's plight without her, she agreed to return once every year to him. The king still missed her a lot, so now convinced of his love, the Gandharvas asked him to perform a Yagya, due to which Pururava attained Gandharva-hood and could reunite with Urvashi (P. 1.2). Purana: In all, Vishnu Purana (विष्णु पुराण) (4.6, 34-39), Padma Purana (पद्म पुराण) (Srishti Khanda/सृष्टिखण्ड 12, 62-68), Matsya Purana (मत्स्य पुराण) (24, 10-32), Mahabharata, Bhagavat Purana (भागवत पुराण) (9, 14) and the story of Gunadhya in Brihatkatha are the sources of the story of Pururava and Urvashi. There are multiple versions of these stories in different sources, but one can see the following elements in this pool: (a) That Urvashi descended from heaven for some reason and met Pururava; (b) The two lived together under some condition(s) for some time; (c) At least on one occasion Urvashi had to part from the king under some sort of breach, for which she changed form; (d) Urvashi returned to her form and got reunited with the king, but there came a time when she had to return to the heaven to serve Indra (e) The two had a son together, named Ayush (आयुष). Whether they lived together happily ever after is questionable, because there is one more story in Mahabharata in which Arjuna (a descendant of Pururava) goes to heaven and meets Urvashi there. Hence, by inference she and Pururava lived together during his lifetime, as he was a mortal. Adaptations by KalidasaPandya, S. M. & Shah, U. (1993). The Sources of the Play and the Changes Brought about by Kalidasa. (Ed.s) Chapter-3, Mahakakavikalidasavirachitam Vikramorvashiyam, Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad. p. 25-29. Adaptations by Kalidasa add novelty and surprise in the original subject, and infuse fresh depth and perspective. Here is how: (1) Urvashi was banished from the heaven, but how she got that punishment is Kalidasa's own imagination. According to Vikramorvashiyam, she was playing the part of Lakshmi in a play directed by Bharata Muni, performed in the court of Indra. In the scene of Lakshmi Svayamvara, she was asked who she had given her heart to. Urvashi, smitten by Pururava at that time, could not distinguish between her role and her self, and ended up saying 'Pururava' instead of 'Purushottama'. This lack of mindfulness angered Bharata Muni, who cursed her to fall to earth. This curse, actually, was a boon for her. Indra, out of his appreciation for her, modified the curse by saying that she would return from earth when Pururava sees the face of their son. (2) Some of the original versions suggest that Urvashi returned to heaven the moment her conditions were breached, without consideration for Pururava's repeated requests and his anguish at parting. However, Kalidasa adds the wonderful element of Sangamaniya gem (संगमनीय मणि) for reuniting Urvashi and Pururava with their son Ayush, and then adds visit by Narada carrying the message from Indra that since Pururava is a valued friend of his, and in future wars with demons his support is going to be pivotal, Urvashi could stay with him until end of his days. This addition of Indra's gesture at once depicts Urvashi's hesitation and pain to leave, desire to stay, being bound by the curse - all being eased by Indra's favor. (3) Forest of Kartikeya where women were banned: Again, the original story mentions that the two were sent apart due to a curse, but Kalidasa adds the imagination that when the two went to Mount Gandhamadana (गन्धमादन पर्वत) after their marriage, Pururava once stared at a young Gandharva girl named Udayavati, who was playing by the river. Enraged by jealousy or displeasure, Urvashi stormed out of that place - and went straight into a forest which was prohibited for women. Thus she turned into a vine. Pururava, moved to extreme sixth stage of being in love, tried to find her and this is an opportunity Kalidasa creates to add narration of Nature, and conversation of Pururava with various elements of Nature, flora and fauna. Description of Nature (प्रकृति वर्णन) is Kalidasa's forte and the metaphors he uses to describe his beloved are wonderful. (4) Urvashi's dilemma: Kalidasa adds complexity confronting the character of Urvashi by introducing the condition that when Pururava sees the face of their son, Urvashi will return to the heaven. In Vikramorvashiyam, Urvashi conceives and delivers the son quickly without the knowledge of Pururava who never saw her pregnant (explanation is that she is a celestial being, and they have different patterns of carrying children). Son is placed under the care of Chyavan Rishi, who makes sure that since he is a Kshatriya, he would be taught Dhanurveda along with other systems of knowledge, but he will abide by the rules of the Ashram. The day Ayush breaks the code of non-violence by hunting a bird who carried a red gem, is also the day when Pururava's cherished Sangamaniya Gem is picked up by a bird who believed it to be a piece of red meat. Someone brings to the king the dead bird with the gem and the arrow that hit the bird. Chyavana Rishi sends back Ayush to Pururava's court. King reads the inscription on the arrow, which says that it belonged to "Ayush, the son of Ila's son (implying Pururava) and Urvashi". Urvashi tells the whole story of curse to Pururava who is very happy that his bane of being childless is removed, who appoints Ayush as the Prince and is very unhappy that Urvashi would now have to leave. At that point Narada brings the happy tidings and the play ends. Plot Once upon a time, Urvashi, who was an Apsara, was returning from the palace of Kuber on mount Kailas leaving her son Risyasringa with Vibhandaka rishi to heaven. She was with Chitralekha, Rambha and many others, but the demon named Keshin abducted Urvashi and Chitralekha and went in the North-East direction. The group of Apsaras started screaming for help, which was heard by the king Pururava, who rescued the two. Urvashi and Pururava fall in love at first sight. The nymphs were immediately summoned back to the heaven. King tried to focus on his work, but he was unable to shake off the preoccupation with the thoughts of Urvashi. He wondered if his was a case of unrequited love. Urvashi, who had gone in invisible form to see the king, wrote a message on a birch leaf instantly, conforming her love. Unfortunately, the leaf was carried off by the wind and stopped only at the feet of the queen Aushinari, the princess of Kashi and the wife of Pururava. The queen was enraged at first, but later declared that she would not come in the way of lovers. Before Urvashi and Pururava could talk, Urvashi was summoned again to the heaven to perform in a play. She was so smitten that she missed her cue and mispronounced her lover's name during the performance as Pururava instead of Purushottama. As a punishment, Urvashi was banished from heaven, which was modified by Indra as until the moment her human lover laid eyes on the child that she would bear him. After a series of mishaps, including Urvashi's temporary transformation into a vine, the curse was eventually lifted, and the lovers were allowed to remain together on Earth as long as Pururava lived. Major Acts and episodes within each Act Act-1: Starting with Introduction or Prastavana (प्रस्तावना) (1) Pururava volunteers to rescue Urvashi (२) Rescue of Urvashi (3) Mount Hemakuta (4) Episode of single-stringed necklace Act-2: Starting with Prelude or Praveshaka (प्रवेशक) (1) Forest Pramada (2) Entry of Urvashi (3) Episode of Bhurja Patra Act-3: Starting with Interlude/Vishkambhaka (विष्कंभक) (1) Enunch inviting Pururava to Mani Mahalaya (मणिमहालय) (2) waiting and conversation at Mani Mahalaya (3) The ritual of taking a vow of pleasing the dear one - Priyanuprasadana Vrata (प्रियानुप्रसादन व्रत) by Aushinari accompanied by maids (4) conversation involving Chitralekha, Pururava, Vidushaka/jester and Urvashi and her rendezvous with the king Act-4: Starting with Prelude or Praveshaka (1) episode of Udayavati (2) extreme anguish of Pururava at loss of Urvashi (3) episode of Sangamaniya gem (4) return to the kingdom Act-5: Starting with Vidushaka announcement (1) Bird taking the gem (२) arrival of Ayush, about whom Pururava had no knowledge (3) Revelation by Urvashi of her conditional release from the curse (4) entry of Naarada (नारद) (5) Happy ending Main characters King Pururavas - son of Ila and Budha (who was the son of Chandra and Tara) Urvashi - the celestial nymph Aushinari - the Queen and the wife of Pururavas (also the princess of Kashi) Supporting Characters Chitralekha - another nymph and Urvashi's close friend Nipunika - the chambermaid of Aushinari Vidushaka - the jester and the aide in Pururava's personal matters and romantic pursuit In popular culture The story of a nymph marrying a noble-born human and leaving her celestial home has been used in 1957 Tamil film Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam. See also Sanskrit literature Sanskrit drama Notes Further reading “Urvaśī and the Swan Maidens: The Runaway Wife.” In Search of the Swan Maiden: A Narrative on Folklore and Gender, by Barbara Fass Leavy, NYU Press, NEW YORK; LONDON, 1994, pp. 33–63. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg995.5. Accessed 23 Apr. 2020. Bakshi, Ram V. “KALIDASA'S PLAYS: RITUALS OF HUMAN PERFECTION.” Journal of South Asian Literature, vol. 10, no. 2/4, 1975, pp. 45–49. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40871930. Accessed 27 Apr. 2020. Gaur, R. C. “The Legend of Purūravas and Urvaśī: An Interpretation.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2, 1974, pp. 142–152. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25203565. Accessed 27 Apr. 2020. Wright, J. C. “Purūravas and Urvaśī.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 30, no. 3, 1967, pp. 526–547. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/612386. Accessed 27 Apr. 2020. Category:Works by Kālidāsa Category:Sanskrit plays

Tchórznica Szlachecka () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sabnie, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. References Category:Villages in Sokołów County

Saint Elizabeth, one of Jamaica's largest parishes, is located in the southwest of the island, in the county of Cornwall. Its capital, Black River, is located at the mouth of the Black River, the widest on the island. History Saint Elizabeth originally included most of the southwest part of the island, but Westmoreland was taken from it in 1703, and in 1814 a part of Manchester. The resulting areas were named after the wife of Sir Thomas Modyford, the first English Governor of Jamaica. There are archeological traces of Taíno/Arawak existence in the parish, as well as of 17th-century colonial Spanish settlements. After 1655, when the English settled on the island, they concentrated on developing large sugar cane plantations with enslaved African workers. Today, buildings with 'Spanish wall' construction (masonry of limestone sand and stone between wooden frames) can still be seen in some areas. St Elizabeth became a prosperous parish, and Black River an important seaport. In addition to shipping sugar and molasses, Black River became the centre of the logging trade. Large quantities of logwood were exported to Europe to make a blue dye very like Prussian blue, which was very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. St Elizabeth was the first parish to have electric power, where it was first introduced in a house called Waterloo in Black River in 1893. Geography The parish is located at latitude 18°15'N, and longitude 77°56'W; to the west of Manchester, to the east of Westmoreland, and to the south of St. James and Trelawny. It covers an area of 1212.4 km², making it Jamaica's second-largest parish, smaller only than Saint Ann's 1212.6 km². The parish is divided into four electoral districts (constituencies), that is North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West. The northern and northeastern parts of the parish are mountainous. There are three mountain ranges —the Nassau Mountains to the north-east, the Lacovia Mountains to the west of the Nassau Mountains, and the Santa Cruz Mountains which, running south, divide the wide plain to end in a precipitous drop of at Lovers' Leap. The central and southern sections form an extensive plain divided by the Santa Cruz Mountains. A large part of the lowlands is covered by morass, but it still provides grazing land for horses and mules. The main river in the parish is the Black River, and measuring , it is one of the longest rivers in Jamaica. It is navigable for about , and is supported by many tributaries including Y.S., Broad, Grass and Horse Savannah. The river has its source in the mountains of Manchester where it rises and flows west as the border between Manchester and Trelawny then goes underground. It reappears briefly in several surrounding towns, but reemerges near Balaclava and tumbles down gorges to the plain known as the Savannah, through the Great Morass and to the sea at Black River, the capital of the parish. The geology of the parish is primarily alluvial plains to the south, and karstic limestone to the north. The karstic zones are known to contain over 130 caves (Jamaica Cave Register as of 2007 - from Fincham and JCO). These include Mexico Cave and Wallingford River Cave, near Balaclava, which are two associated sections of a major underground river that has its source in south Trelawny, as well as Yardley Chase Caves near the foot of Lovers' Leap, and Peru Cave, near Goshen, which has stalactites and stalagmites. Mineral deposits include bauxite, antimony, white limestone, clay, peat and silica sand which is used to manufacture glass. Demography The parish had an estimated population of 148,000 in 2001, 4000 of whom live in the capital town. The distinct feature of this parish is that numerous ethnic groups can be found here; St Elizabeth probably has the greatest ethnic mixture in Jamaica. St. Elizabeth provides the best testimony of the Jamaican motto – "Out of many, one people". The Meskito (corrupted to ‘Mosquito’) Indians brought to Jamaica to help capture the Maroons, were allowed to settle in southern St. Elizabeth in return for their assistance and given land grants in this parish. This parish has also attracted Dutch, Spanish, Indian, Maroon, mulatto, English, and European inhabitants from the 17th century onwards, with the result that many observers feel that it has more people of mixed-race ancestry than can be found in any other part of the island. In the 19th century Irish, Spanish, Portuguese, Scottish, Germans, Chinese, and East Indians migrated to Saint Elizabeth. There are pockets of ethnic concentrations in the parish, including Mulatto and Creole, notably found in the southeast. Economy Mining The parish has been a major producer of bauxite since the 1960s. Port Kaiser, near a town called Alligator Pond, has a leading deep-water pier for bauxite export. The Alpart alumina refinery was constructed in the 1960s at Nain and produces nearly 2 million tonnes of alumina annually for export. The replacement cost of building the refinery is approximately $2 billion. There are other alumina refineries close to the nearby town of Mandeville. Agriculture Apart from bauxite mining, the parish also produces a large quantity of Jamaica's sugar; there are two sugar factories in the parish. Fishing is a major industry in the parish, as is tomato canning; a plant is at Bull Savannah. The parish also cultivates crops such as cassava, corn, peas, beans, pimento, ginger, tobacco, tomato, rice sweet potatoes and coffee. As a result of the fertile soil that provide for grazing fields, pastoralism is possible. Livestock include goats, sheep, hogs, and cattle, horses. Tourism Since the 1990s, the parish has become a significant tourist destination, with most visitors going to the Treasure Beach area. The Appleton rum distillery, near the rough Cockpit Country in the north of the parish, is also a tourist destination. The Cockpit area was the site of Maroon settlements through much of the 18th century. Ecological tourism along the Black and YS rivers, and in the Great Morass, has been developed in recent years. Education The parish has 12 high schools and 75 primary level institutions as well as 167 early childhood institutions. Notable institutions include: Bethlehem Moravian College Black River High School Hampton School Lacovia High School Munro College St. Elizabeth Technical High School Places Beaches Font Hill Beach Galleon, Crane Fullerswood Parottee Fort Charles Calabash Bay Great Bay Billy's Bay Frenchman's Bay Treasure Beach Blue Fields Beach Towns and villages The Social Development Commission's national grid of communities has sixty one communities in St. Elizabeth broken down into 465 districts. The communities which include major towns are: Flagaman Caves St. Elizabeth has approximately 44 caves, including: Mexico Peru Cave Yhardly Chase Caves Wallingford Caves Nain Other Places of Interest Lover's Leap is a cliff plunging several hundred metres into the sea, with an attached romantic legend of two young slaves jumping to their death rather than live apart. There is a lighthouse here too. Y.S. Falls is a famous falls in Jamaica, similar to Dunn's River Falls in Ocho Rios, St. Ann. Bamboo Avenue - was developed in the 17th century when local landowners planted bamboo on both sides of the road to provide shade during their travels. See also History of Jamaica References Notes Bibliography Lover's Leap: Based on the Jamaican Legend, Horane Smith, Minerva Press (1 June 1999), External links Parish Information Statistical Institute of Jamaica Political Geography of Jamaica Mexico Cave - JCO Report Parishes of Jamaica Stats Category:Parishes of Jamaica

Toni Falbo (born 1947) is a social psychologist known for her research on power dynamics in relationships, sibling status, and development of only children. She is a Professor of Educational Psychology and Faculty Research Affiliate of the Population Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2007, Falbo received the Newman-Proshansky Career Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association (APA) (Division 34). This award is offered annually to recognize significant lifetime contributions to the fields of environmental and population psychology. Falbo is a Fellow of APA Division 9, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and APA Division 35, Society for the Psychology of Women. She has served terms as President of the Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology (APA Division 34) and the Southwestern Psychological Association. Falbo and Harriett Romo co-authored the book Latino high school graduation: Defying the odds. Falbo is editor of the volume The Single-Child Family. Biography Falbo received her B.A. degree in Psychology at George Washington University in 1968. She received her M.A degree in psychology and PhD in Social Psychology at University of California, Los Angeles in 1969 and 1973, respectively. Falbo early work examined kindergarten children's attributions about academic achievement. After holding positions at California State University, Long Beach and Wake Forest University, Falbo joined the faculty of Educational Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin in 1976. Falbo began studying the development of only children in the 1970s. She was drawn to this topic as an only child and the mother of an only child. Her research has been funded through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Ford Foundation, and the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. Research Much of Falbo's research has focused on the psychological and social outcomes of small families, with an emphasis on sibling status effects on children's development and educational attainment. Other widely cited research has examined power dynamics and strategies in interpersonal relationships and parental strategies associated with high school students' success. Falbo conducted extensive research examining effects of China's one-child policy on the personalities of Chinese children and adults. Falbo aimed to determine whether China's one-child policy influenced children's academic, physical, social, and personality traits. In a synthesis of 22 studies of psychopathology among Chinese only children, Falbo and her colleague Sophia Hooper reported that only children felt more pressure and dealt with higher expectations from their parents than their peers with siblings. Falbo and her colleague Denise Polit conducted a series of meta-analyses of over 100 studies of only children that considered developmental outcomes in adjustment, character, sociability, achievement, and intelligence. The studies included in the meta-analyses were mainly from the U.S. and Canada, yet were diverse with respect to socioeconomic class and race/ethnicity. The authors found no evidence in support of the stereotype that only children are lonely, selfish, and maladjusted. Rather, only children tended to score higher on tests of verbal ability and intelligence than children with siblings (with the exception of firstborns who scored comparably to only children). Only children and firstborns also showed higher achievement (i.e., academic performance, educational attainment, occupational prestige) than children with older siblings. Falbo also found that only children surpassed children in large families in the quality of their relationships with parents. Other work, which including children from China as well as the U.S., indicate advantages of older children with regards to character development (autonomy, maturity, leadership). Another study examined whether the presence of siblings promoted health over the lifespan. Falbo and her colleagues examined the health status of a large sample middle age adults from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Using data from almost 4000 individuals (high school graduates of the class of 1957), the researchers found no effect of sibling status on health outcomes. Instead, they found evidence that better health was associated with having higher educational attainment and higher socioeconomic status. Representative Publications References External links Faculty page Falbo lab Category:American women psychologists Category:Educational psychologists Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni Category:Living people Category:1947 births

Steven James Yeager (born 1978) is a Democratic member of the Nevada Assembly. He represents the 9th district, which covers parts of the southwestern Las Vegas Valley. Biography Yeager was born in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota in 1978, the second of three children. He graduated from the University of Michigan and then from Cornell Law School. He practiced law in Phoenix, Arizona before moving to Nevada where he has served as a Chief Deputy Public Defender of Clark County since 2009. Yeager ran for the Assembly in 2014. He easily won the Democratic primary but was defeated in the general election by Republican David M. Gardner. Yeager again ran against Gardner in 2016. That time, he was successful, receiving 55% of the vote. Personal life Yeager comes from a family of public service: he is married to Hearing Master Bita Yeager, his oldest brother is an officer in the United States Marine Corps, and his youngest brother is a local law enforcement officer. Political positions Yeager supports increased background checks for gun purchases and also supports the legalization of marijuana. Electoral history References External links Campaign website Legislative website Category:1978 births Category:21st-century American politicians Category:Arizona lawyers Category:Cornell Law School alumni Category:Living people Category:Members of the Nevada Assembly Category:Nevada Democrats Category:Nevada lawyers Category:People from Brooklyn Center, Minnesota Category:Politicians from Las Vegas Category:Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona Category:University of Michigan alumni

One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer is an autobiography by Nathaniel Fick, published by Houghton-Mifflin in 2005. An account of Nathaniel Fick's time in the United States Marine Corps, it begins with his experiences at Officer Candidate's School in Quantico, Virginia and details his deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq during the War on Terror. In 2006, Recorded Books published an unabridged audiobook edition (), narrated by Andy Paris. Awards Nathaniel Fick received the Colby Award for One Bullet Away in 2006. References External links After Words interview with Fick on One Bullet Away, November 19, 2005 Category:2005 non-fiction books Category:Military books Category:Iraq War books Category:Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq Category:Popular culture about the United States Marine Corps Category:American memoirs

The Oxus treasure (Persian: گنجینه آمودریا) is a collection of about 180 surviving pieces of metalwork in gold and silver, the majority rather small, plus perhaps about 200 coins, from the Achaemenid Persian period which were found by the Oxus river about 1877-1880. The exact place and date of the find remain unclear, and it is likely that many other pieces from the hoard were melted down for bullion; early reports suggest there were originally some 1500 coins, and mention types of metalwork that are not among the surviving pieces. The metalwork is believed to date from the sixth to fourth centuries BC, but the coins show a greater range, with some of those believed to belong to the treasure coming from around 200 BC. The most likely origin for the treasure is that it belonged to a temple, where votive offerings were deposited over a long period. How it came to be deposited is unknown. As a group, the treasure is the most important survival of what was once an enormous production of Achaemenid work in precious metal. It displays a very wide range of quality of execution, with the many gold votive plaques mostly crudely executed, some perhaps by the donors themselves, while other objects are of superb quality, presumably that expected by the court. The British Museum now has nearly all the surviving metalwork, with one of the pair of griffin-headed bracelets on loan from the Victoria and Albert Museum, and displays them in Room 52. The group arrived at the museum by different routes, with many items bequeathed to the nation by Augustus Wollaston Franks. The coins are more widely dispersed, and more difficult to firmly connect with the treasure. A group believed to come from it is in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, and other collections have examples. Objects Achaemenid style arose rapidly with the very quick growth of the huge empire, which swallowed up the artistic centres of the ancient Near East and much of the Greek world, and mixed influences and artists from these. Although continuing influences from these sources can often be detected the Achaemenids formed a distinct style of their own. The griffin-headed bracelets from the hoard are typical of the 5th to 4th century BC court style of Achaemenid Persia. Bracelets of a similar form to ones from the treasure can be seen on reliefs from Persepolis being given as tribute, whilst Xenophon writes that armlets (among other things) were gifts of honour at the Persian court. Glass, enamel or semi-precious stone inlays within the bracelets' hollow spaces have now been lost. Sir John Boardman regards the gold scabbard, decorated with tiny figures showing a lion hunt, as pre-Achaemenid Median work of about 600 BC, drawing on Assyrian styles, though other scholars disagree, and the British Museum continues to date it to the 5th or 4th centuries. The surviving objects, an uncertain proportion of the original finds, can be divided into a number of groups. Sculptures There are a number of small figurines, some of which may have been detached from larger objects. The single male figures appear to show worshippers rather than deities. The largest is most unusual for Persian art in showing a nude youth (in silver) standing in a formal pose, with a large conical hat covered in gold foil. The statuette shows Greek influence, in the figure and the fact of being nude, but is not typical of ancient Greek art. Two hollow gold heads of young males, rather crudely executed, probably belonged to composite statues with the main body in wood or some other material. One figure in silver and gold has a headdress that suggests he may be a king. Other sculptural objects include two model chariots in gold, one incomplete, plus figures of a horse and a rider that may belong to this or other model groups, as may two other horses cut out from sheet gold. The wheels of the complete chariot would originally have turned freely, and it had received at least one repair in antiquity. It is pulled by four horses (rather small, and with only nine legs surviving between them) and carries two figures, a driver and a seated passenger, both wearing torcs. The chariot has handrails at the open rear to assist getting in and out, while the solid front carries the face of the protective Egyptian dwarf-god Bes. A leaping ibex was probably the handle of an amphora-type vase, and compares with handles shown on tribute vessels in the Persepolis reliefs, as well as an example now in the Louvre. Jewellery and fittings The two griffin-headed bracelets or armlets are the most spectacular pieces by far, despite lacking their stone inlays. There are a number of other bracelets, some perhaps torcs for the neck, several with simpler animal head terminals variously depicting goats, ibex, sheep, bulls, ducks, lions, and fantastic creatures. Many have inlays, or empty cells for them; it used to be thought that this technique was acquired from Ancient Egyptian jewellery (as in some of Tutankhamun's grave goods), but Assyrian examples are now known. There are 12 finger rings with flat bezels engraved for use as signet rings, and two stone cylinder seals, one finely carved with a battle scene. The griffin-headed bracelets were also the most complex objects to manufacture, being cast in several elements, then worked in many different techniques, and soldered together. Some of the surfaces are very thin, and show signs of damage, and in one place repair with a soldered patch. A "Gold plaque in the form of a lion-griffin, with the body of an ibex and a leaf-shaped tail", with missing inlay, has two prongs behind for attaching it, and may have been an ornament for a cap or the hair, or part of an object. The animal's legs are folded beneath its body in a way characteristic of the Scythian animal style of the southern Russian steppes, an influence also seen in other pieces such a ring with a lion. A stylized birds-head ornament can be recognised, like the finely-decorated scabbard of "Median" shape, as very similar to that of a soldier from a Persepolis relief, where it forms the crest to his bow-case. These seem to be the only items relating to weapons, though other pieces may have decorated horse harness. Another group of plaques were probably bracteates intended to be sewn onto clothing through the small holes round their edges. These have a variety of motifs, including the face of the Egyptian dwarf-god Bes, lion-griffins, a sphinx, and a cut-out figure apparently showing a king (see illustration below; Bes is centre in the top row, the king at bottom right). Votive plaques The British Museum has 51 thin gold plaques with incised designs, which are regarded as votive plaques left by devotees at a temple as an offering to the deity. They are mostly rectangular with the designs in a vertical format, and range from 2 to 20 cm tall. Most show a single human figure facing left, many carrying a bunch of twigs called a barsom used in offerings; these probably represent the offeror. The dress of the figures shows the types known as "Median" and "Persian" to modern historians, and the quality of the execution is mostly relatively low, but varies greatly, with some appearing to have been incised by amateurs. Three show animals, a horse, a donkey and a camel; possibly it was their health that was the subject of the offering. One large figure is in shallow relief within its incised outline (illustrated). Vessels The London group includes bowls, a gold jug, and a handle from a vase or ewer in the form of a leaping ibex, which is similar to a winged Achaemenid handle in the Louvre. No rhyton drinking vessels were found, but the British Museum has two other Achaemenid examples, one ending in a griffin's head similar to that on the bracelets in the treasure. A hollow gold fish, apparently representing a species of carp found only in the Oxus, has a hole at its mouth and a loop for suspension; it may have contained oil or perfume, or hung as one of a group of pendants. Coins The association of surviving coins with the treasure is less generally accepted than for the other items, and O. M. Dalton of the British Museum, author of the monograph on the treasure, was reluctant to identify any specific coins as part of it, while Sir Alexander Cunningham (see below) disagreed, identifying about 200. The Russian scholar E.V. Zeymal associated 521 surviving coins with the treasure, without extending the terminus post quem for deposition of the treasure beyond Cunningham's figure of about 180 BC. The coins associated with the treasure include examples from various Achaemenid mints and dates, but also later ones from after the conquest of the Empire by Alexander the Great, with the latest being of the reigns of Antiochus the Great (r. 223-187 BC) and Euthydemus I of Bactria (r. c. 235-200 BC). History The treasure was evidently discovered by local people somewhere on the north bank of the Oxus in what is today Tajikistan but was in the 1870s in the Emirate of Bokhara, which was in the process of being swallowed up by the Russian Empire. Then as now, the south bank of the Oxus was Afghanistan; at the period when the treasure originated the whole area was part of the Persian Empire. The approximate area of the discovery is fairly clear; it was near, perhaps some three miles south of, Takhti-Sangin, where an important temple was excavated by Soviet archaeologists in the 20th century, producing a large number of finds of metalwork and other objects, which seem to have been deposited from about 300 BC to as late as the third century AD. While it is tempting to connect the temple and treasure, as some scholars have proposed, the range of objects found, and a founding date for the temple proposed by the excavators of about 300 BC, do not neatly match up. The area was a major ancient crossing point for the Oxus, and the treasure may have come from further afield. The first mention in print of the treasure was an article in a Russian newspaper in 1880, written by a Russian general who in 1879 was in the area enquiring into the Trans-Caspian railway that the Russians had just begun to construct. He recounted that local reports said that treasure had been found in the ruins of an ancient fort called "Takht-i Kuwad", which was sold to Indian merchants. A later report by Sir Alexander Cunningham, the British general and archaeologist who was the first Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, described the finds, which he said began in 1877, as being in the river itself, "scattered about in the sands of the river", in a place exposed in the dry season, though another account he later gave, based on new information, rather confused the issue. Cunningham acquired many pieces himself through dealers in northern India (modern Pakistan). Another account by a British general owning some objects said that they had been discovered in 1876, exposed by "a land slip of the river bank". Hopeful diggers continued to excavate the site for years afterwards, and perhaps objects continued to be found; accounts from locals mention many gold "idols", a gold tiger, and other objects not tallying with the surviving pieces. One large group of objects, perhaps the bulk of the treasure, was bought from locals by three merchants from Bokhara in 1880, who unwisely left their convoy on the road south from Kabul to Peshawar and were captured by Afghan tribesmen, who carried them and their goods into the hills, but allowed a servant of the merchants to escape. News of the episode reached Captain Francis Charles Burton, a British political officer in Afghanistan, who immediately set out with two orderlies. About midnight he came upon the robbers, who had already begun to fight among themselves, presumably over the division of the loot, with four of them lying wounded on the ground. The treasure was spread out on the floor of the cave they were sheltered in. In a parlay Burton recovered a good part of the treasure, and later a further portion, which he restored to the merchants. In gratitude, they sold him the bracelet which he sold to the Victoria and Albert Museum (now on loan to the British Museum) for £1,000 in 1884. The merchants then continued to Rawalpindi in modern Pakistan to sell the rest of the Treasure; Cunningham acquired many of these pieces, and though dealers, Franks others. The robbers evidently considered the objects as bullion, and had cut up some larger ones, such as a gold scabbard now in the British Museum. Other pieces may have been cut up in antiquity (like hacksilver), or upon discovery at the site. Franks later bought Cunningham's collection, and bequeathed all his objects to the British Museum at his death in 1897. The incomplete model chariot and a detached figure of a rider were presented to the Viceroy of India at the time, Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (son of the bestselling novelist) by Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative in Kabul after the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Cavagnari, his mission and their guards were all massacred in Kabul on 3 September 1879. Lytton's rider was acquired by the British Museum in 1931, and the chariot group in 1953. Religious context The Achaemenid kings, at least after Cyrus the Great and Cambyses, describe themselves in inscriptions as worshippers of Ahuramazda, but it is not clear if their religious practice included Zoroastrianism. It is also evident that it was not the Persian way to impose the royal religious beliefs on their subjects (as for example the Jews, whose religious practices were not interfered with after they were conquered). Other Persian cults were the worship of Mithra and of Zurvan, and other local cults seem to have continued under the empire. The religious context of the treasure is unclear, although it is thought to have come from a temple. Authenticity The circumstances of the discovery and trading of the pieces, and their variety of styles and quality of workmanship, cast some doubt on their authenticity from the start, and "necessitate a cautious treatment of the Oxus Treasure, for it has passed through places of evil repute and cannot have come out quite unscathed", as Dalton put it in 1905. Indeed, Dalton records that Indian dealers initially made copies of items and tried to pass them off to Franks, who though not deceived, bought some "at a small percentage over the gold value" and then received the genuine objects, which were easily distinguished. Considerable comfort has been received from the objects' similarity to later Achaemenid finds, many excavated under proper archaeological conditions, which the Oxus Treasure certainly was not. In particular, finds of jewellery including armlets and torcs in a tomb at Susa by a French expedition from 1902 onwards (now in the Louvre) are closely similar to the Oxus finds. As the quality and style of the objects was generally considered to have stood the test of time, concerns over the antiquity of the great majority of the objects reduced over the years. The issue was revived in 2003 when the archaeologist Oscar Muscarella, employed by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for 40 years, was reported in The Times, in a story by Peter Watson, to have "labelled as mostly fake" the treasure. However he was attacked by the Director of the Metropolitan, Philippe de Montebello, who said Muscarella, a long-standing critic of museums' tolerance and even encouragement of the trade in illegal antiquities, only remained there because of the "exigencies of academic tenure", and was himself criticised for suppressing debate. In an article on the Oxus Treasure published in 2003 Muscarella goes nothing like as far, but does fiercely attack the assumed unity of the treasure and the narratives of its provenience, and is sceptical of the authenticity of some of the votive plaques (especially the largest in the illustration above). In a follow-up article, John Curtis has argued there is overwhelming contemporary evidence that the Treasure was discovered on the north bank of the River Oxus between 1877 and 1880, and he also maintains that most if not all of the objects in the Treasure are genuine. Tajik government In 2007, Emomalii Rahmon, President of Tajikistan, was reported as calling for the repatriation of the treasure, despite the fact that it had been recovered and sold by local peoples and acquired by museums in the art market. However, no formal claim has been made by the Tajik government, and in 2013, "high-quality golden replicas" of pieces from the Oxus Treasure were presented to the Tajik government by the British Museum, intended for the new Tajik National Museum. References Sources Boardman, Sir John, "The Oxus Scabbard", Iran, Vol. 44, (2006), pp. 115–119, British Institute of Persian Studies, JSTOR Collon, Dominique, "Oxus Treasure", Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 4 July 2013, subscription required. Curtis, John, The Oxus Treasure, British Museum Objects in Focus series, 2012, British Museum Press, Curtis, John, "The Oxus Treasure in the British Museum", Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, Vol. 10 (2004), pp.293-338 "Curtis and Tallis", Curtis, John and Tallis, Nigel (eds), Forgotten Empire - The World of Ancient Persia (catalogue of British Museum exhibition), 2005, University of California Press/British Museum, , google books Dalton, O.M., The Treasure Of The Oxus With Other Objects From Ancient Persia And India, 1905 (nb, not the final 3rd edition of 1963), British Museum, online at archive.org, catalogues 177 objects, with a long introduction. Frankfort, Henri, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), Muscarella, Oscar White, Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East: Sites, Cultures, and Proveniences, 2013, BRILL, , 9789004236691, google books Yamauchi, Edwin M., review of The Treasure of the Oxus with Other Examples of Early Oriental Metal-Work, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1970), pp. 340–343, JSTOR "Zeymal": "E. V. Zeymal (1932-1998)", obituary by John Curtis, Iran, Vol. 37, (1999), pp. v-vi, British Institute of Persian Studies, JSTOR Further reading Stealing Zeus's thunder Category:Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum Category:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire Category:Gold objects Category:Silver objects Category:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East Category:Jewellery Category:Persian art

Diplotaxis subcostata is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading Category:Melolonthinae Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Beetles described in 1851

Randi Jayne Zuckerberg (born February 28, 1982) is an American businesswoman. She is the former director of market development and spokesperson for Facebook, and a sister of the company's co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Prior to working at Facebook, she was a panelist on Forbes on Fox. As of May 2014, she is founder and CEO of Zuckerberg Media, editor-in-chief (EIC) of Dot Complicated, a digital lifestyle website, and creator of Dot., an animated television show about a young girl (the eponymous Dot) who uses technology to enhance both her educational experiences and recreational activities. Career Before Facebook After graduating from Harvard, Randi Zuckerberg worked for two years in marketing for advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather. She has stated in articles and interviews that to her it was a dream job in which she enjoyed the work and was on a good track for professional advancement. Facebook In late 2004, Randi's brother Mark asked her to join him at his startup Facebook, which he said was understaffed with people willing to travel and who could explain his vision. Randi took a position that required relocation and a cut in pay but with stock options. She has stated that she initially thought this was a temporary position that might last six months. Once she was in Silicon Valley and part of the innovation-driven community, she became fascinated with the possibilities and remained for ten years. Ranked among 50 "Digital Power Players" by The Hollywood Reporter in 2010, Zuckerberg organized, and was also a correspondent for the ABC News/Facebook Democratic Party and Republican Party U.S. Presidential primaries debates in 2008. She also fulfilled a correspondent role at the CNN/Facebook Inauguration Day Partnership in 2009 and the Comcast Facebook Diaries event. Zuckerberg told the Wall Street Journal that her Facebook journalist team was treated at the DNC "like rock stars". Post-Facebook In August 2011, Zuckerberg resigned from Facebook and announced her new social media firm, named "Zuckerberg Media". Since starting Zuckerberg Media, Randi has produced shows and digital content for BeachMint, the Clinton Global Initiative, Cirque du Soleil, the United Nations, Condé Nast and Bravo. Writing Zuckerberg has written three adult non-fiction books: Spark Your Career in Advertising, a SparkNotes book published in 2007 Dot Complicated, her first book with HarperCollins, published in October 2013 Pick Three: You Can Have It All (Just Not Every Day), published in May 2018 She has also written two children's picture books: Dot., published in November 2013 Missy President, published in October 2016 Appearances Zuckerberg appeared on the Today Show on January 26, 2016 in a segment entitled "2016 Netiquette" in which she discussed modern day etiquette on the Internet. Acting In the cartoon adaptation of Dot. she voices the character "Ms. Randi", Dot's music teacher who organizes the children's choir at the community center. Perspectives In 2011 Zuckerberg advocated for the abolition of anonymity on the Internet to protect children and young adults from cyber-bullying. Zuckerberg explained how anonymity is protective for perpetrators. Personal life Zuckerberg and her husband Brent Tworetzky have two sons. The family resides in New York City. References External links Dot Complicated official website Randi Zuckerberg at Internet Off-Broadway Database Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:Activists from California Category:American business writers Category:Women business writers Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American Internet celebrities Category:American marketing businesspeople Category:American online publication editors Category:American social activists Category:American women chief executives Category:Businesspeople from New York (state) Category:Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Facebook employees Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Internet activists Category:Marketing women Category:People from Dobbs Ferry, New York Category:People from White Plains, New York Category:Writers from Palo Alto, California Category:21st-century businesswomen

Robert Francis Cranny (born 2 July 1981) is a musician, songwriter and record producer based in Sydney, Australia. Collaboration with Sarah Blasko Robert F. Cranny co-wrote and co-produced the first two albums of Sydney musician, Sarah Blasko, The Overture & the Underscore (2004) and What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have (2006), both of which were certified platinum. The Overture & the Underscore was recorded in Hollywood, California with engineer Wally Gagel (Eels, Old 97s, Folk Implosion) and session drummer Joey Waronker (Beck, The Smashing Pumpkins). What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have was produced by Blasko, Cranny and Jim Moginie of Midnight Oil-fame. It was recorded in Neil Finn's Roundhead Studios in Auckland, New Zealand. The album won an ARIA award in 2007 for Best Pop Release. Cranny co-wrote all tracks on both albums, with the exception of Beautiful Secrets. He is the sole writer of the song Perfect Now which has appeared in the television program, One Tree Hill. On What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have, Cranny arranged and conducted a chamber ensemble as well as a Maori choir. In 2007, Sarah Blasko undertook a 12-date national tour accompanied by a five-piece chamber section. Cranny again scored the orchestral instruments. Songs from The Overture & the Underscore, which were never originally arranged for orchestral instruments, were also given this treatment. Other Production and Musical Work In 2015, Cranny joined seminal Melbourne indie-rock band, Gersey, to write and record the band's fourth LP, "What You Kill". Cranny co-wrote the majority of tracks, played a CP-70 piano and was given a specific production credit for his work on the expansive "There Are Things That You And I Can Never Be". In 2011, Cranny co-produced the debut album by Ben Salter, "The Cat". It was produced by Gareth Liddiard, Robert F. Cranny & Ben Salter at Liddiard's rural property in Myrtleford, Victoria. Liddiard's own band, The Drones had previously recorded the album Havilah at the property. Cranny made songwriting contributions to two album tracks, and personally wrote the song, "Know Your Strength" for the album. In 2010, Cranny played an 11-date Australian tour as a keyboard player in Gersey, supporting US band, Pavement. In 2009, he played keyboards for US indie-rock musician Spiral Stairs, including an appearance at the 2009 Sydney Laneway Festival. In 2008, Cranny co-produced three tracks with Leonardo's Bride vocalist, Abby Dobson, for her debut solo album "Rise Up", including the single, "Horses". Cranny has also performed and recorded with other artists such as Ben Salter, 78 Saab, Sianna Lee, The Maladies, The C-Minus Project, Darren Hanlon, Soap Star Joe, Gaslight Radio & Magic Lunchbox. Songs Featured in Television Series Robert F Cranny composed original songs that were used in the following TV series: Record Label Along with Sarah Kelly from theredsunband, Robert F. Cranny owned and operated Enchanted Recordings, an independent record label based in Sydney, Australia, which was active between 2006 and 2010. Enchanted Recordings was distributed nationally by Shock Records and employed the resources of Nonzero Records & Rice Is Nice. The label released the following catalogue: Singles The Eagle – theredsunband, August 2008, Enchanted Recordings EPs Like An Arrow – theredsunband, November 2007, Enchanted Recordings Albums The Shiralee - theredsunband, June 2008, Enchanted Recordings Phoenix Propeller – Sianna Lee, March 2010, Enchanted Recordings Awards & Recognition "The Cat" by Ben Salter Won the Queensland Music Award for Album Of The Year in 2012 "West End Girls" listed at #28 on The Courier Mail's "Top 50 Queensland Songs" "What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have" by Sarah Blasko Awarded a platinum sales accreditation in Australia Won an ARIA Award for Best Pop Release in 2007 "{Explain}" (#79) and "Always on this Line" (#58) reached Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2006 "The Overture & the Underscore" by Sarah Blasko Awarded a platinum sales accreditation in Australia "Don't U Eva" (#27) reached Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2004 Named the 10th Greatest Australian Album of All Time by Triple J Music Director, Richard Kingsmill Credits Production Credits Don't U Eva single – Sarah Blasko (2004) – produced by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny The Overture & The Underscore – Sarah Blasko (2004) - produced by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny She Will Have Her Way: The Songs of Neil & Tim Finn – Sarah Blasko (2005) – Don't Dream It's Over produced by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have - Sarah Blasko (2006) – produced by Sarah Blasko, Robert F Cranny and Jim Moginie Rise Up – Abby Dobson (2008) – three tracks produced by Robert F Cranny and Abby Dobson Horses single Abby Dobson (2009) – produced by Robert F Cranny and Abby Dobson Phoenix Propeller – Sianna Lee (2010) – Mercenary In Me produced by Robert F Cranny The Cat - Ben Salter (2011) – produced by Robert F Cranny, Gareth Liddiard & Ben Salter King Me - Love Parade (2013) – produced by Robert F Cranny Where The Ocean Starts EP - Katie Whyte (2013) - produced by Robert F Cranny "What You Kill" - Gersey (2016) - produced by Tim Whitten & Gersey Songwriting Credits Don't U Eva single – Sarah Blasko (2004) – written by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny The Overture & The Underscore – Sarah Blasko (2004) all tracks written by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny, except "Beautiful Secrets" by Sarah Blasko & "Perfect Now" by Robert F Cranny. What The Sea Wants, The Sea Will Have (2006) – all tracks written by Sarah Blasko and Robert F Cranny Phoenix Propeller – Sianna Lee (2010) – You Are The Sea written by Sianna Lee and Robert F Cranny The Cat - Ben Salter (2011) – Know Your Strength written by Robert F Cranny, The Cat written by Ben Salter, Robert F Cranny & Gareth Liddiard Other Recording Credits Picture a Hum, Can't Hear a Sound – 78 Saab (2000) – piano, organ, synth Orange Syringe – Tom Morgan (2013) - Casio MT70, Hammond Organ "What You Kill" - Gersey (2016) - CP70, Roland JUNO, guitar, vocals, production References Category:Australian guitarists Category:Australian songwriters Category:Living people Category:Australian record producers Category:1981 births Category:21st-century guitarists

Semotilus atromaculatus, known as the creek chub or the common creek chub, is a small minnow, a freshwater fish found in the eastern US and Canada. Differing in size and color depending on origin of development, the creek chub can usually be defined by a dark brown body with a black lateral line spanning horizontally across the body. It lives primarily within streams and rivers. Creek Chubs attain lengths of 2-6 inches with larger specimens of up to 12 inches possible. The genus name Semotilus derives from the Greek word sema (also known as dorsal fin), and atromaculatus comes from the Latin word "black spots". Distribution and habitat A fish which can withstand many different environments, the creek chub's current range is the eastern two-thirds of the US and southeastern Canada. It can quickly adapt to different extreme environments, and can live on many different foods. Documented to span throughout the Great Lakes surrounding Wisconsin, and into Minnesota, this species has been described as plentiful. However, reports of this species have fallen throughout Wisconsin and the Great Lakes, suggesting a decline in its population in these regions. Though populations have been declining within the Great Lakes, they have been continually documented throughout small and medium rivers and streams. Thriving in small stream environments, the creek chub gravitates toward areas of weeds to appear secure and avoid predation. Varying in environments containing a multitude of substrates, they have been documented over gravel, sand, silt, rubble, mud, boulders, clay, bedrock and detritus bottoms. This fish actually prefers the stream or river environment compared to that of a lake, as they have been recorded in streams far more than lakes. Of over 440 individuals caught, only 9 were from lakes, and when limiting the locations to solely lakes, only six individuals were caught. Appearance The creek chub is a small chub with a greenish-brown back, cream-colored sides interrupted by horizontal black stripes running from the nose to the tail, and a white belly. Having a round, cylindrical body with a compressed posterior, males average 125 mm in length, while females average 105 mm. As the specimen eats what is directly in front of it, the mouth is terminal, large and under the anterior of the eye. The creek chub has been known to slightly differ in coloration, containing black backs with a brown or yellowish middle lines. The average chub ranges in size from 5-7 inches in length, with the largest chub documented to be 197 mm long. They can be identified from other common minnow species by the black "moustache" on their upper lips, along with a black dot on their dorsal fins. Additionally, juvenile males develop a rosy band on their sides, along with glossy, dark dorsal fin spots. Biology The scales of this species are quite unique to the needs of the creek chub, ultimately helping to protect and maneuver. Scales do not appear until the fish is 26 mm long, leaving 30-mm-long individuals having small scales with few circuli. Major growth occurs during the first year, often jumping by over 50–70 mm in one year. Males grow far more quickly than females, allowing maturity to occur at one to one and a half years of age. The main scales covering the creek chub are bony-ridge scales; they are thin and flexible to aid movement. Cycloid scales are also found, allowing for smooth transport within the water with little disturbance from the scales themselves. They also have leptoid scales, which are flexible plates of bone which help to protect the fish from prey and act as armor. Behavior The creek chub has specific behaviors at different ages. Commonly a school fish, they have been documented to school from birth to late adult, occupying the edges of pools. Their upper lethal temperature is 32 °C, while the lower lethal temperature is 1.7 °C. Initially, the creek chub is quite hesitant to venture from its known territory. For instance, while developing and growing, a school of creek chub travels together within the same 50-meter radius. Ensuring safety from unknown predators and environment, this increases their potential for survival. As the creek chub grows and develops, traveling outside its radius, it engages in aggressive behavior with other members of the species. The creek chub engages in ritualized aggression when others of the species invade its territory. Engaging in parallel swim, the fish widens its fins and mouth and swims at a caudal beat. Intimidating opponent fish throughout these rituals, the forward fish stops and directs blows to the head of the other fish. This ensures territory dominance, forcing intruders out of its area. In central Ohio, creek chubs tend to dominate small creeks, where predators such as smallmouth, largemouth, and spotted bass are unable to thrive. They will be present in larger creeks and rivers, but they will no longer be a dominant species, and their population numbers will suffer from predation. Creek chubs can be caught on small hooks with small sections of nightcrawlers. They feed in schools during daylight, and aggressively compete for the bait at first. After several of their comrades are pulled from the water, creek chubs become wary, and they will no longer aggressively take the bait. At this point, they may nibble at the bait, or look at the bait and avoid striking at it. Creek chubs can be effectively caught in minnow traps with dry dog food. More information is needed about effective daytime angling hours. Creek chubs are a hardy minnow that can easily be caught in small creeks, stored in aquariums, and used as bait to catch larger fish such as bass and catfish. Since creek chubs do not have sharp spines that make up their dorsal fins, like a bluegill or largemouth bass does, they may be a preferred food source for fish that prey on smaller fish. Diet The creek chub is described as an opportunist and a carnivore, and consumes many different foods to survive, including fish, insect remains and vegetation, amphipods, adult Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera nymphs, Odonata larvae and Diptera adults and larvae. Feeding habits are specific to the creeks and rivers where in the chub exists. As a juvenile, it actively feeds throughout the early morning on organisms within the water. As an adult, the creek chub does not feed until the afternoon, being documented to never feed before 1100 hours. Fish often do not leave their shelter until temperatures have increased to a daily maximum. Large chubs actively forage for 1–2 hr, then wait in their environment to feed on drift items. Reproduction Males increase reproductive success by migrating to a spawning area. The male then initiates building a spawning site to draw in females in the surrounding area. This most likely occurs in small pits with small pebbles to protect the area where eggs are laid. Once females enter, the male wraps around her pectoral fin and body, fertilization occurs, and the female leaves. Around 25-30 eggs are released each fertilization cycle. Often, these reproductive cycles occur in communal nesting sites, where the male controls the territory and protects it from intruders. During the breeding season, males grow small, keratin-based bumps, called tubercles, on their head, which are used in ritualized combat. This hardly ever gets dangerous or destructive, but it is used to ward off intruding males on communal nesting sites. Predation and management The creek chub is often preyed on by species ranging from birds to fish, such as loons, kingfishers, brown trout and northern pike. Viruses infecting the creek chub have been documented to decrease this species' population. Additionally, the food of the creekchub is limited by other animals, such as trout and other chubs. Managing creek chub has been recorded to work in small growing ponds. Providing the right conditions, with flowing water through the pond, gives the chub the necessary environment to survive. References External links Information from NatureServe: Semotilus atromaculatus (Creek chub) Category:Chubs (fish) Category:Semotilus Category:Cyprinid fish of North America Category:Freshwater fish of the United States Category:Fish of Canada Category:Fish of the Great Lakes Category:Fauna of the Northwestern United States Category:Fish described in 1818 Category:Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill Category:Freshwater fish of North America

Jacques Raymond (born Jozef Remon, 13 October 1938, Temse, East Flanders) is a Belgian singer. He represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 with the Dutch song "Waarom?". In the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest, he teamed up with Lily Castel to sing "Goeiemorgen, Morgen" for the Belgian entry on short notice after Nicole Josy of Nicole & Hugo fell ill. Discography Goeiemorgen, morgen Heel veel liefs en tot ziens Ik blijf op je wachten Klappen in de handen Jouw good-bye Onder 't groen van de bomen You're so simpatico Slotakkoord Permettete, signorina Tannia Singles Waarom (1963) Die dolle Dolly (1964) Keine Freunde (1968) Nooit was ik zo verliefd Nina Sylvie References See also Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:Belgian male singers Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Belgium Category:Belgian pop singers Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1963 Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1971 Category:People from Temse

Ilkka Pertti Juhani Laitinen (22 August 1962 – 29 September 2019) was a Finnish military officer, who served as the lieutenant general and the Chief of the Finnish Border Guard from 2018 to 2019. He was the first Executive Director of Frontex, the European Union’s border protection agency, from 2005 until 2014. He served in the Finnish Border Guard in 1982 and since 1985. He rose to the rank of colonel in 2004 and held a wide variety of national and EU jobs. He was appointed as the first head of Frontex on 25 May 2005. Laitinen retired from the Finnish Border Guard due to ill health on 31 August 2019. He died on 29 September 2019, aged 57, due to illness. References Finnish Ministry of the Interior: Press release Colonel Ilkka Laitinen appointed as Executive Director of the EU Borders Agency (2005-05-25) Finnish Border Guard: Curriculum vitae of Ilkka Laitinen (in Finnish) Frontex official site Category:1962 births Category:2019 deaths Category:People from Nurmes Category:Finnish military personnel Category:Finnish officials of the European Union

Elena Ochoa, Lady Foster of Thames Bank (born Elena Fernández-Ferreiro López de Ochoa in 1958) is a Spanish publisher and art curator, and formerly a professor of psychopathology. She is the founder and CEO of Ivorypress. Early life Ochoa Foster was born in Ourense, Spain. Career Ochoa Foster was a tenured lecturer in Psychopathology at the Complutense University of Madrid for almost two decades and was honorary professor at King's College in London until 2001. As well as obtaining a Fulbright scholarship to undertake postdoctoral studies at the University of Illinois (Chicago) and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), throughout her career she has been visiting lecturer and researcher in Psychopathology at several universities both in Europe and the United States. She has worked at RNE and Televisión Española and has been a regular contributor to several newspapers. "She was an academic psychologist specialising in sexuality with a high media profile in her native Spain - largely based on getting the Spanish to talk about sex on her television show, and ignoring the taboos about discussing [sex aids]". In 1996 in London, Ochoa Foster founded Ivorypress, a private organization that carries out publishing and curatorial activities, which comprises an art gallery, a publishing house specialising in artists' books, and a bookshop focusing on photography, architecture and contemporary art. She runs the C Photo project, whose aim is to promote photography through publications, exhibitions, and academic and institutional support. Ivorypress has sponsored the first Humanitas Visiting Professorships in Contemporary Art at the University of Oxford, founded in collaboration with the Humanitas programme. Ochoa Foster has curated international exhibitions in close collaboration with the Ivorypress team, including C on Cities (10th Venice Architecture Biennale, Venice, 2006), Blood on Paper (Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 2008), Real Venice (54th Venice Art Biennale, Venice, 2011), Real Venice (Somerset House, London, 2012) and ToledoContemporánea (Fundación El Greco, Toledo, 2014). She is a member of MoMA's Library Council and serves on the advisory board of the Prix Pictet photography award. She has been the president of the jury at the Swiss photography award, Alt+1000. She was the president of the Tate International Council for five years and a member of the Tate Foundation's board of directors from 2004 to 2008, as well as that of the Noguchi Foundation. As a patron, she supports a variety of museums and foundations including the Museo del Prado and the Teatro Real, Madrid, Spain, alongside several international schools of contemporary art and photography such as Spain's Academy of the Arts and the Cinematographic Sciences. Ochoa Foster has collaborated on publishing, educational and artistic projects with artists such as Ai Weiwei, Claes Oldenburg, William Kentridge, Maya Lin, Thomas Struth, Cristina Iglesias, Los Carpinteros, Richard Long and Anselm Kiefer among others. She has been executive producer of several documentaries, among them How much your building weigh Mr Foster (2010) and Shooting the Mafia (2019). She is the Chair of the Council of the Serpentine Galleries, London, UK, and serves as Correspondent Academician in Switzerland for the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid, Spain Recognition Special award from Architectural Digest's editorial team. Architectural Digest Spain, 2007 Premio Alfiler de Oro, Asociación Mujer Siglo XXI. Spain, 2009. Montblanc Award for Women. Spain, 2010 Award for Excellence in Publishing. Fuera de Serie, Spain, 2011. Gold Medal of the Reina Sofía Institute in New York. New York, USA, 2012 Real Fundación de Toledo Award for curation for the exhibition ToledoContemporánea. Spain, 2015 Ibero-American Award for Art Patronage. Spain, 2016 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award. Spain, 2016 MujerHoy Award. Spain, 2020 Personal life She is married to the English architect, Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank. She lives and works between Switzerland, Spain, United Kingdom and the US. References Carmen Melgar. "El mito de Elena". Vogue Spain. November, 2019. Maite Sebastia. "5 grandes mujeres del arte nos explican la revolución femenina en el sector". SModa. November, 2017. Álex Rodríguez. "Me bebería todos los buenos vinos de casa". La Vanguardia. October, 2017. David Moralejo. "Elena Ochoa Foster, una casa con mucho arte". T Spain: The New York Times Style Magazine. May, 2017. Juan Cruz. "Elena Foster: 'Los artistas te dan adrenalina'". El País Semanal, El País Newspaper. March, 2017. Lola Fernández. "Elena Ochoa: 'Es una torpeza mental imperdonable que un gobierno no apoye las artes'". Yo Dona, El Mundo Newspaper. February, 2017. Garbiñe Continente. "Elena Ochoa Foster, Presidenta del Consejo de las Serpentine Galleries". Harper's Bazaar Spain. January, 2017. Vicky Vilches. "Elena Ochoa en defensa del mecenazgo cultural". Fuera de Serie, Expansión. June, 2016. 'Elena Ochoa Foster Wins Ibero-American Prize for Art Patronage'. ArtForum Magazine. 10 February 2016 ArtForum Magazine. 10 February 2016 'Elena Ochoa Foster, premio Iberoamericano de Mecenazgo. El jurado reconoce la labor en el Arte de la editora, comisaria y fundadora de Ivorypress'. El País newspaper. 9 February 2016. El País newspaper. 9 February 2016 Elsa Fernández-Santos. 'Elena Ochoa Foster. El arte de reinventarse a propósito'. Harper's Bazaar. February 2016. Harper's Bazaar. February 2016 Raphael Minder. 'Spain Pays Tribute to El Greco 400 Years After His Death'. The New York Times. April, 2014. Jiyoon Lee. ' 에술과 책의 융합 지휘하는 엘레나 포스터'. Sunday Magazine. February, 2014. IOANA NICOLAESCU. 'Lady di stile. Intervista a Elena Ochoa Foster fondatice di Ivorypress e moglie dell'archistar Norman Foster'. Elle Italy. July, 2013. Beatriz Fabián. 'Elena Ochoa. El mercado del arte está más activo que nunca'. Nuevo Estilo Magazine. July, 2012. Almudena Ávalos, 'Ivorypress. Una editorial de culto. Descubrimos el trabajo diario de la ambiciona empresa fundada por Elena Ochoa'. S Moda Magazine, El País newspaper. 26 January 2011. Paula Achiaga, 'Elena Ochoa: Ivorypress no tiene referente. Es un referente. nació para provocar'. El Cultural, El Mundo newspaper. 7 January 2001. Isabel Lafont, 'Arte en los confines de la literatura. Los libros de artista editados por Elena Ochoa tratan de llevar al extremo la creatividad de sus autores', El País newspaper. 10 November 2010. Christine Murray, "Christine Murray interviews Elena Ochoa Foster at the opening of V&A's Blood on Paper", Architects' Journal. 227.17 (May 1, 2008): p52-53. Gale Document Number: GALE|A179953939 Martin Gayford, 'Blood on Paper: Who needs words?'. The Telegraph. 12 April 2008. María Martínez, 'Elena Foster. Coleccionista de almas'. Personas de Confianza. March, 2005. Bettina von Hase, 'Making book. With the rarefied productions of her Ivorypress, Elena Foster is taking the concept of the artist's book to a new level'. Art + Auction. June, 2005. Jesús Rodríguez, 'El arte de Lady Foster'. El País semanal, El País newspaper. January, 2005. Samantha Conti, 'Fit to print'. W Magazine. December, 2004. Javier Fdez. de Angulo, 'La pasión de Lady Foster'. Vogue Spain. August, 2004. Ralf Eibl, "IM ELFENBEINTURM - Mit ihrem Ivorypress produziert Lady Foster spektakuläre Bücher für die Ewigkeit". Architectural Digest (Germany). June, 2004. Richard Cork. "The Ivory Tower", The Times (United Kingdom), Feb 21, 2004. Biographical piece about Elena Ochoa Foster. "Lady Foster follows her art", Daily Telegraph, Oct. 21, 2003. Gale Document Number: GALE|A109048067. Brief piece about Elena Ochoa Foster. External links Category:1958 births Category:Spanish publishers (people) Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni Category:Academics of the Complutense University of Madrid Category:Living people Category:Spanish curators Category:Spanish women in business Category:Spouses of life peers

Taimur was a 14th-century Turko-Mongol ruler also known as Tamerlane. Taimur or Timur may also refer to: Historical Möngke Temür (d.1280), khan of the Golden Horde Several rulers from the Chinese-Mongol Yuan Dynasty Temür Khan ( 1294–1307), the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty Tugh Temür, better known as Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan ( 1328–1332) Toghon Temür ( 1333–1370) Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür ( 1378–1388) Yesün Temür ( 1323–1328) Öljei Temür Khan, ( 1408–1412) Köke Temür, a Yuan dynasty general Timur (1336–1405), a Central Asian ruler also known as Tamerlane Mengu Timur, The khan of Golden Horde Bayan Temür (King Gongmin of Goryeo) Khan Temir ( 1637), a Budjak Nogais ruler Timur Shah Durrani (1748–1793), an Afghani ruler Modern Nawab Muhammad Taimur Talpur, Pakistani politician Taimur Khan Jhagra, Pakistani politician Taimur Hussain, a Pakistani professional golfer Taimur Ali, a Pakistani First-class cricketer Taimur Sultan (cricketer), a Pakistani first-class cricketer Taimur Khan (cricketer, born 1991), a Pakistani First-class cricketer Taimur Khan (cricketer, born 1975), a Pakistani First-class cricketer Danish Taimoor, a Pakistani actor Taimur Rahman, a Pakistani singer Taimur bin Feisal, 12th Sultan of Oman Said bin Taimur, 13th Sultan of Oman Temur Babluani (born 1948), a Georgian film director Timur Beg, (d. 1933), a Uyghur rebel leader Timur Bekmambetov, Kazakh film and advertisement director Timur Dibirov (born 1983), a Russian handball player Timur Dzhabrailov, Russian footballer Timur Gareev, Uzbekistani chess player Timur Ibragimov, Uzbekistani boxer Temur Iakobashvili (born 1967), a Georgian politician and diplomat Temur Juraev (born 1984), a Uzbekistani football player Timur Kapadze, a Uzbekistani footballer Temur Ketsbaia (born 1968), a Georgian football player and manager Timur Kulibayev, Kazakh billionaire Timur Kuran, American academic Timur Mutsurayev (born 1976), Chechen singer and bard Timur Pradopo, Chief of the Indonesian National Police Timur Taymazov (born 1970), a Ukrainian weightlifter Timur Kydyraliev, Kyrgyzstani footballer Timur Selçuk, Turkish musician Timur Tekkal, German rugby union player Timur Yanyali, Turkish footballer Other uses Timur, Iran, a village in Ardabil Province, Iran Temir komuz, a central Asian jaw harp Timuri, a tribe in Afghanistan and Iran Timurite movement, a youth volunteer organization in the Soviet Union The Nepal variety of Sichuan pepper See also Timor (disambiguation)

NGC 972 is a dusty spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Aries, located at an approximate distance of from the Milky Way. It was discovered in 1784 by William Herschel. The galactic features suggest it may have undergone a merger with a gas-rich companion, giving it asymmetrical arms, plus starburst activity in the nucleus and an off-planar nuclear ring. The inner 3.6 kpc of the galaxy is undergoing star formation at the rate of 2.1–2.7 ·yr–1, but it lacks a nuclear bulge. On October 16, 2008, a possible supernova event was observed about west and north of the galactic center. It reached magnitude 14.7 in the infrared K' band, but only a possible very faint transient event was observed in the visual frequency range, most likely as a result of strong extinction. References External links NGC 972 on SIMBAD Category:Spiral galaxies 972 Category:Aries (constellation)

The Journal of Lightwave Technology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering optical guided-wave science, technology, and engineering. It is published jointly by the Optical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It was established in 1983 and the editor-in-chief is Gabriella Bosco (Politecnico di Torino). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.652. References External links Category:Engineering journals Category:English-language journals Category:IEEE academic journals Category:Biweekly journals Category:Publications established in 1983 Category:Optics journals Category:The Optical Society academic journals

Marie-Alexis de Castillon de Saint-Victor (13 December 1838 – 5 March 1873) was a French composer. Life and career Son of an old family of the Languedoc nobility, he was born in Chartres and was initially intended by his parents for a military career. But Castillon gave up plans for professional soldiering in favour of music, which he learned first in his birthplace and then in Paris, studying piano and composition, initially with Charles Delioux. In this second capacity he went to the Paris Conservatoire where he attended the classes of Victor Massé and, from 1869, of César Franck. Before his studies with Franck, he had completed his Opus 1, a piano quintet, probably inspired by the earlier example of his friend Camille Saint-Saëns. Both the quintet and the later piano quartet Op. 7 follow Schumann's model. He disavowed earlier efforts, including a symphony in F major, which he had written in 1865. In fragile health at the best of times (volunteering during the War of 1870, he fell ill and was demobilized in 1871), he died of complications from fever in 1873, before reaching the age of 35. He nevertheless composed several impressively Romantic works. These include pieces for piano, chamber music, mélodies, a piano concerto, and other orchestral music. He was also active in Parisian musical life, in particular helping to create, in 1871, the Société Nationale de Musique, of which he was the first secretary. List of compositions Piano solo Fugue in G minor Fugues dans le style libre, Op. 2 (1869) Suite No. 1, Op. 5 (1867?-69) I. Canon II. Scherzo III. Thème et Variations IV. Gavotte V. Marche 5 Pièces dans le style ancien, Op. 9 (1870) I. Prélude II. Sicilienne III. Sarabande IV. Air (D major) V. Fughette Suite No. 2, Op. 10 (1870) I. Ballade II. Ronde III. Adagietto (F major) IV. Fantaisie (D minor) V. Saltarelle 6 Valses humoristiques, Op. 11 (1871) (orchestrated by Charles Koechlin) I. (Liberamente) (E major) II. (Non troppo vivo) (A major) III. (Con fantasia) (C minor) IV. (Comodo) (F major) V. (Energico) (B major) VI. (Vivo assai) (E major) 24 Pensées fugitives (1873) I. Aveu II. Minuetto III. Au bois IV. Carillon V. Compliment VI. Première Mazurka VII. Causerie VIII. Fanfare IX. Scherzo-Valse X. Regrets XI. Deuxième Mazurka XII. Toccata XIII. Marche des Français XIV. Au revoir XV. Feu follet XVI. Bayadère XVII. Chanson du cavalier XVIII. Extase XIX. Colombine XX. Les Dragons XXI. Scherzettino XXII. Appel du soir XXIII. Troisième Mazurka XXIV. Aubade Chamber Piano Quintet, Op. 1 (1863–64) I. Allegro II. Scherzo III. Adagio et final String Quartet No. 1, Op. 3, No. 1 (1867) (ded. to Henri Poencet) I. (Allegro) II. (Adagio molto lento - Allegro scherzando) III. (Molto grave - Molto allegro) String Quartet No. 2, Op. 3, No. 2 (1867) (unfinished, only Cavatina published) Piano Trio No. 1, Op. 4 (1865) I. Prélude et Andante II. Scherzo III. Romance IV. Finale Sonata for violin and piano, Op. 6 (1868) (ded. to Elie-Miriam Delaborde) I. (Allegro moderato) II. (Allegro scherzando) III. (Andante) IV. (Allegro molto) Piano Quartet, Op. 7 (1869) (ded. to Anton Rubinstein) I. (Larghetto - Allegro deciso - Allegro) II. (Scherzando) III. (Larghetto, quasi marcia religiosa) IV. Finale (Allegro) Piano Trio No. 2, Op. 17 (1870-73?) I. (Allegro moderato) II. (Allegretto non vivo) (B major) III. (Scherzando vivace) (G minor) IV. (Adagio - Allegro con fuoco - Molto expressivo senza rigore) Concertante Piano Concerto, Op. 12 (1871) (ded. to and first performed (in 1872) by Camille Saint-Saëns piano) (also arr. for 2 pianos by Vincent d'Indy) I. (Allegro moderato) II. (Molto lento) III. (Allegro con fuoco) Orchestra Robert Schumann: Trois morceaux, arr. for orchestra (unpublished) Marche Scandinave (ded. to Georges Bizet) (unpublished) Symphony No. 1 (1865) (unpublished) 5 Airs de Danse, suite for orchestra (1870) (unpublished) I. Introduction et Ronde II. Tempo di Walzer III. Sicilienne IV. Menuet V. Danse guerrière Esquisses symphoniques, Op. 15 (1872) I. Prélude II. Gavotte III. Allegretto IV. Retour du Prélude et Finale Symphony No. 2 (1872) (unfinished) Franz Schubert: Impromptu, Op. 90, No. 1, arr. for orchestra (1872) (unpublished) 3 Pièces dans le style ancien (1873) (orchestration of Nos. 3, 4, and 5 of Op. 9) (unpublished) I. Sarabande II. Air III. Fughette Torquato Tasso, Ouverture (unfinished) Songs 6 Poésies d'Armand Silvestre, Op. 8 (1868–73) (orchestrated 1920 by Charles Koechlin) I. Le Bûcher II. Le Semeur III. Sonnet mélancolique IV. La Mer V. Renouveau VI. Vendange Choral Paraphrase du Psaume 84, for soloists, choir, and orchestra, on a text by Louis Gallet, Op. 16 (1872) Mass (1872) (unfinished) References Notes Sources External links Category:1838 births Category:1873 deaths Category:19th-century classical composers Category:19th-century French composers Category:19th-century male musicians Category:Births in Chartres Category:Conservatoire de Paris alumni Category:French classical composers Category:French male classical composers Category:French Romantic composers

Zalmoxis is a genus of harvestmen, within the Zalmoxidae family. They are found in tropical Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, the Philippines and on Pacific islands. Species References Category:Harvestmen Category:Arthropods of Oceania

El Castillo del Terror (2014) was a professional wrestling event, the tenth annual El Castillo del Terror event produced by the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). IWRG has held an Castillo del Terror branded show since 2005, usually late in the year, making this year's event the tenth overall event in the series. The event took place on November 2, 2014, at Arena Naucalpan in Naucalpan, State of Mexico. The main event was the eponymous Castillo del Terror (Spanish for "Castle of Terror") Steel cage match where the last person eliminated was forced to unmasked per the match stipulation. The event was IWRG's Dia de los Muertes ("Day of the Dead") and Halloween holiday celebration. Production Background Starting as far back as at least 2002, the Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; Sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) has held several annual events where the main event was a multi-man steel cage match where the last wrestler left in the cage would be forced to either remove their wrestling mask or have their hair shaved off under Lucha de Apuestas, or "bet match", rules. From 2005 IWRG has promoted a fall show, around the Mexican Day of the Death, under the name El Castillo del Terror ("The Tower of Terror") to distinguish it from other Steel cage matches held throughout the year such as the IWRG Guerra del Golfo ("Gulf War"), IWRG Guerra de Sexos ("War of the Sexes") or IWRG Prison Fatal ("Deadly Prison") shows. The Castillo del Terror shows, as well as the majority of the IWRG shows in general, are held in "Arena Naucalpan", owned by the promoters of IWRG and their main arena. The 2014 Castillo del Terror show was the tenth year in a row that IWRG promoted a show under that name. Storylines The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The Main Event was a 12-Man Steel Cage Match. The last two wrestlers who remained in the ring fought one on one in a Lucha de Apuestas Match ("Bet match"), wagering their mask on the outcome of the match. The event included wrestlers from International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) as well as a number of Mexican freelance wrestlers. Event In the second match of the night the group known as Los Comandos Elite added two new members as Comando Rayan and Comando Spartan teamed up with two new masked characters Comando Liderk and Comando Spector. Since both were masked it is possible that IWRG chose to give the ring characters to wrestlers who had worked for IWRG in the past under other names. In their debut Los Comandos Elite faced off against Los Tortugas Ninjas (Leo, Mike, Rafy and Teelo) four wrestlers in gear resembling the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, including their masks. Los Tortugas defeated Los Comandos Elite, but the fighting continued after the match, indicating that the end of the match was not necessarily the end of the conflict between the two factions. Demon Clown was originally scheduled to team up with El Hijo de Máscara Año 2000 and X-Fly in the third match of the show, but on the day he was replaced by Eterno instead with no explanation given by IWRG. The trio of rudos lost to the team of Grond XXX, Negro Navarro and Toscano in a best two-out-of-three falls six-man Lucha Libre rules match. The fourth match of the night was for the IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, IWRG's top ranked singles championship, as champion El Hijo de Dos Caras faced off against Cien Caras, Jr. The challenger was accompanied by Máscara Año 2000, Jr. for the match. Before the match Cien Caras, Jr. promised that the match would be 100% technical and clean, only to start cheating moments into the match, including having Máscara Año 2000, Jr. interfere on his behalf. The match came down to the third and deciding fall, which Cien Caras, Jr. won, pinning Hijo de Dos Caras after Máscara Año 2000, Jr. fouled him behind the referee's back. Cien Caras, Jr.'s victory celebration was cut short when a representative from the Mexico City wrestling commission informed the referee that he had overturned the decision, disqualifying Cien Caras, Jr. With the disqualification El Hijo de Dos Caras was given the championship back. The main event, Castillo del Terror match started with all 10 wrestlers fighting inside the steel cage for 10 minutes before they were even allowed to attempt to escape the cage. Moments after the 10 minute mark Violencia, Jr. escaped the ring, making him the first man to successfully defend his mask. After seven other wrestlers climbed up the side of the cage and over the top the match came down to Golden Magic and relative newcomer Kenshi Kabuki. In the end Golden Magic escaped the cage, winning the mask of his opponent for the third time in Castillo del Terror history. Kenshi Kabuki was to force unmask as a result of the loss as per Lucha Libre traditions. The supposed Japanese wrestler spoke perfect Spanish as he unmasked, revealing that he was indeed Mexican and that his real name was Diego Lopez Reyes, who had previously worked in IWRG under the ring name Chicano, a name he would resume as a result of losing the Kenshi Kabuki mask. Results References External links Category:2014 in professional wrestling Category:2014 in Mexico 2014 Category:November 2014 events in Mexico

Richard's Castle is a village, castle and two civil parishes on the border of the counties of Herefordshire and Shropshire in England. The Herefordshire section of the parish had a population of 250 at the 2011 Census. The Shropshire section of the parish had a population of 424 at the 2011 Census. The village lies on the B4361 road, south of the historic market town of Ludlow. It is to some degree a dispersed settlement, with an older core near the castle, some to the northwest of the now larger main part of the village which is situated on the B4361. There is a Village Hall and a traditional public house called The Castle Inn, both situated on the B4361. Castle Today the fortress is reduced mainly to its earthworks and foundations. A polygonal keep stood on the high motte or mound. This was reached possibly via a semi-circular barbican. The bailey wall still stands twenty feet high in places and there are remains of several towers and an early gatehouse around the perimeter. There, earthwork remains of an outer ward enclosing the church (St Bartholomew's) and a borough defence. History Richard Scrob was a Norman knight granted lands by the Saxon King Edward the Confessor before the Norman Conquest, in Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire as recorded in the Domesday Book. He built Richard's Castle before 1051. The castle was a motte-and-bailey style construction, one of only three or four castles of this type built before the Norman conquest. Most were built after the conquest. Richard was last mentioned in 1067. His castle passed to his son, Osbern Fitz Richard, who married Nesta, the daughter of King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Wales. Osbern died around 1137 and was succeeded by his grandson, Osbern Fitz Hugh (married to a sister of Rosamond Clifford), who died in 1187. Richard's Castle then passed to his marital brother-in-law, Hugh de Say, who died in 1190, leaving the barony to his son, another Hugh Say. Thus the castle passed out of the line of descent of Richard Fitz Scrob. In 1196 this Hugh fought at the battle at New Radnor and was probably killed there, his castles eventually passing to Robert de Mortimer of Attleborough. In 1264 his son, Hugh Mortimer, was forced to surrender himself and Richard's Castle to Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. His grandson, the last Hugh Mortimer of Richard's Castle, was poisoned to death by his wife in 1304. The castle then passed to the Talbots, through Richard Talbot's marriage to Joan Mortimer. On 3 December 1329, Joan late the wife of Richard Thalebot, had noted in the Patent Rolls that she planned to leave Richard's Castle to John de Wotton, chaplain, and William Balle of Underlith, in fee simple. The Talbots were still living there in the late 14th century. By the 16th century it was in ruins. Geography The village lies on the western edge of the Teme valley, with the castle and older part of the village higher in elevation ( above sea level) than the present-day core of the village situated on the B4361 road (at an elevation of ). Civil parishes Much of the village lies in Herefordshire, however there are two civil parishes named after Richard's Castle, one on the Herefordshire side of the county border called Richard's Castle (Hereford), and the other called Richard's Castle (Shropshire) (or "Richard's Castle (Salop)" historically). Both have their own parish council, which work together on some issues for the combined Richard's Castle community. The parish councils have the same parish clerk. The castle ruins, St Bartholomew's Church, the Castle Inn pub, and former Methodist chapel lie in the Herefordshire half, whilst the Shropshire side includes All Saints Church, the Village Hall and the former primary school. The Shropshire civil parish includes the villages of Overton and Woofferton, the hamlets of Batchcott and Mitnell, as well as Wheatcommon, Moor Park and McCartneys auction centre. The Herefordshire civil parish includes Haye Park, which forms an almost detached part. Hanway Common is divided between the two parishes, with the county boundary running through it. The Woofferton transmitting station, a notable feature of the area's landscape, spreads across the county boundary and is located in both of the Richard's Castle civil parishes. The Welsh Marches Line runs through the currently closed Woofferton railway station with Transport for Wales Rail services calling at Leominster and Ludlow only. History Richard's Castle belonged to the manor of Avretone (Overton), which was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as being entirely part of the hundred of Cutestornes, a hundred of Herefordshire. Around the time of Henry I (1100–1139) the hundreds of Shropshire were greatly reformed and the hundred of Munslow was created; this hundred took in part of the parish of Richard's Castle (including Overton and Woofferton), causing the division of the parish and village between the counties that remains to the present day, as the remainder of the parish became part of the Herefordshire hundred of Wolphy. Whilst the neighbouring parish of Ludford, which had also been divided into Munslow/Shropshire and Wolphy/Herefordshire parts, was unified fully into Shropshire in 1895, no such unification of Richard's Castle occurred. A market charter had been granted by King John, but this has long fallen into disuse. Markets were held on The Green, which is still a public and open piece of land, situated near the church and castle. Religion The original parish church was St Bartholomew's Church situated close to and east of the castle. The church was founded by either Richard Fitz Scrobe or his son. The chancel was probably built in 1362. The north transept was probably consecrated in 1351 by Bishop John de Trillek. This was the Chantry Chapel of the local Knights Templar. The south aisle was built between 1310 and 1320. . There is a detached bell tower (one of six in the county) that dates from the second half of the 13th century. The church is between it and the castle. There are no openings in the bell tower between it and the castle. (See The Cathedral Library, Hereford). This beautiful church is now redundant The current parish church is All Saints, designed by the notable architect Richard Norman Shaw, and opened in 1892. It is situated north of the village, in the Batchcott area, by the side of the B4361 road and is a Grade I Listed building. There was also a Primitive Methodist chapel, which is now a dwelling. Education Moor Park School is a preparatory school located in the Shropshire parish, between the villages of Richard's Castle and Overton. Richard's Castle once had a primary school, which was adjacent to the present-day Village Hall. Sport Soap Box Derby A motorless car race takes place at Hanway Common in mid-July. The annual event was first held in 2004. See also Listed buildings in Richard's Castle (Shropshire) Notes References Andrews, Cate (1992) The Rectors of Richards Castle 1549–1892, Richards Castle Local History Group, Remfry, Paul Martin, (1997) Richard's Castle, 1048 to 1219, Worcester: SCS Publishing, 39 pp, Remfry, Paul Martin, The Nine Castles of Burford Barony, 1048 to 1308, External links CastleWales page Herefordshire Council info Genuki information Anglo-Norman castles Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century Category:Villages in Shropshire Category:Villages in Herefordshire Category:Castles in Herefordshire Category:Civil parishes in Shropshire Category:Civil parishes in Herefordshire Category:Castles in England built before 1066

The Shree Siddhivinayak Ganapati Mandir is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shri Ganesh. It is located in Prabhadevi, Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was originally built by Laxman Vithu and Deubai Patil on 19 November 1801. It is one of the richest temples in India. The temple has a small mandap with the shrine for Siddhi Vinayak ("Ganesha who grants your wish"). The wooden doors to the sanctum are carved with images of the Ashtavinayak (the eight manifestations of Ganesha in Maharashtra). The inner roof of the sanctum is plated with gold, and the central statue is of Ganesha. In the periphery, there is a Hanuman temple as well. The exterior of the temple consists of a dome which is lit up with multiple colors in the evenings and they keep changing every few hours. The statue of Shri Ganesha is located exactly under the dome. Importance and status The Siddhivinayak Mandir evolved from a small, tiny place of worship to the Grand Temple that stands today in the later half of the twentieth century. Temple glory was bought not only by the politicians who frequented the temple but also Bollywood film stars who continuously visit to seek the blessings of Lord Ganesha. Tim Cook, Apple's CEO began his 2016 India trip with morning prayers at the temple. Siddhivinayak is well known as "Navsacha Ganapati" or "Navasala Pavanara Ganapati" ('Ganapati bestows whenever humbly genuinely prayed a wish') among devotees. History It was constructed on 19 November 1801. The original structure of the Siddhivinayak Temple was a small 3.6 metre x 3.6 metre square brick structure with a dome-shaped brick shikhara. The temple was built by the contractor Laxman Vithu Patil. The building was funded by a rich Agri woman named Deubai Patil. Childless due to infertility, Deaubai built the temple so that Ganesha should grant children to other infertile women. Ramakrishna Jambhekar Maharaj, a disciple of the Hindu saint Akkalkot Swami Samarth, buried two divine idols in the front of the presiding deity of the temple on the orders on his guru. It is claimed that after 21 years after the burial of the icons, a mandar tree grew at that spot with a svayambhu Ganesha in its branches - as prophesied by Swami Samartha. The 2550 temple complex had two 3.6 metre Deepamalas, a rest house and living quarters for the caretaker. It had an adjoining lake 30 x 40 square metres in size on the eastern and southern side of the temple. The lake, dug by Nardulla in the early 19th century to counter the scarcity of water, was filled up in the later years and the land is now not part of the temple complex. Around 1952, a small Hanuman shrine was built in the temple complex for the Hanuman icon that was found during the road extension project of Sayani Road near Elphinstone Road. In the 1950s and 60s, the fame of the temple spread and a significant number of devotees began visiting. However, in the same period, the owner of the plot sold some of the temple land, reducing the complex area. After 1975, the number of devotees increased dramatically. Controversy The Siddhivinayak temple receives donations of around – every year, which makes it Mumbai city's richest temple trust. In 2004, the Siddhivinayak Ganpati Temple Trust, which operates the temple, was accused of mismanaging donations. Consequently, the Bombay High Court appointed a committee headed by retired judge V P Tipnis to scrutinize the trust's donations and probe the allegations. The committee reported that, "The most shocking aspect of the matter is that there is no method or principle followed for particular institutions. The only criteria for selection was recommendation or reference by trustees or the minister or a political heavy-weight, generally belonging to ruling party". In 2006 the Bombay High Court directed the state government, the Siddhivinayak Temple Trust and the petitioner Keval Semlani to prepare "suggestive guidelines" for using the temple's trust funds. References Category:Hindu temples in Mumbai Category:Ganesha temples Secret donor donated 35 kg gold to Siddhivinayak Mumbai by Media Hindustan

Davahchi-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Davahchī-ye Soflá; also known as Davechī-ye Pā'īn and Davehchī) is a village in Arshaq-e Gharbi Rural District, Moradlu District, Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 159, in 36 families. References Category:Towns and villages in Meshgin Shahr County

Sanne Keizer (born 6 February 1985) is a Dutch beach volleyball player who plays as a right-side defender with her partner Madelein Meppelink. Her career highlights include two gold, two silver and four bronze medals on the FIVB World Tour. She is a two-time European Champion and she represented the Netherlands at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing ninth with Marleen van Iersel. Keizer took up indoor volleyball at the age of 11 and spent several years playing in the Dutch volleyball leagues. She competed in her first international beach volleyball event in 2002 and became the inaugural U18 World Champion the same year. Keizer debuted on the World Tour the following year. For the next eight seasons, she had limited international success competing with three different partners. Her breakthrough came at the end of 2008 when she teamed up with van Iersel. The pair entered the top ten of the world rankings the year after and medalled on the World Tour five times in total, including their first World Tour title in 2011. They continued to play together until Keizer retired from beach volleyball at the end of 2013. After a four-year hiatus, Keizer returned to full-time competition partnered with Meppelink. Having been a blocker in the first leg of her career, she came back as a defender instead. Keizer and Meppelink found success quickly, medalling on the World Tour twice in their first season together and winning the 2018 European Championships. Early life, education, and family Keizer was born on 6 February 1985 in Doetinchem, Netherlands. As a child, she was a competitive swimmer before switching to water polo because her parents felt that she should play a team sport instead. She was called to the junior national water polo team, but eventually left the sport because the chlorinated swimming pool water was tinting her blond hair green and she was afraid of going to the hairdressers. At the age of 11, she took up indoor volleyball as she wanted to continue playing a ball sport. From 1996 to 2002, Keizer played for her local club, Orion Volleybal Doetinchem, where she rose from the youth ranks to the club's first team that played in the Eerste Divisie, the third division of the Dutch volleyball league system. Keizer was scouted by the national beach volleyball team when she was 15. For the next few years, she continued to play club indoor volleyball while spending the summer off-seasons training with the junior national beach volleyball team in Dwingeloo. On the indoor side, she transferred from Orion to Longa '59 for the 2002–03 season, before moving to Amsterdam to spend one season playing for VV Martinus in the Eredivisie, the highest division of the Dutch volleyball league system. She continued to live in Amsterdam until she moved to The Hague in 2008. In 2007, Keizer obtained an HBO diploma in Commercial Economics at the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences. She became a member of the Police Top Sport Selection () in May 2012. The programme ensures selected athletes receive support, including employment opportunities, from the Dutch police force. During her temporary retirement from beach volleyball, Keizer earned a master's degree in criminal investigation and worked as a police detective in The Hague. She left the police force upon her return to full-time competition at the end of 2017. Keizer has two brothers and one sister. She is married to beach volleyball player-turned-coach Michiel van der Kuip, and the couple have two children, twins born in 2016. Career 2002–2004: Junior and early years Keizer made her international beach volleyball debut at the 2002 U18 European Championships in August, where she and Arjanne Stevens won the silver medal. Two weeks later, the pair became the inaugural U18 World Champions with an unbeaten tournament run in Xylokastro, Greece. Following her success on the junior circuit, Keizer debuted on the FIVB World Tour in 2003, partnering with Merel Mooren at the $150K Hellas Open in June. The duo did not progress past the qualifying rounds in Hellas or in their next four events. In their final tournament of the year at the $150K Lianyungang Open in August, Keizer and Mooren beat teams from Spain and Sweden to advance to Keizer's first main draw on the World Tour. They lost all three of their group stage matches in the main draw and did not progress further. Keizer concluded her first season on the World Tour ranked 70 in the world with Mooren. Keizer and Mooren continued to struggle to qualify for main draws on the World Tour the following year, making it out of the qualifiers twice in their first eight tournaments. They also competed in two events on the Challenger and Satellite circuit in August, winning one gold medal. Towards the end of the season, the pair had accumulated sufficient ranking points to directly enter the World Tour main draws of the $180K Milan and Rio de Janeiro Opens, finishing 25th and 17th respectively. They ended the year with an improved world ranking of No. 39. 2005–2007: Partnering with Leenstra After two seasons with Mooren, Keizer switched partners and played with Marrit Leenstra from 2005 to 2007. In the first year of their partnership, the duo did not place higher than 13th in the first ten World Tour events they entered. Seeded 11th at their next tournament, the $200K Montreal Open in August, they upset two top-ten seeds on their way to the semifinals where they lost to Brazil's third-seeded Talita Antunes and Renata Ribeiro, followed by another loss to Brazil's second-seeded Shelda Bede and Adriana Behar in the bronze-medal match. After Montreal, Keizer and Leenstra had top-ten finishes in four of their last five tournaments of 2005. They also competed in their first World Championships in June as the No. 22 seeds, posting three wins and two losses to tie for 17th place. They closed out their first season as teammates ranked 13th in the world. Over the next two years, Keizer and Leenstra had limited success on the international circuit and were relegated to the qualifiers for the majority of 2007. Their best results were top-ten finishes at the double-elimination $200K St. Petersburg and Porto Santo Opens in 2006. As the No. 20 seeds in St. Petersburg, they recorded a three-set upset over the third-seeded Tian Jia and Wang Jie of China, before falling to the eighth-seeded Nila Håkedal and Ingrid Tørlen of Norway in the fourth round of the losers bracket. In Porto Santo, the pair finished in seventh place as the No. 16 seeds, scoring upsets over the higher-seeded Cuban teams of Milagros Crespo and Imara Esteves Ribalta, and Dalixia Fernández and Tamara Larrea. They were knocked out of the competition by the eighth seeds from Germany, Rieke Brink-Abeler and Hella Jurich. By the end of 2007, their world ranking had dropped to No. 44. Throughout the course of their partnership, Keizer and Leenstra were also active on the Nestea European Championship Tour, winning bronze medals at the €55K German and Swiss Masters in 2006. After failing to qualify two years prior, Keizer took part in the 2006 edition of the European Championships with Leenstra; they fell short of their No. 6 seed and finished ninth. 2008: Partnering with de Vries After three seasons together, Keizer split from Leenstra and teamed up with Mered de Vries for 2008. The new pairing did not win any main draw matches in their first ten World Tour events. Their results picked up in July when they competed at the $300K Gstaad Grand Slam as the No. 26 seeds. Keizer and de Vries came through the qualifiers and upset two of the top-ten seeds on their way to the Round of 16, where they were defeated by Maria Elisa Antonelli and Vanilda Leão of Brazil. Later in the month, they achieved their highest finish as a team with a fifth place at the $300K Klagenfurt Grand Slam. Seeded 26th once more, they came back from a first-set loss to beat the fourth-seeded Talita and Renata of Brazil in the Round of 16, before losing to Ukraine's 27th-seeded Svitlana Baburina and Galyna Osheyko in the quarterfinals. They ended the year 31st in the world rankings. 2008–2010: Partnering with van Iersel Towards the end of 2008, Keizer changed partners once again and paired up with Marleen van Iersel. She began to see better results on the international circuit, including her first World Tour podium at the $190K Japan Open in the spring of 2009. After losing their first match, the 13th-seeded Keizer and van Iersel won six consecutive matches to reach the final four, recording upsets over two top-five seeds along the way. They lost to Brazil's top-seeded Juliana Silva and Larissa França in the semifinals, then went on to beat the USA's 26th-seeded Angie Akers and Tyra Turner in the bronze-medal match. The bronze in Japan was only the second time a Dutch women's team had ever won a World Tour medal. Another bronze-medal match-up followed at the $300K Gstaad Grand Slam two months later. This time, the Dutch No. 13 seeds lost to the fourth-seeded Nicole Branagh and Elaine Youngs of the United States in two sets. Keizer and van Iersel also competed at the 2009 World and European Championships, and were stopped in the quarterfinals of both tournaments. They were the sixth-ranked team in the world at the end of the year. Keizer and van Iersel made three more World Tour semifinals appearances the next season, but did not medal. The duo entered the 2010 European Championships as the No. 6 seeds, eventually finishing fourth with a loss to the German No. 1 seeds of Sara Goller and Laura Ludwig in the semifinals, and the Finnish No. 4 seeds of Emilia and Erika Nyström in the bronze-medal match. They were ranked No. 9 in the world at the conclusion of the season. 2011: First World Tour titles The 2011 season was a breakthrough year for the pair as they became the first European women's team to win back-to-back World Tour titles. They won their first World Tour title at the $190K Shanghai Open in May. Seeded No. 7, they reached the gold-medal match with upsets over three of the top-five seeds, then capped off an undefeated tournament run with a 15–21, 26–24, 15–13 victory over Jennifer Kessy and April Ross of the United States. Later that same month at the $190K Myslowice Open, Keizer and van Iersel were sent to the losers bracket in the third round of the double-elimination competition by Italy's Greta Cicolari and Marta Menegatti. The pair then won four matches in a row to make it to the finals where they faced Cicolari and Menegatti once again. This time, the Dutch duo beat the Italians in two sets for their second World Tour title. After their success in Shanghai and Myslowice, they were temporarily set back by a back injury sustained by van Iersel that forced them to withdraw from their next tournament. By August however, they had attained another podium finish at the $300K Klagenfurt Grand Slam as the No. 8 seeds, losing only to the fourth-seeded Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh Jennings of the United States in the semifinals, before beating the third-seeded Brazilian duo of Maria Elisa and Talita to win the bronze medal. After their World Tour victories the month prior, the pair came into the 2011 World Championships as the tournament's dark horse, but found themselves eliminated by Germany's Jana Köhler and Julia Sude in the Round of 16. Keizer and van Iersel also entered 2011 European Championships in August as the No. 1 seeds. They progressed to the quarterfinals where they were upset by the 16th-seeded Barbara Hansel and Sara Montagnolli of Austria, a team that they had beaten earlier in the group stage. The duo wrapped up the year ranked No. 7 in the world. 2012: European Champions, London Olympics In the lead up to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Keizer and van Iersel competed at seven World Tour events. They medalled in two of them, winning bronze at the $300K Beijing Grand Slam, followed by silver at the $300K Gstaad Grand Slam. They notched victories against top-ranked teams including the Chinese team of Xue Chen and Zhang Xi, and the American team of Kessy and Ross. The pair also competed at the European Championships in The Hague at the end of May. Coming in as the No. 3 seeds, Keizer and van Iersel advanced to the finals undefeated. In their quarterfinal match against Belgium's seventh-seeded Katrien Gielen and Liesbeth Mouha, the home side rallied from a set down to win 18–21, 21–15, 15–10. In the semifinals, they beat the Czech Republic's top-seeded Lenka Háječková and Hana Skalníková, and were subsequently crowned the new European Champions with a victory over Vassiliki Arvaniti and Maria Tsiartsiani of Greece in the championship match. Keizer and van Iersel qualified for the London Olympics on 18 June 2012 via their Olympic ranking points. They entered the tournament ranked fourth in the world and were dubbed a "sleeper team" by player-turned-commentator Kevin Wong. Seeded ninth, they lost their first two group stage matches against the 16th-seeded Elsa Baquerizo and Liliana Fernández of Spain, and the fourth-seeded Kessy and Ross of the United States. A must-win victory over Argentina's No. 21 seeds Ana Gallay and María Zonta ensured they advanced to the Round of 16 where they faced the USA's third-seeded May-Treanor and Walsh Jennings. The Americans defeated them in straight sets, thus ending Keizer and van Iersel's Olympic run. The Olympics was their last tournament of 2012 and they ended the year eighth in the world rankings. 2013–2017: Hiatus Keizer and van Iersel did not medal on the World Tour in 2013; their highest finish was a fifth at the $220K The Hague Grand Slam. They also took part in the European Championships, advancing to the Round of 16 where they lost the deciding set against their compatriots Jantine van der Vlist and Marloes Wesselink. After 11 years competing on the World Tour, Keizer decided to retire at the end of 2013 to focus more on her personal life and police work. Despite her retirement, Keizer continued to enter beach volleyball tournaments every now and then. She partnered with Sophie van Gestel to compete at the $500K Transavia Grand Slam mid-2014; they lost all three of their group stage matches and did not progress further. In the summer of 2017, she played at the $150K Dela Beach Open with Madelein Meppelink as a replacement for Meppelink's injured partner van Gestel. The pair advanced to the Round of 16 before they were eliminated by Brazil's Maria Elisa and Carolina "Carol" Solberg Salgado; the Brazilian duo went on to win the tournament. Playing at the 2017 Dela Beach Open prompted Keizer to consider returning to the sport on a full-time basis. Her subsequent participation in two national tour events—one with Meppelink and one with van Iersel—further convinced her to make a comeback. 2018–present: Partnering with Meppelink, European Champions At the end of 2017, Keizer committed to a full-time comeback to beach volleyball with Meppelink. Despite a slow start, Keizer and Meppelink soon found success by medalling on the World Tour twice in 2018. The first was a silver medal at the $75K Mersin Open in May. Three months later, they entered the $300K Vienna Major as the No. 16 seeds. They advanced to the final four undefeated, including a victory over Canada's top-seeded Melissa Humana-Paredes and Sarah Pavan. In the semifinals, they lost to the fourth-seeded Fernanda Alves and Bárbara Seixas of Brazil, but came back the next day to beat Maria Elisa and Carol to claim the bronze medal. Despite starting off the season with zero ranking points, Keizer qualified for the 2018 World Tour Finals which features the top ten teams in the world rankings. The pair did not win any of their group stage matches and tied for last place. Keizer and Meppelink also took part in the 2018 European Championships in July. Seeded 15th, they posted a loss to France's 31st-seeded Aline Chamereau and Alexandra Jupiter, but made it to the finals with victories over the second-seeded Czech team of Barbora Hermannová and Markéta Sluková, and the third-seeded Swiss team of Zoe and Anouk Vergé-Dépré. In the gold-medal match, Keizer and Meppelink defeated the fifth-seeded Nina Betschart and Tanja Huberli of Switzerland in straight sets for the second European Championship title of Keizer's career. Style of play Keizer is a defender and a right-handed right-side player. She had been a blocker before her retirement in 2013, but at slightly above , she had long felt unsuited and undersized for the role. As such, a condition for her return at the end of 2017 was that she got to switch roles and play as a defender instead. Olympic gold medalist Dain Blanton noted at the 2018 Vienna Major that Keizer has an aggressive and physical playing style to go along with being a well-rounded player. Her setting ability in particular has been praised by opponents. Of the 87 players who competed in a Major Series main draw on the 2018 World Tour, Keizer was ranked 34th for total points scored, averaging 6.21 points per set; 32nd for total kills, averaging 5.71 kills per set; and 35th for number of aces, with around 5.5% of her serves being aces. Career statistics World Tour finals: 4 (2–2) European finals: 2 (2–0) Performance timeline Current through the 2018 FIVB World Tour Finals. Note: Only main draw results are considered. References External links Sanne Keizer at the Beach Volleyball Major Series Sanne Keizer at the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball Sanne Keizer and Madelein Meppelink at the Netherlands Volleyball Association (in Dutch) Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch women's beach volleyball players Category:People from Doetinchem Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic beach volleyball players of the Netherlands Category:Beach volleyball blockers Category:Beach volleyball defenders

Eustatia Island is a 30-acre island of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in the Caribbean. The word "Eustatia” is a Greek derived word meaning, “good place to stay.” The entire island, and a small neighboring island, Saba Rock, are under the same long term lease. The island is regularly featured and photographed for several publications and was listed as one of the top 20 most beautiful islands in the world in the December 2004 issue of Islands magazine. Location and ownership Eustatia Island is located at latitude 18.51 north and longitude 64.36 west in the eastern section of the British Virgin Islands slightly to the north of Virgin Gorda and Prickly Pear and to the south of Necker Island. The BVI are a group of islands located approximately 1,100 miles southeast of Miami, Florida, 60 miles due east of Puerto Rico and about 120 miles northwest of St. Barts. The island was purchased in 2000 by Mike Hahn, a financier and avid sailor who grew up on Lake Erie. The island is leased by the British Crown to a company registered in the BVI named Eustatia Corporation (company # 1512465) and is entered into the Land Registry as Block 5547A. The head lease granted by the Crown also includes a lease that includes neighboring Saba Rock, a popular restaurant/bar/boutique hotel frequented by sailors, kiteboarders, musicians/actors and creative types. The underlying shareholders of companies in the BVI are not required to register with the Company Registry therefore no definitive information is available on who the underlying owner is. Although the following statement cannot be corroborated by any authentic or reliable information source, it is widely thought among local BVI residents that the island is owned by Larry Page (Page was married on nearby Necker Island). Climate Similar to neighboring islands, Eustatia has fresh trade winds, warm year round ambient and water temperatures, and over 300 days of sunshine per year. Trade winds tend to average 10-15 knots from the east northeast. Ambient temperatures range from average day time highs of 85F-90F in the summer to 80F-85F in the winter. Lows average 80F to 75F respectively. Water temperatures are warm year round with the coolest being 77F in the winter to a high 85F in the summer. While the months of September–November tend to receive the greatest accumulations of rain, there is no official “rainy season”. Squalls tend to be intermittent, short lasting, but fairly intense. Relative humidity typically ranges from 60-80%. Hurricane season is from June 1 through November 30 with the statistical peak in mid September. The last hurricane to hit Eustatia was Hurricane Irma on September 11, 2017. The island was also hit on August 30, 2010, when Hurricane Earl brushed the area as a Category 4 hurricane. Geography Eustatia Island is approximately in size, 1,870 feet (0.35 miles) in length, 1,020 feet (0.2 miles) in width and is 210 feet in elevation. The terrain is hilly, but not as rugged as some of the BVI’s other islands with most of Eustatia being accessible by foot. Three white sand beaches are located on the island, with the main beach on the south, a smaller beach on the north side, and another beach on the southwest side of the island. Surrounding area The North Sound area is considered to be the prime resort and yachting location in the BVI where mega yachts, celebrities and high-net-worth individuals come to enjoy the protected waters, water sports and access to a range of islands and resorts. The protected waters and anchorages combined with proximity to luxury resorts and services, as well as neighboring islands provide privacy and convenience. The island overlooks Eustatia Sound, a body of water protected by the extensive Eustatia reef and separated from the North Sound area by a narrow gap within which lies Saba Rock. Eustatia Sound is generally off limits to charter boats and provides some of the best water sports activities in the islands. The steady trade winds blowing across the protected waters make Eustatia Sound a windsurfing and kite surfing mecca, while the surrounding reefs provide plenty of opportunities for safe snorkeling and diving. On Virgin Gorda, the Bitter End Yacht Club offers open air dining through three distinct venues, a 25 slip marina and one of the best known water sports centers in the Caribbean. Saba Rock Island Resort features a 10 deep water slip marina, rooms and suites, a restaurant and bar, nautical museum and salt water tank with sea life. The 140 acre Biras Creek Resort has 31 suites, a marina, a restaurant and 5 star rated services. The Leverick Bay Resort and Marina is situated in the western end of North Sound and offers rooms and suites, full service dock, a 15 slip marina, restaurant, bar and grill, fishing and dive tours, gift shop and nautical gallery. Prickly Pear Island, a designated National Park, features a number of beaches and hiking trails. Necker Island, a world-famous Virgin Limited Edition luxury retreat, and Mosquito Island, are both owned by British billionaire, Sir Richard Branson. Plants, wildlife, sea life A variety of tropical flora and fauna including, jasmine, hibiscus, bougainvillea, tamarind, frangipani, allemande, honey suckle, cacti and succulents are found throughout the island. One of the largest mature coconut palm plantations in the BVI is located on the main beach of Eustatia Island. Bird species include sea gulls, pelicans, frigates, boobies, hummingbirds, and doves. Several species of lizards including wood slave, ground, saddleback, and man lizards are also regularly seen throughout the island. Commonly seen in the surrounding water are a wide variety of reef fish including, grunts, parrotfish, trumpet, trigger, snapper, grouper, wrasse, damsel, porcupine and dozens of other species. Green, Loggerhead, and Hawksbill sea turtles are routinely spotted as are southern and spotted stingrays. Conch, lobster, crabs and other invertebrates are abundant. Island features Within the owner’s estate there is a three bedroom hilltop villa with pool and hot tub and sunrise and sunset views, a two bedroom villa on the beach nestled in a palm grove, and a three bedroom cottage. The estate has three white sand beaches, hiking trails, a mountain top pavilion and viewing decks, beach pavilion, and lounging pavilion. There are two additional houses on the southwest tip of the island. The island was carefully developed to keep it in a natural state. Sustainability All of the homes on the island utilize an extensive solar system which provides the island with 100 percent of its electrical requirements through solar conversion. Water requirements are fully sustainable. Water is collected through rainfall, filtered and used for drinking and bathing requirements. An organic sewage treatment process recycles gray water into landscaping. Most furnishings were selected from recycled or sustainable wood species. Light fixtures were salvaged from old naval vessels. History During the Golden Age of Piracy the island has been rumored to have been the haunt of pirates. North Sound served as an anchorage for pirates who would have used an “s” route through Eustatia Sound to gain access to the open waters of the Caribbean Sea to escape British ships blocking the entrance and exit to North Sound. This route required superior steering and intimate knowledge of the many shoals and cuts through the reefs in order to not run aground. References External links Eustatia Island Official Site Category:Islands of the British Virgin Islands Category:Private islands

Doran is an unincorporated community in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. Doran is located along the Clinch River, U.S. Route 460 and Virginia State Route 67 between Richlands and Raven. Doran has a post office with ZIP code 24612. The community was named for Joseph I. Doran, who was the general counsel for the Norfolk and Western Railway. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Tazewell County, Virginia Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia

What's In The Fridge? (Chinese: 冰箱的秘密) is a variety cooking show produced by Mediacorp Channel 8. It is hosted by three of a rotating team of four hosts consisting of Mark Lee, Vivian Lai, Chua En Lai and Pornsak. The cooking show engages contestants in a healthy cooking competition, using food ingredients found in designated refrigerators. Segments 盲选ABC 挑选冰箱123 Guests See also Mediacorp Channel 8 References Category:Cooking television series Category:2016 Singaporean television series debuts Category:2016 Singaporean television series endings Category:Channel 8 (Singapore) shows

Andres Kurrikoff (1863–1925) was an Estonian farmer and politician. Kurrikoff was born on 29 October 1863 in Pärsti, a village in Viljandi County. He was elected to the Estonian Provincial Assembly, which governed the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia between 1917 and 1919; he served the full term. He did not sit in the newly formed Republic of Estonia's Asutav Kogu (Constituent Assembly) or its Riigikogu (Parliament). He died on 13 August 1925 in Pärsti. References Category:1863 births Category:1925 deaths Category:Estonian farmers Category:Members of the Estonian Provincial Assembly Category:People from Viljandi Parish

England Head Coach: Geoff Cooke Rob Andrew Neil Back Stuart Barnes Martin Bayfield Kyran Bracken Jonathan Callard Will Carling (c.) Mike Catt Ben Clarke Graham Dawe Phil de Glanville Jon Hall Ian Hunter Martin Johnson Jason Leonard Brian Moore Dewi Morris Steve Ojomoh David Pears Nigel Redman Dean Richards Tim Rodber Graham Rowntree Dean Ryan Victor Ubogu Rory Underwood Tony Underwood France Head Coach: Pierre Berbizier Guy Accoceberry Louis Armary Abdelatif Benazzi Philippe Benetton Laurent Benezech Philippe Bernat-Salles Xavier Blond Olivier Brouzet Laurent Cabannes Marc Cecillon Yann Delaigue Philippe Gallart Fabien Galthie Jean-Michel Gonzales Stéphane Graou Thierry Lacroix Fabrice Landreau Leon Loppy Alain Macabiau Olivier Merle Franck Mesnel Pierre Montlaur Émile Ntamack Alain Penaud Olivier Roumat (c.) Jean-Luc Sadourny Philippe Saint-André (c.)* Laurent Seigne Philippe Sella William Téchoueyres *captain in the last game Ireland Head Coach: Gerry Murphy Michael Bradley (c.) Ciaran Clarke Peter Clohessy Vince Cunningham Phil Danaher Eric Elwood Maurice Field Neil Francis Mick Galwey Simon Geoghegan Garret Halpin Paddy Johns Terry Kingston Alan MacGowan Denis McBride Mark McCall Paul McCarthy Ken O'Connell Conor O'Shea Nick Popplewell Brian Robinson Rob Saunders David Tweed Richard Wallace Keith Wood Scotland Head Coach: Jim Telfer Gary Armstrong Paul Burnell Craig Chalmers Michael Dods Neil Edwards Gavin Hastings (c.) Scott Hastings Carl Hogg Ian Jardine Kenny Logan Kevin McKenzie Kenny Milne Iain Morrison Shade Munro Andy Nicol Bryan Redpath Andy Reed Allan Sharp Ian Smith Tony Stanger Derek Stark Gregor Townsend Derek Turnbull Rob Wainwright Peter Walton Alan Watt Doddie Weir Peter Wright Douglas Wyllie Wales Head Coach: Alan Davies Tony Clement Tony Copsey John D. Davies Nigel Davies Phil Davies Ieuan Evans (c.) Ricky Evans Michael Hall Simon Hill Garin Jenkins Neil Jenkins Robert Jones Emyr Lewis Gareth Llewellyn (c.)* Robin McBryde Rupert Moon Mark Perego Wayne Proctor Scott Quinnell Mike Rayer Hemi Taylor Nigel Walker Barry Williams Huw Williams-Jones *captain in the third game External links Category:Six Nations Championship squads

John Davidson (11 April 1857 – 23 March 1909) was a Scottish poet, playwright and novelist, best known for his ballads. He also did translations from French and German. In 1909, financial difficulties, as well as physical and mental health problems, led to his suicide. Life and works Scotland He was born at Barrhead, East Renfrewshire as the son of Alexander Davidson, an Evangelical Union minister and Helen née Crocket of Elgin. His family removed to Greenock in 1862 where he was educated at Highlanders' Academy there and entered the chemical laboratory of Walker's Sugarhouse refinery in his 13th year, returning after one year to school as a pupil teacher. In Public Analysts' Office, 1870–71. In these employments he developed an interest in science which became an important characteristic of his poetry. In 1872 he returned for four years to the Highlanders' Academy as a pupil-teacher, and, after a year at Edinburgh University (1876–77), received in 1877 his first scholastic employment at Alexander's Charity, Glasgow. During the next six years he held positions in the following schools : Perth Academy (1878–81), Kelvinside Academy, Glasgow (1881–82), and Hutchinson's Charity, Paisley (1883–84). He varied his career by spending a year as clerk in a Glasgow thread firm (1884–85), and subsequently taught in Morrison's Academy, Crieff (1885–88), and in a private school at Greenock (1888–89). London Having taken to literature, he went in 1889 to London where he frequented 'Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese' and joined the 'Rhymers' Club'. Davidson's first published work was Bruce, a chronicle play in the Elizabethan manner, which appeared with a Glasgow imprint in 1886. Four other plays, Smith, a Tragic Farce (1888), An Unhistorical Pastoral (1889), Aromantic Farce (1889), and the brilliant pantomimic Scaramouch in Naxos (1889) were also published while he was in Scotland. Besides writing for the Speaker, the Glasgow Herald, and other papers, he produced several novels and tales, of which the best was Perfervid (1890). But these prose works were written for a livelihood. Verse Davidson's true medium was verse. In a Music Hall and other Poems (1891) suggested what Fleet Street Eclogues (1893) proved, that Davidson possessed a genuine and distinctive poetic gift. The late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing read both these volumes in one day in 1893 at the British Museum Library. Yeats had words of praise for In a Music Hall. He called it, "An example of a new writer seeking out 'new subject matter, new emotions'". Yeats wrote of his emotional dispute with Davidson in Autobiographies (1955). The second collection established his reputation among the discerning few. His early plays were republished in one volume in 1894, and henceforward he turned his attention more and more completely to verse. A volume of vigorous Ballads and Songs (1894), his most popular work, which Davidson sent a copy of to George Gissing, who wrote that it "gave me thoughts", was followed in turn by a second series of Fleet Street Eclogues (1896) and by New Ballads (1897) and The Last Ballad (1899). Dramatic works For a time he abandoned lyric for the drama, writing several original plays. 'Testaments' Finally Davidson engaged on a series of "Testaments", in which he gave definite expression to his philosophy. These volumes were entitled The Testament of a Vivisector (1901),The Testament of a Man Forbid (1901), The Testament of an Empire Builder (1902), and The Testament of John Davidson (1908). Though he disclaimed the title of philosopher, he expounded an original philosophy which was at once materialistic and aristocratic. The cosmic process, as interpreted by evolution, was for him a fruitful source of inspiration. His later verse, which is often fine rhetoric rather than poetry, expressed the belief which is summed up in the last words that he wrote, "Men are the universe become conscious; the simplest man should consider himself too great to be called after any name." The corollary was that every man was to be himself to the utmost of his power, and the strongest was to rule. Davidson professed to reject all existing philosophies, including that of Nietzsche, as inadequate, but Nietzsche's influence is traceable in his argument. The poet planned ultimately to embody his revolutionary creed in a trilogy entitled God and Mammon. Only two plays, however, were written, The Triumph of Mammon (1907) and Mammon and his Message (1908). Family In 1885 Davidson married Margaret, daughter of John McArthur of Perth. She survived him with two sons, Alexander (b. 1887) and Menzies (b. 1889). Other works Davidson was a prolific writer. Besides the works cited, he wrote many other works including, The Wonderful Mission of Earl Lavender (1895), a novel which included flagellation erotica and contributed an introduction to Shakespeare's Sonnets (Renaissance edition, 1908), which, like his various prefaces and essays, shows him a subtle literary critic. Translations He translated Montesquieu's Lettres Persanes (1892), François Coppée's Pour la Couronne in 1896 and Victor Hugo's Ruy Blas in 1904, the former being produced as, For the Crown, at the Lyceum Theatre in 1896, the latter as A Queen's Romance at the Imperial Theatre. Portraits Davidson's portrait was drawn by Walter Sickert and by Robert Bryden. A caricature by Max Beerbohm appeared in The Chapbook, (1907), and William Rothenstein did a portrait of him for The Yellow Book. In Men and Memories (1931), Rothenstein said that when Max Beerbohm looked at his pictures of Davidson, he had complimented him on the 'subtle way he had handled his toupée'. Rothenstein wrote that he had not noticed that he was wearing one. Frank Harris, a member of the Rhymers' Club described him in 1889 thus:"... a little below middle height, but strongly built with square shoulders and remarkably fine face and head; the features were almost classically regular, the eyes dark brown and large, the forehead high, the hair and moustache black. His manners were perfectly frank and natural; he met everyone in the same unaffected kindly human way; I never saw a trace in him of snobbishness or incivility. Possibly a great man, I said to myself, certainly a man of genius, for simplicity of manner alone is in England almost a proof of extraordinary endowment."Norman Alford (1996) The Rhymers' Club: Poets of the Tragic Generation , Palgrave Macmillan Drowning In 1906 he was awarded a civil list pension of £100 per annum and George Bernard Shaw did what he could to help him financially, but poverty, ill-health, and his declining powers, exacerbated by the onset of cancer, caused profound hopelessness and clinical depression. Late in 1908, Davidson left London to reside at Penzance. On 23 March 1909, he disappeared from his house there, under circumstances which left little doubt that he had drowned himself. Among his papers was found the manuscript of a new work, Fleet Street Poems, with a letter containing the words, "This will be my last book." His body, which was discovered by some fishermen in Mount's Bay on 18 September, was, in accordance with his known wishes, buried at sea. In his will he desired that no biography should be written, none of his unpublished works published, and "no word except of my writing is ever to appear in any book of mine as long as the copyright endures." The assumption that he took his own life is consistent with what is known of his temperament and his ideas. In The Testament of John Davidson, published the year before his death, he anticipates this fate: "None should outlive his power. . . . Who kills Himself subdues the conqueror of kings; Exempt from death is he who takes his life; My time has come." Influence on other poets Davidson's poetry was a key early influence on important Modernist poets, in particular, his compatriot Hugh MacDiarmid and Wallace Stevens. T.S. Eliot was especially fond of the poem 'Thirty Bob a Week' (In Ballads and Songs (1894)). Davidson's poem "In the Isle of Dogs", for example, is a clear intertext of later poems such as Eliot's "The Waste Land" and Stevens' "The Idea of Order at Key West". Quotes "This is an age of Bovril" Works The North Wall (1885) Diabolus Amans (1885), verse drama Bruce (1886 ) a drama in five acts Smith (1888) a tragedy Plays (1889) An Unhistorical Pastoral, a Romantic Farce Scaramouch in Naxos Perfervid: The Career of Ninian Jamieson, (1890) with 23 Original Illustrations by Harry Furniss, Ward & Downey, Ltd., London. The Great Men, And a Practical Novelist (1891) Illustrated by E. J. Ellis. Ward & Downey, Ltd., London. In a Music Hall, and other Poems (1891) Ward & Downey, Ltd., London. Laura Ruthven's Widowhood (with C. J. Wills), (1892) Fleet Street Eclogues (1893)] The Knight of the Maypole, (1903) Sentences and Paragraphs (1893) Ballads and Songs (1894) John Lane Publishers, London Baptist Lake (1894) Ward & Downey, Ltd., London. A Random Itinerary (1894) A Full and True Account of the Wonderful Mission of Earl Lavender (1895) St. George's Day (1895) Fleet Street Eclogues (Second Series) (1896) Miss Armstrong's and Other Circumstances (1896) The Pilgrimage of Strongsoul and Other Stories (1896) New Ballads (1897) Godfrida, a play (1898) The Last Ballad (1899) Self's the Man, a tragi-comedy, (1901) The Testament of a Man Forbid (1901) The Testament of a Vivisector (1901) The Testament of an Empire Builder (1902) A Rosary, (1903) Grant Richards, London The Knight of the Maypole: A Comedy in Four Acts (1903) The Testament of a Prime Minister (1904) The Ballad of a Nun (1905) The Theatrocrat: a Tragic Play of Church and State, (1905) Holiday and other poems, with a note on poetry (1906) The Triumph of Mammon (1907) E.G. Richards, London Mammon and His Message (1908) The Testament of John Davidson (1908) Fleet Street and other Poems, (1909) Contributor to The Yellow Book He translated: Montesquieu's Lettres Persanes, (Persian Letters) (1892) François Coppée's Pour la couronne, (For the Crown) (1896) Victor Hugo's Ruy Blas, (A Queen's Romance) (1904) References Further reading John Davidson, First of the Moderns; A Literary Biography (1995) by John Sloan Karl E. Beckson, London in the 1890s: A Cultural History (1992) Princeton University Library, John Davidson Collection, 1879–1945 (bulk 1890–1909) External links John Davidson profile at Internet Accuracy Project Text of Scaramouch in Naxos at La Commedia dell'arte Category:1857 births Category:1909 deaths Category:Scottish dramatists and playwrights Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:Scottish male writers who committed suicide Category:Poets who committed suicide Category:Suicides by drowning in England Category:People from Barrhead Category:Scottish novelists Category:Scottish translators Category:19th-century Scottish writers Category:Scottish schoolteachers Category:19th-century Scottish poets Category:19th-century novelists Category:19th-century British dramatists and playwrights Category:19th-century translators

Global apartheid is a term used to mean minority rule in international decision-making. The term comes from apartheid, the system of government that ruled South Africa until 27 April 1994 when people of all races were able to vote as equals for the first time. The concept of global apartheid has been developed by many researchers, including Titus Alexander, Bruno Amoroso, Patrick Bond, Gernot Kohler, Arjun Makhijiani, Ali Mazuri, Vandana Shiva, Anthony H. Richmond, Joseph Nevins, Muhammed Asadi, Gustav Fridolin, and many others. More recent references are in Falk's Re-Framing the International, Amoroso's Global apartheid: globalisation, economic marginalisation, political destabilisation, Peterson's A Critical Rewriting of Global Political Economy, Jones's Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner's Guide and Global Human Smuggling by Kyle and Koslowski, and New Social Movements in the African Diaspora: Challenging Global Apartheid. and Bosak's Kairos, Crisis, and Global Apartheid Origin and use The first use of the term may have been by Gernot Koehler in a 1978 Working Paper for the World Order Models Project. In 1995 Koehler develop this in The Three Meanings of Global Apartheid: Empirical, Normative, Existential. Its best known use was by Thabo Mbeki, then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons of the status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era. Mbeki got the term from Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was also present at the UN Millennium Summit and gave him a copy of Unravelling Global Apartheid. Concept Minority rule in global governance is based on national sovereignty rather than racial identity, but in many other respects the history and structures of apartheid South Africa can be seen as a microcosm of the world. Following the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Second World War, the United States and United Kingdom used their political power to create systems of economic management and protection to mitigate the worst effects of free trade and neutralise the competing appeals of communism and national socialism. In South Africa civilized labour policies restricted public employment to whites, reserved skilled jobs for whites and controlled the movement of non-whites through a system of pass laws. In the West, escalating tariff barriers reserved manufacturing work for Europeans and Americans while immigration laws controlled the movement of immigrants seeking work. Alexander argued that apartheid was a system of one-sided protectionism, in which the rich white minority used their political power to exclude the black majority from competing on equal terms, and warned that "the intensification of economic competition as a result of greater free trade is increasing political pressures for one-sided protectionism." At a political level, the West still dominates global decision-making through minority control of the central banking system (Bank of International Settlements), IMF, World Bank, Security Council and other institutions of global governance. The G8 (now G7) represent less than 15% of world population, yet have over 60% of its income. 80% of the permanent members of the UN Security Council represent white Western states, 60% from Europe. The West has veto power in the World Bank, IMF and WTO and regulates global monetary policy through the Bank of International Settlements (BIS). By tradition, the head of the World Bank is always a US citizen, nominated by the US President, and the IMF is a European. Although the rest of the world now has a majority in many international institutions, it does not have the political power to reject decisions by the Western minority. In The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel P. Huntington describes how "the United States together with Britain and France make the crucial decisions on political and security issues; the United States together with Germany and Japan make the crucial decisions on economic issues." Huntington quoted Jeffrey R Bennett to claim that Western nations: own and operate the international banking system control all hard currencies are the world’s principal customers provide the majority of the world’s finished goods dominate international capital markets exert considerable moral leadership within many societies are capable of massive military intervention control the sea lanes Huntington presents a ‘framework, a paradigm, for viewing global politics’ to protect “Western civilization”. He argues that other civilizations threaten the West through immigration, cultural differences, growing economic strength and potential military power. ‘If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their cultural commonality, and develop close forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO, they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of Western affluence and political influence. Meaningful political integration would in some measure counter the relative decline in the West’s share of the world’s people, economic product, and military capabilities and revive the power of the West in the eyes of the leaders of other civilizations.’ However, this ‘depends overwhelmingly on whether the United States reaffirms its identity as a Western nation and defines its global role as the leader of Western civilization.’ [p308] Alexander identifies numerous pillars of global apartheid including: veto power by the Western minority in the UN Security Council voting powers in the IMF and World Bank dominance of the World Trade Organization through effective veto power and ‘weight of trade’ rather than formal voting power one-sided rules of trade, which give privileged protection to Western agriculture and other interests while opening markets in the Majority World protection of ‘hard currency’ through the central banking system through the Bank of International Settlements immigration controls which manage the flow of labour to meet the needs of Western economies use of aid and investment to control elites in the Majority World through reward and punishment support for coups or military intervention in countries which defy Western dominance More recently, scholars such as Thanh-Dam Truong and Des Gasper, inTransnational Migration and Human Security and Kyle and Koslowsk in In Global Human Smuggling, analyse the rise of migrant smuggling and human trafficking in terms of the "structural violence generated by the escalation of border interdiction by states as part of the system of global apartheid." Political demands for protectionism and physical barriers between the West and the Majority World, such as President Trump’s wall between Mexico and the US as well as barriers round the EU follow similar economic pressures to those which entrenched apartheid in South Africa. References Category:International relations Category:World government Governance Category:Global issues

Trechus zhabyk is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1994. References zhabyk Category:Beetles described in 1994

Sydney Children's Hospital is an Australian children's hospital located in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. On 1 July 2010 it became part of the newly formed 'Sydney Children's Hospital Network (Randwick and Westmead) incorporating the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children'. The Sydney Children's Hospital is located approximately 6 kilometres from the Sydney Central Business District in the suburb of Randwick. Sydney Children’s Hospital is also a major teaching hospital and is a teaching facility for the University of New South Wales. History The Sydney Children's Hospital had its origins in 1852 with the formation of the Society for Destitute Children, which established the Asylum for Destitute Children with the first building opened on 21 March 1858 in Paddington. After an appeal for funds in 1870, the Catherine Hayes Hospital opened. The hospital's primary intention was to care for children that suffered from illness, poverty and famine. As the hospital grew the children's hospital became a wing of the larger general hospital. In 1915, during the First World War the hospital was converted by the NSW Government into a military hospital and then a repatriation hospital, and renamed the Fourth Australian Repatriation Hospital. In 1927 an association between the Coast Hospital and the Fourth Australian Repatriation Hospital at Randwick began. With the opening of the Concord Repatriation General Hospital in 1953, the hospital was renamed the Prince of Wales Hospital, with the attached children's hospital becoming known as the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital. In 1964 the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital was founded as an independent hospital by Professor John Beveridge, who had the goal of creating a second Sydney children's hospital dedicated to caring for children. That same year the hospital became the teaching hospital for the University of New South Wales. In 1994 the hospital underwent a $46.5 million (AUD) redevelopment, greatly increasing the capabilities of the hospital. On Friday 12 June 1998, the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital officially became known as the Sydney Children's Hospital, when the then current New South Wales premier, Bob Carr and Dr. Andrew Refshauge officially opened the hospital at 11:00am. In 2003 the hospital opened a community child health facility on the Randwick campus that provides services for children with development disabilities, mental health disorders and other behavioral issues. In 2010 the hospital was transferred from the administration of the South-East Sydney Illawarra Area Health Service to the newly formed 'Sydney Children's Hospital Network (Randwick and Westmead) incorporating the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children'. Telethon The Gold Week Telethon is an annual telethon established in 2010 with proceeds benefiting the Sydney Children's Hospital. Notable staff Prof Jennifer Byrne See also Children's Hospital at Westmead List of hospitals in Australia References External links Sydney Children's Hospital website Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1870 Category:Children's hospitals in Australia Category:Teaching hospitals in Australia Category:Hospitals in Sydney Category:Hospitals established in 1852 Category:1852 establishments in Australia Category:Randwick, New South Wales

Lathcoats Farm Shop, often shortened to just "Lathcoats" is a family run farm shop, situated in Galleywood, Essex, England. It is based on Beehive Lane, where it was established in 1912 by Lawrence Taylor. History In 1912, Lawrence Taylor planted the first fruit trees on Lathcoats Farm's 55 hectares. Lathcoats Farm has been in the Taylor family for three generations. Lawrence's only son, Maurice, then took over Lathcoats Farm. Lathcoats Farm Shop is currently run by Maurice's two sons, Philip and Stephen Taylor. Lathcoats Farm Shop was set up by Maurice Taylor in the late 1960s Apples Lathcoats Farm Shop is well known for supplying over 40 apple varieties, including and supplying the local community as well as Sainsbury's. Apple varieties Lathcoats Farm Shop grows and stocks over 40 apple varieties, including: D'Arcy Spice, Queen, Chelmsford Wonder,Adams Pearmain, Cornish Gilliflower, Temptation, Topaz, Meridian, Honeycrisp and Discovery Apple Day Apple Day is an annual event that officially takes place on 21 October each year. Lathcoats Farm Shop has been celebrating Apple Day for almost 20 years. The event is held at Lathcoats Farm, where locally grown apples and other fruit can be tasted. Rent a Tree A scheme was set up in 2000 by Lathcoats Farm Shop to enable people in the community to rent a tree. This means that people can pick the fruit from their tree even if they don't have space to grow one themselves. References External links Category:Food retailers of the United Kingdom Category:City of Chelmsford

The Four Points by Sheraton San Jose Downtown or Hotel Montgomery is a historic boutique hotel in Downtown San Jose, California. History In an effort to preserve the hotel, and to accommodate the 13-story, 264 room expansion of the Fairmont San Jose Hotel, the San Jose Redevelopment Agency had the Montgomery moved south of its original location at First Street and Paseo de San Antonio at a cost of $8.6 million. The total cost of the renovation, including the move, was $25.5 million. The move is considered to be the 4th heaviest building ever moved. The hotel was reopened in 2004 as the Hotel Montgomery, but later rebranded to Four Points by Sheraton, now doing business as Four Points by Sheraton San Jose Downtown. The hotel is owned and operated by Khanna Enterprises, III, LLC, of Santa Ana, CA. The building is listed on the California Register of Historical Places. In 2016, the hotel announced plans to expand by means of construction of a 24-story addition, directly north of the original building. References Category:Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California Category:Hotels in the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Sheraton hotels Category:Buildings and structures in San Jose, California Category:Economy of San Jose, California Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1911 Category:National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County, California Category:1911 establishments in California

San Ramón is a municipality in the Matagalpa department of Nicaragua. San Ramon lies 12 kilometers northeast of the departmental capital of Matagalpa (city and department are both named Matagalpa). The 12-kilometer drive takes about 15 minutes by taxi, 20 minutes by bus. The road is entirely paved. History San Ramon was established in 1800, having previously been called by the indigenous name "Abai". San Ramon was historically settled by a mixture of Sumo and Miskito peoples from Nicaragua's Atlantic coast, as well as by Chontales Indians, who are a branch stemming from the ancient Mayans. Climate San Ramon typically experiences light rain for about 1.5 hours each day regardless of the time of year. It often rains for a short period during the afternoon, helping to keep the weather cool. Then it rains again briefly at night, typically heavier rainfall than afternoon. Because of a relatively high altitude, the climate is cooler than the majority of Nicaragua, having year-round lows in the low 60s and highs around mid-80's degrees. Tourism It is an integral part of Nicaragua's Coffee trail, and is the jump-off point for a significant amount of tourism. Companies such as Sister Communities of San Ramon, Nicaragua offer ecotourism options. Some of the touristic attractions include: taking an English-speaking guide to the abandoned gold mine "La Reina" (5 kilometers from town), the waterfalls "La Lima" and "La Garrota" which are respectively about 1.5 kilometers and 3 kilometers from the city center, a guided historic tour of "Cerro de la cruz" (Hill of the cross) where you can eat your fill of fresh fruit and see the city and surrounding countryside from rustic wooden benches, and finally trips to see local artisans creating artisanal textiles, recycled paper stationery, and jewelry from seeds and other local commodities. Other tourist attractions that are nearby and directly affect the town's revenue are the eco-resort "Esperanza Verde" and "La Selva Negra". There is generally a high presence of foreigners in San Ramon due to its hospitable climate and a history of international aid stations being placed there. Seattle-based non-profit, Corner of Love, leads more than twenty medical-dental-optical brigades per year to serve in San Ramon and sixty outer-lying villages. The organization's volunteers can be seen working on education and clean water projects in numerous rural communities, offering mobile healthcare clinics in area villages, and supporting Corner of Love's Nicaraguan staff members who carry out native-led healthcare campaigns. San Ramon's local tourism office is supported by the Interamerican Foundation and is currently working on a web page, and USAID and Peace Corps have frequently been present there. Additionally, San Ramon is the location of the Associacion Catalana where Spaniards consult and assist the locals in coffee production, adult education, building initiatives with wood and bamboo, and teaching scholarships. References External links Our Time in Nicaragua: Bievenidos a San Ramon, Matagalpa http://www.manfut.org/matagalpa/ramon.html Category:Populated places in Nicaragua Category:Municipalities of the Matagalpa Department Category:Honduras–Nicaragua border crossings

A Gentle Creature is a 2017 drama film directed by Sergei Loznitsa. The film was created as an international co-production between France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Latvia, Ukraine and Lithuania. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. The film is inspired by the short story of the same name by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Plot A woman lives alone on the outskirts of a village in Russia. One day she receives a parcel she had sent to her incarcerated husband, marked 'return to sender'. Shocked and confused, the woman has no choice but to travel to the prison in a remote region of the country in search of an explanation. So begins the story of a battle against this impenetrable fortress, the prison where the forces of social evil are constantly at work. Braving violence and humiliation, in the face of all opposition, our protagonist embarks on a blind quest for justice. Cast Vasilina Makovtseva Sergei Kolesov Dimitry Bykovsky Lia Akhedzhakova Vadim Dubovsky Roza Hajrullina Sergey Fedorov Marina Kleshcheva Alisa Kravtsova Sergei Russkin Alexander Zamuraev Svetlana Kolesova Valeriu Andriuta Nikolay Kolyada Konstantin Itunin Boris Kamorzin Anton Makushin Sergei Koshonin Viktor Nemets Elena Netesina Production The film was produced by Marianne Slot and Carine Leblanc for Slot Machine (France). Co producers are Valentina Mikhaleva, Galina Sementseva, Lev Karakhan, Gunnar Dedio, Uljana Kim, Peter Warnier, Marc van Warmerdam and Serge Lanrenyuk. A Gentle Creature was produced in coproduction with Arte France cinema, GP cinema company (Russia), LOOKSfilm (Germany), Studio Uljana Kim (Lithuania), Wild at Art & Graniet Film (The Netherlands), Solar Media Entertainment (Ukraine), in association with Wild Bunch, Haut et Court, Potemkine Films, Atoms & Void, Film Angels Studio and with the support of Eurimages, Aide aux Cinémas du Monde, Aide à la Coproduction Franco-Allemande, Centre National du Cinéma et de l'image Animée, Institut Français, Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung, Filmförderungsanstalt, Netherlands Film Fund, Netherlands Film Production Incentive, National Film Centre of Latvia, Riga Film Fund, Lithuanian Film Centre, Lithuanian National Radio and Television, and the Creative Europe Programme – Media of the European Union. The film was shot in Latvia and Lithuania. Reception Box office The budget of the film was 2,000,000 euros and the Russia Box Office figures are $6,837 (1,583 viewers in total) with 35.7% collected during the first weekend. Critical reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 77%, based on 30 reviews, and an average rating of 7.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". References External links Category:2017 films Category:2017 drama films Category:Russian-language films Category:Films directed by Sergei Loznitsa Category:Dutch films Category:Dutch drama films Category:French films Category:French drama films Category:German films Category:German drama films Category:Latvian films Category:Latvian drama films Category:Lithuanian films Category:Lithuanian drama films Category:Russian films Category:Russian drama films Category:Ukrainian films Category:Ukrainian drama films Category:Films based on works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky Category:Films based on short fiction

Russian cross is a variation of the Christian cross with two crossbeams, of which the higher one is horizontal and longer, and the lower one is diagonal. At the Moscow church council in 1654 the patriarch Nikon of Moscow promoted the decision to replace the eight-pointed Orthodox cross (☦) with the six-pointed Russian cross, but that move combined with some other changes resulted in the raskol (schism) of the Russian Orthodox Church. In the 19th century the Russian cross was used on the coat of arms of the Kherson Governorate in the Russian empire, where it was named the "Russian cross". In the Russian Orthodox Church, the inclination of the lower crossbar of the Russian Orthodox cross is viewed as the crossbar of the balance, one point of which is raised as a sign of the penitent thief. The other crucified thief, who blasphemed at Jesus Christ, is indicated by the lower point of the crossbar, tilted downward. Gallery References External links Category:Crosses by form Category:Russian Orthodox Church Category:Crosses by culture Category:National symbols of Russia

Illueca is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 3,396 inhabitants. Antipope Benedict XIII was born and later buried here. References Category:Municipalities in the Province of Zaragoza Category:Populated places in the Province of Zaragoza

Dolnje Mraševo () is a small village in the Municipality of Straža in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. References External links Dolnje Mraševo at Geopedia Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Straža

Lisa Ginzburg (Rome, October 25, 1966) is an Italian author, translator and philosopher. She currently lives in Paris. Biography The daughter of Carlo Ginzburg and Anna Rossi-Doria, she graduated in Philosophy at the Sapienza University in Rome and further specialized her studies at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Tuscany. At first, she dedicated her studies to French mysticism from the Seventeenth century (particularly worthy of being mentioned is the edition of Jeanne Guyon's A Commentary on the Song of Solomon, with the Italian title of Commento mistico al Cantico dei cantici, Genoa, Marietti, 1997). She also worked as a translator (among others, she translated Alexander Kojève's The Emperor Julian and His Art of Writing, with the Italian title of L'imperatore Giuliano e l'arte della scrittura, Roma, Donzelli, 1998 and William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, with the Italian title of Pene d'amore perdute, Torino, Einaudi, 2002). Moreover, she contributed to Italian newspapers and magazines, such as Il Messaggero and Domus. She curated, together with Cesare Garboli, È difficile parlare di sé, a multilateral conversation led by Marino Sinibaldi, which was published by Einaudi in 1999 and later translated into German (Es fällt schwer, von sich selbst zu sprechen, aber es ist schön, Berlin, Wagenbach, 2001) and English (It's hard to talk about yourself, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2003). Works Mercati: viaggio nell'Italia che vende, Rome, Editori riuniti, 2001 Desiderava la bufera, Milan, Feltrinelli, 2002 Anita: storia di Anita Garibaldi, Rome, E/O, 2005 Colpi d'ala, Milan, Feltrinelli, 2006 Malìa Bahia, Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2007 Per amore, Venice, Marsilio, 2016 Spietati i mansueti, Rome, Gaffi, 2016 Buongiorno mezzanotte, torno a casa, Rome, Italo Svevo, 2018 References Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Italian translators Category:21st-century Italian philosophers Category:Italian women philosophers Category:21st-century translators Category:21st-century Italian women writers Category:Writers from Rome Category:Sapienza University of Rome alumni Category:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa alumni

Aldershot Football Club played the 1991–92 season in the Fourth Division, however financial problems led to the club being wound up in the High Court. The club played 36 leagues games during the season winning just three times. The club also suffered first round exits in both the League Cup and FA Cup to Peterborough United and Enfield respectively. Manager Brian Talbot resigned in November 1991 to be succeeded by Ian McDonald. On 25 March 1992 Aldershot F.C. finally went out of business and were obliged to resign from the Football League. The final game played was a 2–0 defeat against Cardiff City at Ninian Park on 20 March. The last home game was a 3–0 defeat to Lincoln City, also in the league, on 14 March. Aldershot's final eight competitive games all ended in defeat and they had not won any of their final 16 games; their last competitive win was on 28 December 1991 away to Maidstone United in the Fourth Division. Maidstone also went out of business and had to leave the Football League just five months after Aldershot's demise. Results References 1991-92 Aldershot

Uphall railway station serves the village of Uphall Station and some areas of Livingston in West Lothian, Scotland. It is located on the North Clyde Line, 12½ miles (20 km) west of Edinburgh. History The station was opened as Houston by the Edinburgh and Bathgate Railway on 12 November 1849. On 1 August 1856 it was renamed as Uphall. The station closed on 9 January 1956. Uphall Station was a large hub, centred on West Lothian oil production and shale mining. The area has changed beyond recognition in recent years. Before the M8 was constructed, Uphall oil works lay just north of the station, with extensive exchange sidings located next to the station. A branch continued north to Uphall, then swung eastward just south of Ecclesmachan (where a branch from Threemiletown joined). The line continued to the Greendykes area of Broxburn, (Albyn or Albion Oil works) where it connected with the lines from Broxburn junction (Winchburgh) (the Broxburn Railway) and Drumshoreland. Just to the east of the station lay Uphall Jct., connecting the Camps Branch. This line, 3 miles and 52 chains in length, began with a large set of exchange sidings adjacent to the E&B, and served various sidings, the Pumpherston Oil Co., East Calder and terminated at Raw Camps (Torrance's) quarry. The NBR Camps branch formed a junction with the Caledonian Camps branch at Camps Goods station. The course of these lines can be seen on Ordnance Survey Maps One-inch "Popular" edition. Reopening The station's reopening, with a single platform, came as part of the reopening of the Edinburgh to Bathgate Line on 24 March 1986. Ever since, train services at Uphall were normally operated by diesel multiple units (initially Class 101s, then from 1987 Class 150s and by 2008 or Class 170s). The station was reopened by British Rail. The railway was electrified in October 2010 as part of the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link, which resulted in a second platform being brought into service in October 2008. As of December 2010, all trains on the Uphall station line are electrified with passenger usage increasing dramatically due to the reliability of the trains, increased frequency (every 15 minutes Monday - Saturday during peak times) and the short journey times (15–20 minutes into the centre of Edinburgh). Service Winter 2010/11 (From 12 December 2010) During the week there is an eastbound service to Edinburgh every 15 minutes which takes between 15–20 minutes to reach the centre of Edinburgh and 10 minutes to reach Edinburgh Park. An westbound service of two trains per hour to Milngavie and two trains per hour to Helensburgh Central, both via Glasgow operates 6 days a week as well (half hourly to Helensburgh only in the evening and on Sunday). The early morning commuter trains to Edinburgh are exceptionally popular to such an extent there is commonly no available parking at the station after 8.30am, this has pushed house prices within walking of the distance of the rail station up in recent years as passenger numbers have grown by around 35-40% a year to an estimated 600,000 in 2013/14. The station has shelter and a ticket machine, no ticket barriers. Access A car parking area is located to the north and south of the station. The only access between platforms is by public footway beyond either end of the station. At the eastern end this is via an underpass. The walking time between platforms, or between eastbound platform and car park is around 2 minutes. References Notes Sources RAILSCOT on Edinburgh and Bathgate Railway External links Visual images of Uphall railway station and Roman Camp Category:Railway stations in West Lothian Category:Former North British Railway stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1849 Category:Railway stations closed in 1956 Category:Railway stations opened in 1986 Category:Reopened railway stations in Great Britain Category:Railway stations served by Abellio ScotRail Category:1849 establishments in Scotland

Keith Fenton (born June 19, 1960) is a Canadian curler. He is a and a 1995 Labatt Brier champion. Awards Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame: inducted in 2002 with all of 1995 Kerry Burtnyk team, Canadian and World champions Teams References External links Keith Fenton – Curling Canada Stats Archive Video: Category:Living people Category:1960 births Category:Canadian male curlers Category:Curlers from Manitoba Category:World curling champions Category:Brier champions Category:Canada Cup (curling) participants

Chenaran (, also Romanized as Chenārān) is a village in Nakhlestan Rural District, in the Central District of Kahnuj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 78, in 19 families. References Category:Populated places in Kahnuj County

is a skyscraper and retail complex completed in 2018 in the Shibuya shopping district of Tokyo, Japan. The building is located in the space vacated when the Tōkyū Tōyoko Line terminal in Shibuya was relocated underground in 2013. Shibuya Stream hosts Google's Japan head office as well as the Excel Tokyu Shibuya Stream hotel. References Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Tokyo Category:Retail buildings in Tokyo Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2018

The fictional character Spider-Man, a comic book superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and featured in Marvel Comics publications, has appeared as a main character in eleven live-action films (excluding unlicensed or guest appearances). The first authorized appearance of Spider-Man in film was in Spider-Man, an American made-for-television film that premiered on the CBS network in 1977. It starred Nicholas Hammond and was intended as a backdoor pilot for what became a weekly episodic TV series. The rights to further films featuring the character were purchased in 1985, and moved through various production companies and studios before passing to Sony Pictures Entertainment (Columbia Pictures). Sony hired Sam Raimi to direct Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Spider-Man 3 (2007) starring Tobey Maguire. The first two films were met with positive reviews from critics, while the third film received mixed reviews. In 2010, Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted. Marc Webb was hired to direct, with Andrew Garfield starring, and The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) was released to positive reviews. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) saw mixed reviews. In February 2015, Disney, Marvel Studios and Sony announced a deal to share the Spider-Man film rights, leading to a new iteration of Spider-Man being introduced and integrated into the MCU. The deal allowed Sony to distribute and have final creative control over MCU films where Spider-Man is the main character, while Disney distributed the ones where he is not. Tom Holland portrays this younger version of Spider-Man, appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). All of Spider-Man's MCU appearances received positive reviews. In September 2019 Disney and Sony announced a new agreement to enable a third MCU Spider-Man film set for release in November 2021, following earlier reports of a failure to agree on terms. Plans for an animated Spider-Man film were officially announced by Sony in April 2015. Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) combines Sony Pictures Imageworks' computer animation pipeline with traditional hand-drawn comic book techniques, inspired by the work of Miles Morales's co-creator Sara Pichelli. Completing the animation required up to 140 animators, the largest crew ever used by Sony Pictures Animation for a film. Into the Spider-Verse received universal acclaim, won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, and became the highest-rated film in the Spider-Man franchise, surpassing Spider-Man 2. Raimi's trilogy grossed $2.5 billion worldwide on a $597 million budget, while Webb's films grossed over $1.4 billion on a $480 million budget. Spider-Man's MCU films (Homecoming and Far From Home) grossed over $2 billion on a $335 million budget and Into the Spider-Verse grossed $375 million on a $90 million budget. The Spider-Man films have grossed over $6.3 billion collectively at the global box office. This includes Far From Home, which became the first Spider-Man film to gross over $1 billion worldwide as well as Sony's highest-grossing film ever. Early television films The Amazing Spider-Man series (1977–1981) Spider-Man (1977) In 1977, the pilot episode of The Amazing Spider-Man television series was released by Columbia Pictures as Spider-Man outside of the United States. It was directed by E. W. Swackhamer, written by Alvin Boretz and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, David White as J. Jonah Jameson and Jeff Donnell as May Parker. The film premiered on CBS on September 14, 1977, and received a VHS release in 1980. Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978) In 1978, the two-part episode "Deadly Dust" from the television series The Amazing Spider-Man was re-edited and released outside of the United States as a feature film titled Spider-Man Strikes Back. Nicholas Hammond reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man while Robert F. Simon replaces David White in the role of J. Jonah Jameson. The film was theatrically released on 8 May 1978. Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981) In 1981, a film made from The Amazing Spider-Man television series finale "The Chinese Web" using the same method used to make Spider-Man Strikes Back was released as Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge in European territories. Nicholas Hammond and Robert F. Simon respectively reprise their roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man and J. Jonah Jameson. It was directed by Ron Satlof, written by Robert Janes and stars Nicholas Hammond as the titular character, Rosalind Chao, Robert F. Simon, Benson Fong, and Ellen Bry Early short film Spider-Man (1978) On July 22, 1978, Tōei released a theatrical spin-off of their Spider-Man TV series at the Tōei Cartoon Festival. The film was directed by Kōichi Takemoto, who also directed eight episodes of the TV series. The week after the film's release, a character introduced in the film, Jūzō Mamiya (played by Noboru Nakaya), began appearing in episodes of the TV series. Like the rest of the series, the film was made available for streaming on Marvel's official website in 2009. Development Cannon Films The low box office performance of 1983's Superman III made feature-film adaptations of comic book properties a very low priority in Hollywood until the 1990s. In 1985, after a brief option on Spider-Man by Roger Corman expired, Marvel Comics optioned the property to Cannon Films. Cannon chiefs Menahem Golan and his cousin Yoram Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $225,000 over the five-year option period, plus a percentage of any film's revenues. However, the rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990. Tobe Hooper, then preparing both Invaders From Mars and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, was mooted as director. Golan and Globus misunderstood the concept of the character ("They thought it was like The Wolf Man", said director Joseph Zito) and instructed writer Leslie Stevens, creator of The Outer Limits, to write a treatment reflecting their misconception. In Stevens' story, a corporate scientist intentionally subjects ID-badge photographer Peter Parker to radioactive bombardment, transforming him into a hairy, suicidal, eight-armed monster. This human tarantula refuses to join the scientist's new master-race of mutants, battling a succession of mutations kept in a basement laboratory. Unhappy with this perceived debasement of his comic book creation, Marvel's Stan Lee pushed for a new story and screenplay, written for Cannon by Ted Newsom and John Brancato. The variation on the origin story had Otto Octavius as a teacher and mentor to a college-aged Peter Parker. The cyclotron accident which "creates" Spider-Man also deforms the scientist into Doctor Octopus and results in his mad pursuit of proof of the Fifth Force. "Doc Ock" reconstructs his cyclotron and causes electromagnetic abnormalities, anti-gravity effects, and bilocation which threatens to engulf New York City and the world. Joseph Zito, who had directed Cannon's successful Chuck Norris film Invasion USA, replaced Tobe Hooper. The new director hired Barney Cohen to rewrite the script. Cohen, creator of TV's Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Forever Knight, added action scenes, a non-canonical comic-book sidekick for the villain, gave Doc Ock the catch phrase, "Okey-dokey", and altered his goal from the Fifth Force to a quest for anti-gravity. Producer Golan (using his pen name "Joseph Goldman") then made a minor polish to Cohen's rewrite. Zito scouted locations and studio facilities in both the U.S. and Europe, and oversaw storyboard breakdowns supervised by Harper Goff. Cannon planned to make the film on the then-substantial budget of between $15 and $20 million. While no casting was finalized, Zito expressed interest in actor/stunt man Scott Leva, who had posed for Cannon's promotional photos and ads, and made public appearances as Spider-Man for Marvel. The up-and-coming actor Tom Cruise was also discussed for the leading role. Zito considered Bob Hoskins as Doc Ock. Stan Lee expressed his desire to play Daily Bugle editor J. Jonah Jameson. Lauren Bacall and Katharine Hepburn were considered for Aunt May, Peter Cushing as a sympathetic scientist, and Adolph Caesar as a police detective. With Cannon finances siphoned by the expensive Superman IV: The Quest for Peace and Masters of the Universe, the company slashed the proposed Spider-Man budget to under $10 million. Director Zito opted out, unwilling to make a compromised Spider-Man. The company commissioned low-budget rewrites from writers Shepard Goldman, Don Michael Paul, and finally Ethan Wiley, and penciled in company workhorse Albert Pyun as director, who also made script alterations. Scott Leva was still associated with the character through Marvel (he had appeared in photo covers of the comic), and read each draft. Leva commented, "Ted Newsom and John Brancato had written the script. It was good but it needed a little work. Unfortunately, with every subsequent rewrite by other writers, it went from good to bad to terrible." Due to Cannon's assorted financial crises, the project shut down after spending about $1.5 million on the project. In 1989, Pathé, owned by corrupt Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti, acquired the overextended Cannon. The filmmaking cousins parted, Globus remaining associated with Pathé, Golan leaving to run 21st Century Film Corporation, keeping a number of properties (including Spider-Man) in lieu of a cash buy-out. He also extended his Spider-Man option with Marvel up to January 1992. Golan shelved the low-budget rewrites and attempted to finance an independent production from the original big-budget script, already budgeted, storyboarded and laid out. At Cannes in May 1989, 21st Century announced a September start date, with ads touting the script by "Barney Cohen, Ted Newsom & John Brancato and Joseph Goldman." As standard practice, Golan pre-sold the unmade film to raise production funds, with television rights bought by Viacom and home video rights by Columbia Pictures, which wanted to establish a studio franchise. Stephen Herek was attached as director at this point. Golan submitted this "new" screenplay to Columbia in late 1989 (actually the 1985 script with an adjusted "1989" date) and the studio requested yet another rewrite. Golan hired Frank LaLoggia, who turned in his draft but grew disenchanted with 21st Century. Neil Ruttenberg was hired for one more draft, which was also "covered" by script readers at Columbia. Columbia's script analysts considered all three submissions "essentially the same story." A tentative production deal was set. Said Stan Lee in 1990, "21st Century [is] supposed to do Spider-Man and now they're talking to Columbia and the way it looks now, Columbia may end up buying Spider-Man from 21st Century." Carolco Pictures / MGM 21st Century's Menahem Golan still actively immersed himself mounting "his" Spider-Man, sending the original "Doc Ock" script for production bids. In 1990, he contacted Canadian effects company Light and Motion Corporation regarding the visual effects, which in turn offered the stop-motion chores to Steven Archer (Krull, Clash of the Titans). Toward the end of shooting True Lies, Variety carried the announcement that Carolco Pictures had received a completed screenplay from James Cameron. This script bore the names of James Cameron, John Brancato, Ted Newsom, Barry [sic] Cohen and "Joseph Goldmari", a typographical scrambling of Golan's pen name ("Joseph Goldman") with Marvel executive Joseph Calamari. The script text was identical to the one Golan submitted to Columbia the previous year, with the addition of a new 1993 date. Cameron stalwart Arnold Schwarzenegger was frequently linked to the project as the director's choice for Doctor Octopus. James Cameron "scriptment" Months later, James Cameron submitted an undated 57-page "scriptment" with an alternate story (the copyright registration was dated 1991), part screenplay, part narrative story outline. The "scriptment" told the Spider-Man origin, but used variations on the comic book characters Electro and Sandman as villains. This "Electro" (named Carlton Strand, instead of Max Dillon) was a megalomaniacal parody of corrupt capitalists. Instead of Flint Marko's character, Cameron's "Sandman" (simply named Boyd) is mutated by an accident involving Philadelphia Experiment-style bilocation and atom-mixing, in lieu of getting caught in a nuclear blast on a beach. The story climaxes with a battle atop the World Trade Center and had Peter Parker revealing his identity to Mary Jane Watson. In addition, the treatment was also heavy on profanity, and had Spider-Man and Mary Jane having sex on the Brooklyn Bridge. This treatment reflected elements in previous scripts: from the Stevens treatment, organic web-shooters, and a villain who tempts Spider-Man to join a coming "master race" of mutants; from the original screenplay and rewrite, weird electrical storms causing blackouts, freak magnetic events and bi-location; from the Ethan Wiley draft, a villain addicted to toxic super-powers and multiple experimental spiders, one of which escapes and bites Peter, causing an hallucinatory nightmare invoking Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis; from the Frank LaLoggia script, a blizzard of stolen cash fluttering down onto surprised New Yorkers; and from the Neil Ruttenberg screenplay, a criminal assault on the NYC Stock Exchange. In 1991, Carolco Pictures extended Golan's option agreement with Marvel through May 1996, but in April 1992, Carolco ceased active production on Spider-Man due to continued financial and legal problems. Litigation When James Cameron agreed to make Spider-Man, Carolco lawyers simply used his previous Terminator 2 contract as a template. A clause in this agreement gave Cameron the right to decide on movie and advertising credits. Show business trade articles and advertisements made no mention of Golan, who was still actively assembling the elements for the film. In 1993, Golan complained publicly and finally instigated legal action against Carolco for disavowing his contractual guarantee credit as producer. On the other hand, Cameron had the contractual right to decide on credits. Eventually, Carolco sued Viacom and Columbia to recover broadcast and home video rights, and the two studios countersued. 20th Century Fox, though not part of the litigation, contested Cameron's participation, claiming exclusivity on his services as a director under yet another contract. In 1996, Carolco, 21st Century, and Marvel went bankrupt. Via a quitclaim from Carolco dated March 28, 1995, MGM acquired 21st Century's film library and assets, and received "...all rights in and to all drafts and versions of the screenplay(s) for Spider-Man written by James Cameron, Ted Newsom & John Brancato, Menahem Golan, Jon [sic] Michael Paul, Ethan Wiley, Leslie Stevens, Frank Laloggia, Neil Ruttenberg, Barney Cohen, Shepard Goldman and any and all other writers." MGM also sued 21st Century, Viacom, and Marvel Comics, alleging fraud in the original deal between Cannon and Marvel. In 1998, Marvel emerged from bankruptcy with a reorganization plan that merged the company with Toy Biz. The courts determined that the original contract of Marvel's rights to Golan had expired, returning the rights to Marvel, but the matter was still not completely resolved. In 1999, Marvel licensed Spider-Man rights to Columbia, a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment. MGM disputed the legality, claiming it had the Spider-Man rights via Cannon, 21st Century, and Carolco. Columbia Pictures In the meantime, MGM/UA chief executive John Calley moved to Columbia Pictures. Intimately familiar with the legal history of producer Kevin McClory's claim to the rights to both Thunderball and other related James Bond characters and elements, Calley announced that Columbia would produce an alternate 007 series, based on the "McClory material", which Calley acquired for Columbia. (Columbia had made the original 1967 film spoof of Casino Royale, a non-Eon production). Both studios now faced rival projects, which could undercut their own long-term financial stability and plans. Columbia had no consistent movie franchise, and had sought Spider-Man since 1989; MGM/UA's only reliable source of theatrical income was a new James Bond film every two or three years. An alternate 007 series could diminish or even eliminate the power of MGM/UA's long-running Bond series. Likewise, an MGM/UA Spider-Man film could negate Columbia's plans to create an exclusive cash cow. Both sides seemed to have strong arguments for the rights to do such films. The two studios made a trade-off in March 1999; Columbia relinquished its rights to create a new 007 series in exchange for MGM's giving up its claim to Spider-Man. Columbia acquired the rights to all previous scripts in 2000, but exercised options only on the "Cameron Material", i.e., both the completed multi-author screenplay and the subsequent "scriptment." Other sources report that Columbia's owner Sony agreed to pay $10 million, plus 5% of any movies' gross revenue and half the revenue from consumer products. After more than a decade of attempts, Spider-Man truly went into production and since then all of the Spider-Man films were distributed by Columbia Pictures, the primary film production holding of Sony. The first three were directed by Sam Raimi, and the reboot and its sequel were directed by Marc Webb. Laura Ziskin served as producer until her death in 2011. Sam Raimi films Spider-Man (2002) Spider-Man follows Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire), an orphaned high schooler who pines after popular girl-next-door Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst). While on a science class field trip, Peter is bitten by a genetically-engineered "super spider." As a result, Peter gains superhuman abilities, including increased strength, speed, and the abilities to scale walls and generate organic webbing. After his beloved Uncle Ben (Cliff Robertson) is murdered, the teenager realizes that he must use his newfound abilities to protect New York City. Meanwhile, wealthy industrialist Norman Osborn (Willem Dafoe), the father of Peter's best friend Harry Osborn (James Franco), subjects himself to an experimental performance-enhancing serum, which creates a psychotic and murderous split personality. Donning a military battlesuit, Norman becomes a freakish "Green Goblin", who begins to terrorize the city. Peter, as Spider-Man, now must do battle with the Goblin, all while trying to express his true feelings for Mary Jane. Spider-Man 2 (2004) Two years after the events of the first film, Peter struggles to balance his superhero and private lives and still pines after Mary Jane Watson, who is now engaged. Harry Osborn continues to believe Spider-Man is responsible for his father Norman Osborn's death. Spider-Man contends with scientist Otto Octavius (Alfred Molina), a.k.a. Dr. Octopus, who has four mechanical tentacles fused to his spine and sets out to recreate a fusion-based experiment that could destroy much of New York City. Spider-Man 3 (2007) Spider-Man 3 picks up one year after the events of the second film. Peter is still seeing Mary Jane Watson, while Harry Osborn succeeds his father as the new Green Goblin. Eddie Brock (Topher Grace), who, like Peter, is a photographer for the Daily Bugle, sets out to defame Spider-Man and incriminate him. Flint Marko (Thomas Haden Church), an escaped convict, falls into a particle accelerator and becomes a shape-shifting sand monster later known as Sandman. Peter later learns that Marko is the one that killed Uncle Ben, causing Peter's own dark intentions to grow. This vendetta is enhanced by the appearance of the mysterious black alien symbiotic substance that bonds to Peter, resulting in the formation of a new black costume. Once Peter separates himself from the alien, it finds a new host in the form of Brock, resulting in the creation of Venom. Marc Webb films The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Sony announced that the franchise would be rebooted with a new director and new cast. The Amazing Spider-Man was released on July 3, 2012 in 3D and IMAX 3D, and focused on Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) developing his abilities in high school and his relationship with Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone). He fights the Lizard, the monstrous form of Dr. Curt Connors (Rhys Ifans), his father's former partner and a scientist at OsCorp. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) The film takes place two years after the first film's events. Peter Parker graduates from high school, continues his crime-fighting duties as Spider-Man, while combating the electricity-manipulating Electro (Jamie Foxx), rekindling his relationship with Gwen Stacy, and encountering his old friend Harry Osborn (Dane DeHaan), who is slowly dying from a genetic disease. Licensing agreement with Marvel Studios Sony's 1998 license, covering all Spider-Man films (including 900 characters related to Spider-Man), is perpetual provided that Sony releases a new Spider-Man film at least once every 5.75 years. In December 2014, following the hacking of Sony Pictures' computers, Sony and Marvel Studios were revealed to have had discussions about allowing Spider-Man to appear in the 2016 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: Civil War while having control of the film rights remaining with Sony. However, talks between the studios then broke down. Instead, Sony had considered having Sam Raimi return to direct a new trilogy. However, on February 9, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), with the character appearing in an MCU film and Sony releasing a Spider-Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal. Sony Pictures would continue to own, finance, distribute, and exercise final creative control over the Spider-Man films. Feige stated that Marvel had been working to add Spider-Man to the MCU since at least October 2014. The next month, Marvel Entertainment CCO Joe Quesada indicated that the Peter Parker version of the character would be used, which Feige confirmed in April. The following June, Feige clarified that the initial Sony deal did not allow the character to appear in any of the MCU television series, as it was "very specific... with a certain amount of back and forth allowed." In November 2016, Tom Holland revealed that he was signed for "three Spider-Man movies and three solo movies". In June 2017, Holland, Feige and director Jon Watts confirmed that a child (portrayed by Max Favreau) wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2, was a young Peter Parker, retroactively making it the introduction of the character to the MCU. In August 2019, it was reported that Disney and Sony could not reach a new agreement regarding Spider-Man films, with Marvel Studios and Feige said to no longer have any involvement in any future films. Deadline Hollywood noted that Disney had hoped future films would be a "50/50 co-financing arrangement between the studios", with the possibility to extend the deal to other Spider-Man-related films, an offer Sony rejected and did not counter. Instead, Sony hoped to keep the terms of the previous agreement, where Marvel would receive 5% of the film's initial theatrical gross, with Disney refusing. The Hollywood Reporter added that the lack of a new agreement would see the end of Holland's Spider-Man in the MCU. Variety cited unnamed sources claiming negotiations had "hit an impasse" and that a new deal could still be reached. On August 24, 2019, Feige reportedly commented at Disney's D23 Expo: "We got to make five films within the MCU with Spider-Man: two standalone films and three with the Avengers. It was a dream that I never thought would happen. It was never meant to last forever. We knew there was a finite amount of time that we’d be able to do this, and we told the story we wanted to tell, and I’ll always be thankful for that." In September 2019, Disney and Sony announced that a new deal had been reached, which includes a third Spider-Man film as well as one other film, both set in the MCU. At this time, Watts entered final negotiations to return as director. Captain America: Civil War (2016) Reports indicated that the first MCU film that Spider-Man would appear in as part of the deal, would be Captain America: Civil War. Joe and Anthony Russo, the directors of Captain America: Civil War, had lobbied for months to include the character in the film. Anthony Russo stated that, despite Marvel telling them to have a "plan B" should the deal with Sony fail, the Russos never created one because "it was very important to us to reintroduce" Spider-Man in the film, adding, "We only have envisioned the movie with Spider-Man." By the end of May 2015, Asa Butterfield, Tom Holland, Judah Lewis, Matthew Lintz, Charlie Plummer and Charlie Rowe screen tested for the lead role, against Robert Downey Jr., who portrays Iron Man, for chemistry. The six were chosen out of a search of over 1,500 actors to test in front of Feige, Pascal and the Russo brothers. In June, Feige and Pascal narrowed the actors considered to Holland and Rowe. Both screen tested again with Downey, with Holland also testing with Chris Evans, who portrays Captain America, and emerged as the favorite. On June 23, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios jointly announced that Holland would play Spider-Man. The following month, Marisa Tomei was in talks for the role of May Parker, later appearing in Civil War. In the film, Parker, who has spent the last six months as a local costumed crimefighter named Spider-Man, is recruited by Tony Stark / Iron Man to join his team of Avengers to stop Steve Rogers / Captain America and his rogue faction of Avengers, who oppose the Sokovia Accords, from fleeing with fugitive Bucky Barnes. During the fight with Rogers and his team, Parker, utilizing a Stark-upgraded version of his initial makeshift suit, proves to be a formidable opponent, and implements a tactic with which he and Vision disable Scott Lang / Ant-Man in his giant-sized form. Upon returning home, Parker discovers some of the StarkTech features of the suit he was given by Stark. Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming was released on July 7, 2017. The film is directed by Jon Watts, from a screenplay by Jonathan M. Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers. Holland, Tomei, and Downey reprise their roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, May Parker, and Tony Stark / Iron Man, respectively, and are joined by Michael Keaton, who plays Adrian Toomes / Vulture. Jon Favreau, who appeared as Happy Hogan in the Iron Man films, also appears in the film. Production began in June 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia and ended in October. The film sees Parker two months after the events of Civil War as he anxiously awaits his next assignment from Stark while simultaneously balancing his life at Midtown High with his vigilante life as Spider-Man. His investigation of a series of highly weaponized robberies leads him to a mysterious weapons trafficker named Adrian Toomes, who turns out to be the father of his high school crush, Liz Allan. Avengers: Infinity War (2018) In October 2016, Holland said the possibility of him appearing in Avengers: Infinity War was "all up in the air", but that "some sort of deal is in the mix" with Sony for him to appear. Holland was eventually confirmed to appear in Infinity War as part of the ensemble cast in February 2017. Parker joins Iron Man, Doctor Strange, and the Guardians of the Galaxy in battling Thanos in the ruins of his home planet, Titan. However, Parker is among the many heroes who perish after Thanos snaps his fingers with a completed Infinity Gauntlet, which wipes out half of all life in the universe. Avengers: Endgame (2019) Holland was confirmed to be a part of Avengers: Endgame in April 2017. After dying in Avengers: Infinity War, Parker is resurrected by Bruce Banner and joins the Avengers and their allies in a clash against Thanos and his army in upstate New York. At the battle's conclusion, Parker mourns Tony Stark's death with Pepper Potts, War Machine, Captain America, and Thor before returning to high school to reunite with his best friend Ned, and attends Stark's funeral with Aunt May. Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) In December 2016, Sony Pictures announced a sequel for Spider-Man: Homecoming, for release on July 5, 2019. In June 2017, Feige stated that the film would be titled in a similar fashion to Homecoming, using a subtitle, and would not have a number in the title. A year later, Holland revealed the film's title as Spider-Man: Far From Home. Holland, Tomei, and Favreau reprise their roles from Homecoming and are joined by Jake Gyllenhaal as Quentin Beck / Mysterio. As in Homecoming, other characters from MCU installments reprise their roles, with Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders appearing as Nick Fury and Maria Hill, respectively. In April 2019, Sony Pictures moved the release date to July 2, 2019. The film, set after the events of Avengers: Endgame, features Parker and his friends going to Europe on summer vacation, where Parker is drawn back to superheroics when he is forced to team up with Nick Fury and Mysterio in battling the Elementals. Untitled Far From Home sequel (2021) Marvel and Sony signed a new agreement to co-release an upcoming untitled Spider-Man film, starring Holland and Zendaya, set to be released on November 5, 2021. Animated Spider-Verse Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) In April 2015, Sony announced that Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were writing and producing a Spider-Man animated comedy in development at Sony Pictures Animation. As revealed by the e-mail leak one year before, the duo had been previously courted by Sony to take over the studio's animation division. Originally scheduled to be released on December 21, 2018, Sony announced on April 26, 2017 the film would be released a week earlier on December 14, 2018. Sony Pictures Animation president Kristine Belson unveiled the film's logo, with the working title Animated Spider-Man, at CinemaCon 2016, and declared that "conceptually and visually, [the film] will break new ground for the superhero genre." On June 20, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bob Persichetti would direct the animated film. In January 2017, Sony announced that Miles Morales would be the Spider-Man in the film and Peter Ramsey would serve as co-director. Spider-Ham: Caught in a Ham (2019) Into the Spider-Verse producers Phil Lord and Christopher Miller expressed interest in developing animated shorts starring Spider-Ham. On February 18, 2019, it was revealed that the short film Spider-Ham: Caught in a Ham would be released on February 26, 2019, along with the digital release of Into the Spider-Verse. Untitled Into the Spider-Verse sequel (2022) In November 2018, it was revealed that Into the Spider-Verse had entered into sequel development. The sequel, which will continue Morales' story and feature a romance with Gwen Stacy / Spider-Gwen, is set to be directed by Joaquim Dos Santos and written by David Callaham. It is scheduled for release on October 7, 2022. Potential projects Along with the announcement of a sequel, a spin-off focused on female Spider-characters was revealed to be in development, with Lauren Montgomery in talks to direct the film, while Bek Smith is set to write. The spin-off will star Spider-Gwen, and is set to feature the characters Cindy Moon / Silk and Jessica Drew / Spider-Woman. Producer Amy Pascal felt that "it’s great that we're going to be able to tell movies about female superheroes in this realm" as she believes "there are going to be characters that really resonate for people". On how the spin-off film will be connected to the sequel to Into the Spider-Verse, Pascal said that it will act as a "launching pad" for the spin-off. Hailee Steinfeld expressed interest in reprising her role as Spider-Gwen in the film. John Mulaney expressed interest in a spin-off film starring Spider-Ham, with the potential plot being a "Watergate-like story" which could focus on the character's career as a reporter. Other films Marvel Super Heroes 4D (2010) On May 31, 2010, an animated 4D film, titled Marvel Super Heroes 4D was launched at Madame Tussauds London, featuring Spider-Man and Iron Man leading the Avengers against Doctor Doom. On April 26, 2012, an updated version of the film with a different plot, featuring Spider-Man in a diminished capacity, was opened at Madame Tussauds New York. The film features Tom Kenny as the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man. Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel (2013) At Comic-Con 2013, Dan Buckley, president of Marvel Worldwide, Inc announced the development of a crossover television film of the animated series Phineas and Ferb, that would feature characters from Marvel Entertainment. The film aired between August 16–25, 2013 on Disney Channel and Disney XD, featuring Drake Bell reprising his role from Ultimate Spider-Man and Avengers Assemble as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Danny Trejo as the Venom Symbiote. Sony Pictures Universe of Marvel Characters Work on an expanded universe using supporting characters from the Spider-Man films began by December 2013. After the relative critical and financial failure of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, these plans were abandoned and in February 2015, Sony announced a deal to collaborate with Marvel Studios on future Spider-Man films and integrate the character into the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This relationship produced Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), while Sony separately redeveloped Venom (2018) as a standalone film beginning its own universe. Recurring cast and characters Stan Lee, one of the co-creators of Spider-Man, has appeared in varied cameos in all films since the Raimi-trilogy. Bruce Campbell, a long-time colleague of Sam Raimi, appeared in all three of his films. In Spider-Man, he was the announcer at the wrestling ring Peter was in and gave him the name "Spider-Man", instead of the "Human Spider" (the name with which Peter wanted to be introduced). In Spider-Man 2, he was an usher who refuses to let Peter enter the theatre for Mary Jane's play when arriving late. In Spider-Man 3, Campbell appears as a French maître d'. In the ultimately unmade Spider-Man 4, Campbell's character would have been revealed as Quentin Beck / Mysterio. Additional crew Home media The Sam Raimi trilogy was released on DVD, the first two being released exclusively as two-disc sets and on VHS, with the third film being released in both single and two-disc editions. All three films were later packaged in a "Motion Picture DVD Trilogy" box set. Spider-Man 3 was initially the only Spider-Man film to be released individually on the high-definition Blu-ray format. The first two films were made available on Blu-ray, but only as part of a boxed set with the third film, called Spider-Man: The High-Definition Trilogy. The first two films lacked the bonus features from the DVDs, although Spider-Man 2 did contain both cuts of the film. Sony announced on April 2, 2012 that the three films would be re-released on June 12, 2012. The DVDs of the first two films reinstated a selection of the bonus features missing from the earlier Blu-ray releases, although the Spider-Man 3 reissue did not include the bonus disc of additional special features that appeared on earlier Blu-ray releases. All three films which comprise the Raimi-trilogy are available in the U.S. on iTunes. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 became the first Spider-Man movie released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 1, 2016. October 17, 2017 saw Sony release the home video release of Homecoming on UHD and other home video formats as well as sets featuring all of their other Spider-Man movies on UHD. This included Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes all three Raimi films, and The Amazing Spider-Man: Limited Edition Collection, which includes both Webb films. Reception Box office All three films of the Raimi-trilogy set opening day records in North America. The Spider-Man films are among the top of North American rankings of films based on Marvel Comics, with Spider-Man ranking 9th, Spider-Man: Far From Home ranking 10th, Spider-Man 2 ranking 12th, Spider-Man 3 ranking 14th, and Spider-Man: Homecoming ranking 15th. In North America, Spider-Man, Spider-Man: Far From Home, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming are ranked 13th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 21st for all superhero films. Worldwide, Spider-Man: Far From Home, Spider-Man 3 and Spider-Man: Homecoming are ranked 10th, 15th, and 16th for all superhero films. The Raimi-trilogy and the MCU films (Homecoming and Far From Home) are five of the six most successful films produced by Sony/Columbia Pictures in North America, with Far From Home becoming Sony's highest-grossing film worldwide. Critical and public response David Ansen of Newsweek enjoyed Spider-Man as a fun film to watch, though he considered Spider-Man 2 to be "a little too self-important for its own good." Ansen saw Spider-Man 3 as a return to form, finding it "the most grandiose chapter and the nuttiest." Tom Charity of CNN appreciated the films' "solidly redemptive moral convictions", also noting the vast improvement of the visual effects from the first film to the third. While he saw the second film's Doc Ock as the "most engaging" villain, he applauded the third film's Sandman as "a triumph of CGI wizardry." Richard Corliss of Time enjoyed the action of the films and thought that they did better than most action movies by "rethinking the characters, the franchise and the genre." Colin Covert of the Star Tribune praised Spider-Man as a "superb debut" of the superhero as well as Spider-Man 2 as a "superior sequel" for filmgoers who are fans "of spectacle and of story." Covert expressed disappointment in Spider-Man 3 as too ambitious with the multiple storylines leaving one "feeling overstuffed yet shortchanged." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times enjoyed the humor of the first two films, but found it missing in the third installment. Dargis also noted, "The bittersweet paradox of this franchise is that while the stories have grown progressively less interesting the special effects have improved tremendously." Robert Denerstein of the Rocky Mountain News ranked the films from his favorite to his least favorite: Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man, and Spider-Man 3. While Denerstein missed the presence of Alfred Molina as Doctor Octopus from the second film, he found the third film – despite being "bigger, though not necessarily better" – to have a "satisfying conclusion." Cancelled films Sam Raimi films Spider-Man 4 In 2007, Spider-Man 4 entered development, with Raimi attached to direct and Maguire, Dunst and other cast members set to reprise their roles. Both a fourth and a fifth film were planned and at one time the idea of shooting the two sequels concurrently was under consideration. However, Raimi stated in March 2009 that only the fourth film was in development at that time and that if there were fifth and sixth films, those two films would actually be a continuation of each other. James Vanderbilt was hired in October 2007 to pen the screenplay after initial reports in January 2007 that Sony Pictures was in contact with David Koepp, who wrote the first Spider-Man film. The script was being rewritten by David Lindsay-Abaire and Gary Ross in November 2008 and October 2009. Sony also engaged Vanderbilt to write scripts for Spider-Man 5 and Spider-Man 6. In 2007, Raimi expressed interest in portraying the transformation of Dr. Curt Connors into his villainous alter-ego, the Lizard; the character's actor Dylan Baker and producer Grant Curtis were also enthusiastic about the idea. Raimi also discussed his desire to upgrade Bruce Campbell from a cameo appearance to a significant role, later revealed to be Quentin Beck / Mysterio. It was reported in December 2009 that John Malkovich was in negotiations to play Vulture and that Anne Hathaway would play Felicia Hardy, though she would not have transformed into the Black Cat as in the comics. Instead, Raimi's Felicia was expected to become a new superpowered figure called the Vulturess. However, several years later, in 2013, Raimi stated that Hathaway was going to be Black Cat if Spider-Man 4 had been made. Concept art revealed in June 2016 showed the inclusion of an opening montage of Spider-Man going up against C and D-list villains, such as Mysterio, the Shocker, the Prowler, and the Rhino, with the Vulture serving as the main antagonist. As disagreements between Sony and Raimi threatened to push the film off the intended May 6, 2011 release date, Sony Pictures announced in January 2010 that plans for Spider-Man 4 had been cancelled due to Raimi's withdrawal from the project. Raimi reportedly ended his participation due to his doubt that he could meet the planned May 6, 2011 release date while at the same time upholding the film creatively; he admitted that he was "very unhappy" with the way Spider-Man 3 had turned out, and was under pressure to make the fourth film the best that he could. Raimi purportedly went through four iterations of the script with different screenwriters and still "hated it". Venom In July 2007, Avi Arad revealed a Venom spin-off was in the works. The studio commissioned Jacob Aaron Estes to write a script, but rejected it the following year. In September 2008, Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese signed on to write. Stan Lee signed on to make a cameo in the film. Rhett Reese later revealed that they had written two drafts for the film and that the studio was pushing the film forward. In 2009, Gary Ross, who was then rewriting the latest draft of the unproduced Spider-Man 4, was assigned to rewrite the Venom script and direct the film, in which Venom would be an antihero rather than a supervillain. In March 2012, Chronicle director Josh Trank negotiated his interest in directing the film with Sony, after Ross left development to direct The Hunger Games. In June 2012, The Amazing Spider-Man producer Matt Tolmach, speaking of his and fellow producer Avi Arad's next project, a Venom film, suggested it could follow the shared-universe model of the film The Avengers: "What I'm trying to say to you without giving anything away is hopefully all these worlds will live together in peace someday." Marc Webb films Sequels In June 2013, Sony Pictures announced it had set release dates for the next two Spider-Man films. The third film was scheduled to be released on June 10, 2016, and the fourth was scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018. Paul Giamatti confirmed that Rhino would return in the third film. That November, Sony Pictures Entertainment chief Michael Lynton told analysts, "We do very much have the ambition about creating a bigger universe around Spider-Man. There are a number of scripts in the works." Andrew Garfield stated that his contract was for three films, and was unsure of his involvement for the fourth film. In February 2014, Sony announced that Webb would return to direct the third Amazing Spider-Man film. In March 2014, Webb stated that he would not be directing the fourth film, but would like to remain as a consultant for the series. On July 11, 2014, Roberto Orci told IGN that he was not working on the third film due to his involvement in Star Trek Beyond. Alex Kurtzman stated in a 2014 interview that the third film was still continuing production and that there was a possibility of seeing a Black Cat film. On July 23, 2014, Sony Pictures announced that The Amazing Spider-Man 3 had been delayed to 2018. After the announcement in February 2015 of a new series with Marvel Studios, the sequels to The Amazing Spider-Man 2 were cancelled. In July 2015, Denis Leary, who had portrayed police Captain George Stacy in the previous two films, revealed that the film at one point had Spider-Man "take this formula and regenerate the people in his life that died." This would bring back both Captain Stacy (who died in the first film) and potentially Emma Stone's Gwen Stacy, rumored to return as a version of the character Spider-Gwen. Spin-offs On December 12, 2013, Sony issued a press release through the viral site Electro Arrives announcing that two films were in development, with Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Ed Solomon writing a spin-off to The Amazing Spider-Man focused on Venom (with Kurtzman attached to direct) and Drew Goddard writing one focused on the villain team Sinister Six with an eye to direct. Hannah Minghella and Rachel O'Connor would oversee the development and production of these films for the studio. In April 2014, it was announced that Goddard would direct the Sinister Six film, and that both spin-offs would be released before a fourth Amazing Spider-Man, with Spider-Man potentially appearing in both spin-offs. Later in the month, Tolmach and Arad revealed the Sinister Six film would be a redemption story and that the film's lineup might differ from the comics. On July 23, 2014, Sony Pictures announced that The Sinister Six was scheduled for release on November 11, 2016. By August 2014, Sony was also looking to release a female-centered spin-off film in 2017, with Lisa Joy writing, and had given the Venom spin-off the potential title of Venom: Carnage. Despite the announcement in February 2015 of a new series with Marvel Studios, the Sinister Six, Venom, and female-led spin-off films set in the Amazing Spider-Man timeline were then "still moving forward". Feige was not expected to be creatively involved with these films. However, the Sinister Six film was cancelled due to The Amazing Spider-Man 2 underperforming commercially, and by November 2015, the other prospective spin-off films were cancelled as well. However, Sony has reworked these plans into creating a new film series based on Marvel characters associated with Spider-Man separate from both the Marvel Cinematic Universe or the Amazing Spider-Man franchise, starting with the release of the 2018 film Venom. These include spinoff films centering around the characters of Morbius, Kraven the Hunter, and Silver and Black, a female-centric team up of the Spider-Man villains Silver Sable and Black Cat. On June 27, 2018, it was announced that Jared Leto will portray title character Morbius in the spinoff film directed by Daniel Espinosa. The film is set to release on July 31, 2020. The Kraven the Hunter film is currently being written by Richard Wenk. Unauthorized adaptions In 1969 the amateur filmmaker Donald F. Glut created a short movie Spider-Man based on the character. This was the character's first appearance in film. See also List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series List of films based on Marvel Comics Spider-Man in television Spider-Man in novels References External links Spider-Man film franchise overview at Box Office Mojo Category:Film series introduced in 1977 Category:Sony Pictures franchises Category:Columbia Pictures franchises Category:Marvel Entertainment franchises

Sabaot (Sebei) is a Kalenjin language of Kenya. The Sabaot people live around Mount Elgon in both Kenya and Uganda. The hills of their homeland gradually rise from an elevation of 5,000 to 14,000 feet. The Kenya–Uganda border goes straight through the mountain-top, cutting the Sabaot homeland into two halves. Grammar Typical of Nilotic languages, Sabaot uses advanced tongue root (ATR) to express some morphological operations: References Sabaot SIDO Website: Category:Kalenjin languages

J.P. Coleman State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is located approximately north of Iuka off Mississippi Highway 25, on the banks of the Tennessee River and Pickwick Lake. The park is named for James P. Coleman, a former governor of Mississippi. Activities and amenities The park features boating, waterskiing and fishing for smallmouth bass on Pickwick Lake, primitive and developed campsites, cabins, cottages, motel, swimming pool, visitors center, picnic area, and a miniature golf course. References External links - Mississippi Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Parks Category:State parks of Mississippi Category:Protected areas of Tishomingo County, Mississippi

Colima, Mexico, may refer to: The state of Colima, one of the 32 component federal entities of the United Mexican States Colima, Colima, capital city of that state

In set theory, König's theorem states that if the axiom of choice holds, I is a set, and are cardinal numbers for every i in I, and for every i in I, then The sum here is the cardinality of the disjoint union of the sets mi, and the product is the cardinality of the Cartesian product. However, without the use of the axiom of choice, the sum and the product cannot be defined as cardinal numbers, and the meaning of the inequality sign would need to be clarified. König's theorem was introduced by in the slightly weaker form that the sum of a strictly increasing sequence of nonzero cardinal numbers is less than their product. Details The precise statement of the result: if I is a set, Ai and Bi are sets for every i in I, and for every i in I, then where < means strictly less than in cardinality, i.e. there is an injective function from Ai to Bi, but not one going the other way. The union involved need not be disjoint (a non-disjoint union can't be any bigger than the disjoint version, also assuming the axiom of choice). In this formulation, König's theorem is equivalent to the axiom of choice. (Of course, König's theorem is trivial if the cardinal numbers mi and ni are finite and the index set I is finite. If I is empty, then the left sum is the empty sum and therefore 0, while the right product is the empty product and therefore 1). König's theorem is remarkable because of the strict inequality in the conclusion. There are many easy rules for the arithmetic of infinite sums and products of cardinals in which one can only conclude a weak inequality ≤, for example: if for all i in I, then one can only conclude since, for example, setting and , where the index set I is the natural numbers, yields the sum for both sides, and we have an equality. Corollaries of König's theorem If is a cardinal, then . If we take mi = 1, and ni = 2 for each i in κ, then the left side of the above inequality is just κ, while the right side is 2κ, the cardinality of functions from κ to {0, 1}, that is, the cardinality of the power set of κ. Thus, König's theorem gives us an alternate proof of Cantor's theorem. (Historically of course Cantor's theorem was proved much earlier.) Axiom of choice One way of stating the axiom of choice is "an arbitrary Cartesian product of non-empty sets is non-empty". Let Bi be a non-empty set for each i in I. Let Ai = {} for each i in I. Thus by König's theorem, we have: If , then . That is, the Cartesian product of the given non-empty sets Bi has a larger cardinality than the sum of empty sets. Thus it is non-empty, which is just what the axiom of choice states. Since the axiom of choice follows from König's theorem, we will use the axiom of choice freely and implicitly when discussing consequences of the theorem. König's theorem and cofinality König's theorem has also important consequences for cofinality of cardinal numbers. If , then . Choose a strictly increasing cf(κ)-sequence of ordinals approaching κ. Each of them is less than κ, so their sum, which is κ, is less than the product of cf(κ) copies of κ. According to Easton's theorem, the next consequence of König's theorem is the only nontrivial constraint on the continuum function for regular cardinals. If and , then . Let . Suppose that, contrary to this corollary, . Then using the previous corollary, , a contradiction. Thus the supposition must be false, and this corollary must be true. A proof of König's theorem Assuming Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, including especially the axiom of choice, we can prove the theorem. Remember that we are given , and we want to show : The axiom of choice implies that the condition A < B is equivalent to the condition that there is no function from A onto B and B is nonempty. So we are given that there is no function from Ai onto Bi≠{}, and we have to show that any function f from the disjoint union of the As to the product of the Bs is not surjective and that the product is nonempty. That the product is nonempty follows immediately from the axiom of choice and the fact that the factors are nonempty. For each i choose a bi in Bi not in the image of Ai under the composition of f with the projection to Bi. Then the product of the elements bi is not in the image of f, so f does not map the disjoint union of the As onto the product of the Bs. Notes References , reprinted as Category:Axiom of choice Category:Theorems in the foundations of mathematics Category:Cardinal numbers Category:Articles containing proofs

Najafabad (, also Romanized as Najafābād) is a village in Zaz-e Sharqi Rural District, Zaz va Mahru District, Aligudarz County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 143, in 23 families. References Category:Towns and villages in Aligudarz County

This timeline of music in the United States covers the period from 1850 to 1879. It encompasses the California Gold Rush, the Civil War and Reconstruction, and touches on topics related to the intersections of music and law, commerce and industry, religion, race, ethnicity, politics, gender, education, historiography and academics. Subjects include folk, popular, theatrical and classical music, as well as Anglo-American, African American, Native American, Irish American, Arab American, Catholic, Swedish American, Shaker and Chinese American music. 1850 The junius Theater of Nashville, Tennessee opens, one of the then largest stages in the country. The California Gold Rush brings the first major influx of European-derived music to the indigenous peoples of the Sierra Nevada and northern California counties. The first American Eisteddfod, a Welsh music and art festival tradition, is held in the United States. Isaac B. Woodbury publishes The Dulcimer; or, The New York Collection of Sacred Music, one of the most successful collections of Christian songs of the era. One of the biggest musical stars of the day, Swedish singer Jenny Lind, demands the unheard-of sum of $187,000 from promoter P.T. Barnum to go on a national concert tour. Barnum raises the money, and promotes her so successfully that an estimated thirty thousand people arrived to watch her ship land in New York Harbor, and the tour is a great financial success. Lind first performs at Castle Gardens in New York. Louis Moreau Gottschalk composes "The Last Hope", his most popular song. It will later become a staple of film scores, often used to accompany death scenes. The Luca Family performs at an abolitionist meeting in New York, then goes on to become the most prominent African American singing family of the kind inspired by the white Hutchinson Family. The first theater opens in San Francisco, California. The Slippery Noodle opens in Indianapolis, Indiana. As of 2009, it is the oldest bar in Indiana and a prominent regional blues venue. Stephen Foster's "Gwine to Run All Night", or "De Camptown Races", becomes a minstrel show hit, helping to launch Foster's career; he would go on to become the most famous songwriter of the 19th century, and the first "full-time popular songwriter". He also composed Angelina Baker in this year. Henry Wehrmann and his wife become the most prominent engravers in the Southern music publishing industry. Self-consciously old-fashioned concerts, in period dress, presenting the music of the colonial-era United States become popular; they are known as Old Folks Concerts, and are first organized by Robert Kemp. The San Francisco opera tradition begins in 1850 and boasts international stars and a lively set of local performers by the middle of the decade. Popular songs become more "haunting and mawkish, the forerunner of the modern 'hurtin songs". |} 1851 Community brass bands have spread across the country, even to rural Columbia, California, where a local brass band greets the arrival of the first white woman in the town. Ex-slave Elizabeth Greenfield begins performing in Buffalo, New York, under the sponsorship of the Buffalo Musical Association. She subsequently tours across North America, becoming popularly known as the Black Swan, the country's first black concert singer. Lewis Henry Morgan conducts the first ethnographic study of the Native Americans of the Northeast United States. Music education is first introduced into the public school systems of Cleveland, Ohio and San Francisco, California. Stephen Foster's "Old Folks at Home" is published; it will become his most popular and remains perhaps his best-known composition.Chase, pg. 256 Theodore Eisfeld begins a series of concerts that will play a major part in introducing public chamber music concerts to New York City. The first opera performed in San Francisco is Vincenzo Bellini's La sonnambula, performed by a troupe led by an Italian tenor formerly employed in Peru and Chile. 1852 The first Cantonese opera performed in the United States premiers in San Francisco, performed by the Hong Took Tong Chinese Dramatic Company. A fire destroys the Boston factory of Chickering and Songs, the market leader in the American piano manufacturing industry, it will be rebuilt to be the largest building in the country after the United States Capitol building.Dwight's Journal of Music, an influential periodical, is first published in Boston. One of its contributors is Alexander Wheelock Thayer, who will go on to become the first North American "scholar to undertake studies of music history based on criticism of primary sources". The Bostonian Eliza Biscaccianti and the Irishborn Catherine Hayes are the first in a series of star singers to make the fledgling San Francisco opera tradition among the most prominent in the country. The melody for the song that would eventually be known as "John Brown's Body" is composed by William Steffe. It will become the unofficial theme song for African American servicemen during the Civil War. The song is spread by the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment. Music education is first introduced into the public school system of St. Louis, Missouri.A Sacred Repository of Anthems and Hymns, the first Shaker hymnal to feature tunes, is published in Canterbury, New Hampshire. 1853 Brooks K. Mould releases "Garden City Polka", the first copyrighted music published in Chicago. This is the beginning of that city's publishing industry. Firth, Pond & Company publish The Brass Band Journal, which includes the first band music to use the saxhorn. Frederick Law Olmsted gives one of the earliest depictions of an African American field holler, describing it as "a long, loud musical shout, rising and falling, and breaking into a crescendo... like a bugle call". George F. Root, William Bradbury and Lowell Mason organize the first Normal Musical Institute, a school offering training for music teachers, located in New York.Chase, pg. 143 Root and Bradbury, with Thomas Hastings and Timothy Mason, collaborate on The Shawm, a popular collection of church music which they advertise as selling more in its first year of release than "any previous similar publication". Louis Antoine Jullien, a French conductor, forms an orchestra in New York, to great acclaim; his prominent use of the quadrille helps to spur the development of sheet music for that dance. Louis Gottschalk begins his concert career in the United States, already a renowned composer from his work in Europe. The first opera performed in Chicago is Lucia de Lammermoor. Virtuoso Norwegian violinist Ole Bull attracts an unprecedented 10,000 people to a concert in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillip Werlein enters the music publishing business in New Orleans. He will go on to become one of the principal publishers of that city in the mid-19th century. Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night" represents a radical shift in his approach to composition, abandoning the use of dialect and imparting a "blatant message (that) undoubtedly affect(s) working-class minstrel show audiences (who) would soon be called on to shed their blood to bring about the end of slavery in the United States". William Henry Fry's Santa Claus: Christmas Symphony is first performed. It is a controversial piece, and is probably the first American composition to use the saxophone. It also uses special effects that will not become common elements in such pieces until the following century, including a toy trumpet, sleigh bells, a whip, and the use of a double bass to make the sound of howling wind and a dying traveler. 1854 The English singer Anna Thillon stars in a series of opera performances in San Francisco, in the city's first professional season. A local Italian opera company forms as well, performing fourteen operas, half of them by the rising composer Giuseppe Verdi. A Syrian settling in Brooklyn is apocryphally said to be the first Arab to permanently move to the United States, thus beginning the Arab American musical tradition. Twelve-year-old Augustus Meyers enlists in the Army. His account of the School of Practice for Army bandsmen on Governors Island in New York, published in Ten Years in the Ranks, U.S. Army, is the first description of that School. Members of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, led by a young man named Forest Savage, form a band in Lawrence, Kansas. This is said to be the beginning of the documented music history of Kansas. Victor-Eugene McCarty, one of the first of several prominent free black composers in New Orleans, publishes Fleurs de salon: 2 Favorite Polkas. William A. Hodgdon moves to St. Louis, Missouri, where he will pioneer the use of music in that area's public schools.Birge, pg. 80 1855 The Board of Music Trade of the United States, a trade cartel, is formed by the twenty-five biggest music publishing companies in the country, instituting price controls on sheet music for European classical music, which will remain in place until 1885. The Board will also fight music teachers, who sell sheet music to their students. George F. Bristow's Rip Van Winkle is said to be the first successful opera on an American subject, Washington Irving's short story Rip Van Winkle. It is also the first American opera based on a subject by a contemporaneous author. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes a long poem called The Song of Hiawatha, which sparks a surge of interest in Native American culture; this helps to inspire many later attempts at fusing elements of Native American and European-derived musics. Longfellow's work inspires many composers like Charles Crozat Converse's "The Death of Minnehaha". Louis Grunewald, one of the major music publishers of the Civil War era in New Orleans, enters the business for the first time. William Joseph Hardee publishes a two volume manual Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics: For the Exercise and Manoeuvres of Troops When Acting as Light Infantry or Riflemen. It contains the "General Calls" that will signal all the important events in daily military camp life for both the Confederate and Union armies in the coming Civil War. 1856 W.C. Peters and Son, a music publishing company, releases a collection of hymns that is the first such collection published in the American Midwest. 1857 Edmund Dédé is possibly the first black North American to graduate from the Paris Conservatory. Joseph William Postelwaite, a free African American, begins leading bands in the St. Louis area, also composing several pieces, including the popular "St. Louis Greys Quick Step". Louisville, Kentucky becomes the first city in the country to include music education in the primary grades. Oliver Ditson's music publishing business begins collaborating with John C. Haynes; the duo will be one of the major publishers of the American Civil War, and will boast of publishing half of the songs printed in the country in the 1870s. The National Association of Music Teachers is formed. 1858 Dan Emmett, one of the major composers of minstrel songs, begins his career with Bryant's Minstrels. Root & Cady, a Chicago-based music publishing firm, is founded. It will become the most successful publishing company in the North during the Civil War, and will publish most of the popular songs of the war. William Walker's Southern Harmony contains a song consisting of the text from John Newton's "Amazing Grace" and the tune of the traditional song "New Britain"; this will go on to become one of the most famous songs of the American folk repertoire. 1859 "Dixie", a song by Dan Emmett premiers onstage in New York, soon becoming a rallying cry for both sides of the Civil War. The song will eventually become an iconic symbol of the South.Crawford, pg. 264 James Hungerford, in his novel, The Old Plantation, and What I Gathered There in an Autumn Month, becomes one of the first to transcribe a melody from an African American slave song, a "boat song" from Southern Maryland. Patrick Gilmore, an Irish American bandleader, debuts his band in New York; the ensemble's professional and grandiose performances will make it one of the most popular of the Civil War era.Crawford, pgs. 287–289 1860 Armand Blackmar and his brother, Henry, open a music publishing business in New Orleans. They will become one of the most prominent Southern publishing houses during the Civil War.Cornelius, pg. 17 This year also sees the entry into the publishing business of John Schreiner of Macon, Georgia, the most adventurous publisher of the war era. "The First Gun Is Fired! May God Protect the Right!" by George Frederick Root is inspired by the Battle of Fort Sumter, the first fighting of the American Civil War. The song is published only three days after the attack. With the death of Joch C. Walker, his company becomes known as Evans & Cogswell, the most important lithographer and printer in the Confederacy. San Francisco is home to 145 opera performances, making this year a watershed for opera, both in San Francisco and in the United States. An estimated 217,000 seats were sold in the year, in a city with a population of about 60,000. This level of popularity is unheard of in any North American city at any point in history. "The Palmetto State Song" is published, first of "what was to become the Confederate music collection". It is the first published Confederate sheet music. 1861 The American Civil War begins. Before it ends, it will have a profound impact on American music, spurring the publishing of patriotic songs on both sides, the migration of African Americans, and their styles and instruments, to new locales and the mixing of the musics of many peoples and regions in diverse military units. The Civil War will also stimulate the production of brass instruments and drums. The Battle of First Manassas is among a number of early Southern victories that are "confidently celebrated in broadsides and sheet music, no matter how insignificant the outcome". Other important victories include the Battle of Wilson's Creek and the Battle of Belmont. Clara Louise Kellogg, a professional soloist, debuts at the New York Academy of Music, soon becoming a company manager and major figure in American opera history. Thomas Baker publishes the first "sheet-music publication of any black spiritual", Song of the Contrabands. Harriet Tubman's "Go Down, Moses" is the first spiritual published with music in the United States.Malone and Stricklin, pg. 26 It is also the most famous contraband song, or those spirituals which refugee slaves (contrabands) brought to Fortress Monroe, Virginia; for many white northerners, these songs became their first significant contact with spirituals. Harry Macarthy writes "The Bonnie Blue Flag", which becomes a popular Confederate anthem after he performs it for the Texas Rangers and other soldiers at the Academy of Music in New Orleans. The success of the song and his "Personation Concerts", which feature impersonations of dialects and accents, made him the "best-known and best-loved entertainer of the Civil War" A fire destroys Hibernian Hall, the major theater of the city of Charleston, South Carolina; though the Hall is rebuilt, it never regains its former reputation. The most comprehensive collection of hymns in American history, Hymns Ancient and Modern, is first published. By the time its second edition is released in 1875, it will be by far the dominant Anglican hymnal in the country. A secessionist attack on Union troops in Baltimore inspire James Ryder Randall to write "Maryland, My Maryland". The song became perhaps the most enduring of the era and reflects the bitter partisanship of border states like Maryland. It is eventually chosen as the state song of Maryland.Elson, University Musical Encyclopedia, pg. 81; Elson calls it the "only distinctive anthem" among state songs. The song is set to music later that year by members of the Baltimore Glee Club, including the prominent pro-Confederate Cary family, most famously Hetty Cary. During the attack, the military musicians drop their instruments and flee. Four bandsmen die, the first such casualties of the Civil War. Jefferson Davis is inaugurated President of the Confederacy in Montgomery, Alabama. Local bandleader Hermann Arnold, adapts "Dixie" into a military quickstep for the event. The song energizes the crowd, and Davis concludes that "Dixie" should be the national anthem for the Confederacy. Notable alternative versions are soon proffered, including the defiant "war song" version of Albert Pike and one by Henry Troop Stanton, known at the time as the "Poet Laureate of Kentucky". A number of popular songs are published later in the year, celebrating Davis, most famously including "Our First President's Quickstep". The Northern Army, having already occupied Port Royal, South Carolina, sends an educational mission to care for the large African American population; Lucy McKim Garrison is among the northern visitors, and her study is the "first account of (African American spirituals) that attempted to describe some of their characteristic features". Her work will later be used in the influential collection Slave Songs of the United States.Darden, pg. 99 Congress authorizes the hiring of musicians in varying amounts for infantry, cavalry and artillery units in the U.S. Army. 1862 "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", with words by Julia Ward Howe, is first published; it, and "Battle Cry of Freedom" by George Frederick Root, become perhaps the most influential pro-Union songs of the Civil War.Crawford, pg. 263 The Confederate government institutes conscription, leading to a number of songs that negatively described the conscripts as having a tendency to desert and act cowardly in battle. Union general Dan Butterfield composes the modern melody known as "Taps", after the Seven Days Battles; this is the only new field music to appear during the Civil War. To reassert Northern ownership of the song, "Dixie", which is wildly popular in both the North and the South and claimed as a patriotic anthem in both areas, is incorporated into this year's reissue of The Drummer's and Fifer's Guide, the unofficial manual for field music in the Union army. George F. Root writes "Just Before the Battle, Mother", the most popular of many Civil War era songs that focus on the love of a soldier for his mother; the song is first published only in the North, but becomes popular in the South too after being published there in 1865. The song, along with "Battle Cry of Freedom", "The Vacant Chair" and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp (or the Prisoner's Hope)", become among Root's most enduring, and among the most popular of the Civil War. Hood's Minstrels build themselves a log cabin theater to perform in, and become the best-known of the amateur Confederate military bands of the Civil War. John Williamson Palmer writes and publishes anonymously the popular song "Stonewall Jackson's Way", which celebrates General Stonewall Jackson. The song "Maryland, My Maryland", though still a popular rallying cry for Confederate soldiers and sympathizers, endures a backlash that relegates it to a second tier Confederate anthem (compared to the other two major contenders, "Dixie" and "Bonnie Blue Flag") after it becomes apparent that Maryland will not join the Confederacy, both due to a lack of support in much of the state and the ending of the Southern invasion of Maryland with the Battle of Antietam. William Miller and Joseph R. Beacham form Miller & Beacham after purchasing the music publishing firm originally formed by John Cole in Baltimore; the company will published many of the most popular Confederate songs during the Civil War. The Richmond Theater, the most important concert stage in Richmond, Virginia, burns down. Concerts immediately moved to the nearby Franklin Hall. Root & Cady publishes The Silver Lute, the first music book printed in Chicago. It will go on to be used in the Chicago school system. Popular Confederate sheet music and broadsides switch from grandly celebrating the South's early victories to laments that heralded "martial deeds (but also) began to eulogize sacrifice" after a series of setbacks, including the bloody stalemate at Shiloh. Very few victories are celebrated in Southern song after the defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Congress abolishes regimental bands in the U.S. Army to cut costs, replacing them with brigade bands. The pay and rank of bandsmen is reduced as well. Will S. Hays, a popular Kentuckian songwriter, publishes "The Drummer Boy of Shiloh", an important work influenced by Irish and Italian songs. 1863 The Battle of Galveston leads to a large number of refugees moving to Houston, Texas, establishing that city as a musical and cultural center along the Gulf Coast.National Conference of Music of the Civil War Era, pg. 17, citing Pugh Bandsmen in the Confederate army are given a raise, and are now paid more than privates and field musicians. Influential publisher and lithographer George Dunn enters the music publishing business in Richmond, Virginia, while the publisher Blanton Duncan similarly begins his career in Columbia, South Carolina. George F. Root's "The Battle Cry of Freedom" becomes a rallying cry for Union soldiers. Henry Tucker and Charles Carroll Sawyer publish "Weeping Sad and Lonely, or When This Cruel War Is Over", becoming one of the best-selling songs of the Civil War among soldiers of both sides. The song is said to be so demoralizing that several commanders ban it completely. Though many songs in the early years of the Civil War had praised Jefferson Davis, this practice ended by this year, when "people across the Confederacy were disenchanted with Davis' leadership", rather reserving "their affections for their military leaders, beginning with General P. G. T. Beauregard. General Beauregard is a subject of reverence and the topic of many Confederate songs that celebrate him as a national hero. Partisan ranger John Hunt Morgan escapes from a prison in Columbus, Ohio, inspiring numerous Confederate songs and turning Morgan into a folk hero. The Southern music publishing industry suffers due to a paper shortage. Among the first modern American musicians' organizations is the Musical Mutual Protective Union of New York, a precursor of today's American Federation of Musicians. The New Richmond Theater opens in Richmond, Virginia, becoming a major concert stage in the city and rivalling the previous incarnation. With the war not going well for Confederate soldiers, popular sheet music and broadsides shifted from upbeat and prideful to encouraging soldiers to "remain resolute, (reminding and worrying) them that they were fighting to protect their loved ones at home". Thomas Wentworth Higginson leads the First South Carolina Colored Volunteers, the first group of authorized African American soldiers. Higginson is a notable author who helps popularize many aspects of African American music. 1864 The ever-diminishing food ration of the Confederate army soldier is cut again, leading to a fresh array of songs popular among soldiers and complaining of the poor food situation. George F. Root publishes "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp! (The Prisoner's Hope)"; the song is about being a prisoner of war, and is popular among Northern soldiers, selling one hundred thousand copies in six months. This year's "All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight" by John Hill Hewitt and "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground" by Walter Kittredge are also popular hits. General Jeb Stuart is killed at the Battle of Yellow Tavern; Stuart, who was both a "'man's man' admired widely for his courage, and a 'lady's man', the heartthrob of the Confederacy", was a noted banjoist who led his men into battle singing. He was the "most flamboyant figure in the Confederacy". Despite the increasingly desperate military position of the South, the capital city of Richmond, Virginia is home to a large amount of merrymaking and festivities, including regular parties held by Jefferson Davis and his wife, Varina. Sheet music and broadsides popular among Southerners, especially soldiers, reflect the battered Confederate military efforts, celebrating the sacrifices of Southern soldiers, also stressing the "common bond of sacrifice between men in the field and women at home". Songs described women enduring hardships and learning to endure without the comforts that had previously been ordered from the industrious north. 1865 En route to his second inauguration, Abraham Lincoln is perceived as cowardly sneaking through the city of Baltimore to avoid a potential assassination plot. The incident inspires a number of popular Confederate songs ridiculing Lincoln, whose behavior and appearance are criticized in much of Confederate popular music. Benjamin Jepson, one of the first primary school music teachers in the country, leads the introduction of music education into the public school system of New Haven, Connecticut. George Bruce and Daniel Emmett publish The Drummers and Fifers Guide, an important pedagogical work of the Civil War. The first African American minstrel troupes are formed, beginning with the Georgia Minstrels, led by W. H. Lee and based originally out of Macon, Georgia; the second, and more historically notable line-up, is led by Charles "Barney" Hicks, and tours the Northeast, inspiring a wave of imitators.Southern, pg. 232 It will be the most successful black minstrel group. The Oberlin College-Conservatory is one of the earliest and most influential music conservatories. Theodore Thomas forms an orchestra that he led both artistically and financially, in stark contrast to the norm at the time. Under his leadership, the orchestra is soon viewed as perhaps the best in the country. Thomas will go on to play a "major role in bringing symphonic music to the American people". Tony Pastor's Opera House opens, marking the beginning of the development of vaudeville. An article entitled "The Negro Dialect" by William Francis Allen in The Nation is one of the first to use the word spiritual in a musical sense. 1866The Black Crook premiers at Niblo's Garden in New York City, using a melodrama and a French ballet troupe whose venue burnt to the ground while they still rehearsed. The "result was an unprecedented triumph", and the show's mixture of "melodrama, dance, music, extraordinary special effects, and mild eroticism... dazzled far beyond any previous theatrical conception". The show is one of the major events in the early history of the extravaganza. Music was credited to Thomas Baker, author of "Transformation Polka". The venue was the managed by the first female theatrical manager in the country. George B. Loomis begins teaching music. He will be the first superintendent of music in the Indianapolis public school system, and will publish Loomis' Progressive Music Lessons, a commonly used music education book in Indiana and surrounding states. He will also co-found the Indiana Music Teachers Association, one of the first such organizations in the country. 1867 The Boston Conservatory, New England Conservatory, Chicago Musical College and the Cincinnati Conservatory are all founded.Slave Songs of the United States is the first, and most influential,Southern, pg. 152 collection of spirituals to be published;Clarke, pg. 41 notes that the book will not be recognized as a landmark until 1929 the collectors were Northern abolitionists, William Francis Allen, Lucy McKim Garrison and Charles Pickard Ware. It is a "milestone not just in African American music but in modern folk history".Snell and Kelley, pg. 22 It is also the first published collection of African American music of any kind.Cusic, pg. 86 1868 John Thomas Douglass' Virginia's Ball is the first documented opera composed by an African American; it is now lost, but was performed at least once, in New York in this year. "Shí naashá is composed to commemorate the Navajos' release from a four-year stretch of imprisonment at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. It will become "probably the best known Navajo song". 1869 Alice Fletcher records a delegation from Leech Lake in Washington, D.C., the first recording of Ojibwe music. Lew Johnson organizes his first permanent black minstrel troupe, in St. Louis, Missouri; he will be the most well-regarded minstrel show manager of the era. Bandleader Patrick Gilmore organizes a National Peace Jubilee in Boston, featuring more than 11,000 performers - soloists, a choir, an orchestra and others. The event inspired a wave of interest in instrumental music across the country. Music historian Richard Crawford has called this the "high-water mark in the influence of the band in American life". Gardiner A. Strubes' Strubes Drum and Fife Instructor is adopted by the U.S. Army as the manual for training field musicians. 1870 Research by William Dall is the first detailed ethnomusicological study of the indigenous peoples of the Western Arctic. A choir forms at the African American Fisk University - the Fisk Jubilee Singers, who will soon begin touring, bringing spirituals to wider audiences. The Library of Congress becomes the sole repository for copyrighted works. Luther Whiting Mason releases The National Music Course, a set of four books and a chart for educating students in musical notation, which will become one of the standard texts of American music education.Birge, pg. 98 The Peace Policy places Native American reservations under the control of various Christian denominations, which takes its toll on the culture and music of indigenous peoples. Wodziwob, a Northern Paiute prophet, begins preaching the earliest manifestation of the teachings of the Ghost Dance. 1871 The Great Chicago Fire destroys hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of inventory for the Root & Cady music publishing firm, one of the leading publishers since the Civil War. Root & Cady will go bankrupt within a year. The fire will end Chicago's position as one of the centers for music publishing in the country.Snell and Kelley, pg. 31 Ned Harrigan helps develop the vaudeville show in New York City. Will S. Hays publishes "The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane", one of the most popular minstrel songs of the era. 1872 Preacher Dwight Moody and singer Ira Sankey, having published a wildly popular series of books entitled Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs, perform in a series of concerts that establish a religious revival in the urban north. Their travels "firmly (establish) the gospel hymn as an effective song genre for use in Sunday Schools and revival meetings". Ned Harrigan and Tony Hart begin a run at the Theatre Comique in New York, marking "their big breakthrough". They will become most famous for the song "The Mulligan Guards", with music by David Braham. After the Oratorio Society of Chicago is destroyed by a fire, Boston's Handel and Haydn Society sends materials to rebuild the organization, which reforms as the Apollo Club, one of the most famous musical clubs in the United States. Theodore Seward begins publishing his arrangements of African American spirituals, in book form like a hymnal, with his publication of Jubilee Songs As Sung by the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University, a collection of spirituals from the repertoire of the Fisk University Jubilee Singers. That group rises to fame in this year after a highly successful concert in Boston during the World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival, the first time African American "singers (are) included in a big musical production" in the country. 1873 San Francisco begins passing laws limiting the use of ceremonial Chinese gongs. John Singenberger organizes the American St. Cecilia Society, an important organization in the revival of the Roman Catholic masses and motets of Palestrina. The Society sought "to restore to the liturgy Gregorian chant and polyphony in the style of Palestrina". Patrick Gilmore, a popular bandleader, organizes a band for the Twenty-second Regiment of New York, soon becoming the most influential professional music ensemble in the country. P. T. Barnum adds an African American jubilee choir to his act, calling himself the first to use a "full band" of African Americans in a "menagerie and circus". Barber William T. Benjamin forms the first African American opera company, and the first opera company of any kind in Washington, D.C., based out of a local Roman Catholic church. 1874 The first educational, and later, musical, convention known as a Chautauqua is held in what is now Chautauqua, New York.Evangeline, by Edward E. Rice and J. Cheever Goodwin, a popular Victorian burlesque extravaganza, is the first American production billed as a musical comedy. Edward King's travel diary The Great South is finished, with each section published as an article in Scribner's Magazine; it contains many descriptions of African American church music in the South. Leopold Damrosch forms the New York Oratorio Society, beginning the musical career of his family, which will extend for three generations. Philip Bliss' collection Gospel Songs contains the first use of the term gospel song to describe the music later known as gospel music. 1875 Henry Clay Work's "My Grandfather's Clock" becomes the "most popular song of the decade", and is said to have sold 800,000 copies. African American songwriters like James A. Bland and Sam Lucas begin composing works similar to spirituals, sometimes based, in part, on actual spirituals. John Knowles Paine becomes a full professor at Harvard University, the first musician to do so in the United States. The Afro-Cuban José Silvestre White becomes the first person of African descent to perform with an American symphony, after he performs with the New York Philharmonic. 1876 "Home on the Range" is first published; it is the earliest song to depict a "romanticized image of the cowboy". Sisters Anna and Emma Hyers, and their father, form a concert tour company, Hyers Sisters Comic Opera Co., then work with playwrights Pauline Hopkins and Joseph Bradford to produce the "first full-fledged musical plays... in which African Americans themselves comment on the plight of the slaves and the relief of Emancipation without the disguises of minstrel comedy", with this year's Out of Bondage (also known as Out of the Wilderness). David Wallis Reeves adds the countermelody to the military march. The Music Teachers National Association, the first major professional organization for music teachers, is founded. 1877 Sebastian Yradiers "La Paloma" popularizes the habanera in the United States. The Dakota Drum Dance is introduced to the Native Americans of the Great Lakes region; this is a set of beliefs that revolve around a legendary woman named Turkey Tailfeather Woman, who is said to have escaped from the American military and received instructions to build and use a large, ceremonial drum while in hiding. The religion based around this drum will spread throughout the region, and the drum itself will become the ancestor of the big drum used in modern powwow ceremonies. Thomas Edison invents the technology to record sound, using a tin-foil cylinder phonograph. His first recording is "Mary Had a Little Lamb". 1878 James A. Bland, the most important black minstrelsy songwriter and the first successful black songwriter, publishes a huge hit with "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny", which will become the state song of Virginia in 1940. Bland is the first African American composer whose music is published by a major company. James Monroe Trotter publishes Music and Some Highly Musical People, making him the first African American music historian. W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore premiers in the United States, launching a fad for light opera throughout the country. Sam Lucas, the "most celebrated minstrel" of the era, becomes the first African American to play Uncle Tom in Uncle Tom's Cabin''. 1879 The Bureau of American Ethnology is created at the Smithsonian Institution; the Bureau studies and documents Native American music and culture. Ned Harrigan and Tony Hart transition from the variety show to the musical play, with stories centered around characters with distinct ethnic backgrounds. Their work established "ethnic groups as major characters in the American stage". References Notes Further reading 1825 Category:19th century in music

Joe Creek is an unincorporated community in Hughes County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota. History A post office called Joe Creek was established in 1919, and remained in operation until 1954. The community took its name from Joe Creek. Joe Creek had a population of 5 in 1940 References Category:Unincorporated communities in Hughes County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

Amy and Jordan (Pantheon, 2004) is a comic book by Mark Beyer, featuring a dysfunctional couple who are victimized by each other and by blind circumstance. The characters Amy and Jordan appear in other works by Beyer, including Agony and Dead Stories in the magazine Raw (New York: Pantheon, 1987). It was listed in Time magazine's "Best Comix of 2004". References Category:2004 books Category:2004 comics debuts Category:Pantheon Books comics titles

The 2008–09 season is the 122nd season of competitive football by Hamilton Academical. Domestic Cups Hamilton Academical entered the Scottish Cup at the 4th round and were knocked out in the quarter-finals by Rangers who also knocked them out the Scottish League Cup at the quarter-finals, both games were played at Ibrox. They entered the Scottish League Cup at the 2nd round. Results and fixtures League table References Hamilton Academical Category:Hamilton Academical F.C. seasons

Willie Rogers (23 May 1883 – 8 August 1956) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Category:1883 births Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Melbourne Football Club players Category:1956 deaths

The bandolin is a 15-stringed musical instrument in Ecuador. It is used as a rhythm and melody instrument in the Andean region of Ecuador during festivals where dancing and music are involved. It has a flat back and 15 strings in triple courses. Uses In the Andean region of Ecuador, the bandolin is used during the celebration of the feasts of San Juan and San Pedro, along with several other instruments including: twin flutes, guitars, violins, quenas, a drum, a charango, a rondador, and a harmonica. The music and dance that characterize the festival is called a sanjuanito. The bandolines and the guitars mark the 2/4 tempo of the sanjuanito rhythm, which is accentuated by the bombo, and the quenas, rondador, and violins carry the melody. Construction and tuning The body shape of the bandolin is similar to that of the bandola, the cuatro, or the guitar, with the caveat that, just as in the case of the mentioned instruments, luthiers who produce bandolins will incorporate into their personal designs changes to the body shape for a variety of reasons. It has 15 strings, in five courses of triple strings, in a guitar-tuning. It has a flat back, metal frets, and a slightly raised fingerboard in the front. The 15 strings run over a floating bridge to a metal tailpiece on the end of the body. It is tuned E5 E4 E5, A5 A4 A5, D5 D5 D5, F#5 F#5 F#5, B5 B5 B5 or E5 E4 E5, A5 A4 A5, D5 D5 D5, G#5 G#5 G#5, B5 B5 B5. See also Music of Ecuador References External links The Stringed Instrument Database ATLAS of Plucked Instruments Cuerda at Pacoweb.net Category:Ecuadorian musical instruments Category:Mandolin family instruments

The Social Conservative Party (Spanish: Partido Social Conservador - PSC) is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party founded by its leader Fernando Agüero in 1988. The PSC received legal status in 1989 and participated in the 1990 elections as an independent party. Fernando Agüero was the conservative presidential candidate of the 1966 National Opposition Union (UNO) against the Somoza regime. In a UNO political rally in support of the candidacy of Agüero in Managua on January 22, 1967, the National Guard killed hundreds of oppositors. Four years later, in 1971, Agüero signed the "Kupia-Kumi (Miskitu; translates as "One Heart") Pact" with Somoza whereby the Conservatives had their congressional quota increased to 40 per cent, a constituent assembly was established, and a triumvirate composed of Agüero and two Somocistas designated to rule until the end of 1974. Before the 2006 elections, the party joined the Alliance for the Republic and then the Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance. Sources Category:1989 establishments in Nicaragua Category:Conservative parties in Nicaragua Category:Political parties established in 1989 Category:Political parties in Nicaragua Category:Right-wing parties

John Schwartz may refer to: John Schwartz (1793-1860), United States congressman John Burnham Schwartz (born 1965), American novelist John William Schwartz (1755-after 1802), Nova Scotia politician See also John Swartz (1858-1930), American photographer John Schwarz (disambiguation) Jonathan Schwartz (disambiguation)

The 1935 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1935 college football season. Schedule References Notre Dame Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons Notre Dame Fighting Irish

Voynich may refer to: Ethel Voynich (1864–1960), Irish novelist and musician, wife of Wilfrid Wilfrid Voynich (1865–1930), Polish revolutionary, discoverer of the Voynich manuscript, husband of Ethel Voynich manuscript, a mysterious undeciphered document from the 15th century, named after its re-discoverer, Wilfrid Voynich

Cymothoe caprina is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Republic of the Congo and the south-central part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. References Category:Butterflies described in 1897 Category:Cymothoe (butterfly) Category:Butterflies of Africa Category:Taxa named by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius

General elections were held in Haiti on 28 November 2010, having originally been scheduled for 28 February. Ten senators and all 99 deputies were to be elected. Presidential elections were also held. A run-off was originally scheduled for 16 January as no candidate received 50% of the votes cast. However, it was postponed until 20 March 2011 as election officials said they could not hold the runoff while awaiting results from re-polling, with results expected on 31 March. Official results, announced on 21 April 2011, showed Michel Martelly defeating Mirlande Manigat in the second round of the presidential election. Background Due to the January 2010 earthquake, Haitian presidential election was indefinitely postponed; although November 28 was then decided as the date to hold the presidential and legislative elections. Following the magnitude 7.0 earthquake, there were concerns of instability in the country, and the election came amid international pressure over instability in the country. The election was termed in the media as a "seismic" one. This would be the third democratic election in Haitian history. Presidential candidates The deadline to file candidacy for the elections was August 7. The list of presidential candidates was to have become official on August 17 after the nine-member provisional electoral council was to announce the eligibility criteria. However, the election commission postponed its ruling until August 19 because of disagreement on the electoral law which stipulates that candidates must hold a Haitian passport and have five consecutive years of residence in Haiti, among other requirements. This was to affect Wyclef Jean, Jacques Edouard Alexis, and Leslie Voltaire. The absence of the Fanmi Lavalas (FL) party was notable because of its popular support. Peter Hallward explained: "The final FL list of candidates was endorsed by the party leader (Jean Bertrand Aristide) by fax, but at the last minute the CEP invented a new requirement, knowing FL would be unable to meet it: Aristide, still exiled in South Africa and denied entry to Haiti, would have to sign the list in person." Wyclef Jean Musician Wyclef Jean, who left Haiti for the United States at the age of 9, said he is qualified to run for president and was in Haiti to initiate the legal process with lawyers and have his fingerprints taken by the judicial police to run for president. He did, however, declare that "There are a lot of rumors that I am running for president. I have not declared that. If we decide to move forward, I am pretty sure that we [would] have all our paperwork straight." He added that after discussions with his family he would "decide on what we're going to do because it is a big sacrifice." His aides said he would officially announce his candidacy on CNN in the United States before flying back to Haiti to enter the race. Some analysts predicted Jean's popularity with the youth of Haiti could help him "easily win the presidential election if his candidacy were approved." On 5 August, he officially registered as a candidate for Viv Ansanm ("Live Together") party with the motto "Fas a Fas." ("Face to Face") The head of the party, Daniel Jean Jacques, confirmed Jean would be the party's candidate for president. Jean spoke of his nomination as "a moment in time and in history. It's very emotional. The United States has Barack Obama and Haiti has Wyclef Jean." He told CNN's Wolf Blitzer that he was running, despite Blitzer's questions about Jean's actual citizenship and passport facts. He also resigned from the chairmanship of Yéle Haiti. He was criticised by Pras Michel, one of his former bandmates in the Fugees, for the decision to run for president. Others criticised him for his lack of political experience and a vague platform he was to have run on. In the United States he was also criticised by Sean Penn and Arcade Fire's Win Butler who said "Technically, [Wyclef Jean] shouldn't be eligible because he hasn't been a resident of Haiti. And I think him not speaking French and not being fluent in Creole would be a really major issue in trying to run a really complex government, like the government in Haiti. It would kind of be like Arnold Schwarzenegger only speaking Austrian and being elected president of the United States after New York City and L.A. had burned to the ground...I think he is a great musician and he really passionately cares about Haiti. I really hope he throws his support behind someone who is really competent and really eligible." On August 20, 2010, he was deemed ineligible to run for the presidency and his candidacy was rejected by Haiti's Electoral Council. While he accepted the ruling, many supporters protested the decision. He asked his supporters to stay calm in the wake of the ruling. He also responded in saying he would file an appeal and that "[The political establishment] are trying to keep us out of the race." He argued that he could not comply with the law so strictly because President René Préval had appointed him as a roving ambassador in 2007 and he was allowed to travel and live outside the country. Final list of candidates There were supposed to have been 34 candidates in the preliminary race but a Haitian political website came up with 38. Charles Henri Baker, a prominent businessman in the apparel industry. Charles Henri Baker is running under the Respè Party. Jean Henry Ceant, a prominent notaire and founder of Aimer Haiti which operated one of the few hospitals after the January 12 quake. Jacques-Édouard Alexis, a two-time former prime minister who was forced to resign in the aftermath of food riots in 2008. Jude Célestin, Executive director of the government's road-building outfit, the National Center of Equipment, and member of President René Préval's Unity (Inite) party. Eddy Delaleu, president, founder, and chief executive officer of the NGO Operation Hope for Children of Haiti since its inception in 1994. Lavarice Gaudin, an Aristide ally and Miami activist and radio commentator. Wilson Jeudi, mayor of Delmas who organized a sister-city relationship with North Miami. Chavannes Jeune, development agent, civil engineer and evangelist who came in 3rd place in 2006 election. Raymond Joseph, former ambassador to the United States and Wyclef Jean's uncle. Mirlande Manigat, a longtime opposition leader, professor, and former first lady. Michel Martelly, a compas musician and entertainer whose lyrics have poked fun at the concept of the Haitian presidency. Yvon Neptune, an architect and ex-senator who served as prime minister under former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Leslie Voltaire, a US-educated urban planner, former minister, and government liaison to the United Nations. Other candidates included Axan Abellard, Charles Voigt, Claire Lydie Parent, Dejean Belizaire, Duroseau Vilaire Cluny, Eric Charles, Francois Turnier, Garaudy Laguerre, Gary Guiteau, Genard Joseph, Gerard Blot, Guy Theodore, Jacques Philippe Eugene, Jean Bertin, Jean Hector Anacacis, Josette Bijou, Kesnel Dalmacy, Leon Jeune, Mario Eddy Rodriguez, Menelas Vilsaint, Olicier Pieriche, Rene Saint-Fort, Wilkens C. Gilles, Yves Christalin, and Paul Arthur Fleurival. Campaign President René Préval told the UN, "It is important that we take this difficult process to a conclusion, with rigour, equality, and transparency, essential conditions for consolidating our young democracy. I therefore call on all the national stakeholders and our overseas friends so we can successfully cross this electoral crossroads together." Two issues for candidates to answer were considered rebuilding from the earthquake earlier in the year and an outbreak of cholera less than two months before the election, which was blamed on the United Nations by many Haitians. Independent research confirmed the origin of the cholera outbreak as being linked to UN Nepalese troops, and a 2011 UN Report admitted as much. The UN alleged that the outbreak was used for "political reasons because of forthcoming elections," as the government in Haiti sent its own forces to "protect" the peacekeepers. The election was termed in the media as a "seismic" one. Opinion polls 2 October 2010: Mirlande Manigat (Rally of Progressive National Democrats): 23.0% Charles-Henri Baker (Respect): 17.3% Jude Célestin (Unity): 7.8% 14 November 2010: Charles-Henri Baker (Respect): 24.38% Mirlande Manigat (Rally of Progressive National Democrats): 17.58% Jeune Léon (Rally for Economic Liberation): 14.51% Michel Martelly (Peasant Response): 14.10% 6–10 February 2011 (runoff): Michel Martelly (Peasant Response): 60.3% Mirlande Manigat (Rally of Progressive National Democrats): 38.9% Conduct On the day of the first round of voting, Martelly and Manigat, as well as most other candidates, denounced the results as invalid by noon, before voting had even concluded. A notable exception to this denunciation was Jude Celestin. Following demonstration and demands by the opposition to hold elections amid a parliamentary call that he can stay beyond his 7 February mandate, President René Préval issued decrees ordering the country's nine-member provisional electoral council to organise the election. However he still did not address calls for the council itself to be replaced before a vote is held. Despite the constitutional legitimacy and impartiality of the CEP having been challenged. Some questioned whether Haiti was ready to hold an election following the earthquake that left more than a million people in makeshift camps and without IDs. There was also a fear that the election could throw the country into a political crisis due to a lack of transparency and voting fraud. Canada had also pressured Haiti to hold elections as stipulated in its constitution. It wanted a firm commitment to holding elections by the end of the year as domestic opposition grew to incumbent President René Préval's response to the earthquake. Due to the elections and allegedly accepted instability, Haitian security services were given special training by foreign forces. The United Nations voted to extend MINUSTAH's mandate amid fears of instability. This was greeted with protesters in Port-au-Prince carrying banners reading "Down with the occupation," and burning the flag of Brazil, as they had the largest contingent in MINUSTAH. Despite months of relative calm after the earthquake, this represented a "chorus of opposition to René Préval, Haiti's president, and to UN forces." Due to the cholera outbreak, there were fears that the election could be postponed. However, the head of MINUSTAH, Edmond Mulet, said that it should not be delayed as that could lead to a political vacuum with untold potential problems. After a visit by then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Manigat and Martelly agreed to accept the results of the first round of voting. During the first round of voting, two people were killed in a firefight between rival parties' supporters in Aquin, with several injured in violence across the country. Post-1st round There were calls for Martelly to be included in the run-off; however, he has stated that he would not take part if Célestin is also a candidate in the run-off. A recount was announced on 10 December. However, both Manigat and Martelly then rejected the proposed recount, with only Célestin accepting it. Manigat and Martelly also criticised the lack of clear procedures or a timetable. Following a deal reached in late December 2010 to look into the vote counting process and have re-polling in certain constituencies, the run-off was postponed until at least February 2011. Pierre-Louis Opont, the director general of the Provisional Electoral Council said: "It will be materially impossible to hold the run-off on January 16. From the date of the publication of the final results of the first round, we will need at least one month to hold the run-off." He also said that a report by the Organisation of American States and a completion of review for the results that had been challenged would be needed first. The OAS report proposed that Manigat and Martelly advance to the run-off, dropping Célestin from the second round. However, the Provisional Electoral Council rejected that suggestion on 19 January 2011. Additionally, some analyses showed that the OAS report was statistically flawed and made the recommendation to eliminate Célestin with no apparent justification. In a January 2011 report, the Center for Economic and Policy Research concluded that 71.5% of the eligible Haitian population did not vote during the first round of the election on November 28, 2010. Furthermore, from the remaining votes 8.1% were considered to be invalid, leaving only 20.1% of the votes being cast on one of the candidates in the election. The high rate of irregular votes led the CEPR to conclude that no statistics-based, non-arbitrary selection of a second-place candidate was possible. In a later August 2011 report, the CEPR further concluded that the data actually contradicted the OAS recommendation to overturn the initial vote counts and select Martelly as the second-place candidate, and that this move was not in line with normal international election resolution processes, suggesting a bias on the part of the OAS. Célestin was reportedly likely to drop out of the run-off by himself, however, as stated by a member of his party on 25 January 2011, partially as a result of international pressure. The official withdrawal statement came on 26 January 2011. Baby Doc returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011 in what was seen as possibly more uncertainty. Corruption and theft charges were then filed against him. Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned in March amidst concern for stability by both the runoff candidates. The rumour of his return led to several thousand of his supporters in Port-au-Prince demanding that without Aristide there should not be a second round election. The protest even reached as far as Miami, where approximately 60 protesters gathered in front of the offices of The Miami Herald. Questions were then asked about the effect the former presidents could have on the political process. Campaigning for the second round of the presidential election officially commenced on Thursday, 17 February. While Mirlande Manigat discussed her future plans for Haiti in a hotel with reporters, Martelly took to the streets of Cap-Haïtien, the second largest city in Haiti, where he and his followers danced and sang in the streets. Martelly even went as far as to campaign in Miami in the United States of America, which is home to a large number of Haitian expatriates. On 17 February, Wyclef Jean announced his support for Martelly in the second round of the presidential election. Wyclef Jean was also shot at and grazed by a bullet the day before the second round vote during campaigning for Martelly. He was wounded and taken to a hospital. During voting for the second round some polling stations failed to open on time as they lacked the necessary equipment and documents. President Barack Obama of the US asked the government of South Africa to delay former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide's attempt to return to Haiti, however, the request was rejected by Aristide himself. Results The result for the first round presidential poll was announced on 3 February 2011, with the run-off set for 20 March between Manigat and Martelly. Fraud allegations Despite the Provisional Election Council sanctioning the election, protests continued the next day. Almost two-thirds of the candidates also called for the election to be annulled alleging fraud and many voters being refused ballots. Despite this, international election monitors declared the polls valid and said the results should not be invalidated. This opinion was not shared by the OAS and the CARICOM who, after a preliminary report, said that there many problems surrounding the election. Following further protests by several candidates, the UN called for calm and urged candidates to call on their supporters not to instigate trouble. It also said that a deteriorating security situation could undermine containment of the cholera epidemic. CBC News reporters also alleged that there was "massive fraud," though they did no clarify what they meant. Protests continued in Port-au-Prince and Gonaives, with barricades in the streets. Port-au-Prince had four consecutive days of protests. References External links Haiti's 2010 Presidential Election Results Graphic from Haiti's Fatally Flawed Election by Jake Johnston and Mark Weisbrot. pdf file. The Entire Debate Between Martelly And Manigat - Live In Video, Haiti Observer, March 10, 2011 The Organization of American States in Haiti: Election Monitoring or Political Intervention?, from the Center for Economic and Policy Research, October 2011 Category:Elections in Haiti Category:2010 in Haiti Category:2011 in Haiti Category:2010 elections in the Caribbean Category:2011 elections in the Caribbean 2010 Category:Foreign electoral intervention

Welcome to the Real World is the debut studio album by the Australian rock band, Sick Puppies. The album was released only in Australia on 3 September 2001 as an enhanced CD with the "Every Day" music video featured as a 'multi-media component'. The album's 3,000 copies that were pressed were only sold in Australia, making it very valuable – and only available – on the second hand market. The album was released with the Every Day single on some pressings. This is the band's only studio album to feature Chris Mileski on drums. Pre-release The band entered the Triple J Unearthed band competition in 2000 with a demo of their song, "Nothing Really Matters", and went on to co-win the Sydney-region along with Blue and Ariels.Spans.Earth. which led to a management deal with Paul Stepanek Management. This deal enabled the band to release the full album of Welcome to the Real World. Along with "Nothing Really Matters", two other singles were released before the full album was made available; "Every Day" and "Rock Kids". Music videos Two music videos were produced for this album, the first being for the demo version of "Nothing Really Matters", which was released in 2000, and the other being for "Every Day", which was released with the album. The music video for "Nothing Really Matters" is composed of live footage from 2000 of the band playing in Sydney. The music video for "Every Day", on the other hand, shows the band playing in an old hallway, with cuts to the band members dressed in different occupational attires such as a clown, an astronaut, a boxer and a policeman, with other shots of them dressed in straight jackets. U.S. Release Welcome to the Real World was released in the United States in early 2016. With no official word from the band, the record was added to the Apple Music iTunes store. Single releases for Rock Kids and Every Day also appeared for purchase. This came after the departure of vocalist/guitarist Shimon Moore and on the heel of their record, Fury, with new vocalist Bryan Scott. Track listing Outtakes The album was initially supposed to feature a humorous cover version of Destiny's Child's hit single "Say My Name", characterized by turntable samples and heavy Flea-esque bass lines. The song "Brain Stew" by Green Day is used as background music. The cover contains additional lyrics with coarse language; for example, the chorus invariably ends with "You're acting kinda shady, ain't callin' me baby/So what the fuck?". The song, however, was not included due to the threat of a lawsuit by Destiny's Child's record label. The cover was later leaked on the internet and is regularly played at Sick Puppies' concerts. "Say My Name" (Destiny's Child cover) – 2:41 Personnel Shim Moore – lead vocals, guitar Emma Anzai – Bass guitar, backing vocals Chris Mileski – drums References Category:Sick Puppies albums Category:2001 debut albums Category:Virgin Records albums

Vráble () is a small town in the Nitra District, Nitra Region, western Slovakia. Etymology The name derives from vrábeľ - a Slovak dialect name of sparrow (vrabec). Geography It is located in the Danubian Hills on the Žitava river, about south-east-east from Nitra. The cadastral area of the town has an altitude from ASL. There's a small dam called Vodná nádrž Vráble west of the town. The town has three parts: Vráble proper, and the former villages of Dyčka and Horný Ohaj (both annexed 1975). History The oldest evidence of the settlement of Vráble comes from the Neolithic age (6000-2000 BC). The first written reference is from 1265 as Verebel. In Vráble, there was the oldest post-station. The city kept an agricultural character in the 19th and 20th centuries. Economic development has influenced the architecture of the city. After break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the town became part of Czechoslovakia and received status of the district capital (until 1960). After the First Vienna Award, the town was from 1938 to 1945 part of Hungary. Demographics The town had Hungarian majority in the 17th century according to the Turkish tax census. According to the 2001 census, the town had 9,493 inhabitants. 93.32% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 4.69% Hungarians, 0.78% Roma and 0.55% Czechs. The religious make-up was 88.41% Roman Catholics, 8.53% people with no religious affiliation and 0.62% Lutherans. Archaeological site The largest urban agglomeration of the Bronze Age Europe was found in Vráble. The area of 20 hectares makes it larger than the contemporary Mycenae and Troy. A settlement was inhabited by about 1,000 people and buildings were built around streets. Three ditches strengthened the fortifications. The site is also the northernmost known tell in Central Europe. The settlement was attributed to the Maďarovce culture. Twin towns — sister cities Vráble is twinned with: Andouillé, France Csurgó, Hungary Nova Varoš, Serbia References External links Official website Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia Category:Archaeological sites in Slovakia

Kakagi Lake, also known as Crow Lake, is a lake in both Unorganized Kenora District and the township of Sioux Narrows-Nestor Falls, Kenora District, in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is just north of the community of Nestor Falls, and right across Ontario Highway 71 from Stevens Bay on Lake of the Woods. It also feeds Lake of the Woods through a series of lakes starting with Cedartree Lake. Geography It is a body of water that is essentially not charted, and caution must be taken when navigating this body of water. Kakagi Lake is approximately in size, about long and up to wide. It is above sea level with an average depth and a maximum depth of . The lake has many islands such as Gold Point Island, Green Island, Mink Island, Bear-Beaver Island, Alora Island, Mosquito Point Island and Pine Island. There are several spots on the lake frequented by campers as well as several natural recreational areas such as Jumping Rock, Seagull Rock and Soft Sand Beach. There are small number of private cabins mostly on Young's Bay, and several commercial fishing lodges and resorts. In winter, Kakagi is the gateway to a system of lakes and portages that stretches almost east of Nestor Falls by snowmobile. Young's Bay is named after Clyde Young who came to Canada from Chicago in 1932 and was founder of Crow Lake Camp. The Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation lay claim to much of Kakagi Lake; their Sabaskong Bay 35D reserve is on the southwest shore of the lake. The lake also has a history of gold mining. Natural history Kakagi lake is well known for its lake trout fishing because of its many spawning reefs throughout the lake and deep water basins equally well distributed. Musky, smallmouth bass, northern pike and lake whitefish also inhabit Kakagi. Kagaki's forage fish include perch, rock bass, cisco, lake shiners and a variety of other minnow species. Recreation Canoe Route There is a popular canoe route known as the Kakagi Lake-Cameron Lake canoe route. The loop is considered of moderate difficulty and starts and ends at Kakagi. Native pictographs and bald eagles exist on Stephen Lake. The length is 51 km and typically takes 4 days across 5 portages. The route typically starts at the Government Dock (), and moves north for to Emm Bay. Then move north through a narrows and then until the first portage to Cedartree Lake. The portage is long (). Then follow the west shore of Cedartree Lake into the river and continue the length of the river until the portage to Flint Lake. The portage is long () and passes over Cameron Lake Road. Next follow the rest of the river into Flint Lake and then go to the south shore until the next portage into Stephen Lake via Cameron Creek. The portage is long and is located on the east side of Cameron Creek. Move east down Stephen Lake via the narrows. The pictographs are found just after the narrows and to the left just around the bay. Move to the east on Stephen Lake into the bay until the portage to Cameron Lake via Cameron Creek. The portage is long () and follows a small creek to the south of the trail. Next move into Bog Bay through the narrows and into Cameron Lake and then follow the south shore for to the most southeasterly end of the lake to the portage back into Kakagi Lake. The portage is long (). Once on Kakagi Lake, follow the north shore, heading west for about the continue west back to the Government dock for . Popular culture Although the book is set in Northern Ontario, Crow Lake is not actually about Kakagi (Crow) Lake. See also List of lakes in Ontario References External links Bull Moose Lodge Boreal Bay Lodge Black Bear Fishing Muskie Bay Resort Category:Lakes of Kenora District Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts

UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center is an NCI-designated Cancer Center, affiliated with the UCSF School of Medicine and the UCSF Medical Center. It is one of 69 cancer research institutions in the United States supported by the National Cancer Institute, and one of three in Northern California. The HDFCCC integrates basic and clinical science, patient care, and population science to address prevention and early detection of cancer as well as the quality of life following diagnosis and treatment. HDFCCC is a member of the University of California Cancer Consortium, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and Association of American Cancer Institutes. Cancer programs at UCSF have been continuously accredited since 1933 by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons. History In 1948, the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) established the Cancer Research Institute. In 1992, UCSF received an NCI planning grant to develop a Cancer Center. The Center received its NCI "Comprehensive" designation in 1999 and was renamed the UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2007 in honor of philanthropist Helen Diller. Locations Cancer care, research, and training programs are carried out across San Francisco at UCSF locations at Mission Bay in Potrero, Mount Zion in the Western Addition neighborhood, Parnassus near Golden Gate Park, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital in the Mission neighborhood, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center in the Richmond district. In addition to individual lab space across UCSF campuses, there are cancer research facilities at Mount Zion and Mission Bay. The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building at Mission Bay was designed by Rafael Viñoly and opened in June 2009. UCSF/Parnassus is the center for patient care in neurologic oncology; leukemia, lymphoma, and other hematopoietic malignancies; and bone marrow transplant. Mount Zion offers outpatient facilities for radiation oncology, breast care, infusion, pediatric dermatology, and support services. The Bakar Cancer Hospital opened on the Mission Bay campus in 2015 and has 70 adult beds and serves patients with orthopedic urologic, gynecologic, head and neck and gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers. The UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital at Mission Bay accommodates the Center's Pediatric Oncology Program. Groundbreaking for a new Precision Cancer Medicine Building at the Mission Bay campus began in 2017, with the facility scheduled to open to patients in 2019. Ranking In 2016, the center ranked first in California and sixth nationwide in National Cancer Institute research grants. In 2017 U.S. News & World Report "America’s Best Hospitals" survey ranked UCSF 10th for cancer care. References Category:Cancer hospitals Category:Hospitals in San Francisco Category:Medical research institutes in the United States Category:NCI-designated cancer centers

John Smillie (born April 16, 1954) is a Scottish retired-American soccer player who played professionally in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. In 1972, Smillie began his collegiate soccer career at De Anza College before transferring to San Jose State University where he was a 1975 Second Team All American soccer player. In 1976, the Portland Timbers selected Smillie in the first round of the North American Soccer League draft. He transferred to the San Jose Earthquakes for the 1977 and 1978 seasons. In the fall of 1978, he moved indoors with the Cincinnati Kids of the Major Indoor Soccer League. He also played the 1980-1981 season with the San Francisco Fog of MISL. References External links NASL/MISL stats Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Footballers from Glasgow Category:American soccer players Category:Cincinnati Kids players Category:Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States Category:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players Category:Portland Timbers (1975–1982) players Category:San Francisco Fog (MISL) players Category:San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players Category:San Jose State Spartans men's soccer players Category:Scottish footballers Category:Scottish expatriate footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States Category:Association football defenders

Monica Saili (born 18 September 1997) is a Samoan swimmer who currently lives in New Zealand. She competed in the 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400m, 800 m freestyle, 50 m, 100 m breaststroke, 50 m, 100 m backstroke, 100 m butterfly and 100 m individual medley events at the 2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m). Saili also competed in the 800 m and 400 m freestyle events at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships. Category:Living people Category:1997 births Category:Samoan female swimmers

Pseudhammus rhamnus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dillon and Dillon in 1959. References Category:Lamiinae Category:Beetles described in 1959

Montefalcone di Val Fortore is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 80 km northeast of Naples and about 30 km northeast of Benevento. Montefalcone di Val Fortore is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia and its territory borders the following municipalities: Castelfranco in Miscano, Foiano di Val Fortore, Ginestra degli Schiavoni, Roseto Valfortore, San Giorgio La Molara. References External links Montefalcone Di Val Fortore comune website Category:Cities and towns in Campania

Thomas Richard Martin (January 30, 1922 – May 24, 2008), known professionally as Dick Martin, was an American comedian and director. He was known for his role as the co-host of the sketch comedy program Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In from 1968 to 1973. Early life and career Martin was born in Battle Creek, Michigan to William, a salesman and Ethel Martin, a homemaker. In the early 1930s, the family moved to Detroit, where his teenage years included a bout with tuberculosis, which kept him out of the military. He graduated from Michigan State University. Early in his career, Martin was a staff writer for Duffy's Tavern, a radio situation comedy. He and Dan Rowan formed the comedy team Rowan and Martin in 1952 and played in nightclubs throughout the United States and overseas. Martin played a drunk heckling a Shakespearean performer, a mainstay of their act for years. They could frequently be seen as host-performers on NBC's Colgate Comedy Hour, alternating with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis and other more established names. In 1958, they starred in Hal Kanter's comedy Western Once Upon a Horse which failed to catch on with moviegoers. In 1960, their contract with NBC was cancelled four years early by mutual consent. In 1962, Martin worked solo, playing next-door neighbor to Lucille Ball during the first season of her comeback comedy The Lucy Show. He and Rowan returned to the nightclub circuit until 1966, when they were asked to host the summer replacement series for the Dean Martin Show. He co-starred in the 1966 Doris Day movie The Glass Bottom Boat. Laugh-In The exposure led to an opportunity for Rowan and Martin to team up with producers Ed Friendly and George Schlatter and create Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1968–1973) on NBC. The comedy show was an immediate hit, becoming the number one American television program within two months of its debut. It was the top-rated show in its second and third seasons. Laugh-In had a uniquely fast-paced stream-of-consciousness style of blackout gags, double entendre, topical satire, and catchphrases, much of it delivered by a cast of unknowns such as Goldie Hawn, Lily Tomlin, and Arte Johnson. At the center of the maelstrom stood the veterans Rowan and Martin, who amusedly made no effort to slow down the program. Martin later said, "We designed it so that we are two relatively normal guys wandering through a sea of madness," and described his comic persona as "a kind of inept lech" who could be laughed at as well as laughed with. In real life, Martin spent the 1960s enjoying his high-flying lifestyle of women and parties. After Rowan retired from show business, Martin was a frequent panelist on game shows such as Match Game, Password Plus, and Tattletales, and he also hosted a parody game show called The Cheap Show in 1978, and the game show Mindreaders in 1979. Later career Martin also established himself as an efficient comedy director. Starting on The Bob Newhart Show, he directed for over a dozen series. Martin later became the chief director of the 1980s sitcom Newhart. In a 1998 episode of The Nanny, Martin guest-starred as a homeless man Fran Fine meets in a park who turns out to be Preston Collier, one of the wealthiest men in New York City. In 1992, he played a small role in the Canadian film North of Pittsburgh, which was directed by his son Richard. In 1996, Martin guest starred as sociology professor Dr. Ben Littmeyer on 3rd Rock from the Sun. Personal life Martin's son Richard was born in 1956. He married singer Peggy Connelly in 1957, and after divorcing her he married Playboy Playmate and Beyond the Valley of the Dolls star Dolly Read in 1971. Martin and Read divorced in June 1974, but remarried in 1978 and remained married until his death. Death Martin died on May 24, 2008, of breathing complications in Santa Monica, California. He had lost the use of a lung due to tuberculosis as a teenager and suffered respiratory problems late in life. Filmography References External links Category:1922 births Category:2008 deaths Category:American male comedians Category:American male television actors Category:American male screenwriters Category:American television directors Category:American game show hosts Category:Deaths from respiratory failure Category:Disease-related deaths in California Category:Male actors from Michigan Category:Michigan State University alumni Category:People from Battle Creek, Michigan Category:20th-century American male actors Category:Screenwriters from Michigan Category:20th-century American comedians

Elwood Hope "Mike" Smith (November 16, 1904 in Norfolk, Virginia – May 31, 1981 in Chesapeake, Virginia) was an American outfielder, who played Major League Baseball in 1926 for the New York Giants. Smith attended the College of William & Mary. Smith played 4 major league games in his career, going 1-7 with 2 strikeouts. External links Category:1904 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Major League Baseball outfielders Category:New York Giants (NL) players Category:Baseball players from Virginia Category:William & Mary Tribe baseball players Category:Sportspeople from Norfolk, Virginia

Peter Mark Brant Jr. (born December 30, 1993) is an American socialite and model. Biography Raised in Greenwich, Connecticut, Brant is the son of businessman and art collector Peter M. Brant and model Stephanie Seymour. In 2014, Brant was quoted in a Harper's Bazaar profile of him, his brother Harry and mother, Stephanie, about enjoying his clan's notoriety, "We had to do a report about our parents: where they were born, what they did, and all that. Everyone else had to do theirs as homework, but I finished mine before class ended using Wikipedia." Brant is a student at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. In 2015, Peter along with his younger brother Harry, in collaboration with Mac Cosmetics, launched a unisex cosmetics line aimed at the Gender fluid youth movement. References Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:Male models from New York (state) Category:American socialites Category:Models from New York City Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut Category:LGBT models Category:Fashion influencers Category:Male bloggers

Comè is a town and arrondissement located in the Mono Department of Benin. The commune covers an area of 163 square kilometres and as of 2012 had a population of 33,507 people. It was home to a refugee camp for Togolese refugees until it was closed in 2006. References Category:Communes of Benin Category:Arrondissements of Benin Category:Populated places in the Mono Department

is a 1985 Japanese film directed by Shinji Sōmai. Cast Yuichi Mikami as Kyoichi Mikami Youki Kudoh as Rie Takami Tomokazu Miura as Teacher Umemiya Yuka Onishi as Michiko Omachi Yuriko Fuchizaki as Midori Morisaki Shingo Tsurumi Tomiko Ishii as Katsue Yagisawa Awards and nominations 7th Yokohama Film Festival Won: Best Director - Shinji Sōmai Won: Best Supporting Actor - Tomokazu Miura 2nd Best Film 1st Tokyo International Film Festival Won: Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix 10th Hochi Film Award Won: Best Supporting Actor - Tomokazu Miura References External links Category:1985 films Category:Films directed by Shinji Sōmai Category:Japanese films Category:Japanese-language films Category:Lesbian-related films Category:Japanese LGBT-related films

Novgorod Province may refer to: Novgorod Oblast, a federal subject of Russia Novgorod Governorate, an administrative division of the Russian Empire Novgorod Province, Novgorod Governorate, a subdivision of Saint Petersburg Governorate and, after 1727, of Novgorod Governorate

Meet the Wife refers to: Meet the Wife (play), 1923 Broadway play Meet the Wife (film), 1931 American film Meet the Wife (TV series), British TV series