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do caterpillars turn into liquid and then reform into a butterfly in the cocoon? or do they keep some of the same parts?

<p> to begin the pupal or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar attaches itself with a silk pad and hangs upside down on a leaf. about 24 hours later, its skin splits, exposing a dull, bronze-coloured case known as the pupa or chrysalis. the pupa hangs for about a week without movement. within the pupa, the caterpillar is turning into liquid and changing into a butterfly, a process called metamorphosis. <p> most moth caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk within which they metamorphose into the pupal stage. most butterfly caterpillars, on the other hand, form an exposed pupa made from a hardened protein, also termed a chrysalis. <p> once the caterpillars hatch, they are fairly solitary. they eat leaves from the edge inwards. the caterpillars eat from several host plants. caterpillars begin as yellow with black stripes, but become blue green over time. once they are blue green, they develop four red and one yellow protuberances. these caterpillars go through several instars or skin shedding, and usually after the fifth shedding the caterpillar is ready to form a cocoon. when the caterpillars form cocoons, they are twice as long as they are wide. <p> the caterpillar is white in the early stage and turns yellow in the last instar. in its late stage, it is like the caterpillar of "pathysa nomius". (davidson & aitken quoted in bingham) the green pupa, is as in all swallowtails, is held by a silk girdle. said to be found mainly on the plant "unona lawii" and never under stones. (davidson and aitken) <p> a cocoon is a casing spun of silk by many moth caterpillars, and numerous other holometabolous insect larvae as a protective covering for the pupa. most lepidoptera larvae will either make a cocoon and pupate inside them or will pupate in a cell under the ground, with the exception of butterflies and advanced moths such as noctuids, whose pupae are exposed. the pupae of moths are usually brown and smooth whereas butterfly pupae are often colourful and their shape varies greatly. in butterflies, the exposed pupa is often referred to as a chrysalis, derived from the greek term "chrysalis": ("") for gold, referring to the golden colour of some pupae. <p> the caterpillar tunnels through the entire leaf in a neat winding manner so as to make sure to consume the entire leaf. it leaves a black trail within that is filled with droppings. the caterpillar can only be seen when it is changing leaves or when it comes to the surface to pupate. <p> when the caterpillar is fully mature it spins a dark brown silken cocoon on a branch which usually has a leaf to protect it with. when spinning is complete, the caterpillar sheds its final skin and takes the form of its pupall life stage. within a day of spinning completion, the cocoon sets to a hard waterproof shell with a rough exterior and a smooth interior wall. air holes can be seen along the side of the cocoon indicating that the cocoon is probably otherwise airtight. the moth usually emerges from the cocoon the following year (in spring or early summer) but depending on weather conditions can stay in the cocoon from anywhere between two and five years. one case has even been recorded of a moth emerging out of the cocoon after 10 years.

Here's an interesting podcast about that very thing: The upshot is that yes, they turn into goo. But also, it's been proven that memories persist through the goo stage. So somehow, something carries through the chrysalis. It seems like there may be more to memory than we currently understand.

why is it on clear nights it is much cooler then on cloudy ones?

<p> because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. for example, on clear nights earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. this is because clouds (ho) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. this is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. <p> much of the winter variability in this region is due to clouds. since there is no sunlight, the thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere is one of this region's main sources of energy in winter. a cloudy sky can emit much more energy toward the surface than a clear sky, so when it is cloudy in winter, this region tends to be warm, and when it is clear, this region cools quickly. <p> in winter nights, if the sky is clear, temperatures may fall below zero, usually reaching about . conversely, in summer, especially during sunny days, the temperature can easily exceed , and sometimes it reaches . furthermore, the sensation of heat in summer is increased by the high humidity. <p> bullet::::- due to the thin atmosphere, the temperature difference between day and night is much larger than on earth, typically around 70 °c (125 °f). however, the day/night temperature variation is much lower during dust storms when very little light gets through to the surface even during the day, and instead warms the middle atmosphere. <p> climate data have shown that the variance between daily lows and highs may have played a role in the lower average temperature because the fluctuations were much more subdued. generally, the mornings were warmer because of nightly cloud cover and the evenings were cooler because the clouds had dissipated. there were documented fluctuations of cloud cover for various locations that suggested it was a nightly occurrence and the sun killed them off, much like a fog. the class boundaries between 1810–1830 without volcanically perturbed years was around . in contrast, the volcanically perturbed years (1815–1817) had a change of only around . this meant that the mean annual cycle in 1816 was more linear than bell shaped and 1817 endured cooling across the board. southeastern england, northern france, and the netherlands experienced the greatest amount of cooling in europe, accompanied by new york, new hampshire, delaware, and rhode island in north america. (bodenmann et al. 2011) <p> fog is formed when the air cools enough that the vapour pressure encourages condensation over evaporation. in order for the air to be cool on a summer night, the sky must be clear, so excess heat can be radiated into space. cloudy skies act like a blanket, absorbing and reradiating the heat, keeping it in. so if it is cool enough (and clear enough) for fog to form, it will probably be clear the next day. winter fog is the result of two entirely different circumstances. above the ocean or a large lake, air is typically more humid than above land. when the humid air moves over cold land, it will form fog and precipitation. (to the east of the north american great lakes, this is a common phenomenon, and is known as the "lake effect.") in northerly climates, ice fog may form when the temperature drops substantially below freezing. it is almost exclusively an urban phenomenon, when the air is so cold that any vapor pressure results in condensation, and additional vapour emitted by automobiles, household furnaces, and industrial plants simply accumulates as fog. <p> temperatures are hot in summer reaching up to , and in winter are cool, either because of the fog (about twenty days from november to january ) or a cold and dry wind blowing from the northwest, the "cierzo" (related to other northerly winds such as the "mistral" in the se of france) on clear days. frost is common and there is sporadic snowfall. the cierzo can cause a 'wind chill factor' as low as during cold spells.

Clouds act like insulation and trap heat, but it's not uncommon for temps to change day to day for other reasons...

how is sound quality increased?

<p> perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). furthermore, sufficient quality may be achieved by a lesser quality setting for lectures and human speech applications and reduces encoding time and complexity. a test given to new students by stanford university music professor jonathan berger showed that student preference for mp3-quality music has risen each year. berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that mp3s bring to music. <p> it is difficult, but very important, to match sound levels before comparing systems, as minute increases in loudness—more than 0.15 db or 0.1 db—have been demonstrated to cause perceived improvements in sound quality. <p> manufacturers usually advertise that their higher frequency systems improve audio quality and range. in the ideal case, higher frequencies actually have worse signal propagation as shown by the basic friis transmission equation, and path loss tends to increase at higher frequencies as well. practical influences on quality and range are signal strength, antenna quality, the method of modulation used, and interference, which varies locally. <p> sound quality is typically an assessment of the accuracy, fidelity, or intelligibility of audio output from an electronic device. quality can be measured objectively, such as when tools are used to gauge the accuracy with which the device reproduces an original sound; or it can be measured subjectively, such as when human listeners respond to the sound or gauge its "perceived" similarity to another sound. <p> these are effects that tend to occur only during parts of a waveform fed through audio amplifiers, that may give rise to audible degradation of the sound quality in music, even when fixed-frequency harmonic distortion tests show low amounts of distortion for a simple sinewave test signal. <p> record companies, mixing engineers and mastering engineers have been gradually increasing the overall volume of commercial albums. the greater loudness is achieved by using higher degrees of compression and limiting during mixing and mastering; compression algorithms have been engineered specifically to accomplish the task of maximizing audio level in the digital stream. hard limiting or clipping can result, affecting the tone and timbre of the music. the effort to increase loudness has been referred to as the loudness war. <p> also acoustic instruments may represent a risk for hearing damages, especially with lengthy exercising in rooms with high reverberation. however, the sound level and the risk have increased with more powerful amplifiers and loudspeakers, and the volume at some concerts is far above the level which may induce such damages without ear protection. 115 dba (decibel-a) at average may be risky even after 30 seconds, and a 10db increase means doubling the sound level (an angle grinder at 1 m gives about 100 dba, and in uk, norway, etc., it is strictly prohibited for workers to use it more than a few minutes without ear protection). the sound level claimed at some of manowar's performances, may cause ear damages almost immediately; the phrase "deafening sound" should be taken literally. the control of noise at work regulations 2005 introduced safety limits for daily noise exposure in the uk like 92 dba as average during 30 minutes.

Here's the analogy - a computer understands data as straight lines - a square is 4 straight lines at 90 degree angles. An octagon is 8 straight lines at 135 degree angles, etc. Sound is like a circle. In order to understand it, the computer has to turn it into a shape made of straight lines. Software encoding and bit rate determine how many lines the computer uses to make the circle shape. The more lines, the more the shape will look like a circle. From a digital standpoint, since a circle has infinite points, infinite data would be required to make a perfect representation of it, so no - we can never reach a peak in digital sound quality, but that doesn't matter, because human ears wouldn't be able to tell the difference. The other half of the problem is the speaker. The speaker has to be able to take the sound data and turn it back into a smooth curve. It has to be able to make really small curves and really large curves. It has to be able to make several curves at the same time. The more the speaker can do, the better the sound quality. There are more than two factors, but if I had to pick two, bit rate and speakers would be the ones I chose.

what stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?

<p> drag is a force opposite to the direction of the rocket's motion relative to any air it is moving through. this slows the speed of the vehicle and produces structural loads. the deceleration forces for fast-moving rockets are calculated using the drag equation. <p> a related issue is drag. if the near light-speed space craft is interacting with matter or energy that is moving slowly in the planetary reference frame—solar wind, magnetic fields, cosmic microwave background radiation—this will cause drag which will bleed off a portion of the engine's acceleration. <p> in these equations atmospheric friction (air drag) is not taken into account. a rocket moving out of a gravity well does not actually need to attain escape velocity to escape, but could achieve the same result (escape) at any speed with a suitable mode of propulsion and sufficient propellant to provide the accelerating force on the object to escape. escape velocity is only required to send a ballistic object on a trajectory that will allow the object to escape the gravity well of the mass "m". <p> rockets create thrust by expelling mass backward at high velocity. the thrust produced can be calculated by multiplying the mass flow rate of the propellants by their exhaust velocity relative to the rocket (specific impulse). a rocket can be thought of as being accelerated by the pressure of the combusting gases against the combustion chamber and nozzle, not by "pushing" against the air behind or below it. rocket engines perform best in outer space because of the lack of air pressure on the outside of the engine. in space it is also possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation. <p> drag can be minimised by an aerodynamic nose cone and by using a shape with a high ballistic coefficient (the "classic" rocket shape—long and thin), and by keeping the rocket's angle of attack as low as possible. <p> once in orbit, their speed keeps them in orbit above the atmosphere. if e.g., an elliptical orbit dips into dense air, the object will lose speed and re-enter (i.e. fall). occasionally a space craft will intentionally intercept the atmosphere, in an act commonly referred to as an aerobraking maneuver <p> during a rocket launch, as the vehicle speed increases, and the atmosphere thins, there is a point of maximum aerodynamic drag called max q. this determines the minimum aerodynamic strength of the vehicle, as the rocket must avoid buckling under these forces.

Theoretically, nothing stops the rocket from accelerating. Practically, you need energy (in the form of rocket fuel, for example) to accelerate. To gain a really high speed, you need a lot of rocket fuel.

why do some things seem to cause heartburn within minutes, while some things need to digest before causing heartburn like an hour later?

<p> heartburn is usually due to regurgitation of gastric acid (gastric reflux) into the esophagus and is the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). in about 0.6% of cases it is a symptom of ischemic heart disease. <p> heartburn can be caused by several conditions and a preliminary diagnosis of gerd is based on additional signs and symptoms. the chest pain caused by gerd has a distinct 'burning' sensation, occurs after eating or at night, and worsens when a person lies down or bends over. it also is common in pregnant women, and may be triggered by consuming food in large quantities, or specific foods containing certain spices, high fat content, or high acid content. if the chest pain is suspected to be heartburn, patients may undergo an upper gi series to confirm the presence of acid reflux. <p> symptoms of heartburn can be confused with the pain that is a symptom of an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) or angina. a description of burning or indigestion-like pain increases the risk of acute coronary syndrome, but not to a statistically significant level. in a group of people presenting to a hospital with gerd symptoms, 0.6% may be due to ischemic heart disease. <p> painful burning sensations in the chest that is caused by gastroesophageal reflux is known as heartburn. reflux is the back flow of gastric acid juices from the stomach into the oesophagus. heartburn has different triggers, including certain foods, medications, obesity, and stress. these triggers are different for each individual. gastroesophageal reflux disease or gerd is a chronic condition that can lead to more serious complications like esophageal cancer. treatment options are available to treat the symptoms and the condition, but there is no cure for the disease. symptoms include burping, abdominal and stomach bloating, along with pain and discomfort. heavy meals, lying down or bending over after eating should be avoided to help prevent reflux from occurring. the stomach bloating experienced with reflux is intense and will remain until the food is digested all the way. <p> heartburn, also known as pyrosis, cardialgia or acid indigestion, is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central abdomen. the discomfort often rises in the chest and may radiate to the neck, throat, or angle of the jaw. <p> regurgitation and heartburn in pregnancy are caused by relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (les) and increased transit time in the stomach (normal in pregnancy), as well as by increased intra-abdominal pressure, caused by the enlarging uterus. <p> if ricin is ingested, symptoms may be delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2–4 hours. these include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine. unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; however, in most cases a full recovery can be made.

Heart burn occurs due to reflux of stomach acids back into the esophagus , and this occurs due to a not so tight lower esphageal sphincter (junction between your esophagus and stomach ) Normally it's tight and closed and only opens up when food reaches it but a lot things could affect it. Heavy meals require more acid to digest and if you take a nap afterwards , you essentially removed the effect of gravity by laying down and would almost always get a heartburn . Some foods, spicy , caffeine and such relaxe The esphageal sphincter making it easier for the acid to regurgitate back into the esophagus.

what is preventing terrorists from using nuclear weapons?

<p> while no terrorist group has ever successfully acquired and used a nuclear weapon, many political scientists and prominent government officials consider nuclear terrorism to be one of the single greatest threats in global security. there is strong evidence that terrorist groups like al-qaeda are actively seeking to acquire nuclear weapons, and the plutonium or highly enriched uranium (heu) needed to produce them. another serious concern is that weaknesses in many states’ nuclear security apparatuses have left them susceptible to theft or loss of heu or plutonium. according to the international atomic energy agency’s (iaea) illicit trafficking database (itdb), there have been 18 incidents of theft or loss of heu and plutonium reported in itdb’s participating states. given these serious concerns, the united states, its allies, and international organizations like the united nations have established several international agreements and initiatives to ensure that all states’ nuclear security standards are adequate and effective, and to secure all vulnerable and unprotected nuclear stockpiles around the world over the next few years. <p> president barack obama has reviewed homeland security policy and concluded that "attacks using improvised nuclear devices ... pose a serious and increasing national security risk." in their presidential contest, president george w. bush and senator john kerry both agreed that the most serious danger facing the united states is the possibility that terrorists could obtain a nuclear bomb. most nuclear-weapon analysts agree that "building such a device would pose few technological challenges to reasonably competent" terrorists. the main barrier is acquiring highly enriched uranium. <p> president barack obama has reviewed homeland security policy and concluded that "attacks using improvised nuclear devices ... pose a serious and increasing national security risk". in their presidential contest, president george w. bush and senator john kerry both agreed that the most serious danger facing the united states is the possibility that terrorists could obtain a nuclear bomb. most nuclear-weapon analysts agree that "building such a device would pose few technological challenges to reasonably competent terrorists". the main barrier is acquiring highly enriched uranium. <p> another possible nuclear terrorism threat are devices designed to disperse radioactive materials over a large area using conventional explosives, called dirty bombs. the detonation of a "dirty bomb" would not cause a nuclear explosion, nor would it release enough radiation to kill or injure a large number of people. however, it could cause severe disruption and require potentially very costly decontamination procedures and increased spending on security measures. <p> the possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained within suitcases) is something which is known of within u.s. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the u.s. it is considered plausible that terrorists could acquire a nuclear weapon. <p> it is increasingly likely that terrorist groups, or individuals with criminal intent, may use unconventional methods to disrupt the nation's critical infrastructure or use weapons of mass destruction (wmd) against americans. <p> terrorists could target nuclear power plants in an attempt to release radioactive contamination into the community. the united states 9/11 commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the september 11, 2001 attacks. an attack on a reactor's spent fuel pool could also be serious, as these pools are less protected than the reactor core. the release of radioactivity could lead to thousands of near-term deaths and greater numbers of long-term fatalities.

Having access to the right materials, and enough of it to do significant damage. Also it takes money to build the proper facilities to do it. You also need educated and skilled people to run the facility and make the bomb. The things needed to do this is heavily regulated by the UN. Plus intelligence agencies keep eyes on groups that would like to use one and those who would sell the stuff to them. If someone farts in the wrong direction, intelligence agencies know about it.

image sizes. if the camera settings stays the same and the image is stored as a set of pixel values, why does the image size change?

<p> on 2d displays, such as computer monitors and tvs, the display size (or viewable image size or vis) is the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed. the size of a screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal, which is the distance between opposite corners, usually in inches. it is also sometimes called the physical image size to distinguish it from the "logical image size," which describes a screen's display resolution and is measured in pixels. <p> the size of a disk image can be large because it contains the contents of an entire disk. to reduce storage requirements, if an imaging utility is filesystem-aware it can omit copying unused space, and it can compress the used space. <p> another example is the megapixel count of a digital camera. a consumer unaware that the number of pixels on a sensor is only one factor in the quality of the image that is captured may, for example, buy a camera with more pixels squeezed onto a smaller image sensor, thus losing quality to the small pixel size. <p> due to inch-based sensor formats being not standardized, their exact dimensions may vary, but those listed are typical. the listed sensor areas span more than a factor of 1000 and are proportional to the maximum possible collection of light and image resolution (same lens speed, i.e., minimum f-number), but in practice are not directly proportional to image noise or resolution due to other limitations. see comparisons. film format sizes are included for comparison. the following comparison is with respect to the aspect ratio of 4:3. the application examples of phone or camera may not show the exact sensor sizes. <p> most television display manufacturers "overscan" the pictures on their displays (crts and pdps, lcds etc.), so that the effective on-screen picture may be reduced from 720 × 576 (480) to 680 × 550 (450), for example. the size of the invisible area somewhat depends on the display device. hd televisions do this as well, to a similar extent. <p> storage aspect ratio is the ratio of the image width to height in pixels, and can be easily calculated from the video file. display aspect ratio is the ratio of image width to height (in a unit of length such as centimeters or inches) when displayed on screen, and is calculated from the combination of pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio. <p> the more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a vga display), and therefore has a total number of 640×480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels.

It has to do with the way image compression works. If you have an image with large uniform areas, like a blue cloudless sky, compression is going to be a lot more efficient than with an image with a lot of detail. Let's just assume you have 200 blue pixels in a row as opposed to a mix of blue and white in a cloudy sky, the image compression format can basically say "200 times blue" instead of saying "blue, then white, then blue, then white again..." Generally speaking, less change in color across a row of pixels means better compression. That's why some images can be reduced to a very small size and some need more space, because they need to store more specific information about the different parts of the image.

why do some bands hide their drum set behind glass during live shows, like garbage or the who, but most bands do not?

<p> drummers often bring a carpet, mats or rugs to venues to prevent the bass drum and hi-hat stand from "crawling" (moving away) on a slippery surface from the drum head striking the bass drum. the carpet also reduces short reverberation (which is generally but not always an advantage), and helps to prevent damage to the flooring or floor coverings. in shows where multiple drummers will bring their kits onstage over the night, it is common for drummers to mark the location of their stands and pedals with tape, to allow for quicker positioning of a kits in a drummer's accustomed position. bass drums and hi-hat stands commonly have retractable spikes to help them to grip surfaces such as carpet, or stay stationary (on hard surfaces) with rubber feet. <p> both the studio and live recordings make use of a talking drum. speedy, a nigerian drummer, made the instrument for mick fleetwood, the band's drummer. since 1969, fleetwood has brought the instrument to every show, using it on many live tours. <p> many bands choose not to play live. many of those who do play live maintain that their performances "are not for entertainment or spectacle. sincerity, authenticity and extremity are valued above all else". some bands consider their concerts to be rituals and often make use of stage props and theatrics. bands such as mayhem and gorgoroth are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood. a few vocalists, such as dead, maniac and kvarforth, are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage. <p> some have compared them to dance acts like daft punk, justice, and digitalism, as well as others like rage against the machine. "nme" compares them to bands like muse due to their heavier, more "live" sound. the group is known for its raucous live shows, which often end with stage diving and instrument destruction . vocalist james rushent would sometimes destroy the drumkit by running and diving into it. <p> they are commonly used by drummers in rock music. played with a nylon tip drumstick they sound rather like the coil chimes in a mantle clock. some have holes in the centre, but they are mounted like all suspended gongs by other holes near the rim. the smaller sizes, , have a more bell-like tone due to their thickness and small diameter. <p> a feature of the jam band scene is fan taping or digital recording of live concerts. while many other styles of music term fan taping as "illegal bootlegging", jam bands often allow their fans to make tapes or recordings of their live shows. fans trade recordings and collect recordings of different live shows because improvisational jam bands play their songs differently at each performance. by the 2000s, as internet downloading of mp3 music files became common, downloading of jam band songs became an extension of the cassette taping trend. bands are also distributing their shows online, sometimes within days or hours. <p> the band is well known for their energetic live shows that has traditionally involved confetti cannons, silly string, costumes, wigs and other party props. the band members have been known to assemble into human pyramids on stage without missing a beat .

It's been many years since the rocker days of my youth, but if I remember correctly, it has to do with better mic control for the drums, and less bleed over to the other mics on stage. Basically, drums are noisy AF and you want to have as much control of that as possible as part of the total mix. If to much of the drum sounds get picked up by the mics used on the guitar amps or vocal mics it can make it difficult to get and maintain the proper mix. Remember, there tend to be a ton of mics on stage. Not just the ones people are singing into. I want to say that this was developed originally for mic control in confined spaces like a TV/radio studio where the music can turn into noise real quick if the sound engineer can't control what's going on. As I said, it's been a while and I could be way off.

how can the iranian nuclear program be "limited" in such a way that reactor grade uranium can be produced but weapons grade cannot?

<p> a nuclear weapon primary stage using uranium uses heu enriched to ~90% u, though the secondary stage often uses lower enrichments. nuclear reactors with water moderator require at least some enrichment of u. nuclear reactors with heavy water or graphite moderation can operate with natural uranium, eliminating altogether the need for enrichment and preventing the fuel from being useful for nuclear weapons; the candu power reactors used in canadian power plants are an example of this type. <p> estimating when iran might possibly achieve nuclear "breakout" capability, defined as having produced a sufficient quantity of highly enriched uranium to fuel a weapon – if a working design for one existed and the political decision to assemble it was made – is uncertain. a detailed analysis by physicists at the federation of american scientists concludes that such an estimate would depend on the total number and overall efficiency of the centrifuges iran has in operation, and the amount of low-enriched uranium it has stockpiled to serve as "feedstock" for a possible high-enrichment program. a 23 march 2012 u.s. congressional research service report quotes 24 february 2012 iaea report saying that iran has stockpiled 240 pounds of 20-percent-enriched uranium – an enrichment level necessary for medical applications – as an indication of their capacity to enrich to higher levels. the authoritarian political culture of iran may pose additional challenges to a scientific program requiring cooperation among many technical specialists. some experts argue that the intense focus on iran's nuclear program detracts from a need for broader diplomatic engagement with the islamic republic. u.s. intelligence agency officials interviewed by "the new york times" in march 2012 said they continued to assess that iran had not restarted its weaponization program, which the 2007 national intelligence estimate said iran had discontinued in 2003, although they have found evidence that some weaponization-related activities have continued. the israeli mossad reportedly shared this belief. <p> bullet::::- iran's stockpile of low-enriched uranium was reduced by 97 percent, from 10,000 kg to 300 kg. this reduction will be maintained for fifteen years. for the same fifteen-year period, iran will be limited to enriching uranium to 3.67%, a percentage sufficient for civilian nuclear power and research, but not for building a nuclear weapon. however, the number of centrifuges is sufficient for a nuclear weapon, but not for nuclear power. this is a "major decline" in iran's previous nuclear activity; prior to watering down its stockpile pursuant to the joint plan of action interim agreement, iran had enriched uranium to near 20% (medium-enriched uranium). these enriched uranium in excess of 300 kg of up to 3.67% will be down blended to natural uranium level or be sold in return for natural uranium, and the uranium enriched to between 5% and 20% will be fabricated into fuel plates for the tehran research reactor or sold or diluted to an enrichment level of 3.67%. the implementation of the commercial contracts will be facilitated by p5+1. after fifteen years, all physical limits on enrichment will be removed, including limits on the type and number of centrifuges, iran's stockpile of enriched uranium, and where iran may have enrichment facilities. according to belfer, at this point iran could "expand its nuclear program to create more practical overt and covert nuclear weapons options". <p> in february 2010, to refuel the tehran research reactor which produces medical isotopes, iran began using a single cascade to enrich uranium "up to 19.8%", to match the previously foreign supplied fuel. 20% is the upper threshold for low enriched uranium (leu). though heu enriched to levels exceeding 20% is considered technically usable in a nuclear explosive device, this route is much less desirable because far more material is required to achieve a sustained nuclear chain reaction. heu enriched to 90% and above is most typically used in a weapons development program. <p> colin kahl, former deputy assistant u.s. secretary of defense for the middle east, estimated in may 2014 that iran's stockpile was large enough to build 6 nuclear weapons and it had to be reduced. constraints on iran's uranium enrichment would reduce the chance that its nuclear program could be used to make nuclear warheads. the number and quality of centrifuges, research and development of advanced centrifuges, and the size of low-enriched uranium stockpiles, would be relevant. the constraints were interrelated with each other, that the more centrifuges iran had, the smaller the stockpile the united states and p5+1 should accept, and vice versa. lengthening breakout timelines required a substantial reduction in enrichment capacity, and many experts talk about an acceptable range of about 2000-6000 first-generation centrifuges. iran stated that it wanted to extend its capability substantially. in may 2014 robert j. einhorn, former special advisor on non-proliferation and arms control at the u.s. department of state, claimed that if iran was to continue to insist on what he considered to be a huge number of centrifuges, then there would be no agreement, since this enrichment capacity would bring the breakout time down to weeks or days. <p> most bwr and pwr commercial reactors use uranium enriched to about 4% u-235, and some commercial reactors with a high neutron economy do not require the fuel to be enriched at all (that is, they can use natural uranium). according to the international atomic energy agency there are at least 100 research reactors in the world fueled by highly enriched (weapons-grade/90% enrichment) uranium. theft risk of this fuel (potentially used in the production of a nuclear weapon) has led to campaigns advocating conversion of this type of reactor to low-enrichment uranium (which poses less threat of proliferation). <p> heavy water reactors and graphite-moderated reactors can use natural uranium, but the vast majority of the world's reactors require enriched uranium, in which the ratio of u-235 to u-238 is increased. in civilian reactors, the enrichment is increased to 3-5% u-235 and 95% u-238, but in naval reactors there is as much as 93% u-235.

Honestly, there's nothing really stopping the iranians from *trying* to make weapons grade uranium. However, the israelis have taken many actions against Iran's nuclear program including killing Iran's scientists and destroying their centrifuges.

how does antivirus software get created?

<p> antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. however, with the proliferation of other kinds of malware, antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats. in particular, modern antivirus software can protect users from: malicious browser helper objects (bhos), browser hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, trojan horses, worms, malicious lsps, dialers, fraudtools, adware and spyware. some products also include protection from other computer threats, such as infected and malicious urls, spam, scam and phishing attacks, online identity (privacy), online banking attacks, social engineering techniques, advanced persistent threat (apt) and botnet ddos attacks. <p> computer users unwittingly download and install rogue security software, malware disguised as antivirus software, by following the messages which appear on their screen. the software then pretends to find multiple viruses on the victim's computer, "removes" a few, and asks for payment in order to take care of the rest. they are then linked to con artists' websites, professionally designed to make their bogus software appear legitimate, where they must pay a fee to download the "full version" of their "antivirus software". <p> as software is often designed with security features to prevent unauthorized use of system resources, many viruses must exploit and manipulate security bugs, which are security defects in a system or application software, to spread themselves and infect other computers. software development strategies that produce large numbers of "bugs" will generally also produce potential exploitable "holes" or "entrances" for the virus. <p> there are multiple ways of installing such software. the most common is remote installation, using a backdoor created by a computer virus or trojan. this tactic has the advantage of potentially subjecting multiple computers to surveillance. viruses often spread to thousands or millions of computers, and leave "backdoors" which are accessible over a network connection, and enable an intruder to remotely install software and execute commands. these viruses and trojans are sometimes developed by government agencies, such as cipav and magic lantern. more often, however, viruses created by other people or spyware installed by marketing agencies can be used to gain access through the security breaches that they create. <p> antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of attack. the us national security agency (nsa) and the uk government communications headquarters (gchq) intelligence agencies, <p> metamorphic code can also mean that a virus is capable of infecting executables from two or more different operating systems (such as windows and gnu/linux) or even different computer architectures. often, the virus does this by carrying several viruses within itself. the beginning of the virus is then coded so that it translates to correct machine-code for all of the platforms that it is supposed to execute in. this is used primarily in remote exploit injection code where the target platform is unknown. <p> many users install antivirus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses when the computer attempts to download or run the executable file (which may be distributed as an email attachment, or on usb flash drives, for example). some antivirus software blocks known malicious websites that attempt to install malware. antivirus software does not change the underlying capability of hosts to transmit viruses. users must update their software regularly to patch security vulnerabilities ("holes"). antivirus software also needs to be regularly updated in order to recognize the latest threats. this is because malicious hackers and other individuals are always creating new viruses. the german av-test institute publishes evaluations of antivirus software for windows and android.

> antivirus companies like **McAffee and Symantec** track and effectively create software to combat They don't. More seriously though... AV vendors use a handful of tricks to try to detect and combat malicious software. nothing is perfect, though, they just do their best. Some common techniques: 1. blacklists - this is the most rudimentary thing you can do and is the backbone of essentially all modern anti virus software. If you know that a piece of software is bad, you save a signature of it so that the next time you see it you know it's bad and can stop it. the companies have teams dedicated to analyzing software and creating signatures and constantly update their databases. 2. heuristics - this is more sophisticated, you have your software inspect and examine a piece of unknown software in order to automatically analyze what it does, and you make an educated guess based on it. AV usually have options to dial the heuristics up or down since more stringent heuristics detection means more hits means better protection means more false positives. 3. sometimes an AV will just let an unknown software actually run in an isolated sandbox then watch what it does to see if it does anything bad. 4. if you *really* want to be secure, you can use a whitelist system, where you only allow anything in your database. anything unknown gets blocked. this would be a huge PITA to use and is exceedingly rare, and it's not really traditionally part of an AV either.

how come your hearing is better when you have been in silence for a while?

<p> bullet::::- severe hearing loss - people with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. however, they often rely on lip-reading even when they are using hearing aids. the most quiet sounds heard by people with severe hearing loss with their better ear are between 70 and 95 db hl. <p> bullet::::- mild hearing loss - people with mild hearing loss have difficulties keeping up with conversations, especially in noisy surroundings. the most quiet sounds that people with mild hearing loss can hear with their better ear are between 25 and 40 db hl. <p> bullet::::- moderate hearing loss - people with moderate hearing loss have difficulty keeping up with conversations when they are not using a hearing aid. on average, the most quiet sounds heard by people with moderate hearing loss with their better ear are between 40 and 70 db hl. <p> hearing may deteriorate gradually from chronic and repeated noise exposure (such as to loud music or background noise) or suddenly from exposure to impulse noise, which is a short high intensity noise (such as a gunshot or airhorn). in both types, loud sound overstimulates delicate hearing cells, leading to the permanent injury or death of the cells. once lost this way, hearing cannot be restored in humans. <p> bullet::::- profound hearing loss - people with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign language. the most quiet sounds heard by people with profound hearing loss with their better ear are from 95 db hl or more. <p> for a person with a sensorineural hearing loss (snhl) in quiet, the srt also needs to be higher than for a person with normal hearing. this is because the only factor that is important in quiet for a chl and a snhl is the audibility of the sound, which corresponds to factor a. in noise, the person with a snhl requires a better signal-to-noise ratio to achieve the same performance level, as the person with normal hearing and the person with a chl. this shows that in noise, factor a is not enough to explain the problems of a person with a snhl. therefore, there is another problem present, which is factor d. at present, it is not known what causes factor d. thus, in noise the audiogram is irrelevant. it is the type of hearing loss that is important in this situation. <p> one reason for the hearing problems these patients often experience is due to the head shadow effect. newborn children with no hearing on one side but one normal ear could still have problems. speech development could be delayed and difficulties to concentrate in school are common. more children with unilateral hearing loss have to repeat classes than their peers. taking part in social activities could be a problem. early aiding is therefore of utmost importance.

Your hearing isn't better, so much as your concious mind is focuses much more on individual sounds. Our brains naturally tune out a lot of stimuli, especially if it's repetitive, to minimize neural load and energy usage. Being in a silent space for awhile causes our brains to focus much more on sound in order to listen for ANYTHING that might hurt us. Once you reenter a loud area, much of our brains focus is on sound input. It's kind of like when you close your eyes for a minute before turning the lights out, so that your eyes adjust to darkness faster. It's a way to re-tune one of your senses.

mixers

<p> a mixer (mixing console, mixing desk, mixing board, or software mixer) is the operational heart of the mixing process. mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder. mixers typically have 2 main outputs (in the case of two-channel stereo mixing) or 8 (in the case of surround). <p> in sound recording and reproduction, and sound reinforcement systems, a mixing console is an electronic device for combining sounds of many different audio signals. inputs to the console include microphones being used by singers and for picking up acoustic instruments, signals from electric or electronic instruments, or recorded music. depending on the type, a mixer is able to control analog or digital signals. the modified signals are summed to produce the combined output signals, which can then be broadcast, amplified through a sound reinforcement system or recorded. <p> an electronic mixer is a device that combines two or more electrical or electronic signals into one or two composite output signals. there are two basic circuits that both use the term "mixer", but they are very different types of circuits: additive mixers and multiplicative mixers. additive mixers are also known as "analog adders" to distinguish from the related digital adder circuits. <p> a mixer, depending on the type also called a hand mixer or stand mixer, is a kitchen device that uses a gear-driven mechanism to rotate a set of "beaters" in a bowl containing the food or liquids to be prepared by mixing them. <p> a mixer may be a handheld mechanism known as an eggbeater, a handheld motorized beater, or a stand mixer. stand mixers vary in size from small counter top models for home use to large capacity commercial machines. stand mixers create the mixing action by rotating the mixing device vertically (planetary mixers), or by rotating the mixing container (spiral mixers). <p> in practice, mixers do more than simply mix signals. they can provide phantom power for condenser microphones; pan control, which changes a sound's apparent position in the stereo soundfield; filtering and equalization, which enables sound engineers to boost or cut selected frequencies to improve the sound; dynamic range compression, which allows engineers to increase the overall gain of the system or channel without exceeding the dynamic limits of the system; routing facilities, to send the signal from the mixer to another device, such as a sound recording system or a control room; and monitoring facilities, whereby one of a number of sources can be routed to loudspeakers or headphones for listening, often without affecting the mixer's main output. some mixers have onboard electronic effects, such as reverb. some mixers intended for small venue live performance applications may include an integrated power amplifier. <p> mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems, nightclubs, broadcasting, television, and film post-production. a typical, simple application combines signals from microphones on stage into an amplifier that drives one set of loudspeakers for the audience. a dj mixer may have only two channels, for mixing two record players. a coffeehouse's tiny stage might only have a six channel mixer, enough for two singer-guitarists and a percussionist. a nightclub stage's mixer for rock music shows may have 24 channels for mixing the signals from a rhythm section, lead guitar and several vocalists. a mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as many as 96 channels.

A mixer by itself only routes selected signals to an output. By moving the faders for the various inputs on its controls, all you're doing is opening and closing electrical connections to the mixer's various outputs. The EQ controls (e.g. high, mid, low) route the signal through various transistors, resistors and capacitors that have the corresponding effects on the signal. Think of it as guiding an audio signal through a maze, telling it which turns to take and which exit to leave from. A powered mixer also acts as amplifier, while a standard mixer must be connected to a separate amplifier. edit: Accidentally a word.

what would happen to the earth if all the whales were gone?

<p> although the whales no longer face pressure from commercial whaling, mankind remains by far the greatest threat to these species: the two leading causes of death are being struck by ships and entanglement in fishing gear. ingestion of plastic marine debris also presents a growing threat. for the north atlantic right whale, for example, whose population was estimated at 411 in 2018 which was down from 451 in 2016 and 458 in 2015, these two anthropogenic factors alone account for 48% of all known right whale deaths since 1970. more than 85% of right whales have been entangled at least once. <p> so called because they were the ‘right’ whale to kill, southern right whales were brought to the verge of extinction during the early 20th century. their enormous blubber reserves caused the animals to float after being killed, whilst their slow-moving nature made them easy targets. whilst significant conservation threats still remain (primarily habitat loss), many populations have shown slow signs of recovery. the long-term objective of the patagonian right whale program is to promote and facilitate this recovery. <p> most of the deaths of the whales have occurred at the coast of the western region of ghana and raised fears that it was the oil drilling that is responsible for the deaths. since the discovery of oil in 2007 some environmentalists are skeptical whether oil and gas will be handled judiciously to avoid environmental degradation. decomposed whale carcasses have been washing onto beaches in western region making environmental groups worried the country's growing petroleum industry may be killing marine life. local people count a total of 20 dead whales discovered along ghana's coastline in the last four years, including at least eight since september 2013. whales are mammals and what kills them is still unresolved. <p> once relentlessly hunted for their products, whales are now protected by international law. the north atlantic right whales nearly became extinct in the twentieth century, with a population low of 450, and the north pacific grey whale population is ranked critically endangered by the iucn. besides whaling, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. the meat, blubber and baleen of whales have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the arctic. whales have been depicted in various cultures worldwide, notably by the inuit and the coastal peoples of vietnam and ghana, who sometimes hold whale funerals. whales occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the great white whale of herman melville's "moby dick". small whales, such as belugas, are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks, but breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. whale watching has become a form of tourism around the world. <p> whaling and other threats have led to at least five of the 13 great whales being listed as endangered. a past ban which was implemented around the 1960s has helped some of these species of whale to recover. according to iucn's cetacean specialist group (csg), "several populations of southern right whales, humpbacks in many areas, grey whales in the eastern north pacific, and blue whales in both the eastern north pacific and central north atlantic have begun to show signs of recovery." populations of many other whales species are also increasing. <p> in november 2018, over 140 whales were witnessed stranded on a remote beach in new zealand and had to be euthanised because of their declining health condition. in july 2019, nearly 50 long-finned pilot whales were found stranded on snaefellsnes peninsula in iceland. however, they were already dead when spotted. <p> at present, they are among the most endangered whales in the world, and they are protected under the u.s. endangered species act and marine mammal protection act and canada's species at risk act. there are about 400 individuals in existence in the western north atlantic ocean—they migrate between feeding grounds in the labrador sea and their winter calving areas off georgia and florida, an ocean area with heavy shipping traffic. in the eastern north atlantic, on the other hand—with a total population reaching into the low teens at most—scientists believe that they may already be functionally extinct. vessel strikes and entanglement in fixed fishing gear, which together account for nearly half of all north atlantic right whale mortality since 1970, are their two greatest threats to recovery.

ELI5 does not allow hypotheticals. Questions like this are better in r/asksciencediscussion.

why fine-grained sand doesn’t come off from your feet even when they’re already dry?

<p> sand grains will always stick together unless the sand is reasonably fine. while dry sand is loose, wet sand is adherent if the proper amounts of sand and water are used in the mixture. the reason for this is that water forms little "bridges" between the grains of sand when it is damp due to the forces of surface tension. <p> on some beaches around the world, dry sand will make a singing, squeaking, whistling, or screaming sound if a person scuffs or shuffles their feet with sufficient force. the phenomenon is not completely understood scientifically, but it has been found that quartz sand will do this if the grains are very well-rounded and highly spherical. it is believed by some that the sand grains must be of similar size, so the sand must be well sorted by the actions of wind and waves, and that the grains should be close to spherical and have dust-, pollution-, and organic-matter-free surfaces. the "singing" sound is then believed to be produced by shear, as each layer of sand grains slides over the layer beneath it. the similarity in size, the uniformity, and the cleanness means that grains move up and down in unison over the layer of grains below them. even small amounts of pollution on the sand grains reduce the friction enough to silence the sand. <p> sand granules are transported in three ways: suspension, saltation, and creep. suspended grains are fine granules that can easily be picked up by wind and carried for variable distances. most visitors to coastal beach environments can attest to having sand blown in their face or leaving with a gritty feeling on their skin. this is due to fine sediment suspended in the moisture rich air. when suspended sediment is returned to the ground, granules physically impact the grounded grains. due to physics principles, the grounded grains are receiving energy from the once suspended sediment. this impact leads to the dislodgement of grounded grains or creep of coarser grains. saltation is the movement of grains being picked up by the wind and dropped in a cycling repetitive motion. <p> "r. cissoides" prefers soils with a moderate to low level of sand. sand consists of large particles with large air pore spaces. this means the water drains rapidly through these particles. if a soil has a large proportion of sand it can often lead to a relatively dry soil. <p> if too much sand is applied, it can lead to problems, especially at the track points or level crossings, where the sand cannot slip sideways. lastly, the sand increases the friction between rail and wheel flange, which counteracts the wheel flange lubrication; the reduced wheel flange lubrication increases the danger of the wheels climbing up the rail. <p> this can readily be seen with a mixture of cornstarch and water (sometimes called oobleck), which acts in counterintuitive ways when struck or thrown against a surface. sand that is completely soaked with water also behaves as a dilatant material. this is the reason why when walking on wet sand, a dry area appears directly underfoot. <p> bullet::::- "soft ground"—soil can become lubricated with water, which reduces its ability to maintain shear strength when a tire tries to apply force in acceleration, braking or cornering. dry sand also has low shear strength, owing to poor cohesiveness among sand particles.

The attractive force between grains of sand and the things they stick to is related to the area of contact, and the mass is related to the volume. Small particles have a larger ratio of surface area to volume than larger particles. If we consider each grain as a sphere, the surface area is A = 4 pi r^2 And the volume is 4/3 pi r^3 This means that the ratio of area to volume is A/V = 3/r This means that the larger the radius, the more mass you have compared to the surface area. The attractive force given per unit surface area is the same regardless of particle size, and so is the density. This means that the attractive force per unit mass is roughly given by F/m = k/r, Where k is some constant factor. The force of gravity is F = mg And so, the grain of sand will "stick" if the attractive force is greater than gravity, so k/r > g So, in order to reach this threshold you *must* decrease the radius below a critical point. Water has a higher affinity for SiO2 than your feet do, but the general math still works out. The only thing that changes is this "k" value.

elis: why are we so fascinated with scandinavian countries?

<p> in the book, sanandaji argues that particularly the left has long praised scandinavian countries for their high levels of welfare provision and admirable societal outcomes. although true that scandinavian countries are successful, the author makes the case that this success pre-dates the welfare state. according to sanandaji, scandinavians became successful by combining a culture with strong emphasis on individual responsibility with economic freedom. this can also explain why scandinavian americans, who live outside nordic welfare states, have low levels of poverty and high levels of prosperity. <p> in the book, sanandaji argues that particularly the left has long praised scandinavian countries for their high levels of welfare provision and admirable societal outcomes. although true that scandinavian countries are successful, the author makes the case that this success pre-dates the welfare state. according to sanandaji scandinavians became successful by combining a culture with strong emphasis on individual responsibility with economic freedom. this can also explain why scandinavian americans, who live outside nordic welfare states, have low levels of poverty and high levels of prosperity. <p> the organisation strive to further integrate the nordic countries (sweden, denmark, norway, finland, iceland, greenland, faroe islands and åland) and to create a nordic federation or a union. the countries have a long common history and the societies display many common characteristics. nordisk vision argues that the historical, social, economical, cultural and political backgrounds of the countries is what constitutes the very special relationship between the peoples. a solid foundation on which a deeper integration and more cooperation in general can be based. these arguments are supported by the strong correlation seen in many global comparative studies on cultural and moral values, stated to display low psychic distance in-between. <p> various promotional agencies of the nordic countries in the united states (such as the american-scandinavian foundation, established in 1910 by the danish american industrialist niels poulsen) serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. today, the five nordic heads of state act as the organization's patrons and according to the official statement by the organization its mission is "to promote the nordic region as a whole while increasing the visibility of denmark, finland, iceland, norway and sweden in new york city and the united states". the official tourist boards of scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, such as the scandinavian tourist board. the cooperation was introduced for the asian market in 1986, when the swedish national tourist board joined the danish national tourist board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two countries. norway's government entered one year later. all five nordic governments participate in the joint promotional efforts in the united states through the scandinavian tourist board of north america. <p> scandinavian studies is an interdisciplinary academic field of area studies, mainly in the united states and germany, that covers topics related to scandinavia and the nordic countries, including languages, literatures, histories, cultures and societies. the term "scandinavia" mainly refers to denmark, norway and sweden, although the term "scandinavian" in an ethnic, cultural and linguistic sense also refers to the peoples and languages of the faroe islands and iceland, and the scandinavian-speaking (that is, swedish-speaking) minority in finland. scandinavian studies does not exist as a separate field within scandinavia or the nordic countries themselves, as its scope would be considered far too broad to be treated meaningfully within a single discipline. the closest related field in scandinavia would be the more narrow discipline of "nordic linguistics", which covers north germanic languages. a major focus of scandinavian studies is the teaching of scandinavian languages, especially the three large languages danish, norwegian and swedish. <p> the scandinavian tourist board (stb) is a joint initiative by the national tourist boards of denmark, norway, and sweden. stb is responsible for promoting scandinavia and scandinavian tourism products in asia-pacific with particular emphasis on the major markets of japan and china. <p> scandinavia house – the nordic center in america is the american-scandinavian foundation's cultural center at 58 park avenue (between east 37th street and east 38th street), in murray hill, manhattan, new york, dedicated to preserving the history of the scandinavian and nordic countries in the united states through a wide variety of exhibits and programming. this cultural center hosts exhibitions of fine art, design as well as performing arts pieces from nordic countries. the center also introduces the local population and guests with scandinavian languages and customs by organizing courses.

Because economically, politically, and socially... many of them are the best humanity has provided. Mostly stable economies, education, and lack of crime. Not everyone agrees with that of course, but one must admit they ams gots a real sweets gigs.

how was france chosen for a spot on the u.n. security council as a veto-wielding member?

<p> france uses its veto power sparingly. the last time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a resolution on the question of the independence of the comoros, which was done to keep the island of mayotte as a french overseas community. it also vetoed, along with u.k, a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the israeli army against egypt in 1956 during the suez crisis. france has not used the veto since 1989, when it joined the united states and united kingdom to veto a resolution condemning the united states invasion of panama. in 2003, the threat of a french veto of resolution on the impending invasion of iraq caused friction between france and the united states. <p> france has used its veto power sparingly, vetoing 18 resolutions from 1949 to 2007, compared with 82 by the united states and 123 by the soviet union and russia, 32 by britain, and 6 by china. france used its veto power along with the united kingdom, to veto a resolution to resolve the suez crisis in 1956. france also used a veto in 1976 on the question of the comoros independence, when the island of mayotte was kept in french territory due to the vote of the local population. in 2002, france threatened to veto resolution 1441 on the then upcoming 2003 iraq war. <p> bullet::::- for the first time in its 24 year history of being a member of the united nations security council, the united states used its veto power the original version of resolution 277 would have prohibited un member nations from having any communications with rhodesia, and had the support of 9 of the 15 members of the security council, but under un rules, a no vote by any of the five permanent members (the u.s., the uk, the ussr, france and china) overruled the majority. the united kingdom's no vote marked only the fifth time that the uk had cast a veto. <p> . this possibility has been denied by france with its veto power on the security council. in april 2016, uruguay and venezuela expressed their dissatisfaction with this state of affairs by taking the rare step of voting against a security council resolution reauthorizing minurso, united nations security council resolution 2285, from which russia and two other powers abstained. <p> the assembly, as constitution-framers, were afraid that if only representatives governed france, it was likely to be ruled by the representatives' self-interest; therefore, the king was allowed a suspensive veto to balance out the interests of the people. by the same token, representative democracy weakened the king’s executive authority. <p> historically, the council appointed the commission president and the whole body by unanimity without input from parliament. however, with the treaty on european union in 1993, the european parliament, the body elected directly by the citizens of the european union, gained the right to be 'consulted' on the appointment of the president and to veto the commission as a whole. parliament decided to interpret its right to be consulted as a right to veto the president, which the council reluctantly accepted this right of veto was formalised in the amsterdam treaty. the treaty of nice changed the council's vote from a unanimous choice to one that merely needed a qualified majority. this meant that the weight of the parliament in the process increased resulting in a quasi-parliamentary system where one group could be 'in government'. this became evident when numerous candidates were put forward in 2004, and a centre-right vote won out over left-wing groups, france and germany. josé manuel barroso, elected commission president that year, was then forced to back down over his choice of commissioners, owing to parliament's threat that it would not approve his commission. <p> the united kingdom used its veto power, along with france, to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the suez canal crisis (in which france and uk were militarily involved) in 1956. the uk and france eventually withdrew from egypt after the u.s. instigated an 'emergency special session' of the general assembly, under the terms of the "uniting for peace" resolution, which led to the establishment of the united nations emergency force i (unef i), by the adoption of assembly resolution 1001. the uk also used its veto seven times in relation to rhodesia from 1963 to 1973, five of these occasions were unilateral; the only occasions on which the uk has used its veto power unilaterally. the uk has not used the veto since 1989, when it joined the united states and france to veto a resolution condemning the united states invasion of panama.

It was one of the surviving non-Axis great powers at the end of the war. Whatever one might think of France, from the perspective of a person living in 1945 with a knowledge of history, leaving France out would have seemed much less odd a concept than the inclusion of China probably was. Brazil was a minor power. India was part of the British empire and not independent at all. Japan was smoldering ruins and under American occupation. So those were never even really considered.

what exactly does it mean to "mine" a bitcoin?

<p> a bitcoin is defined by a sequence of digitally signed transactions that began with the bitcoin's creation, as a block reward. the owner of a bitcoin transfers it by digitally signing it over to the next owner using a bitcoin transaction, much like endorsing a traditional bank check. a payee can examine each previous transaction to verify the chain of ownership. unlike traditional check endorsements, bitcoin transactions are irreversible, which eliminates risk of chargeback fraud. <p> bitcoin is a digital asset designed by its inventor, satoshi nakamoto, to work as a currency. it is commonly referred to with terms like: digital currency, digital cash, virtual currency, electronic currency, digital gold, or cryptocurrency. <p> bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to control its creation and management, rather than relying on central authorities. the presumed pseudonymous satoshi nakamoto integrated many existing ideas from the cypherpunk community when creating bitcoin. over the course of bitcoin's history, it has undergone rapid growth to become a significant currency both on and offline from the mid 2010s, some businesses began accepting bitcoin in addition to traditional currencies. <p> coincorner is a british-based bitcoin exchange based in douglas, isle of man. the company facilitates bitcoin storage and transactions, such as buying, selling and payments via their bitcoin wallet services. <p> bitcoin cash is a cryptocurrency that is fork of bitcoin. bitcoin cash is a spin-off or altcoin that was created in 2017. in 2018 bitcoin cash subsequently split into two cryptocurrencies, bitcoin cash and bitcoin cash sv. bitcoin cash is sometimes also referred to as bcash. <p> coincheck is a bitcoin wallet and exchange service headquartered in tokyo, japan, founded by koichiro wada and yusuke otsuka. it operates exchanges between bitcoin, ether and fiat currencies in japan, and bitcoin transactions and storage in some countries. in april 2018, coincheck was acquired by monex group for 3.6 billion yen. <p> bitcoin is a currency generated and secured by peer-to-peer networked devices that maintain a communal record of all transactions within the system that can be used in a crypto-anarchic context. the idea behind bitcoin can be traced to "the crypto anarchist manifesto". there exist a large number of altcoins, some of which have opague ledgers such that transactions between peers can be untraceable (the first protocol for this is known as the zerocoin protocol, see also monero). some altcoin currencies also act as decentralized autonomous organizations, or act as platforms for enabling such organizations.

Mining bitcoins is like searching for prime numbers. It takes a long time to find prime numbers, but if you find one, it's very easy for others to confirm that it is one. If I told you to search for prime numbers greater than 1000, it would take some computation time to do trial-But and-error, but if I told you 1009 was a prime you could confirm that quickly. It's also similar to finding prime numbers in that it gets harder as more get discovered. It's easier to find prime numbers less than 1 trillion, but those would be discovered first. At this point with bitcoin, it's very difficult for a single PC to mine a new bitcoin. A mining "pool" would be like if we teamped up with several people to search for prime numbers and when one of us found one, we'd split up the value proportional to how much CPU time we each devoted. So that's how you can devote a certain amount of CPU and be guaranteed a certain amount of bitcoin in return.

what is the internal dialogue in your head?

<p> studies have revealed the differences in neural activations of inner dialogues versus those of monologues. functional mri imaging studies have shown that monologic internal speech involves the activation of the superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus, which is the standard language system that is activated during any kind of speech. however, dialogical inner speech implicates several additional neural regions. studies have indicated overlap with regions involved with thinking about other minds. <p> the cns can be divided into the brain and spinal cord. the cns processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. it is also the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. most signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete originate in the cns. the spinal cord and spinal nerves contribute to homeostasis by providing quick reflexive responses to many stimuli. the spinal cord is the pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor output from the brain. the brain is responsible for integrating most sensory information and coordinating body function, both consciously and unconsciously. <p> bullet::::- hidden dialogue is when a speaker is directly addressing, anticipating, reacting to another's discourse, but that other voice is not actually present in the dialogue—the interlocutor's statements themselves are omitted, but they are implied in the speaker's responses to them. <p> bullet::::- dialogue system – or conversational agent (ca), is a computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel. <p> since the elder brain contains the essence of every illithid that died in its community, it functions in part as a vast library of knowledge that a mind flayer can call upon with a simple telepathic call. the elder brain in turn can communicate telepathically with anyone in its community, issuing orders and ensuring everyone conforms. <p> the major components are action (sometimes called "screen direction") and dialogue. the action is written in the present tense and is limited to what can be heard or seen by the audience, for example descriptions of settings, character movements, or sound effects. the dialogue is the words the characters speak, and is written in a center column. <p> a dialogue system, or conversational agent (ca), is a computer system intended to converse with a human. dialogue systems employed one or more of text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel.

I strongly recommend the book *Incognito* by David Eagleman, which is a bit heavy for a 5 year old. He goes into it pretty well, but to summarize in ELI5 manner: The brain is more complicated than a computer, because it is made of several competing systems. There isn't just one way that you make a decision. For example, if you see a donut, you might have a part of your brain saying EAT IT! This is the body's natural way to get the calories it needs. There might be another part (a separate system in the brain) that says "wait, that isn't healthy. Have a carrot". This is the rational part of the mind that weighs long term effects. There might be another system, or 5 more. Maybe part of your brain says "give it to your boss, it will put her in a good mood" or "Spend the money on a coffee instead". These internal debates are the strongest systems bringing their cases to the conscious mind for a final ruling. Many systems don't make it that far, and decisions are made subconsciously. But the 'internal dialogue' is basically what happens when they appeal to the supreme court of the brain, the conscious mind. Source: The book I mentioned. Great read.

why are some betting odds written in the simplest form (like 2/1) and some not fully simplified (like 4/6)?

<p> bullet::::- the odds are defined as the ratio of the number of ways "not" to draw the hand, to the number of ways to draw it. for instance, with a royal flush, there are 4 ways to draw one, and 2,598,956 ways to draw something else (2,598,960 - 4), so the odds against drawing a royal flush are 2,598,956 : 4, or 649,739 : 1. the formula for establishing the odds can also be stated as "(1/p) - 1 : 1", where "p" is the aforementioned probability. <p> in gambling, odds represent the ratio between the amounts staked by parties to a wager or bet. thus, odds of 5 to 1 mean the first party (normally a bookmaker) stakes six times the amount staked by the second party. in simplest terms, 5 to 1 odds means if you bet a dollar (the "1" in the expression), and you win you get paid five dollars (the "5" in the expression), or 5 times 1. if you bet two dollars you would be paid ten dollars, or 5 times 2. if you bet three dollars and win, you would be paid fifteen dollars, or 5 times 3. if you bet one hundred dollars and win you would be paid five hundred dollars, or 5 times 100. if you lose any of those bets you would lose the dollar, or two dollars, or three dollars, or one hundred dollars. <p> the gambling and statistical uses of odds are closely interlinked. if a bet is a fair one, then the odds offered to the gamblers will perfectly reflect relative probabilities. a fair bet that a fair die will roll a three will pay the gambler $5 for a $1 wager (and return the bettor his or her wager) in the case of a three and nothing in any other case. the terms of the bet are fair, because on average, five rolls result in something other than a three, at a cost of $5, for every roll that results in a three and a net payout of $5. the profit and the expense exactly offset one another and so there is no advantage to gambling over the long run. if the odds being offered to the gamblers do not correspond to probability in this way then one of the parties to the bet has an advantage over the other. casinos, for example, offer odds that place themselves at an advantage, which is how they guarantee themselves a profit and survive as businesses. the fairness of a particular gamble is more clear in a game involving relatively pure chance, such as the ping-pong ball method used in state lotteries in the united states. it is much harder to judge the fairness of the odds offered in a wager on a sporting event such as a football match. <p> the numerator and denominator of fractional odds are always integers, thus if the bookmaker's payout was to be £1.25 for every £1 stake, this would be equivalent to £5 for every £4 staked, and the odds would therefore be expressed as 5/4. however, not all fractional odds are traditionally read using the lowest common denominator. for example, given that there is a pattern of odds of 5/4, 7/4, 9/4 and so on, odds which are mathematically 3/2 are more easily compared if expressed in the equivalent form 6/4. <p> in gambling, the odds on display do not represent the true chances (as imagined by the bookmaker) that the event will or will not occur, but are the amount that the bookmaker will pay out on a winning bet, together with the required stake. in formulating the odds to display the bookmaker will have included a profit margin which effectively means that the payout to a successful bettor is less than that represented by the true chance of the event occurring. this profit is known as the 'over-round' on the 'book' (the 'book' refers to the old-fashioned ledger in which wagers were recorded, and is the derivation of the term 'bookmaker') and relates to the sum of the 'odds' in the following way: <p> odds are a numerical expression, usually expressed as a pair of numbers, used in both gambling and statistics. in statistics, the odds for or odds of some event reflect the likelihood that the event will take place, while odds against reflect the likelihood that it will not. in gambling, the odds are the ratio of payoff to stake, and do not necessarily reflect exactly the probabilities. odds are expressed in several ways (see below), and sometimes the term is used incorrectly to mean simply the probability of an event. conventionally, gambling odds are expressed in the form "x to y", where x and y are numbers, and it is implied that the odds are odds against the event on which the gambler is considering wagering. in both gambling and statistics, the 'odds' are a numerical expression of the likelihood of some possible event. <p> the odds quoted for a particular event may be fixed but are more likely to fluctuate in order to take account of the size of wagers placed by the bettors in the run-up to the actual event (e.g. a horse race). this article explains the mathematics of making a book in the (simpler) case of the former event. for the second method, see parimutuel betting.

Comparative purposes. Fractional betting odds (as opposed to decimals or moneyline) commonly use a single denominator which isn't the lowest, but is consistent across a table. Say there's 4 horses in a race, you might see a spread of odds like this : 4/6, 4/2, 4/12, 4/3 Sure, you could write it as: 2/3, 2/1, 1/3, 4/3, but that would make it harder to judge the odds in comparison to others. It only stays higher when the comparison is relevant, like comparing multiple competitors (racing, for instance). When betting on a single event (like boxing), it's reduced to the lowest common denominator.

why the uk never made their overseas islands integral part of their country?

<p> the british overseas territories (bots) or united kingdom overseas territories (ukots) are 14 territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the united kingdom. they are remnants of the british empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain british territories. these territories do not form part of the united kingdom and, with the exception of gibraltar, are not part of the european union. most of the permanently inhabited territories are internally self-governing, with the uk retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations. three are inhabited only by a transitory population of military or scientific personnel. they all share the british monarch (elizabeth ii) as head of state. <p> britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the british isles. in 1983, the british nationality act 1981 renamed the existing crown colonies as "british dependent territories", and in 2002 they were renamed the british overseas territories. three are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remaining eleven are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the uk for foreign relations and defence. the british government has stated its willingness to assist any overseas territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option, and three territories have specifically voted to remain under british sovereignty (bermuda in 1995, gibraltar in 2002 and the falkland islands in 2013). <p> the united kingdom has 14 british overseas territories scattered around the world. unlike some former colonial powers, the british government does not classify its overseas possessions (or the crown dependencies, which share historical ties with the british crown) as subdivisions of the united kingdom itself; rather, each is treated in law as a separate jurisdiction. most have their own legislatures and a degree of autonomy usually exceeding that of the devolved uk nations, including fiscal independence. <p> the united kingdom also retains territories in the form of saint helena, ascension, and tristan da cunha off africa's western seaboard in the atlantic ocean, as does portugal with the islands of madeira north of the canary islands and italy with the islands of lampedusa and lampione off the northern coast of tunisia. <p> the british overseas territories (bot) or alternatively, united kingdom overseas territories (ukots), are 14 territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the united kingdom. they are the parts of the british empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain british territories. these territories do not form part of the united kingdom and, with the exception of gibraltar, are not part of the european union. most of the inhabited territories are internally self-governing, with the uk retaining responsibility for defence and foreign relations. the rest are either uninhabited or have a transitory population of military or scientific personnel. <p> the islands do not form part of the european union and instead constitute "overseas countries and territories" (oct status) of the union, to which special provisions apply. the lisbon treaty introduced a procedure where the european council may change the status of an overseas territory of denmark, france, or the netherlands regarding the application of the eu treaties to that territory. in june 2008, the dutch government published a survey of the legal and economic impacts by a switched status from oct to outermost region (omr). the position of the islands was reviewed after a five-year transitional period, which began with the dissolution of the netherlands antilles in october 2010. the review was conducted as part of the planned review of the dutch "act for the public bodies bonaire, sint eustatius and saba" (), where the islands have been granted the option to become an omr – and thus a direct part of the european union. in october 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with european netherlands was not working well within the framework of wolbes, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from oct to omr status would help improve this situation. <p> almost all of the british overseas territories are islands (or groups of islands) with a small population; some are in very remote areas of the world. of the territories with a permanent population, all have at least some degree of internal self-government, with the united kingdom retaining responsibility for defence and external relations.

In this case France is the odd man out. Most countries with oversea territories have different level of citizenship, different set of laws and different tax rules. There is some sort of superiority and ownership over these territories that is not part of the country but rather owned by the country. In the same way that a company do not allow the workers to vote in the board meeting a country do not usually allow their subject territories voting rights. However it is more complicated then that as there needs to be managers over the territory who may want to keep their citizenship and there may be loyalists who you might want to grant limited citizenship for their work, etc. As for why France got away with the difference between real French and a French subject in a colony it is because of the revolution and considering everyone equal.

why do periodicals have dates far into the future?

<p> the dates given on the title pages are often considerably earlier than the actual publication date. for example, book 8, volume i ("histoire naturelle") of the first edition has 1809 on the title page, but its accepted publication date is 1826. the geographical volume (which contains maps) was not printed before 1828, even though the volumes are dated 1818 and 1826 respectively. <p> bullet::::- in many disciplines in the arts and humanities, date of publication is often not the most important piece of information about a particular work. thus, in author–date references such as "(dickens 2003: 10)", the date is essentially redundant or meaningless when read on the page, since works may go through numerous editions or translations long after the original publication. compare a reference in a science discipline such as "the last survey indicated that four hundred were left in the wild (jones "et al." 2003)", where the date "is" meaningful. the reader of certain forms of arts and humanities scholarship may thus be better aided by the use of author–title referencing styles such as mla: for example, "(dickens "oliver", 10)", where meaningful information is given on the page. historical scholarship is an exception, since, when citing a primary source, date of publication "is" meaningful, though in most branches of history footnotes are preferred on other grounds. generally speaking, however, it is instructive that author–date systems such as harvard were devised by scientists, whereas author–title systems such as mla were devised by humanities scholars. <p> in the united states, canada, and the united kingdom, the standard practice is to display on magazine covers a date which is some weeks or months in the future from the publishing or release date. there are two reasons for this discrepancy: first, to allow magazines to continue appearing "current" to consumers even after they have been on sale for some time (since not all magazines will be sold immediately), and second, to inform newsstands when an unsold magazine can be removed from the stands and returned to the publisher or be destroyed (in this case, the cover date is also the pull date). <p> ancient documents and inscriptions, such as from rome and china, include early forms of calendars. printing gave rise to many related types of publication which track dates, of which calendars are just one. the modern calendar evolved alongside others such as almanacs, which collected religious, cultural, meteorological, astronomical and astrological information in a table format; practica, which gave astrological predictions for the year ahead; and diaries for personal and professional use. the introduction of broadside printing allowed a calendar to be printed on a single large sheet of paper, differentiating the basic calendar from more detailed diaries and practica. in the absence of accurate clocks, calendars doubled as timekeeping aids - by noting the times of sunrise and moonrise, calendars helped farmers tell the time while in the fields. <p> from the limited information available, the start-date, end-date, and number of editions produced are unknown; as are the quantities printed. the one example found online is the edition of october–november-december 1918, produced in january 1919. the gazette was published in french, book-style, in a 2-column format; with professional newspaper-quality printing in black ink, on what looks like unfinished (i.e.: no coating, glossy or satin) paper of a fairly heavy grade of slightly rough newsprint. this volume has about 41 printed pages, with some blanks at the end. aside from the cover illustration (drawing) and some minor decorations around the text on a few pages, and 1 page (single-side, on glossy paper) of black & white photographs, the rest of the material is entirely in text-form. it includes a notice-page of deaths, promotions, etc. of students/alumni serving in the military; articles about the war; news of the school; news & information of interest to art-professionals; and some pieces relating to student-politics. the general tone is patriotic, and generally uncritical of the war as conducted by the french government. there is no inclusion of pacifist material, and only limited representation of leftist views; nothing "revolutionary", pro-communist, or otherwise hard-core "red". as the single example of the gazette presently available, when preparing this article, and as an edition produced after the french & allied victory in the war, it is difficult to judge how representative of the rest of the series this particular volume is. <p> dates for entries in collections are the dates printed after the piece in the collection; the other dates are publication dates. earliest dates are listed first; when they're the same the version in a collection is listed first, with the exception of "up, simba!" since the collected version references its magazine appearance and so was written afterward. <p> note: this is not a complete list. in some cases, the dates listed may have been the original publication date as opposed to the year it was written. many pieces were published several times in new editions.

Periodicals arent published daily, most are monthly or weekly, so the date you see is intended to be the date it is on news stands, so in that case, you will see that same issue of Us magazine available on news stands until July 8th, at which point a new issue with a new date is on it.

if jeff bezos looses half of his money upon divorce, why is he worth all of the money when he is married?

<p> rimes sought unspecified damages because her attorney was not sure of how much money had been lost in the preceding five years. according to rimes' lawyer, her mother hired two accountants to investigate how much was taken from rimes' fortune, and it was estimated that the men acquired around eight million dollars in royalties. in 2002, rimes' lawsuit with her father was "settled on undisclosed terms." rimes reconciled with her father for her wedding. <p> for example, if monica makes a will leaving $5,000 each to her husband, chandler; her brother, ross; her neighbor, joey and her best friend, rachel. chandler tells monica that he will divorce her if she does not disown ross, which would humiliate her. later, ross tells monica (untruthfully) that chandler is having an affair with phoebe, which monica believes. distraught, monica rewrites her will, disowning both chandler and ross. the attorney who drafts the will accidentally writes the gift to rachel as $500 instead of $5,000 and also accidentally leaves joey out entirely. <p> after the divorce, davis was physically too weak and fragile to continue any hard labor with the condition her previous husband left her in. multiple scars remained on her body from the abuse. in order to support her family, she worked as a fortune teller without a license and gave free fortune readings. due to her own moral values, she never sought to charge her customers. therefore, she and her children survived off the customers’ spare change or food left as a token of appreciation. this became the family’s main source of income, until her daughter, the eldest out of the two children, got a job at a café. <p> gaye left behind no will. as a result, his son marvin iii, aged 17 at the time, became co-administrator of his estate. at the time of his death, he was struggling financially, as the irs had asked for $1 million (us$ in dollars) to pay back unpaid taxes of $600,000 (us$ in dollars) to the state of california and back alimony of $300,000 (us$ in dollars) to anna and janis gaye. he was $1,900,000 (us$ in dollars) in debt at the time of his death, but royalties from gaye's work eventually paid off those debts. <p> he is currently estranged from his parents after a dispute over his divorce from his first wife. he is reported to have forfeited millions of nok from the family business due to this. according to him, he is financially cut off from his original inheritance, although his father refuted this in 2013. he has said that he has not met or spoken to his father for several years, and that he is open about his family having "many issues". <p> jones told "the people" newspaper in january 2009 that he had blown his £1,000,000 fortune and has not received any offers of work since leaving "coronation street", and owed £30,000 in taxes. in september 2009, he was living alone in a caravan in north wales. in may 2010, it was reported that jones had been made homeless after the bank repossessed his £500,000 cheshire house in order to pay his large debts, and that he cannot afford to go into rehab for his chronic alcoholism. <p> he has been married twice, with both of his ex-wives collecting alimony. this places johnny in a constant state of poverty, despite his $17,500 annual salary ($ today) at wkrp (season 1 "goodbye, johnny"), albeit placing him well behind the $24,000 salary ($ today) of receptionist jennifer marlowe (season 1 "mama's review"). after his first divorce, he lived for two years with a woman named buffy (julie payne); buffy later tracked him down in cincinnati, and threatened to sue him for a portion of his income.

Because the money is his. If Jeff went into the bank while married he can take out every penny, but when they get divorced he loses whatever amount he ends up losing, giving it to his wife.

eli17: what's so great about "the great gatsby"?

<p> gatsby has recently been read as a personification and representation of human-caused climate change, as "gatsby’s life depends on many human-centered, selfish endeavors" which are "in some part responsible for earth’s current ecological crisis." <p> postmodern criticism of gatsby seeks to place the novel and its characters in historical context almost a century after its original publication. these interpretations argue that jay gatsby and "the great gatsby" can be viewed as the personification and representation of human-caused climate change, as "gatsby's life depends on many human-centered, selfish endeavors" which are "in some part responsible for earth's current ecological crisis." <p> the great gatsby is a 1925 novel written by american author f. scott fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of west egg and east egg on prosperous long island in the summer of 1922. the story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire jay gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante daisy buchanan. considered to be fitzgerald's magnum opus, "the great gatsby" explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the roaring twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the american dream. <p> unlike gatsby's spectacular parties, trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but, according to tony tanner's introduction to the penguin edition, there are subtle similarities between the two. <p> daisy is thus "reduced to a golden statue, a collector's item which crowns gatsby's material success." as an upper-class white woman living in east egg during this time period, daisy must adhere to societal expectations and gender norms such as actively fulfilling the roles of dutiful wife, mother, keeper of the house, and charming socialite. many of daisy's choices—ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the ending and misery for all those involved—can be partly attributed to her prescribed role as a "beautiful little fool" who is reliant on her husband for financial and societal security. her decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for gatsby is thus attributable to the status, security, and comfort that her marriage to tom buchanan provides. <p> in 2013, she starred as daisy buchanan in baz luhrman's "the great gatsby" opposite leonardo dicaprio, which was released in may 2013. mulligan auditioned for the role of daisy in late 2010. while attending a "vogue" fashion dinner in new york city in november, baz luhrmann’s wife, catherine martin, told her she had the part. in may 2012, she was a co-chair, alongside anna wintour, for the gatsby-themed 2012 met ball gala. in 2013, she also starred in joel and ethan coen's black comedy "inside llewyn davis" alongside oscar isaac, and justin timberlake. the film premiered at the cannes film festival to rave reviews. <p> it inspired the title of f. scott fitzgerald's novel, "the great gatsby". despite this similarity, french translators struggled the same way to render the word "great", and chose "gatsby le magnifique" (literally "gatsby the magnificent").

The reason its great is because of Jay Gatsby. All the people around him are shallow and materialistic. Jay is the last American dreamer. Fitzgerald sees the 20's as a time when morals were decaying. The people who attend Jay's parties are social climbers. They have an insatiable desire for wealth and pleasure; they're corrupting the American dream. Jay dreams of a time and place where social status didn't prevent him from being with Daisy. He romanticizes Daisy until his idea of her is no longer reality. When Jay realizes that he will never get his time with Daisy back, his dream is corrupted (much like the American dream...see the symbolism?), and all that's left for Gatsby is death. tl;dr Jay's dream of Daisy = American dream. Both are corrupted, and die.

the keto diet

<p> the ketogenic diet is a diet high in fat en low in protein and carbohydrates, with up to 90% of calories obtained from fat. since the diet is low in carbohydrates, the body gets little glucose, normally the main energy source. the fat in the diet is converted by the liver in ketone bodies, which causes a build up of ketones in the blood stream, called ketosis. ketone bodies are transported across the blood-brain barrier by other means than the glut1 protein and thus serve as an alternative fuel for the brain when glucose is not available. <p> the ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. the diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates. normally, the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into glucose, which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in fueling brain function. however, if little carbohydrate remains in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies. the ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source. an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as ketosis, leads to a reduction in the frequency of epileptic seizures. around half of children and young people with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half, and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet. some evidence indicates that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified atkins diet, is similarly effective. potential side effects may include constipation, high cholesterol, growth slowing, acidosis, and kidney stones. <p> because the ketogenic diet alters the body's metabolism, it is a first-line therapy in children with certain congenital metabolic diseases such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (e1) deficiency and glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome, which prevent the body from using carbohydrates as fuel, leading to a dependency on ketone bodies. the ketogenic diet is beneficial in treating the seizures and some other symptoms in these diseases and is an absolute indication. however, it is absolutely contraindicated in the treatment of other diseases such as pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, porphyria, and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism. persons with a disorder of fatty acid oxidation are unable to metabolise fatty acids, which replace carbohydrates as the major energy source on the diet. on the ketogenic diet, their bodies would consume their own protein stores for fuel, leading to ketoacidosis, and eventually coma and death. <p> the ketogenic diet is a medical nutrition therapy that involves participants from various disciplines. team members include a registered paediatric dietitian who coordinates the diet programme; a paediatric neurologist who is experienced in offering the ketogenic diet; and a registered nurse who is familiar with childhood epilepsy. additional help may come from a medical social worker who works with the family and a pharmacist who can advise on the carbohydrate content of medicines. lastly, the parents and other caregivers must be educated in many aspects of the diet for it to be safely implemented. <p> the ketogenic diet has been studied for potential therapeutic use in various neurological disorders other than epilepsy: alzheimer's disease (ad), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), autism, headache, neurotrauma, pain, parkinson's disease (pd) and sleep disorders. <p> the ketogenic diet is used to treat children who have not responded successfully to other treatments. this diet is low in carbohydrates, adequate in protein and high in fat. it has proven successful in two thirds of epilepsy cases. <p> the ketogenic diet mimics some of the effects of starvation, in which the body first uses up glucose and glycogen before burning stored body fat. in the absence of glucose, the body produces ketones, a chemical by-product of fat metabolism that has been known to inhibit seizures.

In a normal diet, where people eat a lot of carbohydrates ("carbs)," your body takes those carbs and turns them into glucose, which is basically sugar. Using all of that sugar for energy can be great, but it isn't the only way the body can get energy. Your body can also get energy from fat. Instead of turning fat into glucose, though, your body turns it into "ketone bodies." When your body is burning ketone bodies instead of glucose, you are on a "ketogenic diet," or "in ketosis." The way the diet works isn't entirely understood, because it's part of a very complicated digestive process with many different chemicals ('hormones") all interacting in different ways, and it can be hard to study. The basic theory, though, is that when a body is "in ketosis" it like burning through fat, so if you don't feed yourself quite enough fat to meet your body's demand it will burn your body fat, too. All diets work (or are supposed to work) by making your body turn to its stored fat for energy; "keto" is thought by some people to be a more efficient means of doing this. Other people think "keto" works simply by making you feel more full (fat and protein often make you feel more full than carbs, and being in ketosis might help this feeling happen sooner, too, again for complicated reasons) and thus helping you eat less. This is another part of the diet that still isn't entirely understood, though more and more research is being done all the time. The basic eating plan for a keto diet is simple: eat fewer than 20g of non-fiber carbs per day (the amount of carbs you can eat actually varies from person to person for a variety of complex reasons, but 20g per day is a good target for most people; fiber is counted as carbs on nutritional labels but your body can't actually digest it, so they don't count towards your limit on keto). That really is all there is to it. Of course, there's a lot more you should pay attention to if you want to do keto in a healthy manner. Eating plenty of vegetables (vegetables should be your primary source of carbs), eating fat to replace the energy you're used to getting from carbs, and eating protein to protect your lean body mass (making sure your muscles don't get eaten up) are all important recommendations. Many people take multivitaimns to ensure they are getting the nutrients they need, and everyone should drink plenty of water.

the keto diet

<p> the ketogenic diet is a diet high in fat en low in protein and carbohydrates, with up to 90% of calories obtained from fat. since the diet is low in carbohydrates, the body gets little glucose, normally the main energy source. the fat in the diet is converted by the liver in ketone bodies, which causes a build up of ketones in the blood stream, called ketosis. ketone bodies are transported across the blood-brain barrier by other means than the glut1 protein and thus serve as an alternative fuel for the brain when glucose is not available. <p> the ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. the diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates. normally, the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into glucose, which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in fueling brain function. however, if little carbohydrate remains in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies. the ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source. an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as ketosis, leads to a reduction in the frequency of epileptic seizures. around half of children and young people with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half, and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet. some evidence indicates that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified atkins diet, is similarly effective. potential side effects may include constipation, high cholesterol, growth slowing, acidosis, and kidney stones. <p> because the ketogenic diet alters the body's metabolism, it is a first-line therapy in children with certain congenital metabolic diseases such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (e1) deficiency and glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome, which prevent the body from using carbohydrates as fuel, leading to a dependency on ketone bodies. the ketogenic diet is beneficial in treating the seizures and some other symptoms in these diseases and is an absolute indication. however, it is absolutely contraindicated in the treatment of other diseases such as pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, porphyria, and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism. persons with a disorder of fatty acid oxidation are unable to metabolise fatty acids, which replace carbohydrates as the major energy source on the diet. on the ketogenic diet, their bodies would consume their own protein stores for fuel, leading to ketoacidosis, and eventually coma and death. <p> the ketogenic diet is a medical nutrition therapy that involves participants from various disciplines. team members include a registered paediatric dietitian who coordinates the diet programme; a paediatric neurologist who is experienced in offering the ketogenic diet; and a registered nurse who is familiar with childhood epilepsy. additional help may come from a medical social worker who works with the family and a pharmacist who can advise on the carbohydrate content of medicines. lastly, the parents and other caregivers must be educated in many aspects of the diet for it to be safely implemented. <p> the ketogenic diet has been studied for potential therapeutic use in various neurological disorders other than epilepsy: alzheimer's disease (ad), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), autism, headache, neurotrauma, pain, parkinson's disease (pd) and sleep disorders. <p> the ketogenic diet is used to treat children who have not responded successfully to other treatments. this diet is low in carbohydrates, adequate in protein and high in fat. it has proven successful in two thirds of epilepsy cases. <p> the ketogenic diet mimics some of the effects of starvation, in which the body first uses up glucose and glycogen before burning stored body fat. in the absence of glucose, the body produces ketones, a chemical by-product of fat metabolism that has been known to inhibit seizures.

What's your favorite food? You can't eat it. You can't eat any of the foods you 5-year-olds like. That means no pizza, no french fries, no chicken nuggets, no soda, no juice, no pancakes, no waffles, no froot loops, no lucky charms, no pumpkin pie, no apple pie, no apples, no bananas, no banana bread, no bread, no sandwiches, no jelly, no fluff, no cookies, no crackers, no canolis, no candy, no cake, no brownies, no biscuits, no gravy, no mashed potatoes, no macaroni and cheese, no spaghetti, no raviolis, no tricolor pasta, no potato chips, no Doritos, no tacos, no pudding, and no jello. You can only eat meat and those vegetables you hate. And don't even think about smothering anything in catsup. Seriously kid, no one your age would want to go on this diet; read about it when you are grown up.

why don't downloaded games, burnt to dvds work on the xbox 360 etc?

<p> compared to physically distributed games, digital games like those offered on the steam digital distribution service cannot be lost or destroyed, and can be redownloaded at any time. services like steam, origin, and xbox live do not offer ways to sell used games once they are no longer desired, even though some services like steam do have family sharing options. this is also somewhat countered by frequent sales offered by these digital distributors, often allowing major savings by selling at prices below what a retailer is able to offer. <p> unlike xbox 360's emulation of the original xbox, games do not have to be specifically patched but need to be repackaged in the xbox one format. users' digitally-purchased games will automatically appear in their library for download once available. games on physical media are not executed directly from disc; inserting the disc initiates a download of a repackaged version. as with xbox one titles, the disc must be inserted during play for validation purposes. <p> xbox one games are distributed physically on blu-ray disc, and digitally as downloads through microsoft store (formerly xbox games store). all xbox one games must be installed to the console's storage: one can begin to play portions of a game (such as opening levels) once the installation or download reaches a specific point, while the remainder of the game is downloaded or installed in the background. however, for older titles (such as xbox 360 games, see "xbox 360 compatibility", below), one must wait until installation is completed to play. <p> realizing that game discs for original xbox consoles could be scarce, spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible xbox games available digitally. spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the xbox game pass subscription service. in a later interview, spencer indicated that the potential library of xbox titles being playable on xbox one will be smaller than that currently available from the xbox 360 library. spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion. <p> the xbox is not very restrictive due to the console being capable of "softmods" which can do things such as make the console region-free, allowing for burned games to be used and homebrew and multimedia functionality <p> as a result, users with replacement consoles cannot use previously downloaded content without being connected to xbox live. this has the effect of restricting usage of purchased content when no internet connection is available. an additional wrinkle is added when there are multiple accounts on one console. in this case, all accounts can normally share content when it was downloaded on that system. however, if the system is replaced, then only the actual xbox live account to which the content is tied can make use of it (a workaround exists whereby the non-purchasing gamertag can use the content, but only if the original purchasing gamertag is signed into xbox live as a secondary profile). <p> it may not initially seem obvious why simply copying a signed application onto another dvd does not allow it to boot. on the xbox, the reason for this is that the xbox executable file (xbe) contains a media-type flag, which specifies the type of media that the xbe is bootable from. on nearly all xbox software, this is set such that the executable will only boot from factory produced discs so simply copying the executable to burnable media is enough to stop the execution of the software.

Xbox games have a special key and protection mechanism burnt onto the discs that only the xbox disc drive can unlock. A random burnt dvd will not pass this test. **ELI5**: Xbox does a handshake with the disc before it will load a game.

why do companies include sneaky extra offers in software installations?

<p> download valley is a cluster of software companies in israel, producing and delivering adware to be installed alongside downloads of other software. the primary purpose is to monetize shareware and downloads. these software items are commonly browser toolbars, adware, browser hijackers, spyware, and malware. another group of products are download managers, possibly designed to induce or trick the user to install adware, when downloading a piece of desired software or mobile app from a certain source. <p> cameyo has recently made it possible to run virtualized applications directly through web browsers, hence, claiming to make software discovery and usage easier. through this operation, there is no longer need to even carry the application, as it can be directly accessed from the website of the company. the company provides a large variety of open access free software and applications which are pre-virtualized for direct use. however, personal applications from the computer or the cloud storage device can also be uploaded onto the company server and accessed through the browser. each application runs in a separate tab. as with virtualizing applications, browser applications now can also run on operating systems other than windows. <p> such software may use an implementation that can compromise privacy or weaken the computer's security. companies often bundle a wanted program download with a wrapper application and may offer to install an unwanted application, and in some cases without providing a clear opt-out method. <p> there are many applications available which advertise themselves as thin clients or web interfaces. there are no open source development tools in widespread use that interface different entities in a persistent, secure manner using a thin client through web-browsers. while there are many tools available, many of them are highly specialized and require proprietary software installed on both the client and server side. there are still other tools which produce virtual environments, avatars, and content, but none of the ones known tie them together, spontaneously create interfaces among them or provide seamless communications to all of the entities regardless of their timing and without a heavy burden in bandwidth or processing power for the client. vwf does this and will do more as it continues its evolution. vwf utilizes web sockets and webgl, directly providing a content link between entities and build 3d objects in the quickest, most efficient manner possible. other virtual interfacing programs utilize flash which also provides direct content, but does so in a less efficient manner. <p> for server based computing environments, user virtualization enables it to have more control over the shared environment, optimize infrastructure needs and ensure an optimal experience for their users. with application entitlement, unauthorized applications are blocked without the need for complex scripts or high-maintenance lists, providing protection from unknown executables and ensuring compliance with microsoft licensing. <p> bullet::::- "runvirtual": sometimes virtual applications are started using locally installed components, such as a local web browser using virtualized plug-ins. previously, virtualizing these applications caused issues for users that already created their own shortcuts to the local component. using runvirtual, the administrator can ensure that any launch of the local component will be virtualized. <p> greenborder was a security software company that specialized in using virtualization to create safe zones for online activities for internet users. greenborder let computer operators combine hardware and software to create "virtual" machines where tasks such as reading e-mail or exploring websites could be done without exposing systems to viruses or other malicious programs. web-based programs that try to access files or computer registries are stopped from leaving what are commonly referred to as online "sandboxes" created by greenborder. the virtual "sandboxes" vanish at the end of each session, taking attacker assaults such as spyware, viruses, and trojans with them.

If you are referring to things like new toolbars, 'security scans' and the like, it's because they get paid to include them in their installation packages by the companies that produce the extra software.

why does congress have the power to redraw their congressional districts?

<p> congressional redistricting occurs every 10 years as congressional boundaries are redrawn after the census. under article one of the constitution, the state legislature controls this process. in order to prevent gerrymandering, the proposed legislation would require states to use independent commissions to design their congressional districts. if they declined to do so, the federal government would set one up for them. <p> all redistricting in the united states has been contentious because it has been controlled by political parties vying for power. as a consequence of the decennial census required by the united states constitution, districts for members of the house of representatives typically need to be redrawn whenever the number of members in a state changes. in many states, state legislatures redraw boundaries for state legislative districts at the same time. <p> in the united states, the number of representatives within the house of representatives that serve a state is based on the results of the united states census, run every ten years. this leads to redistricting, changes in the boundaries of the state's district. redistricting is typically done by representatives of the political party in power within the state, and can result in the practice of gerrymandering, creating oddly-shaped districts that help to favor the party's chances for election due to the population distribution within them. the supreme court has ruled that gerrymandering based on racial and ethnic grounds is unconstitutional, and had stated that partisan gerrymandering is also likely unconstitutional, but has yet to develop a valid means to determine when partisan gerrymandering has occurred. <p> the redistricting of united states congressional districts is made by the legislatures of the states every 10 years, immediately following the official announcement of the federal census that serves as the basis of the apportionment. it was long the practice that the apportionment thus made stood until after the next decennial census. <p> unlike most states, which will pass or have passed redistricting laws to redraw the boundaries of their congressional districts based on the 2010 united states census in advance of the 2012 elections, maine law requires that redistricting be done in 2013. in march 2011, a lawsuit was filed asking a u.s. district judge to ensure redistricting is completed in time for the 2012 elections. according to the census, the 1st district had a population of 8,669 greater than that of the 2nd district. the maine democratic party, which opposes the lawsuit, was granted intervenor status, and argues that the lawsuit constitutes an attempt by the maine republican party to force representatives chellie pingree and mike michaud, both of whom are democrats, to run in the same district. on june 9, 2011, a panel of three federal judges agreed that failing to redistrict would be unconstitutional, and that the state should redraw the boundaries of its districts immediately. <p> each u.s. representative represents one congressional district, which encompasses all or part of a single state. the states have wide latitude in the re-drawing of congressional districts, a process known as redistricting. state power over redistricting is subject to limits set by the u.s. constitution, rulings of the federal judiciary and statutes passed by congress. in the case of "wesberry v. sanders," the supreme court of the united states established that states must draw districts that are equal in population "as nearly as is practicable." subsequent court cases have required states to redistrict every ten years, although states can redistrict more often than that depending on their own statutes and constitutional provisions. since the passage of the 1967 uniform congressional districts act, most states have been barred from using multi-member districts; all states currently use single-member districts. the voting rights act of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. the supreme court case of "thornburg v. gingles" established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the voting rights act. in some states, courts have required the creation of majority-minority districts. many states have also adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest. some states, including arizona, require the drawing of competitive districts. <p> the apportionment of congressional districts is not dependent upon a specially-mandated independent government body, but rather through republic acts which are drafted by members of congress. therefore, apportionment often can be influenced by political motivations. incumbent representatives who are not permitted by law to serve after three consecutive terms sometimes resort to dividing their district, or even creating a new province which will be guaranteed a seat, just so that their allies be able to run, while "switching offices" with them. likewise, politicians whose political fortunes are likely to be jeopardized by any change in district boundaries may delay or even ignore the need for reapportionment.

Gerrymandering always occurs. Due to the perceived issues associated with gerrymandering and its impact on competitive elections and democratic accountability, numerous countries have enacted reforms making the practice either more difficult or less effective. Countries such as the U.K., Australia, Canada and most of those in Europe have transferred responsibility for defining constituency boundaries to neutral or cross-party bodies. In the United States, however, such reforms are controversial and frequently meet particularly strong opposition from groups that benefit from gerrymandering. In a more neutral system, they might lose considerable influence. To defeat gerrymandering a bipartisan movement towards fairness would have to push for reform. Incumbents would have to vote for change. But they want to retain power and do not want a fair system.

if a human was born, raised, and lived in space their entire life, how would zero gravity effect their skin, organs, bones, and body?

<p> artificial gravity has been suggested as a solution to the various health risks associated with spaceflight. in 1964, the soviet space program believed that a human could not survive more than 14 days in space due to a fear that the heart and blood vessels would be unable to adapt to the weightless conditions. this fear was eventually discovered to be unfounded as spaceflights have now lasted up to 438 consecutive days, with missions aboard the international space station commonly lasting 6 months. however, the question of human safety in space did launch an investigation into the physical effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness. in june 1991, a spacelab life sciences 1 flight performed 18 experiments on two men and two women over a period of nine days. in an environment without gravity, it was concluded that the response of white blood cells and muscle mass decreased. additionally, within the first 24 hours spent in a weightless environment, blood volume decreased by 10%. upon return to earth, the effects of prolonged weightlessness continue to affect the human body as fluids pool back to the lower body, the heart rate rises, a drop in blood pressure occurs and there is a reduced ability to exercise. <p> being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. it can affect the otolith organs and adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system. zero gravity and cosmic rays can cause many implications for astronauts. <p> humans evolved for life in earth gravity, and exposure to weightlessness has been shown to have deleterious effects on human health. initially, more than 50% of astronauts experience space motion sickness. this can cause nausea and vomiting, vertigo, headaches, lethargy, and overall malaise. the duration of space sickness varies, but it typically lasts for 1–3 days, after which the body adjusts to the new environment. longer-term exposure to weightlessness results in muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton, or spaceflight osteopenia. these effects can be minimized through a regimen of exercise. other effects include fluid redistribution, slowing of the cardiovascular system, decreased production of red blood cells, balance disorders, and a weakening of the immune system. lesser symptoms include loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, and puffiness of the face. <p> humans have long lived in a 1-g environment and have therefore become accustomed to earth's standard atmospheric conditions, and the microgravity environment of space can have huge effects on the human body and its locomotion ("main article: space medicine"). <p> the difference in gravity would negatively affect human health by weakening bones and muscles. there is also risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular problems. current rotations on the international space station put astronauts in zero gravity for six months, a comparable length of time to a one-way trip to mars. this gives researchers the ability to better understand the physical state that astronauts going to mars would arrive in. once on mars, surface gravity is only 38% of that on earth. upon return to earth, recovery from bone loss and atrophy is a long process and the effects of microgravity may never fully reverse. <p> bullet::::- some microbes can survive gravity more than 400,000 times that felt on earth, a new study says. by contrast, most humans can tolerate three to five times earth's surface gravity before losing consciousness. ("national geographic") <p> recent experiments have proven that alterations in metabolism, immune cell function, cell division, and cell attachment all occur in the hypogravity of space. for example, after a matter of days in microgravity (< 10 "g"), human immune cells were unable to differentiate into mature cells. one of the large implications of this is that if certain cells cannot differentiate in space, organisms may not be able to reproduce successfully after exposure to zero gravity.

Truthfully, we don't really know, that is part of the mission of the International Space Station. To monitor the effects long periods of weightlessness have on the human body.

why does a phones signal interfere with landing and take off of aircraft?

<p> mobile phone use on aircraft is starting to be allowed with several airlines already offering the ability to use phones during flights. mobile phone use during flights used to be prohibited and many airlines still claim in their in-plane announcements that this prohibition is due to possible interference with aircraft radio communications. shut-off mobile phones do not interfere with aircraft avionics. the recommendation why phones should not be used during take-off and landing, even on planes that allow calls or messaging, is so that passengers pay attention to the crew for any possible accident situations, as most aircraft accidents happen on take-off and landing. <p> because of, among other things, electromagnetic waves emitted by this type of device, the use of any type of electronic device during the take-off and landing phases was totally prohibited on board commercial flights. on 13 november 2013, the european aviation safety agency (easa) announced that the use of mobile terminals could be authorized on the flights of european airlines during these phases from 2014 onwards, on the condition that the cellular functions are deactivated ("airplane" mode activated). easa then formally confirmed this information on december 11, 2013. tablets, e-readers, smartphones, mp3 players, and portable gaming consoles are affected by these announcements. <p> electromagnetic interference to aircraft systems is a common argument offered for banning mobile phones (and other passenger electronic devices) on planes. theoretically, active radio transmitters such as mobile phones, walkie–talkies, portable computers or gaming devices may interfere with the aircraft. non-transmitting electronic devices also emit electromagnetic radiation, although typically at a lower power level, and could also theoretically affect the aircraft electronics. collectively, any of these may be referred to as portable electronic devices (peds). <p> the use of certain electronic equipment is partially or entirely prohibited as it might interfere with aircraft operation, such as causing compass deviations. use of some types of personal electronic devices is prohibited when an aircraft is below , taking off, or landing. use of a mobile phone is prohibited on most flights because in-flight usage creates problems with ground-based cells. <p> since the aircraft did not respond to a ping at 09:15, it can be concluded that at some point between 08:19 and 09:15, the aircraft lost the ability to communicate with the ground station. the log-on message sent from the aircraft at 08:19:29 was "log-on request"; there are only a few reasons the sdu would transmit this request, such as a power interruption, software failure, loss of critical systems providing input to the sdu, or a loss of the link due to the aircraft's attitude. investigators consider the most likely reason to be that it was sent during power-up after an electrical outage. <p> when the "aeroplane mode" is activated, it disables all voice, text, telephone, and other signal-transmitting technologies such as wi-fi and bluetooth. wi-fi and bluetooth can be enabled separately even while the device is in airplane mode; this is acceptable on some aircraft. receiving radio-frequency signals, as by radio receivers and satellite navigation services, is not inhibited. however, even receiving telephone calls and messages without responding would require the phone to transmit. <p> the transmission delay caused by protocol or satellites is significant enough that significant aircraft separations are required. the cost of using the satellite channel leads to less frequent updates. another drawback is that no other aircraft can benefit from the transmitted information as acars information is not re-broadcast from ground facilities to other aircraft.

If you have a phone that does not meet the regulations for electromagnetic emissions, there is a fault with the airplanes avionics, there is a slight possibility that your phone might have a slight impact on one of the several redundant systems the pilots use to navigate. In other words they don't. The primary reason you are asked to turn off electronic devices is so that you can be awake and alert about your surroundings during these critical phases. If there ever is a crash you have a much better chance at helping yourself and others if you know what is happening around you and the airplane.

how does swearing an oath not to lie in court help during the trial?

<p> in a courtroom, jurors and witnesses are required to swear an oath before partaking in a trial. this involves the individual raising his or her right hand, often placing the other hand on an object of ceremonial importance, such as the bible, and vowing, as a juror, that he or she will give a “true” verdict based on the evidence or, as a witness, that he or she will tell the truth. up to the 13th century in northern europe, oaths were sworn “on the threshold”. when a bible was unavailable, the person taking the oath would place one hand on the doorframe or door ring. <p> in lieu of written evidence, oaths are traditionally accorded much greater weight; rather than being used simply to guarantee the truth of ensuing testimony, they are themselves used as evidence. plaintiffs lacking other evidence to support their claims may demand that defendants take an oath swearing their innocence, refusal thereof can result in a verdict for the plaintiff. taking an oath for muslims can be a grave act; one study of courts in morocco found that lying litigants would often "maintain their testimony right up to the moment of oath-taking and then to stop, refuse the oath, and surrender the case." accordingly, defendants are not routinely required to swear before testifying, which would risk casually profaning the quran should the defendant commit perjury; instead oaths are a solemn procedure performed as a final part of the evidence process. <p> a defendant who gives evidence is not given an oath, because he or she is not considered to be a witness. the settled verdict of another court can be used without collaboration to support circumstantial evidence; in knox's case the official report on guede's conviction was introduced as showing that guede had accomplices. if the supreme court grants an appeal against a guilty verdict, it usually sends the case back to be re-heard. it can also dismiss the prosecution case, although this is rare. <p> persons who are ordered to appear and offer evidence must do so. any refusal to appear before the court is deemed as punishable by contempt of court.it is not necessary for the person being investigated to take an oath like other witnesses, on the premise of the person who has been investigated is capable of calling a lawyer for assistance. witnesses other than the civil claimant cannot acquire the assistance of a lawyer unless they are advised to accept the investigation. in such cases, the trial judge must warn the witnesses in advance. as for the criminal proceedings, they shall be conducted in writing or made into a written record immediately afterwards, instead of presenting to public and likewise they are not adversary in form except in the extremely limited circumstances. <p> the defendant can be called to the stand, but he may refuse to bear testimony or he may refuse to answer some questions. he can also lie. since he does not take an oath and since he is not technically a witness, if a defendant tells a lie, he is not committing perjury. <p> oath-helping involved the party undergoing proof swearing to the truth of his claim or denial and having that oath reinforced by five or more others, chosen either by the party or by the court. the numbers of helpers required and the form of their oath differed from place to place and upon the nature of the dispute. if either the party or any of the helpers failed in the oath, either refusing to take it or sometimes even making an error in the required formula, the proof failed and the case was adjudged to the other side. it appears surprising to moderns that so important a matter might be settled by one and his friends falsely swearing an oath. in a society in which each was known to his neighbour and in which religious emphasis was placed upon the sanctity of an oath, the system was probably more satisfactory. as 'wager of law' it remained a way of determining cases in the common law until its abolition in the 19th century. <p> in the united states, a federal juror's oath usually states something to the effect of, "do you and each of you solemnly swear that you will well and truly try and a true deliverance make between the united states and ______, the defendant at the bar, and a true verdict render according to the evidence, so help you god?"

The prosecution would be an idiot to ask that question. Because you can use the 5th amendment and not answer. You cannot lie. You also cannot be compelled to incriminate yourself.

does surround sound work with cochlear implants?

<p> some virtual surround systems work by directing a strong beam of sound to reflect off the walls of a room so that the listener hears the reflection at a higher level than the sound directly from the loudspeaker. one example of this technology is a commercially available "digital sound projector" by cambridge mechatronics (formerly 1 ltd). it employs 40 micro drivers and 2 woofers as well as projection technology to control the direction of the sound. the micro drivers' sound is focused into groups of "beams" that reflect off the room's walls. the center channel's sound is projected directly to the listening position. another example is "s-logic" marketed by the german headphones manufacturer ultrasone. with this technology (which may also be considered a hybrid of hrtf and reflection-based methods), decentralized transducer positioning is used to spread sound over the outer ear in an attempt to mimic sound heard over speakers. <p> a virtual surround system must provide a means for 2-dimensional imaging of sound, using some properties of the human auditory system. the way that the auditory system localises a sound source is a topic that is studied in the field of psychoacoustics. thus, virtual surround systems use knowledge of psychoacoustics to "trick" the listener. there are several ways in which this has been attempted. <p> a direct acoustic cochlear implant - also daci - is an acoustic implant which converts sound in mechanical vibrations that stimulate directly the perilymph inside the cochlea. the hearing function of the external and middle ear is being taken over by a little motor of a cochlear implant, directly stimulating the cochlea. with a daci, people with no or almost no residual hearing but with a still functioning inner ear, can again perceive speech, sounds and music. <p> virtual surround headsets feature ear cups that cover the entire ear. this type of headset uses only two discrete speakers, one on each ear cup, to create surround sound. virtual surround headsets tend to have higher-end driver components which experts and consumers believe to be more durable, as well as have larger speakers which deliver more powerful and dynamic sound quality. virtual surround headset achieves surround sound by using external or internal pre-amplifier or mix-amplifier modules, as well as several different algorithms, to convert stereo or surround sound signals into surround sound. the sound is divided and sectioned so as to deliver it in such a way that it creates an auditory landscape, thereby producing surround sound. <p> even though sensorineural deafness is irreversible, one treatment are cochlear implants, which includes a microphone and electronic devices that sit externally to the head. when sound is emitted to the microphone, it converts the sound waves into electrical impulses. in contrast to hearing aids, which amplify sound, cochlear implants are designed to stimulate the auditory nerve. <p> hearing aids or cochlear implants may be used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged. hearing aids work by amplifying the sound of the local environment and are best suited to conductive hearing loss. cochlear implants transmit the sound that is heard as if it were a nervous signal, bypassing the cochlea. <p> electric acoustic stimulation (eas) is the use of a hearing aid and a cochlear implant together in the same ear. the hearing aid acoustically amplifies low frequencies, while the cochlear implant electrically stimulates the middle and high frequencies. the inner ear processes acoustic and electric stimuli simultaneously.

Surround sound would only work with bilateral cochlear implants, which are less common than unilateral. They are mostly used with infants and young children whose auditory and language centers are still developing. Bilateral implants could, in theory, detect surround sound, but the sound quality of implants is still pretty low, it is unlikely someone with those kinds of implants would notice much difference over stereo.

how does a ship made of steel float?

<p> a ship will float even though it may be made of steel (which is much denser than water), because it encloses a volume of air (which is much less dense than water), and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water. <p> in a typical modern steel ship, the hull will have watertight decks, and major transverse members called bulkheads. there may also be intermediate members such as girders, stringers and webs, and minor members called ordinary transverse frames, frames, or longitudinals, depending on the structural arrangement. the uppermost continuous deck may be called the "upper deck", "weather deck", "spar deck", "main deck", or simply "deck". the particular name given depends on the context—the type of ship or boat, the arrangement, or even where it sails. <p> the main deck of a ship is the uppermost complete deck extending from bow to stern. a steel ship's hull may be considered a structural beam with the main deck forming the upper flange of a box girder and the keel forming the lower strength member. the main deck may act as a tension member when the ship is supported by a single wave amidships, or as a compression member when the ship is supported between waves forward and aft. <p> structures involves selection of material of construction, structural analysis of global and local strength of the vessel, vibration of the structural components and structural responses of the vessel during motions in seaway. depending on the type of ship, the structure and design will vary in what material to use as well as how much of it. some ships are made from glass reinforced plastics but the vast majority are steel with possibly some aluminium in the superstructure. the complete structure of the ship is designed with panels shaped in a rectangular form consisting of steel plating supported on four edges. combined in a large surface area the grillages create the hull of the ship, deck, and bulkheads while still providing mutual support of the frames. though the structure of the ship is sturdy enough to hold itself together the main force it has to overcome is longitudinal bending creating a strain against its hull, its structure must be designed so that the material is disposed as much forward and aft as possible. the principal longitudinal elements are the deck, shell plating, inner bottom all of which are in the form of grillages, and additional longitudinal stretching to these. the dimensions of the ship are in order to create enough spacing between the stiffeners in prevention of buckling. warships have used a longitudinal system of stiffening that many modern commercial vessels have adopted. this system was widely used in early merchant ships such as the ss great eastern, but later shifted to transversely framed structure another concept in ship hull design that proved more practical. this system was later implemented on modern vessels such as tankers because of its popularity and was then named the isherwood system. the arrangement of the isherwood system consists of stiffening decks both side and bottom by longitudinal members, they are separated enough so they have the same distance between them as the frames and beams. this system works by spacing out the transverse members that support the longitudinal by about 3 or 4 meters, with the wide spacing this causes the traverse strength needed by displacing the amount of force the bulkheads provide. <p> the ship is characterized by a rather unusual cylindrical form, especially at the underwater part, which resulted in good maritime traits (the waves created by sailing were, allegedly, "almost invisible"). the construction is of a riveted steel, with wooden deck, metal funnel and wooden superstructure (now missing). <p> the ship is built in steel, except for the superstructure on the bridge deck, which is made of aluminium. it has a gross tonnage of 2621, two cold rooms, and total volume of cargo is 708 cubic meters. <p> as stated above, superstructure consists of the parts of the ship or a boat, including sailboats, fishing boats, passenger ships, and submarines, that project above her main deck. this does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets. note that in modern times, turrets do not always carry naval artillery, but they can also carry missile launchers and/or antisubmarine warfare weapons.

The shape. Shape it like a bowl, so that it displaces the water, and any material will float - concrete, lead, whatever. Shape the same material into a sphere, and it will only float if it's less dense than water (or whatever you're trying to float it in). Ok, you can also get a sphere to float if it's very tiny. This is due to surface tension and isn't relevant to ships at all.

what exactly is sooo special about walking upright, and the whole homo erectus thing

<p> since then, scientists discovered "ardipithecus ramidus", a human-like hominid descended from the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. "ar. ramidus" engaged in upright walking, but not knuckle-walking. this leads scientists to conclude that chimpanzees evolved knuckle-walking after they split from humans 6 million years ago, and humans evolved upright walking without knuckle-walking. <p> anthropologists once thought that the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans engaged in knuckle-walking, and humans evolved upright walking from knuckle-walking: a view thought to be supported by reanalysis of overlooked features on hominid fossils. <p> "oreopithecus" has been claimed to exhibit features that are adaptations to upright walking, such as the presence of a lumbar curve, in distinction to otherwise similar species known from the same period. since the fossils have been dated to about 8 million years ago, this would represent an unusually early appearance of upright posture. however, a reevaluation of the spine from a skeleton of "oreopithecus" has led to the conclusion that it lacked adaptations for habitual bipedality <p> upright bipedal walking is commonly thought to have evolved from knuckle-walking with bent legs, in the manner used by chimpanzees and gorillas to move around on the ground, but fossils such as "orrorin tugenensis "indicate bipedalism around 5 to 8 million years ago, in the same general period when genetic studies suggest the lineage of chimpanzees and humans diverged. modern apes and their fossil ancestors show skeletal adaptations to an upright posture used in tree-climbing, and upright, straight-legged walking has been proposed to have originally evolved as an adaptation to tree-dwelling. <p> chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans, when walking, walk upright, and their limbs swing in opposition to one another for balance (unlike monkeys, apes lack a tail to use for balance). disadvantages related to upright walking do exist for primates, since their primary mode of locomotion is quadrupedalism. this upright locomotion is called "orthograde posture". orthograde posture in humans was made possible through millions of years of evolution. in order to walk upright with maximum efficiency, the skull, spine, pelvis, lower limbs, and feet all underwent evolutionary changes. <p> quadrupedal primate walking can be done on the palms. this occurs in many primates when walking on all fours on tree branches. it is also the method used by human infants when crawling on their knees or engaged in a "bear-crawl" (in which the legs are fully extended and weight is taken by the ankles). a few older children and some adults retain the ability to walk quadrupedally, even after acquiring bipedalism. a bbc2 and "nova" in "the family that walks on all fours" reported on the ulas family in which five individuals grew up walking normally upon the palms of their hands and fully extended legs due to a recessive genetic mutation that causes a non-progressive congenital cerebellar ataxia that impairs the balance needed for bipedality. not only did they walk on their palms of their hands but could do so holding objects in their fingers. <p> mrs. ples, whose cranial capacity is only about 485 cubic centimetres (cc), was one of the first fossils to reveal that upright walking (bipedal locomotion) had evolved well before any significant growth in brain size. and, in comparison to modern apes, dart noted as with the taung child the lack of facial (prognathous) projection, a characteristic shared with advanced hominines.

"Better" is a bit subjective, but it absolutely makes certain things easier. Consider how much harder it would be for us to carry things (such as basic tools) if we had to walk on all fours. At the same time, we lost something too - we're slower.

why do deer antlers all look different? how do they grow? what purpose do they have?

<p> one of the principal means of distinguishing the closely related black-tailed deer and white-tailed deer is the growth habit of the buck's antlers. in the case of the black tail and california mule deer, the antlers fork in an upward growth, whereas the other species' antlers grow in a forward direction. <p> this deer was a graceful species similar in appearance to the barasingha. the pelt was a dark brown with lighter underparts. the underside of the tail was white. males possessed basket-like antlers, upon which all the main tines branched. this caused the deer to have up to 33 points on their antlers and the outer edge of the rack to be up to long. females had no antlers. <p> only the stags have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. antlers typically measure in total length and weigh , although large ones can grow to and weigh . antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of a day. a soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. european red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and rugose, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a "crown" or "cup" in larger males. any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tine will grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as corsican red deer. western european red deer antlers feature "bez" (second) tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines. however, bez tines occur frequently in norwegian red deer. antlers of caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western european red deer, their antlers are thus more like the "throw back" top tines of the wapiti ("c. canadensis"), known as maraloid characteristics. a stag can (exceptionally) have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. the antlers are testosterone-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing. with the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut (mating season). <p> this deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer. adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh and stand about tall at the shoulder. adult females (does) usually weigh between and have an average height of at the shoulders. the deer is a reddish-brown to grey-brown in color. antlers are grown by males and shed between february and march and regrown by june. when the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. the species otherwise generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance. <p> bullet::::- deer are popularly associated with the splendor of nature and forests in particular. their antlers have the appearance of a crown, making deer's heads a popular emblem in heraldry and in trophy hunting. <p> the deer are generally of medium size and are similar to the size and shape of the barasingha. the species has a very regal and graceful "cervus" physique. its legs are thin and long, and has a long body with a large head on a thin neck. the throat of a male has a thick mane of long hair. males (stags) are taller and heavier than the females (hinds or does). their coats, rough and coarse, change colour with the season; in summer the colour is reddish-brown, while in winter, it turns dark brown, with males tending to be darker than the females. the tail is short in length and the rump has no distinct patch. despite these features, they are actually related to the père david's deer. the antlers, bow- or lyre-shaped, do not grow upwards, but tend to grow outwards and then inwards; a smaller branch grows towards the front of the head. the brow tines are especially long and noticeable. the brow-antlered deer is so named because they have long brow tines. they shed their antlers every year, with the largest size attained during the breeding season. <p> adult male thorold's deer have antlers, measuring up to in beam length, and weighing up to . compared with those of wapiti or red deer, the antlers are flattened with the first and second ("bez") tines noticeably far apart. the antlers can have up to seven tines, which all lie in the same plane. they are shed annually in march, reaching their full length by late summer. other distinctive features include longer ears than most other deer, lined with white hair, and large metatarsal and preorbital glands. the hooves are broad and heavy, with unusually long dewclaws. the tail is short, at in length.

They grow like normal bone, and are covered by "velvet" until they rub it off to expose the bone. They grow and fall off every year in male deer. There's a lot of genetics and environmental factors behind how they look. Healthy adult deer will have bigger and stronger antlers. And they are used for clashes between males competing to mate with females. They can also be used as a method of protection against predators.

why don't cats roar like lions?

<p> felines such as leopards and tigers also growl to signal territorial aggression, eliciting anti-predator responses from animals such as elephants. similar to human interpretation of growling, elephants are able to distinguish the threat level based on the individual growl and will respond accordingly; elephants will retreat from tigers, but defend against leopards. domestic house cats also growl, sounding like "brrrrrooowwww", usually followed by the typical hissing sound. in domestic cats, growling is a warning noise, implying unhappiness, annoyance, fear or other forms of aggression, and is a signal to back off. cats may growl,similar to dogs, in the presence of other cats or dogs to establish dominance or to indicate they do not wish to interact with that individual <p> the “roaring cats” (lion, "panthera leo"; tiger, "p. tigris"; jaguar, "p. onca"; leopard, "p. pardus") have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which according to this theory, enables them to roar but not to purr. however, the snow leopard ("uncia uncia", or "p. uncia"), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs (hemmer, 1972). <p> growling can be an expression of annoyance or fear, similar to humans. when annoyed or angry, a cat wriggles and thumps its tail much more vigorously than when in a contented state. in larger felids such as lions, what appears to be irritating to them varies between individuals. a male lion may let his cubs play with his mane or tail, or he may hiss and hit them with his paws. domestic male cats also have variable attitudes towards their family members, for example, older male siblings tend not to go near younger or new siblings and may even show hostility toward them. <p> it was once believed that only the cats of the genus "felis" could purr. however, felids of the genus "panthera" (tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling. the subdivision of the felidae into 'purring cats' on the one hand and 'roaring cats' (i.e. non-purring) on the other, originally goes back to owen (1834/1835) and was definitely introduced by pocock (1916), based on a difference in hyoid anatomy. the 'roaring cats' (lion, "panthera leo"; tiger, "p. tigris"; jaguar, "p. onca"; leopard, "p. pardus") have an incompletely ossified hyoid, which according to this theory, enables them to roar but not to purr. on the other hand, the snow leopard ("uncia uncia"), as the fifth felid species with an incompletely ossified hyoid, purrs (hemmer, 1972). all remaining species of the family felidae ('purring cats') have a completely ossified hyoid which enables them to purr but not to roar. however, weissengruber et al. (2002) argued that the ability of a cat species to purr is not affected by the anatomy of its hyoid, i.e. whether it is fully ossified or has a ligamentous epihyoid, and that, based on a technical acoustic definition of roaring, the presence of this vocalization type depends on specific characteristics of the vocal folds and an elongated vocal tract, the latter rendered possible by an incompletely ossified hyoid. cats may purr for a variety of reasons, including when they're hungry, happy, or anxious. <p> the tiger, lion, leopard, and jaguar are the only cat species with the anatomical structure that enables them to roar. the primary reason for this was formerly assumed to be the incomplete ossification of the hyoid bone. however, new studies show the ability to roar is due to other morphological features, especially of the larynx. the snow leopard does not roar. although its hyoid bone is incompletely ossified, it lacks the special morphology of the larynx. <p> the reason that cats are seen as "yōkai" in japanese mythology is attributed to many of the characteristics that they possess: for example, the way the irises of their eyes change shape depending on the time of day, the way their fur seems to cause sparks due to static electricity when they are petted (especially in winter), the way they sometimes lick blood, the way they can walk without making a sound, their wild nature that remains despite the gentleness they can show at times, the way they are difficult to control (unlike dogs), the sharpness of their claws and teeth, their nocturnal habits, and their speed and agility. <p> the cougar is on average larger than all felid species apart from the lion, tiger, and jaguar. despite its size, it is not typically classified among the "big cats" because it cannot roar, lacking the specialized larynx and hyoid apparatus of "panthera". compared to "big cats", cougars are often silent with minimal communication through vocalizations outside of the mother-offspring relationship. cougars sometimes voice low-pitched hisses, growls, and purrs, as well as chirps and whistles, many of which are comparable to those of domestic cats. they are well known for their screams, as referenced in some of their common names, although these screams are often misinterpreted to be the calls of other animals or humans.

Why should cats roar like lions? Cats and lions are related, but that doesn't mean they have the same habits. They're not the same species -- you might as well ask why humans don't live in trees, like apes do. Physically, a domestic cat wouldn't be able to roar like a lion: simply put, their vocal tracts are way too small. It would be like expecting your phone to generate the amount of bass you'd get from standing near the speakers at a concert. Adult cats don't normally meow, except domestic cats in the presence of humans. Cats do, however, growl when threatened; and when male cats confront each other in a territorial dispute, they produce a loud wailing noise, normally with their mouths closed. That would be the nearest equivalent of a lion's roar.

could a tax system where the civilians choose where the money goes work?

<p> for example, the state requires payment for its services in the form of taxes whether or not people desire such services. since an individual’s money is his property, the confiscation of money in the form of taxes is an attack on property. military conscription is likewise an attack on a person’s primordial property. <p> governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates. they do this in order to distribute the tax burden among individuals or classes of the population involved in taxable activities, such as the business sector, or to redistribute resources between individuals or classes in the population. historically, taxes on the poor supported the nobility; modern social-security systems aim to support the poor, the disabled, or the retired by taxes on those who are still working. in addition, taxes are applied to fund foreign aid and military ventures, to influence the macroeconomic performance of the economy (a government's strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy; see also tax exemption), or to modify patterns of consumption or employment within an economy, by making some classes of transaction more or less attractive. <p> for example, the state requires payment for its services in the form of taxes whether or not people desire such services. since an individual's money is his property, the confiscation of money in the form of taxes is an attack on property. military conscription is likewise an attack on a person's primordial property. <p> governments may reimburse taxpayers in several ways. a tax refund reduces the net tax paid, such as income tax, potentially to zero. taxpayers may receive complete reimbursement for other taxes, such as for value-added tax due to low income, subsequent export of the goods sold, or not being the final recipient. a local government may use reimbursement to reduce property taxes for a favored organization or low-income individual. <p> the levying of taxes aims to raise revenue to fund governing or to alter prices in order to affect demand. states and their functional equivalents throughout history have used money provided by taxation to carry out many functions. some of these include expenditures on economic infrastructure (roads, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health-care systems), military, scientific research, culture and the arts, public works, distribution, data collection and dissemination, public insurance, and the operation of government itself. a government's ability to raise taxes is called its fiscal capacity. <p> they point out the ease with which the government can shift money from place to place in its budget, and borrow money when funds are not available. if a conscientious objector who had been unwilling to pay taxes started to pay into a "peace tax fund," this would only mean more money for the government to spend, and the likely result of that is more money for the military. the "religious freedom peace tax fund act" in the united states, for instance, would give the government more tax revenue and would not change how much or how high a percentage of this money was spent on the military. <p> according to the proponents of the chartalist theory of money creation, taxes are not needed for government revenue, as long as the government in question is able to issue fiat money. according to this view, the purpose of taxation is to maintain the stability of the currency, express public policy regarding the distribution of wealth, subsidizing certain industries or population groups or isolating the costs of certain benefits, such as highways or social security.

No, bc theres lots of things out there the average citizen wouldnt put their money towards but they do in fact need. They just arent educated on why they need it. Itd be chaos. Programs would die left and right despite being very much needed.

why are some people against capitalism/what are the main arguments?

<p> prominent among critiques of capitalism are accusations that capitalism is inherently exploitative, that it is unsustainable, that it creates economic inequality, that it is anti-democratic and leads to an erosion of human rights and that it incentivizes imperialist expansion and war. <p> critics argue that capitalism is associated with the unfair distribution of wealth and power; a tendency toward market monopoly or oligopoly (and government by oligarchy); imperialism, counter-revolutionary wars and various forms of economic and cultural exploitation; repression of workers and trade unionists and phenomena such as social alienation, economic inequality, unemployment and economic instability. critics have argued that there is an inherent tendency toward oligopolistic structures when "laissez-faire" is combined with capitalist private property. capitalism is regarded by many socialists to be irrational in that production and the direction of the economy are unplanned, creating many inconsistencies and internal contradictions and thus should be controlled through public policy. <p> criticism of capitalism comes from various political and philosophical approaches, including anarchist, socialist, religious and nationalist viewpoints. some believe that capitalism can only be overcome through revolution, and some believe that structural change can come slowly through political reforms. some critics believe there are merits in capitalism and wish to balance it with some form of social control, typically through government regulation (e.g. the social market movement). <p> critics argue that capitalism leads to a significant loss of political, democratic and economic power for the vast majority of the global human population. the reason for this is they believe capitalism creates very large concentrations of money and property in the hands of a relatively small minority of the global human population (the elite or the power elite), leading, they say, to very large and increasing, wealth and income inequalities between the elite and the majority of the population. "corporate capitalism" and "inverted totalitarianism" are terms used by the aforementioned activists and critics of capitalism to describe a capitalist marketplace—and society—characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic, large corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit without concern for social welfare. corporate capitalism has been criticized for the amount of power and influence corporations and large business interest groups have over government policy, including the policies of regulatory agencies and influencing political campaigns. many social scientists have criticized corporations for failing to act in the interests of the people; they claim the existence of large corporations seems to circumvent the principles of democracy, which assumes equal power relations between all individuals in a society. as part of the political left, activists against corporate power and influence work towards a decreased income gap and improved economical equity. <p> people hate capitalism; its successes do not impress the “poets and philosophers and priests”(p31) “the more it succeeds, the more it fails.”(p32) intellectuals indict capitalism for all kinds of sins: affluence, moral weakness, and vulgar taste. the intellectuals that do defend capitalism have not made a broad enough case. <p> proponents of capitalism argue that it creates more prosperity than any other economic system and that its benefits are mainly to the ordinary person. critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability, an inability to provide for the well-being of all people and an unsustainable danger to the natural environment. socialists maintain that although capitalism is superior to all previously existing economic systems (such as feudalism or slavery), the contradiction between class interests will only be resolved by advancing into a completely new social system of production and distribution in which all persons have an equal relationship to the means of production. <p> anti-capitalists assert that capitalism is violent. they believe private property and profit survive only because police violence defends them and that capitalist economies need war to expand. they may use the term "structural violence" to describe the systematic ways in which a given social structure or institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, for example the deaths caused by diseases because of lack of medicine.

The main arguments I've seen against capitalism are as follows: 1) Unchecked, it will create a divided society in which a small number of people hold all of the money. 2) By its very nature, it places greater importance on the creation of wealth than it does on the well being of the people in the society. 3) The concentration of wealth into a few hands will lead to a closed system of politics in which only those that gain the favor of the elite will be able to rise to power in either the private or public sectors.

when people faint, do they wake up refreshed like from a nap, or tired, or something else entirely?

<p> as with any syncopal episode that results from a cardiac dysrhythmia, the fainting does not depend on the patient's position. if they occur during sleep, the presenting symptom may simply be feeling hot and flushed on waking. <p> orthostatic hypotension is characterized by symptoms that occur after standing (from lying or sitting), particularly when this is done rapidly. many report lightheadedness (a feeling that one might be about to faint), sometimes severe. with chronic orthostatic hypotension, the condition and its effects may worsen even as fainting and many other symptoms become less frequent. generalized weakness or tiredness may also occur. some also report difficulty concentrating, blurred vision, tremulousness, vertigo, anxiety, palpitations (awareness of the heartbeat), unsteadiness, feeling sweaty or clammy, and sometimes nausea. a person may look pale. some people may experience severe orthostatic hypotension with the only symptoms being confusion and/or extreme fatigue. chronic severe orthostatic hypotension may present as fluctuating cognition/delirium. <p> fainting can be caused by excessive parasympathetic and vagal activity that slows the heart and decreases perfusion of the brain. the sympathetic irritant effect is exploited to counteract these vagal parasympathetic effects and thereby reverse the faint. <p> pre-syncope is a feeling of lightheadedness or simply feeling faint. syncope, by contrast, is actually fainting. a circulatory system deficiency, such as low blood pressure, can contribute to a feeling of dizziness when one suddenly stands up. <p> other signs and symptoms vary. accompanying dehydration can produce nausea, vomiting, headaches, and low blood pressure and the latter can lead to fainting or dizziness, especially if the standing position is assumed quickly. <p> people may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. it is common for coma patients to awaken in a profound state of confusion and suffer from dysarthria, the inability to articulate any speech. recovery usually occurs gradually. in the first days, patients may only awaken for a few minutes, with increased duration of wakefulness as their recovery progresses and may eventually recover full awareness. that said, some patients may never progress beyond very basic responses. <p> people with late chronotypes go to bed late and rise late. forced to arise earlier than their circadian rhythm dictates, they have a low body temperature and may require a few hours to feel really awake. they are unable to fall asleep as early as "larks" can.

Speaking from personal experience, fainting is kind of like accidentally falling asleep and then waking up confused, disoriented, unwell, and even more tired than you were before. Also, head injuries are far more likely especially if you faint while standing. What's interesting is that some people dream while they faint, even if they're only out cold for a few seconds. So, in a way it's a bit like extreme, spontaneous napping. I'm not an expert though, this is just my experience.

why do some tree seedlings cost more than others?

<p> the yield varies depending on the age of the trees. five- to seven-year-old orchards may yield about 6 t/ha (2.7 tons/acre), with harvests increasing progressively until they stabilise at about 12–18 t/ha (5.4–8 tons/acre). seedling trees take longer to attain their maximal harvest, but eventually out-yield grafted trees. <p> it is a dioecious tropical tree that grows well in a diversity of soil, from the sea level to the 2,400 feet above sea level. seed trees are normally planted 30 or 45 feet from each other; this one can be planted from 25 to 30 feet from each other. it needs a good distribution of rainfall through the year. trees that were planted by seeds could take 6 or 7 years to give out fruit, but trees that were propagated by cuttings produce fruit in 3 or 4 years. it is a very productive tree. <p> cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about of fruit per year. <p> "terminalia richii" can be propagated from seed and by root cuttings. however, production of seeds in mature trees will be hindered because of cyclones. also, malili has a relatively low germination rate of less than 50%. therefore, the usage of both seeds and root cuttings together is more effective in propagating the plant for restoration projects. another tree species, "mailkara samoensis", is popular for its timber and is also endangered along with malili. <p> seed trees are trees left after reproduction cutting to provide seeds for natural regeneration in the seed-tree method. these trees serve as both the gene source for the new crop of regeneration and as a source of timber during future cuttings. because of its importance, a seed tree should be carefully chosen based upon both economic and biological factors. selected seed trees should be the desired species, phenotypically superior, prolific in seeding and flowering, sturdy and healthy, free of damage, and of good growth form. <p> trees have also been applied to remediation. trees are the lowest cost plant type. they can grow on land of marginal quality and have long life-spans. this results in little or no maintenance costs. the most commonly used are willows and poplars, which can grow 6 - 8’ per year and have a high flood tolerance. for deep contamination, hybrid poplars with roots extending 30 feet deep have been used. their roots penetrate microscopic scale pores in the soil matrix and can cycle 100 l of water per day per tree. these trees act almost like a pump and treat remediation system. willows have been successfully used as “vegetation filters” for nutrient (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) removal from municipal wastewater and polluted groundwater . <p> recent studies have indicated that frankincense tree populations are declining due to overexploitation. heavily tapped trees have been found to produce seeds that germinate at only 16% while seeds of trees that had not been tapped germinate at more than 80%.

Supply and demand. There could be a multitude of factors from number of seedlings a certain tree makes per year to the costs of raising such a seedling to the popularity of that species of tree in the market... you get the idea. It's Econ 101. Now if you're asking about a specific species of tree, you'll probably need to ask someone who actually works with that species to get an idea why it's more expensive.

whats the point of me signing my copy of a receipt?

<p> the invoice and receipt are the printed record of the transaction and are legal documents. a copy of these documents would normally be handed to the customer, though this step may be dispensed with. in many countries, a retailer may be under a legal obligation to provide a receipt to a customer which shows the details of a transaction and the shop and other information, so that the tax authority can check that sales and related taxes are not being hidden. the document may also include messages from the retailer, warranty or return details, special offers, advertisements or coupons, but these are merely promotional and not part of the formal receipt. <p> a receipt (also known as a packing list, packing slip, packaging slip, (delivery) docket, shipping list, delivery list, bill of parcel, manifest or customer receipt) is a document acknowledging that a person has received money or property in payment following a sale or other transfer of goods or provision of a service. all receipts must have the date of purchase on them. if the recipient of the payment is legally required to collect sales tax or vat from the customer, the amount would be added to the receipt and the collection would be deemed to have been on behalf of the relevant tax authority. in many countries, a retailer is required to include the sales tax or vat in the displayed price of goods sold, from which the tax amount would be calculated at point of sale and remitted to the tax authorities in due course. similarly, amounts may be deducted from amounts payable, as in the case of wage withholding taxes. on the other hand, tips or other gratuities given by a customer, for example in a restaurant, would not form part of the payment amount or appear on the receipt. <p> bullet::::- "receipt" when a business receives money or cheques over the shop counter it will usually issue a receipt. a receipt is a document that acknowledges that money or cheques have been received. <p> however, requesting a receipt does not guarantee that one will get one, for several reasons. not all email applications or services support read receipts, and users can generally disable the functionality if they so wish. those that do support it are not necessarily compatible with or capable of recognizing requests from a different email service or application. generally, read receipts are only useful within an organization where all employees/members are using the same email service and application. <p> if linked to a customer shop account, some retailers' point-of-sale systems also allow the salesperson to see a complete record of the customer's buying history. a receipt (or a copy of a receipt) is the proof of purchase usually needed to make a return and often plays a vital part in a company's return and exchange policy. <p> in some countries, it is obligatory for a business to provide a receipt to a customer confirming the details of a transaction. in most cases, the recipient of money provides the receipt, but in some cases the receipt is generated by the payer, as in the case of goods being returned for a refund. a receipt is not the same as an invoice. <p> there are various reasons why customers may wish to return merchandise. these include a change of one's mind (buyer's remorse), quality of the merchandise, personal dissatisfaction, or a mistaken purchase of the wrong product. for clothing or other sized items, it may be a lack of a correct fit. sometimes, there may be a product recall in which the manufacturer has requested (or been ordered) that the merchandise be brought back to the store. also, gift receipts are offered sometimes when an item is purchased for another person, and the recipient can exchange this item for another item of comparable value, or for store credit, often on a gift card.

In most cases it's to initial that you received the money so you can't go back later and claim they forgot to give it to you.

why is the star wars prequel trilogy ridiculed so much in comparison to the original movies?

<p> when asked about the possibility of a "family guy" retelling of the other "star wars" trilogies, alec sulkin stated that a spoof of the "star wars" prequel and sequel trilogies were unlikely to happen due to the difficulty and struggle of spoofing "the empire strikes back" and the 2012 disney acquisition of lucasfilm being the primary reasons. sulkin stated, "we like the first three but by the time we were done with the third one i think we were about ready to kill ourselves, the new regime at star wars slash disney is a little more difficult to deal with. before we were just dealing with lucasfilm and seth had a good relationship with them... i just think that [disney's] a little more rigid". series creator seth macfarlane also commented on the situation via twitter stating "disney keeps a tighter hold on it, so it's unlikely", though this could change following the ongoing buyout of 21st century fox's entertainment assets by disney <p> the original "star wars" trilogy is considered one of the best film trilogies in history. lucas has often stated that the entire trilogy was intended to be considered one film. however, he said that his story material for "star wars" was too long for a single film, prompting lucas to split the story into multiple films. lucas also stated that the story evolved over time and that "there was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now [in 1983] ... as the stories unfolded, i would take certain ideas and save them ... i kept taking out all the good parts, and i just kept telling myself i would make other movies someday." in early interviews, it was suggested the series might comprise nine or twelve films. <p> most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequel trilogy, with a few even calling it the best of the entire "star wars" saga. a. o. scott of "the new york times" concluded that it was "the best of the four episodes mr. lucas has directed", and equal to "the empire strikes back" as "the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle". in a 2007 summary of the on rotten tomatoes, "revenge of the sith" was placed 51 out of 100, making it the only "star wars" prequel film to earn a rank on that list. jonathan rosenbaum, a critic who disliked "a new hope" and "the empire strikes back", gave the film a positive review, saying that it had a "relatively thoughtful story". roger ebert of the "chicago sun-times" gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, writing "if [lucas] got bogged down in solemnity and theory in "episode ii: attack of the clones", the force is in a jollier mood this time, and "revenge of the sith" is a great entertainment." <p> regarding the return and expansion of the franchise, lawrence kasdan noted that the spin-offs were expanding the franchise into more of a shared universe beyond the previously linear saga, adding that one of the strengths of the franchise was how it all fell under the same continuity in comparison to other franchises. kasdan also contrasted "star wars" to the marvel cinematic universe, noting that "star wars" features less comedy than the latter, and adding that he felt a more comedic approach would "not be "star wars"" to him. <p> the original "star wars" trilogy is considered one of the best film trilogies in history. lucas has often stated that the entire trilogy was intended to be considered one film. however, he said that his story material for "star wars" was too long for a single film, prompting lucas to split the story into multiple films. numerous filmmakers have been influenced by "star wars", including damon lindelof, dean devlin, roland emmerich, john lasseter, david fincher, joss whedon, john singleton, and kevin smith, and would-be "star wars" directors j. j. abrams and gareth edwards. lucas's concept of a "used future" particularly influenced ridley scott's "blade runner" (1982) and "alien" (1979), james cameron's "aliens" (1986) as well as "the terminator" (1984), peter jackson's "the lord of the rings" trilogy, and george miller's "mad max 2". christopher nolan cited "star wars" as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film, "inception". <p> with the release of the three "star wars" prequel films starting in 1999, and a copious amount of expanded universe material, some of the stated information about minor characters of the original trilogy became inaccurate and as such necessitated a retconned explanation. for example, boba fett's backstory was explained as a "smoke screen" planted by fett himself to hide his father jango fett's involvement in the clone wars. <p> the prequel trilogy films often refer to the original trilogy in order to help connect the films together. lucas has often referred to the films as a long poem that rhymes. such examples include the line "i have a bad feeling about this", a phrase used in each film, and lightsaber duels which almost always occur over a pit. as with "attack of the clones", "the empire strikes back" was the middle film in a trilogy, and of the original trilogy films, "the empire strikes back" is the object of the most references in "attack of the clones". in both films, an asteroid field is the backdrop of a major star battle in the middle of the film. obi-wan escapes jango fett by attaching his spacecraft to an asteroid in order to disappear from the enemy sensors; han solo uses a similar tactic by attaching the "millennium falcon" to a star destroyer in "the empire strikes back". as a retcon, john knoll confirms on the film's dvd commentary that boba fett, who would later catch solo in the act in "the empire strikes back", "learned his lesson" from the events of "attack of the clones".

Because they simply were inferior when compared to the original trilogy. This doesn't mean that they were bad movies (even though I think that they were). It just means that they didn't live up to the quality of film that the original trilogy had.

given the stresses on our oceans and forests, does our biosphere currently produce a surplus of oxygen or are we running at a deficit? could we run out of oxygen in the future?

<p> in nature, free oxygen is produced by the light-driven splitting of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. according to some estimates, green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~45% of earth's atmospheric oxygen each year. <p> one study in 2009 found that the fraction of fossil-fuel emissions absorbed by the oceans may have declined by up to 10% since 2000, indicating oceanic sequestration may be sublinear. another 2009 study found that the fraction of absorbed by terrestrial ecosystems and the oceans has not changed since 1850, indicating undiminished capacity. <p> over the last 100 years the earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century. tropical wet forests account for only 6% of earth's land surface yet are responsible for 40% of earth’s oxygen production. any type of change to this system can prove to have significant detrimental effects in terms of global oxygen availability. in addition, due to the sensitivity and fragile interactions between organisms and the atmosphere, ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration rates, will experience even larger adverse effects. <p> second, the increased oxygen concentrations provided a new opportunity for biological diversification, as well as tremendous changes in the nature of chemical interactions between rocks, sand, clay, and other geological substrates and the earth's air, oceans, and other surface waters. despite the natural recycling of organic matter, life had remained energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen. this breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the free energy available to living organisms, with global environmental impacts. for example, mitochondria evolved after the goe, giving organisms the energy to exploit new, more complex morphology interacting in increasingly complex ecosystems, although these did not appear until the late proterozoic and cambrian <p> on the early earth, when atmospheric oxygen levels were 0.001% of those present today, dissolved fe was thought to have been a lot more abundant in the oceans, and thus more bioavailable to microbial life in that era. at this time, before the onset of oxygenic photosynthesis, primary production may have been dominated by photoferrotrophs, which would obtain energy from sunlight, and use the electrons from fe to fix carbon. <p> environmental oxygenation can be important to the sustainability of a particular ecosystem. the us environmental protection agency has published a table of maximum equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration versus temperature at atmospheric pressure. the optimal levels in an estuary for dissolved oxygen is higher than 6 ppm. insufficient oxygen (environmental hypoxia), often caused by the decomposition of organic matter and/or nutrient pollution, may occur in bodies of water such as ponds and rivers, tending to suppress the presence of aerobic organisms such as fish. deoxygenation increases the relative population of anaerobic organisms such as plants and some bacteria, resulting in fish kills and other adverse events. the net effect is to alter the balance of nature by increasing the concentration of anaerobic over aerobic species. <p> as primary production in the biosphere is an important part of the carbon cycle, estimating it at the global scale is important in earth system science. however, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of habitats on earth, and because of the impact of weather events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability. using satellite-derived estimates of the normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) for terrestrial habitats and sea-surface chlorophyll for the oceans, it is estimated that the total (photoautotrophic) primary production for the earth was 104.9 petagrams of carbon per year (pg c yr; equivalent to the non-si gt c yr). of this, 56.4 pg c yr (53.8%), was the product of terrestrial organisms, while the remaining 48.5 pg c yr, was accounted for by oceanic production.

In order to get enough food to feed the population we need a lot of plants. And these plants alone is enough to produce oxygen for the population. It is basic chemistry that the amount of plants you need to generate enough food for a person produces exactly the same amount of oxygen that the person needs. This is also true if you consider that the plants is used to feed livestock for food as the livestock needs more plants but also require oxygen. So it is impossible to run out of oxygen without also running out of food.

direct x

<p> microsoft directx is a collection of application programming interfaces (apis) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and video, on microsoft platforms. originally, the names of these apis all began with direct, such as direct3d, directdraw, directmusic, directplay, directsound, and so forth. the name "directx" was coined as a shorthand term for all of these apis (the "x" standing in for the particular api names) and soon became the name of the collection. when microsoft later set out to develop a gaming console, the "x" was used as the basis of the name xbox to indicate that the console was based on directx technology. the "x" initial has been carried forward in the naming of apis designed for the xbox such as xinput and the cross-platform audio creation tool (xact), while the directx pattern has been continued for windows apis such as direct2d and directwrite. <p> an x–y plotter is a plotter that operates in two axes of motion ("x" and "y") in order to draw continuous vector graphics. the term was used to differentiate it from standard plotters which had control only of the "y" axis, the "x" axis being continuously fed to provide a plot of some variable with time. plotters differ from inkjet and laser printers in that a plotter draws a continuous line, much like a pen on paper, while inkjet and laser printers use a very fine matrix of dots to form images, such that while a line may appear continuous to the naked eye, it in fact is a discrete set of points. <p> directx raytracing (dxr) is a feature of microsoft's directx that allows for hardware real-time raytracing, a significant advancement in computer graphics first seen on the consumer level in gpus such as the nvidia geforce 20 series announced in 2018. dxr is not released as part of a new version of directx but rather as a compatible extension to directx 12. <p> x.3 is an itu-t standard indicating what functions are to be performed by a packet assembler/disassembler (pad) when connecting character-mode data terminal equipment (dte), such as a computer terminal, to a packet switched network such as an x.25 network, and specifying the parameters that control this operation. <p> directx is a collection of game apis. direct3d is directx's 3d api. direct3d is freely available from microsoft, as are the rest of the directx apis. microsoft developed directx for game programmers and continues to add features to the api. the directx specification is not controlled by an open arbitration committee and microsoft is free to add, remove or change features. direct3d is not portable; it is designed specifically for microsoft windows and no other platform (though a form of direct3d is used on microsoft's xbox, windows phone 7.5 smartphones and mobile devices which run the pocket pc operating system). <p> similar to previous "pokémon" games, "x" and "y" both follow a linear storyline whose main events occur in a fixed order. the protagonist of "pokémon x" and "y" is a child who had just moved to a small town called vaniville town with their mother. they soon befriend four trainers—shauna, tierno, trevor, and their rival calem or serena,—all of whom were called to meet professor sycamore who is the leading professor in the kalos region in lumiose city, the main city of kalos. receiving either chespin, fennekin, or froakie as their starter pokémon from tierno, the player begins their adventure. along the way, they learn of pokémon gyms and receive their first badge for defeating viola, the santalune city gym leader. thereafter, they encounter sina and dexio, assistants of sycamore, who brings them to the professor himself; however, once in lumiose city they discover the area to be suffering from a partial power outage. upon meeting sycamore in lumiose city, the player is informed of mega evolution and he requests they travel across kalos and uncover the mysteries behind it. he provides them with one of the kanto region starter pokémon and their respective mega stone. before leaving lumiose city, the player encounters an imposing man named lysandre who desires a more beautiful world. <p> the artwork for "x&y" was designed by graphic design duo tappin gofton, formed by mark tappin and simon gofton; mark tappin had previously worked for coldplay on the "parachutes" album cover and the covers of the singles therefrom. the image, which is visualized through a combination of colours and blocks, is a graphical representation of the baudot code, an early form of telegraph communication using a series of ones and zeros to communicate. the code was developed by frenchman émile baudot in the 1870s, and was a widely used method of terrestrial and telegraph communication.

DirectX is the way that your game communicates with your graphics card. Microsoft takes requests from game developers and makes a list of features that game developers want, but can't do right now. Microsoft then goes to AMD and NVIDIA, and says, "Hey, these are some things that game developers want to be able to do. We're going to expose these commands to those games, and here's what we're telling them to expect. You can build these commands into your graphics cards however you want, as long as you make them accessible to games in a particular way- and we'll call the group of these commands, brought together, DirectX. Basically, if game developers had to write games at the level of the computer's base hardware, it'd take forever, and certain games would only work on certain graphics cards. DirectX is a layer in between. It lets games make specific, predetermined commands, and then uses a driver made by the graphics card's vendor to convert those into commands that the graphics card can understand.

why do people moan when stretching?

<p> in its most basic form, stretching is a natural and instinctive activity; it is performed by humans and many other animals. it can be accompanied by yawning. stretching often occurs instinctively after waking from sleep, after long periods of inactivity, or after exiting confined spaces and areas. <p> bullet::::- laryngeal musculature relaxation techniques: laryngeal muscles surround the vocal folds and by relaxing them, there is reduced pressure on the vocal folds. this can be done by yawning and subsequently sighing, exaggerated chewing while speaking, and speaking or singing the 'm' sound. <p> reinke's edema is characterized by the "sac-like" appearance of the fluid-filled vocal cords. the swelling of the vocal folds causes the voice to become deep and hoarse. therefore, the major symptom of reinke's edema is a hoarseness similar to laryngitis. the major cause associated with reinke's edema is smoking. in fact, 97% of patients diagnosed with reinke's edema are habitual smokers. other identified risk factors include overuse of the vocal cords, gastroesophageal reflux, and hypothyroidism. the disease is more often cited in women than in men, because lower voice changes are more noticeable in women. <p> straining the singing voice, for instance by using belting without proper coordination, can lead to forcing, which in turn can cause vocal deterioration, known as fatigue of the vocal cords, or vocal fatigue. straining the voice can lead the development of vocal nodules, a form of scarring on the vocal cords caused by strenuous or abusive voice practices. professional singers on extended tours with tight schedules run a substantial risk of damaging their voices unless they make sure to rest the vocal cords and get enough sleep and proper diet. <p> stretch is the lanky leader of the trio with a thick boston accent. stretch is the most aggressive at scaring the living by morphing his body; however he is said to be highly experienced at possession. although he acts the harshest, he is soon revealed to have a soft spot, and is perhaps the most sensible in making important decisions. in a deleted song he claims to be schizoid-paranoid, and despite his intelligence, he can be very childish at times. <p> some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the tensor tympani muscle of the middle ear. the rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed as when yawning deeply. this phenomenon has been known since (at least) 1884. <p> stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon (or muscle group) is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone. the result is a feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility, and range of motion. stretching is also used therapeutically to alleviate cramps.

People don't always. It's more of an exhale/sigh after the stretch.

why does every body fluid tast salty except for spit?

<p> spittoons are flat-bottomed, often weighted to minimize tipping over, and often with an interior "lip" to make spilling less likely if they tip. some have lids, but this is rare. some have holes, sometimes with a plug, to aid in draining and cleaning. <p> also unlike snus, dip often causes the user to produce excess saliva during the act of dipping. this is typically spit onto the ground or in a container, because swallowing the saliva-tobacco mixture can cause irritation to the esophagus and induce nausea and vomiting. a spittoon can be used, but often users will simply use an empty plastic bottle or a "mudjug," a portable spittoon. smokeless tobacco is sometimes used in the workplace by employees, especially if the employer does not provide many cigarette breaks or if the employee is consistently using both hands during work (which doesn't provide opportunities for cigarette smoking). smokeless tobacco is popular in many industrial areas where there is a safety risk in having an open flame, such as oil rigs or refineries. <p> although wetness alone has the effect of macerating the skin, softening the stratum corneum, and greatly increasing susceptibility to friction injury, urine has an additional impact on skin integrity because of its effect on skin ph. while studies show that ammonia alone is only a mild skin irritant, when urea breaks down in the presence of fecal urease it increases ph because ammonia is released, which in turn promotes the activity of fecal enzymes such as protease and lipase. these fecal enzymes increase the skin's hydration and permeability to bile salts which also act as skin irritants. <p> not all alpacas spit, but all are capable of doing so. "spit" is somewhat euphemistic; occasionally the projectile contains only air and a little saliva, although alpacas commonly bring up acidic stomach contents (generally a green, grassy mix) and project it onto their chosen targets. spitting is mostly reserved for other alpacas, but an alpaca will also occasionally spit at a human. <p> a spittoon (or spitoon) is a receptacle made for spitting into, especially by users of chewing and dipping tobacco. it is also known as a cuspidor (which is the portuguese word for "spitter" or "spittoon", from the verb "cuspir" meaning "to spit"), although that term is also used for a type of spitting sink used in dentistry. <p> while spittoons are still made, they are no longer commonly found in public places (except as decorations). there are a few companies that currently make spittoons for users of smokeless tobacco, such as mudjug and spitbud. professions in which spittoons are commonly used are coffee, tea and wine tasting. a taster will sip samples and then spit them into a spittoon in order to avoid intoxication. makeshift spittoons, such as large mixing bowls, can be used by people with a cold who are frequently coughing up phlegm. <p> bath fizzies are infeasible as liquids because of the inability to keep the mixture from reacting prematurely. this is a distinction from foam bath (see above) preparations, which may be supplied as liquids or solids.

Also ELI5 how OP would know this?

fur on coat hoods?

<p> historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, often forming part of a cloak or cape, or a separate form of headgear. hoods with short capes, called chaperons in french, were extremely common in medieval europe, and later evolved into big hats. soft hoods were worn by men under hats. hoods have also been used as part of uniforms for organizations such as the ku klux klan. <p> a hood is a kind of headgear that covers most of the head and neck, and sometimes the face. hoods that cover mainly the sides and top of the head, and leave the face mostly or partly open may be worn for protection from the environment (typically cold weather or rain), for fashion, as a form of traditional dress or uniform, or in the case of knights, an armoured hood is used for protection against bladed weapons. in some cases, hoods are used to prevent the wearer from seeing where they are going (e.g., in cases where a prisoner is hooded). hoods with eye holes can be used to prevent the wearer from being identified, as in the case of ku klux klan members, terrorists, or criminals such as robbers. <p> the cover image of a hoodie is the work of david hammons, first exhibited in 1993. hammons' "in the hood" is a disembodied hood from a generic dark green hoodie, mounted on a wall like a hunting trophy. wire props up the rim of the hood, so it holds its shape as if it were covering an invisible head". although it was exhibited over twenty years ago, it is a reminder of trayvon martin's death because he was wearing a hoodie when he was killed by george zimmerman. the "hoodie" acts as a symbol of fear; in the case that young black men wearing a hoodie are stereotyped as dangerous and suspect, a theme that rankine covers later on in chapter 6. <p> the cowl (from french "coule", itself from latin "cuculla", itself from gaulish celtic "cucullos", meaning "a hood") is an item of clothing consisting of a long, hooded garment with wide sleeves. originally it may have referred simply to the hooded portion of a cloak. in contemporary usage, however, it is distinguished from a cloak or cape ("cappa") by the fact that it refers to an entire closed garment. today it is worn primarily by most catholic and anglican monks when participating in liturgical services. <p> the coat has hard, almost bristly, short fur, usually tricolor (red to yellow with a black mantle), with white markings called bracken marks - a white muzzle, chest, legs, collar, and tip of the tail, and a blaze on the head. <p> a greatcoat, also known as a watchcoat, is a large overcoat that is typically made of wool designed for warmth and protection against the weather. its collar and cuffs can be turned out to protect the face and hands from cold and rain, and the short cape around the shoulders provides extra warmth and repels rainwater (if made of a waterproof material). during the 17th and 18th centuries and the industrial revolution, greatcoats became available for all social classes. it was popular in the 19th century as a military uniform and casual wear for the wealthy, and is still issued for inclement weather by many armed forces around the world. <p> the coat of arms is described as a shield that is diagonally divided in the middle with a yellow or golden field above. in the field is the white head of a wolf and its throat; its mouth open. the bottom half of the shield is a single blue field. on top of the shield is a closed helmet. on top of the helmet are two buffalo horns with alternating stripes of yellow and blue. in between the horns is a wolf head. the helmet cover is yellow and blue.

Pretty much the same way that fur works in general. One of the best insulators is just plain old air. Heat transfers in a few ways, but the one you're going to run into most in cold environments is conduction, where your warm stuff is touching cold stuff (air) and some of your energy leaves to the cold air. Insulation helps slow this down by having a barrier between your warm skin and the cold air. The less stuff is touching, the less heat can be transferred. Air isn't very dense, so it takes a while to transfer heat. The cold air in the arctic is *really* cold, though, and because it's windy it's always moving the relatively warm air away and replacing it with more *really* cold air. Fur traps some air around your skin, so the wind can't blow it away as much, and that warm air acts as a barrier against the much colder air so you don't lose as much heat. Around your face, the super cold air is cold enough to freeze the moisture in your breath as it leaves your mouth and nose. With the fur air barrier, it's *just* warm enough that the moisture has time to get away from your face before freezing.

why energy drinks are more expensive then othersoft drinks?

<p> the drinks at uniq are priced according to a "drink stock market", which updates the drink prices by increments of about 10 cents every few minutes depending on their popularity. popular drinks become more expensive, while unpopular drinks become cheaper. <p> the profits are lower than expected thus drinks becomes more expensive. frank makes more and more one-sided decisions. he opens a vip bar on the second floor as this will raise revenues but he neglects the additional costs. <p> a 2005 trend toward single-serve functional beverages was fueled by consumers' demands for convenience. according to campbell's director of single-serve beverages, "people know they will be seen when they are drinking single-serving beverages, so the package is critical." drinks marketed toward weight loss, health, and beauty (like nova the essential drink) account for a considerable market share. lastly, "energy-boosting" functional beverage products, such as red bull and 5-hour energy, have been rated fastest in growth in the functional beverage market. <p> in thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. red bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at austrian ski resorts. pricing was a key differentiator, with red bull positioned as a premium drink and krating daeng as a lower cost item. in many countries, both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum. <p> the original value proposition was for consumers to enjoy low-priced beverages by washing and refilling reusable soft-drink bottles in the fountain fresh dispenser. in return for providing a bottle and operating the machine, consumers could purchase soft drinks for as low as 59-cents for one liter and two liters for 69-cents, a significant discount from the price of commercially bottled soft drinks. the concept was rolled out in several retail locations throughout the united states, including a large number of wal-mart stores. <p> drinks establishments will often have a lower-priced category of drinks, known as "well drinks" or "rail drinks", and a higher-priced category known as "top-shelf" or "call" drinks, and will use upselling by offering the higher-priced category when taking orders. the terms come from the relative positions of the bottles of spirit used for the drinks; the cheapest version of a spirit offered by a bar is typically stored in a long rail or "well" making it readily available to a busy bartender, while the more expensive, better-quality liqueurs and spirits are displayed on shelves behind the bar where they attract patrons to the available selection. <p> for example, the total uk consumer expenditure on food in 2014, which is the total addressable market of food, was £198 billion (including catering, alcoholic drinks, non-alcoholic drinks and other foods). the serviceable available market for alcoholic drinks, which producers of alcoholic drinks target and serve, is £49 billion. since the market for alcoholic drinks is not a monopoly, the share of market for a company producing alcoholic drinks can never reach 100% of sam.

Can't say for sure but there are a couple factors. 1. Because they can. People will pay it so why not charge it. The same argument you make could be made of almost any non-staple food. Coke costs pennies/can to produce and get to market yet you pay 1.00 for it. 2. Ingredients. Lots of energy drinks contain ingredients that must be imported. They lack the buying power that the major soda producers have who can essentially name their price for things like cola and cocoa. That will change as they take larger chunks of the market if competition from like beverages stays low. If Red Bull and Monster are the only two left you should expect a pricing war like we saw out of Coke and Pepsi.

if prostitution is so common and active on craigslist, why doesn't the police just arrest them all?

<p> law enforcement is corrupt. police target foreigners who are with prostitutes, telling them it is illegal for two unmarried people of opposite sexes to be in the same hotel room, and then asking for a "fine". during police crack-downs, any single woman in a nightclub when raided is likely to be arrested as a prostitute. <p> prostitution is not illegal when performed by a person acting alone in private, but public solicitation, brothels and pimping are. the policing and crime act 2009 makes it illegal to pay for sex with a prostitute who has been “subjected to force” and this is a "strict liability offence" (clients can be prosecuted even if they didn’t know the prostitute was forced). <p> the summary jurisdiction (offences) act chapter 98 prohibits "common prostitutes" (women who have previously received a police warning) from soliciting in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution. "male persons" are prohibited from loitering for the purpose of prostitution, or to persistently solicit or importune for immoral purposes. <p> there is often no evidence, according to police, that when men are arrested for soliciting a prostitute that it is a gender based crime. however, there are large discrepancies between the arrests of prostitutes and the arrests of men caught in the act. while 70% of prostitution related arrests are of woman prostitutes, only 10% of related arrests are men/customers. regardless if the girl or woman is either underage or forced into the exchange, she is still often arrested and victim blamed instead of being offered resources. the men who are charged with engaging in these illegal acts with woman who are prostitutes are able to pay for the exchange and therefore are usually able to pay for their release while the woman may not be able to. this generates a cycle of violence against women, as the situation’s outcome favors the man. in one case, a nineteen-year-old woman in oklahoma was charged with offering to engage in prostitution when the woman was known to have previously been a victim of human sex trafficking. she is an example of how the criminalization of prostitution often leads to women being arrested multiple times due to the fact that they are often punished or arrested even when the victim of a situation. young women and girls have a much higher likelihood of getting arrested for prostitution than boys in general, and woman victims of human trafficking often end up being arrested upon multiple occasions, being registered as a sex offender, and being institutionalized. the lack of rehabilitation given to women after experiences with human sex trafficking contributes to the cycles of arrests that most woman who engage in prostitution face. <p> street prostitution is simultaneously the most visible, yet most hidden, and the most harsh (and dangerous) of all forms of sex work, yet no sex worker can truly rely on protection from the police, since what they do is outlawed, even though the act of exchanging money for sex itself is not illegal. valérie tells of some police officers taking advantage of the situation, offering a "quid pro quo" consisting of sexual favours in exchange for avoiding a night in jail. marianne loudly recites her poems aloud in the street, calling for prostitution to be decriminalized and for rights for sex workers. <p> prostitution is not illegal but many of the activities surrounding it are illegal, as the law forbids promoting or facilitating the prostitution of another, and therefore pimping, brothels, or prostitution rings are illegal. prostitution is common and is practiced openly throughout the country, particularly in popular tourism destinations. websites list detailed locations and hotels that allow prostitutes. these online fraternities provide forums for sex tourists to compare experiences and act as a guide for future sex tourists. <p> use of the internet by prostitutes and customers is common. a prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses. adult contact sites, chats and on-line communities are also used. this, in turn, has brought increased scrutiny from law enforcement, public officials, and activist groups toward online prostitution. in 2009, craigslist came under fire for its role in facilitating online prostitution, and was sued by some 40 us state attorneys general, local prosecutors, and law enforcement officials.

That would take resources they're using for other things. Prostitution isn't a high priority in a lot of places.

if prostitution is so common and active on craigslist, why doesn't the police just arrest them all?

<p> law enforcement is corrupt. police target foreigners who are with prostitutes, telling them it is illegal for two unmarried people of opposite sexes to be in the same hotel room, and then asking for a "fine". during police crack-downs, any single woman in a nightclub when raided is likely to be arrested as a prostitute. <p> prostitution is not illegal when performed by a person acting alone in private, but public solicitation, brothels and pimping are. the policing and crime act 2009 makes it illegal to pay for sex with a prostitute who has been “subjected to force” and this is a "strict liability offence" (clients can be prosecuted even if they didn’t know the prostitute was forced). <p> the summary jurisdiction (offences) act chapter 98 prohibits "common prostitutes" (women who have previously received a police warning) from soliciting in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution. "male persons" are prohibited from loitering for the purpose of prostitution, or to persistently solicit or importune for immoral purposes. <p> there is often no evidence, according to police, that when men are arrested for soliciting a prostitute that it is a gender based crime. however, there are large discrepancies between the arrests of prostitutes and the arrests of men caught in the act. while 70% of prostitution related arrests are of woman prostitutes, only 10% of related arrests are men/customers. regardless if the girl or woman is either underage or forced into the exchange, she is still often arrested and victim blamed instead of being offered resources. the men who are charged with engaging in these illegal acts with woman who are prostitutes are able to pay for the exchange and therefore are usually able to pay for their release while the woman may not be able to. this generates a cycle of violence against women, as the situation’s outcome favors the man. in one case, a nineteen-year-old woman in oklahoma was charged with offering to engage in prostitution when the woman was known to have previously been a victim of human sex trafficking. she is an example of how the criminalization of prostitution often leads to women being arrested multiple times due to the fact that they are often punished or arrested even when the victim of a situation. young women and girls have a much higher likelihood of getting arrested for prostitution than boys in general, and woman victims of human trafficking often end up being arrested upon multiple occasions, being registered as a sex offender, and being institutionalized. the lack of rehabilitation given to women after experiences with human sex trafficking contributes to the cycles of arrests that most woman who engage in prostitution face. <p> street prostitution is simultaneously the most visible, yet most hidden, and the most harsh (and dangerous) of all forms of sex work, yet no sex worker can truly rely on protection from the police, since what they do is outlawed, even though the act of exchanging money for sex itself is not illegal. valérie tells of some police officers taking advantage of the situation, offering a "quid pro quo" consisting of sexual favours in exchange for avoiding a night in jail. marianne loudly recites her poems aloud in the street, calling for prostitution to be decriminalized and for rights for sex workers. <p> prostitution is not illegal but many of the activities surrounding it are illegal, as the law forbids promoting or facilitating the prostitution of another, and therefore pimping, brothels, or prostitution rings are illegal. prostitution is common and is practiced openly throughout the country, particularly in popular tourism destinations. websites list detailed locations and hotels that allow prostitutes. these online fraternities provide forums for sex tourists to compare experiences and act as a guide for future sex tourists. <p> use of the internet by prostitutes and customers is common. a prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses. adult contact sites, chats and on-line communities are also used. this, in turn, has brought increased scrutiny from law enforcement, public officials, and activist groups toward online prostitution. in 2009, craigslist came under fire for its role in facilitating online prostitution, and was sued by some 40 us state attorneys general, local prosecutors, and law enforcement officials.

No one actually cares that prostitution exists. The things law enforcement care about are: 1) Appearance - This is why prostitutes on the street get rounded up. 2) Violence - Prostitutes are often "pimped" aka threatened by a man if they dont make him enough money, in exchange for limited protection and collection service. This is either less of a problem or harder to detect on craigslist vs streetwalkers. (I have never heard of a craigslist version of the classical pimp, has anyone?) 3) Child exploitation - Even on craigslist if you sleep with a kid, you're gonna have a bad time. 4) Sex slavery - Women and children get sold into slavery all the time, even in America, to be used as sex objects. As long as the prostitution falls outside these categories, I don't think the police do or should care.

how do they implode/destruct megastructures in large cities and confine the destruction to one area?

<p> megastructure is an architectural and urban concept of the post-war eras which envisions a city or an urban form that could be encased in a massive single man-made structure or a relatively small number of interconnected structures. in a megastructural project, orders and hierarchies are created with large and permanent structures supporting small and transitional ones. <p> megastructures are also an architectural concept popularized in the 1960s where a city could be encased in a single building, or a relatively small number of buildings interconnected. such arcology concepts are popular in science fiction. megastructures often play a part in the plot or setting of science fiction movies and books, such as "rendezvous with rama" by arthur c. clarke. <p> bullet::::- the megastructure (originally ) - these are large plates that lie between levels of the city and are made out of an unknown, nearly-indestructible material. they are part of some kind of major isolation system between the gargantuan floors of the city. attempts to approach the megastructure result in a massive safeguard response so as to prevent trespassing. but passing the safeguard is pointless, as it is nearly impossible to even scratch the megastructure. only a direct gravitational beam emitter blast is known to have been capable of tearing a hole into a megastructure. <p> the total annihilation device is a nuclear warhead of massive power, capable of obliterating an entire mega-city in a single cataclysmic explosion. six mega-cities have been destroyed in this way in the "judge dredd" strip: east-meg one in the apocalypse war, and five others in "judgement day". the apocalypse war served as a graphic illustration of their power, not only with the destruction of east meg one but with twenty five tads launched by mc-1 in the early hours of the war, diverted to another reality by the sov "apocalypse warp" (a shield which deflected the weapons from mc-1). they not only destroyed the entire planet in the other dimension, but caused a rift in reality that destroyed two adjacent dimensions (this would be revealed nineteen years later in "helter skelter"). <p> in the controlled demolition industry, building implosion is the strategic placing of explosive material and timing of its detonation so that a structure collapses on itself in a matter of seconds, minimizing the physical damage to its immediate surroundings. despite its terminology, building implosion also includes the controlled demolition of other structures, such as bridges, smokestacks, towers, and tunnels. <p> mega-city one is the setting of the 2012 film "dredd", though it occupies a smaller area than described in the comics. according to judge dredd (karl urban), the boundaries of mega-city one reach "from boston to washington d.c." (similar to the real-life concept of the northeast megalopolis) and contains a population of 800 million. the city blocks are large, brutalist structures that tend to be slum areas; each block can seal itself off with blast shields and communications blackouts in case of war. technology is a lot less advanced (outside of justice department equipment) and all non-judge vehicles resemble early-21st-century models. <p> destroy build destroy is an american live action reality series on cartoon network hosted by andrew w.k.. it was an unusual type of game show, in which two teams destroyed a random object and built vehicles from it, and then the winners destroyed the losers' creation. the series originally premiered as part of a line of live-action reality series called cn real, which aired in 2009. the series premiered on june 20, 2009, and ended its run on september 21, 2011.

They do this by causing one part of the building to collapse at a different time than another. Watch a few implosion videos, you'll see the whole building kinda "shift" usually in one direction. If you blow the supporting columns at the left side of the building first, then rapidly blow columns going left to right, the "falling" material will "pull" the next bit down and towards the left. Doing a column in the middle first, then expanding out towards the outside will pull the outsides of the building in to the middle.

in nature documentaries, how do they get the sound of the animals being chased from so far away, while not getting any sound from the helicopter they're filming from?

<p> the shooting was carried out having resorted to ultra perfected materials: drones, subaquatic cameras, helicopters, hot-air balloons, flights in microlights. it is the actor guillaume de tonquédec who lends his voice to the narration of the film. all these ingredients have permitted the genre of animal documentary to raise itself to a place rarely reached in prime time. <p> the team's encounters with wild animals have been principally shot live, making it a series of fun-filled adventure as well as an exciting voyage of discovery. viewers listen to the sounds of the forest, learn to track animals and interpret the signs of the jungle. there are moments of real danger when the team confront a lone tusker in musth', or tail rhino poachers in kaziranga or when they plod through the sunderban swamps where man-eating tigers lurk. the bedi brothers' experience and presence of mind, bails them out on each occasion. <p> much of the film revolves around scenes of chasing animals in jeeps and trucks across the african plains. the animals pursued are also all live, wild, and untrained. capturing animals by chasing them down is banned today due to concerns of exhausting and killing the targeted animals. there is also the fact that, owing to the development of reliable animal tranquillisers and powerful dart guns in the decades since "hatari!" was filmed, it's no longer necessary to lasso and rope the animals to capture them. <p> the creatures are, supposedly, occasionally caught on camera, such as the cave creature. they are also shown as a digital rendering that appears before and after commercial breaks. the team attempts to capture these creature (with hogzilla and three devil dogs being their most recent trapped creatures). in some instances the team places trail cameras and/or infrared camcorders near the trap to capture photographic evidence of the creature in question. they have caught fleeting, blurry images of what they claim to be the grassman, shadow creature, cherokee death cat and the black wolf on camera, to name but a few. more recently the recurring rogue team has spied on and sabotaged the aims team and their investigations. <p> two young campers walk together through the woods, commenting that there are no animals or birds around. they discover a pile of mutilated deer carcasses left on the trail and then are chased by a mutilated deer that drops dead in front of them. something sounding like a large swarm of birds is heard approaching. <p> local people sometimes use the same game trails as wildlife, and hence are also photographed by camera traps placed along these trails. this can make camera traps a useful tool for anti-poaching or other law enforcement effort. <p> the documentary was produced in collaboration with scientists from the census of marine life and employed technologies including stabilized cameras for rough seas, an electric mini-helicopter to approach and film marine animals without noise, and submerged cameras both towed and on poles over the side of vessels, resulting in film of over 200 species at more than 50 global locations.

It's often edited in using sound effects. When it's done well, you can't notice. When it's done badly it's cringe-worthy and annoying.

why aren't democratic candidates proposing defense spending cuts?

<p> according to a pew research poll in march 2010, 31% of republicans would be willing to decrease military spending to bring down the deficit. a majority of democrats (55%) and 46% of independents say they would accept cuts in military spending to reduce the deficit. <p> currently, congress wants to cut defense spending by lowering the amount of aid given to foreign militaries. money saved from proposed cutbacks could benefit the u.s. military, which is closing military bases, freezing pay raises for service members, and cut the defense budget by $78 billion in 2011. <p> nolan finley, editor of "the detroit news", which has endorsed the proposal, wrote in support of the proposal, noting that "there is no plan b". finley argued that the option of cutting spending from other areas of the budget will not work, because"republicans aren't going to make substantial cuts to prison spending, democrats aren't going to hack welfare spending, and neither party is going to touch school spending." finley noted that, in his opinion, the best course of action would be to raise the money through an increased fuel tax; however, the legislature had been unable to pass such a bill last session and would likely be unable to do so now. finley concluded by saying that if the proposal fails, revenue increases will be off the table, making proposal 1 the only option. "so the real message to voters should be this: hold your noses and vote for prop 1, or keep driving on what may be the deadliest roads in america. guaranteed." <p> the coalition has published various editorials advocating for cutting federal spending. a usa today opinion piece entitled "responsible pentagon cuts could work," suggested that "were the president actually inclined to find a "balanced approach" to deficit reduction, there exist a number of opportunities for substantial savings in the pentagon's massive $680 billion budget that will not impact the country's ability to defend itself." <p> democratic congressman barney frank called for a significant reduction in the defense budget during february 2009: "the math is compelling: if we do not make reductions approximating 25 percent of the military budget starting fairly soon, it will be impossible to continue to fund an adequate level of domestic activity even with a repeal of bush's tax cuts for the very wealthy. i am working with a variety of thoughtful analysts to show how we can make very substantial cuts in the military budget without in any way diminishing the security we need...[american] well-being is far more endangered by a proposal for substantial reductions in medicare, social security or other important domestic areas than it would be by canceling weapons systems that have no justification from any threat we are likely to face." <p> in 2011, donnelly voted against h.r. 2219, which would have cut the u.s. military budget by $8.5 billion, stipulating that no cuts were to be taken from pay or benefit programs supporting members and veterans of the armed forces. these cuts would have reduced the emphasis of the u.s. budget on weapons programs. donnelly also voted against the failed polis amendment, which would have cut $640 million in a 2% across-the-board reduction in spending from the 2012 united states department of homeland security appropriations bill. he voted for the 2012 national defense authorization act. civil liberties advocates have criticized donnelly for voting for section 1021, expanding the president's authority to detain suspected al-qaeda, taliban, or associated forces (including u.s. citizens) without a trial. <p> the conservative advocacy group citizens against government waste has also supported eliminating military bands, stating that, while cutting funding for bands would have only a nominal impact on government spending or budget efficiency, it is an important symbolic move so that members of congress can "be credible" when discussing more substantive cuts.

Politicians are terrified still (post 9/11 thing, but also kinda always) of being seen as soft on "defense." Any proposed cuts to our military budget wil be portrayed as such, mostly by those pols who get lots of $$$ from military contractors, and the ever-compliant "liberal" media.

the math in this article about microsoft buying minecraft. spending 2.5 billion and breaking even on 25 million in interest or whatever makes no sense to me.

<p> hal singer of the "micro-8 newsletter" published an open letter to ed roberts of mits. hal pointed out that mits promised a computer for $395 but the price for a working system was $1000. he suggested a class action lawsuit or a federal trade commission investigation into false advertising was in order. hal also noted that rumors were circulating that bill gates developed basic on a harvard university computer that was funded by the us government. why should customers pay for software already paid for by the taxpayer? <p> the day after brinkley's article appeared, theroux stated that "our final year-end records do not agree with the numbers he had been provided by his source" and claimed that at the media conference he had stated that the microsoft funding amounted to 7%. "it now appears the final figure is about 8%, a statistically insignificant difference, and far less than the 20% figure mr. brinkley claimed in his article," said theroux. <p> in 2018, microsoft surpassed apple inc. as the most valuable publicly traded company in the world after being dethroned by the tech giant in 2010 and in april 2019, microsoft became the third u.s. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion after apple and amazon respectively, reached the market cap in 2018. <p> in a financial report from microsoft in second quarter 2014, revenue more than doubled from $400 million in the first quarter, to $893 million. however, microsoft still lost $39 million since the development costs had equaled to around $932 million. but skeptics acknowledged that the growth was there despite still losing money on the surface brand. <p> in 2007, microsoft sued the company in federal court, claiming that atomicpark.com had been selling unauthorized versions of its software since 2000. the company was ordered to pay $1.2 million to microsoft for selling counterfeit software. <p> newzoo estimated that $70.4 billion of video game revenues were made by the top 25 publicly-trading companies, led by tencent ($10.2b), sony ($7.9b), activision blizzard ($6.6b), microsoft ($6.5b) and apple, inc. ($5.9b). the top ten companies brought in more than 54% of total revenues during 2016, up from 43% in 2015. <p> in september 1999, a controversy arose when "new york times" reporter joel brinkley stated that the advertisements had been paid for by microsoft. based on internal independent institute documents "provided to the new york times by a microsoft adversary associated with the computer industry who refused to be further identified", brinkley wrote that microsoft "has secretly served as the institute's largest outside financial benefactor in the last year." independent institute internal documents showed that microsoft had contributed $203,217 in 1999, making it the single largest contributor. brinkley calculated that microsoft's contribution amounted to approximately 20% of the funds in 1999 from external sources, excluding $304,725 contributed by theroux.

If Microsoft didn't buy anything with its cash and just let it sit in something that gained interest, it would have made $25 million on that $2.5 billion (savings accounts typically are around 1% return). They're saying that the purchase of Mojang and Minecraft is worth the $2.5 billion, and that as long as it's worth that, you don't have to make the $2.5 billion back in returns. It would be like you having $500,000 in the bank and you buy a $100,000 house. The house doesn't have to gain $100,000 in value to bring you "back" to even. You're still worth $500,000, but $100,000 is in a house now instead of cash. The house just has to earn what that $100,000 in cash would have earned if you hadn't spent it.

why do some females leave an extremely strong lingering , fish-like smell in the bathroom?

<p> some time after leaving the body, urine may acquire a strong "fish-like" odor because of contamination with bacteria that break down urea into ammonia. this odor is not present in fresh urine of healthy individuals; its presence may be a sign of a urinary tract infection. <p> trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection of the urogenital tract, is a common cause of vaginitis in women, while men with this infection can display symptoms of urethritis. 'frothy', greenish vaginal discharge with a 'musty' malodorous smell is characteristic. <p> both sexes have scent glands; in females on either side of the vulva, in males between the scrotum and penis. their musk glands emit an odor reminiscent of popcorn or corn chips, likely due to the volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, found in their urine, which is also produced in the maillard reaction at high temperatures. <p> common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that usually smells like fish. the discharge is often white or gray in color. there may be burning with urination. occasionally, there may be no symptoms. <p> in 2010, the company 23andme published a genome-wide association study on whether participants have "ever noticed a peculiar odor when you pee after eating asparagus?" this study pinpointed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in a cluster of olfactory genes associated with the ability to detect the odor. while this snp did not explain all of the difference in detection between people, it provides support for the theory that genetic differences occur in olfactory receptors that lead people to be unable to smell these odorous compounds. <p> urolagnia is a paraphilia. during the activity, urine may be consumed or the person may bathe in it. other variations include arousal from wetting or seeing someone else urinate in their pants or underclothes, or wetting the bed. other forms of urolagnia may involve a tendency to be sexually aroused by smelling urine-soaked clothing or body parts. in many cases, a strong correlation or conditioning arises between urine smell or sight, and the sexual act. for some individuals the phenomenon may include a diaper fetish and/or arousal from infantilism. <p> urine in mozambique tilapias, like many freshwater fish species, acts as a vector for communication amongst individuals. hormones and pheromones released with urine by the fish often affect the behavior and physiology of the opposite sex. dominant males signal females through the use of a urinary odorant. further studies have suggested that females respond to the ratio of chemicals within the urine, as opposed to the odor itself. nevertheless, females are known to be able to distinguish between hierarchical rank and dominant vs. subordinate males through chemicals in urine.

vaginas can give off a pretty wide range of odors for a pretty wide range of reasons. Fishy smell is one of them and it can sometimes mean nothing and be normal for a women or it can mean something is wrong especially if is pungent like a bacterial infection or something along those lines.

how do orally ingested medications fulfil their purpose if they end up in the stomach?

<p> many drugs as tablets, capsules, or drops are taken orally. administration methods directly into the stomach include those by gastric feeding tube or gastrostomy. substances may also be placed into the small intestines, as with a duodenal feeding tube and enteral nutrition. enteric coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach, because the drug present in the tablet causes irritation in the stomach. <p> by preventing the drug from dissolving into the stomach, enteric coating may protect gastric mucosa from the irritating effects of the medication itself. when the drug reaches the neutral or alkaline environment of the intestine, its active ingredients can then dissolve and become available for absorption into the bloodstream. drugs that have an irritant effect on the stomach, such as aspirin or potassium chloride, can be coated with a substance that will dissolve only in the small intestine. however, it has been shown that enteric coated aspirin may lead to incomplete inhibition of platelets. likewise, certain groups of proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and all grouped azoles) are acid-activated. for such types of drugs, enteric coating added to the formulation tends to avoid activation in the mouth and esophagus. <p> covert administration of medication typically involves mixing the medication with food or drink. this can have an impact on the absorption of the drug. absorption of some medicines, such as antibiotics, can be reduced when mixed with food, particularly dairy products. some medicines are incompatible with various minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, all of which may reduce absorption. crushing slow-releasing tablets or enteric coated medicines may also reduce absorption of the medicines. <p> some drugs may be unsuitable for administration by the oral route. for example, protein drugs such as insulin may be denatured by stomach acids. such drugs cannot be made into tablets. some drugs may be deactivated by the liver when they are carried there from the gastrointestinal tract by the hepatic portal vein (the "first pass effect"), making them unsuitable for oral use. drugs which can be taken sublingually are absorbed through the oral mucosa, so that they bypass the liver and are less susceptible to the first pass effect. the oral bioavailability of some drugs may be low due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. such drugs may need to be given in very high doses or by injection. for drugs that need to have rapid onset, or that have severe side effects, the oral route may not be suitable. for example, salbutamol, used to treat problems in the respiratory system, can have effects on the heart and circulation if taken orally; these effects are greatly reduced by inhaling smaller doses direct to the required site of action. a proportion of the population have difficulties swallowing tablets either because they just don't like taking them or because their medical condition makes it difficult for them (dysphagia, vomiting). in such instances it may be better to consider alternative dosage form or administration route. <p> the oral route is generally the most convenient and costs the least. however, some drugs can cause gastrointestinal tract irritation. for drugs that come in delayed release or time-release formulations, breaking the tablets or capsules can lead to more rapid delivery of the drug than intended. the oral route is limited to formulations containing small molecules only while biopharmaceuticals (usually proteins) would be digested in the stomach and thereby become ineffective. biopharmaceuticals have to be given by injection or infusion. however, recent research (2018) found an organic ionic liquid suitable for oral insulin delivery (a biopharmaceutical) into the blood stream. <p> in a typical situation, a pill taken orally will pass through the oesophagus and into the stomach. as the stomach has an aqueous environment, it is the first place where the pill can dissolve. the rate of dissolution is a key element in controlling the duration of a drug's effect. for this reason, different forms of the same medication can have the same active ingredients but different dissolution rates. if a drug is administered in a form that is not rapidly dissolved, the drug will be absorbed more gradually over time and its action will have a longer duration. a consequence of this is that patients will comply more closely to a prescribed course of treatment, if the medication does not have to be taken as frequently. in addition, a slow release system will maintain drug concentrations within a therapeutically acceptable range for longer than quicker releasing delivery systems as these result in more pronounced peaks in plasma concentration. <p> after oral administration, abiraterone acetate, the prodrug form in the commercial preparation, is converted into the active form, abiraterone. this conversion is likely to be esterase-mediated and not cyp-mediated. administration with food increases absorption of the drug and thus has the potential to result in increased and highly variable exposures; the drug should be consumed on an empty stomach at least one hour before or two hours after food. the drug is highly protein bound (99%), and is metabolised in the liver by cyp3a4 and sult2a1 to inactive metabolites. the drug is excreted in feces (~88%) and urine (~5%), and has a terminal half-life of 12 ± 5 hours.

They're absorbed into the bloodstream in your intestines, just like the nutrients in your food.

what is a special prosecutor and how will this person be able to finish an investigation into the russia stuff. how is this person any different from other "insiders"

<p> the prosecutor general and his office are independent from the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. the investigative committee of russia, sometimes described as the "russian fbi", is the main federal investigating authority in russia, formed in place of the investigative committee of the prosecutor general in 2011. <p> the office of special investigations is a unit within the criminal division of the united states department of justice. its purpose is to detect and investigate individuals who took part in state sponsored acts committed in violation of public international law, such as crimes against humanity. <p> the investigative committee of the russian federation () has since january 2011 been the main federal investigating authority in russia. its name ("sledstvennyi komitet") is usually abbreviated to "sledkom" (). the agency replaced the russian prosecutor general's investigative committee and operates as russia's anti-corruption agency. it is answerable to the president of russia and has statutory responsibility for inspecting the police forces, combating police corruption and police misconduct and is responsible for conducting investigations into local authorities and federal governmental bodies. <p> the special counsel investigation is a united states law enforcement investigation of donald trump's 2016 presidential campaign and any russian (or other foreign) interference in the election, including exploring any possible links or coordination between trump's campaign and the russian government, "and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation." since may 2017, the investigation has been led by a united states special counsel, robert mueller, a former director of the federal bureau of investigation (fbi). mueller's investigation took over several fbi investigations including those involving former campaign chairman paul manafort and former national security advisor michael flynn. <p> a special counsel investigation is subject to oversight by the attorney general. after questions arose regarding contacts between then-senator jeff sessions and russian ambassador sergei kislyak in 2016, one of the first things sessions did after being appointed attorney general, was to recuse himself from any justice department investigations regarding russian interference in the election. <p> sam nunberg (born june 21, 1981) is an american public affairs consultant based in manhattan. he was a political advisor to donald trump's 2016 presidential campaign. in march 2018, nunberg was subpoenaed by a grand jury for testimony and documents relating to the special counsel's russia investigation. <p> in 2009, the main investigation department of the investigative committee under the prosecutor's office of the russian federation conducted a preliminary investigation to verify facts about deputy head of the department for supervision over investigation of particularly significant cases of the russian federation david kutaliya, as set out in articles “how much money did david kutaliya make on raider seizures” and “is david vahtangovich kutaliya ready to answer the inquiry’s questions?”, published in the electronic version of «the moscow post» in july–august 2009. during the course of investigation, facts of the crimes allegedly committed by employee of the prosecutor general kutaliya were not substantiated. in this regard, a ruling on the refusal to initiate criminal proceeding was passed.

There is no special prosecutor, that was a specific role which granted a large degree of freedom to conduct an investigation without political interference. The law used to appoint special prosecutors expired in 1999. The role announced today for Robert Mueller (a former FBI director) is as a special counsel. While he has been tasked with carrying out an investigation he does not enjoy the protections of a special prosecutor - at any time the executive branch (specifically the President and anyone in the chain of command going down to Mueller) could interfere, obstruct or outright terminate the investigation without giving a reason and with no legal repercussions.

how do glaucoma eye drops work? how do drops like travacom, timolol, etc... reduce the intra ocular pressure?

<p> eye drops used in managing glaucoma help the eye's fluid to drain better and decrease the amount of fluid made by the eye which decreases eye pressure. they are classified by their active ingredient and they include: prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. there are also combination drugs available for those patients who require more than one type of medication. <p> in its eye drop form it is used to treat open-angle and, occasionally, secondary glaucoma. the mechanism of action of timolol is probably the reduction of the formation of aqueous humor in the ciliary body in the eye. it was the first β blocker approved for topical use in treatment of glaucoma in the usa (1978). when used by itself, it depresses intraocular pressure (iop) 18–34% below baseline within first few treatments. however, there are short-term escape and long-term drift effects in some patients. that is, tolerance develops. it may reduce the extent of diurnal iop curve up to 50%. iop higher during sleep. efficacy of timolol in lowering iop during the sleep period may be limited. it is 5–10× more potent β blocker than propranolol. timolol is light-sensitive; it is usually preserved with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (bac), but also comes bac-free. can also be used in adjunctive therapy with pilocarpine or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. <p> cyclopentolate, atropine, tropicamide, and homatropine are the typical cycloplegic eye drops used once daily to treat spasm of accommodation by relaxing the ciliary muscle. one side effect is blurred vision since these induce dilation. <p> commonly, patients receive eye drops to prevent infection and swelling in the eye and pain medication to help them cope with the pain and discomfort in the eyelid and eye. one can use paracetamol (acetominophen) rather than aspirin to control the pain. also, after surgery, a pad and protective plastic shield are used to apply pressure on the eye in order to prevent leakage of blood after the operation; this may be removed 6 to 8 hours after the procedure. <p> it is used medically in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis), so that the back of the eye can be examined. it is also a major metabolite of amphetamine and certain substituted amphetamines. <p> the most common conventional surgery performed for glaucoma is the trabeculectomy. here, a partial thickness flap is made in the scleral wall of the eye, and a window opening is made under the flap to remove a portion of the trabecular meshwork. the scleral flap is then sutured loosely back in place to allow fluid to flow out of the eye through this opening, resulting in lowered intraocular pressure and the formation of a bleb or fluid bubble on the surface of the eye. <p> eye drops are saline-containing drops used as an ocular route to administer. depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids, antihistamines, sympathomimetics, beta receptor blockers, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, prostaglandins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), antibiotics, antifungal, or topical anesthetics. eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions.

Paraphrasing the text below. There are "valves" in the eye that control how much fluid is allowed to escape. The medication causes these "valves" to stay open, which reduces the volume of fluid in the eye. That leads to lower eye pressure and prevents progressive damage to your optic nerve. Mechanism Of Action Latanoprost is a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow. Elevated IOP represents a major risk factor for glaucomatous field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

is there actually any significant difference in the chemical composition of household cleaners which claim to be for the "kitchen" or "bathroom", or are they all basically the same thing?

<p> the cleaning industry is quite big as different types of cleaning are required for different objects and different properties. for example, cleaning an office space requires the services of a commercial cleaner whereas cleaning a house requires domestic cleaning services. depending on the task, even these categories can be subdivided into, for example, end-of-lease cleaning, carpet cleaning, upholstery cleaning, window cleaning, car cleaning services etc. cleaners specialize in a specific cleaning sector or even a specific task in a cleaning sector, and one cannot expect a window cleaner to be able or willing to clean a carpet. some types of cleaners are mentioned below. <p> some corrosive chemicals are valued for various uses, the most common of which is in household cleaning agents. for example, most drain cleaners contain either acids or alkalis due to their capabilities of dissolving greases, proteins or mineral deposits such as limescale inside water pipes. <p> the terms 'commercial and industrial parts cleaning', 'parts cleaning in craft and industry' or 'commercial parts cleaning' probably best describe this field of activity. there are some specialists who prefer the term 'industrial parts cleaning', because they want to exclude maintenance of buildings, rooms, areas, windows, floors, tanks, machinery, hygiene, hands washing, showers etc. <p> the uk cleaning products industry association is the leading trade association for companies representing uk producers of cleaning and hygiene products. this includes soaps, washing powders and liquids, household disinfectants, air care and polishes, as well as professional cleaning and hygiene products used in industrial and institutional applications. <p> various household cleaning products have been developed to help remove dust and dirt, for surface maintenance, and for disinfection. products are available in powder, liquid or spray form. the basic ingredients determine the type of cleaning tasks for which they are suitable. some are marketed as general-purpose cleaning materials, while others are targeted at specific cleaning tasks such as drain clearing, oven cleaning, lime scale removal and polishing furniture. household cleaning products provide aesthetic and hygiene benefits, but may cause health risks. the us department of health and human services offers the public access to the household products database, with consumer information on over 4,000 products based on information provided by the manufacturer through the material safety data sheet. <p> chemical compatibility is also important when choosing among different chemicals that have similar purposes. for example, bleach and ammonia, both commonly used as cleaners can undergo a dangerous chemical reaction when combined with each other. even though each of them has a similar use, care must be taken not to allows these chemicals to mix. <p> alkaline cleaners are classified as compounds with ph 7-14. proteins are most effectively removed from surfaces by cleaners with a ph of 11 or higher. an example of a strong alkaline cleaning agent is sodium hydroxide, also called caustic soda. although sodium hydroxide (naoh) can cause corrosion on food contact surfaces such as stainless steel, it is the preferred cleaning agent for protein removal due to its efficacy in dissolving proteins and dispersing/emulsifying food soils. silicates are often added to these cleaners to reduce corrosion on metal surfaces. the mechanism of alkaline cleaning action in proteins follows a three-step process:

Not in their chemical composition but in their physical composition. Bathroom usually means ceramic tile and porcelain and kitchen usually means linoleum, stainless steel, and veneer cabinetry. Ceramics are hard. In fact they are some of the hardest materials found in most homes short of glass, silica, or diamond. So a bathroom cleaner will usually contain a softer but abrasive agent to help scrub dirt and grime off of tiles but without scratching them. Because tile and porcelain are so hard, you can use some pretty abrasive stuff without fear of scratching them. However if you use them on plastics, linoleum, or veneers they can scratch and gouge them. Some of the most abrasive cleaners will have warnings about which surfaces they can be used on. Their abrasive qualities however make quick work of hard water stains and soap scum such as in a shower or toilet. You wouldn't want to use them on a stainless steel sink though.

what are "germs"? when a dirty kitchen has "harmful germs," which specific bacteria or viruses are present?

<p> the main sources of infection in the home are people (who are carriers or are infected), foods (particularly raw foods) and water, and domestic animals (in the u.s. more than 50% of homes have one or more pets). sites that accumulate stagnant water—such as sinks, toilets, waste pipes, cleaning tools, face cloths, etc. readily support microbial growth and can become secondary reservoirs of infection, though species are mostly those that threaten "at risk" groups. pathogens (potentially infectious bacteria, viruses etc.—colloquially called "germs") are constantly shed from these sources via mucous membranes, feces, vomit, skin scales, etc. thus, when circumstances combine, people are exposed, either directly or via food or water, and can develop an infection. <p> bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". the latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility". community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera. however, "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently: legionella pneumophila, discovered in 1976, mycobacterium avium, and pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with. <p> this bacterium is a ubiquitous plant pathogen with a wide host range (carrot, potato, tomato, leafy greens, squash and other cucurbits, onion, green peppers, african violets, etc.), able to cause disease in almost any plant tissue it invades. it is a very economically important pathogen in terms of postharvest losses, and a common cause of decay in stored fruits and vegetables. decay caused by "p. carotovora" is often referred to as "bacterial soft rot" though this may also be caused by other bacteria. most plants or plant parts can resist invasion by the bacteria, unless some type of wound is present. high humidity and temperatures around 30 °c favor development of decay. mutants can be produced which are less virulent. virulence factors include: pectinases, cellulases, (which degrade plant cell walls), and also proteases, lipases, xylanases, and nucleases (along with the normal virulence factors for pathogens – fe acquisition, lps integrity, multiple global regulatory systems). <p> "phytoplasma" and "spiroplasma" are genera of bacteria that lack cell walls and are related to the mycoplasmas, which are human pathogens. together they are referred to as the mollicutes. they also tend to have smaller genomes than most other bacteria. they are normally transmitted by sap-sucking insects, being transferred into the plant's phloem where it reproduces. <p> there are two types of pathogenic bacteria that target different categories of food. the first type is called "clostridium perfingen" and targets foods such as meat and poultry, and "bacillus cereus", which targets milk and cream. when stored or subjected to unruly conditions, the organisms will begin to breed apace, releasing harmful toxins that can causes <p> microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne prominently include protozoa and bacteria, many of which are intestinal parasites, or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses. (in spite of philosophical difficulties associated with defining viruses as "organisms", it is practical and convenient to regard them as microorganisms in this connection.) <p> enterobacteriaceae includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as "salmonella", "escherichia coli", "yersinia pestis", "klebsiella", and "shigella". other disease-causing bacteria in this family include "proteus", "enterobacter", "serratia", and "citrobacter". phylogenetically, in the enterobacteriales, several peptidoglycan-less insect endosymbionts form a sister clade to the enterobacteriaceae, but as they are not validly described, this group is not officially a taxon; examples of these species are "sodalis", "buchnera", "wigglesworthia", "baumannia cicadellinicola", and "blochmannia", but not former members of "rickettsia". members of the enterobacteriaceae can be trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria", as several members live in the intestines of animals. in fact, the etymology of the family is enterobacterium with the suffix to designate a family (aceae)—not after the genus "enterobacter" (which would be "enterobacteraceae")—and the type genus is "escherichia".

"Germs" in common use can mean a virus or bacteria. Bactria make up the bulk of biomass on the Earth. In fact, most of the DNA in your body isn't "you". When it comes down to it we're nothing more than very successful hosts for a whole range of bacteria that live in our digestive system. "Harmful germs" can be any bacteria or virus that makes us unwell. Arguably the most common would be E. coli, salmonella and Listeria Monocytogenes There is some research suggesting that keeping our houses "too clean" means that children don't build up the immunities we did in years gone by.. This is most important for infants. There is also an argument that since health care has improved, what would have been fatal 100 or so years ago is no longer fatal, meaning that there are more people with severe allergies that survive until adulthood.

what does it mean when the potus signs a bill? can potus just decide not to?

<p> if the president or governor approves of the bill, he signs it into law. according to of the constitution, if the president does not approve of the bill and chooses not to sign, he may return it unsigned, within ten days, excluding sundays, to the house of the united states congress in which it originated, while the congress is in session. <p> as regards a bill mentioned in paragraph 1, the president, acting in accordance with the advice of the cabinet, may refer to a constitutional tribunal the question of whether the bill circumvents or curtails the discretionary powers conferred on him or her by the constitution. if the tribunal is of the opinion that the bill does not have this effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day after the day when the tribunal's opinion is pronounced in open court. on the other hand, if the tribunal feels that the bill does have the circumventing or curtailing effect, and the president either has withheld or withholds his assent to the bill, the prime minister may direct that the bill be submitted to the electors for a national referendum. in that case, the bill only becomes law if it is supported by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast at the referendum. if 30 days have expired after a bill has been presented to the president for assent and he or she has neither signified the withholding of assent nor referred the bill to a constitutional tribunal, the bill is deemed to have been assented to on the day following the expiry of the 30-day period. the procedure is similar for a bill mentioned in paragraph 2, except that if the constitutional tribunal rules that the bill has a circumventing or curtailing effect, the prime minister has no power to put the bill to a referendum. this ensures that changes to the president's discretionary powers can only be made by way of constitutional amendments and not ordinary statutes. <p> as regards a bill mentioned in paragraph 1, the president, acting in accordance with the advice of the cabinet, may refer to a constitutional tribunal the question of whether the bill circumvents or curtails the discretionary powers conferred on him or her by the constitution. if the tribunal is of the opinion that the bill does not have this effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day after the day when the tribunal's opinion is pronounced in open court. on the other hand, if the tribunal feels that the bill does have the circumventing or curtailing effect, and the president either has withheld or withholds his assent to the bill, the prime minister may direct that the bill be submitted to the electors for a national referendum. in that case, the bill will only become law if it is supported by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast at the referendum. if 30 days have expired after a bill has been presented to the president for assent and he or she has neither signified the withholding of assent nor referred the bill to a constitutional tribunal, the bill is deemed to have been assented to on the day following the expiry of the 30-day period. the procedure is similar for a bill mentioned in paragraph 2, except that if the constitutional tribunal rules that the bill has a circumventing or curtailing effect, the prime minister has no power to put the bill to a referendum. this ensures that changes to the president's discretionary powers can only be made by way of constitutional amendments and not ordinary statutes. <p> the president is constitutionally required to state any objections to the bill in writing, and the congress is required to consider them, and to reconsider the legislation. returning the unsigned bill to congress constitutes a veto. <p> first, the president can sign the bill into law. in this scenario there is congressional agreement. second, if not in agreement, the president can veto the legislation by sending the bill back to congress, within ten days of reception, unsigned and with a written statement of his objections. third, the president can choose not to act at all on the bill, which can have one of two effects, depending on the circumstances. if congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law, without the president's signature, only with a two thirds majority of both houses. if, however, congress adjourned during that 10-day period, the bill fails to become law in a procedural device known as the "pocket veto". the bill becomes "mute". <p> in some cases, the president has decided to sign the bill (thereby enacting it) without referring it to the supreme court; in other cases, the president has referred the bill (or sections of it) and the court has upheld its constitutionality; and in other cases the court has found some or all of the referred portions to be unconstitutional. it is not revealed whether some or all members of the council of state counselled for or against the president's course of action. <p> in considering the petition, the president must convene a meeting of the council of state, which gives non-binding advice in the exercise of most of his discretionary powers. he may separately decide to refer the bill to the supreme court under article 26 of the constitution; in which case, he will not consider the article 27 petition until after the court has stated that the bill is not repugnant to the constitution.

It means the President approves of the bill. When he rejects it, it's called a veto. When that happens, Congress votes on the bill again to determine if they can override this veto.

why, after hundreds of thousands of years of being around plants, are humans still allergic to pollen? shouldn't we be more immune by now?

<p> it is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. in fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees. <p> some individuals are allergic to "a. floribunda" pollen. about 1.2% of the population not closely exposed to the pollen are allergic, but 31% of floriculturists are allergic to it, seemingly because of their increased exposure. <p> also, interest is great in preventing the spread of this plant because its pollen is a significant human allergen. it is one of the most familiar allergenic ragweeds, and residents of different regions begin to experience allergic symptoms as the plant spreads into the area. <p> allergic rhinitis triggered by the pollens of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during haying season. however, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. the pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of wind-pollinated plants are the predominant cause. pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: <p> consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. <p> there is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. for example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod ("solidago") is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. the types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. these plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport. <p> dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.

Allergies are a result of the over active immune system. 'Developing immunity' isn't really the problem. Many plants we are allergic to are not plants that we co-evolved with.

why, after hundreds of thousands of years of being around plants, are humans still allergic to pollen? shouldn't we be more immune by now?

<p> it is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. in fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees. <p> some individuals are allergic to "a. floribunda" pollen. about 1.2% of the population not closely exposed to the pollen are allergic, but 31% of floriculturists are allergic to it, seemingly because of their increased exposure. <p> also, interest is great in preventing the spread of this plant because its pollen is a significant human allergen. it is one of the most familiar allergenic ragweeds, and residents of different regions begin to experience allergic symptoms as the plant spreads into the area. <p> allergic rhinitis triggered by the pollens of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during haying season. however, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. the pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of wind-pollinated plants are the predominant cause. pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: <p> consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. <p> there is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. for example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod ("solidago") is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. the types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. these plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport. <p> dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.

A pollen allergy will not prevent reproduction, therefore it will not be removed from the gene pool. Natural selection does not achieve perfection. It achieves "good enough"

why, after hundreds of thousands of years of being around plants, are humans still allergic to pollen? shouldn't we be more immune by now?

<p> it is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. in fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees. <p> some individuals are allergic to "a. floribunda" pollen. about 1.2% of the population not closely exposed to the pollen are allergic, but 31% of floriculturists are allergic to it, seemingly because of their increased exposure. <p> also, interest is great in preventing the spread of this plant because its pollen is a significant human allergen. it is one of the most familiar allergenic ragweeds, and residents of different regions begin to experience allergic symptoms as the plant spreads into the area. <p> allergic rhinitis triggered by the pollens of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during haying season. however, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. the pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of wind-pollinated plants are the predominant cause. pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: <p> consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. <p> there is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. for example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod ("solidago") is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. the types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. these plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport. <p> dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.

You're living in unnatural conditions. Our immune system is evolved to be suitable for life in an environment full of dirt and animals, insect bites and the associated foreign fluids, and with our bodies containing numerous parasitic infections e.g. tapeworms, lice. People who live in similar conditions today don't get allergies. For some people - like you - when the immune system can't detect any shit, dirt or parasites, then it "decides" that the problem must be that it's not looking hard enough (because from the evolutionary perspective, there always *was* dirt, shit and parasites to be found), it tries harder and attacks the most suspicious thing it *can* detect, which often is pollen.

why, after hundreds of thousands of years of being around plants, are humans still allergic to pollen? shouldn't we be more immune by now?

<p> it is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. in fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees. <p> some individuals are allergic to "a. floribunda" pollen. about 1.2% of the population not closely exposed to the pollen are allergic, but 31% of floriculturists are allergic to it, seemingly because of their increased exposure. <p> also, interest is great in preventing the spread of this plant because its pollen is a significant human allergen. it is one of the most familiar allergenic ragweeds, and residents of different regions begin to experience allergic symptoms as the plant spreads into the area. <p> allergic rhinitis triggered by the pollens of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during haying season. however, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. the pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of wind-pollinated plants are the predominant cause. pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: <p> consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. <p> there is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. for example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod ("solidago") is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. the types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. these plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport. <p> dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.

The immune system relies on encountering pathogens during the early stages of life in order to properly develop. This means that it needs to encounter all kinds of things, harmful or not, in order to figure out which ones are worth fighting and which ones are harmless. There is a theory that we have achieved such a level of cleanness in our homes that sometimes the immune system cannot develop properly, and becomes prone to false positives, such as pollen or many other things. People who grow up in a more dirty environment usually don't tend to develop allergies as much as those who grew up in clean environments. If the theory is true, then it makes sense that this condition is fairly recent in human history, so evolution would not have had time to "figure it out" yet.

why, after hundreds of thousands of years of being around plants, are humans still allergic to pollen? shouldn't we be more immune by now?

<p> it is common to hear people say they are allergic to colorful or scented flowers like roses. in fact, only florists, gardeners, and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are likely to be sensitive to pollen from these plants. most people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen grains of such flowering plants because this type of pollen is not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees. <p> some individuals are allergic to "a. floribunda" pollen. about 1.2% of the population not closely exposed to the pollen are allergic, but 31% of floriculturists are allergic to it, seemingly because of their increased exposure. <p> also, interest is great in preventing the spread of this plant because its pollen is a significant human allergen. it is one of the most familiar allergenic ragweeds, and residents of different regions begin to experience allergic symptoms as the plant spreads into the area. <p> allergic rhinitis triggered by the pollens of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during haying season. however, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. the pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of wind-pollinated plants are the predominant cause. pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: <p> consumption is sometimes advocated as a treatment for seasonal allergies due to pollen, but scientific evidence to support the claim is inconclusive. honey is generally considered ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. <p> there is much confusion about the role of flowers in allergies. for example, the showy and entomophilous goldenrod ("solidago") is frequently blamed for respiratory allergies, of which it is innocent, since its pollen cannot be airborne. the types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and weeds) that do not have showy flowers. these plants make small, light, dry pollen grains that are custom-made for wind transport. <p> dandelion pollen may cause allergic reactions when eaten, or adverse skin reactions in sensitive individuals. contact dermatitis after handling has also been reported, probably from the latex in the stems and leaves.

*To give some further background on the immune system:* Allergies are caused by your immune system reacting to specific molecules. Your immune system has several varieties of **antibody** (the parts that detect pathogens and cause immune reactions). Five in fact: * IgA * IgD * IgE * IgG * IgM **IgE** is the antibody which is associated with allergies (an overreaction by this antibody). Interestingly; IgE is only found in mammals - making it 'young' (on the evolutionary timeline) compared to those found in fish, reptiles, and insects. Part of the theory behind allergies considers that IgE is 'new', its cutting edge, and could be considered an work-in-progress (in evolutionary terms).

why do dogs bite air?

<p> a dog's first instinct to unpleasant stimulus is not a bite. a dog will use several techniques to stop what he perceives as a threat before he resorts to biting. therefore, it is important to avoid suppressing important canine communications such as growling and snarling. if a dog learns that a growl is an inappropriate response to a threat, then humans may be encountered with an unexpected bite when they accidentally, for example, step on the dog's tail. even a dog that would never bite out of anger can snap when met with a painful or threatening stimulus, so training in bite inhibition can be useful to keep them from accidentally hurting another dog or human. <p> the study defined dog attacks as "a human death caused by trauma from a dog bite". excluded from the study were deaths by disease caused by dog bites, strangulation on a scarf or leash pulled by a dog, heart attacks or traffic accident, and falling injury or fire ant bites from being pushed down by a dog. the study also excluded four deaths by trauma from dog bites by police dogs or guard dogs employed by the government. <p> bullet::::- dogs have a scratch reflex, meaning that they reflexively scratch an irritated skin region without direction from the brain. a limb (usually their hind leg) is extended to the irritated part of the body; because this is a spinal reflex, a dog will do this even if spinal connection to the brain is severed. <p> when dogs are troubled by fleas, they scratch and bite themselves, especially in areas such as the head, neck, and around the tail. fleas normally concentrate in such areas. this incessant scratching and biting may cause the dog's skin to become red and inflamed. this is easily noticeable when fur has been parted and your dogs skin is exposed. <p> a dog bite is a bite inflicted upon a person or another animal by a dog. more than one successive bite is often considered as a dog attack. the majority of dog bites do not result in injury, disfigurement, infection or permanent disability, but some can result in serious complications. another type of dog bite is the "soft bite" displayed by well-trained dogs, by puppies, and in non-aggressive play. situations in which dog bites occur include dog fighting, mistreatment, trained dogs acting as guard or military animals, provoked or unprovoked. <p> beagles may exhibit a behaviour known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose. the exact cause of this behaviour is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog. <p> properly assessing body language can predict whether or not the dog will bite. biting occurrences most often involve small children, where bites often affect facial areas. in comparison, bites in adults are less serious, usually involving extremities. warning signals can be identified through evaluating the body language of dogs accordingly. oftentimes, people struggle when identifying the body motions of a fearful/anxious dog, incorrectly associating the motions with behaviours of approachable/relaxed dogs. this misinterpretation is most often one that results in the occurrence of biting.

Because she feels something there. Dogs pick up things with their mouths, and while they may paw at items to get to them (like a bone in a corner or under a table), when it's in reach they go after it with their mouths. Other animals, who are more inclined to use their paws, will do so, as in this video.

how did the hollywood silencer come about?

<p> the silencers is an american pathécolor spy film spoof motion picture released in 1966 and starring dean martin as agent matt helm. it is loosely based upon the novel "the silencers" by donald hamilton, as well as another of hamilton's helm novels, "death of a citizen." <p> american inventor hiram percy maxim, son of maxim gun inventor hiram stevens maxim and co-founder of the arrl, is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful silencer around 1902, receiving a patent for it on march 30, 1909. maxim gave his device the popularly trademarked name "maxim silencer", and they were regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines. the muffler for internal combustion engines was developed in parallel with the firearm silencer by maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide quieter-running engines, and in many english-speaking countries automobile mufflers are called silencers. <p> the pbs-1 silencer, designed for use with the ak-47 to reduce the noise when firing, was introduced in the 1960s, and was used mostly by spetsnaz forces and the kgb. they were used by the spetsnaz in the soviet–afghan war in the 1980s, requiring the use of the older akm version of the ak-47, because the newer ak-74 did not have a silencer available. <p> the us national firearms act (nfa) of 1934 defined silencers and established regulations limiting their sale and ownership. both the us department of justice and the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives (atf) use the term "silencer". hiram percy maxim, the original inventor of the device, marketed them as "maxim silencers". <p> hiram percy maxim is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful firearm silencer around 1902, receiving a patent for it on march 30, 1909. maxim gave his device the trademarked name "maxim silencer", and they were regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines. the muffler for internal combustion engines was developed in parallel with the firearm silencer by maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide quieter-running engines, and in many english-speaking countries automobile mufflers are called silencers. <p> after starting production as a silent film, british international pictures decided to adapt "blackmail" into a separate sound film. it became the first successful european talkie; a silent version was released for theaters not equipped for sound (at 6,740 feet), with the sound version (7,136 feet) released at the same time. both versions are held in the british film institute collection. <p> silencers were regularly used by agents of the united states office of strategic services, who favored the newly designed high standard hdm .22 lr pistol during world war ii. oss director william joseph "wild bill" donovan demonstrated the pistol for president franklin d. roosevelt at the white house. according to oss research chief stanley lovell, donovan, an old and trusted friend of the president, was waved into the oval office, where roosevelt was dictating a letter. while roosevelt finished his message, donovan turned his back and fired ten shots into a sandbag he had brought with him, announced what he had done and handed the smoking gun to the astonished president. the british special operations executive (soe) welrod pistol with an integral silencer was also used by the american oss on clandestine operations in nazi-occupied europe.

Movies are made to tell stories. A story tends to be much more dramatic when tools can be made to fit the needs of the story. Dramatic movies generally do far better than documentaries. It's not just siliencers, elite troops always failing to hit the hero; grenades and explosives generally to meet the needs of the story; and not needing to consider normal human needs (eating, restroom breaks, etc) nearly often enough are some of many ways films adjust the world to their stories.

compound interest

<p> compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit, or in other words, interest on interest. it is the result of reinvesting interest, rather than paying it out, so that interest in the next period is then earned on the principal sum plus previously accumulated interest. compound interest is standard in finance and economics. <p> compound interest means that interest is earned on prior interest in addition to the principal. due to compounding, the total amount of debt grows exponentially, and its mathematical study led to the discovery of the number "e". in practice, interest is most often calculated on a daily, monthly, or yearly basis, and its impact is influenced greatly by its compounding rate. <p> compound interest is contrasted with "simple interest", where previously accumulated interest is not added to the principal amount of the current period, so there is no compounding. the "simple annual interest rate" is the interest amount per period, multiplied by the number of periods per year. the simple annual interest rate is also known as the nominal interest rate (not to be confused with the interest rate not adjusted for inflation, which goes by the same name). <p> interest, in finance and economics, is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. it is distinct from a fee which the borrower may pay the lender or some third party. it is also distinct from dividend which is paid by a company to its shareholders (owners) from its profit or reserve, but not at a particular rate decided beforehand, rather on a pro rata basis as a share in the reward gained by risk taking entrepreneurs when the revenue earned exceeds the total costs. <p> interest is the fee paid by the borrower to the lender. interest is calculated as a percentage of the outstanding principal, which percentage is known as an interest rate, and is generally paid periodically at intervals, such as monthly or semi-annually. <p> effective and nominal rates of interest are not the same because interest paid in earlier measurement periods "earns" interest in later measurement periods; this is called compound interest. that is, nominal rates of interest credit interest to an investor, (alternatively charge, or debit, interest to a debtor), more frequently than do effective rates. the result is more frequent compounding of interest income to the investor, (or interest expense to the debtor), when nominal rates are used. <p> in economics, interest is considered the price of credit, therefore, it is also subject to distortions due to inflation. the nominal interest rate, which refers to the price before adjustment to inflation, is the one visible to the consumer (that is, the interest tagged in a loan contract, credit card statement, etc.). nominal interest is composed of the real interest rate plus inflation, among other factors. an approximate formula for the nominal interest is:

Let's say that you want to borrow $100 from me. I say that it's fine but each week you don't pay me back, you owe an extra 10%. It seems fair to you and you agree. After the first week, you've made no payments to me so 10% of $100 means you owe me an extra $10. Now you owe me $110. Another week goes by and you still haven't paid me anything. 10% of the $110 (how much you now owe me) is $11 and you now owe me $121. Now, if we'd made an agreement that you were going to pay me simple interest, you pay $10 of the original amount *only* instead of the new amount that you owe me each week. So after the worst week you'd owe me $110 and the second week you'd owe me $120. The interest payments never change. This doesn't sound like a huge difference but when you're talking about million dollar loans over 30 years, compound interest makes a really big difference. In fact, Albert Einstein once even said that the most powerful force in the universe was compound interest. The moral of the story is; don't take bigger loans than you need to and ALWAYS pay them off quickly if you can.

how do birds fly so closely in front of cars without being hit?

<p> bird strikes can damage vehicle components, or injure passengers. flocks of birds are especially dangerous and can lead to multiple strikes, and damage. depending on the damage, aircraft at low altitudes or during take-off and landing often cannot recover in time. us airways flight 1549 is a classic example of this. the engines on the airbus a320 used on that flight were torn apart by multiple bird strikes at low altitude. there was no time to make a safe landing at an airport, forcing a water landing in the hudson river. <p> there are three approaches to reduce the effect of bird strikes. the vehicles can be designed to be more "bird resistant", the birds can be moved out of the way of the vehicle, or the vehicle can be moved out of the way of the birds. <p> the force of the impact on an aircraft depends on the weight of the animal and the speed difference and direction at the impact. the energy of the impact increases with the square of the speed difference. hence a low-speed impact of a small bird on a car windshield causes relatively little damage. high-speed impacts, as with jet aircraft, can cause considerable damage and even catastrophic failure to the vehicle. the energy of a bird moving at a relative velocity of approximately equals the energy of a weight dropped from a height of . however, according to the faa only 15% of strikes (icao 11%) actually result in damage to the aircraft. <p> another hazard that racing pigeons encounter is flying into objects they sometimes cannot see, mostly when flying at high speeds or in darker weather conditions. the most common obstructions are electricity pylons or tv aerials. pigeon fanciers will often have one of their pigeons return home with wounds or missing feathers from the belly or flanks region. <p> bird strikes happen most often during takeoff or landing, or during low altitude flight. however, bird strikes have also been reported at high altitudes, some as high as above the ground. bar-headed geese have been seen flying as high as above sea level. an aircraft over the ivory coast collided with a rüppell's vulture at the altitude of , the current record avian height. the majority of bird collisions occur near or on airports (90%, according to the icao) during takeoff, landing and associated phases. according to the faa wildlife hazard management manual for 2005, less than 8% of strikes occur above and 61% occur at less than . <p> their most distinctive behaviour is the beating and whistling sound their wings make when they take off. this is most likely to draw the attention of predators to birds on the wing, and away from any birds remaining on the ground, and as an alarm call to other pigeons. when the birds land, their tails tilt upwards and the flight patterns are similar to those of the spotted turtle dove. they are generally solitary. although they can be seen in pairs, they can be highly social and tend to be seen in flocks. they are highly gregarious birds when in contact with humans. <p> pilots should not take off or land in the presence of wildlife and should avoid migratory routes, wildlife reserves, estuaries and other sites where birds may congregate. when operating in the presence of bird flocks, pilots should seek to climb above as rapidly as possible as most bird strikes occur below . additionally, pilots should slow down their aircraft when confronted with birds. the energy that must be dissipated in the collision is approximately the relative kinetic energy (formula_1) of the bird, defined by the equation formula_2 where formula_3 is the mass of the bird and formula_4 is the relative velocity (the difference of the velocities of the bird and the plane, resulting in a lower absolute value if they are flying in the same direction and higher absolute value if they are flying in opposite directions). therefore, the speed of the aircraft is much more important than the size of the bird when it comes to reducing energy transfer in a collision. the same can be said for jet engines: the slower the rotation of the engine, the less energy which will be imparted onto the engine at collision.

It's just luck and timing, believe me sometimes they don't make it o_o

how do hospitals quarantine patients?

<p> in cases where infection is merely suspected, individuals may be quarantined until the incubation period has passed and the disease manifests itself or the person remains healthy. groups may undergo quarantine, or in the case of communities, a cordon sanitaire may be imposed to prevent infection from spreading beyond the community, or in the case of protective sequestration, into a community. public health authorities may implement other forms of social distancing, such as school closings, to control an epidemic. <p> "sanatorium" is a temporary clinic that provides short, unexpected therapies. brought to brooklyn in 2011 with the guggenheim's support, sanatorium is a utopian clinic of topical treatments for those inner-city afflictions we are all too familiar with: stress, loneliness and hyper-stimulation. in two-hour windows, sanatorium visitors experience up to 3 sessions from 16 options through meetings with a series of “therapists". in "therapy" one gets to play and consider self. the cure is in the process, powered by what the individual is willing to give and unload. all 16 treatments are based on traditional methods of expression or respected forms of perception changing programming. balancing reality and fiction, sanatorium draws from gestalt psychology, theater warm-up exercises, fluxus events, conflict resolution techniques, trust-building games, corporate coaching, psychodrama, and hypnosis. <p> bullet::::- as of september 12, 2018, there are currently sixteen 24 hour syringe disposal sites located within san francisco, 7 of which are kiosks and the other 9 being small disposal boxes. in collaboration with the sf aids foundation, sfdph funds a 10-member clean up team that operates 12 hours a day, 7 days a week to pick up used syringes and needles off the streets, in addition to collaborating with homeless youth alliance, st. james infirmary, san francisco drug user's union, and glide harm reduction services in an effort to maximize its proper needle cleanup services. <p> bullet::::- those in the sanatoriums enjoy life in or out of the sanatoriums; medical and living care are helped by doctors and health workers. their families visit them in sanatoriums and vice versa. they may be treated in other medical facilities, if necessary. <p> some hospitals have installed teleconferencing systems that allow doctors and nurses at a central facility (either in the same building, at a central location serving several local hospitals, or in rural locations another more urban facility) to collaborate with on-site staff and speak with patients (a form of telemedicine). this is variously called an eicu, virtual icu, or tele-icu. remote staff typically have access to vital signs from live monitoring systems, and telectronic health records so they may have access to a broader view of a patient's medical history. often bedside and remote staff have met in person and may rotate responsibilities. such systems are beneficial to intensive care units inorder to ensure correct procedures are being followed for patients vulnerable to deterioration, to access vital signs remotely inorder to keep patients that would have to be transferred to a larger facility if need be he/she may have demonstrated a significant decrease in stability. <p> in hospitals and other medical facilities, an isolation ward is a separate ward used to isolate patients suffering from infectious diseases. several wards for individual patients are usually placed together in an isolation unit. <p> isolation is most commonly used when a patient is known to have a contagious (transmissible person-to-person) viral or bacterial illness. special equipment is used in the management of patients in the various forms of isolation. these most commonly include items of personal protective equipment (gowns, masks, and gloves) and engineering controls (positive pressure rooms, negative pressure rooms, laminar air flow equipment, and various mechanical and structural barriers). dedicated isolation wards may be pre-built into hospitals, or isolation units may be temporarily designated in facilities in the midst of an epidemic emergency.

Depends on the pathogen. If it's something airborne like TB, the patient will be placed in a negative-pressure room, meaning the ventilation system in the room keeps the air pressure a tiny bit lower (you don't even feel the difference) than outside, so air always rushes into the room and not outward. For a diagram and explanation, look at THIS. Potentially-contaminated items (called *fomites*) can be sterilized in the autoclave (a very hot steamer/pressure cooker/oven). Otherwise, they may be incinerated.

how can temperature/weather vary so much at different points on the earth that are the same distance from the equator?

<p> still another definition states that the thermal equator is the latitude at which insolation is identical throughout the year. this is not the same as the astronomical equator because the earth reaches perihelion (the minimum distance from the sun in its orbit) in early january and is at aphelion (maximum distance) in early july. therefore, insolation is somewhat higher at 0° latitude in january than in july even though the height of the sun (at noon) and the length of day (from sunrise to sunset) is essentially the same. at a few degrees north of the equator the perihelion/aphelion factor is balanced by the fact that the angle of the sun is slightly more direct, and the days are slightly longer, at the time of the summer solstice for the northern hemisphere (most commonly on june 21), making the level of insolation virtually the same in both "summer" and "winter." <p> weather occurs due to density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. these differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. the strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. because the earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. on the earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °c (100 °f to −40 °f) annually. over thousands of years, changes in the earth's orbit have affected the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the earth and influence long-term climate <p> pressure differences depend, in turn, the average temperature in the air column. as the sun does not heat the earth evenly, there is a temperature difference between the poles and the equator, creating air masses with more or less homogeneous temperature with latitude. differences in atmospheric pressure are also at the origin of the general atmospheric circulation while the air masses are separated by ribbons where temperature changes rapidly. these are the fronts. along these areas, higher winds aloft form. these horizontal jets (jet streams) can reach speeds of several hundred kilometers per hour and can span thousands of kilometers in length, but can only have a few tens or hundreds of kilometers of width. <p> weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another. these differences can occur due to the sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude. the strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations: the hadley cell, the ferrel cell, the polar cell, and the jet stream. weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. because the earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. on earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °c (−40 °f to 100 °f) annually. over thousands of years, changes in earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change. <p> the radius of the semi-major axis of the earth at the equator is 6,378,137.0 meters resulting in a circumference of 40,075,161.2 meters. the equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.9 meters or approximately 111.32 km. as one moves away from the equator towards a pole, however, one degree of longitude is multiplied by the cosine of the latitude, decreasing the distance, approaching zero at the pole. the number of decimal places required for a particular precision at the equator is: <p> the thermal equator (also known as "the heat equator") is a belt encircling the earth, defined by the set of locations having the highest mean annual temperature at each longitude around the globe. because local temperatures are sensitive to the geography of a region, mountain ranges and ocean currents ensure that smooth temperature gradients (such as might be found if the earth were uniform in composition and devoid of surface irregularities) are impossible, the location of the thermal equator is not identical to that of the geographic equator. <p> the latitude of the earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc. the equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on earth; the other four are both polar circles (the arctic circle and the antarctic circle) and both tropical circles (the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn). the equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle — that is, one whose plane passes through the center of the globe. the plane of earth's equator, when projected outwards to the celestial sphere, defines the celestial equator.

Climate (the relatively constant patterns of weather and temperature over millennia) is controlled by wind and ocean currents. Water carries a lot of energy in its temperature, so a current coming from the equator to the north or south will create a much warmer climate than a current coming from the north or south pole toward the equator. Wind currents behave in the same way, but ocean currents have a much larger effect. This is why places near water have such different climates than places that are more inland. Essentially, water and air coming from other parts of the globe will determine the climate in a place.

if nazi war criminals were given (somewhat) fair trials at nuremberg then why wasn't osama bin laden given one?

<p> former nuremberg prosecutor benjamin b. ferencz stated it was unclear if bin laden's killing was justified self-defense or premeditated illegal assassination, and that "killing a captive who poses no immediate threat is a crime under military law as well as all other law," a view also held by legal scholar philippe sands. <p> however, us general telford taylor, who had served as chief counsel for the united states during the nuremberg trials, employed the term "nuremberg defense" in a different sense. he applied it not to the defense offered by the nuremberg defendants but to a justification put forward by those who refused to take part in military action (specifically america's involvement in the vietnam war) that they believed to be criminal. <p> the war crimes trials following world war ii were later observed featuring many of the phenomena and issues seen in page's account of wirz's trial, conviction, sentencing, and execution. the nuremberg criminal court for war crimes (and subsidiary courts like the dachau international military tribunal) prosecuted only axis nationals or collaborators, and did not prosecute allied war crimes. this led to the paradox that no one from the soviet union was charged although germany and the ussr had started world war ii in a coordinated effort. so while german defendants were charged with waging war of aggression for germany's attack on poland, no one from the soviet union was charged even though the ussr had attacked poland as well. indeed, the soviets even sat in judgment, as one of the four allied judges was soviet. similarly, one of the indictments was "conspiracy to wage aggressive war", but the soviets who conspired with the nazis to wage aggressive war against poland were not indicted. <p> the well known nuremberg trials were only concerned with concentration camps as evidence for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the third reich leadership. several lesser known trials followed against the staff of various concentration camps. poland held four trials in gdańsk against former guards and "kapos" of stutthof, charging them with crimes of war and crimes against humanity. <p> at the nuremberg trials, the "schutzstaffel" (ss) was declared a criminal organization, but the regular armed forces (wehrmacht) were not. although some high-ranking field marshals and generals were convicted of war crimes for issuing criminal orders, nazi war crimes were mostly blamed on the "ss-totenkopfverbände" (concentration camp guards) and the "einsatzgruppen" (death squads), overlooking the participation of wehrmacht soldiers in the holocaust. more recent scholarship has challenged this view. an exhibition on the war crimes of the wehrmacht sparked demonstrations. <p> in international criminal law, the nuremberg trials prosecuted war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated in world war ii. although the nuremberg charter, the procedural law under which the trials were held, postdated v-e day, the tribunal rejected the defence that the criminal law was "ex post facto", arguing it derived from earlier treaties like the hague conventions of 1899 and 1907. the international criminal court established in 2002 cannot prosecute crimes committed before 2002. <p> on 8 november 2010, magazine "veidas" published his article about the nuremberg trials, in which the following sentence was printed: "it is important as well that the nuremberg process provided a legal basis for the legend of about 6 million supposedly murdered jews even though in fact the court did not have a single document signed by hitler ordering to exterminate jews (this document, if it exists, has not been found, even though a million dollar reward has been promised)". the sentence caught attention on 23 november and was interpreted to express denial of the holocaust. leonidas donskis published a blog post while seven ambassadors (great britain, estonia, netherlands, norway, france, finland and sweden) sent a letter to the minister of interior raimundas palaitis. stankeras was forced to resign on 25 november 2010. in a subsequent interview stankeras explained that he intended only to question the six-million figure, while editor-in-chief of "veidas" admitted that the location of the word "supposedly" was a copy-editing error. other commentators pointed out that the overall article was sympathetic to the nazis on trial. the prosecutor's office of vilnius county started a criminal pre-trial investigation, but dropped it in february 2011. simon wiesenthal center condemned the prosecutor's decision, while "veidas" lamented stankeras' ruined reputation.

Pretty much impossible to take him alive. The nazis surrendered and went to court. OBL spent a decade on the run, hiding with armed guards.

why are some economies self-sustaining while others require a massive trade surplus just to function?

<p> the supply-side economists (and others) have argued that raising international competitiveness through policies that promote traded goods sectors' productivity (at the expense of other sectors) will increase a nation's gdp, and increase its standard of living, when compared with treating the sectors equally. the balassa–samuelson effect might be one reason to oppose this trade theory, because it predicts that: "a gdp gain in traded goods does not lead to as much of an improvement in the living standard as an equal gdp increase in the non-traded sector". (this is due to the effect's prediction that the cpi will increase by more in the former case.) <p> the most comprehensive and widely accepted explanation, at least within economic theory, is that of paul krugman's new trade theory. krugman argues that economies specialise to take advantage of increasing returns, not following differences in regional endowments (as contended by neoclassical theory). in particular, trade allows countries to specialize in a limited variety of production and thus reap the advantages of increasing returns (i.e., economies of scale), but without reducing the variety of goods available for consumption. <p> however, other theories suggest that this is detrimental, for example when the natural resources deplete. also, prices may decrease and competitive manufacturing cannot return as quickly as it left. this may happen because technological growth is smaller in the booming sector and the non-tradable sector than the non-booming tradable sector. because that economy had smaller technological growth than did other countries, its comparative advantage in non-booming tradable goods will have shrunk, thus leading firms not to invest in the tradables sector. <p> international trade has been a force for economic development for centuries. because rich-country players call most of the shots in this intensely political process, some goods that poor countries are best at producing, including crops, still face high barriers in rich countries. the trade component of the cdi penalizes countries for erecting barriers to imports of crops, clothing, and other goods from poor nations. it looks at two kinds of barriers: tariffs (taxes) on imports, and subsidies for domestic farmers, which stimulate overproduction and depress world prices. <p> economic trade theory assumes that countries will specialize and produce the goods they are relatively good at producing. this means a country that once had an equal balance between automobile and textile manufacture will concentrate all of its resources in automobile production if it trades with a country that is relatively better at textile production. while both countries will be better off overall, individual workers can still be hurt. a worker with years of experience in car manufacturing will find his skills are worthless if his country moves to specialize in textiles. the former automobile producer will have to enter the textile manufacturing industry as a low skilled worker. his wages will likely drop since he no longer has valued skills. wage insurance would alleviate some of the consequences workers in such situations face. the worker's insurance policy would pay him a portion of the difference between his wages as a skilled automobile manufacturer to an entry level textile worker. <p> the economic system is made up of three main steps. the first one being production and then there is distribution of the produced goods and then the last step is consumption of the same. now all this is possible because of two factors- human resource and natural resource. <p> countries have natural advantages in the production of various commodities in relation to one another, so this is an "unrealistic" simplification designed to highlight the effect of variable factors. this meant that the original h–o model produced an alternative explanation for free trade to ricardo's, rather than a complementary one; in reality, both effects may occur due to differences in technology and factor abundances.

A lot of the value produced in the USA is by peoples brains and not their hands. If you import a ton of cheap garbage from china for pennies and export knowledge in medicine, engineering, business, finance, etc. For hundreds of dollars per hour, its hard to look at that as being BAD for the us.

why cannot signatures be forged/copied perfectly, with sufficient resolution and the right ink?

<p> an ink signature could be replicated from one document to another by copying the image manually or digitally, but to have credible signature copies that can resist some scrutiny is a significant manual or technical skill, and to produce ink signature copies that resist professional scrutiny is very difficult. <p> legally, the act of knowingly falsifying a signature for a court document, or asserting a false statement about standing, would potentially be a fraud upon the court. judge wright stated in "ingenuity 13" that "although the recipient of a copyright assignment need not sign the document, a forgery is still a forgery. and trying to pass that forged document by the court smacks of fraud". <p> several different methods can be used to forge signatures. one method is the "freehand method", whereby the forger, after careful practice, replicates the signature by freehand. although a difficult method to perfect, this often produces the most convincing results. <p> in 1989, he (with hans van antwerpen) introduced undeniable signatures. this form of digital signature uses a verification process that is interactive, so that the signatory can limit who can verify the signature. since signers may refuse to participate in the verification process, signatures are considered valid unless a signer specifically uses a disavowal protocol to prove that a given signature was not authentic. <p> modern analysts are divided on the authenticity of smith's signature. the difficulty stems from the fact that joseph smith not only had scribes write his letters, but also sign his name for him. therefore it is difficult to be certain of which signatures and handwriting are actually his, even of known authentic works. still, some authors have ventured to dispute the signature on this basis. given that smith had scribes sign his name on official documents regularly, even if the signature was penned by someone other than smith, it would not of itself cast doubt on the letter's authenticity. <p> digital signatures cryptographically bind an electronic identity to an electronic document and the digital signature cannot be copied to another document. paper contracts sometimes have the ink signature block on the last page, and the previous pages may be replaced after a signature is applied. digital signatures can be applied to an entire document, such that the digital signature on the last page will indicate tampering if any data on any of the pages have been altered, but this can also be achieved by signing with ink and numbering all pages of the contract. <p> the success of digital signatures as a replacement for paper based signatures has lagged behind expectations. on the other hand, many unexpected uses of digital signatures were discovered by recent cryptographic research. a related insight that can be learned from digital signatures is that the cryptographic mechanism need not be confused with overall process that turns a digital signature into something that has more or less the same properties as a paper based signature. electronic signatures such as paper signatures sent by fax may have legal meaning, while secure cryptographic signatures may serve completely different purposes. we need to distinguish the algorithm from the process.

People are missing the point. Yes you can *easily* create an exact digital copy of a signature. A decent scanner, simple cut and paste, and you can do it in seconds. That is why legal documents must have original signatures on them (ink on paper).

how do tight rope walkers set up the tight wire over a long distance?

<p> a ropewalk is a long straight narrow lane, or a covered pathway, where long strands of material are laid before being twisted into rope. due to the length of some ropewalks, workers may use bicycles to get from one end to the other. <p> tightwire-walkers typically perform in very thin and flexible, leather-soled slippers with a full length suede or leather sole to protect the feet from abrasions and bruises while still allowing the foot to curve around the wire. though very infrequent in performance, amateur, hobbyist, or inexperienced funambulists will often walk barefoot so that the wire can be grasped between the big and second toe. this is more often done when using a rope, as the softer and silkier fibres are less taxing on the bare foot than the harder and more abrasive braided wire. <p> in mountaineering, a fixed rope or fixed line is the practice of fixing in place bolted ropes to assist climbers and walkers in exposed mountain locations. they are used widely on american and european climbing routes, where they may be called via ferrata routes, but are not used in "alpine style" mountaineering. many guided expeditions to any of the eight-thousanders normally set up fixed rope on steep or icy sections of the route. for example, on the hillary step of mount everest, fixed rope was used to reduce the bottleneck of climbers that typically results from climbing this technical section just below the summit. <p> while rope walking has been around in one manner or another for thousands of years, the origins of modern-day slacklining is generally attributed to a young rock climber named adam grosowsky from southern illinois in 1979. a then sixteen-year-old adam, the son of the head of southern illinois university's design department, became obsessed with a photo he found in the university library with the understated caption "circus performers c1890"; the photo depicted a wire bolted low on a wall on one end and the other terminating in a wristloop held by a performer doing a one-hand handstand on the top of a flagpole with his body canted far to the opposite side counterbalancing the weight of the wire. in the middle of that wire was another performer in a handstand. adam successfully harassed the small band of local climbers into almost believing they could reproduce this feat. they all set about learning to walk on climbing ropes, webbing, chains and low / high wires, but only adam managed to carry through with achieving some elements of that historic circus feat, most notably being able to maintain an indefinite handstand on webbing and even getting it rocking side-to-side while in the handstand. adam carried those bad habits to olympia, washington's the evergreen state college in 1979, where he met fellow climbers jeff ellington and brooke sandahl. adam set up his permanent heavy highwire in the woods on campus while the trio continued to perfect walking, handstands, and jump mounts on webbing. their handstand work focused on flat climbing webbing and they also employed the dynamics and flexibility of the nylon webbing to develop all manner of other tricks, including a three-club passing (juggling) routine between two slackliners balanced simultaneously on the same line. red square, evergreen's central campus plaza, was a convenient between-class practice area where they often drew crowds of spectators. grosowsky, along with ellington were fascinated with wirewalking history and circus culture from the start, and in 1981 performed leashless on a highline strung over a concrete floor as part of a project to recreate a traditional one-ring circus in the evergreen state college's main performance auditorium. during this period grosowsky, who is now a regionally well-known northwest artist, devoted much of his lithographic art to themes involving wirewalking and circus culture. the sport blossomed within the west coast rock climbing community, and then spread to other areas. it got attention during the 2016 rio olympics when slackliner giovanna petrucci performed on the beach at ipanema, attracting the attention of the "new york times". <p> the rope-de-dope block sits across the crooked river across from the main climbing areas such as the morning glory wall. the trail to rope-de-dope is the gravel canyon trail and goes north before you walk across the main bridge into the park. if you are starting from the bivy, take the rope-de-dope trail that comes around the back of the block. the rope-de-dope block is a common place for beginners to be able to top-rope or learn how to lead climb on easier routes. the routes on rope-de-dope are shorter than almost all of the other routes in the park due to the block only being 40 feet high. top ropes can be set up from a small scramble up the back of the block to get to the top anchors. <p> very long cables, such as those used for long-distance undersea communications, have more complex structures, but nonetheless start with similar elements. because the distances involved are far greater, a more continuous flow process replaces the standard ropewalk, shortening the length of the walk as the runner becomes static, and the feed end becomes far more complex as it has to spin in one direction whilst laying the rope in the other. although further waterproofing and armoured coatings are normal, the core of the rope is similar to the description. <p> the installation of chain-link fence involves setting posts into the ground and attaching the fence to them. the posts may be steel tubing, timber or concrete and may be driven into the ground or set in concrete. end, corner or gate posts, commonly referred to as "terminal posts", must be set in concrete footing or otherwise anchored to prevent leaning under the tension of a stretched fence. posts set between the terminal posts are called "line posts" and are set at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. the installer attaches the fence at one end, stretches it, and attaches at the other, easily removing the excess by "unscrewing" a wire. finally, the installer ties the fence to the line posts with aluminum wire. in many cases, the installer stretches a bottom tension wire, sometimes referred to as "coil wire", between terminal posts to help minimize the in and out movement that occurs at the bottom of the chain-link mesh between posts. top horizontal rails are used on most chain-link fences, although not necessary. bottom rails may be added in lieu of bottom tension wires, and for taller fences, 10 feet or more, intermediate horizontal rails are often added.

Not an expert or anything, but I do know that they often, where necessary, get a small rope across the opening by carrying it manually, then they tie that ropes end to a larger rope and pull the larger ropes end over the opening, then if necessary, tie that to a larger one, etc., as many times as is necessary to get the correct sized rope across.

what happens to passengers when a plane flies 45,000 feet into the air?

<p> if a pressurized aircraft suffers a pressurization failure above 10,000 feet (~3,000 meters), then it could be deemed as an emergency. should this situation occur, the aircraft should begin an emergency descent and oxygen masks should be activated for all occupants. in the majority of passenger aircraft, the passengers' oxygen masks are activated automatically if the cabin pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure equivalent of 14,000 feet (~4,500 meters). <p> there was no fire on board the aircraft, no fatalities, and many on board were able to evacuate safely. a number of severely injured passengers had to be extracted from the aircraft with the "jaws of life" prior to receiving medical treatment. <p> the aircraft, with 139 passengers and five crew members, was carrying forty more people than the plane was designed to carry, without taking cargo into account. it crashed two minutes after take-off. some reports speculate that cargo may have slid to the back of the plane, resulting in a weight imbalance and causing the crash. <p> the jet, crewed by pilot-in-command captain waldo lynch, captain samuel peters, flight engineer george sinski, and navigator john laird, with 119 people on board, experienced an emergency descent of 29,000 feet from 35,000 feet with the autopilot engaged when the captain left the cockpit and entered the main cabin. during his absence, the autopilot disengaged and the aircraft smoothly and slowly entered a steep descending spiral. the copilot was not properly monitoring the aircraft's instruments or the progress of the flight and was unaware of the actions of the aircraft until considerable speed had been gained and altitude lost. during the rapid descent the copilot was unable to effect recovery. when the captain became aware of the unusual attitude of the aircraft he returned to the cockpit and with the aid of the other crew members was finally able to regain control of the aircraft at approximately 6,000 feet; they later made an emergency landing at gander with damaged flaps. <p> the flight crew quickly became confused as to the nature and extent of the situation. as the aircraft speed increased, the crew tried their best to stop the plane and prevent an imminent disaster; despite their efforts, the aircraft used the entire length of the runway and overshot its end at a speed of about 180 km/h. the aircraft then smashed into a concrete barrier, where the nose collapsed and the left wing was detached from the plane, resulting in an explosion and fire that could be seen by the airport's fire station. the plane then plowed into a total of 20 private garages. the fire then penetrated the cabin and destroyed the aircraft, while killing a significant number of people who had survived the initial impact, as indicated by high levels of carbon monoxide in their systems at autopsy. <p> bullet::::- on 26 may 2016, 15 passengers were evacuated from the ride after being stuck 45ft in the air for 40 minutes when it broke down during the morning hours of operation. no injuries were reported. <p> of the 142 people on board, 2 passengers sustained serious injuries; 41 passengers and the captain sustained minor injuries; and 94 passengers, 3 flight attendants, and the first officer sustained no injuries. the airplane sustained extensive exterior damage and some internal damage to the passenger cabin. during the accident sequence, the forward service door (1r) escape slide inflated inside the airplane; the nose gear collapsed; and the forward dual flight attendant jumpseat, which was occupied by two flight attendants, partially collapsed.

Not much. The rated ceilings for passenger aircraft is between 40k and 50k (45.1k for a 747-400), depending on the specific aircraft. Fuel economy goes to shit, and there might be some unexpected turbulence, but the passengers probably wouldn't notice. You're going to have lift and engine problems before you have cabin pressure problems, assuming there's nothing else wrong with the plane.

why is it so difficult to not flinch when something jumps out at you on a screen(like a scary movie for example) even though our brain registers that it is fake and expected?

<p> he also proposes a natural 'motor' response to seeing the actions of others: if we see a knife hacking off a person's leg we wince away, if we see someone dance we move in the same ways, we feel the injuries of others as if we had them ourselves. <p> the resolution on animation can also cause users to experience this phenomenon. when animations are poor, it causes another type of discord between what is expected and what is actually happening on the screen. when onscreen graphics do not keep the pace with the users' head movements, it can trigger a form of motion sickness. <p> bullet::::- the main mind is like screen in a cinema, and the mental factors are like the images projected on the screen. in this analogy, we typically do not notice the screen because we are so caught up on the images. <p> studies in 2004 and 2006 showed that normal subjects exposed to images of frightened faces or faces of people from another race will show increased activity of the amygdala, even if that exposure is subliminal. however, the amygdala is not necessary for the processing of fear-related stimuli, since persons in whom it is bilaterally damaged show rapid reactions to fearful faces, even in the absence of a functional amygdala. <p> essentially, when exposed to an unpleasant image, the subject feels initial discomfort. however, after being exposed to it once with their full attention, the subject feels much less discomfort the second time they are exposed. when the subject distracts themselves from the initial unpleasant image, the subject feels more discomfort the second time when they are required to attend to the image. the experimenters’ conclusion is thus: “the obtained results suggest that distraction inhibits elaborate processing of the stimulus' meaning and adapting to it.” <p> bullet::::- orientation of the body. usually people talk directed toward each other, but not squarely face to face, which can be indicative of a confrontational stance. in conversation, the participants' bodies are usually turned toward each other at an angle. when a person ignores someone else, they tend to ignore or avoid contact by showing the other person their side or back. <p> dan ariely notes that appeals that, through visual cues or otherwise, make us focus on specific, individual victims affect our attitudes and lead us to take action whereas, "when many people are involved, we don’t. a cold calculation does not increase our concern for large problems; instead, it suppresses our compassion."

Reflexes occur *much* faster than rational thought. It's been shown that people reacting to painful stimuli move away from the stimuli before the rational centers of the brain are even activated. This means that your rational brain is not even involved when you flinch - you know it's fake, but that knowledge isn't relevant to the reflexes.

what are movie critics, and why is there opinion valued so highly?

<p> there are scholars who point out that mass market films such as those produced in hollywood appeal to a less discerning audience. this group then turns to film critics as a cultural elite that can help steer them towards films that are more thoughtful and of a higher quality. to bridge the disconnect between popular taste and high culture, these film critics are expected to explain unfamiliar concepts and make them appealing to cultivate a more discerning movie-going public. for example, a film critic can help the audience—through his reviews—think seriously about films by providing the terms of analysis of these art films. adopting an artistic framework of film analysis and review, these film critics provide viewers with a different way to appreciate what they are watching. so when controversial themes such as lesbianism or torture are shown, the public will not immediately dismiss or attack the movie where they are informed by critics of the film's value such as how it depicts realism. here, art theaters or art houses that exhibit art films are seen as "sites of cultural enlightenment" that draw critics and intellectual audiences alike. it serves as a place where these critics can experience culture and an artistic atmosphere where they can draw insights and material. <p> some of the movies popular on college circuits throughout the years have been either controversial or of specious artistic merit. the content of the movies often appeal to college-age sensibilities. critics like roger ebert have expressed suspicion of such films when deemed "artistic", and instead charges them as misleading by presenting exploitive material (such as sex, violence, and drug use) by means that are more aesthetically pleasing to those educated in cinema studies than say, a grindhouse film, and therefore they become more acceptable to an "intellectual audience". this is an argument sometimes leveled against blue velvet or the ouvre of ken russell. often the films are of no discernible artistic merit at all, but instead appeal to the culture of college life, such as in the case of the beatles' magical mystery tour. <p> the majority of people around the world look at the films as a way of entertainment or as a means to enrich one’s culture. for others, the film actors are very lucky and rich just because they are famous. whereas, there are a kind of people who look at the films in a different way because they consider them like manifactories that provide work and therefore insufficient money to the poor workers – actors... <p> reviewer alex billington noted, "this is just how the film industry works nowadays; critics give bad opinions, the public usually has a differing opinion, and all is well in the world of hollywood since the studios made their millions anyway." <p> bullet::::- david bordwell: "it’s a lively and thoughtful survey, interspersing interviews with contemporary critics with a chronological account that runs from frank e. woods to harry knowles ... "for the love of movies" offers a concise, entertaining account of mass-market movie criticism, and i think a lot of universities would want to use it in film and journalism courses." <p> although there is the sense in "community film" and "community media" debates of a critical attitude to "entertainment" as unthinking escapism, and to "star culture" as celebrity, some academics have proposed a more defensive or celebratory inclusiveness in critical responses. also, in popular social media, for instance, more is being understood about the participatory nature of fan groups, even where that interactivity is being shaped top-down by celebrities and their agents. <p> bullet::::- victoria large: "peary has wisely determined that the best defense of film criticism is, well, film criticism itself. in addition to archive footage and lively interviews, he includes voice-over readings of excerpts of film reviews past, lively passages that remind us that great critics have to be great writers, astute observers and thinkers who are skilled in expressing themselves."

It's not that they just watch movies and get paid for writing about them. Most come from the industry, are familiar with the director's style - and generally have greater insight into the artistic aspect of film, and are more aware of the subtleties in film making. It's like the difference between a musician analyzing a piece of music vs. your average justin bieber fan.

with so many "knock off" products of coca cola, why haven't they released a coca cola brand ice pop?

<p> because several 7 up bottlers also distributed colas such as coca-cola, pepsi-cola or eventual 7 up sister drink rc cola (which introduced another caffeine-free cola, rc 100, in 1980) they refused to distribute like cola – limiting its availability. <p> american sales did not live up to early expectations mainly due to customer disinterest in a mid-calorie soda, and partly due to the success of coca-cola zero, a zero-calorie version of coca-cola; however, coca cola said the brand would remain in its lineup, even while pepsi discontinued its equivalent product, pepsi edge, in late 2005, just one year after its introduction. many store shelves completely replaced the product with coca-cola zero due to display, shelving and storage limitations, and with the introduction of coca-cola cherry zero, the product disappeared from all store shelves where it had previously remained, and in 2013, it was replaced by coca-cola life, which was marketed for using stevia as opposed to artificial sweeteners. <p> coca-cola blāk launched in the united states on april 3, 2006. coca-cola blāk launched in canada on august 29, 2006 in toronto, ontario at dundas square. in august 2007, trade magazine beverage digest noted that coca-cola would discontinue the drink within the united states. <p> in 1972, the pepsico company struck a barter agreement with the government of the soviet union, in which pepsico was granted exportation and western marketing rights to stolichnaya vodka, in exchange for importation and soviet marketing of pepsi-cola. this exchange led to pepsi-cola being the first american consumer product to be produced, marketed and sold in the u.s.s.r. directly after the dissolution of the soviet union, stolichnaya vodka continued to be produced for export in several of the ex-soviet republics, including ukraine. the bottles retained their soviet-era labels. <p> in 2004, coca-cola offered to buy the rights to the drink and the bionade brand, but the producer rejected the offer, citing its plans to expand internationally on its own. by 2006 it was available in switzerland, austria and the benelux countries, and it has since reached scandinavia, italy, spain, portugal and ireland. in 2007 the company planned expansion into the us. <p> bullet::::- the pepsi cola company announced a deal with soyuzplodimport for pepsi to be bottled and sold in the soviet union, making the drink the first american cola (and consumer product) to be made in the u.s.s.r. <p> since 1990, burger king has continued using coca-cola as its beverage supplier, renewing its contract in several times. the coca-cola contract is not without its problems; the 1999 contract called for the coca-cola branded icee products to be made a permanent menu item in all american locations. after the rollout, it was discovered that coca-cola employees had faked product test information to bolster prospective sales numbers in an effort to entice franchisees to enroll in a summertime advertising push. several coke employees were terminated, and coca-cola changed the in-store promotional materials to emphasize the icee name. the 2003 contract officially extended the relationship between the two companies so that coca-cola was the exclusive supplier of soft drinks for the company. before this, individual international franchises would negotiate their own contracts with their company of choice. the 2003 contract gave coca-cola new access to the 3,000 operating or planned restaurants on the asia-pacific rim, in europe, and in south and central america. the purchase of burger king by 3g capital lead to a change in the beverage contract for the caribbean and latin america markets. 3g, which owns ambev and is the producer and distributor of pepsico products in the region, started cross-licensing between its two companies in april 2011 and switched to pepsi in these markets.

My guess would be due to the icee contract and how it is written.

what is the deal with all these people talking about fake snow that burns like plastic?

<p> "fake plastic snow" is an episode from the dramedy series "ugly betty". it is the eleventh episode overall in the series, but in the united states, canada, and australia, it is the tenth episode, which was written by veronica becker and sarah kucserka and directed by jim hayman. the title of this episode refers to the radiohead song "fake plastic trees" from their album "the bends". <p> bullet::::- fake furs are not able to keep snow from melting and re-freezing on the fiber filaments; this is very important, especially in hiking, mountain climbing, skiing and other outdoor activities which are done in extreme conditions. <p> to prevent snow from balling up under crampons, especially in temperatures around freezing, most models can be fitted with plastic or rubber "anti-balling" systems to reduce build-up. rubber models use flexion to repel snow while plastic anti-balling plates employ a hydrophobic surface to prevent adhesion. <p> the orange snow was malodorous, oily to the touch, and reported to contain four times the normal level of iron. though mostly orange, some of the snow was red or yellow. it affected an area with about 27,000 residents. it was originally speculated that it was caused by industrial pollution, a rocket launch or even a nuclear accident. it was later determined that the snow was non-toxic; however, people in the region were advised not to use the snow or allow animals to feed upon it. colored snow is uncommon in russia but not unheard of, as there have been many cases of black, blue, green and red snowfall. <p> russia's environmental watchdog originally claimed that the colored snowfall was caused by industrial pollution, such as "waste from metallurgical plants." it stated that the snow contained four times the normal quantities of acids, nitrates, and iron. however, it would be nearly impossible to pinpoint a culprit if pollution were the cause, as there are various industries nearby, such as the city of omsk, which is a center of the oil industry in russia. <p> two names for this episode - "fake plastic snow" and "five platinum rings" were published on different web sites, but "fake plastic snow" is the correct name. there were also conflicting errors on the details and at one point was supposed to be two episodes, but it also turned out to be false. <p> snow received some mainstream publicity in 1999 when wal-mart pulled his action figure from their shelves after sabrena parton, a professor at kennesaw state university, complained that "head" was a "decapitated woman's head" that sent an inappropriate message about violence towards women. parton was quoted as saying "what kind of message would this toy send children about brutalization of women?" sarven used the story as part of an angle in which the controversy caused al snow to suffer from depression.

someone posted a video of a person holding a snowball with a pair of tongs and applying either a lighter or a blowtorch to it (I can't remember which it is.) Anyway, the flammable source caused snow to evaporate, which looked like "smoke" and simultaneously left soot stains on the snow, leading people to the erroneous conclusion that the snow was fake, part of a giant government conspriracy, and therefore plastic.

how come when you apply a glue stick to paper, the paper curls up?

<p> paper is manufactured by forming pulp fibers into a mat on an open mesh screen (a deckle), and then drying and pressing this mat into paper. large areas of inkjet color, such as in graphics and photographs, soak the paper fibers with so much moisture that they swell and return to their original shape before pressing, resulting in a wavy buckling of the paper surface. <p> after the papers are impregnated with the resins, the three layers of paper/resin are placed into a press which simultaneously applies heat (120 °c) and pressure (5 mpa). the pressing operation allows the thermoset resins to flow into the paper, then subsequently cure into a consolidated sheet with a density greater than . during the press cycle, the decorative surface can also be cured while in contact with a textured surface to create one of many different surface finishes. <p> wood fibres are treated by combining them with other additives which break down the fibres into a spongy mass called pulp. the pulp is then processed, and the network of tiny fibres is pressed flat, becoming paper. <p> the tape can be used to repair tears in paper, or to attach pieces of paper or cardboard together for modelling. on fragile paper surfaces the tape can only be used once, as removing it will either tear the paper or remove the top layer of rough cardboard; on smooth painted surfaces it can generally be removed without leaving any trace, though sometimes the adhesive can remain on the surface. it does not affix items to such surfaces permanently. <p> glue smears and droplets are sometimes present around the joints of furniture. they can be removed using a combination of scraping, scrubbing and sanding. these approaches remove surface glue, but not the glue beneath the wood surface. sub-surface glue will reduce the absorption of stain by wood, and may alter the scratch pattern created by sanding. both these effects will influence the way in which the wood colours when stains are used to finish the wood. to overcome this problem it may be necessary to locally stain and touch-up areas previously covered by glue to ensure that the finish on such areas matches that of the surrounding wood. <p> tissue paper is produced on a paper machine that has a single large steam heated drying cylinder (yankee dryer) fitted with a hot air hood. the raw material is paper pulp. the yankee cylinder is sprayed with adhesives to make the paper stick. creping is done by the yankee's doctor blade that is scraping the dry paper off the cylinder surface. the crinkle (crêping) is controlled by the strength of the adhesive, geometry of the doctor blade, speed difference between the yankee and final section of the paper machine and paper pulp characteristics. <p> wax paper is also commonly used to attach pattern pieces to fabric while cutting it for sewing. one presses an iron over the wax paper briefly and attaches it to the cloth, making it easier to trace while cutting.

I believe it's because as the glue dries, it loses volume and shrinks, and both the glue and paper are stuck, so it contacts and wrinkles.

what exactly is the difference between arab and persian?

<p> the term persian arab is rarely used as a self-appellation. most tend to identify more strongly as either persian or arab and consider themselves to be members primarily of one ethnic group, but at the same time being aware of their mixed background. for many the most important factor determining their identity is the sovereign state in which they live or from which their recent ancestors came from. <p> the family is considered not pure arab, but as persian arab by more conventional arab families because of the unkept arab bloodline through the intermarriage of the family with the persians throughout the generations and because of the self-styled surname name which is of persian origin. <p> since persian metres are generally different from arabic ones, often the match between arabic and persian is not exact. thus in the traditional system, the following three metres, which seem to have little in common, are all treated as if they were adaptations of the arabic metre "hazaj" (u – – x | u – – x || u – – x | u – – x): <p> although all arab states have arabic as an official language, there are many non-arabic-speaking populations native to the arab world. among these are berbers, toubou, nubians, jews, kurds, armenians. additionally, many arab countries in the persian gulf have sizable non-arab immigrant populations (10–30%). iraq, bahrain, kuwait, qatar, united arab emirates and oman have a persian speaking minority. the same countries also have hindi-urdu speakers and filipinos as sizable minority. balochi speakers are a good size minority in oman. additionally, countries like bahrain, uae, oman and kuwait have significant non-arab and non-muslim minorities (10–20%) like hindus and christians from india, pakistan, bangladesh, nepal and the philippines. <p> while having a lesser influence on arabic and other languages of mesopotamia and its core vocabulary being of middle persian origin, new persian contains a considerable amount of arabic lexical items, which were persianized and often took a different meaning and usage than the arabic original. persian loanwords of arabic origin especially include islamic terms. the arabic vocabulary in other iranian, turkic and indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from new persian, not from arabic itself. <p> middle persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as old persian. the native name of middle persian was "parsig" or "parsik", after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of "pars"", old persian "parsa", new persian "fars". this is the origin of the name "farsi" as it is today used to signify new persian. following the collapse of the sassanid state, "parsik" came to be applied exclusively to (either middle or new) persian that was written in the arabic script. from about the 9th century onward, as middle persian was on the threshold of becoming new persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called "pahlavi", which was actually but one of the "writing systems" used to render both middle persian as well as various other middle iranian languages. that writing system had previously been adopted by the sassanids (who were persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding arsacids (who were parthians, i.e. from the northeast). while ibn al-muqaffa' (eighth century) still distinguished between "pahlavi" (i.e. parthian) and "persian" (in arabic text: al-farisiyah) (i.e. middle persian), this distinction is not evident in arab commentaries written after that date. <p> conversely, ethnic arabs and arabic speakers living primarily in the khuzestan province of iran. some of them self-identify as iranian arabs, persians or just ahvazis (see ahvaz), and consider their mother tongue to be arabic, though almost all are bilingual in persian and many may have a better command of written persian than written arabic, since the medium of education at schools in iran is persian. some arabs (e.g. those of the khamseh clans) even use persian as the first language.

I mean, this is kind of like asking "what's the difference between French and German?" Well, a lot. Arabs speak Arabic, Persians speak Farsi Arabs are principally from modern day Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia while Persians come from modern day Iran. Persia existed as a unified polity before Islam and practiced, for the most part, a distinct, dominant faith (Zoroastrianism). There are countless tiny minutia that distinguish Arabic and Persian culture as well. I'm not familiar enough with either culture to really get into that kind of stuff though.

how does a flash lamp excite electrons?

<p> the electric flash-lamp is a device that uses an electrical circuit to trigger a fuse to ignite explosive powder such as magnesium, for a brief sudden burst of bright light "flash" from a chemical reaction of flash powder burning. it was principally used for flash photography in the early 20th century, but had other uses as well. the flash-lamp was invented and patented on november 7, 1899 by new york city resident joshua lionel cowen. <p> when the light is turned on, the electric power heats up the cathode enough for it to emit electrons (thermionic emission). these electrons collide with and ionize noble gas atoms inside the bulb surrounding the filament to form a plasma by the process of impact ionization. as a result of avalanche ionization, the conductivity of the ionized gas rapidly rises, allowing higher currents to flow through the lamp. <p> a glow discharge is a plasma formed by the passage of electric current through a gas. it is often created by applying a voltage between two electrodes in a glass tube containing a low-pressure gas. when the voltage exceeds a value called the striking voltage, the gas ionization becomes self-sustaining, and the tube glows with a colored light. the color depends on the gas used. <p> the electrons used to provide the synchrotron light are first produced at the electron gun, by thermionic emission from a heated metal cathode. the emitted electrons are then accelerated to an energy of 90 kev (kilo-electron volts) by a 90 kilovolt potential applied across the gun and make their way into the linear accelerator. <p> the lamp comprises a hermetically sealed glass tube, which is filled with a noble gas, usually xenon, and electrodes to carry electrical current to the gas. additionally, a high voltage power source is necessary to energize the gas as a trigger event. a charged capacitor is usually used to supply energy for the flash, so as to allow very speedy delivery of very high electrical current when the lamp is triggered. <p> the electrodes of the lamp are usually connected to a capacitor, which is charged to a relatively high voltage (generally between 250 and 5000 volts), using a step up transformer and a rectifier. the gas, however, exhibits extremely high resistance, and the lamp will not conduct electricity until the gas is ionized. once ionized, or "triggered", a spark will form between the electrodes, allowing the capacitor to discharge. the sudden surge of electric current quickly heats the gas to a plasma state, where electrical resistance becomes very low. there are several methods of triggering. <p> the light emitted by a spark does not come from the current of electrons itself, but from the material medium fluorescing in response to collisions from the electrons. when electrons collide with molecules of air in the gap, they excite their orbital electrons to higher energy levels. when these excited electrons fall back to their original energy levels, they emit energy as light. it is impossible for a visible spark to form in a vacuum. without intervening matter capable of electromagnetic transitions, the spark will be invisible (see vacuum arc).

All light excites electrons. The photons that make up the light collide with the electrons in a substance, get absorbed, and cause the electrons energy to increase. Electrons can then reemit the photons to decrease in energy.

how do i go about getting dreadlocks?

<p> a variety of other starter methods have been developed to offer greater control over the general appearance of dreadlocks. they can be formed through a technique called "twist and rip", as well as backcombing interlocking and palm rolling. together, these alternative techniques are more commonly referred to as "salon" or "manicured" dreadlocks. <p> dreadlocks created with a dread perm can take on the shape of the method used to set them- curled if they were wrapped around curlers, twisted or kinky. the perm also serves to 'rough up' asian or white people's hair so that it will more easily tangle. a natural look begins to occur a few months later when the hair loosens somewhat. within the time-span of several weeks to months, depending on the setting method, dread-permed dreadlocks will look nearly indistinguishable from naturally grown dreadlocks. <p> bullet::::- "dreadlocks" describes the locks commonly worn among rastas, now universally called dreadlocks in english. the 'dread' component refers to the fear of the lord, as well as the fear inspired when rastas first began to grow locks in the 1940s in jamaica. to rastas, dreadlocks can be a deeply spiritual part of their identity. the nazirite vow in the torah and the story of samson are commonly cited: "and she made a vow, saying, 'o lord almighty, if you will only look upon your servant's misery and remember me, and not forget your servant but give her a son, then i will give him to the lord for all the days of his life, and no razor will ever be used on his head'." . rastas see this as the most natural way to grow one's hair, as well as a symbol of defiance of rome and babylon. <p> dread perming is a chemical treatment that is used both by beauty salons and do-it-yourselfers to create or maintain dreadlocks. the hair is exposed to chemicals that render the hair frizzy. the frizzy hair is bound together and treated again to form the dreadlocks. <p> synthetic dreads, also called dread extensions, dread falls, and cyberlocks, are interlocked coils of synthetic hair, mostly kanekalon, that give the look and feel of natural dreadlocks without the commitment or maintenance. they are mainly worn as a fashion statement for the subculture of cybergoth. <p> the dread perming technique begins with at least 6 inches of hair. the hair is then separated into appropriately sized dreadlock sections. each individual section is then backcombed, or teased, to knot the hair and create a dreadlock shape. depending on the method used, the dreads will either be tightly back combed, or more loosely formed. the new dreadlocks are either permed in as is, twisted, or wrapped around curlers to achieve form. <p> there is also the ability to adopt different types of fake dreadlocks that may make the hair look as real as possible. this process is called synthetic dreadlocks. there are two different types of synthetic dreadlocks. the first is dread extensions, in which other hair can be infused with the wearer's own hair. the second is dreadfalls, in which one dread is tied into another with either elastic or lace. both of these methods are used to make dreads look better and more appealing, and to achieve the desired effect of longer hair.

ELI5 is for conceptual explanations, not how-to's or personal problems. As such, I've removed this post.

when do you stop worrying about heat from air friction, and start worrying about air compression.

<p> bullet::::- "kinetic heating". as the airspeed increases, more and more molecules of air per second hit the aircraft. this causes a temperature rise in the direct reading thermometer probe of the aircraft due to friction. because the airflow is thought to be compressible and isentropic, which, by definition, is adiabatic and reversible, the equations used in this article do not take account of "friction heating". this is why the calculation of static air temperature requires the use of the recovery factor, formula_8. kinetic heating for modern passenger jets is almost negligible. <p> compression of ambient air causes a temperature rise of the gas, proportional to the pressure increase. ambient air is typically compressed in stages, and the gas temperature rises during each stage. intercoolers and water cooling heat exchangers can remove this heat between stages. <p> however, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. this is the process of convection. convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. this is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature dependence. as the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. the rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °c per kilometre (or 5.4 °f per 1000 feet) of altitude. <p> however, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. this is the process of convection. convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. this is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. as the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. the rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °c per kilometer (or 5.4 °f per 1000 feet) of altitude. <p> however, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. this is the process of convection. convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. this is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. as the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. the rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate, which is approximately 9.8 °c per kilometer (or 5.4 °f per 1000 feet) of altitude. <p> however, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. this is the process of convection. convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation. <p> airflow is a factor of concern when designing to meet occupant thermal comfort standards (such as ashrae 55). varying rates of air movement may positively or negatively impact individuals’ perception of warmth or coolness, and hence their comfort. air velocity interacts with air temperature, relative humidity, radiant temperature of surrounding surfaces and occupants, and occupant skin conductivity, resulting in particular thermal sensations.

Engines that use supersonic air compression (scramjets) for propulsion start working around mach 5.

what does talking with a psychotherapist do to you, that makes you recover?

<p> psychoeducation offered to patients and family members teaches problem-solving and communication skills and provides education and resources in an empathetic and supportive environment. results from more than 30 studies indicate psychoeducation improves family well-being, lowers rates of relapse and improves recovery. <p> psychotherapy is a treatment both types of disorder patients use. they guide the patients in their thoughts, and use communication or behavioral work as a means of healing. families of the affected also benefit from this treatment, as they can sit on sessions and talk to the therapist as well. <p> psychomotor education is a pedagogic and therapeutic approach, the aim of which is to support and aid an individual’s personal development. it is based on a holistic view of human beings that considers each individual as a unity of physical, emotional and cognitive actualities, which interact with each other and the surrounding social environment. <p> psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. this usually includes increasing individual sense of well-being and reducing subjective discomforting experience. psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and behavior change and that are designed to improve the mental health of a client or patient, or to improve group relationships (such as in a family). most forms of psychotherapy use only spoken conversation, though some also use various other forms of communication such as the written word, art, drama, narrative story, or therapeutic touch. psychotherapy occurs within a structured encounter between a trained therapist and client(s). purposeful, theoretically based psychotherapy began in the 19th century with psychoanalysis; since then, scores of other approaches have been developed and continue to be created. <p> psychotherapies that have shown most successful or evidence based are dialectical behavior therapy (dbt), which has shown to be helpful in reducing suicide attempts and reducing hospitalizations for suicidal ideation and cognitive behavioural therapy (cbt), which has shown to improve problem-solving and coping abilities. <p> psychoeducation is an evidence-based therapeutic intervention for patients and their loved ones that provides information and support to better understand and cope with illness. psychoeducation is most often associated with serious mental illness, including dementia, schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorders, psychotic illnesses, eating disorders, personality disorders and autism, although the term has also been used for programs that address physical illnesses, such as cancer. <p> the aim of psychotherapy is to assist the individual in reestablishing a healthy relationship to the unconscious: neither flooded by it (characteristic of psychosis, such as schizophrenia) or out of balance in relationship to it (as with neurosis, a state that results in depression, anxiety, and personality disorders).

First, you're talking to someone who is empathetic towards you but objective towards the situations you need to talk about. Second, talking about situations sort of takes them out of your head and makes them easier to process. Third, a therapist can give insight on how to moderate emotions and teach skills to use when you're in a difficult moment. Fourth, they can challenge or validate your feelings and opinions about something. This assumes you're seeing a good practitioner and not a shitty one. Edit: it also normalizes talking about difficult things so that you can talk to friends and family about them a bit easier.

how does my horoscope always seem to relate to something happening in my life?

<p> in common usage, "horoscope" often refers to an astrologer's interpretation, usually based on a system of solar sun sign astrology; based strictly on the position of the sun at the time of birth, or on the calendar significance of an event, as in chinese astrology. in particular, many newspapers and magazines carry predictive columns, written in prose that may be written more for increasing readership than tied directly to the sun or other aspects of the solar system, allegedly based on celestial influences in relation to the zodiacal placement of the sun on the month of birth, cusp (2 days before or after any particular sign, an overlap), or decante (the month divided into 3 ten-day periods) of the person's month of birth, identifying the individual's sun sign or "star sign" based on the tropical zodiac. <p> a horoscope is an astrological chart or diagram representing the positions of the sun, moon, planets, astrological aspects and sensitive angles at the time of an event, such as the moment of a person's birth. the word "horoscope" is derived from greek words hõra and scopos meaning "time" and "observer" ("horoskopos", pl. "horoskopoi", or "marker(s) of the hour"). other commonly used names for the horoscope in english include natal chart, astrological chart, astro-chart, celestial map, sky-map, star-chart, cosmogram, vitasphere, radical chart, radix, chart wheel or simply chart. it is used as a method of divination regarding events relating to the point in time it represents, and it forms the basis of the horoscopic traditions of astrology. <p> once it becomes clear to all the characters that the beep contains information from the future, each interprets the information in his or her own way. dana lje expresses the opinion that cause and effect are simply a construct of the mind, that events are fixed and the human consciousness is simply an observer. as far as she is concerned, she was forewarned of the events of the story and chose to follow the path that made them happen. thor wald takes the scientific point of view, noting that as newer theories replace older ones it is merely because they are more convenient or more accurate. their relationship to reality is a matter of conjecture. he believes that, once enough dimensions of space-time are invoked, free will becomes inevitable. <p> an introduction to the article had to explain what a horoscope was for "express" readers: everybody is interested in the future. can it be told by the stars? readers of the sunday express will be able to judge for themselves after reading the following article, which tells you just what is expected to happen during the remainder of the month ... mr naylor has included in the article an extremely interesting horoscope – an observation of the heavens at the hour of a person's birth... <p> he sums up his general approach and technique of making predictions like this, "first of all, if the person is there i look at him and get vibrations. second, the time the person comes is important. thirdly, what type of day is it? good, bad or indifferent? fourth, lines on the palm. fifth, the indian horoscope and lastly, the western horoscope. so all this goes into a computer called the brain. and after that i look at ganesha and make a prediction." <p> bullet::::- the third house of the horoscope governs our siblings, letters and messengers, our neighbourhood, and short trips. modern astrologers have also connected it our ability to communicate and to intellectualise. <p> common examples of suggestible behavior in everyday life include "contagious yawning" (multiple people begin to yawn after observing a person yawning) and the medical student syndrome (a person begins to experience symptoms of an illness after reading or hearing about it). placebo response is also thought to be based on individual differences in suggestibility, at least in part. suggestible persons may be more responsive to various forms of alternative health practices that seem to rely upon patient belief in the intervention more than on any known mechanism. studies of effects of health interventions can be enhanced by controlling for individual differences in suggestibility. a search of the "mental measurements yearbook" shows no extant psychological test for this personality characteristic. the gudjonsson suggestibility scale is questionable for this kind of purpose due to its narrow focus. however, see the multidimensional iowa suggestibility scale (miss) for a recently developed self-report scale. in addition to health-related implications, persons who are highly suggestible may be prone to making poor judgments because they did not process suggestions critically and falling prey to emotion-based advertising.

Because these comments are normally generalized so that most individuals can make a connection.

why do some mix of colors get their own name (eg. pink-which is red & white), while other colors are just named by the two colors, (eg. light blue-which is white and blue)?

<p> usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness or colorfulness, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue". exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange. <p> colors vary in several different ways, including [[hue]] (shades of [[red]], [[orange (colour)|orange]], [[yellow]], [[green]], [[blue]], and [[violet (color)|violet]]), [[saturation (color theory)|saturation]], [[brightness]], and [[gloss (material appearance)|gloss]]. some color words are derived from the name of an object of that color, such as "[[orange (fruit)|orange]]" or "[[salmon (color)|salmon]]", while others are abstract, like "red". <p> the differentiation of several colors by hue is at least finnic (a major subgroup of uralic) in origin. before this, only red ("punainen") was clearly distinguished by hue, with other colors described in terms of brightness ("valkea" vs. "musta"), using non-color adjectives for further specificity. alternatively, it appears that the distinction between "valkea" and "musta" was in fact "clean, shining" vs. "dirty, murky". the original meaning of "sini" was possibly either "black/dark" or "green". mauno koski's theory is that dark colors of high saturation—both blue and green—would be "sini", while shades of color with low saturation, such as dark brown or black, would be "musta". although it is theorized that originally "vihreä" was not a true color name and was used to describe plants only, the occurrence of "vihreä" or "viha" as a name of a color in several related languages shows that it was probably polysemic (meaning both "green" and "verdant") already in early baltic-finnic. however, whatever the case with these theories, differentiation of blue and green must be at least as old as the baltic-finnic languages. <p> colors in some languages may be denoted by descriptive color words even though other languages may use an abstract color word for the same color; for example in japanese pink is (, lit. "peach-color") and gray is either or (, , lit. "ash-color" for light grays and "mouse-color" for dark grays respectively); nevertheless, as languages change they may adopt or invent new abstract color terms, as japanese has adopted () for pink and () for gray from english. "vaaleanpunainen", the finnish word for "pink" is a clear agglutination of the language's words for "white" ("valkoinen") and "red" ("punainen"). <p> contrasting colors may be chosen in various ways. a common choice is to take a complementary colors from one of the several color wheels (e.g., blue and orange, green and red), or to choose a pairing that occurs in nature, e.g., yellow and red. <p> the exact definition of "blue" and "green" may be complicated by the speakers not primarily distinguishing the hue, but using terms that describe other color components such as saturation and luminosity, or other properties of the object being described. for example, "blue" and "green" might be distinguished, but a single term might be used for both if the color is dark. furthermore, green might be associated with yellow, and blue with black or gray. <p> analogous colors are groups of three colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, sharing a common color, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and a tertiary. red, orange, and red-orange are examples.

There isn't really a good reason. How colours are talked about and which shades get their own names is influenced greatly by culture. For example, people with red hair are called that despite having orange-y hair because orange used to be considered a shade of red. Then when the orange fruit was imported to English-speaking parts of Europe, orange as the name of a colour took off. More info.

what makes gordon ramsay regarded as one of the best chefs in the world?

<p> gordon james ramsay (born 8 november 1966) is a british chef, restaurateur, writer, television personality and food critic. born in johnstone, scotland, and raised in stratford-upon-avon, england, ramsay's restaurants have been awarded 16 michelin stars in total and currently hold a total of seven. his signature restaurant, restaurant gordon ramsay in chelsea, london, has held three michelin stars since 2001. appearing on the british television miniseries "boiling point" in 1998, by 2004 ramsay had become one of the best-known and most influential chefs in the uk. <p> ramsay's reputation is built upon his goal of culinary perfection, which is associated with winning three michelin stars. his mentor, marco pierre white noted that he is highly competitive. since the airing of "boiling point", which followed ramsay's quest of earning three michelin stars, the chef has also become infamous for his fiery temper and use of expletives. ramsay once famously ejected food critic a. a. gill, whose dining companion was joan collins, from his restaurant, leading gill to state that "ramsay is a wonderful chef, just a really second-rate human being." ramsay admitted in his autobiography that he did not mind if gill insulted his food, but a personal insult he was not going to stand for. ramsay has also had confrontations with his kitchen staff, including one incident that resulted in the pastry chef calling the police. a 2005 interview reported ramsay had retained 85% of his staff since 1993. ramsay attributes his management style to the influence of previous mentors, notably chefs marco pierre white and guy savoy, father-in-law, chris hutcheson, and jock wallace, his manager while a footballer at rangers. <p> chef ramsay is closely followed during eight of the most intense months of his life as he opens his first (and now flagship) restaurant in royal hospital road in chelsea in september 1998. this establishment would ultimately earn him the highly prestigious (and rare) three michelin stars. it also covers his participation in the dinner made at the palace of versailles on 11 july 1998 to celebrate the closing of the 1998 world cup and features young chefs marcus wareing and mark sargeant at the early stages of their careers, as well as mentor marco pierre white. <p> ramsay's best restaurant is a television programme featuring british celebrity chef gordon ramsay broadcast on channel 4. during the series restaurants from all over britain competed in order to win the "ramsay's best restaurant" title. the initial 16 restaurants were selected by ramsay from a pool of some 12,000 entries submitted by channel 4 viewers. <p> ramsay's flagship restaurant, restaurant gordon ramsay, was voted london's top restaurant in "harden's" for eight years, but in 2008 was placed below petrus, a restaurant run by former protégé marcus wareing. in january 2013, ramsay was inducted into the culinary hall of fame. <p> gordon ramsay is a scottish chef, restaurateur, writer, television personality and food critic. he has owned and operated a series of restaurants since he first became head chef of aubergine in 1993. he owned 25% of that restaurant, where he earned his first two michelin stars. following the sacking of protege marcus wareing from sister restaurant l'oranger, ramsay organised a staff walkout from both restaurants and subsequently took them to open up restaurant gordon ramsay, at royal hospital road, london. his self-titled restaurant went on to become his first and only three michelin star restaurant. ramsay has become one of the chefs with the most michelin stars in the world. in 2008, following the awarding of two stars for gordon ramsay at the london in new york, he drew with alain ducasse as the holder of the most michelin stars with twelve. however, he has since been overtaken by both ducasse and joël robuchon and currently has eight stars as of the 2014 new york city michelin guide. <p> in 1998, ramsay opened his own restaurant in chelsea, restaurant gordon ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, chris hutcheson, and his former colleagues at aubergine. the restaurant gained its third michelin star in 2001, making ramsay the first scot to achieve that feat. in 2011, "the good food guide" listed restaurant gordon ramsay as the second best in the uk, only bettered by the fat duck in bray, berkshire.

His restaurants have won 16 Michelin stars. This is like an actor winning 16 Oscars. It means that experts in his field consider his work among the best. There are only two chefs whose restaurants have earned more than 16.

how did the crash of the mortgage markets result in people unrelated to the housing industry losing their jobs?

<p> the decline in the housing market set off a domino effect across the u.s. economy. when home values declined and adjustable rate mortgage payment amounts increased, borrowers defaulted on their mortgages. investors globally holding mortgage-backed securities (including many of the banks that originated them and traded them among themselves) began to incur serious losses. before long, these securities became so unreliable that they were not being bought or sold. <p> as part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (mbs), which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the u.s. housing market. as housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in mbs reported significant losses. defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. total losses were estimated in the trillions of u.s. dollars globally. <p> bullet::::- the 2008 housing crisis resulted in 27 million subprime mortgages outstanding which government sponsored enterprises were mandated by government to own 19.2 million. the intent was for poorer people to own homes. the result was a housing bust, which led to low house prices, which led to financial institution instabilities which caused a greater proportion of poor people to lose their homes. <p> as part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (mbs) and collateralized debt obligations (cdo), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the us housing market. as housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime mbs reported significant losses. <p> problems for home owners with good credit surfaced in mid-2007, causing the united states' largest mortgage lender, countrywide financial, to warn that a recovery in the housing sector was not expected to occur at least until 2009 because home prices were falling "almost like never before, with the exception of the great depression". the impact of booming home valuations on the u.s. economy since the 2001–2002 recession was an important factor in the recovery, because a large component of consumer spending was fueled by the related refinancing boom, which allowed people to both reduce their monthly mortgage payments with lower interest rates and withdraw equity from their homes as their value increased. <p> falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. the ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the us and only reduced to historical levels in early 2014 drained significant wealth from consumers, losing up to $4.2 trillion in wealth from home equity. defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. total losses are estimated in the trillions of us dollars globally. <p> further, us homeowners had extracted significant equity in their homes in the years leading up to the crisis, which they could no longer do once housing prices collapsed. readily obtainable cash used by consumers from home equity extraction doubled from $627 billion in 2001 to $1,428 billion in 2005 as the housing bubble built, a total of nearly $5 trillion over the period. us home mortgage debt relative to gdp increased from an average of 46% during the 1990s to 73% during 2008, reaching $10.5 trillion.

Banking crises can have flow on effects because of how integral banking is to modern business. For example, lots of businesses borrow money on relatively short timescales to have the cashflow to pay employees. When the banks get hit by a crisis and don't have enough money available, they can't lend out money. Borrowers can't find the money they need to pay employees, and have to make them redundanr instead.

what is the process for movies to film scenes at major sites that are usually crawling with activity?

<p> the directors met each other at film school, where they became friends. the actors were recruited locally, and they did not use auditions. instead, actors were approached and asked what they could bring to the character. principal photography took place over two weeks in january 2014 in mansfield, victoria. the directors split the chores in order to complete the film as quickly as possible. ouzas worked with the actors, and kozakis set up shots and worked with the crew. the directors decided to use fast zombies instead of romero-style slow zombies to reflect current fears. ouzas said that they symbolize "irrational, unpredictable enemies". ouzas describes the film as "more a drama than horror film" that focuses on characters rather the zombies. ouzas believes that horror films became more popular during times of social uncertainty, and he wanted to explore what would happen when the social contract broke down. a female protagonist was chosen to demonstrate how this would affect women. evie represents the belief that there is an innate good in humanity, while charlie represents a more self-serving amorality. <p> bullet::::- "block booking", the studios' practice of requiring theaters to take an entire slate of its films, sometimes without even seeing them and sometimes before the films had even been produced ("blind bidding"), and <p> on a snow-covered mountain, a bus, truck, and a few cars arrive at a remote camp area to film a porno film. the group is made up of professional porn actors ron jeremy and veronica hart, novice porn stars rock, angel, wanda, and lance, as well as the director and producer jim, cameraman jonah, gaffer-electrician and sound guy t.j., and makeup and script girl laura. <p> as locating moving images often is a complex, time consuming, and costly process, "filmarchives online" aims at simplifying the access and distribution of archival films in europe. the portal addresses user groups ranging from the professional media and film production domain to the area of scientific research. moving images can be searched by content, filmographic data and physical characteristics. search results provide available information about existence and location of the materials. in addition to the search function, the website provides contact information to facilitate the access to the moving image items and, if available, links to digital content available for online viewing. <p> the film consists of a series of silent long takes shot in a hotel in new york city. shots are meticulously staged to create visual patterns and optical illusions as the film slowly explores several different parts of the hotel, ranging from austere and claustrophobic basement corridors to busy skylines shot from the rooftop. <p> the film had been in production on and off for five years since 2009. according to tony todd, the film had two different directors with two different approaches at different points in time. the film features visual effects from the graphic film company, los angeles, which relied on the ipi soft ipi motion capture markerless motion capture software. the software’s ability allows the filmmakers to produce very large amounts of moving zombies on screen and also allows the actors to motion capture their performances as if they were acting on a real film set. the budget was rumored to be below 1 million usd. <p> according to dennis muren, who worked on the six films, crawls on the original trilogy films were accomplished by filming physical models laid out on the floor. the models were approximately 60 cm (2') wide and 1.80 m (6') long. the crawl effect was accomplished by the camera moving longitudinally along the model. it was difficult and time-consuming to achieve a smooth scrolling effect. furthermore, different versions in other languages (such as german, french and spanish) were produced by industrial light & magic.

Money. They just pay into the local economy and get to shoot there. The city area will get notified in advance. City workers help close off the area needed while filming as everyone flocks to watch the filming happen. Win win for all.

what long term effects does a polar vortex have on a state/region?

<p> the polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres. because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice. according to the journal of the atmospheric sciences "there [has been] a significant change in the vortex mean state over the twenty-first century, resulting in a weaker, more disturbed vortex." as the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres. this disruption has already begun to affect global temperatures. in a 2017 study conducted by climatologist dr. judah cohen and several of his research associates, cohen wrote that "[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for "most" of the recent winter cooling trends over eurasian midlatitudes". <p> the waxing and waning of the polar vortex is driven by the movement of mass and the transfer of heat in the polar region. in the autumn, the circumpolar winds increase in speed and the polar vortex rises into the stratosphere. the result is that the polar air forms a coherent rotating air mass: the polar vortex. as winter approaches, the vortex core cools, the winds decrease, and the vortex energy declines. once late winter and early spring approach the vortex is at its weakest. as a result, during late winter, large fragments of the vortex air can be diverted into lower latitudes by stronger weather systems intruding from those latitudes. in the lowest level of the stratosphere, strong potential vorticity gradients remain, and the majority of that air remains confined within the polar air mass into december in the southern hemisphere and april in the northern hemisphere, well after the breakup of the vortex in the mid-stratosphere. <p> the breakup of the northern polar vortex occurs between mid march to mid may. this event signifies the transition from winter to spring, and has impacts on the hydrological cycle, growing seasons of vegetation, and overall ecosystem productivity. the timing of the transition also influences changes in sea ice, ozone, air temperature, and cloudiness. early and late polar breakup episodes have occurred, due to variations in the stratospheric flow structure and upward spreading of planetary waves from the troposphere. as a result of increased waves into the vortex, the vortex experiences more rapid warming than normal, resulting in an earlier breakup and spring. when the breakup comes early, it is characterized by with persistent of remnants of the vortex. when the breakup is late, the remnants dissipate rapidly. when the breakup is early, there is one warming period from late february to middle march. when the breakup is late, there are two warming periods, one january, and one in march. zonal mean temperature, wind, and geopotential height exert varying deviations from their normal values before and after early breakups, while the deviations remain constant before and after late breakups. scientists are connecting a delay in the arctic vortex breakup with a reduction of planetary wave activities, few stratospheric sudden warming events, and depletion of ozone. <p> stratospheric warming of the polar vortex results in its weakening. when the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high pressure air masses "contained" in the arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes. <p> sometimes, a mass of the polar vortex breaks off before the end of the final warming period. if large enough, the piece can move into canada and the midwestern, central, southern, and northeastern united states. this diversion of the polar vortex can occur due to the displacement of the polar jet stream; for example, the significant northwestward direction of the polar jet stream in the western part of the united states during the winters of 2013–2014, and 2014–2015. this caused warm, dry conditions in the west, and cold, snowy conditions in the north-central and northeast. occasionally, the high-pressure air mass, called the greenland block, can cause the polar vortex to divert to the south, rather than follow its normal path over the north atlantic. <p> a polar vortex is an upper-level low-pressure area lying near one of the earth's poles. there are two polar vortices in the earth's atmosphere, overlying the north and south poles. each polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale, low-pressure zone less than 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) in diameter, that rotates counter-clockwise at the north pole (called a cyclone) and clockwise at the south pole, i.e., both polar vortices rotate eastward around the poles. as with other cyclones, their rotation is driven by the coriolis effect. the bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere. beneath that lies a large mass of cold, dense arctic air. <p> the antarctic vortex of the southern hemisphere is a single low-pressure zone that is found near the edge of the ross ice shelf, near 160 west longitude. when the polar vortex is strong, the mid-latitude westerlies (winds at the surface level between 30° and 60° latitude from the west) increase in strength and are persistent. when the polar vortex is weak, high-pressure zones of the mid-latitudes may push poleward, moving the polar vortex, jet stream, and polar front equatorward. the jet stream is seen to "buckle" and deviate south. this rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm, moist air of the mid-latitudes, resulting in a rapid and dramatic change of weather known as a "cold snap".

As a biologist, I can definitely tell you that it will have a lasting impact on what plants and animals as well as insects or even microbes survive into the spring. Many organisms living in nature live and what humans consider pretty extreme poverty. Little protection against the elements as well as often insecure food supplies make for a pretty delicate network of organisms Who all depend on each other in different ways just to create something as simple as a forest. Importantly, living organisms are only meant to sustain themselves within a certain range of temperatures at environmental conditions. Anything outside of that often results in the lack of ability to produce new offspring as well as death. When organisms of a species can no longer produce offspring, that species goes extinct in that area population numbers cannot survive. We could see verdant places in Minnesota become virtually deserts within only a couple of years depending on how these types of cold spells become more and more frequent. If you’re interested on how something as simple as a single organism, say a wolf, can change a landscape say bring back waterfalls, other animals, and even change the places trees grow and meadows extend, you should really check out what happened in real life only a few years ago when they were introduced back to Yellowstone national park. I think it surprised all of us. Here is a short article on that Parks website, Yellowstone, and there’s a link to a YouTube video it’s only five minutes but it really explains well. By the way thanks for reaching out and asking for resources and answers to questions instead of just making assumptions like so many people. I have a lot of respect for that. (Sorry for so many typos-I’m on my way somewhere and I am using talk to text)

why the american legal purchasing age of alcohol differs with that of tobacco.

<p> he his colleagues have conducted research on the long-term effects of the minimum legal drinking age showing that youth who were legally restricted from drinking until age 21 had lower risk for alcoholism and other problems later in adulthood compared to those who were legally permitted to purchase alcohol at earlier ages. he has also conducted research on long-term effects of tobacco control policies targeting youth purchases. these studies were noted in the institute of medicine’s 2015 report on the potential public health benefits of raising the tobacco purchase age to 21. <p> bullet::::- in the 1980s, as states in america were increasing the permitted age of drinking to 21 years, many people who were under 21 but of legal drinking age before the change were still permitted to purchase and drink alcoholic beverages. similar conditions applied when new jersey and certain counties in new york raised tobacco purchase ages from 18 to 19 years in the early 2000s. <p> another inconsistency involves the difference between legal ages for buying and selling alcoholic beverages. the legal age for "purchase" is 21, as in all u.s. states. however, the legal age for "selling" or "serving" alcoholic beverages in a licensed establishment is 20. <p> despite the skepticism within society, data has shown that among regular consumers, young individuals are most likely to be the ones consuming cannabis. the age in which one can possess and consume cannabis is 18. in comparison to the united states, this is three years younger. the cannabis consumption age in uruguay is a reflection of the drinking age, because the legal drinking age in uruguay is 18 years old as well. like the united states, uruguay applied the same kind of restrictions to cannabis as they did to alcohol. <p> until 1 october 2007, the minimum age to purchase and consume tobacco products in public was 16 years of age. from 1 october 2007 the children and young persons (sale of tobacco etc.) order 2007 became effective, raising the minimum purchase age to 18 years of age. there is no stated age under which it is illegal to consume tobacco, although an officer has the right to confiscate tobacco if the individual concerned is in a public place and under sixteen years of age. <p> alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the united states, more than tobacco and illicit drugs. although the purchase of alcohol by persons under the age of 21 is illegal, people aged 12–20 years old drink 11% of all alcohol consumed in the us. among the 14 million adults aged 21 or older who were classified as having alcohol dependence or abuse in the past year, more than 13 million had started using alcohol before age 21. since 1984, when the national minimum drinking age act made the minimum legal drinking age for every state in the nation 21, there has been a steady increase in prevalence of alcohol use, heavy use, and frequent use among underage drinkers as the age increases. across all ages, highest rates for alcohol abuse occur among persons 19 years old due to illegality of their behavior, and peak alcohol dependence is age 22. <p> ...the government acknowledges that alcohol and tobacco account for more health problems and deaths than illicit drugs... the distinction between legal and illegal substances is not unequivocally based on pharmacology, economic or risk benefit analysis. it is also based in large part on historical and cultural precedents.

Alcohol, like tobacco, used to be legal at age 18. Basically, states were having trouble related to automobile safety. Specifically, drunk driving was causing too many collisions and too many deaths. The federal government, after being urged by Mothers Against Drunk Driving, had come to the conclusion that one way to limit automotive injuries would be to limit alcohol access available to young drivers. However, determining the drinking age was up to individual states, and the states had no reason to change their drinking ages. To get around this, congress passed the [National Minimum Drinking Age Act] () in 1984. Once passed, this law made it so any state with a drinking age below 21 would lose a certain percentage of its funding from the federal government. All the states with the drinking age of 18 raised it to 21 to keep their funding. Tobacco was not affected by this law, so it was not raised to 21.

what exactly is going on with the right to repair act?

<p> the right to repair concept has generally come from the united states. within the automotive industry, massachusetts passed the united states' first motor vehicle owners' right to repair act in 2012, which required automobile manufacturers to provide the necessary documents and information to allow anyone to repair their vehicles. while not passed at the federal level, the major automobile trade organizations signed a memorandum to agree to abide by massachusetts' law in all fifty states starting in the 2018 automotive year. <p> the motor vehicle owners' right to repair act, sometimes also referred to as right to repair, is a name for several related proposed bills in the united states congress and several state legislatures which would require automobile manufacturers to provide the same information to independent repair shops as they do for dealer shops. <p> in addition to support from the american automobile association, right to repair's primary support is from the automotive aftermarket industry association, coalition for auto repair equality and a number of state groups representing the repair industry. <p> the section responsible for creating standards and procedures for the issuance of a salvage rebuilder's license to licensed automobile repair shop facilities so that such facilities may repair total loss salvage vehicles. the auto salvage rebuilding regulation is intended to ensure that vehicles are reconstructed in a safe manner for the consumer/retail buyer, and to prohibit the use of stolen parts/ vehicles in the rebuilding of such vehicles. <p> among the states where versions of the right to repair act have been introduced is new jersey, where it was first proposed in 2006 and (a803) was overwhelmingly passed (49-22) by the state assembly in 2008. the bill did not make it through the state senate before the legislature adjourned. right to repair bills also were considered in connecticut, illinois, new york, oklahoma and oregon. <p> the "right to repair" is spearheaded in the us by farmers dissatisfied with non-availability of service information, specialised tools and spare parts for their high-tech farm machinery. but the movement extends far beyond farm machinery with, for example, the restricted repair options offered by apple coming in for criticism. manufacturers often counter with safety concerns resulting from unauthorised repairs and modifications. <p> the first right to repair bill was introduced in the united states senate by senator paul wellstone and in the house of representatives by joe barton and edolphus towns in august 2001. the senate bill described its goal as ending the "unfair monopoly" of car manufacturers maintaining control over repair information that could result in independent shops turning away car owners due to lack of information.

The wiki for it covers it pretty simply: Basically legislation proposing that manufacturers shouldn't be the only ones able to offer service on vehicle computer systems, which would create a monopoly on that type of service.

mute people.

<p> deaf-mute is a term which was used historically to identify a person who was either deaf using a sign language or both deaf and could not speak. the term continues to be used to refer to deaf people who cannot speak an oral language or have some degree of speaking ability, but choose not to speak because of the negative or unwanted attention atypical voices sometimes attract. such people communicate using sign language. some consider it to be a derogatory term if used outside its historical context; the preferred term today is simply "deaf". <p> the deaf-mutes that sitt marie rose teaches speak with a singular voice. no one of the children is ever attributed as speaking at a given time, rather they speak with a collective voice. the deaf-mutes look up to and respect sitt marie rose greatly, and they wish they could be of more help to her. <p> stephen king's novel, the stand, features a main character named nick andros who is referred to as "deaf-mute." though deaf people almost always have a voice, king interpreted the term literally and made nick unable to vocalize. however, he could read lips and make himself clearly understood by pantomiming and in writing. <p> deaf-mute is a literal translation of the french "sourd-muet" which was already in use in france in the 19th century, in the works of the founder of the deaf school in paris, as well as in the name of the school, the "institution nationale des sourds-muets à paris". since some deaf people can also speak, the term "deaf-mute" is not accurate. the word "dumb" had meant "speechless" for centuries in english, before it gained the sense of "stupid" as a secondary meaning in the 19th century, but since "stupid" has now become the primary meaning, even though the term is still widely understood in the secondary meaning in the particular expression, the term is now unsuitable to refer to deaf people. <p> it is sometimes used to refer to other hearing people in jest, to chide, or to invoke an image of someone who refuses to employ common sense or who is unreliable. "deaf and dumb" is another historic reference to deaf people. <p> in the past "deaf-mute" was used to describe deaf people who used sign language, but in modern times, the term is frequently viewed as offensive and inaccurate. from antiquity (as noted in the code of hammurabi) until recent times, the terms "deaf-mute" and "deaf and dumb" were sometimes considered analogous to "stupid" by some hearing people. <p> chief bromden, in "one flew over the cuckoo's nest", is believed by all to be deaf and mute, but in fact he can hear and speak; he does not let anyone know this because, as he grew up, he was not spoken to (making him "deaf") and ignored (making him "mute").

There are many different kinds of mutism. One is called selective mutism. This is a person who *can* speak but chooses not to. He may speak in certain situations or to certain people, or he may not speak at all. Some people are mute because of damage to their vocal folds. This may have been due to injury or accident, such as swallowing a corrosive substance (ie lye), cancer, or external trauma. These people would be able to speak if not for the damage. Other people have neurological (nerve) damage that prevents their vocal folds from moving properly to form sound. This is generally present at birth, but could result from an event such as a stroke or traumatic brain injury. The first three types of people can have normal intelligence and although they don't speak, can learn language and can learn to communicate in other ways. Finally, some people are cognitively impaired to the point that they cannot learn words or language. These people have the mental capacity of infants and usually have a very, very limited ability to communicate. Source: Speech Pathologist, 20 years.

the controversy about big pharma

<p> the term "big pharma" is used to refer collectively to the global pharmaceutical industry. according to steve novella the term has come to connote a demonized form of the pharmaceutical industry. professor of writing robert blaskiewicz has written that conspiracy theorists use the term "big pharma" as "shorthand for an abstract entity corporations, regulators, ngos, politicians, and often physicians, all with a finger in the trillion-dollar prescription pharmaceutical pie". <p> the idea that big pharma has a cure for cancer and is suppressing it so that they can maintain a profit is believed by as much as 27% of the american public according to a 2005 survey. there is an argument to be made that pharmaceutical companies are slowing down the race for a comprehensive cure by developing high-profit single-purpose treatments rather than focusing on a multilateral approach to the disease; however, the idea that holding back a cure would result in more profit than presenting one is not considered a very strong argument. this manifestation also largely ignores the fact that cancer is not a single disease but instead many and that large strides have been made in the fight against it. <p> the book documents activities by major pharmaceutical companies that include corruption, fraud, bribery, and omission of data to market their products. while all drugs have side effects not all have benefits. the influx of money by pharma undercuts regulation, education, and scientific integrity. gøtzsche makes proposals on how to improve the situation. <p> big pharma: how the world's biggest drug companies control illness is a 2006 book by british journalist jacky law. the book examines how major pharmaceutical companies determine which health care problems are publicised and researched. <p> according to blaskiewicz, the big pharma conspiracy theory has four classic traits: first, the assumption that the conspiracy is perpetrated by a small malevolent cadre; secondly, the belief that the public at large is ignorant of the truth; thirdly, that its believers treat lack of evidence as evidence; and finally, that the arguments deployed in support of the theory are irrational, misconceived, or otherwise mistaken. <p> novella writes that while the pharmaceutical industry has a number of aspects which justly deserve criticism, the "demonization" of it is both cynical and intellectually lazy. he goes on to consider that overblown attacks on "big pharma" actually let the pharmaceutical industry "off the hook" since they distract from and tarnish more considered criticisms. <p> in the main section, gøtzsche starts off with relating his experience when working in the pharmaceutical industry before becoming a physician. he then compares the similarities between big pharma and organized crime pointing out that actions by the industry fulfill criteria as set by the united states organized crime control act of 1970, the centerpiece of which is the racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations act (rico). gøtzsche argues that big pharma is actively racketeering. his “hall of shame” is populated by major pharmaceutical companies that have agreed to pay settlement fines when accused of criminal activities. yet fines are small in relation to profits generated from fraud.

It's a for profit business and economics don't really work well with health stuff. Supply and demand rapidly breaks down when the "demand" is to not die. So it's very easy to become very exploitative. If someone can say "you gotta buy this or you die" you basically can make that person pay any amount they have and there is rarely competition because lots of things don't have dozens of competing cures or companies fighting over price. Many drugs are monopolies with an audience that has no choice on if they want to buy the drug.

google reader (or rss feeds in general)

<p> google reader was an rss/atom feed aggregator operated by google. it was created in early 2005 by google engineer chris wetherell and launched on october 7, 2005, through google labs. google reader grew in popularity to support a number of programs which used it as a platform for serving news and information to people. google closed google reader on july 1, 2013, citing declining use. <p> for example, the world's most popular web search engine stores identifying information for each web search. google stores an ip address and the search phrase used in a database for up to 18 months. google also scans the content of emails of users of its gmail webmail service, in order to create targeted advertising based on what people are talking about in their personal email correspondences. google is, by far, the largest web advertising agency. their revenue model is based on receiving payments from advertisers for each page-visit resulting from a visitor clicking on a google adwords ad, hosted either on a google service or a third-party website. millions of sites place google's advertising banners and links on their websites, in order to share this profit from visitors who click on the ads. each page containing google advertisements adds, reads, and modifies cookies on each visitor's computer. these cookies track the user across all of these sites, and gather information about their web surfing habits, keeping track of which sites they visit, and what they do when they are on these sites. this information, along with the information from their email accounts, and search engine histories, is stored by google to use for building a profile of the user to deliver better-targeted advertising. <p> google inc. claims that mail sent to or from gmail is never read by a human being other than the account holder, and content that is read by computers is only used to improve the relevance of advertisements and block spam emails. the privacy policies of other popular email services, like outlook.com and yahoo, allow users' personal information to be collected and utilized for advertising purposes. <p> february 2009: google launched a mobile version of google book search, allowing iphone and android phone users to read over 1.5 million public domain works in the us (and over 500,000 outside the us) using a mobile browser. instead of page images, the plain text of the book is displayed. <p> for instance, google search stores identifying information for each web search. an ip address and the search phrase used are stored in a database for up to 18 months. google also scans the content of emails of users of its gmail webmail service in order to create targeted advertising based on what people are talking about in their personal email correspondences. google is, by far, the largest internet advertising agency—millions of sites place google's advertising banners and links on their websites in order to earn money from visitors who click on the ads. each page containing google advertisements adds, reads, and modifies "cookies" on each visitor's computer. these cookies track the user across all of these sites and gather information about their web surfing habits, keeping track of which sites they visit, and what they do when they are on these sites. this information, along with the information from their email accounts, and search engine histories, is stored by google to use to build a profile of the user to deliver better-targeted advertising. <p> users could subscribe to feeds using either google reader's search function, or by entering in the exact url of the rss or atom feed. new posts from those feeds were then shown on the left-hand side of the screen. one could then order that list by date or relevance. items could also be organized with labels, as well as being able to create "starred items" for easy access. <p> at the end of may 2017, google announced that it had applied machine learning technology to identify emails with phishing and spam, having a 99.9% detection accuracy. the company also announced that gmail would selectively delay some messages, approximately 0.05% of all, to perform more detailed analysis and aggregate details to improve its algorithms.

Oh, hello, five-year-old that knows how to use reddit. Do you like water? Me too! Some people like water so much they go to different places to pick up water each day, and the stores sell different pieces of water each day. Different stores sell different colors of water, so people will drive by each store and pick up all the different colors of water. But for some people, they didn't want to do that! What if the water got mixed up? Google Reader went around and said "Hey, guys! I can help! I can go around, pick up all the new water for you, and then you can come by to my store and see all the water there, even if it's from more then one store." So people told Google Reader what stores they bought the water from, and Google Reader went around and let the people look and drink the water at their site. But Google Reader seems to think that not enough people use it, and so they're closing down. Which is sad, because lots of people DO use it, and they are all sad. Which is sadly terribly sad. (Different bits of water = items in RSS feed, different colors of water = different sites, Store = website)

why do birds leave a white residue whenever they hit a window?

<p> further, birds recall and avoid objects that are both conspicuous and foul-tasting longer than objects that are equally foul-tasting but cryptically coloured. this suggests that wallace's original view, that warning coloration helped to teach predators to avoid prey thus coloured, was correct. however, some birds (inexperienced starlings and domestic chicks) also innately avoid conspicuously coloured objects, as demonstrated using mealworms painted yellow and black to resemble wasps, with dull green controls. this implies that warning coloration works at least in part by stimulating the evolution of predators to encode the meaning of the warning signal, rather than by requiring each new generation to learn the signal's meaning. <p> when circling overhead, the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. in its flight, behaviour, and voice, which is more of a dovecot "coo" than the phrase of the wood pigeon, it is a typical pigeon. although it is a relatively strong flier, it also glides frequently, holding its wings in a very pronounced v shape as it does. though fields are visited for grain and green food, it is often not plentiful enough as to be a viewed as pest. <p> birds can cause damage to the exterior of the museum when they roost or nest on “windowsills, ledger, and other architectural features”. bird droppings can cause staining and damage to the building and any fabric attached to the building. museum staff will also need to be careful when they are around birds and items infested by birds as they can “pose a health hazard to humans … as (they) carry parasites and disease”. bird droppings can also be tracked into the museum and collection space, and by working to remove the birds from entrances, the tracking of the droppings can be controlled. <p> however, not everyone agreed with this explanation. william hams, the chief photographer for the "lubbock avalanche-journal", took several nighttime photos of birds flying over lubbock's vapor street lights and found that he could not duplicate hart's photos - the images were too dim to be developed. dr. j.c. cross, the head of texas tech's biology department, ruled out the possibility that birds could have caused the sightings. a game warden ruppelt interviewed felt that the sightings could not have been caused by plovers, due to their slow speed () and tendency to fly in groups much smaller than the number of objects reported by eyewitnesses. the warden did admit that an unusually large number of plovers had been seen in the fall of 1951. dr. mead, who had observed the lights, strongly disputed the plover explanation: "these objects were too large for any bird...i have had enough experience hunting and i don't know of any bird that could go this fast we would not be able to hear...to have gone as fast as this, to be birds, they would have to have been exceedingly low to disappear quite so quickly." in his 1956 book "the report on unidentified flying objects", ruppelt rejected the plover hypothesis but declined to say what the lights were: <p> another hazard that racing pigeons encounter is flying into objects they sometimes cannot see, mostly when flying at high speeds or in darker weather conditions. the most common obstructions are electricity pylons or tv aerials. pigeon fanciers will often have one of their pigeons return home with wounds or missing feathers from the belly or flanks region. <p> a 'light' symmetrical wing-clip allows a bird to fly down and land safely while indoors. however, such a clip may not prevent the bird from flying when outdoors, since lift is generated in proportion to wind speed. many escaped birds that are recovered are found to have been clipped. so, while a light clip allows downward flight indoors, it does not prevent a bird gaining lift if it should escape outdoors. conversely, a more severe clip certainly renders a bird flightless, but it increases the risk of injury if the bird falls and hits a hard surface. in addition to the physical effects of wing-clipping, adverse behavioural effects can occur. birds use flight as an instinctive reflex action and as their first means of escaping any threat; they take to the air to fly upwards and away from the source of the threat; their fear then dissipates. where this behaviour is prevented by wing-clipping, this innate reflex action is denied the bird, and its fear does not subside. this may cause behavioural problems for the afflicted bird. when a bird needs to reduce its speed during flight, it employs a 'reverse thrust' action by extending its wing at the wrist joint and using the drag of its primaries as air brakes. while the reduced function of the clipped bird's primaries prevent propulsion and therefore lift, this also reduces braking abilities, so clipped birds may crash-land at higher speeds than full-winged birds. clipped birds should not be taken outdoors unrestrained, as even clipped birds have been known to fly away when spooked outdoors. <p> the body feathers have dense, fluffy bases and are loosely attached to the skin, hence they drop out easily. when a predator catches it, large numbers of feathers come out in the attacker's mouth, and the pigeon may use this temporary distraction to make an escape. it also tends to drop the tail feathers when preyed upon or under traumatic conditions, probably as a distraction mechanism.

The residue is made up of the oils, dirt, and dust that coats the bird's feathers. When they hit a window, the coating gets smeared onto the glass where the bird makes contact.

why does being in the sun help with my depression?

<p> due to symptoms of low mood and energy, individuals with depression may be likely to have behaviors that are counter to good sleep hygiene, such as taking naps during the day, consuming alcohol near bedtime, and consuming large amounts of caffeine during the day. in addition to sleep hygiene education, bright light therapy can be a useful treatment for individuals with depression. not only can morning bright light therapy help establish a better sleep-wake schedule, but it also has been shown to be effective for treating depression directly, especially when related to seasonal affective disorder. <p> sufferers may cover themselves with long, protective clothing or carry a sun parasol when going outdoors during the daytime, or simply never go outdoors at all when the sun is out, depending on the severity of the fear. since sufferers stay indoors more than non-sufferers, it will make them more prone to becoming vitamin d deficient, as well as depression caused by a combination of vitamin d deficiency, isolation and feelings of alienation from other people, and a continuously dark environment. however, a vitamin deficiency can be helped by taking vitamin d supplements or by consuming vitamin d fortified foods. <p> low light and lack of color of this sort may be associated with depression and lethargy. this association was made as far back as the 2nd century by the ancient greek physician, aretaeus of cappadocia, who said, "lethargics are to be laid in the light and exposed to the rays of the sun, for the disease is gloom." also, some studies have found weaker electrical activity in the retinas of depressed people, which gave the individuals studied poor visual contrast, meaning that they saw the world in grayer hues. the naturally weak daylight during winter at extreme latitudes can cause seasonal affective disorder, although a percentage of people experience sad during summer. a solarium or other source of bright light may be used as light therapy to treat winter sad. <p> a depressed mood is common during illnesses, such as influenza. it has been argued that this is an evolved mechanism that assists the individual in recovering by limiting his/her physical activity. the occurrence of low-level depression during the winter months, or seasonal affective disorder, may have been adaptive in the past, by limiting physical activity at times when food was scarce. it is argued that humans have retained the instinct to experience low mood during the winter months, even if the availability of food is no longer determined by the weather. <p> sunlight has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make vitamin d, but with the increased awareness of skin cancer, wearing of sunscreen is now part of the culture. sun exposure prompts the body to produce nitric oxide that helps support the cardiovascular system and the feelgood brain-chemical serotonin. <p> first, the associated symptoms of depression, such as inactivity and lethargy, encourage the affected individual to rest. energy conserved through such methods is highly crucial, as immune activation against infections is relatively costly; there must be, for instance, a 10% increase in metabolic activity for even a 1℃ change in body temperature. therefore, depression allows one to conserve and allocate energy to the immune system more efficiently. <p> if the sun is strong and favourably placed the soul will feel strong, one may make efforts for self-realisation, live splendidly, travel far and wide, engage in strife or hostility that yields good dividend, rise in position and status, gains through trading, and benefits from father or father will benefit. if the sun is weak and afflicted one may feel inner weakness, suffer decline in physical and mental prowess, health troubles, demotion in rank and status, displeasure of the government, trading losses and suffer at the hands of father or his father may suffer ill-health or die.

The sun light is very important because it helps our body to produce serotonin and melatonin, two hormons making us awake and more dynamic. It also configure our internal clock which is crucial for good and stable sleeping. There is even an illness called "seasonal affective disorder" which means that you're depressed because of the time and weather. So if you don't have that light, if you're always in a closed room, you will be lazy, depressed and can have more both physical and psychological troubles (for example gaining or losing weight, being bipolar, etc.)