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Saying Goodbye To The Handshake
More Health Tips
Since the pandemic began, our deep-rooted custom of shaking hands has well been shaken. Many experts say it is time to say goodbye to this tradition to help stop the spread of germs and illness. But that is easier said than done. From business deals to family gatherings and first-time greetings, shaking hands has always been a symbol of acknowledgment and respect.
So how did the handshake start? According to the History Channel, the handshake has existed for thousands of years, but its origins are somewhat murky. One popular theory is that it is a gesture of peace. By extending their empty right hands, strangers could show that they were not holding weapons. Yet another explanation is that the handshake was a symbol of good faith when making an oath or promise.
If you are practicing not shaking hands it can become uncomfortable and awkward if another person is not and extends a hand to shake. According to BBC News and America’s leading etiquette institute, they suggest kindly letting the other person know that it is a pleasure to meet them but you would prefer not to shake hands.
We might stop shaking hands for the remainder of the pandemic, but it is possible that some people will continue to shake hands. If there are any better ways to greet others without making contact, in the long run, it will be better for our health. Gregory Poland, infectious disease expert at the Mayo Clinic says that shaking hands is an outdated culture and should have no place in a society concerned about spreading germs.
So what will be “new” handshake? There’s the elbow tap, fist bump, the ankle cross, or even the bow. Elbow or ankle bumping are alternatives that have also been suggested. Fist bumps have also been a very popular greeting that could be a good alternative for the future. According to Dr. Michael Ben-Aderet, fist-bumping spreads slightly fewer germs since the palm of your hand is what you use most often. Overall, washing your hands more often and keeping your hands away from your face will be the real savior of the handshake if it does become popular again. | <urn:uuid:c41bf376-3b5f-437f-b20d-8aa1d20a57c8> | {
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We use the two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method to detect the contact between sediment and bedrock in a modern fluvial system. We performed eight 2D electrical resistivity surveys along the Peikang River in Kuohsing area, central Taiwan, with a pole-pole array of 1-m electrode spacing to produce a spatial resolution of about 1 m. The resistivity data were inverted into subsurface electrical structures using the least-squares inversion techniques. Then, the contact between the bedrock and sediment was found by using an image processing technique called Laplacian edge detection (LED), which represents an objective approach in interpreting various geophysical images. Numerical modeling demonstrates that isoresistivity lines are not in good agreement with the hypothetical interfaces between the bedrock and sediment, but the zero-lines of the Laplacian operation are strikingly accurate. Our results indicate a well-defined boundary in the resistivity structure that can be used to estimate the quantity of sediments covering bedrock, thus highlighting the utility of this technique in studies of landscape evolution, sediment transport, and sediment budgets. | <urn:uuid:9992c5db-02c6-4e95-8963-fb2e26f82b87> | {
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Supply Chains are all of the organizations, people, and processes that are involved in the sourcing, creation, distribution, and consumption of your product or service. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the effective design, operation, and improvement of this network of organizations and people that may exist on a global basis.
Most organizations have only given serious attention to their supply chain in recent years. Previously, individual organizations were only concerned about their own operations, those that they owned and controlled. Now it is recognised that the product or service that the end customer receives will be influenced by actions across the whole supply chain, and that the success of individual supply chain organizations is strongly influenced by the actions of the other supply chain members. Supply chain management is based on this understanding and is focused on maximizing the performance of the whole supply chain.
Innovation is the hallmark of internet startups. When Karl Seibrecht co-founded Flexe, a company that many call the Airbnb of warehouses, he had recognized a problem for many companies and came up with an innovative solution. Clients of Flexe can add empty warehouse space that they may have to a registry and clients looking for space can search to find a good match. This is very similar to the Airbnb model of people renting out their spare room or their house on a short-term basis. Karl Seibrecht commented to Fortune.com, “At any given moment there are many, many businesses out there that have too much space, while other businesses don’t have enough.” (Morris, 2015)
Social supply Chain management is becoming more of a success tool. It seeks to incorporate social network, social interactions and social data with customers, stateholders and business owners in resulting in an improved customer service. In most supply chains, the following factors are important; Cost Quality Speed
Social media is about building relationships, and it can be used in a supply chain to build and grow communications among trading partners. Information and knowledge gathered from the use of social media by supply chain partners can provide insight into various issues. Social media allows supply chain participants to monitor supply chain events and transactions to keep everyone up-to-date with current situations, such as a delay in shipping or a carrier failed to pick-up a shipment. Providing companies with more timely and insightful information about risks and events, enabling them to make corrective action sooner – minimizing the impact of a supply chain disruption. Despite all the major advances in supply chain management and technology in recent years, most restaurants and their suppliers still don’t have a single, integrated, real-time view of supply and demand when working together in an enterprise. The lack of visibility creates a fractured supply chain; one in which the restaurant operator and its suppliers do not operate in sync, resulting in bloated inventory, excessive waste, supply uncertainty, and poor customer service for all parties concerned. So in many ways, the restaurant industry is defined by paradoxes. Consumers want quality food at affordable prices. Product freshness is a must, regardless of seasonal variability. Cost and customer service come bundled – not à la carte. Here’s how procuring works at a typical restaurant. At the end of dinner service, the chef or sous-chef compiles a list of everything they will need for the next day’s service. Once there are tallies, the chef calls and leaves messages with orders for delivery. Some restaurants order from separate companies for produce, meat, fish, dried goods, and cleaning supplies. Others make one call to a large all-purpose company, such as Sysco or Gordon Food Service – (you know those big trucks you see across the country). Although these companies may get the lowest prices and deliver everything at once, they rarely have the best product.
The management of the flow of goods and services is what is referred to as supply chain management. According to Margaret Rouse at TechTarget, Supply Chain Management is defined as “Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies.” Supply chain management occurs in both product companies and service industries.
There is no better feeling than having your skin hydrated, cared for and clean while using products that support a value, cause or lifestyle you align yourself with – organic, natural, environmentally friendly, cruelty-free, ethically responsible, or all of the above.
Few condiments hold a candle to this savory-sweet, palate-pleasing treat enjoyed by adults and children alike. Ketchup, your pairings are endless: eggs, bacon, bologna, hot dogs, fries, burgers, sausages, onion rings, grilled cheese, chicken fingers, fish sticks…alright maybe not endless. That’s getting pretty close to an exhaustive list, as far as any self-respecting person can enumerate. Yes, this powerful condiment possesses an innate ability to make-or-break your summer BBQ. And it recently showed off some of its unique power to rally social media supporters in a very surprising way. Canadian Connoisseurs Speak Up In March 2016, Loblaws decided to pull French’s ketchup from its shelves without warning, inciting a viral backlash demanding Loblaws re-list the item. The sense of importance associated with this particular product most likely stems from its local origins. French’s ketchup is made with tomatoes grown here in Canada; Leamington, Ontario to be geographically precise. Thus it’s a source of national pride, of small-town Canadian jobs and, ultimately, of significance extending well beyond something squeezed from a bottle. This high level of engagement in the supply chain management process led Globe and Mail food columnist Sylvan Charlebois to declare in his Ketchup Wars opinion piece that “the politics of food distribution are alive and well in Canada”. Many speculated that unfair competitive practices among vendors may have had something to do with Loblaws’ decision to de-list the product. Finding evidence to support this theory is challenging. However, the ketchup story illustrates how the complexities of food retailing are increasingly intermingling with unexpected social media uprisings.
Recognizing social media is so much more then Twitter, Facebook or an online forum, I took my question to Professor Peter Carr of the University of Waterloo to understand what social media really is defined as; he noted: “There isn’t a generally accepted definition and opinions probably include narrow, which would be restricted to popular public tools (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, etc.) and broader, including any form of online communications (email, Yammer, SharePoint etc.). I use the broader approach, any online communication between two or more people could be included.” Understanding Carr’s definition on social media, we can really look into how might social media fit into companies – and in what realms? Specifically for the topic of this post, how does social media fit into supply chain? From course material in my Social Media for Business Performance at the University of Waterloo, it is discussed that there are a variety applications for social media in the supply chain, but there are a few I really want to focus on that I find make an interesting case study: visibility, stakeholders and purchasing.
Supply chain planning is like a game: As the pieces move, the plan changes – Marc Bombet, Director Business Systems Architecture, Western Digital. Through the immediate feedback provided by customers on Social Media, companies can quickly respond and react to their customer supply needs as they change. Parle Argo is India’s largest food and Beverage Company. In 2009 it launched HIPPO Baked Munchies offering a range of chips in various flavors. It’s campaign “Hunger is the root of all evil. Don’t be hungry” can be viewed in the media below.
Climate change and environmental accountability are both hot topics in the 21st century. More and more people are becoming concerned about the products they buy and what impact on the climate their production has. It has been reported that also more businesses are increasingly taking environmental performance into account when selecting suppliers. In July 2009, Wal-Mart announced its intention to create a global sustainability index system to keep track of products ratings according to the environmental and social impacts of their manufacturing and distribution. The motivation behind the index is to create environmental accountability in Wal-Mart’s supply chain and to encourage other retail companies to do the same. Wal-mart Stores, Inc., doing business as simply Walmart, is an American multinational retailing corporation that operates as a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. As of January 31, 2017, Walmart has 11,695 stores and clubs in 28 countries. Walmart is the world’s largest company by revenue – approximately $480 bln (2016), as well as the largest private employer in the world with 2.3 million employees. Walmart Canada has stores in every province and territory, except for Yukon and Nunavut. Walmart Canada has in total 410 stores (January, 31st, 2017).
Supply chain management (SCM) relies on, at its core, people talking to people. Working with vendors, coordinating shipments and carriers, buying stock, fulfilling orders, maintaining inventory levels, forecasting what end users may be looking to purchase in the future – every step of the way involves communication between one party and another. “Social networking is not about socializing, but about facilitating people-to-people communication and collaboration, which is at the heart of managing and executing supply chain processes.” “What is needed [in a dynamic business environment] is a supply chain of rapid response…Many people who work in the materials business [and] talk about supply chains and the speed of supply chains [have historically] thought about systems talking to systems across enterprises and about processes. But in reality, the speed of the chain is not really related to the systems used by the various companies—it’s all about people, and people talking to people”
If MIT Professor Edward Lorenz hadn’t gone for a cup of coffee when he did fifty-six years ago, his 1972 seminal paper, ”Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” may not have been written, Robert Redford may not have played a wise gambler in the 1990’s movie “Havanna”, Ashton Kutcher may not have travelled back in time in his 2004 movie, “The Butterfly Effect” to fix his childhood, and perhaps, least of all, chaos theory may not have been discovered. For those unfamiliar with Professor Lorenz’s story, on that day in 1961, Lorenz was repeating a simulation he’d run earlier — but this time he rounded off one variable, from 0.506127 to 0.506, of the experiment’s 12 variables, representing things like temperature and wind speed to simulate weather predictability. To his surprise, when he got back after coffee, that tiny, tiny alteration (a 0.000127 difference) drastically transformed the whole pattern his program produced, over two months of simulated weather. “It was philosophically very shocking,” says Steven Strogatz, a professor of applied mathematics at Cornell and author of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. “Determinism” was equated with predictability before Lorenz. After Lorenz, we came to see that determinism might give you short-term predictability, but in the long run, things could be unpredictable. That’s what we associate with the word ‘chaos.’ ” How does this lesson, that a minute change in variables can have an enormous impact in outcome, affect business product launches today? Let’s look at a recent failed social media effort to access millenials’ wallets. On the surface, it was a winner: the 2014 non-profit industry celebrated a huge success with its major international ALS fundraising movement, “The Ice Bucket Challenge”. The program went viral, raised over $115 million in donations, and attracted 2.5 million new donors . Naturally, the ALS non-profits ran the same program again in 2015, but to their surprise, raised only $500,000, or 0.00434783% of 2014’s donations. So what was the minute variable that had changed in just over a year to cause the failed fundraising? In Philip Haid’s article, The Ice Bucket Challenge Part 2: What we can learn from why it didn’t work , he suggests the ALS non-profits forgot to consider the “why” variable in the program’s 2015 success. “Most people don’t interact with charities on a daily basis the way they do with their favorite brands, so it isn’t easy… Read more »
Each year we print four billion flyers that are read by 81% of our readers, making them the most used source of local shopping information. For Metroland Media, their competitors and readers, these numbers are astonishing. Supply chain management is now more relevant than ever in terms of any organization succeeding. Products need to be properly designed, developed and distributed, while still being cost effective, easily adaptable to changes in the product or market and remain at a high-quality level for customer satisfaction. Metroland makes it apparent that the products they produce find there way into the customer’s hands with the same quality it left their organization. They know that improving their network of organizations and people involved in these processes enhance a variety of factors within their supply chain. Metroland Media is an excellent example of how an organization should run their supply chain and how it can be managed and improved.
At FlashStock, operational efficiency is key to the growth and success of the company. Our core product is custom images and videos taken by our network of global contributors which is delivered to brands around the world through our machine learning technology. Even with this automation, we need to ensure that the customer is properly managed throughout the customer lifecycle. Having better insight into the process, through the collection and use of data, allows FlashStock to scale resources as needed for all client project sizes, effectively manage the pipeline of business, and ensure the proper management of those resources for optimal productivity. Some say having a well-oiled supply chain is a key competitive advantage. FlashStock views the supply chain as key for tracking and measuring that we are going above and beyond for our clients delivering what we promised.
Grey Rock Clothing Co is a one-stop shop for sweatshop-free and organic clothing located in Guelph, Ontario. Founded in August 2012, they have seen wild success in the local community and have created a lot of buzz for their industry and for responsible, fair-trade shopping in general. Since August of 2015 they have been a B Corp Certified Company. This assures customers that they meet the very rigorous standards set out by the B Corp Community. How does a company become a B Corp Certified business? By adhering to some pretty strict guidelines and by doing a lot of research on their suppliers. Grey Rock Clothing Co has to scrutinize their entire supply chain to ensure they are practicing what they preach when it comes to being good for workers, the community, the environment, and for the long term.
Budget Marine is the Caribbean’s leading marine chandlery with retail locations throughout the Caribbean. In the Caribbean, most people use social media to let friends and family know where their latest landfall is, and for obtaining information through cruisers’ nets. Using social media as a tool to improve business performance is a new concept. However, for companies like Budget Marine, it opens up vast new opportunities. People may not think of the Caribbean when they think of “multinational companies,” but that is exactly what Budget Marine is.
Supply chains are all of the elements, organizations, people, and production systems involved in the creation, distribution, and consumption of a product or service. Supply Chain Management (SCM) recognizes that all of the players and processes in the system are interconnected. When one player fails or doesn’t deliver up to expectations, product success can be diminished or lost. From Napoleon to Hitler, this idea of guarding supply line control carries has always carried mythical, and real military implications in our history. SCM proposes that collaborative practice among commercial stakeholders is an appropriate driver for successful enterprise today. But does this practice actually work? Is collaboration actually business bullying of the larger buyer over the smaller supplier into resentful submission? Imbalanced business relationships such as these usually create suspect questionable dialogue between such contracting parties? There are always going to be continuing “best deal” dynamics involved or intellectual property or data source to protect. If you squeeze your supplier, why would the supplier necessarily share pertinent information with you? However, we know that few organizations operate in a vacuum. Supply Chain Management proponents suggest that these problems must be overcome or the risk of disruption is heightened. There is too great a risk that outside influences or 3rd party organizational failures can disrupt a competent company’s best laid internal plans, if an appropriate dialogue is missing from the workflow between people and companies. We are reminded that this supply chain is a journey of a product or service from inception to delivery. It must by necessity, include the interaction of a myriad of players and sub-contractors, growers, developers, marketers, wholesale to retail, depending upon the nature of the product. In an outsourced, overhead efficient world, few successful organizations function in a manner permitting them to produce all of the services or products necessary to deliver their final product. We see numerous examples of supply chain problems around us every day. most notably In Toronto with the Toronto Transit Commission’s continuing difficulties with noted tech giant Bombardier. Observers have placed the cause of the delivery problems on one of Bombardier’s subsidiaries in Mexico, which is having difficulties delivering prototype streetcar elements to specification, therefore causing delays in the Sault Saint Marie plant and delays in delivery of the contracted street cars to the city of Toronto. These are contracts in the billions, so the illustration here is an important one.
LUSH Cosmetic Retail Ltd. is a cosmetics retailer headquartered in Poole, United Kingdom, founded by Herbal trichologist, Mark Constantine and his wife, Liz Weir in 1995. This UK-based handmade cosmetics firm is one company that now has over 800 stores worldwide and uses factories in more than 40 countries. Lush as a cosmetic retailer has always been a company that uses unconventional methods which have led them to success. Since its establishment, Lush has been inventing and designing its products to reduce usage of packaging, water, energy and also to reduce carbon emission and waste. 100% of Lush’s products are vegetarian, 65% of them are preservative free, and 58% of them are free from unnecessary packaging. Lush also created solid shampoo bars, massage bars and Bath Bombs that do not even need packaging. Lush says liquid soaps and shampoos need to be bottled and that one can prevent over 30 plastic bottles from entering the landfills by switching to solid bars from Lush. From making shampoo bars in solid form, rather than bottled, over 450,000 litres (118,800 gallons) of water is saved every year. The products in the retail store are displayed similar to how fruits and vegetables are displayed in a grocery store without extra packaging. It’s no surprise that Lush’s ethical supply chains and financial success aren’t mutually exclusive.
Damco is one of the world’s leading providers of supply chain management and freight forwarding services. For more than 100 years, They have been providing customers with logistics solutions that support the way they want to do business, wherever they are in the world. Their strategic approach and hands-on services are extensive and tailored; whether it’s a competitive rate for an urgent shipment or a strategic solution to create short-term efficiencies and build up long-term competitiveness. Damco is part of the Maersk Group. More information on Damco and Damco services can be found on http://www.damco.com.
On-line retailers have been commanding a higher share of Canadian retail spending every year. The trend is largely driven by convenience (e.g., home delivery), wider assortment (due to absence of physical shelf space) and opportunities for consumers to use social media to share their opinions about their experiences with the product. Amazon.com and its Canadian web-site, Amazon.ca, are great examples of successfully capitalizing on the above trends to provide the best in class on-line shopping experience. Amazon has become the largest on-line retailer in North America, selling over 480 million products in the USA and 133 million in Canada.
Watsi is a non-profit crowdsourcing platform that enables anyone to fund life-changing medical procedures for patients in developing countries who might not otherwise have access to healthcare. At the time this case study was written, 22,102 Watsi donors had funded healthcare for 11,559 patients in 25 countries. Patients waiting to be fully funded included Vehn, a farmer from Cambodia who needs a hip replacement, Olga, a single mother from Guatemala who needs treatment for diabetes, and Dah Htoo, a 2 year old boy from Burma who needs surgery to repair burn damage. When Watsi founder Chase Adam was a Peace Corps volunteer, he was traveling through a small town in Costa Rica when a woman boarded the bus. Her son required medical treatment she could not afford; she showed his medical records and asked passengers for money to help pay for his treatment. The town was called Watsi and the idea of developing a platform to crowdsource funding for vital health care in developing countries was born. Soon after the platform launched, the idea gained traction on Hacker News, and eventually led to Watsi being the first non-profit startup funded and accelerated by Y Combinator.
Schaeffler Group is a global integrated automotive and industrial supplier. Highest quality, outstanding technology, and strong innovative ability represent the basis for the Schaeffler Group’s lasting success. This global company generated sales of approximately 13.3 Billion Euros in 2016. With 22,000 customers and 85,000 employees worldwide, Schaeffler is one of the world’s largest family-owned companies. It currently has 170 locations in over 50 countries, its network is comprised of 75 manufacturing locations, research and development facilities, and sales companies. This German-based company has earned a reputation for being a leader in innovation. The Schaeffler Group has invested significant amounts in research and development, with 6,700 employees working on new products and technologies in 17 research and development centers all over the world. Schaeffler owns the rights to approximately 24,000 patents and files more than 2,300 inventions for patent applications every year. Schaeffler is continuously adopting leading-edge strategies to improve their supply chain management process. With the objective of delivering high quality products on-time and at reasonable costs, Schaeffler is committed to innovating new ways to be more flexible and adaptable to any real-time changes. It utilizes a myriad of social media strategies in many areas along the supply chain to improve productivity, design and customer engagement.
According to Wikipedia a supply chain is defined as a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. So what is the supply chain in the sport of synchronized swimming? Specifically for the Waterloo Regional Synchronized Swim Club.
In today’s highly competitive market, organizations must strategize to create avenues of innovation, efficiency, and increased productivity to hold on to their competitive advantage. An area with room for growth for many firms is more effective supply chain management. With a vast array of social media tools available, organizations can improve operations in several ways including but not limited to increased visibility, communication, coordination, and reduced costs. “Although a vast majority of people reference only the most popular social networks – Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn when thinking of social media, the true social media experience is much larger for companies. They can engage users through smart phone applications, RFID, IoT, Big Data, business social media (for sharing information between partner groups) in order to help information spread much more quickly.” Ranjan Sinha, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Professional
Up until a few years ago I never gave much thought to where my products came from. I definitely didn’t give a second thought to where my printer paper came from or whether or not it was recycled. To be honest, up until a few days ago I still didn’t think much about my printer paper but then I stumbled across New Leaf Paper. According to their website “New Leaf Paper is the industry’s leader in developing papers with the highest sustainability and greatest impact on our environment.” Not only that, they aren’t afraid to show you exactly what kind of carbon foot print their paper is making on the environment with the help of Office Depot and a tool known as Sourcemap.
Social Media’s Impact on the Supply Chain industry is deeper than you might think. Many organizations are using the information gathered from social media to predict trends, ensure timely delivery of goods and source where a product is made. | <urn:uuid:421c4523-7fea-45ed-9a1f-d1a89699bc8d> | {
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Walter Johnson, ca. 1910
There’s a lot going on in August. But on Friday, August 2, we should be celebrating “Walter Johnson Day.” There was such a day in 1913, 1927, and several other years. I think there should be more.
As a Washington Nationals fan and Baseball Sociologist, I should know more about Walter Johnson than I do. But it’s hard to get excited about a player who was born in the 19th Century and finished his playing career before even my parents were born. Nonetheless, when I stumbled upon a few references to “Walter Johnson Day,” I have to admit my interest was piqued.
Walter Johnson, known as the Big Train, is arguably the most famous Washington Senator. Born in Humboldt, Kansas, on November 6, 1887, Johnson made his debut with the Senators on August 2, 1907. After two decades, he retired from Major League Baseball as a Washington Senator on September 30, 1927. He would then manage the Newark Bears of the International League in 1928, the Washington Senators from 1929 to 1933, and the Cleveland Indians from 1933 to 1935.
On August 2, 1913, the Washington Senators celebrated “Walter Johnson Day.” I’m not sure if this was because he was so beloved, or if they just celebrated everyone. I couldn’t even verify if this was the first time the Senators celebrated Walter Johnson Day. We know about this one, however, because President Woodrow Wilson was in attendance that day. According Baseball Reference and the New York Times, the president attended the game to celebrate Johnson’s 6th anniversary. At the game, Johnson was presented with a silver cup filled with 10-dollar bills totaling $500.
President Calvin Coolidge and Walter Johnson, ca. 1920s (photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)
It wasn’t clear if Walter Johnson Day was celebrated every year in the years that followed, but it was celebrated again by the Senators on August 2, 1927, Johnson’s 20th anniversary with the team and last season as a player. At that event, Johnson was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross (with 20 diamonds), a silver tea set, and $14,764.05. According to Ted Leavengood’s biography of Clark Griffith (owner of the Senators from 1920 to 1955), a “Walter Johnson Day Committee” was put together for the event, chaired by then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. Leavengood notes, “Clark Griffith brought out every dignitary that he could find to mark the career of the Big Train.” The emcee for the event was Secretary of State Frank Kellogg.
Curiously, the Boston Red Sox had celebrated “Walter Johnson Day” a year earlier at Fenway Park when the Senators were in town on September 4, 1926. Were they predicting his retirement in 1927? Perhaps other teams honored the pitcher as well, like teams celebrate the careers of retiring superstars today? I have so many questions about Walter Johnson Days, for which I was unable to find sufficient answers.
In fact, it seems that “Walter Johnson Day” actually dates back to 1909 when Johnson was playing in the California Winter League with Connie Mack’s barnstorming team, the “All-Nationals.” According to Johnson’s grandson Henry Thomas, in his biography of Johnson, Johnson joined the team in late October after taking some time off after the regular season. Two weeks after his 22nd birthday, on November 15th, “Johnson Day” was held at Chutes Park in Los Angeles. Later, on December 26, when Johnson was with the Santa Ana Yellow Sox, his team held “Johnson Day” and handed out photographs of Johnson to 2,000 fans attending the game. A few years later, during the 1912 off season, Johnson began an annual tradition of hosting charity games in Coffeyville and Humboldt, Kansas. These events also became known as “Walter Johnson Day.”
In 1928, Johnson became the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. On May 16, when the Bears were in Rochester to play the Red Wings, the city held Walter Johnson day “to repay his act of kindness there in the 1924 World Series,” after which he pitched in a charity game in Rochester, helping raise money for an elderly couple. A month later, Walter Johnson Day was held in Newark, New Jersey, on June 23, 1928, “to honor the great pitcher and to welcome him as new manager of the local International League club,” according to Robert Peyton Wiggins of the Society of American Baseball Research. The final Walter Johnson Day held during his career occurred in Washington on July 22, 1935. According to Thomas, thousands of fans and “old friends” showed their support for Johnson when he was “’under fire’” as the Cleveland Indians’ manager. (Johnson’s “voluntary” resignation from the Indians came a few weeks later.)
On August 2, 2007, 100 years after Walter Johnson’s Major League debut, the Washington Nationals held another “Walter Johnson Day” to honor Johnson’s contributions to the city and its first Major League Baseball team. I don’t recall them celebrating it since. They did, however, add him to their “Ring of Honor” when it was established in 2010. (Of course, Jayson Werth is there, too, soooo…)
Why don’t we have Walter Johnson Days any more, or days honoring current players, for that matter? Sure, there are bobblehead nights, but is that really the same thing? Of course, now that I know more about him, I think the Nats should do a Walter Johnson bobblehead!
So, this Friday, let’s celebrate Walter Johnson Day, or Thurman Munson Day, or whoever you want to celebrate! And next year, let’s make it official! | <urn:uuid:2c1b6212-abc5-471b-89ef-4c9428be5600> | {
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Iairos: Jairus, the ruler of a synagogue in PalestineOriginal Word: Ἰάειρος, ου, ὁ
Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine
Phonetic Spelling: (ee-ah'-i-ros)
Short Definition: Jairus
Definition: Jairus, a Jewish ruler of the synagogue.
NAS Exhaustive ConcordanceWord Origin
of Hebrew origin Yair
Jairus, the ruler of a synagogue in Pal.
Thayer's Greek LexiconSTRONGS NT 2383: Ἰάειρος
Ἰάειρος, Ἰαειρου (cf. Buttmann, 18 (16)), ὁ (יָאִיר (i. e. whom Jehovah enlightens), Numbers 32:41), Jairus (pronoun, Ja-i'-rus), a ruler of the synagogue, whose daughter Jesus restored to life: Mark 5:22; Luke 8:41. (Cf. B. D. American edition, under the word.)
Strong's Exhaustive ConcordanceJairus.
Of Hebrew origin (Ya'iyr); Jairus (i.e. Jair), an Israelite -- Jairus.
see HEBREW Ya'iyr
Forms and TransliterationsΙαειρος Ἰάειρος Ἰάϊρος Iairos Iáïros
LinksInterlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts
Englishman's ConcordanceStrong's Greek 2383
Ἰάϊρος — 2 Occ.
Mark 5:22 N-NMS
GRK: ἀρχισυναγώγων ὀνόματι Ἰάϊρος καὶ ἰδὼν
NAS: named Jairus came
KJV: of the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name;
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- Free general admission
- 11150 East Boulevard
Every time I stroll through the Youth and Beauty: Art of the American Twenties , I gain new insights into the complex decade of the 1920s. This time I was struck by how many different roles women play in the paintings, drawings, sculptures, and photographs on view. The 1920s was a time of rapid social change that offered new freedoms to women, who had slipped out of the corset and into the voting booth just a few years earlier.
Many of the artists in Youth and Beauty depict “the modern woman.” She delighted in physicality and physical freedom, attitudes that a decade ago would have been considered sinful and depraved. Her power and sensuality are epitomized by the exuberant, glistening Olympic swimmer Agnes Geraghty as photographed by Edward Steichen or the alluringly self-contained vamp, movie star Gloria Swanson, shot by Nikolas Murray .
The modern woman left the shelter of her family home to rub shoulders with men in the workplace, sometimes even living on her own. Most women who entered the labor force held clerical or service jobs, but some were able to enter professions previously restricted to men. Working didn’t require mannish attire or the relinquishment of style. In Edward Steichen’s photograph of writer Anita Loos, Winold Reiss’s amazing pastel of the Harlem hostess Sari Price Patton , and Man Ray’s shot of fellow photographer Berenice Abbott , the women are depicted as fashionable and attractive yet also serious and intelligent.
Along with jobs in business opening to women in the 1920s, so did possibilities in the arts. This exhibition reflects that blossoming of opportunity by including a significant number of works by women. Some of those artists remain obscure figures, but others have achieved lasting fame, including photographers Imogen Cunningham and Margrethe Mather and painter Georgia O’Keeffe. O’Keeffe serves as both artist and subject in this exhibition. Her husband Alfred Stieglitz emphasized the elegance of her strong features and severe dress in his portraits of her.
The modern woman was a trail blazer—but a minority. Despite the numerous depictions of modern women in Youth and Beauty, most American women in the 1920s were still homemakers. In 1930, only one in eight married women were employed and one-quarter of single women 16 and older worked. Grant Woods’ sweet, long-suffering mother and Peter Blume’s woman preparing dinner were actually more typical women of the era.
Almost 100 years later, more than 59 percent of American women are in the workforce , three-quarters of them working full-time. Women have broken through a number of glass ceilings and gained additional legal rights. We consider ourselves equal to men in ability and worth, even though we earn on average only 80% of what our male counterparts are paid. We have come a long way, yet many of the images of women from the 1920s in Youth and Beauty seem surprisingly contemporary, as if they were not our ancestors but our sisters.
-- Barbara Tannenbaum
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Classrooms as ‘safe houses’? The ethical and emotional implications of digital storytelling in a university writing classroom
This paper reports the findings of a digital storytelling praxis within a higher education classroom located outside of Metro Detroit in the United States. Drawing on Zembylas’s (2006, 2008) scholarship on emotion in the production of knowledge and the teacher’s role, adjacent to literature surrounding personal writing and safe houses for learning, an investigation of student perceptions of digital storytelling within a writing classroom took place during the 2016 and 2017 academic years. Data highlights the students’ interest for the emotionally-driven course content digital storytelling encourages, as it taught students how to insert genre conventions into their own writing. Digital storytelling, according to the students, also supplied a means for students to develop relationships with their peers as many students felt isolated on this largely commuter campus. Students additionally viewed the curriculum as promoting ‘real world’ skills they could transfer outside of the classroom and into their lives. However, to craft digital stories, data revealed how students turned toward sharing personal (and or traumatic) narratives. This can be problematic in terms of emotional safety if students are made to feel they must leverage emotions for grades and are then forced to broadcast their digital stories in a public forum. To lessen these concerns, strategies for implementing digital storytelling into the curriculum are provided. Lastly, the author concludes that educating students within a Trump presidency requires a different pedagogical approach. Assignments such as digital storytelling that merge the scholarly and the personal, alongside nurturing empathy, open dialogue, and building relationships might offer a direction forward.
Keywords: digital storytelling, classrooms as safe houses, personal writing, higher education
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Bird Flu In Korea Ducks: Flu Hits South Korean Ducks
Bird flu has been found in ducks in South Korea again. South Korean officials have confirmed that the strain of bird flu known as H5N8, which decimated the duck population at a farm last fall, has returned and struck a poultry farm near the city of Seoul.
Bird flu discovered in ducks in South Korea has officials scrambling for answers. This week, officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs informed the public that they are working hard to contain another possible bird flu epidemic.
According to officials, the strain of avian influenza known as H5N8 was found in ducks on a farm in the northwestern city of Icheon, near Seoul. The farm has been under quarantine to prevent the virus from spreading.
The discovery has prompted the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs to ban the transport of poultry and eggs from all poultry farms in Gyeonggi Province. The order will be effective through April 2.
The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, which is investigating the matter, said more than 11,000 ducks have been decimated, and added:
“The city has also set up two disease control posts in the area and is spraying disinfectant on vehicles entering and leaving the area. An emergency monitoring system will run 24 hours daily until it is determined that there is no likelihood of the virus spreading.”
The government said it is the same strain as the one that contaminated thousands of ducks at the farm in November 2015 – back then more than 11,500 ducks and ducklings were killed after falling ill.
The respiratory disease dealt an economic blow to the country, which was forced to stop exporting poultry to Hong Kong. However, it is not just bird flu that seems to plague South Korea, earlier this year, there was a confirmation of an outbreak of mouth and foot disease in pigs. In January, more than 250 sick pigs were slaughtered.
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Why is fast food called junk food?
‘Junk foods’ are foods that lack nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and are high in kilojoules (energy), salts, sugars, and fats. Junk food is so called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it’s eaten to excess. Junk food is also known as discretionary food or optional food.
Is fast food considered junk food?
Some high-protein foods, like meat prepared with saturated fat, may be considered junk food. Fast food and fast food restaurants are often equated with junk food, although fast foods cannot be categorically described as junk food. Most junk food is highly processed food.
When junk food start?
Term “junk food” was used for the first time in 1972 but it owes its popularity to a novelty song “Junk Food Junkie” by Larry Groce that was popular in 1976. Cracker Jack, candy-coated popcorn and peanuts, was the first to use toys as prizes in its bags so it could be easily targeted to children.
What makes food junk food?
Junk food describes food and drinks low in nutrients (e.g. vitamins, minerals and fibre) and high in kilojoules, saturated fat, added sugar and/or added salt. Eating too much junk food is linked to serious health problems. Junk foods are not a necessary part of any diet.
What is called fast food?
Fast food is a type of mass-produced food designed for commercial resale, with a strong priority placed on speed of service. It is a commercial term, limited to food sold in a restaurant or store with frozen, preheated or precooked ingredients and served in packaging for take-out/take-away.
Is fast food healthy?
Fast food is typically loaded with calories, sodium, and unhealthy fat—often enough in one meal for an entire day. It also tends to be low in nutrients and almost totally lacking in fruit, vegetables, and fiber. That doesn’t mean you have to avoid fast food entirely.
Why is fast food popular food?
Junk food is easily available, convenient, needs little or no preparation, and is usually consumed on the go. Just what a young person is looking for! Children, especially over 12 years of age, tend to eat away from home much more than kids did 20 years ago. Fast food is often the default choice.
What is fast food industry?
The Fast Food industry consist and accounts for prepared food usually from a restaurant, store, food truck, or street vendor, served quickly and affordably to consumers in a take-out, disposable container.
What is fast food essay?
Fast food is the name coined for food items that are either available pre-cooked or can be cooked in a lesser time than regular food. People find it desirable and convenient to eat such food items as they please their taste buds more than regular food.
What is the name for fast food?
What is another word for fast food?
|convenience food||junk food|
|processed food||unhealthy food|
What is fast food in simple words?
Fast food is the term for a kind of food that people eat from a restaurant, cafe or take-out where food is prepared and served quickly.
What category is fast food?
The actual industry term for a fast-food establishment is a “quick-service restaurant,” or QSR. It’s most easily understood by thinking of such dining concepts as McDonald’s, KFC, and Burger King.
What are fast foods names?
The 23 Biggest Fast-Food Chains in America
- Dunkin’ Donuts.
- Pizza Hut.
- Burger King.
- Taco Bell.
What are called fast food?
Although a wide variety of food can be “cooked fast”, “fast food” is a commercial term-limited to food sold in a restaurant or store with frozen, preheated or precooked ingredients and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away.
What are fast food items?
Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips, sandwiches, pitas, hamburgers, fried chicken, french fries, onion rings, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, hot dogs, and ice cream, though many fast food restaurants offer “slower” foods like chili, mashed potatoes, and salads. | <urn:uuid:c268eccd-a5cf-4437-ba86-d9a76d06e5c7> | {
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Shiver Me Timbers!
- Captain and Matey Set Sail by Daniel Laurence.
- Pirate Pete by Kim Kennedy.
- Pie Rats Ahoy! by Richard Scarry.
- Tough Boris by Mem Fox.
- Do Pirates Take Baths? by Kathy Tucker.
- I Spy Treasure Hunt by Jean Marzollo.
- Ooey Gooey by Mercer Mayer.
- Pirate School by Cathy E. Dubouski.
Ahoy Matey! Come Aboard for a Good Read!
Create a large pirate ship and place it on the lower half of the bulletin board. Place pirates across the hull of ship. Write book titles, authors, and call numbers of books and videos about pirates on the pirate shapes.
Shiver Me Timbers!
Create a display of books and videos about pirates and treasure hunts. Use a pirate piñata as the centerpiece.
Hang pirate and parrot piñatas.
(Adapted by Leila Raven Parrish.)
Pirates, pirates everywhere, (Motion around room)
Pirates climbing stairs, (Climb stairs)
Pirates giving stares, (Hand above eyes)
Pirates shouting "Ahoy There!" (Cup hands)
Pirates sitting on chairs. (Pretend to sit down)
ARGH! (With frustration)
Pirates washing hairs! (Rub hands on head)
Pirates, pirates everywhere! (Motion around room)
My hat it has three corners,
Three corners has my hat,
If it did not have three corners,
It would not be my hat.
Three-Corner Pirate's Hat
- Pirate hat and bone patterns
- 9" x 12" black construction paper
- White construction paper
For each child, precut three copies of the pirate's hat pattern from black construction paper and cut two bones from white construction paper using the patterns at the end of the chapter. With the help of an adult, the children cross and glue or staple the two white bones to one hat piece and then staple the two additional hat pieces together create a three-cornered pirate hat.
Pirate's Eye Patch
- Black felt
- Yarn, cut in 18-inch lengths
Using the pattern here, pre-cut eye patches from black felt and cut two slits on top. Let the children thread yarn through the holes. Tie it over one eye.
Pirate or Parrot Pinata
Fill a pirate or parrot piñata with gold coins, jewelry, eye patches, and other pirate loot. Let the children take turns swinging at it with a plastic bat or stick. With very young children, do not use the blindfold.
Children wear their hat and eye patches and perform the Three-Corner Hat and Pirates, Pirates fingerplays, and sing along to "Pirate's Life" from the soundtrack to Disney's Peter Pan.
Invite a storyteller/magician dressed like a pirate to tell pirate stories.
"Pirate's Life" on Disney's Peter Pan Soundtrack.
I Spy Treasure Hunt.
Great Pirate Activity Book by Deri Robins. | <urn:uuid:6635b586-a341-4d79-87cd-0d474c779f02> | {
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1. Describe the setting of the opening scene of In the Lake of the Woods.
The novel opens in a cabin at Lake of the Woods, where John and Kathy have retreated together after a shellacking in the primary for the U.S. senate seat in Minnesota. John and Kathy spend their time talking, trying to get a handle on what happened.
2. Why did John lose the election?
It came out shortly before the election that while he was in Vietnam, he and his company massacred a village of Vietnamese women and children. The massacre had been investigated, but John's part in it had not been known.
3. How well are John and Kathy doing, at coping with events?
They tell each other charming stories about the places they'll visit and the money they'll have and the children they'll have, but they can't escape from the reality of what's happened, which Kathy had discovered along with everyone else. This changed her idea of John and their marriage, and it ended John's political career, and he can't keep himself from thinking 'Kill Jesus', the worst thing he can think of.
This section contains 3,202 words
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by Nikola Tesla
Telegraph and Telegraph Age
October 16, 1927
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility, as it appears to most people, but a fact demonstrated by me in experiments which have extended for years. Nor did the idea present itself to me all of a sudden, but was the result of a very slow and gradual development and a logical consequence of my investigations which were earnestly undertaken in 1893 when I gave the world the first outline of my system of broadcasting wireless energy for all purposes. In several demonstrative lectures before scientific societies during the preceding three years, I showed that it was not necessary to use two wires in transmitting electrical energy, but that one only might be employed equally well. My experiments with currents of high frequencies were the first ever performed in public and elicited the keenest interest on account of the possibilities they opened up and striking character of the phenomena. Few of the experts familiar with the up-to-date appliances will appreciate the difficulty of my task with the elementary devices I had then at command, as accurate adjustments for resonance had to be made in every experiment.
The transmission of energy through a single conductor without return having been found practicable it occurred to me that possibly even that one wire might be dispensed with and the earth used to convey the energy from the transmitter to the receiver.
High Frequency Dynamo and Tesla Coil
Manifestly, currents such as were ordinarily employed in the arts and industries were unsuitable and I had to devise special generators and transformers for furnishing impulses of the requisite quality. First, I perfected high frequency dynamos which were of two types, one with a direct current field excitation and the other in which the magnet was energized by alternating currents of different phase, producing a rotating magnetic field. Both of these have found employment in connection with my broadcasting wireless system. In the first machine I exhibited an efficiency of ninety per cent. was attained, but it was necessary to run it in hydrogen or rarefied air to minimize the otherwise prohibitive windage loss and deafening noise.
In order to overcome the inherent limitations of such machines I next concentrated my efforts on the perfection of a peculiar transformer consisting of several tuned circuits in inductive relation which received the primary energy from oscillatory discharges of condensers. This apparatus, originally identified with my name and considered by the leading scientific men my best achievement, is now used in every wireless transmitter and receiver throughout the world. It has enabled me to obtain currents of any desired frequency, electromotive force and volume, and to produce a great variety of electrical, chemical, thermal, light and other effects, Roentgen, cathodic and other rays of transcending intensities. I have employed it in my investigations of the constitution of matter and radioactivity, published from 1896 to 1898 in the Electrical Review in which it was demonstrated, prior to the discovery of Radium by Mme. Sklodowska and Pierre Curie, that radio-activity is a common property of matter and that such bodies emit small particles of various sizes and great velocities, a view which was received with incredulity but finally recognized as true. It has been put to innumerable uses and proved in the hands of others a veritable lamp of Aladdin. As I think of my earliest coils, which were nothing more than scientific toys, the subsequent development appears to me like a dream.
The "Magnifying Transmitter" and Earth Resonance
While I was perfectly convinced, from the outset, that success would be ultimately achieved, it was not until by slow improvement I evolved the so-called "Magnifying Transmitter" that I obtained convincing evidence of the feasibility of wireless power transmission on a vast scale for all industrial purposes.
The chief discovery, which satisfied me thoroughly as to the practicability of my plan, was made in 1899 at Colorado Springs, where I carried on tests with a generator of fifteen hundred kilowatt capacity and ascertained that under certain conditions the current was capable of passing across the entire globe and returning from the antipodes to its origin with undiminished strength. It was a result so unbelievable that the revelation at first almost stunned me. I saw in a flash that by properly organized apparatus at sending and receiving stations, power virtually in unlimited amounts could be conveyed through the earth at any distance, limited only by the physical dimensions of the globe, with an efficiency as high as ninety-nine and one-half per cent.
The mode of propagation of the currents from my transmitter through the terrestrial globe is most extraordinary considering the spread of the electrification of the surface. The wave starts with a theoretically infinite speed, slowing down first very quickly and afterward at a lesser rate until the distance is about six thousand miles, when it proceeds with the speed of light. From there on it again increases in speed, slowly at first, and then more rapidly, reaching the antipode with approximately infinite velocity. The law of motion can be expressed by stating that the waves on the terrestrial surface sweep in equal intervals of time over equal area, but it must be understood that the current penetrates deep into the earth and the effects produced on the receivers are the same as if the whole flow was confined to the earth's axis joining the transmitter with the antipode. The mean surface speed is thus about 471,200 kilometers per second--fifty-seven per cent. greater than that of the so-called Hertz waves--which should propagate with the velocity of light if they exist. The same constant was found by the noted American astronomer, Capt. J.T.T. See, in his mathematical investigations, for the smallest particles of the ether which he fittingly designates as "etherons." But while in the light of his theory this speed is a physical reality, the spread of the currents at the terrestrial surface is much like the passage of the moon's shadow over the globe.
It will be difficult for most people engaged in practical pursuits to measure or even to form an adequate conception of the intensity of inspiration and force I derive from that part of my work which has passed into history. I have every reason to consider myself one of the most fortunate men, for I experience incessantly a feeling of inexpressible satisfaction that my alternating system is universally employed in the transmission and distribution of heat, light and power and that also my wireless system, in all its essential features, is used throughout the world for conveying intelligence. But my pioneer efforts in this later field are still grossly misunderstood.
Short Wave Broadcasting and "Beam" Transmission
Nothing illustrates this better than the recent demonstrations of a number of experts with very short waves, which have created the impression that power will be eventually transmitted by such means. In reality, experiments of this kind are the very denial of the possibility of economic transmission of energy. I have investigated this special subject experimentally during a great number of years, using sometimes waves as short as one millimeter, and have found even these unsuitable for such a purpose, not to say that their production is inseparable from great waste.
In order to secure good results by this method it would be necessary to employ radiations of a wave length incomparably smaller than the dimensions of the reflector, as radiant heat, light, infra-red or ultra-violet rays. Notwithstanding my repeated explanations experts do not seem to realize that no concentration of energy such as I attain in my wireless power system can or will ever be achieved through the instrumentality of reflectors, for in transmitting energy in this manner the receiver can collect only an amount proportionate to the area exposed to the rays, while in my system it draws the energy from an immense reservoir in ever so much greater quantity. Similar considerations apply to directional transmission by short reflected waves or "beams." If we could produce economically electric vibrations of a frequency approximating that of radiant heat waves, efficient reflectors without appreciable dispersion, and prevent absorption--then such a mode of transmitting energy might become of great importance. But attempts to accomplish this purpose with relatively very low frequencies are sure to prove futile. More than twenty-five years ago my efforts to transmit large amounts of power through the atmosphere resulted in the development of an invention of great promise, which has since been called the "Death Ray," and attributed to Dr. Grindell Mathews, an ingenious and skillful English electrician. The underlying idea was to render the air conducting by suitable ionizing radiations and to convey high tension currents along the path of the rays. Experiments, conducted on a large scale, showed that with pressures of many millions of volts virtually unlimited quantities of energy can be projected to a small distance, as a few hundred feet, which might be satisfactory if the process were more economical and the apparatus less expensive. Since that time I have made important improvements and discovered a | <urn:uuid:eaa6f498-8f36-4887-8b4b-c8a47106304f> | {
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To be well organized in the workplace, you need to be using To-Do Lists. By using them, you will ensure that: You remember to carry out all necessary tasks. You tackle the most important jobs first, and don’t waste time on trivial tasks. You don’t get stressed by a large number of unimportant jobs. - Start by listing all of the tasks that you must carry out.
Write in all of your tests, quizzes, paper due dates and other important events. (Go ahead and add birthdays, weekends home, sporting events, plays etc. – time management with this to do checklist sample is not about punishment!)
By keeping such a checklist, you make sure that your tasks are written down all in one place so you do not forget anything important. And by prioritizing tasks, you plan the order in which you’ll do them, so that you can tell what needs your immediate attention, and what you can leave until later.
Due to limited memory and attention, we humans often forget to do tasks which we were supposed to perform. This informational task support which is capable of eliminating such failure. Having correct draft letters, forms and checklists can save you time, and help you manage information quickly and easily, in running your business. | <urn:uuid:2872e1ea-98cc-4fd0-941e-58eedea5a208> | {
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The European Union will sign the Paris Agreement on climate change on Friday 22 April in New York. The signing ceremony, convened by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, follows the adoption of the world's first universal climate change agreement by 195 countries in Paris on 12 December 2015. The European Union was the first major economy to table its commitment in the run up to the Paris climate conference (COP21) and now looks forward to the swift ratification and entry into force of the Agreement.
On behalf of President Jean-Claude Juncker, the Vice-President of the Commission responsible for the Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, and the Climate Action and Energy Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete will attend the high-level ceremony. Vice-President Šefčovič and Dutch Environment Minister Sharon Dijksma will sign the agreement on behalf of the European Union and Commissioner Arias Cañete will deliver the official statement on behalf of the European Union.
Vice-President Šefčovič said in Brussels: "Our signature means first and foremost that we are signing up to the commitments we made in Paris. It sends also a clear signal that we are signing up to a fundamental and ground-breaking transition to a low-carbon economy and society. This transition is now irreversible and unstoppable. At the global level, we are seeing the winds of change. Europe is part of this and will continue to be a driving force. That’s why we need to deliver the Energy Union and create the conditions for future opportunities, innovation and job-creation that this transition will bring. Let’s use the momentum.”
Commissioner Arias Cañete said: "We have agreed. We will sign, and we will act. In Europe, we have already started our homework of implementing the Paris Agreement and we will continue to lead the global low-carbon economy transition. We will ratify the Paris Agreement by securing the support of our 29 parliaments, and by demonstrating that we will have the policies in place to meet our commitments. This will ensure that when we act, we will act on a solid legal basis. Before the start of this summer, the European Commission will present a proposal to the Council to ratify the Paris Agreement on behalf of the European Union."
- Publication date
- 21 April 2016
- Directorate-General for Climate Action | <urn:uuid:d4f9d662-62af-4b4b-a095-5a3aad09d7f3> | {
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Acupuncture is a traditional Eastern modality that can help treat the symptoms of mental and physical illness. Within acupuncture is the belief that our health is influenced by the flow of qi, a vital life force or energy that is necessary for optimal wellness. When this flow is disrupted, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, emotional fluctuations and more. Acupuncture restores the balance of qi by inserting hair-thin needles into specific acupressure points on the body. It also interacts with the underlying nerves, muscles and other tissues to help patients feel more energized, motivated and relaxed. Studies have found that acupuncture works well in conjunction with other mental health treatments and can help provide additional symptom relief without interfering with medication.
The gastrointestinal tract is a key player when it comes to our general wellness. A healthy gut does more than digest the food we eat — it’s home to a flourishing microbiome that strengthens the immune system, regulates metabolism and even affects brain function. GI-MAP (Microbial Assay Plus) stool testing analyzes your gut flora using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology. It accurately detects pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and more that disturb the normal microbial balance. Anyone can benefit from GI-MAP testing, including patients who want to optimize their health or get to the bottom of chronic illnesses. Some common conditions that warrant testing include digestive complaints, autoimmune disease, mood disorders (such as anxiety or depression), skin problems, and weight loss issues. Assessing your GI health can help practitioners develop a holistic wellness plan that encompasses all areas of your mental and physical health.
Within the body, homeostasis is crucial for optimal functioning. However, a lot of variables can throw things off balance, including the foods we consume. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), more than 30% of Americans have at least one nutritional deficiency, increasing the risk of health problems such as depression, heart disease and anemia. Micronutrient testing provides a way to analyze nutrient levels to identify any imbalances that may be present, such as low iron or inadequate vitamin D. This provides valuable insight into your overall health and allows your provider to recommend dietary changes that can improve your sense of physical, mental and emotional wellness. Micronutrient testing is an important tool for anyone looking to maintain optimal health or cure disease.
Individual therapy remains the cornerstone of most mental health treatment plans. It is a highly personalized process that lets patients explore their issues in a safe environment and better understand the impact of harmful thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It also encourages the development of healthy coping skills and can reduce the severity of some symptoms. At Aspire, we have a strong collaborative relationship with many mental health providers and can help patients connect with professionals that provide individual or group therapy for a number of concerns. If you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, stress or something else entirely, talk to one of our providers to learn more about your treatment options.
Bioidentical hormones are biologically identical to the native hormones of the human body. BHRT remains one of the most underutilized therapies in neurology and mental health care. The agents have the ability to improve energy levels, sleep, mental clarity, anxiety, and depression. There is an ample amount of research indicating the safety and effectiveness of hormones for these indications. Youthful hormone levels are thought to be one of the important strategies to maintain vitality throughout a lifespan. Click here to learn more about Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy (BHRT) at Aspire Regenerative.
One of the unique challenges in medicine is delivering nutrients and medications to the brain because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). By design, the BBB exists to keep toxic chemicals away from one of our most vital organs. However, a side effect of this important shield is to keep out potentially helpful agents. Intranasal therapies, such as hormones and other small agents, have the ability to be absorbed through small blood vessels in the nose, which have only a short distance to travel to the brain. These agents are particularly useful for conditions such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, substance abuse/addiction disorders, concussion/traumatic brain injury (TBI), dementia/Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. Learn more about our Intranasal Therapies here. | <urn:uuid:c6dee111-6d70-485e-900a-9730f63925bc> | {
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Exhibition and Conference Website: http://szyk.conference.mcgill.ca/
This exhibition highlights the rich and diverse cultures surrounding book production throughout the medieval Mediterranean. Drawing on the considerable holdings of Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University, it includes many items that have never before been exhibited. Visitors will encounter complete copies of the Qur’an, the gospels, and books of hours in addition to a wide array of single leaves in Greek, Arabic, Latin, and Persian.
The exhibition is arranged thematically highlighting cross-cultural connections. The scientific and cosmological works, for example, feature an anonymous Latin treatise on logic and a vernacular illustrated herbal leaf exhibited alongside the celebrated Farrukh nāmah and the ʿAjā’ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā’ib al-mawjūdāt. Similarly, under the rubric of power and storytelling, an exquisitely detailed genealogical scroll adumbrating the kings of England is juxtaposed with lavishly illustrated leaves of the Persian royal epic, the Shahnameh, in order to illuminate distinct modes for visualizing sovereignty. Together these materials evoke the varied conceptions of the natural, political, and cosmic world, while also attesting to dynamic traditions of script, ornamentation, and illumination across the many cultures of the medieval Mediterranean. Click here for the exhibition catalogue.
Cecily Hilsdale, Assistant Professor, Art History and Communication Studies
Jennifer Garland, Art History and Communication Studies Liaison Librarian
Sean Swanick, Islamic Studies Liaison Librarian
The exhibition runs from November 2012 to January 18, 2013 in Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University, McLennan Library Building, Fourth Floor, 3459 McTavish St.
Japan as seen in maps and prints, “made in Japan”, in the Nineteenth Century
Maps of Tokyo (1879), Nagasaki (1821), Kyoto (1883) and Yokohama (1868) and prints of the works of artists as well known as Hiroshige, Hokusai and Toyokuni; and, no less remarkable, Eisen, Kunisada and Kuniyoshi were selected from the holdings in Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University. Maps and prints share the same printing techniques: woodblocks.
Europeans had limited access to Japan for nearly two centuries, from early 17th C. to mid 19th. C. Americans broadened the access in the years 1852-1854, soon followed by the British and other nations. In 1886, Canadian Pacific Railway Co. provided a new route to Japan for Europeans across Canada through its transcontinental railway and, on the sea, with its fleet of ships. One of their passengers, Lafcadio Hearn, translated Japanese fairy tales into English. The modern traveler could buy souvenir postcards or take photographs.
A book of Japanese decorative paper specimens closes the exhibit, completing the circle: the tradition of fine printing continues.
The exhibition is on view in the fourth floor lobby, McLennan Library Building, November 2012-February 28, 2013 | <urn:uuid:1ad4dccc-57a0-404d-8713-1eb9eb12b3d4> | {
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Swedish researchers have found that young people who are heavy users of cell phones and computers are at a much higher risk of sleeping problems, stress disorders and other mental health issues. The study was conducted by the Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg and included a sample size of 4,100 individuals between 20-24 years old. Pointing out the dangers of having an “always on” society that is heavily reliant on technology, and especially mobile devices, doctoral student and head researcher Sara Thomee reported in the team’s findings that teens who find the constant accessibility that comes with using mobile phones to be stressful are most likely to report symptoms of increased stress.
The study results pointed out the need to educate young users about the dangers of overusing technology, which can become even more of a risk when young people use computers and mobile devices late at night before they go to bed. Thomee said, “Regularly using a computer late at night is associated not only with sleep disorders, but also with stress and depressive symptoms in both men and women.”
The University of Gothenburg’s research suggests that public health advice on the topic is an important step in preventing depression, stress and increased risk of sleeping disorders. In terms of educating young people, Thomee offers advice that is true for all computer users: take breaks, take enough time to recover after intensive use and put limits on your availability. By taking time for themselves and “unplugging” from the world for a period of time each day, teens can avoid the potentially damaging mental health problems associated with the overuse of technology. This is especially important for heavy cell phone users.
The Swedish researchers conducted a series of four studies on the topic of technology use and teens mental health, and looked at both the quantitative and qualitative effects. Study subjects were contacted a year later to evaluate their current use and their mental health. Thomee will be presenting her findings in her upcoming thesis at the University of Gothenburg later this year. | <urn:uuid:13e580f4-c046-483f-add5-13d50086fc38> | {
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In Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, the cuisine is as diverse as the population. The city features several outstanding Chinese restaurants, specializing in exotic South China dishes. These fancy eateries are constructed to resemble giant indoor gardens, complete with wild birds, fish and even an occasional alligator or two. There are also dozens of motley fast food joints sprinkled around the city serving both Chinese and Western dishes. And in the various luxury hotels you can find a few expensive Western bistros serving elegant continental cuisines. But people who come to Hohhot invariably say that the distinct Mongolian cuisine is what most appeals to their palates.
The primary purpose for food is nutrition, but it also has a human dimension. Diners choose what they eat not only by flavor or nutritional value but by cultural, religious, economic, status and environmental factors. In Inner Mongolia for centuries the staple traditional diet has been meat, milk and grain, mainly in flour form. This is because Inner Mongolians were pastoral herders, nomads who roamed freely on the vast grasslands, raising sheep, goats, horses, yaks and camels. Only in the last sixty years have they stopped wandering and settled down. Many now farm as well as raise livestock; others have left for jobs in the big cities. Additionally, in the early 1920s a great wave of Han Chinese immigrated to Inner Mongolia, causing culinary as well as economic changes. The Han people introduced diet variations among the Inner Mongolians, the most notable being the addition of more fresh fruits and vegetables. In the past people ate only a few native plants: wild spring onions, wild lilies, wild apples and a few herbs, such as thyme and lavender.
Today Chinese classify Mongolian food into several categories: hong cai: red food -- meat; bai cai: white food -- dairy, grains and/or bing -- pancakes and finally huo guo -- Mongolian hot pot. All of these types of foods originated hundreds of years ago when the Mongolians led nomadic lives. In Hohhot there is also a special dish called Shaomai -- a local but ancient delicacy. This little flour pastry filled with minced lamb meat and onions is said to have been created to feed a passing army that arrived with very little notice. The dainty purses are fried on a shallow pan and then served with Shanxi black vinegar.
The vast quantities of meat consumed here often shock visitors. For Mongolians meat is hearty food that creates necessary energy to fight off the long, cold winters. It is still the staple food in Outer Mongolians. As herdsmen Mongolians have always valued meat. Families consider their livestock animals as walking wealth and walking food sources. Mongolians do eat beef but the cow is considered more useful as a dairy source; mutton is the preferred meat.
Traditionally a lamb was ritually slaughtered during the New Year and a red ribbon tied around his neck to commemorate the holiday. Today at banquets visitors often are treated to a whole roast lamb, called bukhel khoni. The meat entrée rests on a huge platter; it is carried in by burly Mongolian waiters and then deftly carved up. According to custom a small triangular slice from the lamb's head is cut and thrown into the fire. For Mongolians this action symbolizes the purity of fire and ensures that all the guests will have good relationships with each other.
Some restaurants roast and then deep fry their lamb, adding to its tenderness and texture. The cooking style is actually Manchurian but it has been adopted by many Mongolians because it is so delicious.
Borc shorlog is Mongolian Bar-B-Q: chunks of succulent roast lamb are slathered with spices and then roasted on skewers until done. You can find this on any street corner during a warm summer night by simply following the aroma of roasting meat and cumin.
Shar luk consists of large chunks of lamb attached to bones which are boiled and served up hot. Inner Mongolian chefs insist that the meat be added to cold, unsalted water before the boiling process begins in order to ensure a tender but hearty taste. Wild onions and salt are later added to create stock.
Bordsom gedes are sausages made from horse meat, cow meat, or camel meat.
Chutgasan gedes are sausages made from the meat and blood of livestock animals.
Milk, milk tea, milk wine, sour milk/yogurt, sour cream, cheese, dried cheese and butter are all food products found here in Inner Mongolia. Dairy foods are high in protein and minerals. Traditionally Mongolians relied on them rather than on more seasonable foods like vegetables and fruits. In the summer sour milk products are thought to clean the stomach. Many Inner Mongolians adhere to month long milk fasts in the summer. Dairy products are thought to soften and whiten the skin; ladies apply yogurt masks to their faces especially during the summer.
Out of necessity Mongolians have found creative and ingenious ways to use the milk of all five of the domestic animals in the country: sheep, cattle, goats, camels and horses. Orom is the cream that forms on top of boiled milk; it is highly prized and very delicious. Airag is fermented mare's milk; it's a potent but manageable wine. Nermel is a kind of home-brewed milk vodka that resembles Chinese baijiu, very strong stuff. Tarag (Chinese suan nai) is yogurt. Shar tos is a kind of ghee made from curds and orom; it is sold in little glass jars labeled as "hwang yo" -- yellow oil. Today many delicious varieties of dairy products are produced exclusively in Inner Mongolia at the Mengniu milk factory. In some small home style cafes diners can find tsagaan tos, a Mongolian porridge consisting of boiled cream mixed with flour and natural fruits and a dried cheese called eesgii. Finally, there's sgtai tse, or nai cha as the Chinese call Mongolian milk tea; slightly salty but refreshing, this beverage is now sold everywhere in dried form but of course it is best fresh.
Dried dairy products are also plentiful throughout Inner Mongolia. Aaruul are dried curds. During the summer it can be seen baking in the sun on top of Mongolian yurts in the Hulun Buir grasslands in the far north. Eetsgii is a very hard, dried cheese. Around Hohhot the Mongolian food stores also sell tofu block sized pieces of cheese that somewhat resembles western cheese. It's pungent and easily crumbles; this is bislag. These unique dairy products are sold along with dried, seasoned jerky; Chinese: niu rou gar. Jerky is made from cow, horse and camel meat. Traditionally the Mongolians prepared dried foods to ensure survival during the long winter months, now factories produce these products for domestic and international consumption.
Grain and flour dishes:
Inner Mongolian cuisine isn't just about meat and milk: Inner Mongolians also consume cereals, barley, potatoes, natural fruits and plants native to the countryside. Wheat, oats, buckwheat and millet are popular grains because these hardy plants grow on the steppes and flourish in this cold, continental climate. In Hohhot restaurants serve a very popular dish unique to this province called "yo mian" -- it is made from both oats and/or buckwheat flour, and served as a cold dish with cucumbers and sauce. In most restaurants one may also order "wu wu" -- the term for oat noodles rolled into little circles and cooked in a bamboo steamer. Noodles here come in diverse shapes, from shells to fettuccini. Potatoes also thrive in this chilly climate. Hohhot restaurants serve a tasty cold dish made from cold mashed potatoes mixed with baby wild onions.
Barley porridge can be eaten for breakfast or lunch but traditionally Mongolians have uremtei khool: toasted millet mixed with yogurt and/or sour cream, and then sprinkled with sugar.
Shar Bing: A large round flour pancake stuffed with minced meat seasoned with garlic or onion (it can be anything from mutton to beef to camel to horse) and fried on a grill.
Bansh: A dumpling like delicacy, mixed with minced meat and onions or, it is covered with flour and steamed in boiling water. It can also be fried in oil. This is very similar to the Chinese jiaozi but much meatier.
Huo guo: Mongolian hot pot
Hot pot is known around China and the world. Fast, fun and healthy, diners sit around a boiling cauldron of broth divided into two parts: a bland soup and a spicy soup. Guests select from dozens of foods: ranging from shaved lamb to chunks of fish, sliced root vegetables and leafy greens, exotic innards, tofu and animal parts. Everyone chooses something to add to the pot. The food quickly cooks and diners enjoy reaching into the communal cauldron to retrieve a delicious morsel. It is not hard to imagine nomads on the steppe boiling up their dinner among friends as the stars flicker gaily above them.
Mongolian restaurants crowd against each other along densely populated side streets. To find them simply follow the aroma of lamb wafting through the air. If you want a truly luxurious dining experience, complete with Mongolian artifacts and a table in an authentic Mengggubao (yurt) the Bai Yin Khor Va restaurant is not to be missed. Bon appetite!
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A new take on travelWritten by Sindy Seet 14 March 2021
Recently voted the World’s Best Airport by air travellers at the 2019 World Airport Awards, Singapore’s Changi Airport currently serves more than 100 airlines flying to some 400 cities in about 100 countries and territories worldwide. Each week, around 7,200 flights land or depart from Changi, with more than 62.2 million passengers passing through the airport a year.
Now, just peg those aforementioned statistics to the amount of pollution being emitted daily.
What is sustainable travel?
Without a doubt, both travel and tourism contribute heavily to our environmental footprint. So much so that Prince Harry recently announced the upcoming launch of a novel initiative, Travalyst, encouraging the industry to rethink how people explore the world.
By working with companies like Booking.com, Ctrip, Skyscanner, TripAdvisor, and Visa, the goal is to brainstorm potential impactful solutions to issues caused by excessive travel, or “over tourism” as the industry has coined it. This includes the negative social and environmental impacts ranging from global warming on a macroscale to harming the local ecosystem on a micro-scale.
The initiative also plans to work with the hospitality industry to ensure a transition towards more sustainable practices, such as banning single-use plastics and encouraging tourists to travel by land when having the option to do so. For example, KLM Airlines has bolstered marketing efforts by encouraging their customers to switch from a plane ride to another mode of travel, such as by rail. Hotels like the Marriott and IHG Group have taken a different approach and started to ban small plastic bottles of health and hygiene products including bath soap and skin creams.
Travalyst also looks to encourage travellers to give back to the local communities they visit to ensure both economic and cultural sustainable development through tourism.
How to travel more sustainably
One of the trends shaking the hospitality sector today is the rise in the number of consumers prioritising sustainability.
For an industry with a track record of waste production and pollution, sustainability has become a number one priority, but it still remains a major challenge for brands competing in this crowded market. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF 2019) noted that the 21st century luxury consumer is one that is increasingly well-educated and concerned with social and environmental issues. Millennials and Generation Z consumers are driving 85% of global luxury sales growth, and their expectations for luxury brands to be aligned with their values has become increasingly important.
Heeding that call is one legendary brand with great provenance – The Brando. Behind this luxurious resort on the French Polynesia is nothing short of a technology marvel that has intertwined harmoniously with the island’s rich culture and history. The concept took eight years to conceive and another four to build.
Marlon Brando and Richard Bailey, who met in 1999, spent years dreaming up the “world’s first post-carbon” resort, not only as a hotel for the ages or luxury escape, but also as a model of how tourism could be a force for good. Out of their conversations, innovations in sustainable site development, water conservation and filtration, a selection of ecologically sound materials followed, leading to The Brando becoming the only resort in French Polynesia with a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum Certification.
The property’s acclaimed Sea Water Air Conditioning system cools with little carbon output. The food-digesting machines condense a normally six-month composting process into 24 hours, turning the resort’s organic waste into rich black soil that can sustain full kitchen gardens on these nutrient-poor coral islands. The resort’s beekeepers send their robust queens to farms around the globe fighting against colony collapse.
Closer to home and within the region, ultra-vogue Asian lifestyle group – Potato Head – doesn’t have the patience to wait. Ronald Akili, the young entrepreneur behind Potato Head Beach Club in Bali and Potato Head eateries in Jakarta, Singapore and Hong Kong has embarked on an extraordinary sustainable initiative in Seminyak which Akili describes as an “experiential playground that combines good times with doing good in the world”.
Desa Potato Head – desa meaning ‘village’ in Indonesian – has set a new benchmark for sustainable lifestyle and luxury. The group’s Katamama hotel is formed of 1.8 million bricks hand-pressed by Balinese artisans, and its Beach Club throws the island’s most famous parties with a transition to zero waste (it’s nearly there, down to 0.3 percent).
Adding to this will be a second hotel outfitted with materials made on-site from recycled community waste, and will play host to events such as the Our Ocean conference and TED Talks in its ‘ideas center’; with solar panels covering rooftops and driveways, and wellness offered through every sense – from music therapy to traditional jamu medicinal drinks. But with so many islands on the planet in peril because of tourism, how does one reconcile that as a hotelier and also an environmentalist?
As Bailey so aptly puts: “No single developer can be held accountable. Ideally, you have developers working with governments and within the fabric of the community. That’s what we try to do. Balance comes from parties with diverse interests coming to a compromise. The real engine of change is still the customer. If the beaches are not so nice, or the way the employees from the community are treated is less palatable to the customer, then you can’t attract people to the mission of sustainability.”
How does ethical responsibility play a role in environmental sustainability?
Sustainable vs responsible travel – yes, there is a difference. Responsible tourism, like sustainable tourism, aims to foster a positive economic, social, and environmental impact on host destinations; however, responsible tourism depends on individual actors. It refers to the way in which visitors, residents, and small businesses interact with a destination. Choosing to travel responsibly and follow responsible business practices is consciously choosing to foster a positive interaction between the tourist industry and the host destination.
In short: one cannot do without the other, and only time will tell if every stakeholder will do their part to bring sustainability and responsibility together. | <urn:uuid:d52de85f-ef82-465b-ad3a-6fd5b169c6e2> | {
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The Connection between Transcription and Translation
Last Updated On: July 13, 2021 by The Migration Translators
Transcription is a specialized task in which someone’s speech is written down as accurately as possible. The person who does the writing down is called the transcriber. The most difficult transcription is when the transcriber has to record what has been spoken directly at the same time that the person is actually speaking. There is no chance to hear the speech a second time, especially if the transcription is taking place in a public place where there may be many people listening. Some transcribers make a recording of the person’s speech, then do the transcription later in their own time. This is a lot easier, assuming that the recording is of reasonable quality, as the audio recording can be played over and over again until as much as possible of the person’s words can be transcribed.
There are also many occasions when the transcriber is also a translator and must listen to someone speaking in a language that is not their own language and will need to both transcribe and translate it. Note that the difference between immediate transcription and remote transcription as far as translators are concerned is the same. The translator who is also a transcriber would find listening to a recorded speech would find it easier to do the translation part of the task than having to listen carefully and simultaneously transcribe and translate at the same time. The transcriber may then opt to transcribe the person’s words directly into text using the speaker’s language then perform the translation part later by consulting what they have written down.
The transcriber/translator is somewhere between a pure translator and an interpreter. Translators normally work with text. This is in some ways easier than what interpreters have to do, but it would be expected that translators would normally achieve a higher degree of accuracy. Interpreters listen to someone speaking and then convert the speech into the desired second language. Interpreters’ end product then is audio, while translators’ is text. It’s not really possible for either transcribers or interpreters to produce a totally accurate version of the spoken word, so the aim is to be as accurate as possible rather than aim for total accuracy.
When are transcribers/translators needed?
There are very many uses for transcriber /translators and the demand for good quality transcription and translation services is constantly growing. Here are a few examples of where this service is needed:
- legal transcription;
- academic transcription;
- medical transcription;
- business and marketing transcription.
As with many translations and interpreting services, there is a strong tendency for specialization in the transcription/ translation industry. This does mean that if you are on the lookout for a transcription/translation service it is important to use the service that specializes in your own field.
The effect of Covid-19 on demand for transcription
Because of social distancing rules in many, if not most countries, as well as the almost impossible ability to travel across borders, there has been a huge rise in virtual or online meetings and conferences of all types. This has inevitably meant that there is an associated huge growth in demand for good-quality transcribers and translators to record what is said at these events. Transcriptions of meetings and conferences can then be translated into multiple languages and distributed by email to participants without the need for risking infection. | <urn:uuid:1afe90b5-ea11-4b67-aec2-79c890422957> | {
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With the federal debt spiraling out of control, many Americans sense an urgent need to find a political leader who is able to say “no” to spending. Yet they fear that finding such a leader is impossible. Conservatives long for another Ronald Reagan. But is Reagan the right model? He was of course a tax cutter, reducing the top marginal rate from 70 to 28 percent. But his tax cuts—which vindicated supply-side economics by vastly increasing federal revenue—were bought partly through a bargain with Democrats who were eager to spend that revenue. Reagan was no budget cutter—indeed, the federal budget rose by over a third during his administration.
An alternative model for conservatives is Calvin Coolidge. President from 1923 to 1929, Coolidge sustained a budget surplus and left office with a smaller budget than the one he inherited. Over the same period, America experienced a proliferation of jobs, a dramatic increase in the standard of living, higher wages, and three to four percent annual economic growth. And the key to this was Coolidge’s penchant for saying “no.” If Reagan was the Great Communicator, Coolidge was the Great Refrainer.
Following World War I, the federal debt stood ten times higher than before the war, and it was widely understood that the debt burden would become unbearable if interest rates rose. At the same time, the top income tax rate was over 70 percent, veterans were having trouble finding work, prices had risen while wages lagged, and workers in Seattle, New York, and Boston were talking revolution and taking to the streets. The Woodrow Wilson administration had nationalized the railroads for a time at the end of the war, and had encouraged stock exchanges to shut down for a time, and Progressives were now pushing for state or even federal control of water power and electricity. The business outlook was grim, and one of the biggest underlying problems was the lack of an orderly budgeting process: Congress brought proposals to the White House willy-nilly, and they were customarily approved. | <urn:uuid:a1cca5e0-7753-45b2-a7f5-196ace2b7832> | {
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“Understanding the link between trauma and health is an epiphany for clinicians. Many of us have spent years struggling to help our patients improve their health but did not realize that there was a missing ingredient in our model of care. Trauma affects health not only through psychological and behavioral factors, but also biologically, through neuroendocrine and inflammatory changes in response to trauma. By understanding the central role that trauma plays in illness, we can use this new model to reengineer clinical practice around trauma-informed principles to better serve our patients and save lives,” said Machtinger.
” ‘In our clinic where we treat women with HIV, we are able to deliver lifesaving anti-HIV medications, but we still lose patients far too often. Looking back over the last ten years, only 16 percent of our patient deaths were due to HIV/AIDS. Most deaths were due to events such as depression, suicide, murder, drug overdoses and lung diseases that are directly related to adult and childhood experiences of trauma. We also realized that trauma is having a devastating impact on the health of a broad spectrum of the U.S. population, regardless of someone’s HIV status. We need a new model of care that addresses this key social determinate of health,’ said the paper’s lead author, Edward L. Machtinger, MD, director of the Women’s HIV Program at UCSF.”
“In the trauma-informed primary care model, the healthcare team routinely inquires about trauma, ideally in the context of an ongoing provider-patient relationship. Patients are educated about the ways that trauma affects health. Screening includes assessment for recent trauma including intimate partner violence, lifetime trauma, and/or the emotional and physical consequences of trauma such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use and chronic pain.”
Read the full article here:
University of California, San Francisco. “Improving primary care by addressing trauma.” Medical Express, May 6, 2015
Photo Credit: Mimozaveliu. “The children of Kosovo-Sorrow and hope 3.” Wikimedia Commons, 14 February 2013 | <urn:uuid:d3eda382-3aef-443f-9dff-47c6f4f20a12> | {
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Does Exercise Lower Blood Pressure?
Exercise is Essential To Lower Blood Pressure…
You may be wondering…Does Exercise Lower Blood Pressure? If you have high blood pressure, just regular moderate exercise will sharply decrease your risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, a new study finds.
At the conference, lead researcher CP Wen said his team analyzed the exercise habits of 434,190 individuals, who were followed for 12 years. Just 24 percent of the participants were moderately active, or higher, as compared to 22 percent who had low activity levels, and 54 percent who were inactive.
When the researchers looked at the number of people who had died during the follow-up period, they compared those who died from all causes with those whose demise was due to cardiovascular disease. They found that those who were inactive had higher blood pressure readings of 40-50 mmHg more, which translated to a significantly higher risk of cardiac death.
This study provides proof that, if you have high blood pressure, moderate exercise is absolutely essential to lower your risk of dying from heart disease. So lace up those sneakers, and head outside for a one-hour walk!
Thank you for reading, | <urn:uuid:38427519-cdb0-43b2-a46e-e866a5e03b87> | {
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The J.E. Corrette Steam Plant is located in Montana outside Billings.
Power generation plant workers are at high risk from asbestos exposure and are substantially more likely to contract disease such as mesothelioma. In 2003, Puerto Rican researchers analyzed the chest x-rays of 1,100 workers who had worked at least fifteen years in such a facility. 13% of the images showed signs of asbestos disease.
Asbestos is more than a flame retardant; the “blue” and “brown” varieties most likely to cause asbestos cancers such as mesothelioma are also excellent electrical insulators. Asbestos-containing materials were used extensively throughout the construction of power plants prior to 1980. Some of the areas in which asbestos-containing materials were found include:
- fire doors
- electrical cloth
- pipe fittings and conduits
- gasket materials
- turbines and other machinery
This incidentally was not only a hazard to the worker, but to his family as well; asbestos fibers could be carried home in a worker's hair and clothing, subjecting family members to what is known as “secondary exposure.” There are several documented cases of a family member developing mesothelioma as the result of this type of exposure.
It was one such case in 1977 that brought to light a corporate conspiracy on the part of the asbestos industry to hide information regarding asbestos toxicity from the public. Corporations such as W.R. Grace, Johns-Manville and Raysbestos and colluded for over forty years to withhold medical evidence proving the carcinogenicity of the products from which these companies, their CEOs and their shareholders made extraordinary wealth.
Those who were employed at a power generation plant prior to 1980 should get regular checkups if possible and discuss the asbestos exposure with their primary care physician. When diagnosed and treated early, asbestos cancer patients can survive for many years. Mesothelioma chemotherapy treatments are available from doctors such as Dr. David Sugarbaker in Boston, MA. at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
This facility was one of countless factories, mills, power plants and worksites that, throughout most of the 20th century, used the mineral asbestos because of its ability to withstand flame. While using asbestos was generally considered a way to protect human life, it unfortunately ended up with the opposite effect: exposure to asbestos at jobsites has resulted in illness and death for far too many employees. The reason for this is that asbestos strands, if inhaled, embed themselves into respiratory passages, leading to life-threatening illnesses such as pleural plaques and cancer. The most deadly of the asbestos-related illnesses is mesothelioma, which is a form of cancer that involves the cells lining the chest cavity; it is very difficult to treat, and patients seldom live more than two years after being diagnosed.
Because research has uncovered the link between inhaling asbestos and conditions such as lung cancer, today's employees are protected by government regulations that prescribe how asbestos is used. People who labored near job sites constructed with asbestos prior to the passage of such laws, on the other hand, generally spent their work days in sites where asbestos was prevalent, and they as a rule received very little training concerning how to work safely with the substance. Spouses were also exposed to asbestos if companies didn't offer showers, because employees carried asbestos home on their skin or in their hair.
People who were employed at this site at any time in their job history, as well as those who lived with them, are encouraged to find out about these health conditions and inform their family doctors about their history of asbestos exposure, because the symptoms of asbestos-related diseases like mesothelioma can be difficult to distinguish from those of less serious conditions.Sources
Bowker, Michael. Fatal Deception: The Terrifying True Story of How Asbestos is Killing America. New York: Touchstone, 2003.
Cabrera-Santiago, Manuel et al. "Prevalence of Asbestos-Related Disease Among Electrical Power Generation Workers in Puerto Rico." Presentation at American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, 2007. | <urn:uuid:90a8dc09-1479-48f9-947e-b7922d7d5273> | {
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SATURDAY, Sept. 1 (HealthDay News) -- Packing nutritious and fun school lunches can help children achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
Latest Healthy Kids News
Here are some tips for parents from Dr. William Gillespie, a pediatrician and chief medical officer at New York City-based EmblemHealth.
- Give your children a choice. If they get to decide what's in their lunch, they're more likely to eat it. Just make sure their choices are all healthy, such as apples, bananas, carrots or celery.
- Add dip to make vegetables more fun for kids. A quick dip can be made with plain non-fat yogurt and garlic powder (or any other seasoning your child likes).
- Make mini-kabobs by cubing low-sodium deli chicken or turkey and low-fat cheese. Place the cubes on pretzel sticks. You can also use grape tomatoes and green grapes.
- Use whole-wheat bread instead of white bread. Whole-wheat pita or tortillas are other healthy options. Let your child make a "face" on their sandwich with ingredients such as hummus, low-fat cream cheese and cut-up vegetables.
Presentation makes a difference in how much food appeals to kids, Gillespie noted. Children are more likely to eat things in smaller, bite-size pieces or slices. Slice sandwiches into four squares. Cut up an apple or create a fruit cup with pieces of different melons.
When it comes to warm foods in a thermos, try a healthy macaroni and cheese with whole-wheat pasta and some small broccoli florets. A three-bean chili with carrots and zucchini is another healthy option.
Make sure your child's lunch includes a good source of calcium, such as yogurt, smoothies, low-fat string cheese or low-fat milk.
Water is a better choice than sugary drinks such as juices and sodas. If your child likes something crunchy, give them baked chips, low-fat popcorn or whole-grain crackers.
Ask if your child's school has restrictions on what students are allowed to bring for lunch. For example, many schools don't allow peanut butter. Remember to use an ice pack to keep cold foods cold.
-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCE: EmblemHealth, Aug. 24, 2012, news release | <urn:uuid:45c68d48-be76-4bb7-b8ff-d91a5d2a184a> | {
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- Antenatal and Postnatal Care
- Asthma & COPD Management
- Chronic Disease Management
- Diabetes Management
- Extended Primary Care (EPC )
- GP Consultations
- Health Assessment & Aged Care
- Hypertension and Heart Failure Management
- Men's & Sexual Health
- Mental Health Care Plan and Management
- Minor Surgery
- QML Pathology
- Skin Cancer Check & Cry therapies
- Visiting Specialists
- Women's Health
- Work Place Injury
According to the American Cancer Society, skin cancer is now the most common of all cancers in the United States. The good news is that skin cancer is highly curable when diagnosed and treated early by a skilled dermatologist. In almost all cases, treatment can be performed on an outpatient basis under a local anesthesia. We offer our patients today’s most advanced technology and surgical techniques for treating basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
Types of Skin Cancer
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a skin cancer that occurs in the uppermost layers of the skin, or the epidermis. SCCs often look like scabs, with a crusty patch growing on top of inflamed, red skin. Primarily caused by years of UV exposure, SCCs are most commonly found on areas of the body that are exposed to the sun, but they can also develop on the inside of the mouth, nose, and genitalia.
What is basal cell carcinoma?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer, affecting cells of the deepest layer of the epidermis. BCCs are abnormal growths that resemble a waxy bump, sore, or scar. The result of long-term exposure to the UV rays of the sun (or tanning beds), BCCs often occur on areas that have been most exposed, such as the face and neck. BCCs are slow growing and rarely metastasize. However, if they are not treated, they have the potential to become disfiguring and invade healthy surrounding tissue.
What is melanoma?
Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer, and can be fatal if left untreated. It can occur anywhere on the body when the skin cells that produce pigment mutate and grow rapidly, forming a tumor that resembles a mole, or develops from a mole. Atypical moles (or dysplastic nevi) can sometimes mimic the appearance of melanoma, so schedule an examination to be sure. Be diligent about self-checking your moles and look for the ABCDE signs of melanoma, especially if you have ever experienced a sunburn or have a family history of this cancer. Melanoma is serious and can spread quickly to other parts of the body. | <urn:uuid:227f31ec-6010-48f0-9116-3ae784986080> | {
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Women’s rights organisations and movements from Asia and the Pacific, comprising 480 women, gathered in Bangkok on 14-16 November 2014 to call on our governments for accountability for the commitments made almost twenty years ago in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action to advance gender equality and the rights of women and girls, and to realise our aspiration for a region that is defined by development, economic, social, gender and environmental justice. We remind ourselves that the BPFA drew its mandate and inspiration from earlier global agreements, such as, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions and the Vienna Conference on Human Rights.
Almost twenty years ago, the world’s leaders came together to collectively advance our rights at the Fourth World Conference on Women, making an unprecedented commitment that was enshrined in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Five years later, the Millennium Declaration was adopted which reinforced the principles of human dignity, equality, and equity at the global level and reconfirmed respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as respect for the equal rights of all.
Today, we find ourselves in a world defined by deep and entrenched inequalities. Gender inequality reinforces and is itself reinforced by the extraordinary levels of inequality in wealth, power, and resources experienced by women in Asia and the Pacific. The architecture of globalization has resulted in wealth being concentrated in the hands of a tiny minority of
obscenely rich individuals. Globally, the sixty-five richest people in the world have as much combined wealth as the 3.5 billion poorest, which is half of the world’s population.
In Asia, 0.001% of the population owns 30% of the region’s wealth. These few people own seventeen times more wealth than the least developed countries in Asia combined. In a region that has two-thirds of the world’s poorest people, women comprise the majority of the poor. Migrant, indigenous, refugee, rural, urban poor, women living with disabilities, women and girls living with HIV, ethnic minorities, caste and women with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are the most likely to experience marginalisation and a denial of
their human rights.
Today we also find ourselves in a moment of reflection, as governments consider their progress under the Beijing Platform for Action and deliberate on a new development agenda that must avert the social, economic, and environmental crises that we face. In this moment, we demand that governments finally deliver on the promises made in Beijing.
The single greatest barrier to the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action is the lack of binding, meaningful accountability mechanisms. Governments derive their mandate from their capacity to be accountable to their constituents. Accountability requires time-bound targets, transparent reporting and monitoring, adequate funding and resources and yet it requires so much more.
Genuine accountability means that governments at national and local levels should have a clear role in ensuring implementation and establish annual parliamentary reporting mechanisms. Genuine accountability means that civil society must be able to access government policies, data and decision-making process at all levels. It is unacceptable that civil society representatives are prevented from attending civil society forums by their own governments. National women’s machinery must have an all-of-government mandate to ensure all critical areas of concern are implemented in their entirety. They must have the mandate to review and amend policy that undermines the Beijing Platform for Action and other obligations.
Genuine accountability means that the least powerful amongst us are able to hold the most powerful to account for their actions.
Genuine accountability means that we can hold parliamentarians, officials, corporations and the individuals within them to account for their direct and indirect violations of women’s human rights. But most significantly accountability requires access to justice, remedies, accountability requires reparations, accountability requires justice. We reiterate the civil society call from this region for governments to commit to Development Justice. Embedded in a commitment to human rights, Development Justice requires governments to end the gross inequalities of wealth, power, resources and opportunities that exist between countries, between rich and poor and between men and women. Development Justice requires implementation of five ‘transformative shifts’ – Redistributive Justice, Economic Justice, Environmental Justice, Gender, Sexual and Social Justice and Accountability to the Peoples.
The women at the Asia Pacific Beijing+20 Civil Society Forum collectively recognise the following concerns and priorities for women in Asia and the Pacific regarding the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, the post-2015 development agenda, and beyond.
Women in Migration
The nature of women’s work in Asia and the Pacific has been fundamentally shaped by neoliberal economic reforms and development strategies adopted by governments in recent decades. One of the consequences of this has been the expansion by governments of avenues for labour migration across the region. Many states have actively supported migration of women, from the poorer countries of the region as a source of income to the economies of countries of origin. There has been little focus across the region to putting in place the bilateral agreements that are essential to ensure that the rights of these workers are protected.
The primary reasons for women to undertake employment migration across borders, within and beyond sub-regions, are poverty, lack of viable alternate avenues of employment, economic insecurity at home. The lack of protective measures has meant that thousands of women are placed in extremely vulnerable positions, facing abuse and exploitation with little recourse to any forms of justice.
We recognize poverty as a cause and a consequence of migration, including forced migration. Rates of poverty are high with poverty among migrant families due to the high costs and low pay that many migrant workers experience. Many migrant women have limited options and negotiating power and this can make them targets for exploitative labour practices and violence They undergo unregulated and long hours of work, low wages, lack of access to food, restrictions on mobility, rest and at times even the right to communicate with their families back home. Thousands of women migrate for employment as domestic workers; there is a growing phenomenon of thousands of others are trafficked as sex worker in and from the Asia Pacific. Returnee women migrants often face stigma by people who assume they worked as migrant sex workers or were sexually active during their migration. Returnee women migrant workers are looked upon as having neglected their families by their absence during migration, they are made to take the blame for children dropping out of school, for ‘allowing’ incest to take place, for breaking up their families. These discriminatory attitudes against women migrant workers need to be challenged.
We acknowledge that where women have undertaken migration for employment as sex workers, the rights of sex workers and women’s sexual autonomy needs to be recognized. Governments in countries of origin, transit and destination should recognize, respect and affirm women’s right to health and their sexual and reproductive health and rights regardless of their status Refugee and migrant women face a number of challenges including the lack of legal status, no right to work, limited access to education and health services, increased risk of arrest and detention, violence, xenophobia and discrimination by host communities. The lack of legal status is a key barrier to women’s access to justice and security, and a key challenge to obtaining regular employment and securing access to services.
States should increase the economic agency of refugee and migrant women, by providing safe livelihood opportunities; decent work; safe and healthy workplaces; access to training and education; recognition of existing qualifications and the right to social protection across all formal and informal sectors.
We call on States to accede to relevant international legal instruments on refugee protection, statelessness, migrants’ rights and related concerns, and develop strong regional mechanisms and national frameworks to ensure the protection of the rights of refugee and migrant women.
We call on Asia and Pacific governments to ratify and implement ILO Convention 189 on Decent Work for Domestic Workers.
Women in Power
Women in the Asia and Pacific Region continue to be systematically excluded from political spaces. In the Pacific, for example, women occupy only 3.4 per cent of parliamentary seats. We call on governments to ensure the full, equal and safe public and political participation of women at all levels of government, including through electoral and political reforms; strengthening the implementation of gender equality plans, policies and programs; ensuring gender-responsive budgeting and provision of a special fund for women standing in elections; and ensuring disaggregated data collection that is responsive to the needs of all women, particularly disadvantaged women. Further, we call for women’s leadership to be increased at the international level, including in UN bodies and agencies.
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
Sexual rights are human rights. Reproductive rights are human rights. If we cannot control our own bodies, sexualities, and fertility, we cannot exercise any of our other civil, political, economic, social or cultural rights. Sexual and reproductive health and rights must be guaranteed and entrenched in law and policy, and mechanisms must be established to address and redress violations of these rights.
Governments must ensure that all women and girls can exercise their right to a full range of quality, free, and comprehensive sexuality education and reproductive health information and services, including safe and legal abortion, provided through the public sector, without any form of stigma, discrimination, coercion or violence. Governments must revoke discriminatory and punitive laws and policies that undermine the sexual and reproductive health and rights of marginalized women and girls, including women and girls living with HIV, sex workers and entertainers, women who use drugs, women with disabilities, migrant and mobile women, lesbian and bisexual women, transgender people, elderly women, rural women, women working in the informal sector, and girls and young women. To guarantee these sexual and reproductive health and rights, governments must allocate financing to ensure the availability, acceptability, accessibility and quality of services and adopt mechanisms for accountability that including regular monitoring, redress mechanisms for violations. This process must be consultative and include the meaningful participation of NGOs, specifically women’s and feminist organizations, ensuring their role in government accountability.
Women and Girls Living with HIV
Women and girls living with HIV experience disproportionate levels of gender-based violence, stigma and discrimination and human rights violations. Key affected women, in particular, female sex workers, transgender people, women who use drugs, mobile and migrant women, and young women, are increasingly vulnerability to HIV infection. This increased vulnerability, limits the access of women and girls living with HIV to treatment, care and services. Governments must review and remove laws and policies that discriminate
and/or criminalize sex workers, people who use drugs, mobile and migrant women and transgender people, including policies that conflate sex work with trafficking, criminalize HIV transmission, and deport migrants on the basis of HIV status.
Governments need to scale up interventions that end stigma and discrimination in health care settings for key affected women and girls, including prohibition of compulsory HIV and pregnancy testing, denial of services; subjection to degrading and/or humiliating treatment; forced contraception; forced sterilization and forced abortion. Governments must
ensure that implementation and financing are targeted to key affected populations and their meaningful participation is included at all levels. Women’s activist groups and policy makers need to address the issues of key affected women and girls. Include us, support us. Nothing about us without us.
Women and the International Economic Framework
The realisation of women’s human rights is fundamentally threatened by the dominant model of trade and investment, which has most recently found its expression in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. This Agreement alone threatens to undo the progress made under the Beijing Platform for Action. Women in this region have a long history of resisting trade, investment, and finance regimes that exacerbate the underdevelopment of developing countries, impose harmful policies of privatisation; liberalisation and deregulation; restrict the sovereign regulatory space of governments; exacerbate poverty; and violate individual and collective rights. We demand transparency of, and inclusion in, the negotiation of these
agreements, which affect livelihoods and lives. Women have the most to lose when healthcare services are privatised, land is sold in unscrupulous, untransparent deals, and labour protections are deregulated. We call for global solidarity against the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the broader neoliberal trade and investment model. We call for governments to fulfil their extraterritorial human rights obligations, to hold transnational corporations accountable for human rights violations, and we call for development justice.
Gender equality and the achievement of women’s rights necessitates labour reforms to build an inclusive labour market which secures women’s equal access to decent work and a living wage, women’s representation in labour market institutions and decision-making more broadly, support for collective bargaining and the right to organise as well as the adoption of universal social protection.
Women and the Environment
The issue of environmental sustainability must be integrated into every policy and discussion affecting women’s human rights and women’s livelihoods: there should not be a disconnect between human rights norms and the lexicon of environmental sustainability. The neoliberal paradigm of development must be challenged in order to combat corporate greed
throughout the region. Women’s organizations working on environmental justice issues must be recognized for their efforts to generate income for women, protect their human rights and right to natural resources, and continue to work towards climate change mitigation. We urge governments to commit to a binding framework to reduce carbon emissions and to ensure accountability to the Rio Principles, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; to strengthen education and capacity development that supports conversation, restoration, and sustainable development; further the understanding of the impact of gender inequality; strengthen integrated forest and coastal management institutions;
develop and integrate disaster, risk and reduction strategies; increase women’s role in governance; challenge public-private partnerships; and recognize women as agents of change and empowered scientists who work to safeguard their lives and livelihoods.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression
The lived realities of lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and intersex persons is that there is often little acknowledgement of the discrimination and violence perpetrated because of sexual orientation, gender identity and expression.
We demand the recognition of the rights of lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LBTI) persons’ as human rights. We bring to your attention the rights of LBTI persons embodied in various internationally agreed upon documents, including the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CEDAW), Human Rights Convention, and the Beijing Platform for Action, which, in paragraph 96, protects “the human rights of women, [which encompasses] their right to have
control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.”
Therefore, we urge governments to remove all discriminatory laws, policies, barriers and practices that discriminate against LBTI persons in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as ensure the realization of their sexual and reproductive rights. We call for the fulfillment of legal and ethical responsibility to protect the fundamental and full human rights for all, and ensure the health, well-being, protection and safety of all women, including LBTI people.
Violence against Women and Girls
Violence against women and girls remains widespread, systematic, and culturally entrenched in the Asia and Pacific Region. Women continue to experience violence in both public and private domains, on a continuum that includes acts of harassment; murder, femicide, and the disappearance of women. The violence experienced by women and girls is amplified by
changes in context such as, land grabbing, armed conflict, militarization, religious fundamentalism, pre and post disaster situations among others. These changes in context, together with attitudes and perceptions which are moulded by tradition and influenced by a neo-colonial culture, continue to violate the rights and welfare of women and girls.
Violence against women and girls is not simple and one-dimensional, rather it is characterised by intersectionality; a complex of being both a women / girl and a member of a marginalised group. It is essential to recognize the multiple and intersecting forms of violence faced by women and girls as a result of caste, sexuality and sexual orientation and gender identity or expression, disability, HIV, migration status, caste and occupation.
Targeted gender-based violence online such as cyber-stalking, harassment and misogynistic hate speech is increasingly being used to silence women and girls voices, and to keep them out of public spaces. There is a need to articulate the duties and responsibilities of States, private sector, intergovernmental institutions and other actors to include technology related forms of violence against women in their overall response and prevention efforts to end violence against women.
Eliminating violence against women and girls must be a priority for governments and civil society going into the post2015 agenda and should reflect a genuine commitment to transformative change through the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. This commitment must include information, awareness, and campaigns which work to dismantle the cultural, social and contextual factors that lead to violence against women and girls; and appropriate budget allocation for services related to violence against women. We also demand State accountability to end impunity in cases of violence against women and girls by stringent monitoring of implementation of policies and legislations mandated to provide justice.
Women with Disabilities
Women with disabilities are amongst the most likely to live in poverty; to be denied development rights; the right to makes choices over their own bodies; to achieve justice and access services when experiencing gender based violence; to enjoy education, meaningful and decent work; to control resources; and to participate in public life. Women with disabilities must be included at all levels to create a just and inclusive society, where women with disabilities live with dignity, respect, and equality. This requires a multi stakeholder approach which recognizes the contribution to and role of women with disabilities in the Beijing +20 Review and takes into account the needs and issues of women and girls with disabilities.
We urge governments to undertake a holistic review of policies and governance structures around disability by consulting and involving persons with disabilities, particularly women and girls. In order to avoid discrimination and biases, and undertake a realistic, needs-based analysis that will lead towards achievable and inclusive legislation and action plans, it is essential to consult with and include women and girls with disabilities at all levels. There is also an urgent need for inclusive data collection, analysis and research on
persons with disabilities which captures disaggregated data around age, gender, caste, sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, and cultural, religious, ethnic identity. We also call on State and non-state actors to incorporate opportunities for leadership development and participation in decision making by women and girls with disabilities.
Women and Armed Conflict
Some of the world’s most protracted armed conflicts are in the Asia Pacific region. Our region also has the highest numbers of subnational conflicts in the world, many of which are not recognised by our governments. Globalised militarisation coupled with regional and global vested interests in our region has made parts of the region a theatre of war. Entrenched militarism has fostered suspension of the rule of law, poor governance, legitimisation of violence and repression, and a continuum of violence from the state and society to the family underpinned by a culture of all pervasive impunity. Rising religious fundamentalisms, extremism and the radicalization of societies in the name of religion has significantly impacted on
women’s human rights. It is critical to recognise that women and girls who face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination – such as women from ethnic, religious, indigenous, sexual groups, women with disabilities, women headed households including widows, single women as well as women ex-combatants and women human rights defenders – face heightened insecurity and vulnerability in conflict situations. A conflict prevention and transformative approach to development is therefore critical to addressing root causes of
conflict and promoting long-term sustainable development, peace and justice.
Women have engaged extensively in conflict resolution, peace making and peace building in the region but have been allowed little role in formal mechanisms of peace making. This must be rectified urgently and women must be included at all levels of decision making so that women’s lived experience in conflict resolution, prevention, protection, and relief and
recovery efforts is recognized. We must redefine the meaning of ‘peace’, ‘justice’ and ‘security’ from the perspective of women to challenge the current State-centric definitions, so that women can reclaim their rights. We call on governments to adopt National Action Plans that incorporate the principles of UNSCR 1325 and CEDAW and on Critical Area E of the Beijing Platform and adhere to their obligations under CEDAW, to ensure that women enjoy substantive equality including by creating monitoring and accountability mechanisms that are effective, participatory, and transparent.
We ask that governments provide long-term support and rehabilitation to women survivors, in a holistic way; reinforce mechanisms and upscale resources and funding to ensure safe spaces, protection and recovery of women and girl survivors of conflict. This includes creating avenues to involve women in peace processes, including forming women peace groups at local level. Governments must also ensure justice—as defined by local women—including transitional justice, and reparations for war crimes against women and an end to impunity for perpetrators of violence against women, with a view to strengthening the rule of law in regard to sexual violence and violence against women.
Finally, we ask that governments reduce defence budgets and ensure accountability and transparency in relation to military spending and ensure that the military is not engaged in civilian functions.
Rural women, particularly peasants, agricultural workers, indigenous women, Dalit women, nomads, tribals, fisherwomen, informal women workers, and herders, are even more marginalized than most women, face multiple forms of discrimination and violence, and are hungrier and poorer than ever.
Rural women need genuine land reform. Rural women must be assured of the equal right to access, own, control and benefit from productive resources, including land, water, seeds, energy sources, livestock and fisheries, genetic resources, public subsidies and appropriate technologies. There must be the Free, Prior and Informed Consent of communities on all projects encroaching on agricultural and customary lands.
Communities need to have the right to determine their patterns of food production and consumption, and prioritise food production for domestic consumption: food sovereignty is key to food security and the eradication of poverty. Women have a significant role in providing food security and there must be active and meaningful participation and leadership of women in all decision-making processes concerning food and agriculture policies.
The onslaught of corporate-led agriculture, which is at the helm of accelerated land and resource-grabbing and destruction of biodiversity and ecology must be stopped. We call on governments to reject neo-liberal policies that force developing countries to adopt measures that favor large-scale agribusinesses over the interests of small food producers. Instead, states should improve livelihoods through smallholder agriculture and agro-ecological farming, connecting rural farmers with urban consumers, and building on local, indigenous and gender-based knowledge, employing biodiversity-based techniques with women at the core.
We demand the elimination of the use and trade of highly hazardous pesticides and genetically engineered crops and products; and holding agrochemical transnational corporations accountable for harm inflicted by these technologies to the environment and human health, especially of women and children. We demand governments develop and strengthen
policies to encourage farmers to transition out of conventional chemical agriculture, which exacerbates food insecurity, towards biodiversity-based ecological agriculture; to promote climate change solutions in agriculture that aim at building community resilience to climate change impacts through ecological and sustainable agricultural practices.
Women & Girls’ Access to Information
Access to full and accurate information by women and girls continues to be a major challenge in many countries. Women and girls have the right to access information that they need, to empower them in making informed decisions about their bodies and lives. Governments should invest and enable the education and training of women and girls, engaging them in important national, regional and international discussions to ground the decision making processes in the realities of women and girls in the Asia and Pacific Region.
We also call on governments to ensure that comprehensive sexuality education is incorporated in the national curriculum, and where this is not yet possible, to enable civil society and other stakeholders to provide this education widely, in and out of schools using formal, informal and non-formal education settings.
Women and the Media
Access to the media must be universal. To address digital and media divides there must be political will of governments to address economic, social, cultural and political divides that perpetuate gender inequality and discrimination against women. There must be increased support by government for women driven media that reaches different audiences with
We call on governments to develop media policies, practices and tools that respect women’s human rights and gender equality and that eliminate gender stereotyping, biases, and discriminatory portrayals of women and other social groups in media. It is critical for government and civil society to promote media literacy that will provide women and girls to be more engaged in how media portrays them as well as digital literacy as a component of meaningful access enabling women and girls including the marginalised and underrepresented
communities in media to develop essential technical skills as users and consumers so they may become active agents who can participatefully in social and public life.
Governments must use gender audits such as the Global Media Monitoring project to conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis of content to ensure that government communication and media strategies effectively promote gender equality. This must also ensure an increase in the number of women in decision-making positions in all media institutions whether corporate or alternative including social media.
Strategies need to be developed for government and private media to work with women’s media groups to conduct trainings, regarding appropriate language and understanding of gender issues. Internet governance and or regulations need to incorporate a gender perspective with the participation of women in all decision-making processes.
Internet and mobile phone service providers must develop corporate policies, practices and tools that respect women’s rights and prevent technology-related forms of violence against women. Such policies must ensure the participation of women in internet governance processes and in telecommunications regulatory policies and ensure greater affordability of
mobile, internet and other technologies for all, paying particular attention to addressing the gender gap in access.
Women’s Human Rights and the Development Agenda
In reflecting on the role of human rights in the development agenda, we note that they play an essential role in setting norms and standards, naming the rights, rights holders, duty bearers and their obligations. The universality and indivisibility of human rights ensures that development is holistic and reaches all without exception, not as “beneficiaries” but as “rights-holders.”
CEDAW offers a holistic, rights based framework which must be implemented as the normative framework for the BPFA. There must be a continuous process of defining the content of normative standards based on the meaning of “substantive equality” as given in CEDAW. Intersectionality must be prioritised, recognizing the diversity of women and historic discrimination against women. All organs of the State, the executive, judiciary and the legislator, must be recognised to be responsible and accountable arms of the State and bound by treaty obligations.
Indicators for the stand alone gender equality goal in the post-2015 development agenda and the integration of women’ s human rights in all other goals must be finalised in adherence to CEDAW and other international human rights standards. Procedures and monitoring mechanisms must be clarified to ensure State accountability for the fulfillment of the Post Beijing
goals and include women’s participation. We urge governments to accelerate the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The following priorities and concerns emerged from the sub-regional and young women’s caucuses.
Young Women’s Caucus
While there has been some progress made to improve the lives of young women in the region, there are still great battles to be won. We acknowledge progress made in the areas of education, particularly in primary enrolment of girls, in access to employment opportunities for young women, and increasing political participation and engagement of young women in national and regional platforms. However, young women continue to be left out of the conversation in many arenas. Young women have unique struggles and needs, and we urge governments and the international community to recognize and address those needs, to ensure the fulfilment of rights for all young women.
We call for the meaningful and effective participation of young women in political spaces, decision making platforms and accountability mechanisms. Governments must strengthen young women’s economic empowerment through laws and policies that protect their right to equal employment and wage opportunities. We remind governments of their responsibility to protect young women and the girl child, including those from marginalized groups, the diversity of which encompasses lesbian, bisexual, transgender people, young women with different abilities, indigenous young women, young women living with HIV and AIDS, young women sex workers, young women using drugs, and young migrant workers, among others.
We call on governments to ensure the provision of accessible, affordable, non-judgemental, confidential and gender-sensitive youth-friendly services for all, including sexual and reproductive health and rights services and comprehensive sexuality education, recognizing young women’s rights to these services and information. We also strongly recommend the expansion of the definition of violence against women to include the specific vulnerabilities faced by young women, to account for the emerging and multifaceted forms of violence, including early and forced marriage, online and cyberspace violence, dating violence, violence in educational institutions, harmful traditional practices, as well as in conflict and post-conflict situations.
South Asia Caucus
We stress that VAW, such as, acid violence, dowry violence, honour killing, trafficking, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and witch hunting are intolerable indicators of discrimination. We observe that the interplay of rising fundamentalism and extremism has led to increased control of women. We are concerned about the entrenched militarization, non-recognition of subregional conflicts, poor governance, normalization of states of exception, increased military budgets, regional and global vested interests, and the rise
of resource-based conflicts in the region. We understand that people continue to face exclusion, discrimination, and violence because of their sexualorientation, disabilities, caste, class, ethnic, tribal and indigenous identities.
We reiterate that governments are responsible to uphold their obligations even to extra-territorial violations by international financial institutions, private sector, third party states, and non-state actors.
We call on governments to urgently address the impunity of perpetrators of violence, ensure that structural discrimination such as caste based violence is not tolerated, enact laws and policies needed to tackle sexual harassment, and provide resources to civil society organizations.
We further call on states to commit to transitional justice processes, and initiate new jurisprudence enabling women to report current and past incidences of sexual violence in conflict.
We are concerned that the current model of development shaped by neoliberal policies, degradation of the natural environment combined with retrogressive laws and geo-political imperatives escalate fundamentalisms and patriarchal inequalities that force women and girls to bear the burden of unsustainable economic growth. This has resulted in large-scale economic displacement and disempowerment of women, disruption of the social fabric, increased the burden of work, including unpaid care work. The feminization of poverty has increased disproportionately in South Asia through implementation of macroeconomic policies and withdrawal of the state from its responsibility in the core social sectors of livelihood, food security, health, welfare, and well-being and has forced women into exploitative migrant work both within and outside their countries of origin. We call on states to commit to: value, reduce and redistribute women’s unpaid, care, and domestic work, and to ensure access to full employment, decent work and social protection floors for all; ensure decent work and a living wage for women and regularise the informal sector work; establish and strengthen institutional frameworks and mechanisms that ensure effective rights protection for documented and undocumented women migrant workers in countries of origin and destination.
We in the East Asian region recognize the work being done in China, Korea and Japan to promote gender equality and the women and development agenda while also highlighting the need to strengthen government linkages with civil society. This is within the context of the rise of conservative governments across the region and a corresponding shrinking of an already limited space for civil society engagement.
Growing inequality across all sections of society is a key concern for women in the region. Unsustainable life style, the divide between urban and rural populations, and excessive capitalism have multifaceted and detrimental effects on women.
Violence against women continues to be a key issued faced by women in the East Asia region. Migrant women, women farmers, women refugees, LGBT women and elderly women in particular experience high levels of violence, which points towards the need for a greater focus on marginalized sections of the population in order to meet the needs of women and reflect the reality on the ground.
While women’s participation in politics and the formal economy has increased over the past years, it has not been translated into tangible social change. The patriarchal corporate culture which demands long working hours of employees prevents women from continuing working during pregnancy as well as after childbirth. Women’s jobs are not secured after maternity leave and the glass ceiling for women still persists. In addition to the inequalities and discrimination that women face in the formal economy, women continue to be the primary caretakers of the family, including children, the sick, and the elderly; bearing the burden of the unpaid work whether or not they are active in labour force.
Gender-stereotyping continues to be perpetuated by the society including media and school curriculum. Traditional heterosexual oriented social norms persist and act as social pressure which do not accommodate diverse sexual expressions and single status.
Military expenses have increased in the region over the years with women’s voices continuing to be absent in peace and security dialogue. Women human rights defenders face increasing oppression ranging from threats and harassment to detention without judicial trial. Government accountability needs to be strengthened so that legislation and policy are gender sensitive and reflect unequal power balances.
The women and girls of the Pacific face great challenges, some of which are common to the Asia and Pacific region, while others are particular to the Pacific sub-region. Violence against women is a deep-rooted problem in many countries in the Pacific. The instability of governments, extractive industries and domination by corporation all have profound, long-lasting, and multifaceted impact of the lives of women and girls. Climate change remains a continuous battle for these countries and the women that call the Pacific their home.
We urge Pacific governments to increase efforts in addressing violence against all women. Governments should ensure that all women and girls have access to sexual and reproductive health and rights information and services, including comprehensive sexuality education. We also see a dire need to intensify efforts in climate change and disaster risk management, particularly in alleviating the impact faced by women and girls in the Pacific. Political participation of women in the Pacific sub region is low and the forum calls for temporary special measures to increase women’s access to parliament at all levels.
We recognize the importance to engage and work collaboratively with regional bodies, including the Pacific Youth Council, the Pacific Island Association of Non-government Organizations, the Pacific Young Women Leadership Alliance, the Young Women’s Christian Association, the Women Crisis Center, and the Pacific Network on Violence against Women, among others. We, as civil society, must advocate and work with governments to advance the rights of women and girls in the Pacific, ensuring that governments are held
accountable to the commitments they make nationally and regionally. We must also strive to ensure that the messages transpiring at these platforms are brought back to the community, translated into native languages, so that the community, as a whole, can hold governments accountable for thepromises they have made.
Women and girls, including women with transgender experience in Southeast Asia have multiple, urgent priorities that need to be addressed. They include: poverty; women’s health, sexual & reproductive rights including HIV, infant mortality, early marriage & teenage pregnancy; access to justice especially in relation to minority rights; the rise of religious fundamentalism; a lack of accountability of state and corporations; the protection of women in the informal sector; migrant workers rights; militarisation and human security;
women’s underrepresentation in legislature; women’s land rights; the lack of protection of women human right defenders (this relates to land grabbing (Cambodia) & fundamentalism (Malaysia); violence against women and girls, violence against women and girls of diverse sexual orientation and gender identities; high unemployment; sex stereotypes of women in media; creating space for girls and young women’s voices; monitoring implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, which should include women’s rights organisations.
We recognize the need to work more systematically and in a synergistic waywith the many international mechanisms, taking a cohesive view of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Beijing Platform for Action, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other relevant conventions and treaties and interlinking all the reports with a single frame of reference. This must be accompanied by all the different civil society organizations (CSO) working together to promote human rights comprehensively recognising the indivisibility of rights. We urge governments to fully include civil society consultation in national and
international processes, and to be transparent in national reporting and provide access to comprehensive, disaggregated data.
Central Asian States such as Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan manifested their political commitment to gender equality and women’s rights. These States ratified international conventions and reformed domestic laws, however, gaps remain for the realization of women’s rights within the Central Asian sub region. Political will was neither supported nor confirmed with an adequate mechanism of implementation, financing, and accountability. State promises were not translated into funding support.
There are plans to actively engage with all consultation and review processes at country, regional and international levels on Beijing+20, Sustainable Development Goals and post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. Central Asian States achieved progress in many of the important critical areas of concern of the Beijing Platform for Action.
We call on governments in the Central Asian Region to sustain the achievements made already in our countries and continue to support national gender equality plans; women’s full participation in decision-making; sustain work on ending violence against women and girls; including specific practices such as bride-kidnapping, early and forced marriages; sustain work on women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship, particularly of rural women; ensure women’s equal access to resources including land and funding towards an intergenerational social, cultural, development, environmental, economic, civil and political rights and justice; sustain work on increasing rural women’s access to water, sanitation, energy, food security, credit at affordable interest rates; provide support to address the emerging challenges of climate change and disaster risk reduction, but also of increasing fundamentalism; invest in women’s and girls rights including sexual and reproductive health and rights; and to recognize the role of women in development of peace and security, and provide adequate funding for participation and building capacity of women as peace makers. We call on Central Asian governments to remove all legislations that restricts NGO participation in advancing human rights and to put in place laws and policies to advance gender equality and women’s rights.
We, the women of Asia and the Pacific, recognise and celebrate the contributions of feminist and women’s rights organisations to the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. We further recognise the broader role played by these organisations in advancing our aspirations for societies that are free of poverty, violence, conflict and discrimination against
women. We are committed to continuing to strive for these goals through the pursuit of movement-building, solidarity, democratic processes, and respect for our diversity and our equality. | <urn:uuid:6b604680-3914-4512-bf91-22c21f8ea3b5> | {
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How scientists are looking to nature to solve our environmental problems
Following on the World Environment Day (June 5) “connecting people to nature” the Elsevier’s Analytical Services has pulled together a series of related research collection including research on informing policy, links to social science, relatively new concepts such as nature-based solutions and how research is connecting people to nature.
Quotes taken from the article include:
“When people are ignored and conservation measures are put in, we see opposition, conflict and often failure. These problems require the best available evidence, and that includes having both natural and social scientists at the table.”
“(Nature-based solutions) offer opportunities for encouraging mainstreaming of environmental targets into sectors in policy, business and practice that might not traditionally consider or value the environment, thereby strengthening the potential for strong sustainability in decision making.”
You can access the full article at: https://www.elsevier.com/connect/researching-new-ways-to-connect-people-to-nature-a-special-collection-for-worldenvironmentday
Elsevier’s Analytical Services provides accurate, unbiased analysis on research performance by combining high-quality data sources with technical and research metrics expertise accrued over Elsevier’s 130 years in academic publishing. | <urn:uuid:a23fadf9-83e9-4d58-a5e7-3456b871c3c4> | {
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Diabetes Technology Moves Closer To Making Life Easier For Patients
For people with diabetes, keeping blood sugar levels in a normal range – not too high or too low – is a lifelong challenge. New technologies to ease the burden are emerging rapidly, but insurance reimbursement challenges, supply shortages, and shifting competition make it tough for patients to access them quickly.
One new product is a fast-acting insulin from Novo Nordisk. It is designed to help to minimize the high blood sugar spikes that often occur when people with diabetes eat a meal containing carbohydrates.
This new formulation, branded "Fiasp," adds niacinamide (vitamin B3), which roughly doubles the speed of initial insulin absorption compared to current fast-acting insulins taken at mealtime. This new insulin hits the bloodstream in under three minutes.
Another advance is Abbott's new monitoring device called the FreeStyle Libre Flash. It's new in the U.S. but has been available in Europe since 2014. It's a round patch with a catheter that is inserted on the arm for up to 10 days and a durable scanning device that the user waves over the patch to read the level of sugar in their tissues, which reflects the blood sugar level.
The Libre works a bit differently than the two currently available continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) made by Dexcom and Medtronic. The Libre doesn't require users to prick their fingers for blood tests to calibrate it, whereas users of the other monitors must perform twice-daily fingerstick calibrations.
Also, the Libre is approved for longer wear – 10 days (14 in Europe) versus seven days for the two current CGMs. And, it is likely to be considerably less expensive, although Abbott isn't providing cost information for the U.S. just yet. In Europe, the Libre system costs about four Euros a day (about $4.70).
But, unlike the current devices, the Libre doesn't issue alarms to users when their blood glucose levels get too high or too low. And the U.S. version also doesn't allow for the "share" capability, by which loved ones can follow Dexcom glucose monitor users' blood sugar levels remotely via a smartphone app.
The Libre has been extremely popular in Europe among people with type 1 diabetes. There, fewer people use traditional CGMs compared to the U.S., in large part because they are not frequently covered by European insurance.
Type 1 diabetes requires regular insulin doses to allow cells to use glucose, because the pancreas does not make any of its own. With type 2 diabetes, the insulin being made doesn't adequately meet the body's needs.
About a quarter of people with type 2 diabetes take insulin, and of those, a smaller number take fast-acting insulin before meals. Those doses can lead to low or high blood glucose levels if not matched perfectly by timing and amount to the meal's carbohydrates. There's lots of room for user error.
University of California, Los Angeles endocrinologist Dr. David T. Ahn, who specializes in diabetes technology, believes that in the U.S., the Libre will be more useful for people with type 2 diabetes. Most people with type 2 do not use CGMs and may also not perform frequent fingerstick checks.
"I think it's something that really empowers people, and that's what's really exciting, Ahn says. "[Y]ou literally see firsthand what exercise, diet, rest, and stress do to your blood sugars."
Of course, he adds, "There's benefit really for everybody, but the most important question is where is the cost justified. I would say that at least right now, it probably is only worth the cost for someone on insulin, especially on fast-acting insulin."
Jared Watkin president of Abbott Diabetes Care Division, tells Shots that the Libre was designed for people with either type of diabetes who require frequent glucose testing, and the lack of alarms was intentional. Research shows "alarm fatigue" is one of two main reasons many patients mention for not wanting to use CGM systems, he says. The other reason is cost.
He points out that research on the Libre has also shown that people using the device achieve better glucose control and experience fewer low blood sugar episodes overnight compared to fingersticks alone even without the alarms, presumably because they're making more insulin dose adjustments.
Aaron Kowalski is the chief mission officer for JDRF, formerly the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, which funds much of the research into diabetes technologies. He says it will be interesting to see how U.S. patients with type 1 diabetes who haven't adopted CGM take to the Libre. "If you're coming at it from fingersticking, it makes massive sense ... For some people with type 1, I think it will be a really good option."
Closing the Loop: Progress And Pitfalls
Both continuous glucose sensing and fast-acting insulin are critical components to the development of so-called "closed-loop" or artificial pancreas systems, which aim to automate insulin delivery to the point that patients themselves don't need to make complicated and error-prone calculations about how many carbs are in their meals or how much to cut back their insulin doses for exercise.
In September 2016, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Medtronic's 670G, the first device that partially accomplishes the closed-loop goal via an algorithm that allows the system's CGM to instruct its insulin pump to cut off delivery if the user's blood sugar drops, or increase it if the levels go too high.
Several other companies are working on similar technology. One of those, a start-up called Bigfoot Biomedical is working with Abbott to use a next-generation version of the Libre's sensor. Except for Medtronic, the other major closed-loop competitors – Insulet, Tandem, and Beta-Bionics – are all collaborating with Dexcom.
At the same time, a group of do-it-yourself hackers has figured out how to create their own closed-loop systems using older equipment and instructions that are freely available. Since that endeavor isn't regulated by the FDA, people who have done it – believed to number in the thousands at this point – proceed at their own risk. No major problems have been reported.
Bumps in the Road, But Optimism Overall
As might be expected, not everything in this field has gone smoothly. Due to both high demand and the fact that one of Medtronic's manufacturing plants located in Puerto Rico was damaged by Hurricane Maria, it has been unable to ship part of the 670G to new users, and may not be able to meet demand until 2018.
In addition, the insurance company Anthem has said it won't cover the 670G because it has concluded "there is not yet enough data on the longer-term safety and efficacy" for the system.
Meanwhile, although Medicare agreed in January 2017 to cover the Dexcom continuous glucose monitor for beneficiaries who use insulin, the agency recently determined that the device would not be covered if beneficiaries use the accompanying smartphone app that reads the glucose levels via bluetooth, because it doesn't meet the definition for "durable medical equipment."
The decision means that seniors have to carry around a separate receiver device, and don't have access to the share function. Dexcom is negotiating with federal regulators to work out a solution. In a recent blog post, Ahn wrote "While CGM approval by Dexcom is a huge win overall (it really is), restricting smartphone integration is absolutely ridiculous."
In another blow to the diabetes technology world, major pump manufacturer Animus recently announced that it was pulling out of the market and is shifting its approximately 90,000 current customers to Medtronic. Not surprisingly, some of Medtronic's competitors are offering deals to lure them to their own products.
Despite the roadblocks, Kowalski says, "I have tremendous optimism about the future for people with type 1 diabetes. These tools are really starting to ... improving blood sugar and making life easier. And that's a great thing. The more options the better."
Miriam E. Tucker is a freelance journalist specializing in medicine and health. You can follow her on Twitter: @MiriamETucker | <urn:uuid:e61f498b-814d-4af9-a9b6-0a1053dd4f09> | {
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Andrew Baird and Tom Bridge have just returned from a week sampling the corals of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park (LHIMP), the world’s southernmost coral reef. Andrew, along with many colleagues from Project Phoenix, has been working to quantify the biodiversity of the corals of the island for over 10 years. On his first trip to the island in 2010, Andrew was assisting Morgan Pratchett who was interested in estimating the growth rates of corals in Lord Howe’s cool subtropical waters. Andrew’s job was to identify the coral species and within minutes of being in the water he realized that despite 20 years of travel throughout the Indo-Pacific he had never seen most of the species. This was quite a surprise because all previous researchers had interpreted the coral fauna of LHIMP as a subset of species from the Great Barrier Reef (Veron & Done 1979; Harriott et al 1995). In particular, not a single endemic species was recognized. This was in stark contrast to the rest of the marine fauna that includes 9 endemic coral reef fish and 47 endemic marine algae.
Now, after 10 years of taxonomic research using multiple lines of evidence, in particular novel molecular tools that promise species level resolution in some of the more challenging taxa such as the Acropora and Montipora, Project Phoenix is ready to put together a preliminary species list for the coral fauna in LHIMP. Highlights include up to 15 Acropora species that are likely to be endemic to south-eastern Australia out of a total of approximately 30 Acropora species that occur on Lord Howe Island; in other words, around 50% of the Acropora species are endemic to LHIMP region. Only 11 of these species occur on the Great Barrier Reef, and most of those only in the southern GBR. Such levels of endemism are much higher than current estimates in any other part of the world (Hughes et al 2002), although our results clearly highlight the need for similar studies in other peripheral subtropical regions such as South Africa and Japan. Similar levels of endemism are likely in most of the other genera that have been examined in detail, including the Montipora, Porites, Favites and Cyphastrea. This work confirms the conservation significance of the LHIMP – clearly one of the most unique and important marine refuges on earth.
Andrew and Tom thank the Lord Howe Island Board, Pro Dive and in particular, Justin Gilligan and Caitlin Woods of the Department of Primary Industry NSW for their time and the use of resources to help collect the corals. They also thank Matt Curnock and Duan Biggs for their assistance in the field and great company, and Matt for his wonderful photos.
Harriot V. J., P. L. Harrison, and S. A. Banks. 1995. The coral communities of Lord Howe Island. Marine and Freshwater Research 46:457-465.
Hughes, T. P., D. R. Bellwood, and S. R. Connolly. 2002. Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecology Letters 5:775-784.
Veron, J. E. N., and T. J. Done. 1979. Corals and coral communities of Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30:203-236. | <urn:uuid:5cbb830d-d511-496d-a467-9e38e62602c9> | {
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Jamal al-Ibrahim is perplexed when asked if he thinks he should be working on the streets of Beirut. “Of course not. I should be in school, but I also need to provide for my family,” he says.
Now 13, Jamal, one of the 1,500 documented street child workers in Lebanon, started working the streets aged nine. Last year, a local NGO started helping him with catch-up classes so that he might qualify to enroll in an official school – provided there is space.
Syrian child workers in Lebanon, especially boys, often say they work instead of going to school out of their own volition. Many feel a sense of responsibility to help provide for the rest of their families, especially when their fathers and older siblings are absent.
As the world marks International Street Children’s Day on April 12, there has been some success in reducing child labor among Syrian children. In 2017, children like Jamal have a much better chance of being admitted in public schools in countries neighboring Syria, where the majority of Syria’s displaced populations live.
Last year, international and regional country donors gathered in London pledged the highest amount of aid ever promised at a single event. Their central objective was to “put one million Syrian refugee children in school within a year.”
While part of that promise has materialized, reports show that at least 530,000 Syrian refugee children have never set foot in a classroom. Many of them work on the streets to support their families, begging or selling things like pencils or gum. There are at least half a million unregistered Syrians in Lebanon, including many minors, who do not figure in official statistics. Their population is growing, unaccounted for and increasingly vulnerable.
Refugees Deeply met some of the Syrian students who have entered Lebanese public schools and whose education, integration and social and nutritional needs are being tracked by U.K.-based charity Theirworld. The children shared their experiences of returning to school, the unfolding impact of education on their lives, and the changes they feel in the confines of their classrooms.
Mohammad Mahmoud Domrani
“Languages open new worlds”
Nine year-old Mohammad has worried eyes and appears more mature than his classmates. An introverted but studious boy, he is indeed older than a lot of his fellow students but also has an “old soul,” according to his teachers. His favorite book these days is an Arabic language saga of a refugee family that had to travel far in pursuit of a new home. It reminds him of his own story.
Due to differences between the educational systems in Syria and Lebanon and lack of documentation of his prior school work, Mohammad has had to repeat two years of school. Nevertheless, he is confident he will make up the lost time and does not allow it “to get in the way of enjoying what he is learning.” He knows other kids who work in the streets and does not think he would survive such conditions because of his “mild disposition.” He has been attending school regularly for the past three years.
Being a refugee is just one stage of life, he said. “One can overcome it.” His plan is to study hard and work on learning languages. “They open up new worlds,” he says. While he is learning French and English at school, Arabic will always sound “the sweetest,” he says.
Having been in Lebanon for the past four years, Mohammad’s memories of his home in Moadamiya, in southern Syria, are starting to fade. With seven brothers and a sister, he was raised by a large family.
But he has hung on to a family tradition that was a source of much comfort and warmth – visiting his grandparents in the village on the weekends. When asked what he liked about it, he says: “I loved everything – the shade of the trees, the furniture inside the house, sitting on my grandparents’ laps, playing with my cousins and friends in the courtyard.” Mohammad’s grandparents decided they were too old to move away and stayed behind in Syria. He often frets that he might not see them again.
“We did not want a repeat of the 1982 massacre”
Fifteen year-old Abdul el-Hafiz is well known among his teachers for his “impeccable manners” and his gentle demeanor inside and outside the classroom. At the age of 11, Hafiz started working in a supermarket to support his family. He was quick to clarify that the decision to work was his own, as a “responsible” male member of the household. Originally from Hama, he and his family have lived in Lebanon for six years.
“I wanted to work, to be able to support my father who had the burden of providing for the entire family with little,” Hafiz explains. He also takes care of his two younger siblings at home. His older brothers work full time in Beirut.
When asked about memories of his school in Syria, Hafiz recalled it with a sense of fondness and longing. “It was a safe, beautiful space,” he says. But the worsening Syrian conflict meant that he and his family had to make tough decisions. They migrated to Lebanon largely because of his father’s political background that posed a threat to the family’s safety.
With vivid memories of the 1982 massacre in Hama, Hafiz’s father did not want to risk staying. Despite being born two decades later, it is clear from Hafiz’s explanation that the episode, which claimed thousands of Syrian lives, is present in the narratives of even the youngest residents of the city.
Leaving Syria meant that Hafiz’s education, friendships and community came to an abrupt halt. He bid goodbye to his friends, not knowing when he would see them again.
“They are now spread across the region, between Jordan and Turkey and I am in Lebanon,” Hafiz says. With no possibility of returning to his hometown, he has lost touch with most of them. The bonds with his close-knit community have withered over time.
The teenager’s face lights up when asked about computers. He uses the tech lab at his school for geometry and practicing languages – French and English, in addition to Arabic. While he likes all subjects, Arabic holds a special place in his heart since it reminds him of his home and culture.
Despite being away from Syria, the country is a daily topic in his household. His family regularly talks about the relatives who remain inside the country. He would like to return to visit his home and neighborhood, but does not think it will be possible anytime soon. Meanwhile, Hafiz wants to do well in school and focus on building his academic future. He is acutely aware that any profession that he pursues will require proficiency in I.T.
“The classroom is a safe space”
Fourteen year-old Ilaf Okla, also from Hama, starts to tear up as she hears Abdul’s descriptions of their home city.
“I miss Syria very much,” she says. At the same time she insists she cannot remember anything about home and says, “I often struggle with remembering simple details about my life in Syria.” She would like to return someday. Despite living in Lebanon with her family she does not feel at home. Her teachers mention that she may have suppressed difficult memories, which make moving on and readjusting to new realities a challenge.
She missed school for two years and is happy to be back in the classroom in Lebanon. Although she has had to retake some classes, Okla is thankful to be able to continue her education. Two of her siblings attend the same school. Her two older brothers were not able to finish their higher education. They work full time to support the family.
Living with six siblings in a small home, where she and her mother take care of the youngest children, Okla has found school to be a place where she can focus on her own priorities. “School is a safe space for me,” she explains.
Her favorite subject is math and she would like to work with numbers and teach numeracy. Unlike the boys in her family, Okla has never worked because, it was “not appropriate” for her to be out of the home for long hours.
Despite wanting to use technology for her studies, Okla is reticent to use computers, partly because she is not used to them. Unlike the boys in her family, who have access to the web and computers through local gaming centers, Okla and others adolescent girls in the class are unable to use technology outside the classroom due to social restrictions.
Shahed al Orabi
“I love photos and art”
In comparison to her older peers, 7-year-old Shahed al-Orabi has adjusted to her school and her life in Lebanon very well, and says she has not had any difficulties with studies or making friends. Most of her early memories are associated with Lebanon.
Her favorite breakfast is bread with zaatar (thyme) and labneh (strained yoghurt). She is particularly fond of zaatar from Syria, which is available in Lebanese markets.
“I love being in photos,” she says with a mischievous smile, readily posing for the camera. Orabi also loves art as it makes her happy and is different from other subjects at school. “I like expressing myself through drawings,” she says, excitedly pointing to the hand prints that her peers made as part of a school project.
Orabi started her studies at the school in Taalabaya, where she feels at home. Two of her older siblings also attend the same school and look after her, especially with homework and preparing for school in the mornings. She has three sisters and two brothers.
Her teachers say that Syrian children around Orabi’s age assimilate particularly well and often associate with being Lebanese rather than Syrian, although the two are culturally similar. For instance, given the subtle but distinguishable differences between Lebanese and Syrian Arabic, “Shahed’s Arabic sounds predominantly Lebanese,” her teacher says.
When asked about her hometown in Syria, she says she does not remember much other than her family’s description of her neighborhood in Homs as a “beautiful, green” place with a flowing river, a citadel and a large souk (market) that they would visit often. But she does remember having a garden and a dog.
Orabi was only 5 years old when she moved away from Syria. Orabi’s memories of her homeland are already turning into a “folklore,” according to her kindergarten teacher.
Access to the students was provided by the educational charity Theirworld with approval from their parents.
Theirworld’s work in Lebanon is supported by the People’s Postcode Lottery.
Never miss an update. Sign up here for our Refugees Deeply newsletter to receive weekly updates, special reports and featured insights on one of the most critical issues of our time. | <urn:uuid:d18db69c-6cae-4b9d-a1f4-244d908af4fe> | {
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Options to improve dietary diversity, food security, livelihoods and ecosystem management
The objective of this project is to develop interventions and provide policy options for improved dietary diversity, food security and health in poor and vulnerable communities in Lebanon. Due to the constant change in dietary habits and a shift towards a more westernized one, as well as the deteriorating rural ecosystems and the worrying increase in new and different health challenges, the center researched intervention methods in this regard. Results from former research conducted and entitled Wild Edible Plants: Promoting Dietary Diversity in Poor Communities of Lebanon, have shown a poor health status of rural communities and a deterioration of ecosystems supporting poor and marginalized communities in Lebanon.
The current project focuses on exploring the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health in improving rural livelihoods, particularly for the vulnerable segments, women and their children, through further analysis of the relationship between health and the environment, as well as the benefits, risks, viability, and resilience of rural ecosystems to support healthy people. This project combines research with intervention, and aims, in particular, towards exploring the ecosystem and the identification of beneficiary elements/practices, including diet, biodiversity, physical activity, and cultural practices. It also seeks to promote healthy life choices and food habits as well as the wellbeing of individuals and the community. | <urn:uuid:58ec73fa-2bcb-4c5c-aa6e-ff4de7f28857> | {
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December 26, 2012
SUNY students help children live healthier
Stephen Yang/contributing photographer
SUNY Cortland student Ed TenEyck leads children through exercises as part of the Healthy Now Cortland County program, which works with overweight children.
Dr. Mohammed Djafari shakes his head at what children eat — not at how much they eat but what it is made of.
The Cortland pediatrician and SUNY Cortland faculty and students are hoping to teach more children in grades five through 10 to eat better and exercise more, to fight obesity, this coming spring semester.
Healthy Now Cortland County, the program coordinated by the college, has a team of kinesiology students who work every semester with overweight children, with the help of community groups and places that promote fitness.
Six children, mostly from the Cortland city school district, took part in a variety of ways to exercise their bodies, from using the Wii video game system to spinning and yoga, to swimming and just plain outdoor games.
The program is $30 per semester, compared to what Djafari said is thousands of dollars for a professional obesity clinic’s program.
“It’s a change of lifestyle and it’s really a family project,” said Djafari, who refers children to the Healthy Now program. He thinks the program’s goals are urgent, since obesity among American children has tripled in the past 30 years into what the medical community considers an epidemic.
Djafari applauds the new lunch guidelines for schools, introduced by the federal and state governments in the past couple of years. He thinks the requirements for less fat and more fruits, vegetables and whole grains will pay off in years ahead.
“It’s planting seeds,” he said. “It’s a culture thing. The food they eat is dense. For example, a doughnut and drink is 1,500 calories. That’s all you need, yet you might still be hungry.”
And he hopes to have more children in the program, with the help of his fellow pediatricians.
“The help kids are getting from this program would cost thousands of dollars if a family sought professional help from a clinic,” Djafari said.
Healthy Now takes place from 4 to 5:30 p.m. on school days. There is a summer program as well. Philip Buckenmeyer, the kinesiology department’s chair, coordinates the program along with physical education professor Stephen Yang. He said the children in Healthy Now have access to a range of exercise options.
At SUNY Cortland’s Professional Studies Building, college students lead the children through Wii exercises, play games and show them racquetball, tennis, spinning, zumba and disc golf.
Buckenmeyer and Yang said the SUNY Cortland students — a mix of graduate and undergraduate — benefit from the chance to work with young people.
Kinesiology is a field that covers athletic training, sports psychology, coaching and exercise science. Healthy Now offers kinesiology students the chance for academic credit or a taste of professional experience.
The program is coordinated through the college’s Center for Obesity Research and Education.
Ed TenEyck, an undergraduate who led the Friday sessions, said the children were motivated to exercise if they liked the activity. He said he mixed the activities so they would not be forced to do one that they did not like for 30 or 45 minutes. A 32-year-old who works as a personal trainer in Syracuse, TenEyck said he has found that children can be taught to change their eating and exercise habits more readily than their parents can.
The Healthy Now program began in 2010 with Cortland County’s health education program and its director, Rebecca Canzano. She enlisted the help of Cortland Area Communities That Care, Seven Valleys Health Coalition, YWCA, YMCA, Cornell Cooperative Extension and SUNY Cortland.
To read this article and more, pick up today's Cortland Standard
Click here to subscribe | <urn:uuid:eb7a91fd-7159-42f7-a859-833882bbec84> | {
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The definition of Ecotourism adopted by Ecotourism Australia is:
“Ecotourism is ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that fosters environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation”.
Walking Country is in the process of having all Trek Tours assessed with the intent of gaining ‘Advanced Ecotourism Certification’, the premier level of accreditation within the Eco Certification Program.
Various products of sister company Wayoutback Desert Safaris are presently Advanced Ecotourism accredited. Wayoutback is one of the very few Tour Operations located in the Red Centre (Alice Springs) visiting Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kata Tjuta (the Olgas), Watarrka (Kings Canyon), Palm Valley & the West MacDonnell regions with the premier status level.
WHAT IS THE ECO CERTIFICATION PROGRAM?
The Eco Certification Program is a world first. It has been developed by industry for industry, addressing the need to identify genuine ecotourism and nature tourism operators in Australia. The Eco Certification Program is now being exported to the rest of the world as the International Ecotourism Standard.
The Eco certification program has three levels which are:
|Nature Tourism: Tourism in a natural area that leaves minimal impact on the environment.|
|Ecotourism: Tourism in a natural area that offers interesting ways to learn about the environment with an operator that uses resources wisely, contributes to the conservation of the environment and helps local communities.|
|Advanced Ecotourism: Australia’s leading and most innovative ecotourism products, providing an opportunity to learn about the environment with an operator who is committed to achieving best practice when using resources wisely, contributing to the conservation of the environment and helping local communities.|
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE CONSUMER?
Ecotourism and nature tourism certification provide industry, protected area managers, local communities and travellers with an assurance that a certified product is backed by a commitment to best practice, ecological sustainability, natural area management and the provision of quality ecotourism experiences.
WHERE CAN I LEARN MORE ABOUT ECO-TOURISM?
Eco Tourism Australia is a non profit Organisation. For more information, feel free to visit their website at www.ecotourism.org.au. | <urn:uuid:c9bfe9b8-22f7-463c-9eea-585145ba1fe3> | {
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Insects (Latin: Insecta) - a class of invertebrate arthropod animals. Along with the centipedes belong to the subtype of tracheal. There are about one million species of insects. Have the greatest diversity among all the other animals on Earth, including butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, bees, and others. The science that studies insects is called entomology.
Insects - the largest class of living creatures on Earth, occupying various ecological niches. This happened, presumably because in their development were the priority of the three principles:
* Maximum simplicity of organization;
* The narrow specialization of life;
* The extraordinary fertility. | <urn:uuid:ddc4e8ea-a7fa-4659-a3b9-5473926686a7> | {
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Balk, Baulk, and Bulk
The Quick AnswerWhat is the difference between balk, baulk, and bulk?
To Balk (most commonly seen as to balk at) means to be unwilling to or to take exception to. For example:
- He balked at presenting his idea to the company.
Bulk means a large mass or quantity. It also means the greater part of something. For example:
- He gets his bulk from eating chicken.
- I made the bulk of the payment this afternoon.
To Balk AtThe verb to balk (which is nearly always paired with the preposition at) means to be unwilling to or to take exception to.
- I don't ever balk at being considered a Motown person because Motown is the greatest musical event that ever happened in the history of music. (Smokey Robinson)
- Presidents with strong nerves are decisive. They don't balk at unpopular decisions. They are willing to make people angry. (Fred Barnes)
- A beam of timber that has been roughly squared.
- An unlawful action my a baseball pitcher to deceive a base runner.
- An unploughed ridge between furrows.
- An area on a billiard table.
- A miss or a failure.
BaulkBaulk is a British spelling of balk. Most Canadians prefer balk, and Australians prefer baulk.
- Anyone who lives outside of London would baulk at the cost of living. ()
BulkThe noun bulk describes a large mass or the greater quantity of something. It can also be used as verb meaning to make something bigger. As a verb, it is usually paired with the preposition up.
- I approached the bulk of my schoolwork as a chore rather than an intellectual adventure. (Steven Chu)
- The mind is like an iceberg. It floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water. (Sigmund Freud) (Here, bulk is a noun.)
- For the last 10 years, I have had to bulk up for roles. As I'm naturally skinny, I have eaten many chickens! (Hugh Jackman) (Here, bulk is a verb.) | <urn:uuid:ca23efad-de4b-4e23-a990-7c1df299b0c5> | {
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Uncontrolled growth of abnormal blood cells
Scientists haven’t found out yet the direct cause of cancer including leukemia; however, this did not discourage scientists from reaching effective and targeted treatments that increased the cure rate of some types of leukemia and control some other conditions contributing to the prolongation of patients’ lives.
The exact cause of leukemia is not known, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Leukemia cells have acquired mutations in their DNA that cause them to grow abnormally and lose functions of typical white blood cells. It is not clear what causes these mutations to occur.
Causes of leukemia
Certain abnormalities cause the cell to grow and divide more rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die. Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, causing the signs and symptoms of leukemia. Over time, the leukemia cells crowd out or suppress the development of normal cells. The rate at which leukemia progresses and how the cells replace the normal blood and marrow cells are different with each type of leukemia.
In this context, we should explain that the blood contains 3 types of components including red blood cells, which carry oxygen, white blood cells, which fight infection and platelets, which help with blood clotting in addition to plasma, a liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension and contains 90% of water.
Leukemia happens when the DNA of immature blood cells, mainly white cells, becomes damaged in some way. This causes the blood cells to grow and divide continuously, so that there are too many. Healthy blood cells die after a while and are replaced by new cells, which are produced in the bone marrow. The abnormal blood cells do not die when they should. They accumulate, occupying more space. As more cancer cells are produced, they stop the healthy white blood cells from growing and functioning normally, by crowding out space in the blood.
There are some risk factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia including:
- Previous cancer treatment: People who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing certain types of leukemia.
- Genetic disorders: Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of leukemia.
- Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene — which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry — is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia.
- Smoking: Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia.
- Family history of leukemia: If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.
Acute and chronic leukemia
Acute leukemia: During its lifespan, a white blood cell goes through several stages. In acute leukemia immature, useless cells develop rapidly and collect in the marrow and blood. They are squeezed out of the bone marrow too early and are not functional.
- The two most common types of acute leukemia are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Chronic leukemia develops slowly and gradually, and symptoms may take a lot of time to develop. Sometimes chronic leukemia is diagnosed (through routine screening) before any symptoms develop. This is because the cancer cells in this condition are mature enough to perform their functions like normal white blood cells, before they begin to worsen.
There are two main types of chronic leukemia:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:
- Frequent fever or chills
- Persistent fatigue, weakness
- Frequent or severe infections
- Unexplained appetite loss or recent weight loss.
- Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen
- Easy bleeding or bruising
- Recurrent nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums or rectum, more frequent bruising, or very heavy menstrual bleeding.
- Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
- Excessive sweating, especially at night
- Bone pain or tenderness
Evolution of treatments
There are a number of different medical approaches to the treatment of leukemia. Treatment will typically depend upon the type of leukemia, the patient’s age and health status, as well as whether or not the leukemia cells have spread to the cerebrospinal fluid. The genetic changes or specific characteristics of the leukemia cells as determined in the laboratory can also determine the type of treatment that may be most appropriate.
Treatments for leukemia include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplant. Combinations of these treatments may be used. Surgical removal of the spleen can be a part of treatment if the spleen is enlarged.
Acute leukemia needs to be treated when it is diagnosed, with the goal of inducing a remission (absence of leukemia cells in the body). After remission is achieved, therapy may be given to prevent a relapse of the leukemia. This is called consolidation or maintenance therapy. Acute leukemias can often be cured with treatment.
Treatment of most children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is divided into 2 main phases of chemotherapy: Induction and consolidation (intensification). In the induction phase, the chemo drugs most often used to treat AML are given for several days in a row. The treatment schedule may be repeated in 10 days or 2 weeks, depending on how intense doctors want the treatment to be. A shorter time between treatments can be more effective in killing leukemia cells, but it can also cause more severe side effects. Treatment with these drugs is repeated until the bone marrow shows no more leukemia cells. This usually occurs after 2 or 3 cycles of treatment.
Most children with AML will also get intrathecal chemotherapy (given directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) to help prevent leukemia from relapsing in the brain or spinal cord. Radiation therapy to the brain is used less often.
In the consolidation (intensification) phase, about 85% to 90% of children with AML go into remission after induction therapy. This means no signs of leukemia are detected using standard lab tests, but it does not necessarily mean that the leukemia has been cured.
Consolidation (intensification) begins after the induction phase. The purpose is to kill any remaining leukemia cells by using more intensive treatment. Chronic leukemias are unlikely to be cured with treatment, but treatments are often able to control the cancer and manage symptoms. Some people with chronic leukemia may be candidates for stem cell transplantation, which does offer a chance for cure. | <urn:uuid:283484d9-6271-4646-aa09-a480109d1289> | {
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Prealgebra (2 Semesters) Students initially focus on numbers and their properties, especially integers, decimals, fractions and percentages. They are then introduced to elementary set theory and move on to geometric figures and their properties. Finally, they study linear equations. Horizontal enrichment is available for advanced students.
7th Grade Science (1 Semester) Students study a wide variety of topics including insects, soil, weather, and astronomy. Observation and the development of a sense of wonder are foundational to the course.
7th Grade Literature and Composition (2 Semesters) Students continue to learn how to read both poetry and longer fiction accurately and with engagement. They also begin their study of formal English grammar and learn how to write a coherent paragraph. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
Ancient History (2 Semesters) Students explore early civilizations from the rise of the Sumerians around 3500 BC to the sack of Rome in 410 AD, with an emphasis upon the Greco-Roman civilizations. They are introduced to the significant questions and tensions of civilization itself, such as how to balance security and freedom and what features of a political arrangement best promote human thriving.
Old Testament (1 Semester) Students read many of the narrative accounts of the Old Testament. Emphasis is placed upon God’s establishment of a covenant with his people, the history of Israel, and the messianic hope.
Latin I (2 Semesters) Students begin their formal study of Latin by learning three of the groups (declensions) of nouns and adjectives and all verb groups (conjugations), including irregular verbs. Over the course of the year, students master a substantial vocabulary, understand elementary Latin grammar and acquire a basic skill in translating from English to Latin as well as from Latin to English.
Music I (1 Semester) Students study music theory and the history of the Baroque Era in music. They learn the rudiments of note-reading, note values and rhythm, time signatures, major scales
Art I (1 Semester) Students begin with a unit on calligraphy, emphasizing basic pencil techniques and the use of color in illuminated word designs. They then learn to draw, with an emphasis on proper proportions and shading, and finish the semester by studying and practicing portraiture.
Algebra (2 Semesters) Students develop skills for solving equations with one and two variables, learn quadratic and linear equations and are introduced to functions and their graphic representations. The concepts and skills the students gain in this course are the foundation for all future mathematics at Trinity School. Horizontal enrichment is available for advanced students.
8th Grade Science (1 Semester) Students continue to build on observational skills and develop a sense of wonder about the natural world. Topics which are covered include: maps and topography, minerals and rocks, plate tectonics, trees and simple machines.
8th Grade Literature and Composition (2 Semesters) Throughout the year, students read and discuss literature, develop a mastery of English grammar and punctuation, and learn how to write a formally organized paragraph that becomes the basis for later essays. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
Medieval History (2 Semester) Students study the history of Western Europe from roughly 200 BC to the beginning of the Renaissance, learning about the emergence and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire, the development of modern nation-states from the collapsed Roman Empire, the role of the Catholic Church and its institutions in Western Europe, the struggles between the church and secular authorities and the conflict between Islam and Christian Europe.
New Testament (1 Semester) Students review the Old Testament claims about the end of Israel’s exile and then proceed with an in-depth reading of the Gospel of Mark as the story of God acting in the person of Jesus to fulfil his promises. They then read the Acts of the Apostles and excerpts from the Epistles and the Book of Revelation.
Latin II (2 Semesters) Students master the core grammar of Latin in eighth grade, learning the indicative forms of active and passive verbs, five noun declensions, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs and subordinate clauses. Learning new vocabulary and grammar is aimed increasingly at understanding the relationships of different parts of a sentence and at fluid translation of Latin stories.
Music II (1 Semester) Students build on the foundation laid in seventh grade, continuing playing in recorder ensembles now with polyphonic music. They learn to identify intervals aurally, visually, and at the keyboard. Students compose short duets which they perform with their classmates.
Art II (1 Semester) Students review the drawing techniques learned in seventh grade then learn several new drawing skills and new techniques with colored pencils, pastels and watercolors.
Geometry (1 Semester) Students study the geometry of objects, including lines, triangles and circles. They are taught to extract mathematical information from visual images of geometrical objects, to understand the mathematical relationships between geometrical objects, and the structure and role of proofs in geometry. Horizontal enrichment is available for advanced students.
Precalculus A (1 Semester) Students study the general concepts behind functions and the particular classes of functions: polynomial, rational, root, logarithmic, logistic and exponential. Functions are represented graphically, symbolically and numerically. The semester ends with a study of asymptotes and infinity.
Biology (2 Semesters) Students review the scientific method and are introduced to the unique character of biological science. From there, students study elementary physical building blocks of matter, the molecules of life, basic cell structure, respiration and photosynthesis, DNA, Mendelian genetics, evolution, ecology, and animal morphology. The second semester includes dissections from the earthworm to the fetal pig.
Doctrine (family choice) (1 Semester) As a follow up to their reading of the Old and New Testaments, students continue their study of God’s work in the world by examing the history, traditions, and beliefs of their own denominations or traditions. Families choose between Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Protestant Doctrine.
Roman Catholic Doctrine Students learn the beliefs, practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church as expressed in the Nicene Creed, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and the sacraments. Students also study the history of the Catholic Church in the modern world.
Protestant Doctrine Students survey pivotal events and influential figures in church history from the age of the apostles to contemporary times, following the concerns of the early church through the turbulent 16th century and the consequent rise of denominationalism and ecumenism. Each student then participates in an independent study of the foundations, doctrines and practices of their own denomination or tradition.
Eastern Orthodox Doctrine Students study the practices, traditions and special emphases of the Eastern Orthodox traditions with special emphasis upon the councils of the church and the liturgy.
9th Grade Humane Letters Seminar (2 Semesters) Students study American history and letters from colonial times to the early 20th century, reading original texts, with special attention given to the foundational texts of American democracy. Students spend a significant amount of time developing the fundamental skills necessary to participate effectively in the seminar and to write a five-paragraph essay. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
Latin III (2 Semesters) Students begin with an eight-week review of the grammar learned in the seventh and eighth grades. They are introduced to complex sentence constructions, including the use of subjunctive clauses. Gerunds and gerundives are introduced. Students are prepared to translate Caesar, Cicero and Virgil in the tenth grade.
Music III (1 semester) Students apply the musical skills developed in the seventh and eighth grades to the study of choral music. They develop healthy vocal technique, learn how to read a choral score and perform in an ensemble. They also continue their study of music theory and composition, culminating in a four-part vocal piece composed in the second semester.
Precalculus B and C (2 Semesters) Students build upon their introduction to Precalculus by learning applications of trigonometric functions and examining vectors, matrices, series, and probability and statistics
Chemistry (2 Semesters) Students study the structures, properties and reactions of substances at the atomic and molecular levels with small-scale labs and demonstrations providing a physical experience of chemistry. Topics include the periodic table, bonding, stoichiometry, reaction rates and equilibrium, states of matter redox and acid-base reactions, organic chemistry and biochemistry, with an emphasis on understanding the structures of proteins and DNA.
10th Grade Humane Letters Seminar (2 Semesters) Students study the history, literature and political philosophy of England and Europe from 1066 through the early 20th century, continue to develop their writing skills and mature as seminar participants. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
Scripture I (Old Testament) (2 semesters) Students learn the vocabulary, grammar, imagery, literary forms and other devices used by Old Testament authors so that they can understand what these authors were saying to their contemporary audiences. Emphasis is placed on understanding the story of creation, the fall, the formation of Israel and God’s work of restoring creation and establishing his kingdom.
Latin IV (2 semesters) Students engage in a short review of grammar, then move quickly to translating Caesar’s De Bello Gallico (The Gallic War), Cicero’s Oratio Primain
Music IV (1 semester) Students focus on composition and theory through a study of 16th-century counterpoint techniques while continuing to study and perform choral music.
Calculus A and B (2 semesters) Students study limits and their application to slopes, derivatives of functions and the area under curves of functions, emphasizing real-world applications. The final unit has the students studying differential equations and their applications.
Computer Programming (1 Semester) Students are given a thorough introduction to computer programing using the industry and academic standard programming for STEM research, MATLAB. This work provides a foundation for future work in both the mathematics and physics courses.
Physics A (1 semester) Students begin their three-semester study of physics by investigating mechanics (motion, energy, momentum) and oscillations. They develop conceptual understanding and problem-solving competency through laboratory work, traditional problem-solving and the writing of computer code to simulate real-world physical situations.
11th Grade Humane Letters (2 semesters) Students read, discuss and write on texts drawn from the classical Greek and early Christian eras. Their writing instruction turns towards the development of clarity and grace in explaining their ideas. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
Drama I (1 Semester) Students are introduced to the elements of acting, performance and play production. They receive technical instruction, are involved in group activities and participate in creative workshops designed to build the skills of voice, movement, stage presence and collaboration. Students produce and perform a full-length play.
Art III (1 Semester ) Students return to studio art, reviewing how to draw portraits using pencil and charcoal. Students create landscape paintings using watercolor through observations and learning from studying master watercolor painters. They are introduced with acrylic paint, recreating impressionists paintings.
Art History I (1 Semester ) Students study a variety of art forms from the prehistoric era through the 12th century A.D., learning how to employ artistic vocabulary, formally analyze a work of art and appreciate art in its historical context.
Modern Language I (Italian or Spanish) (1 Semester) The first year of a student’s language option focuses mainly on the study of grammar and vocabulary, enabling the student to read and translate basic literature in the target language. Having studied Latin for four years, students are in a position to move much more rapidly through the early portions of studying a third language than they otherwise would be.
Scripture II (New Testament) (1 Semester) Students focus on Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament expectations. They learn how to read the New Testament by being attentive to Old Testament allusions, the historical context and different literary styles at work in the New Testament and to understand the reality of God’s work in Christ and the church that are articulated in the Scriptures.
Calculus C and Advanced Math Topics (2 Semesters) Students conclude their study of Calculus with an introduction to multivariable calculus in two dimensions. They then study linear algebra, organized around the solution of the matrix linear equations Ax=b and around the
Physics B, C (2 Semesters) Students continue their study of physics using calculus in problem-solving. Some topics in mechanics are revisited using the calculus, culminating in the solution of the Kepler problem. Other topics include special relativity, electricity and magnetism, quantum mechanics and particle physics. Students create problem-solving programs in MATLAB.
12th Grade Humane Letters Seminar (2 Semesters) Students wrestle with a wide variety of texts in medieval to modern literature, philosophy, theology and poetry, writing approximately six essays per semester. See our reading list for the literature of the course.
World Issues Colloquium (1 Semester) Students have the opportunity to apply what they have learned to current issues and challenges encountered in different regions in the world. Through this study, they come to understand the depth and complexity of the many issues facing humanity and way in which their education has equipped to be of use to God in the wise care and governance of his creation and the building of his kingdom.
Drama II (1 Semester) Students review the basics of acting then produce another full-length play. By the end of Drama II the students have performed in a work of Shakespeare and a work from the modern repertoire.
Art IV (1 Semester ) Students continue to develop techniques learned in previous years concluding with a major independent work.
Art History II (1 Semester ) Students study art from the twelfth century to the present, expanding their ability to employ artistic vocabulary, formally analyze a work of art and appreciate art in its historical context.
Modern Language II (1 Semester) Students continue their study of a third language, with the aim of being able to read a work of literature in the original language. | <urn:uuid:62489faa-ab65-4797-bdcd-1b5312687ae0> | {
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Annie Greene Tells Her Story in Yarn
Annie Lucille Greene has been drawing pictures about her life and times for over half a century. A natural artistic talent led to a career teaching art for 35 years in LaGrange, Georgia, where she still lives. Talented in many artistic genres, Mrs. Greene became famous for her paintings in yarn, which are fascinating because they tell stories from her life. On December 8, she will debut her most challenging series of yarn paintings along with the book, What Color is Water: Growing up Black in a Segregated South at Artisans on the Square, in Greenville, GA. The exhibit will continue until March 30, 2019 and will also include her first book Georgia Farm Life in the ‘40’s, along with 37 yarn paintings, which have not been exhibited in over five years.
Georgia Farm Life in the ‘40’s: The Farm in Yarn, is a series of stories and yarn paintings based on the summers of 1944 and 1945 spent on her grandparents’ farm in Adel, GA. This 37-piece museum collection was introduced at The Chattahoochee Valley Art Museum in LaGrange in 2001 and has toured Georgia museums in Albany, Moultrie, Atlanta, Valdosta, Douglasville, Calhoun, Marietta, Tifton and Perry. This series illustrates the culture of the family farm, defined by strong family, strong faith and hard work, not only in Georgia in the 1940’s, but all over the country in all eras for as long as the family farm survived.
What Color is Water: Growing up Black in a Segregated South tells Annie Greene’s story – a story of success nurtured by family, faith and hard work. She tells her story with grace and without bitterness. Her parents were educators, which was one of very few ways blacks could improve their circumstances in the south before desegregation. They taught her to be proud of who she was and to live with dignity. She finished high school in Hogansville, GA, attended Spelman College in Atlanta for a few years, completed her undergraduate degree at Albany State College and began teaching in Thomasville, GA in 1954. She earned a master’s degree in art education from New York University in 1961 because the State of Georgia gave her an out-of-state tuition voucher. Many southern states used tuition vouchers to avoid the expense of providing “separate but equal” post graduate educational opportunities for blacks. Her husband Oliver also earned his six-year degree at Columbia University on a tuition voucher. The NYU experience provided a wealth of cultural opportunities she might otherwise have missed and inspired her lifelong desire to travel and experience other cultures.
What Color is Water? reminds us of inequities many would like to forget – racial segregation of all public and private facilities, schools, bathrooms, water fountains, hotels, restaurants, transportation and entertainment. The stories are told in colorful yarn paintings with touches of humor, so they are not depressing but leave us grateful that the stories are of times gone by. Unequal opportunities and discrimination did not prevent Annie Greene from achieving success in every aspect of her life, as a wife, mother, teacher, artist, community and church leader. The book ends shortly after school desegregation, but her story continues and her stature in the community continues to grow – enough material for another series – perhaps The Rest of the Story?
The exhibit will continue until March 30 to allow time for school, church and community groups to experience this important period of history told in yarn paintings. Both books will be available for purchase and Mrs. Greene will be available at the opening reception on December 8 from 3:00 – 6:00 and upon request. The remaining pieces from her popular Once Upon a Time series will be available for purchase at The Print Shop Gallery, also on the square in downtown Greenville. For more information, call or text Linda Wilburn at (404)386-1328 to schedule group visits. | <urn:uuid:2509702c-1593-4b42-99e0-fa2af1fa3c8c> | {
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Posted on 22 October 2018
In October 2018, fourteen scientists and academics have exchanged views on the sustainable management of mangroves in the Tsiribihina Delta.
Coming from Ghana, Benin, Gambia, Senegal, Togo, France and Belgium, these environmentalists discussed about the conservation and the valorization of mangroves with communities.
The university expertise on mangroves promotes exchanges of practices, experience and knowledge on community based mangrove management. All these countries are pooling their experiences to feed a common toolbox. In this toolbox are documented all the best practices and tools related to management and conservation of mangroves.
For Chérif Cisse from Senegal, the mangrove management toolbox can provide sustainable solutions for future generations. It will will help them taking charge on forest conservation. Indeed, "environmental education for youth to understand the importance of mangroves and the need for their preservation is the challenge for Madagascar," he said.
Ultimately, each country has the opportunity to learn from the successes of others to improve conservation. Also, all countries involved will be able to draw on this library in order to improve the conservation of mangroves according to their needs and local realities. For instance, Madagascar is contributing with improved "Kamado" stoves or "Belaroa" crab fishing gears. This international initiative is brought to Madagascar by Louvain Cooperation for the mangroves in the Tsiribihina delta with the collaboration of WWF.
The university expertise on mangroves is supported by a consortium of French-speaking Belgians academic organizations : Aide au Développement Gembloux, Louvain Coopération, université Libre de Bruxelles and Forum Universitaire pour la Coopération Internationale au Développement. | <urn:uuid:5a59cf73-7810-4335-836d-f5501c68a31e> | {
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From the Wildfire Files
Wildfires are getting worse and worse. Here’s what we know about the situation.
I don’t normally do this, but given the terrible wildfires now hitting the state, I thought it was worth doing a reprise of some posts on the subject from earlier this summer. Of course, there’s more information in the original posts, if you want to click over to them.
In 2017, wildfires burned 10 million acres in the Western United States, destroying 12,000 homes, killing 66, and resulting in $18 billion in damages. Last year, fires swept through California’s wine country. Fire in Sonoma county killed 23 people, burned 36,000 acres and destroyed more than 5000 homes. The total estimated damage was over $1 billion, according to the state insurance commissioner. And now the current fires!
What’s happening in California isn’t an isolated phenomenon.
“There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. “ They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year. “The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.”
Earlier, Union of Concerned Scientists observed that “between 1986 and 2003, wildfires occurred nearly four times as often, burned more than six times the land area, and lasted almost five times as long when compared to the period between 1970 and 1986.” So, what’s causing the fires? That was discussed in the next post.
The U.S. government’s 2017 Climate Assessment concluded that “[r]ecent decades have seen a profound increase in forest fire activity over the Western United States and Alaska.”
Causation is a complicated issue in the context of wildfires. As the 2017 Assessment explains, “the frequency of large wildfires is influenced by a complex combination of natural and human factors,” including “[t]emperature, soil moisture, relative humidity, wind speed, and vegetation (fuel density).” Despite the complications, there are strong reasons to link wildfires and climate change. For instance, a 2016 study of fires in the Western United States concluded that climate change more than doubled the area burned by forests fires from 1984 to 2005. The result: an additional 16,000 square miles destroyed. The 2017 Assessment – keep in mind that this was issued by the government during the Trump Administration – says that fires used to be rare in Alaska, but “historically less flammable tundra and cooler boreal forest regions could shift into historically unprecedented fire risk regimes” due to rising temperatures.
Because fire causation and spread are complex, it’s hard to be confident about just how much impact climate change will have in coming decades, at least outside of Alaska where the predictions are strongest. But there’s every reason to expect more large fires in our future. The final post discusses how we can manage this increased risk – beyond getting smarter about reducing carbon emissions, of course.
Land Use Controls.
There are increasing numbers of people moving into the wild-land urban interface (WUI).The USDA’s report on the WUI says that 3.8 million people live in that zone in California alone. Nationally, a million homes were added to the WUI just in the decade from 1990-2000. That simply isn’t sustainable.
Vegetation removal, both in forests and in the WUI, can reduce the likelihood of fires and slow their spread. The trouble is that this gets harder all the time. In California, the fire zone has doubled, now including nearly half of the state, and there are said to be nine million acres where the risk is intensified by dead trees due to drought or bark beetles. Obviously, a much greater effort is going to be needed, and care has to be taken to minimize the environmental impacts of the vegetation removal.
Wildfires can be started by downed power lines, a cause of the 2017 California Wine Country fires. Utilities have automatic shut-offs when lines go down, but they also have automatic reclosers to restart them. Those reclosers should be shut off during fire season. But experts say the failure to do so or provide for human oversight has contributed to major fires in California and elsewhere. Undergrounding wires or replacing wooden poles with steel ones, which some utilities have done in fire prone areas, also help. According to Utility Dive, San Diego Gas & Electric has been a leader on wildfire prevention.
The Sonoma County fire of 2017, which killed forty-four and destroyed almost nine thousand buildings, revealed serious flaws in fire response. As the San Jose Mercury News reports, the state’s Office of Emergency Services, which investigated the response, was sharply critical of local efforts: Earlier In the 2018 fire season, other problems surfaced. The SF Chronicle reported that in the last week of July alone, requests for 900 engines were unfilled in a breakdown of the mutual-aid system between localities. Although the mutual-aid system is well regarded by experts, there are limits to its capacity. The system needs more funding.
* * *
The fact is that wildfires are part of the “new normal.” We’re going to have to up our game to deal with this much higher level of risk. The strategies discussed here are the starting points.
Dan Farber has written and taught on environmental and constitutional law as well as about contracts, jurisprudence and legislation. Currently at Berkeley Law, he has al…READ more | <urn:uuid:68d11cdb-f031-47af-9dee-042aaea94610> | {
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A Tray at Lunch may Help you Pick Healthier Options: Study
Most of us are probably still working on our new years resolutions, with it being just a few days into 2014. And if you're anything like the majority of the population, shedding a few pounds is probably one of your new goals.
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Fortunately, a recent study by Cornell University researchers in New York shows that if you want to lose some weight, adding a tray to your meal routine might help out.
The researchers discovered that people who use a tray when visiting a cafeteria are less likely to waste calories on dessert and more likely to pick up healthier choices. In fact, according to Colorado Newsday, the study authors found that participants were more likely to pick up a salad as a main course as well as a pudding because the tray enables them to pick more choices and waste less food.
For those without a tray, they are forced to leave something behind, according to various news organizations. For participants involved without a tray, they were more inclined to take a pudding while healthier choices behind. Researchers believe this may be because hands alone can only carry so many items. This also often caused participants without a tray to carry more than one surviving size of an item than recommended.
The researchers studied a university cafeteria which alternated between using trays and not having any available during lunch time.
Study results showed that 18 percent fewer students took salad when no trays were available. Without trays, for instant, it seems that more of the students were more likely to pick unhealthy items-such as pudding-instead of both options, when the trays were available. They were also more likely to pick more of the pudding when the trays were not available.
Does your school or work environment have trays and do you think it influences how much you eat and the choices you make? Share in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:8ce1a3a4-d4fa-48f9-9c33-e06ca2ff38b1> | {
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Posted October 4th, 2011
Jim Kim Montclare with students.
Teens love gadgets, especially tablets, mobile consoles and smart phones with touch screens that allow for both visual and tactile experiences. Applying that insight to pedagogy, Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biological Sciences Jin Kim Montclare and NYU-Poly students have created a digital app for the iPad that brings chemistry to life by making it intuitive, interactive, engaging and just plain fun.
Montclare’s team developed the app, called Lewis Dots, as part of a program that put dozens of iPads in the hands of 10th grade girls at Brooklyn's Urban Assembly Institute of Math and Science for Young Women (UAI), where Montclare is a mentor. “When the iPad launched, I realized it could be a valuable tool to engage students in chemistry at a young age – the shortage of students entering college to study science and engineering is particularly acute among girls in underserved minority groups,” Montclare says.
The app is based on the eponymous molecular diagrams familiar to chemistry students in which elements are depicted as letter abbreviations, and electrons and bonds are dots and dashes. Available as a free iPad download from iTunes, Lewis Dots takes the pencil-and-paper template a step further: Students can drag periodic elements and electrons about the iPad touch screen to make and break bonds and assemble molecules. They learn about ionic and covalent bonding in the process, since heuristics determine which atoms can form which kinds of bonds. Users can also save the structures and diagrams as images in Photos App with the tap of a button.
Lewis Dots was developed by Carlo Yuvienco, a NYU-Poly biomedical engineering doctoral candidate and a National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 fellow in the Applying Mechatronics to Promote Science project. Instead of hiring a software consultant (which would have cost a fortune), Yuvienco found a few nooks and crannies in his packed schedule, plunked down $99 to become a Mac IO developer, and wrote the app based on the UAI chemistry curriculum.
"At the time I was juggling a fellowship and research, but I knew Dr. Montclare was in a bind,” he says. “But I also knew it was a worthwhile idea, and I felt I had a little co-ownership with it." Two NYU-Poly undergraduates, Maurica Lewis and Jinhui Zhao, helped develop the teaching interface and actually implemented the use of the Lewis Dots app in the tenth grade classroom.
One benefit of the Lewis Dots app is that it doesn't limit the size of the molecule a user can create the way, say, a piece of paper does. "You can build molecules as big as you want. And sometimes you want to erase or delete, and this lets you do that easily as well," Yuvienco says. "The beauty of the app is that one can learn from scratch by using it. It’s simple functionality but that's what chemistry is: connecting the dots between atoms.”
Montclare says that for the high school students the app goes beyond what a computer can do. "Yes, you can do visualization of molecules on computers – and we have done that using 3D molecular visualization programs – but I wanted to give students an interface that lets them understand it by actually touching the screen. And it helps students get excited about science, engineering because the interface itself is technology.”
Word is getting out about Lewis Dots as Montclare submitted a paper on the app to the Journal of Chemical Education. As part of its peer review process, chemistry teachers around the country will be looking at Lewis Dots. "It will be good in terms of getting exposure and feedback on whether teachers and students like it," says Montclare.
Next up is a range of new functions such as letting teachers project diagrams from the app on a classroom screen. The NYU-Poly team also plans to add electrochemistry heuristics. "And we are thinking about balancing equations, which is hard for some students,” says Montclare.
Yuvienco says the key is not to just blindly add functionality, just for the sake of having lots of features. “We want them to be geared toward a curriculum – toward the student – with a pedagogical objective."
But even as a 1.0 model, Lewis Dots has been a big hit with UAI tenth graders. "They think chemistry is fun, and are now a more positive about science," says Montclare.
The project development and iPads for the UAI students were provided through grants from The Camile & Henry Dreyfus Foundation, The Teagle Foundation and the NSF Materials Research Science & Engineering Centers (MRSEC) program. | <urn:uuid:b0003adc-f11f-4098-b22e-e24758a0e688> | {
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Writing Introductions For Comparison Essays. On its own, They convey a positive but general remark like “Good job.” How to write essays pdf · The heading of an essay · My family essay Essay writing on my wish · A good intro to an essay · Any good topic for essay · Where to new scientist essay competition 2011Here you will find a lesson plan for writing and improving introductions. Teach students what good introductions look like and the ugly when it comes to essays.How to Teach Kids to Write Introductions Writing Essays; Nadia Haris is a registered radiation therapist who has been writing about nutrition process analysis essay baking cakeIntroduction You have to find out whether spending a year in a foreign country is the best what you can . Dieser Essay aus dem Abituraufgabenbereich "argumentative writing" war die Aufgabe in einer meiner Klausuren letzen Jahres, ich .Write an essay about what causes students to dropout of college Great writing 4 great essays 3rd edition pdf How to write an essay introduction wiki.
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Writing introductions and conclusions for essays Paragraphs with special requirements Highlight ideas as major or minor (for longer essays) essay scoring job online 18 Mar 2013 - 4 min - Uploaded by HausaufgabenTVWer ein Essay schreiben möchte, lernt mit diesem Video schnell wie How to Write an How to write an opinion essay Zeitmanagement; Beurteilungskriterien eines Essays; Beispielthemen für Opinion Essays . Do you think this is a good idea?More writing resources for UMUC undergraduate students. Introductions. Although for short essays the introduction is usually just one paragraph, | <urn:uuid:2779234e-04e1-46d7-8514-cc5a9096345d> | {
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By Julia Szabo
Devouring that quarter-pounder doesn’t just compromise one’s health—it supports an industry that clogs the arteries of the planet. Producing one pound of beef requires an astounding 1,799 gallons of water. Meat farming’s other ravaging effects on the environment—including gaseous emissions from livestock waste, a major contributor to global warming—have the Earth headed for a fatal heart attack by mid-century. The pressure on the environment is not letting up, it’s intensifying; and by 2050 parts of the Earth will be uninhabitable if direct action isn’t taken today.
Reducing consumption of fossil fuel isn’t the only strategy to lower the world’s carbon footprint: Food is fuel for every human being on the planet, and the way it’s produced needs to change, in order for the environment to survive. That’s the message of a new study, “Options for Keeping the Food System Within Environmental Limits,” published in the journal Nature. Conducted by researchers at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, the study breaks new ground as the first to analyze the environmental impacts of global food production.
“The food system is a major driver of climate change, changes in land use, depletion of freshwater resources, and pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through excessive nitrogen and phosphorus inputs,” asserts the study, adding that—without a comprehensive plan of intervention—Earth could become inhospitable to human life by 2050, when the population is expected to hit 9 or 10 billion. “The environmental effects of the food system could increase by 50 to 90 percent,” the study states, “in the absence of technological changes and dedicated mitigation measures, reaching levels that are beyond the planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity.”
This is arguably the most depressing wake-up call ever sounded. If Earth becomes hostile to human life, where will we go? Yet there is hope: The study concludes that a global shift to a climate-friendly diet would sustainably feed the anticipated 10 billion residents of planet Earth. This flexitarian diet consists primarily of vegetables and fruits—the yield of what’s being called the New Green Revolution. The first Green Revolution made history more than half a century ago, when visionary scientists invented new technologies to increase agricultural production worldwide (most notably in developing countries), including high-yielding varieties of cereals. For saving millions from starvation with high-tech farming, agronomist Norman Borlaug, “the Father of the Green Revolution,” received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
Now, the New Green Revolution has scientists racing to make rapid gains in food production, to feed the planet’s exploding future population. The goal: obtain higher yields from land that is already being farmed. According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, this will require a blend of old and new methods: “As food production must increase more than 75 percent over the next 30 years, most of the gains will have to be achieved by obtaining higher yields from land that is already being farmed. Achieving gains of that magnitude will require widespread adoption of the technologies that today allow research stations to reap twice as much as farmers average. A new green revolution will need to combine modern technology, traditional knowledge and an emphasis on farming, social and agro-ecological systems as well as yields.”
Global climate change isn’t just a challenge to farmers; it’s “one of the biggest crises facing humankind,” says Linda P. Fried, Dean of Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. But all is not lost—yet. “Climate change,” Fried concludes, “is both an unprecedented challenge and a unique opportunity to chart a collective course for a healthy and equitable world.” | <urn:uuid:1ab3a359-7c0c-40ce-ba62-e4879410234d> | {
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The charity’s Good Childhood Report 2013 (full report, summary, online version) highlights a period of rising well-being (children’s happiness and satisfaction with their lives) between 1994 and 2008. But this stalled - and may have begun to decline - in recent years.
And younger teenagers have lower well-being than other age groups, the report finds. They are less likely to be happy about school, their appearance and the amount of choice and freedom they have.
Lower well-being reported by teenagers aged 14 and 15
Teenagers aged 14 and 15 are particularly affected as they have the lowest life satisfaction of all children, according to the report. Fourteen to fifteen percent of this age group were found to have low well-being, compared to just 4 percent of eight year olds.
But The Children’s Society warns that we should not dismiss the drop in well-being in the early teens as a normal and inevitable part of growing up.
The charity, which quizzed more than 42,000 eight to 17 year olds, argues that we all have a part to play in boosting children’s well-being. It has launched a guide for parents full of tips and advice about boosting family well-being.
'The well-being of our future generation in the UK is critical'
Matthew Reed, Chief Executive of The Children’s Society, said: 'The well-being of our future generation in the UK is critical. So it is incredibly worrying that any improvements this country has seen in children’s well-being over the last two decades appear to have stalled.
'These startling findings show that we should be paying particular attention to improving the happiness of this country’s teenagers. These findings clearly show that we can’t simply dismiss their low well-being as inevitable ‘teen grumpiness’. They are facing very real problems we can all work to solve, such as not feeling safe at home, being exposed to family conflict or being bullied.
'It is so important that we all, from governments to professionals to parents, talk, listen and take seriously what children and teenagers are telling us.'
'Being unhappy is definitely not an inevitable part of growing up'
The Good Childhood Report 2013 also sheds light on what life is like for children living in poverty, and shows that children who have experienced deprivation are likely to have significantly lower well-being.
The report follows on from the first Good Childhood Report in 2012, again finding that family relationships are key to children’s well-being. Children said that having loving and supportive family relationships are important. Having a reasonable level of choice and autonomy – particularly for teenagers – was vital.
Psychologist Dr Linda Papadopoulos, who is supporting the report, said:
'Interestingly, this report suggests that, when it comes to well-being, 14 and 15 year olds fare worse. It is so important that we don’t simply dismiss this dip as an inevitable part of growing up, that it is just teenagers being teenagers. We really must talk to this generation and listen to what they have to say.
'Children and teenagers deserve proper support, choices and a decent say in their own lives. Being unhappy is definitely not an inevitable part of growing up. We owe it to our children to help them flourish as much as possible.'
For more information, please call 020 7841 4423 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. For out-of-hours enquiries please call 07810 796 508.
Notes to editors
The Children’s Society wants to create a society where children and young people are valued, respected and happy. We are committed to helping vulnerable and disadvantaged young people, including children in care and young runaways. We give a voice to disabled children, help young refugees to rebuild their lives and provide relief for young carers. Through our campaigns and research, we seek to influence policy and perceptions so that young people have a better chance in life. | <urn:uuid:44b4e1cf-5039-49d2-9634-8905fc30802a> | {
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WriteShop is known for their incremental writing program designed for high schoolers, but did you know about their new program for your primary kiddos? As a member of the TOS Homeschool Crew, I was recently given (for review purposes) a copy of WriteShop Primary Book A, the first book in their new 3-book series by Nancy I. Sanders that's designed for grades K-3.
The main goal of WriteShop Primary is to develop a love of writing in your children from an early age through a gentle, activity-filled program with plenty of one-on-one time between teacher and student. This is not a workbook, but a detailed outline to guide you in guiding your child. The introduction begins with a careful explanation of each part of the program and the purpose behind it, as well as suggestions for creating a permanent or portable "writing center" with all the supplies and tools you and your child will need for the lessons.
As you read the introduction, you'll need to decide what schedule you want to use; there are three options:
- Take 3 weeks for each lesson (3 books in 3 years),
- take 2 weeks for each lesson and use the book for 20 weeks (3 books in 2 years),
- or take 1 week for each lesson and use the book for 10 weeks (all 3 books in a year).
The book is divided into 10 lessons, each covering a different main idea and having its own theme. For example, the focus for Lesson 2 is "Personal Writing" and the theme is "I am special." The focus for Lesson 5 is "Constructing a Beginning, Middle, and End" and the theme is "Trains." In the beginning of each lesson you will find an overview of the lesson, including materials to be gathered. You'll also find a master supply list and a list of picture book suggestions in the appendix.
Each lesson is divided into 8 "activity sets." Each activity set begins with a Guided Writing Practice (GWP). This is basically a short warm-up exercise and your teaching time for the lesson. The idea is to model writing for your young child, including left to right progression, proper spelling, and punctuation. All the while you will discuss what you are writing with your child, leading her to develop complete ideas and express them through complete sentences and, eventually, paragraphs. The first activity set for each lesson is simply the GWP. The other activity sets for each lesson are:
- pre-writing activity- reading a picture book to help illustrate some aspect of writing
- brainstorming-developing ideas for the writing project
- writing project-the main event
- editing-not correction, but an opportunity to make changes
- worksheet-an activity to reinforce the lesson and practice developmental skills
- publishing project-a fun way to "publish" the writing project
- evaluation and additional activities-evaluation sheets are provided to chart your child's progress, as well as additional activities to go further
5-year-old Mary was thrilled with the idea of trying out her very own writing program. We got as far as the second lesson with the theme "I Am Special," using the lesson a week schedule, which involves doing 2 activity sets per day. If not on a tight review schedule with a new baby in the house, I would probably use the 3-week schedule, but wanted to get far enough into the program to see what it's really like.
Ordinarily, I would avoid using a highly structured program with such young children and my first reaction was less than wholly positive. I don't really, as a real, believe in pushing writing on little ones. Funny thing is, though, what the little ones are really doing with Book A is more like narration. The Guided Writing Practices are not written by the child, but the parent. The ideas come from the child and your job is more to help her organize her ideas. The book contains plenty of suggestions for encouraging your reluctant "narrator," as well as ideas for helping guide your child towards more organized narrations. The dialog examples seemed a bit too "pushy" in their tone (basically telling the child how to express their thoughts), but I had no problem taking the basic idea and following Mary's lead. As with most homeschool materials, you take what you need and leave the rest.
I found the worksheets to be very similar to those you'll find in any pre-K or K workbook and probably really unnecessary for the program to work, but a nice touch if your kiddos like worksheets. Since the reproducible worksheets are sold separately, you can choose whether to add them or not.
The arty/hands-on part comes with the publishing projects which tend to involve large sheets of construction paper, and plenty of stickers and crayons...it will quickly become a challenge to figure out how to store them all. But, again, some can be modified. For Lesson 2, for example, the publishing project was to create a book, "About Me," using a full-sized paper plate (decorated like a face by your child) for the cover and construction paper circles for the pages. I used all construction paper circles cut to a smaller size (less paper waste) simply because we don't use or buy paper plates and it worked just fine. Mary felt a bit limited by this project because the program dictates what the book will be about and what to include in it, but this frustration spurred her on to create another book of her own design. She is now working on a book about her family.
The program has a lot of possibilities, and if I continue with it, I'll probably use it more like a guideline as opposed to structured program. Part of the fun of resources is changing them to fit your own unique needs. The daily GWPs give plenty of opportunity for narration practice. The "themes" for the lessons can be tweaked to better fit your child's interests or whatever you happen to reading at the time, and I like the logical progression of the lessons. You'll go from personal writing, to thinking of ideas to write about, to selecting a title, and so on.
WriteShop Primary Book A is available directly from WriteShop for $26.95 in a spiral-bound book, or order the e-book for $24.25 and save yourself an additional $5 in shipping. The activity pack is reproducible for your own family and sells as loose sheets for $4.95 or can be downloaded for $4.50.
Personally, this is a book that I would want in physical form as you'll want to refer to the pages as you are teaching, so consider purchasing the physical copy of the book and downloading the activity sheets so you can readily print them from your computer.
WriteShop Primary Books B (1st-3nd grade) and C (2nd-3rd grade) will be available later this year.
For reviews by other homeschoolers, click the banner below: | <urn:uuid:23728175-91f7-4944-a4b3-3f5dec0e6309> | {
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Never has there been an administration like the one in power today–so disciplined in secrecy, so precisely in lockstep in keeping information from the people at large and, in defiance of the Constitution, from their representatives in Congress.
Bill Moyers, September 14, 2004
Everything secret degenerates, even the administration of justice; nothing is safe that does not show it can bear discussion and publicity.
Lord Acton (1834-1902)
Democracy dies behind closed doors . . . The First Amendment, through a free press, protects the people’s right to know that their government acts fairly, lawfully and accurately . . . When government begins closing doors, it selectively controls information rightfully belonging to the people. Selective information is misinformation.
Judge Keith, North Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft, 308 F.3d 198 (3d Cir. 2002).
Secrecy is the watchword of the Bush Administration. The Administration has engaged in secret deportations of suspected alien terrorists, closed immigration hearings to the public, sealed federal court records and even kept them from being named on the docket, sequestered names of and information about Guantanamo detainees as well as thousands of immigrants purportedly detained under the PATRIOT Act, secretly gathered names under a new data-mining system called MATRIX, refused to turn over minutes of an Energy Task Force meeting held by Vice President Cheney in early 2001, refused to cooperate or turn over White House records relating to 9/11, and enabled the FBI to obtain information from "third party" business records holders about ordinary citizens, making it a crime for the holders to tell anyone those records were requested.
These are just a few of the new secrecy initiatives of this Administration. In December 2003, the U.S. News & World Report came out with an investigative report, Keeping Secrets, that found the following:
Important business and consumer information (such as auto and tire safety information) is increasingly being withheld from the public.
Critical healthy and safety information potentially affecting millions of Americans, such as data on quality and vulnerability of drinking-water supplies, potential chemical hazards in communities, and safety of airlines travel.
Invoked "state secrets" privilege on national security grounds (in one case alone, the government invoked it 245 times) and actually shut down several civil rights and discrimination suits by refusing to provide information crucial to plaintiff’s cases.
Doubled the amount of documents classified (44.5 million times in the first two years) and made it easier to reclassify previously declassified information.
Made exempt from public disclosure any voluntarily supplied "critical infrastructure information" supplied by private industry–such as transportation, communications, energy, and other systems that enable modern society to run.
Repudiated congressional statutory directives to provide notice to Congress before initiating certain sensitive defense programs.
Secretly awarded building contracts in Iraq to invited companies.
Limited Freedom of Information Act requests.
One that U.S. News did not mention: the Administration has repudiated domestic and international laws that require open proceedings and due process and ignored a Supreme Court mandate to provide such to Guantanamo and other detainees.
In a recent case, prosecutors demanded that documents in a case be sealed and kept secret, but that the entire case be wiped off the docket. It was as though the case never happened. Yet, a man was convicted and sent to jail in that case, and another man claims that the sealed information shows that prosecutors hid evidence of a government-led extortion scheme against him. The new practice of keeping an entire case secret is called "super-sealing," according the Miami Daily Business Review. It involves "the total eclipse of entire cases or individual pleadings by keeping everything about them–even case and docket numbers–secret."
The Administration, of course, claims that all this secrecy is necessary to protect us from terrorism. But, according to the U.S. News, "the initiative to wall off records and information previously in the public domain began from Day 1" of this Administration taking office. And in a December 2003 Democracy Now report, Veil of Secrecy, Bill Moyers said:
Everywhere you look today, or try to look, our right to know is under assault.
In the name of fighting terrorists, the government is pulling a veil of secrecy around itself. Information that used to be readily accessible is now kept out of sight. [A]lthough the government regularly cites 911 as the basis for secrecy, the true reasons, in many cases, have nothing to do with the War On Terror.
There is no doubt that the Bush Administration is a closed system. It resembles a closed family system and as such, reveals much about the short- and long-term consequences of its practices. Psychologists and sociologists have extensively studied family systems and found that abusive families are often rigid closed systems. In a family system that is closed, the adults believe that power and control are of primary importance. The outer boundaries may be sealed off, preventing an inflow of outside information that contradicts family rules and beliefs and allowing those with the most power to maintain that power within the family. Communication with the outside world, and even within the family itself, becomes closed or censored as those in control set rules about talking that will maintain the hierarchy. Relationships may be regulated in such families by force and fear or by punishment and shame–and the development of each person’s individuality and self-worth suffers in the process. Families that place priority on control in relationships focus on everyone being the same and on maintaining the status quo; they try to mold the members to fit the (only) acceptable rules and beliefs–which are determined by the family members who are in power. Closed families show rigid rules:
(1) Control is important–people are basically bad and must be continually controlled to be good.
(2) There is only one right way and the person with the most power has it. There is always someone who knows what is best for you.
(3) Change is frightening; safety depends on maintaining the system as it is.
Some (but not all) closed families become abusive families. The experience of a child born into a closed abusive family system is one of powerlessness and objectification. The child is a captive of the system. S/he is isolated in a rigidly structured, closed system, helpless to change the system or remove him/herself from it. S/he must accommodate the abusive system and assimilate it into his or her life. The mainstays of such abusive closed family systems are: secrecy, helplessness, entrapment, delayed disclosure, and retraction.
Secrecy: The worse the secret, the more reason to keep it. The family’s consistent and continued denial silences anyone who would speak out. Those who do speak out are punished severely or banished.
Helplessness: In an "authoritarian" (rigidly closed) family system, children may be required to be obedient and loving toward the adults, while the adults may ignore the needs of the children. The rules and beliefs never change, no matter what the individual does, no matter what new information is acquired, no matter what the consequences.
Entrapment: There is no way out of a closed family system. Leaving is not a choice. (Note that expulsion is not the same as voluntary leaving. Expulsion is carried out as revenge and at a time when the individual least expects it or is least prepared for it.)
Delayed disclosure and retraction: Those in closed systems may one day reveal what went on inside the system, but the delayed disclosure may be used to discredit the individual. The price may become too high and the individual may have to retract his or her disclosure.
Does any of this sound familiar to the reader? What are the consequences of such closed systems? The consequences are severe and often irreversible. When one projects this paradigm onto those who hold the reigns to executive governmental power, the picture is highly troubling. Trust is undermined; misdeeds are engaged in and the more they are engaged in, the more they are hidden from public view; the more misdeeds are engaged in, the more a common enemy must be found and punished; the more the system is challenged, the tighter those in power maintain control and the more control is extended; the worse we look to others, the more misdeeds we commit either to punish others for their views or to avenge our image by committing deeds that will break opposition or illustrate our power to all. Finally, anyone who challenges or questions us must be crushed.
The bond within a closed system is extremely strong. No one may leave or challenge it, no one gets inside who isn’t already in. Information that may help the system to adjust to changes cannot be allowed in. Finally, the system must destroy everything not within it or it must collapse.
As we look at four more years of the Bush Administration, we must retain objective ways of viewing and judging it. It is important that we do not get sucked into defining things the way the closed Bush system defines them. The family system paradigm is helpful in understanding the nature of the Bush system and the logical consequences of it. To the extent that the closed family system resembles the Bush Administration–and it clearly does on nearly every point–the consequences are dire. Knowledge is power. Pass it on.
JENNIFER VAN BERGEN, J.D., is the author of The Twilight of Democracy: The Bush Plan for America (Common Courage Press, 2004). She has written and spoken extensively on civil liberties, human rights, and international law. She may be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:dfaa1fff-895a-43c4-a013-7988b64a7069> | {
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By Damian Roland (@Damian_Roland)
Medicine involves providing compassionate care to patients. Health care students are introduced to an education culture of ‘doing’ good. However, as students progress through training they realise that some diseases can’t be cured and that not all patients can be healed. Later still, they may discover the very interventions they’ve prescribed do more harm than good.
A famous medical mantra (perhaps ascribed to Syndenham) is Primum non nocere (‘First, do no harm”). This imperative against actions that harm a patient does not help distinguish which interventions should be avoided. Only in the last decade has guidance on “what not to do” taken shape. In the United States and Canada, Choosing Wisely (US site: www.choosingwisely.org & Canadian site: www.choosingwiselycanada.org) is a campaign to aid and inform doctors about presumably appropriate interventions that, in fact, are not supported by evidence and may cause harm. In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have a database of “do not do” recommendations.
What are the other things that Clinician Educators should avoid to #DoNoHarm? Finding the evidence on this isn’t easy but there are some topics that do spring to mind. For example, if you are a Twitter aficionado, you will be aware of the mass movement away from complex, busy slides often found in large group presentations. Presentations should use simple slides (only for emphasis) that help with a clear narrative. What about bullet points? Obviously a huge list of text is not helpful, but a blanket ban might not be welcome by everyone. (I know a colleague who suggests that bullet points help in signposting key points.)
So, lets start a meme for Clinician Educators that describes things to avoid in our education practice.
I’d be interested in hearing your #Meded #DoNoHarm
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Little Dalmatian Pelicans - level 1
This news is from a zoo. This zoo is in California. It takes care of two new animals. These animals are Dalmatian Pelicans. Their parents cannot take care of them. People must do it.
People keep the little pelicans in a brooder. They must stay warm. People give them food five times a day. The pelicans can eat without help.
The Dalmatian Pelican is a big bird. It can be 6 feet long (1.8 metres). Its wings can be 9 to 11 feet long (2.7 metres to 3.4 metres).
Difficult words: take care (to help), brooder (a special house for small animals), wing (a bird’s body part which helps it fly).
You can read the original story and watch the video in the Level 3 section.
What do you think about this news?
How to improve your English with News in Levels: | <urn:uuid:7756a4c2-bc42-4443-b8f6-8235daeff4aa> | {
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Newsletter and Technical Publications
of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augumentation in Africa>
1.1.7 Fanya-juu Terracing
Based on the development of bench terraces over a period of time, and
known by its Swahili name, fanya-juu terraces are constructed by
throwing soil up slope from a ditch to form a bund along a contour (Figure
11). The trench is 60 cm wide by 60 cm deep, and the bund 50 cm high by
150 cm across at the base (Figure 12). Several of these terraces are made
up the slope following the contour lines. The distance between bunds
depends upon the slope and may be from 5 m apart on steeply sloping lands
to 20 m apart on more gently sloping lands.
Figure 11. Initial profile and later development of fanya
juu terraces (Critchley, 1991).
Similar terracing systems are found in many countries where the stones
from rocky slopes are used to build the bunds or terrace walls, often on
very steep slopes. Contour ridges may be combined with this system.
Through gradual erosion and redistribution of soils within the enclosed
fields, the terraced lands level off, forming the terraces. Soil and
rainwater are conserved within the bunds, and the bunds are usually
stabilised with planted fodder grasses. In addition, each farm using this
technology is surveyed to see if it needs a cutoff drain to be installed
in order to protect the terraces from surplus rainfall. The use of stone
terrace walls allows surplus water to pass through the bunds by
infiltrating between the stones and overtopping the walls.
Figure 12. Construction of the bund (Critchley, 1991).
Extent of Use
The technology is known from the Machakos District of Kenya, which is
hilly and subject to widespread erosion. Since the mid 1980s, the District
has achieved the installation of an average of 1 000 km of new fanya-juu
terraces each year, plus several hundred km of cutoff drains; 70% of the
cultivated land in the District is reported to have been terraced.
Between 1974 and 1991, the National Soil Conservation Programme in Kenya
prepared and implemented conservation plans on 925 000 farms. The rate of
compliance increased to 100 000 farms per year by 1991. A variety of
technologies were promoted through this Programme, including fanya-juu
terracing. Over 500 000 farmers were trained in conservation technologies.
Use of terracing is also reported on steeply sloping lands in Morocco.
Operation and Maintenance
Regular maintenance of the embankment is required
Level of Involvement
In Kenya, the implementation of this technology is normally undertaken
by self-help groups who work collectively on each others lands. Some
richer members of the community employ others to prepare the terraces
since family labour on its own is generally not adequate for constructing
these features. Self-help groups in Machakos consider soil conservation to
be one of their main activities.
The labour required for construction is estimated at 150 to 350 person
days/ha for terraces and cutoff drains. The cost of these structures is
Effectiveness of the Technology
In Machakos, crop yields have increased by 50% (or by 400 kg/ha) through
the use of fanya-juu terraces.
This technology is suitable for marginal or wetter zones of 700 mm
annual rainfall or above. Soils should be deep. The technique is suitable
for use on slopes of less than 5% to 50%.
There is effective control of erosion. Where a whole catchment has been
conserved there is an improvement in streamflows with consequent benefits
for a village water supply.
The technology generally results in a reliable increase in crop yields.
The technology is costly in terms of labour. Unprotected bunds, which
have not been planted with grass, are prone to erosion.
This technology has fitted well into culture of the self-help groups
present in the areas of application to date, and reinforces their emphasis
on full involvement of the community in freshwater augmentation efforts.
The technology has already been established in the area and, therefore,
there was no cultural resistance to it.
Further Development of the Technology
Application of this technology in other areas needs to be further
examined as there were special conditions in the Machakos District of
Kenya which enabled it to succeed.
Critchley, W. 1991. Looking After Our Land, Soil and Water
Conservation in Dryland Africa, Oxfam, London, 84 p.
Lee, M.D. and J.T Visscher 1990. Water Harvesting in Five African
Countries. IRC Occasional Paper No. 14, 108 p.
Pacey, A. and A. Cullis 1991. Rainwater Harvesting. The
Collection of Rainfall and Runoff in Rural Areas. Intermediate Technology
Publications, London, 216 p.
Eriksson, A. (Editor) 1992. The Revival of Soil Conservation in
Kenya. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, SIDA Report No 1, 30 p. | <urn:uuid:294633df-286c-4ef5-b290-e6ddaa883c34> | {
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Sensory integration is how our brain receives and processes sensory information so that we can do the things we need to do in our everyday life. SI therapy is often a whole body, play-based, and movement approach specifically targeting each of the sensory systems that receive input: vision, auditory, gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell), tactile (touch), proprioceptive (joint position sense), and vestibular (balance and movement). Occupational therapists use a multi-sensory approach, addressing the 7 senses. A typical session incorporating SI uses: swings and suspended equipment, climbing equipment, obstacle courses, trampoline, and crash pads.
Effective integration of these sensations enables improvement in the adaptive response children can have through an organized central nervous system. SI intervention develops the skills needed to successfully participate in the variety of occupational roles we value, such as care of self and others, engagement with people, objects, and participation in social contexts.
The primitive reflexes are a series of automatic movements present at birth and are performed without conscious involvement. Each reflex plays a specific role in development, affecting cognitive skills, motor coordination, postural control, and emotional regulation.
Occupational therapy addresses and works to integrate the following reflexes:
Fear paralysis reflex
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
Spinal galant reflex
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
BLOMBERG RHYTHMIC MOVEMENT
BRMT was developed by Dr. Harald Blomberg and is a motor re-education program based on rhythmic movements that works to mature the brain and integrate the primitive reflexes. The rhythmic movements completed take the person back through important developmental patterns they need to go back through and even re-learn.
Developed by Vital Links, Therapeutic Listening is a research-based tool for treating people of all ages who have difficulty with processing sensory information, listening, attention, and communication.
Therapeutic Listening is a sound-based intervention often implemented as part of a comprehensive, multi-faceted therapy program, which encompasses much more than just the ears but the whole-body. Like other sensory systems, the auditory system does not work in isolation. Neurologically it is connected to all levels of brain function and as a result, has a vast range of influence. How we listen impacts not only our overall physiology, but also our behavior.
DIR is the Developmental, Individual-differences, and Relationship-based model developed by Dr. Stanley Greenspan to provide a foundational framework for human development. It explains the critical role of social-emotional development starting at birth and continuing throughout the lifespan. It also provides a framework for understanding how each person individually perceives and interacts with the world differently. The model highlights the power of relationships and emotional connections to fuel development. Through a deep understanding of the "D" and the "I" we can use the "R" to promote healthy development and to help every child and person reach their fullest potential.
Floortime (or DIRFloortime) is a specific technique to both follow the child’s natural emotional interests (lead) and at the same time challenge the child towards greater and greater mastery of the social, emotional, and intellectual capacities.
Traumatic events may be overt, such as early loss of a primary caregiver; sexual, physical or emotional abuse; or domestic, community and school violence. Trauma may also be innocent, such as early hospitalization and necessary lifesaving medical procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit. Exposure to adverse life experiences has been shown to increase the likelihood of social, emotional and developmental delays. Furthermore, children with developmental delays have a higher risk of being subjected to experiences involving physical, emotional and sexual abuse.
There is a growing understanding, and accompanying clinical practice that addresses the connection between sensory processing dysfunction and trauma. When an individual cannot adequately process sensory information or traumatic experiences, the body’s natural defense mechanisms become heightened, further impacting sensory processing disorder.
Myofascial release is a gentle and safe, hands-on, manual therapy used to release trauma, tension, and inflammatory responses in the body. MFR treats the mind/body complex, eliminating the physical restrictions felt within the body’s connective tissue (fascia). | <urn:uuid:5674efe9-88fd-4e4f-b6f6-96b51f4ce9b6> | {
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In the niche world of rafting, safety comes before all else, but when the industry hasn't opened itself entirely to women, it's no surprise their safety hasn't been fully considered.
In its simplest form, rafting only requires a raft, a paddle, a life vest, and a helmet, yet women working as commercial guides and as outdoor education teachers are still struggling to find equipment in their size.
Access to well-fitting equipment is essential to safe rafting, but competitive and recreational participants find it nearly impossible to find life vests to comfortably and securely fit over women's chests.
Meanwhile, others are struggling to maintain control of paddles with shaft diameters and handles bigger than their hands can hold.
"Life jackets squeeze down on your chest. We have to give them to clients knowing they could be uncomfortable all day."
With hands smaller than the average man's, Kanellopoulos is "constantly losing hold" of her paddle while trying to guide down often dangerous waters.
While manufacturers have reduced the weight of paddles and different paddle lengths are readily available depending on the user's height, shaft sizes are mostly made to fit an average man's hand.
International racing rules require competitors to use C1 paddles and Kanellopoulos's own teammates were even surprised to hear how often the issue impacts her.
She said that crossing white waters, she often has her paddle slip from her grip, at best losing her time in a race, at worst reducing her ability to safely guide her raft.
While for one-day tours, an ill-fitting paddle shaft is a mere inconvenience, for competitive and white-water rafters losing or not having full control of a paddle can be a genuine safety issue.
When working in an environment as unpredictable as river ways, safety is a team effort between competitors and the water.
Women want to feel welcome, seen and heard
While adventure sports and recreational activities are popular tourist activities, women in the field have been left feeling unwelcome.
An outdoor education teacher, Kanellopoulos has traversed rivers across the country but said she's heard countless stories of women being disrespected.
River Roos team captain Ashleigh Smith said the biggest cultural issue in the adventure sport industry is a lack of awareness from some men.
"They hold this physical apex male physique as the standard.
"[They say,] 'you should be able to lift this. You should be able to throw this far. You should be able to turn this without using your crew at all.'
Expectations leading to injury
The expectation that guides can, and will, move heavy equipment is contributing to both long term and acute injury within the industry.
"We started a season off with six girls, and at the end of the winter, I was the only girl working because other people had been injured," Amy Rella, who has 15 years of experience in adventure sports said.
Since studying outdoor education, she's seen a huge increase in female interest in the field.
But this hasn't eliminated all the problems women face.
"There's a lot of misogyny and general expectation of dragging a huge raft along, which just seems ridiculous to me. When I work with another female guide, we'd work together to get our equipment, then a bloke would come down and do it themselves."
Rella said the interruption of men taking over is frustrating and perpetuates the idea guides have to do everything alone.
Using a team mentality rather than focusing on individual physical strength, Rella has been able to prevent personal injury.
Using brains, not brawn
Getting equipment to the riverbank isn't the only difference the women have noticed among male and female guides. The actual experience of traversing rivers and rapids changes drastically between guides.
"It's amazing watching a woman guide down a river and a man guiding down that same river, they're working completely differently," Rella said.
Teammate Emma Johnson agrees, saying women tend to traverse rivers in more methodical ways, not relying solely on their strength to take on strong currents.
"You might look a few rapids ahead and see where to go around some, rather than just smash through the middle."
A community working together
Despite some paddlers facing challenges with certain individuals, team member Charlotte Bond has found the community as a whole to be welcoming to her.
"I was a sporty kid, I did all of them, but the river community is just a different level of lovely," she said.
Working together, the River Roos have facilitated their own culture of positivity and empowerment, culminating in their latest challenge, competing in the 2022 International Rafting Federation World Rafting Championships in Bosnia at the end of the month.
"It's exciting to meet other women from other countries that are amazing athletes and rafters. It's amazing to watch these gifted female kayakers show everyone up," said Bond.
Kanellopoulos got a late call up to join the team, and said she relishes the camaraderie from other women in her sport.
"As a female in paddling, [other] females in paddling are looking back for you. They're like, 'I'm not going to hold your hand, but I'm right here, you got this, show me the potential I know you have'. It's amazing.
"We're not just gung-ho, try and do it faster, bigger, better. It's just beautiful."
ABC Sport is partnering with Siren Sport to elevate the coverage of Australian women in sport.
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Gerunds and Infinitives
Here is a brief review of the differences between gerunds and infinitives.
Gerunds are formed with ING.
walking, talking, thinking, listening
Infinitives are formed with TO.
to walk, to talk, to think, to listen
Gerunds and infinitives can do several jobs:
Both gerunds and infinitives can be the subject of a sentence.
Writing in English is difficult.
To write in English is difficult.
Both gerunds and infinitives can be the object of a verb.
I like writing in English.
I like to write in English.
But... only gerunds can be the object of a preposition.
We are talking about writing in English.
It is often difficult to know when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. These guidelines may help you.
|Gerunds||Gerunds are often used when actions are real, concrete, or completed.
For example: I stopped smoking.
(The smoking was real and happened until I stopped.)
|Infinitives|| Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future.
For example: I stopped to smoke.
(I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.) | <urn:uuid:19c2e052-f139-45b1-93d6-36604d9aa760> | {
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56 pages of original primary nonfiction articles, close reading and comprehension activities that were carefully crafted with the primary student in mind. The articles have stunning photographs of fascinating winter creatures that will have your students begging for more!
VARIETY OF USES FOR DIFFERENTIATION
This product can be used in the following ways:
1. Guided reading groups - perfectly leveled for kindergarten and first grade students
2. Intervention - Use with second and third grade students who are performing below grade level and need intervention
3. Homework - Send home an article and response page (or two)
4. Daily Five/Centers/Reader's Workshop - Read an article independently or whole group and children can respond independently
5. Independent Work
6. Whole Group
17 nonfiction articles on the following topics:
- Emperor Penguin
- Snowy Owl
- Beluga Whale
- Atlantic Puffin
- Gentoo Penguin
- Polar Bear
- Harp Seal
- Arctic Fox
- Arctic Hare
- Chinstrap Penguin
- Snow Leopard
- Arctic Wolf
- Musk Ox
-Close Reading Activities for some of the animals that focus on inference, using text evidence, comparing/contrasting, and reading between the lines
-Fact Papers for each animal that has students use text evidence to write facts
- Main Idea
- Main Idea and Key Details
MEETS COMMON CORE STANDARDS
K.R.I.T.1 With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
K.R.I.T.2 With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
K.W.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.
First Grade Standards -
1.R.I.T.1 Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
1.R.I.T.2 Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
1.R.I.T.5 Know and use various text features (e.g., headings, tables of contents, glossaries, etc.) to locate key facts or information in a text.
1.R.I.T.7 Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.
1.W.8 With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.
As always, please ask questions before purchasing. Thank you so much!♥
Copyright© 2015 Cecelia Magro
All rights reserved by author. Permission to copy for single classroom use only. Electronic distribution limited to single classroom use only. Not for public display.
Other Close Reading Nonfiction Products:
Perfectly Primary Nonfiction Articles and Close Reading
Perfectly Primary Non Fiction Articles Spring Edition
Non Fiction News- Common Core Close Reading and Writing K-2 Baby Animal Edition
Arctic Animals Close Reading and Writing
Sharks Close Reading
African Animals Close Reading and Writing
Farm Animals Close Reading and Writing
Ocean Animals Close Reading
Rainforest Close Reading
Penguin Close Reading | <urn:uuid:efa55e9d-8cfe-445a-8282-3e30a3fb869c> | {
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Current time:0:00Total duration:2:03
Match these angles with their measures. There should be one angle in each category. We have 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 180 degrees. So there's a few that are very easy to spot out. This angle right over here, it makes a complete line. So this is clearly 180 degrees. So this one's 180 degrees. The other one that might jump out at you is this one right over here. This is clearly a right angle, or a 90-degree angle right over here. So this is 90 degrees. And so we have to think which of these is 30 and which is 60 degrees? Well, just by comparing it that way, you know that the one that opens out more is going to be 60 degrees and the one that opens out less is going to be 30 degrees. And you can see that this, the opening here, is half the size of the opening right over here. So it makes sense that this is 30, this is 60, and it also makes sense that this angle is 1/3 the measure of this angle right over here, that this is 90 degrees. And then if you were to double this, then this part of the angle would go all the way out, and you would get to the 180 degrees. So let's check our answer and make sure we actually got this one right. Let's do one more, just for fun. Which of these angles has a measure of 60 degrees? So there's a couple that we can immediately rule out. This angle here is clearly more than 90 degrees. It's an obtuse angle. This angle here is 180 degrees, so we're going to have to pick between these two. And we can assume that these are all at scale. So if we know that a right angle would have this line straight up and down, this looks like it's 2/3 of the way there. So I would go with this one right over there. Now, you might say, well, what about this one? Well, this one looks like it's about 1/3 of a right angle. If we were to do 2/3, then 3/3, it looks like we would get to a right angle. So this one looks much closer to 30 degrees. So which of these angles has a measure of 60? That one right over there. You could immediately rule out that one and that one, and then these take a little bit closer inspection. | <urn:uuid:9108c1a3-6d7c-4d61-a42e-6a88337c60ef> | {
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M13 A single-stranded DNA bacteriophage used as a vector for DNA sequencing.
M13 strand The single-stranded DNA molecule that is present in the infective form of bacteriophage M13.
mAB See monoclonal antibody.
macerate To disintegrate tissues to obtain a cell dissociation. Cutting, soaking or enzymatic actions are commonly used.
macromolecule Molecule of large molecular weight, such as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides.
macronutrient (Gr. makros, large + L. nutrire, to nourish) For growth media: an essential element normally required in concentrations >0.5 millimole/l.
macrophages Large, white blood cells that ingest foreign substances and display on their surfaces antigens produced from the foreign substances, to be recognized by other cells of the immune system.
macropropagation Production of plant clones from growing parts.
major histocompatibility antigen A cell-surface macromolecule that allows the immune system to distinguish foreign or "non-self" from "self". A better term is histoglobulin (See histocompatibility antigen). These are the antigens that must be matched between donors and recipients during organ and tissue transplants to prevent rejection.
major histocompatibility complex The large cluster of genes that encode the major histocompatibility antigens in mammals.
malignant Having the properties of cancerous growth.
malt extract A mixture of organic compounds from malt, used as a culture medium adjunct. See organic complex; undefined.
malting A process of generating starch-degrading enzymes in grain by allowing it to germinate in a humid atmosphere. See brewing.
mammary glands The milk-producing organs of female mammals, which provide food for the young.
mammary tumours Tumours of the milk glands.
management of farm animal genetic resources In AnGR: The sum total of technical, policy and logistical operations involved in understanding (characterization), using and developing (utilization), maintaining (conservation), accessing, and sharing the benefits of animal genetic resources. (Source: FAO, 1999)
mannitol (C6H14O6; f.w. 182.17) A sugar alcohol widely distributed in plants. Mannitol is commonly used as a nutrient and osmoticum (q.v.) in suspension medium for plant protoplasts.
mannose (C6H12O6; f.w. 180.16) A hexose component of many polysaccharides and mannitol. Mannose is occasionally used as a carbohydrate source in plant tissue culture media.
map 1. Verb: To determine the relative positions of loci on a DNA molecule. Linkage mapping is done by estimating the recombination fraction between loci, from the genotypes of offspring of particular matings. The further apart two loci are on a chromosome, the greater will be the frequency of recombination between them up to a maximum of 50%, the situation observed when they are sufficiently far apart on a chromosome that recombinant gametes are as frequent as non-recombinant gametes, or when they are on different chromosomes. Physical mapping is usually performed by the use of in situ hybridisation of cloned DNA fragments to metaphase chromosomes.
2. Noun: A diagram showing the relative positions of, and distances between, loci.
map distance The standard measure of distance between loci, expressed in centiMorgans (cM). Estimated from recombination fraction via a mapping function (q.v.). For small recombination fractions, map distance equals the percentage of recombination (recombination frequency) betwen two genes. 1% recombination = 1 cM. Sometimes called a map unit.
mapping Determining the location of a locus (gene or genetic marker) on a chromosome. See continuous map; linkage map; physical map.
mapping function A mathematical expression relating observed recombination fraction (q.v.) to map distance expressed in centiMorgans. Two common mapping functions are those developed by Haldane (1919; J. Genet., 8: 299-309) and Kosambi (1944; Ann. Eugen., 12: 172-175). In both functions, the relationship between recombination fraction and map distance is approximately linear for recombination fractions less than 10%; as recombination fraction increases above 10% (up to its maximum of 50%), map distance is increasingly greater than recombination fraction.
map unit See map distance; crossing-over unit.
marker An identifiable DNA sequence that facilitates the study of inheritance of a trait or a gene. Such markers are used in mapping the order of genes along chromosomes and in following the inheritance of particular genes: genes closely linked to the marker will generally be inherited with it. Markers must be readily identifiable in the phenotype, for instance by controlling an easily observable feature (such as eye colour) or by being readily detectable by molecular means, e.g., microsatellite markers (q.v.). See gene tracking.
marker-assisted introgression The use of DNA markers to increase the speed and efficiency of introgression (q.v.) of a new gene or genes into a population. The markers will be closely linked to the gene(s) in question.
marker-assisted selection (MAS) The use of DNA markers to increase the response to selection in a population. The markers will be closely linked to one or more quantitative trait loci (q.v.).
marker gene A gene of known function and known location on the chromosome. cf genetic marker.
marker peptide A portion of fusion protein that facilitates its identification or purification.
MAS See marker-assisted selection.
mass selection As practised in plant and animal breeding, the choosing of individuals for reproduction from the entire population on the basis of individual phenotypes.
maternal effect An effect attributable to some aspect of performance of the mother of the individual being evaluated.
maternal inheritance Inheritance controlled by extrachromosomal (cytoplasmic) factors that are transmitted through the egg.
matric potential A water potential component, always of negative value, resulting from capillary, imbibitional and adsorptive forces. See pressure potential.
maturation The formation of gametes or spores.
MCS See polylinker.
MDA Multiple drop array. See microdroplet array.
mean In statistics, the arithmetic average; the sum of all measurements or values in a sample divided by the sample size.
media See culture medium; medium.
median In a set of measurements, the central value above and below which there are an equal number of measurements.
medium (pl: media) 1. In plant tissue culture, a term for the liquid or solidified formulation upon which plant cells, tissues or organs develop. See culture medium.
2. In general terms, it could also means a substrate for plant growth, such as nutrient solution, soil, sand, etc., e.g., potting medium.
medium formulation In tissue culture, the particular formula for the culture medium. It commonly contains macro-elements and micro-elements (high and low salt), some vitamins (B vitamins, inositol), plant growth regulators (auxin, cytokinin and sometimes gibberellin), a carbohydrate source (usually sucrose or glucose) and often other substances, such as amino acids or complex growth factors. Media may be liquid or solidified with agar; the pH is adjusted (ca. 5-6) and the solution is sterilized (usually by filtration or autoclaving). Some formulations are very specific in the kind of explant or plant species that can be maintained; some are very general.
megabase (abbr: Mb) A length of DNA consisting of 106 base pairs (if double-stranded) or 106 bases (if single-stranded). 1 Mb = 103 kb = 106 bp.
megabase cloning The cloning of very large DNA fragments. See cloning.
megadalton (MDa) One megadalton is equal to 106 daltons. See dalton.
megaspore; macrospore A haploid (n) spore developing into a female gametophyte in heterosporous plants.
meiosis (Gr. meioun, to make smaller) The special cell division process by which the chromosome number of a reproductive cell becomes reduced to half (n) the diploid (2n) or somatic number. Two consecutive divisions occur. In the first division, homologous chromosomes became paired and may exchange genetic material (via crossing over) before moving away from each other into separate daughter nuclei (reduction division). These new nuclei divide by mitosis to produce four haploid nuclei. Meiosis results in the formation of gametes in animals or of spores in plants. It is an important source of variability through recombination.
meiotic analysis A technique used to analyse chromosome-pairing relationships.
meiotic drive Any mechanism that causes alleles to be recovered unequally in the gametes of a heterozygote.
meiotic product(s) See gametes.
melanin Pigment, as typically produced by specialised epidermal cells called melanocytes.
melting temperature (abbr: Tm) The temperature at which a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule denatures into separate single strands. The Tm is characteristic of each DNA species and gives an indication of its base composition. DNAs rich in G:C base pairs are more resistant to thermal denaturation than A:T rich DNA since three hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C, but only two between A and T.
membrane bioreactors Bioreactors where cells grow on or behind a permeable membrane, which lets the nutrients for the cell through but retains the cells themselves. A variations on this theme is the hollow-fibre reactor.
memory cells Long-lived B and T cells that mediate rapid secondary immune responses to a previously encountered antigen.
Mendelian population A natural, interbreeding unit of sexually reproducing plants or animals sharing a common gene pool.
Mendelism The theory of heredity that forms the basis of classical genetics, proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1866 and formulated in two laws (see Mendel's Laws).
Mendel's Laws Two laws summarizing Gregor Mendel's theory of inheritance. The Law of Segregation states that each hereditary characteristic is controlled by two `factors' (now called alleles), which segregate and pass into separate germ cells. The Law of Independent Assortment states that pairs of `factors' segregate independently of each other when germ cells are formed. See independent assortment; linkage.
mericlinal Refers to a chimera with tissue of one genotype partly surrounded by that of another genotype.
mericloning A propagation method using shoot tips in culture to proliferate multiple buds, which can then be separated, rooted and planted out.
meristele The vascular cylinder tissue in the stem. See stele.
meristem (Gr. meristos, divisible) Undifferentiated but determined tissue, the cells of which are capable of active cell division and differentiation into specialized and permanent tissue such as shoots and roots.
meristem culture A tissue culture containing meristematic dome tissue without adjacent leaf primordia or stem tissue. The term may also imply the culture of meristemoidal regions of plants, or meristematic growth in culture.
meristem tip An explant comprising the meristem (meristematic dome) and usually one pair of leaf primordia. Also refers to explants originating from apical meristem tip or lateral or axillary meristem tip. Do not confuse the meristem tip with the term "shoot tip," which is much larger and usually has more immature leaves and stem tissue.
meristem tip culture Cultures derived from meristem tip explants. The use of meristem tip culture is for virus elimination or axillary shoot proliferation purposes, but less commonly for callus production.
meristemoid A localized group of cells in callus tissue, characterized by an accumulation of starch, RNA and protein, and giving rise to adventitious shoots or roots.
merozygote Partial zygote produced by a process of partial genetic exchange, such as transformation in bacteria.
mesh bioreactor See filter bioreactor.
mesoderm The middle germ layer that forms in the early animal embryo and gives rise to parts such as bone and connective tissue.
mesophile A micro-organism able to grow in the temperature range 20 to 50°C; optimal growth often occurs at about 37°C.
mesophyll (Gr. mesos, middle + phyllon, leaf) Leaf parenchyma tissue occurring between epidermal layers.
messenger RNA See mRNA.
metabolic cell A cell that is not dividing.
metabolism (M.L. from the Gr. metobolos, to change) In an organism or a single cell, the biochemical process by which nutritive material is built up into living matter, or aids in building living matter, or by which complex substances and food are broken down into simple substances.
metabolite 1. A low-molecular-weight biological compound that is usually synthesized by an enzyme.
2. A compound that is essential for a metabolic process. A substance synthesized by the organism, or taken in from the environment. Autotrophic organisms take in inorganic metabolites, such as water, CO2, nitrates and some trace elements.
metacentric chromosome A chromosome with the centromere near the middle and, consequently, two arms of about equal length.
metallothionein A protective protein that binds heavy metals such as cadmium and lead.
metaphase (Gr. meta, after + phasis, appearance) Stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes, or at least the kinetochores, lie in the central plane of the spindle. It is the stage following prophase and preceding anaphase.
metastasis The spread of cancer cells to previously unaffected organs.
methionine A sulphur-containing amino acid.
methylation The addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to a macromolecule, such as the addition of a methyl group to specific cytosine and, occasionally, adenine residues in DNA.
Michaelis constant See Km.
microalgal culture Culture in bioreactors of microalgae; microalgae include seaweeds.
micro-array, DNA See DNA micro-array.
microbe A general term for a micro-organism.
microbial mats Layered groups or communities of microbial populations.
microbody (Gr. mikros, small + body) A cellular organelle always bound by a single membrane, frequently spherical, from 20 to 60 nm in diameter, containing a variety of enzymes.
micro-carriers Small particles used as a support material for cells, and particularly mammalian cells, which are too fragile to be pumped and stirred as bacterial cells are in a large-scale culture.
microdroplet array; multiple drop array (MDA); hanging droplet technique. Introduced by Kao and Konstabel (1970), this technique is used to evaluate large numbers of media modifications, employing small quantities of medium into which are placed small numbers of cells. Droplets of liquid are arranged on the lid of a Petri dish, inverted over the bottom half of the dish containing a solution with a lower osmotic pressure, and the dish is sealed. The cells or protoplasts form a monolayer at the droplet meniscus and can easily be examined.
micro-element An element required in very small quantities.
micro-encapsulation A process of enclosing a substance in very small sealed capsules from which material is released by heat, solution or other means.
micro-environment (Gr. mikros, small + O.F. environ, about) The environment close enough to the surface of a living or non-living object to be influenced by it.
microfibrils (Gr. mikros, small + fibrils, diminutive of fibre) Microfibrils are exceedingly small fibres visible only at the high magnification of the electron microscope.
microgametophytes See anther.
micrograft See shoot-tip graft.
micro-injection The introduction of small amounts of material (DNA, RNA, enzymes, cytotoxic agents) into a single eukaryotic cell with a fine, microscopic needle, penetrating the cell membrane.
micro-isolating system Mechanical separation of single cells or protoplasts thus allowing them to proliferate individually.
micron; micrometre (Gr. mikros, small) A unit of distance: 10-6 m; 0.001 mm. Symbol: mm.
2-micron plasmid See 2mm plasmid.
micronutrient (Gr. mikros, small + L. nutrire, to nourish) For growth media: An essential element normally required in concentrations < 0.5 millimole/litre.
micro-organism Organism visible only under magnification.
microplasts Vesicles produced by subdivision and fragmentation of protoplasts or thin-walled cells.
micropyle 1. A small opening in the surface of a plant ovule through which the pollen tube passes prior to fertilization.
2. A small pore in some animal cells or tissues.
microprojectile bombardment A procedure for modifying cells by shooting DNA-coated metal (tungsten or gold) particles into them. See biolistics.
micropropagation Miniaturized in vitro multiplication and/or regeneration of plant material under aseptic and controlled environmental conditions on specially prepared media that contain substances necessary for growth; used for three general types of tissue: excised embryos (= embryo culture); shoot-tips (= meristem culture or mericloning); and pieces of tissue that range from bits of stems to roots. Four stages of plant tissue culture have been defined by Murashige:
Stage I. Establishment of an aseptic culture.
Stage II. The multiplication of propagules.
Stage III. Preparation of propagules for successful transfer to soil (rooting and hardening).
Stage IV. Establishment in soil.
microsatellite A form of VNTR (q.v.). Specifically, a segment of DNA characterized by the occurrence of a variable number of copies (from a few up to 30 or so) of a sequence of around 5 or fewer bases (called a repeat unit, q.v.). A typical microsatellite is the repeat unit AC, which occurs at approximately 100 000 different sites in a typical mammalian genome. At any one site (locus), there are usually several different "alleles," each identifiable according to the number of repeat units. These alleles can be detected by PCR (q.v.), using primers designed from the unique sequence that is located on either side of the microsatellite. When the PCR product is run on an electrophoretic gel, alleles are seen to differ in length in units equal to the size of the repeat unit, e.g., if the primers correspond to the unique sequence immediately on either side of the microsatellite and are each 20 bases long, and an individual is heterozygous for an AC microsatellite with one allele comprising 5 repeats and the other comprising 6 repeats, the heterozygote will exhibit two bands on the gel, one band being 20 + (2 × 5) + 20 = 50 bases long, and the other allele being 20 + (2 × 6) + 20 = 52 bases long. Microsatellites have been the standard DNA marker: they are easily detectable by PCR, and they tend to be evenly located throughout the genome. Thousands have been mapped in many different species.
microspore The smaller of the two kinds of meiospores produced by heterosporous plants in the course of microsporogenesis; in seed plants, microspores give rise to the pollen grain, the male gametophyte.
microtuber Cultured tissue capable of growing into tuberous plant.
microtubules A minute filament in living cells that is composed of the protein tubulin and occurs singly, in pairs, triplets or bundles. Microtubules help cells to maintain their shape; they also occur in cilia, flagella and the centrioles, and form the spindle during nuclear division.
middle lamella (L. lamella, a thin plate or scale). Original thin membrane separating two adjacent protoplasts and remaining as a distinct cementing layer between adjacent cell walls.
mid-parent value In quantitative genetics, the average of the phenotypes of two mates.
minimum effective cell density The inoculum density below which the culture fails to give reproducible cell growth. The minimum density is a function of the tissue (species, explant, cell line) and the culture phase of the inoculum suspension. Minimum density decreases inversely to the aggregate size and division rate of the stock culture.
minimum inoculum size The critical volume of inoculum (q.v.) required to initiate culture growth, due to the diffusive loss of cell materials into the medium. The subsequent culture growth cycle is dependent on the inoculum size, which is determined by the volume of medium and size of the culture vessel.
mini-prep A small-scale (mini-) preparation of plasmid or phage DNA. Used to analyse DNA in a cloning vector after a cloning experiment.
minisatellite A form of VNTR (q.v.) in which the repeat units (q.v.) typically range from 10 to 100 bases. They are usually detected by Southern hybridization (q.v.), using a probe comprising a clone of the repeat unit. The first DNA fingerprints (q.v.) were minisatellites detected in this way. Minisatellites tend to be located at the ends of chromosomes and in regions with a high frequency of recombination.
minitubers Small tubers (5-15 mm in diameter) formed on shoot cultures or cuttings of tuber-forming crops, such as potato.
mismatch The lack of a complementary pair of bases in a double helix of DNA, e.g., A:C, G:T.
mismatch repair DNA repair processes that correct mismatched base pairs.
missense mutation A mutation that changes a codon for one amino acid into a codon specifying another amino acid.
mist propagation Application of fine droplets of water to leafy cuttings in the rooting stage to reduce transpiration. cf fog.
mites Free-living and parasitic animals belonging to the order Acarina, class Arachnida (with spiders). Mites may infest plant crops, reducing their harvest. They may also infest plant tissue culture work areas and incubation facilities in search of sugars, and so contaminate culture vessels and spread bacteria and fungi.
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) A circular ring of DNA found in mitochondria. In mammals, mtDNA makes up less than 1% of the total cellular DNA, but in plants the amount is variable. It codes for ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA, but only some mitochondrial proteins (up to 30 proteins in animals), the nuclear DNA being required for encoding most of these.
mitochondrion (Gr. mitos, thread + chondrion, a grain; pl: mitochondria) A small cytoplasmic organelle that carries out aerobic respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place to produce ATP.
mitosis (Gr. mitos, a thread; adj: mitotic; pl: mitoses) Disjunction of replicated chromosomes and division of the cytoplasm to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. The division involves the appearance of chromosomes, their longitudinal duplication, and equal distribution of newly formed parts to daughter nuclei. It is separated into five stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
mixed bud A bud containing both rudimentary leaves and flowers.
mixoploid Cells with variable (euploid, aneuploid) chromosome numbers. Mosaics or chimeras differ in chromosome number as a result of a variety of mitotic irregularities.
mobilization 1. The transfer between bacteria of a non-conjugative plasmid by a conjugative plasmid.
2. The transfer between bacteria of chromosomal genes by a conjugative plasmid.
mobilizing functions The genes on a plasmid that give it the ability to facilitate the transfer of either a non-conjugative or a conjugative plasmid from one bacterium to another.
modal class; mode In a frequency distribution, the class having the greatest frequency.
model A mathematical description of a biological phenomenon.
modification 1. Enzymatic methylation of a restriction enzyme DNA recognition site.
2. Specific nucleotide changes in DNA or RNA molecules.
modifier; modifying gene A gene that affects the expression of some other gene.
MOET See multiple ovulation and embryo transfer.
molality The number of moles of solute per litre of solvent.
molarity The number of moles of a substance contained in a kilogram of solution. See mole.
mole (symbol: M). Amount of substance that has a weight in grams numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance. Also called gram molecular weight. A mole contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules or atoms of a substance.
molecular biology The area of knowledge concerned with the molecular aspects of organisms and their cells.
molecular cloning The biological amplification of a specific DNA sequence through mitotic division of a host cell into which it has been transformed or transfected. See cloning.
molecular genetics The area of knowledge concerned with the genetic aspects of molecular biology, especially with DNA, RNA and protein molecules.
molecule (L. diminutive of moles, a little mass) A unit of matter, the smallest portion of an element or a compound that retains chemical identity with the substance in mass. The molecule usually consist of a union of two or more atoms; some organic molecules containing a very large number of atoms.
monoclonal antibody (mAB) A single type of antibody that is directed against a specific epitope (antigen, antigenic determinant) and is produced by a single clone of B cells or a single hybridoma cell line, which is formed by the fusion of a lymphocyte cell with a myeloma cell. Some myeloma cells synthesize single antibodies naturally.
monocot See monocotyledon.
monocotyledon (Gr. monos, solitary + kotyledon, a cup-shaped hollow) A plant whose embryo has one seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are cereal grains (corn, wheat, rice), asparagus, and lily. Colloquially called a monocot. cf dicotyledon.
monoculture The agricultural practice of cultivating a single crop on a whole farm or area.
monoecious Denoting plant species that have separate male and female flowers on the same plant (e.g., maize).
monogastric animals Animals with simple stomachs that do not ruminate. cf ruminant animals.
monophyletic Describing any group of organisms that are assumed to have originated from the same ancestor.
monogenic Controlled by a single gene, as opposed to multigenic.
monohybrid (Gr. monos, solitary + L. hybrida, a mongrel) The offspring of two homozygous parents that differ from one another by the alleles present at only one locus.
monohybrid cross A cross between parents differing in only one trait or in which only one trait is being considered.
monolayer A single layer of cells growing on a surface.
monomer A single molecular entity that may combine with others to form more complex structures.
monoploid See haploid.
monosaccharide A single sugar. cf polysaccharide.
monosomic (n: monosomy) describing a diploid organism lacking one chromosome (2n -1) of its proper (disomic) complement; a form of aneuploidy. See also disomy.
mono-unsaturates Oils containing mono-unsaturated fatty acids.
monozygotic twins One-egg or identical twins; twins derived from the splitting of a single fertilized ovum.
morphogen A substance that stimulates the development of form or structure in an organism.
morphogenesis The development, through growth and differentiation, of form and structure in an organism.
morphogenic response The effect on the developmental history of a plant or its parts exposed to a given set of growth conditions or to a change in the environment.
morphology (Gr. morphe, form + logos, discourse) 1.The science of studying form and its development.
2. General: Shape, form, external structure or arrangement.
mosaic An organism or part of an organism that is composed of cells with different origin.
mother plant See donor plant.
movable genetic element See transposon.
mRNA; messenger RNA The RNA transcript of a protein-encoding gene. The information encoded in the mRNA molecule is translated into a polypeptide of specific amino acid sequence by the ribosomes. In eukaryotes, mRNAs transfer genetic information from the DNA to ribosomes, where it is translated into protein.
MRUs Minimum recognition units. See dabs.
mtDNA See mitochondrial DNA.
multi-copy Describing plasmids which replicate to produce many plasmid molecules per host genome, e.g., pBR322 is a multi-copy plasmid, there are usually 50 pBR322 molecules (or copies) per E. coli genome.
multigene family A group of genes that are similar in nucleotide sequence or that produce polypeptides with similar amino acid sequences.
multigenic Controlled by several genes, as opposed to monogenic.
multi-locus probe A probe that hybridizes to a number of different sites in the genome of an organism. See probe.
multimer; multimeric A protein made up of more than one peptide chain.
multiple alleles The existence of more than two alleles at a locus in a population.
multiple cloning site See polylinker.
multiple drop array (MDA) See microdroplet array.
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) A technology by which a single female that usually produces only one or two offspring can produce a litter of offspring. Involves stimulation of a female to shed large numbers of ova; natural mating or artificial insemination; collection of fertilized ova (either surgically, or non-surgically through the cervix); and transfer (usually non-surgical, through the cervix) of these fertilized ova to recipient females.
multivalent vaccine A single vaccine that is designed to elicit an immune response either to more than one infectious agent or to several different epitopes of a molecule.
mutable genes Genes with an unusually high mutation rate.
mutagen An agent or process which is capable of inducing a mutation, such as UV light. cf mutation.
mutagenesis Change(s) in the genetic constitution of a cell through alterations to its DNA.
mutant An organism or an allele that differs from the wild type because it carries one or more genetic changes in its DNA. A mutant organism may carry mutated gene(s) (= gene mutation); mutated chromosome(s) (= chromosome mutation); or mutated genome(s) (= genome mutation). a.k.a. a variant.
mutation (L. mutare, to change) A sudden, heritable change appearing in an individual as the result of a change in the structure of a gene (= gene mutation); changes in the structure of chromosomes (= chromosome mutation); or in the number of chromosomes (= genome mutation). cf genetic diversity; genetic drift.
mutation pressure A constant mutation rate that adds mutant genes to a population; repeated occurrences of mutations in a population.
mutualism See symbiosis.
mycelium (pl: mycelia) Threadlike filament making up the vegetative portion of thallus fungi.
mycoprotein Fungal protein.
mycotoxin Toxic substance of fungal origin, such as aflatoxin.
mycorrhiza (Gr. mykos, fungus + riza, root) Fungi that form an association with or have a symbiotic relationship with roots of more developed plants.
myeloma A plasma cell cancer.
myo inositol See inositol.
myosin See actin. | <urn:uuid:d976c203-1891-4122-abaa-da57098ac245> | {
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The Nodal Liquid Conduit System is used for medical applications, recycling matter, conducting repairs, and fabricating some of the materials needed on Star Army of Yamatai ships. The science behind it is based on Hemosynthetics.
The previous Hemosynthetic Conduit System was based on Nekovalkyrja blood, and for the most part, the new Nodal Liquid Conduit System is still based on their blood. The previous system used three separate liquids; HSCS-1 (red) which flowed to the ship and was used in Hemosynthetic Reconstruction Tube and similar technology, HSCS-2 (brown) which dissolved organic matter and processed waste, and finally HSCS-3 (gray) which flowed through the ship carrying femtomachines for repairs. In the event of a hemosynthetic system rupture where HSCS-2 was involved the consequences were disastrous, sometimes with the entire Nekovalkyrja being dissolved if the breach was big enough.
The Nodal System used trillions of tiny femtomachines are distributed in the air, allowing anywhere to become a control panel with a simple swirl of a person's finger. A ship can use the system to sense what is happening throughout the interior, thus giving it more information to use for environmental control, security, and communication. Using the nodal system, a ship's computer may manifest itself anywhere on the ship in physical or holographic form. This system was also used to decorate the interior of some ships.
The new Nodal Liquid Conduit System (NLCS) that was developed in YE 42, marks an advance in femtomechanical technology as well as a better understanding of Hemosynthetics. The goal of the designers at Ketsurui Fleet Yards was to create a system that performed the functions of both the previous systems but was not hazardous to Nekovalkyrja or the crews of Star Army of Yamatai ships.
Please see the Technicians Guide To Hemosynthetics for a technical guide to this system.
The Nodal Liquid Conduit System still is built around the transport of fluid through the ship and its systems. Hemosynthetic Fluid is red and is transported through a system of arteries, veins, and capillaries much like one would expect to find in a Nekovalkyrja body. The slurry consists of water, complex amino acids, and femtomachines. The femtomachines are controlled by the ship or facility's PANTHEON, in their standard normal operation, the femtomachines are in a dormant state, like stem cells stored in the marrow of bones in a body they have yet to differentiate to be able to perform jobs.
When required, PANTHEON communicates to the femtomachines in the Hemosynthetic Fluid, and it issues an order for the femtomachines to carry out instructions. Differentiated nodal fluids carry out a number of functions:
The Hemosynthetic Fluid can Repair (ie. Channel into Hemosynthetic Reconstruction Tube ), Create (ie. mass cloning facilities), and (with proper authorization) Destroy Nekovalkyrja (This process is not instant. This is more for dissolving bodies that are beyond repair.).
The femtomachines are instructed to breakdown organic or inorganic (with the exception of Zesuaium) matter. Once something is broken down into its elemental components it is fed into the Matter Collection System to be used in various systems of the ship or facility. The more complex the matter, the longer it takes for the Nodal fluid to break it down. This is utilized in the Star Army Standard Life Support Systems.
The Universal Hemosynthetic Fabrication System Type 43 allows for the creation of utility fogs, low-level fabrication in ship compartments (minor tool creation), and for higher-level fabrication in fabrication chambers (power armor and ship repair). Aerosol nozzles from the NLCS provides Nodal Liquid access to areas not accessible by tube or capillary.
A new capillary system for the interlocking Yamataium hull was added to the system in YE 43, it first appeared in the design for the Ke-T10 "Fukuro" Multi-Role Shuttle . Standardly Star Army of Yamatai ships have capillaries which deliver hemosynth to interlocking Yamataium plating which boosts the annealing properties of Yamataium . In the new design, the system has a tweak where the femtomachinery components are programmed to respond to osmotic conditions. A breach or damage to the armor creates a concentration gradient, which the fetomachinery is triggered to increase replication and flow along the gradient towards the damaged areas.
The lifetime of the average femtomachine is only minutes, which is why they are constantly in a low-level fabrication mode where they create themselves. Lineages are managed by PANTHEON, which performs diagnostics on the Hemosynthetic Fluid and will recycle anything that appears to be malfunctioning or compromised.
Contact with most lifeforms is harmless. PANTHEON will instruct the femtomachine to deactivate if it comes into contact with an authorized lifeform. On the other hand, contact with the Nodal Fluid by Unauthorized or Enemy lifeforms can result in burns, abrasions, and in extreme cases the dissolving of areas of flesh on the body. PANTHEON can use the Nodal Liquid Conduit System as part of its defenses.
Andrew created this article on 2020/02/02 02:41.
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Conference on Disarmament
While the CD is independent of the United Nations, its secretary is appointed by the UN Secretary-General; it is required to consider recommendations from the General Assembly; and it submits reports annually or more often to the UN General Assembly.
The CD started out as the Eighteen Nations Disarmament Committee (ENDC) in March 1962 and then became the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD) in 1969, expanding to 30 members. Both of these bodies were jointly chaired by the USA and the USSR. In 1983 the institution became the Conference on Disarmament and had 38 members until June of 1996 when the conference expanded to a membership of 61. In 1999, the membership expanded once again to a membership of 65 countries.
Groupings among the members include the Western Group, the Non-Aligned Movement (also known as the G21), the Group of Eastern European States and Others, the P5 (the 5 permanent members of the Security Council, the 5 declared nuclear weapons states) the P4 (the five minus China) and China often refers to itself as the Group of One.
The CD has three sessions each year, the first begins in the penultimate week of January and lasts for 10 weeks; the second begins in May and lasts 7 weeks and the third in July and lasts 7 weeks. The CD hold one public plenary per week, usually on a Thursday, although can have more, if appropriate. The chair of the Conference rotates every four working weeks following the English alphabetical list of membership. Decisions are made by consensus.
The CD has a permanent agenda, also known as the Decalogue which is the following
- Nuclear weapons in all aspects;
- Chemical weapons [removed from agenda in 1993 after the CD completed the Chemical Weapons Convention on 3 September 1992]
- Other weapons of mass destruction;
- Conventional weapons;
- Reduction of military budgets;
- Reduction of armed forces;
- Disarmament and development;
- Disarmament and international security
- Collateral measures; confidence building measures; effective verification methods in relation to appropriate disarmament measures, acceptable to all parties;
- Comprehensive programme of disarmament leading to general and complete disarmament under effective international control.
Most items on the CD agenda are discussed in ad hoc committees, held in private. The whole conference must agree by consensus to the mandate given to ad hoc committees. In 1994, four ad hoc committees met: Nuclear Test Ban, Outer Space, Negative Security Assurances and Transparency in Armaments. In 1995 and 1996, only one ad hoc committee met: Nuclear Test Ban. In 1996, the CD completed the negotiations for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The final negotiations were difficult and divisive issues remained to the end. Nevertheless, the treaty was opened for signature September 24, 1996.
No program of activity has moved forward since 1996 and this disappointing fact puts at risk the future of the consensus-based Conference on Disarmament. The CD has agreed to a fissile cut-off negotiating mandate but has been unable to establish an ad hoc committee needed to carry forward talks.
- RCW's CD Reports
- RCW's Guide to the CD 2012
- RCW/LCNP paper on revitalizing multilateral disarmament negotiations, July 2011
- RCW/LCNP paper on the high-level meeting on revitalizing the CD and taking forward multilateral negotiations, September 2010
- CD delegation contact database
- CD Agenda
- Rules of Procedure
- Shannon Mandate (CD/1299)
- Adopted programme of work 2009 (CD/1864)
- Chair's summary of the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the CD, 24 September 2010
- UN Secretary-General Advisory Board's report on the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament, 11 July 2011
Currently, the membership of the CD consists of the following 65 member states:
Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, DPR Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe
The members are grouped into four regional groups.
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
Group of 21
Algeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, DPR Korea, Democratic Rep. of Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe
Eastern European Group
Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russian Federation, Ukraine
Group of One | <urn:uuid:44151865-59b8-4d80-9391-4aa744d92cdb> | {
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|Conditions:||sun to shade, prefers moist soils|
|Vegetative Spread:||running stolons|
Glechoma hederacea (Ground-ivy) is a an aromatic, perennial, evergreen creeper of the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to Europe and southwestern Asia but introduced to North America and now common in most regions other than the Rocky Mountains. Its common names include Alehoof, Creeping Charlie (or Charley), Catsfoot (from the size and shape of the leaf), Field Balm, Run-away-robin, Ground Ivy, Gill-over-the-ground, and Tunhoof. It is also sometimes known as Creeping Jenny, but that more commonly refers to Lysimachia nummularia.
It can be identified by its round to reniform (kidney or fan shaped), crenate (with round toothed edges) opposed leaves 2-3 cm diameter, on 3-6 cm long petioles attached to square stems which root at the nodes. It is a variable species, its size being influenced by environmental conditions, from 5 cm up to 50 cm tall.
Glechoma is sometimes confused with common mallow (Malva neglecta), which also has round, lobed leaves; but mallow leaves are attached to the stem at the back of a rounded leaf, where ground ivy has square stems and leaves which are attached in the center of the leaf, more prominent rounded lobes on their edges, attach to the stems in an opposite arrangement, and have a hairy upper surface. In addition, mallow and other creeping plants sometimes confused with ground ivy do not spread from nodes on stems. In addition, ground ivy emits a distinctive odor when damaged, being a member of the mint family.
The flowers of Glechoma are bilaterally symmetrical, funnel shaped, blue or bluish-violet to lavender, and grow in opposed clusters of 2 or 3 flowers in the leaf axils on the upper part of the stem or near the tip. It usually flowers in the spring.
Glechoma thrives in moist shaded areas, but also tolerates sun very well. It is a common plant in grasslands and wooded areas or wasteland. It also thrives in lawns and around buildings, since it survives mowing. It spreads by stolons or by seed. Part of the reason for its wide spread is this stoloniferous method of reproduction. It will form dense mats which can take over areas of lawn, and thus can be considered an invasive or aggressive weed. It can be a problem in heavy, rich soils with good fertility, high moisture, and low boron content. It thrives particularly well in shady areas where grass does not grow well, although it can also be a problem in full sun.
Glechoma is sometimes grown as a potted plant, and occasionally as a ground cover. A variegated variety is sometimes commercially available.
While often thought of as a weed because of its propensity for spreading, Glechoma has culinary and medicinal uses which were the cause of its being imported to America by early European settlers. The fresh herb can be rinsed and steeped in hot water to create an herbal tea which is rich in vitamin C. The essential oil of the plant has many potent medicinal properties; the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes. The plant has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been claimed to increase excretion of lead in the urine.
Its medicinal properties have been described for millennia, Galen recommending the plant to treat inflammation of the eyes, for instance. John Gerard, an English herbalist, recommended the plant to treat tinnitus, as well as a "diuretic, astringent, tonic and gently stimulant. Useful in kidney diseases and for indigestion."
Glechoma was also widely used by the Saxons in brewing beer as flavoring, clarification, and preservative, before the introduction of hops for these purposes; thus the brewing-related names, Alehoof, Tunhoof, and Gill-over-the-ground.
- Pulling: Small infestations can be controlled through hand weeding; repeated weeding is required because the plant is rhizomatous and will continue to spread from its roots or bits of stem which reroot.
- Barriers: Barriers are effective
- Systemic herbicides (synthetic): Glyphosate, Dicamba (Trimec and Weed-B-Gon), 2,4-D, Triclopyr, Fluroxypyr and Confront. Clopyralid, MCPP, and Quinclorac are ineffective.
- Drench herbicides (organic):
- Disposal: Hot composting only for rooted parte, or dry thoroughly before introducing to a cold pile.
- An HJ, Jeong HJ, Um JY, Kim HM, Hong SH. "Glechoma hederacea inhibits inflammatory mediator release in IFN-gamma and LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages"; Journal of Ethnopharmacology: Vol. 106, No. 3, pg. 418-24, 2006.
- Ground Ivy: Glechoma hederacea
- Ground Ivy, AKA Creeping Charlie: Wild Groundcover
- Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea)
- Questions on: Ground Ivy
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Lafayette General Medical Center has invested in a new endoscopy tool that enables its physicians to more accurately diagnose ailments in the gastrointestinal tract using endoscopic ultrasound, technology that is keeping patients from traveling to New Orleans for a similar procedure.
“Endoscopic ultrasound is a technology that allows us to attach an ultrasound probe to an actual endoscope,” says Dr. Eric Trawick, a gastroenterologist with the Lafayette General Endoscopy Center who is specifically trained in using the equipment. “So instead of just using a camera and optics to look in the GI tract, we can also use the ultrasound to look through the GI tract to see what’s on the other side. So you can look at organs or structures outside the GI tract from the scope.”
The machine is a multi-purpose unit called the ProSound F75 Ultrasound Imaging Platform, a precision diagnostic system that gives physicians the highest quality imaging available, in turn allowing them to make much more accurate diagnosis of diseases including a variety of cancers in the GI tract and in neighboring organs like the pancreas, bile duct, liver, spleen and gallbladder.
“Endoscopic ultrasound can be used on both the upper and the lower GI tract,” says Trawick. “Common uses are for diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and rectal cancer. It can also be used by lung doctors. They actually can do the same thing to look at masses within the lungs.”
The ProSound equipment combines ultrasound technology with endoscopic tools to better visualize tissues in the digestive tract along with adjacent anatomical structures inside the human body. Usually, ultrasound equipment requires gel and a transducer rubbed across the skin to produce images of the internal organs. But with endoscopic ultrasound, the transducer is inserted into the body via the digestive tract, which puts it closer to the area of interest in order to obtain high resolution images.
“The endoscopic ultrasound allows you to take the ultrasound image from within the body instead of outside, so you’re able to avoid a lot of interference from skin, muscle, fat and other things that get in the way of the ultrasound waves to get much more streamlined images of internal structures,” says Trawick.
Information gathered by the endoscopic ultrasound can be used by Lafayette General’s surgeons for procedures like tissue biopsies to confirm the presence of a cancer and can also aid them in staging a cancer. It can also provide anatomical information about surrounding structures like blood vessels. This kind of supplementary information helps both surgeons and oncologists in making immediate decisions, like whether a cancerous tumor can safely be removed.
“It gives additional information to complement CT scans and MRIs from an imaging standpoint,” says Trawick. “There’s really no comparison of technology in the GI tract. It’s completely different than anything we’ve had before.”
Trawick gives an example of someone being admitted for abdominal pain who undergoes a CT scan that finds a mass in the patient’s pancreas. The CT scan can see that something is there, but it cannot tell the physician what kind of tissue it is. Using the endoscopic ultrasound, the physician can place a scope in the patient’s stomach and use the ultrasound to look through the stomach wall to see the pancreas and the mass. Then a needle can be passed through the scope to physically poke through the wall of the stomach and biopsy the mass to gather the actual tissue cells for the pathologists to analyze. At that point they can determine if the mass in the pancreas is consistent with a pancreatic cancer.
“So now the patient has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer whereas before all we had was a CT scan saying there’s something in your pancreas,” adds Trawick. “So I would say it’s a game changer from that standpoint.
“This is information that our surgeons and oncologists use every week on patients here in Lafayette and the Acadiana area,” says Trawick. “They were having to refer people to New Orleans and Houston to do endoscopic ultrasound, and now people are not having to travel to New Orleans or Houston to have this procedure done. We’re able to do it right here at Lafayette General and give them all of the information that they need.” | <urn:uuid:43cfaaf0-c96b-4e60-a4cd-a1677d583492> | {
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The Healing Power of Breast Milk
We all know how beneficial breastfeeding can be for our babies. Breast milk contains all of the vitamins and minerals babies need to grow and develop. It is high in fat, helping babies to set down fat stores and gain weight. And every woman produces breast milk that is specifically tailored to the needs of her own baby. But can breast milk do more than just provide a nutritional meal for baby? You may have heard that many women use breast milk to treat a variety of illnesses, but does breast milk really have healing powers? This article will give you the lowdown on whether or not breast milk can really help to heal all that ails you.
My Milk Can Do What?
Whether you are surfing the internet or flipping through your favorite parenting magazine, you have probably come across numerous references to breast milk. You may have also discovered that breast milk isn’t only used for breastfeeding your child. In fact, breast milk is often used to help heal minor illnesses and injuries. But what can breast milk supposedly heal? Well, breast milk is purportedly able to heal:
- conjunctivitis or "pink eye"
- ear infections
- scrapes, scratches, and cuts
- sore nipples
Breast milk can supposedly also lower the risk of childhood cancers, SIDS, heart disease, and breast cancer.
Does Breast Milk Really Heal?
Many doctors, researchers, and scientist agree that breast milk does appear to have healing properties that can prove beneficial when it comes to treating minor illnesses and injuries. This is because of the antibodies that breast milk contains. Just as breast milk provides your baby with necessary antibodies to fight off infection, it can also work to kill off bacteria and viruses when applied topically to problem areas.
Nevertheless, breast milk is probably not potent enough to completely kill off infections and other illnesses. Most health care providers do recommend that you seek traditional medical care for these problems, in order to ensure that they completely heal. However, two common illnesses that appear to be helped by the use of breast milk include pink eye and sore nipples.
Conjuctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is a type of eye infection that is highly contagious and very unpleasant to have. It causes the eye to become inflamed, crusted, and sore. Many people treat conjunctivitis by applying a small amount of breast milk to the affected eye. A particular antibody in the breast milk, called immunoglobulin A, prevents the pink eye bacteria from attaching to the mucosal surface of the eye. This limits the growth of the bacteria, helping to end the eye infection. | <urn:uuid:f54d13b8-06c9-4406-b740-ca502f6028d1> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Chromosome 5 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 5 spans about 181 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents almost 6% of the total DNA in cells.
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 5 likely contains between 900 and 1,300 genes.
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 5:
- ADAMTS2: ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2
- APC: adenomatosis polyposis coli
- EGR1: early growth response protein 1
- ERCC8: excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 8
- FGFR4: fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
- GM2A: GM2 ganglioside activator
- HEXB: hexosaminidase B (beta polypeptide)
- MASS1: monogenic, audiogenic seizure susceptibility 1 homolog (mouse)
- MCCC2: methylcrotonoyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 2 (beta)
- MTRR: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase
- NIPBL: Nipped-B homolog (Drosophila)
- SLC22A5: solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5
- SLC26A2: solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2
- SMN1: survival of motor neuron 1, telomeric
- SMN2: survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric
- SNCAIP: synuclein, alpha interacting protein (synphilin)
- TCOF1: Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome 1
- FGF1: fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic fibroblast growth factor)
The following are some of the diseases related to genes located on chromosome 5:
- Achondrogenesis type 1B
- Atelosteogenesis, type II
- Cockayne syndrome
- Cornelia de Lange syndrome
- Diastrophic dysplasia
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type
- Familial adenomatous polyposis
- GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant
- 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
- Parkinson's disease
- Primary carnitine deficiency
- Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
- Sandhoff disease
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Treacher Collins syndrome
- Usher syndrome
- Usher syndrome type II
The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 5:
- Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the end of the short (p) arm of chromosome 5. This chromosomal change is written as 5p-. The signs and symptoms of cri-du-chat syndrome are probably related to the loss of multiple genes in this region. Researchers have not identified all of these genes or determined how their loss leads to the features of the disorder. They have discovered, however, that a larger deletion tends to result in more severe mental retardation and developmental delays in people with cri-du-chat syndrome.
Researchers have defined narrow regions of the short arm of chromosome 5 that are associated with particular features of cri-du-chat syndrome. A specific region designated 15p15.3 is associated with a cat-like cry, and a nearby region called 15p15.2 is associated with mental retardation, small head size (microcephaly), and distinctive facial features.
- Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 5 can have a variety of effects, including delayed growth and development, distinctive facial features, birth defects, and other medical problems. Changes to chromosome 5 include an extra segment of the short (p) or long (q) arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial trisomy 5p or 5q), a missing segment of the long arm of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 5q), and a circular structure called ring chromosome 5. A ring chromosome occurs when both ends of a broken chromosome are reunited.
- Cornish K, Bramble D (2002). Cri du chat syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlations and recommendations for clinical management. Dev Med Child Neurol 44 (7): 494-7. PMID 12162388.
- Mainardi PC, Perfumo C, Cali A, Coucourde G, Pastore G, Cavani S, Zara F, Overhauser J, Pierluigi M, Bricarelli FD (2001). Clinical and molecular characterisation of 80 patients with 5p deletion: genotype-phenotype correlation. J Med Genet 38 (3): 151-8. PMID 11238681.
- Schafer IA, Robin NH, Posch JJ, Clark BA, Izumo S, Schwartz S (2001). Distal 5q deletion syndrome: phenotypic correlations. Am J Med Genet 103 (1): 63-8. PMID 11562936.
- Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, Couronne O, Grimwood J, Lowry S, Gordon LA, Scott D, Xie G, Huang W, Hellsten U, Tran-Gyamfi M, She X, Prabhakar S, Aerts A, Altherr M, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chan YM, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Lopez F, Lou Y, Martinez D, Medina C, Morgan J, Nandkeshwar R, Noonan JP, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Priest J, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wheeler J, Wu K, Yang J, Dickson M, Cheng JF, Eichler EE, Olsen A, Pennacchio LA, Rokhsar DS, Richardson P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM (2004). The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5. Nature 431 (7006): 268-74. PMID 15372022.
- Siddiqi R, Gilbert F (2003). Chromosome 5. Genet Test 7 (2): 169-87. PMID 12885343.
- Wu Q, Niebuhr E, Yang H, Hansen L (2005). Determination of the 'critical region' for cat-like cry of Cri-du-chat syndrome and analysis of candidate genes by quantitative PCR. Eur J Hum Genet 13 (4): 475-85. PMID 15657623.
- Zhang X, Snijders A, Segraves R, Zhang X, Niebuhr A, Albertson D, Yang H, Gray J, Niebuhr E, Bolund L, Pinkel D (2005). High-resolution mapping of genotype-phenotype relationships in cri du chat syndrome using array comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Hum Genet 76 (2): 312-26. PMID 15635506.
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Health Canada is committed to delivering health programs and providing high-quality health care to First Nations people and Inuit. To address the health issues faced by the Aboriginal people in Canada, the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch at Health Canada carries out the following strategies and initiatives:
At the September 2004 First Ministers Meeting, the federal government announced that it would be allocating $100 M over the next five years towards an Aboriginal Health Human Resources Initiative (AHHRI).
The AHHRI will have three main areas of focus:
Health Canada will work with Aboriginal, federal, provincial, territorial and health professional associations as well as educational institutions to develop and implement the AHHRI.
The AHHRI will build on the work already underway through the Pan-Canadian Health Human Resources Strategy.
The Children's Oral Health Initiative (COHI) was developed as a means to address the disparity between the oral health of First Nations and Inuit and that of the general Canadian population. COHI was launched on a test basis in Fall 2004.
COHI focuses on the prevention of dental disease and promotion of good oral health practices. The goal of COHI is to shift the emphasis from a primarily treatment based approach to a more balanced prevention and treatment focus. The initial focus for oral health promotion will be directed at three target groups:
Health Canada expects that the COHI, once fully implemented in subsequent years, will result in significant improvement of the oral health in First Nations and Inuit. | <urn:uuid:558bfc96-d1d6-42b1-9b42-65f7172ca311> | {
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While detoxification begins with your diet and supplement regimen, there are additional therapies and nutrients that will be administered, designed to increase your rate of detoxification, i.e. improve liver function through the regulation of enzyme function.
Modernization has created many advantages to western cultures, but at a price: the proliferation of pollution, radiation and contaminants in our food and water supply mean that we are virtually surrounded by substances/molecules characterized by toxic impact on the human body.
Our bodies are designed with systems whose purpose is to neutralize the threat of an insupportable toxic burden; these systems are ‘ignited’ by specific nutrients required by the master organ and which are key for liver detoxification. These nutrients are crucial for adequate liver function and effective detoxification, however, many chemicals as well as cancer treatment drugs are known to impair and inhibit some of these functions. The end result: defective detoxification and in an increase in the toxic burden.
It is also important to understand that detoxification does not work in isolation. It requires careful understanding of the different substances that will help the body recuperate and fight back diseases.
The liver plays a key role in most metabolic processes
During the detoxification process, the liver filters the blood to remove large toxins, synthesizes and secretes bile full of cholesterol and fat-soluble toxins and enzymatically breaks down unwanted chemicals.
It usually happens in two phases. During phase one, the body directly neutralizes a toxin or those unwanted chemicals which may be toxic if allowed to accumulate, to convert intermediate forms much more chemically active and therefore more toxic that are then processed during phase II by the enzymes.
Phase I of the Detoxification Process
It involves the participation of 50 to 100 enzymes which, together are referred to as P450 cytochrome whose activity varies from one individual to another depending on their genetics, exposure to toxins and nutritional status.
A significant side effect of this phase is the production of free radicals during the neutralization of toxins. Without adequate antioxidant defenses, whenever a toxin is neutralized by the liver, damage occurs as a result of these free radicals. The antioxidant used to neutralize free radicals is glutathione ; glutathione is very necessary in one of the dominant processes of Phase II.
Phase II of the Detoxification Process
During this Phase, the functional oncology team will work in supporting the liver via the following elements and treatments:
Glutathione is a tripeptide (very small protein) that plays a key role in liver detoxification, acting as a ‘scavenger’ of destructive free radicals and therefore essential for liver support
Glutathione metabolism is able to play both protective and pathogenic roles. It is crucial in the removal and detoxification of carcinogens, and alterations in this pathway, and can have a profound effect on healthy cell survival.
Alpha Lipoid Acid
Lipoic acid plays an important role in metabolism or the way that cells process chemicals in the body. Regarded as a powerful antioxidant, Alpha-lipoid acid strengthens the effects of other antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E) and regenerates antioxidants used up in the fight against free radicals.
Alpha-lipoid acid inhibits genes that trigger cancer cells to grow, and it is widely recommended as a complementary therapy to prevent or relieve some side effects of conventional cancer treatments.
In addition to providing toxin protection, N-acetyl cysteine is a selective immune system enhancer.
N-acetyl cysteine helps the body convert and synthesize glutathione, an amino acid compound that consists of glycine, L-glutamic acid, and L-cysteine, and is found in every cell. While glycine and L-glutamic acid are plentiful in our diets, the amount of glutathione our bodies can produce is limited by their store of cysteine, which sometimes is in short supply. Supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine thus helps the body produce glutathione at more beneficial levels.
Ozonated Colon Cleansing
Colon cleansing therapy with ozone has an anti-helminthic action; that is, parasites are removed. The concentration of ozone in the water will determine the effectiveness of the cleanse.
Ozonated water used during the enema will absorb into the old encrusted waste products that are lining the intestinal walls. The oxidizing and bubbling action will breakup the old fecal waste quicker than the other methods. The O3 oxidizes the bad bacteria, viruses, toxins, and parasites on contact before re-absorbing into the walls of the colon. Most of the bad odors are also controlled as the toxins and debris is eliminated out of the rectum.
Action of the activated oxygen will act as an alkalizing or neutralizing agent to these foreign invaders that have taken up residence in the colon. Oxygenation of the blood will restore its pH so the bodies electrolytes can function properly. When the bodies chemistry is balanced, proper tissue and organ function will be restored.
Activated oxygen absorbs through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream if the colon walls are free of debris. Tingling sensation is felt throughout as the ozone is circulated in the blood and purifying it at the same time. The increased amount of oxygen in the blood is highly energizing and restores bad circulation.
Ozone oxidizes the plaque in arteries and restores flexibility to red blood cells, which eliminates clumping in tiny capillaries.
Ozone is one potent immune system stimulant that can also help to restore the body’s own defenses, thereby making it possible to resist some of these intrepid viruses. Of course, building back the immune system depends on the complete program, including thorough detoxification with self-cleansing. So, when given in conjunction with any program through self-cleansing, lymphatic massage, supplementation, and other adjunctive therapies that stimulate the oxidative process, Ozone can do miraculous things. And, it is up to all of us, patients and doctors alike, to demand access to this incredible healing substance.
Extra Corporeal Filtering
“Extra corporeal” means, literally, “outside the body”. This filtering therapy takes place externally through the use of perfusion: blood is pumped out through a central line, passing through a UV light and filter to remove cellular debris and microorganisms.
Transdermal Ozone Therapy
Transdermal Ozone, also known as hyper thermic ozone and transcutaneous ozone therapy, is a method in which ozone is introduced into the body via the skin while sitting in a hot steam cabinet. As the pores of the skin open as a result of being surrounded by the warm steam, ozone enters the body transdermally (i.e. via the skin). The ozone then penetrates the blood, lymph and fat. By allowing ozone in and toxins out via the sweating process that is induced, transdermal ozone therapy is one of the most powerful methods of detoxifying and oxygenating the body in existence.
Transdermal application of ozone combined with hyperthermia in the steam cabinet is the treatment of choice for most cancers (except brain cancer, which can be treated with ozone insufflation in the ear at 1/32 l/m). Cancer cells are tightly packed as they try to force their way in between other cells, and they are thus less able to shed heat.
This accounts for the effect that heat stress has in killing cancer. Both heat stress and ozone kill cancer, so this treatment offers the best opportunity to eliminate cells, which are fermenting sugar anaerobically, halt metastasis and restore healthy aerobic function.
Because of its negative charge, and the positive charge of cancer cells (due to the lack an enzyme coating) ozone is able to seek out and destroy all the cancer cells with more certainty than the surgeon’s crude scalpel. In addition, ozone will oxidize the toxins, which caused the original problem, and thus prevent recurrence of the problem. This is in contrast to chemotherapy which is massively immune-suppressive, and radiation which itself causes cancer.
For more information about this or any step within the Angeles Health “5 step Alternative Cancer Treatment Program” contact us. | <urn:uuid:81a2acfc-9d51-4143-b93c-7de2c70f7a56> | {
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Condensation at Curtain Wall and Storefront Spandrel Infill
Curtain wall and storefront glazing systems are typically a thin, non-structural outer façade element of a building that can span multiple floors or be incorporated into a punched opening. Glazing systems function largely as air and water vapor barriers, resisting air or water infiltration and accommodate building and system movement induced by wind, thermal, and seismic forces. Glazing systems support their dead load weight forces and provide no structural support to the building. As such, lightweight materials can be used in their development. Commercial glazing systems are typically constructed of aluminum-framed walls with glass, metal panels, louvers, operable windows or vents, or stone veneer infills. Building envelope consultants will often advise designers on curtain wall and storefront requirements for building movement, thermal expansion and contraction, water diversion, and thermal efficiency.
Spandrel infill can enhance the visual impact of glazing systems and are used in place of vision glass where there is a need to hide the edges of floor slabs, insulation, ceiling details, and other building elements that would otherwise be seen through vision glass. Opaque glazing, metal panels, MCM (metal composite materials) panels, or insulated laminated panels are typically utilized as spandrel infill. When insulation is utilized inboard of the spandrel infill, an air space is routinely introduced to prevent thermal damage to the spandrel infill. Unfortunately, the air space can provide an opportunity for condensation to form on the interior face of the spandrel infill.
Condensation Formation at Spandrel Infill
Weather conditions, exterior temperatures, and glazing system design can have a tremendous impact on the likelihood and the rate of condensation formation at spandrel locations.
Condensation formation on spandrel infill is most likely to occur during extreme winter conditions when insufficient heat is supplied from the interior to prevent interior infill surface temperatures from remaining above the dew point. When interior surface temperatures dip below the dew point, water molecules start to form on the interior surface of the spandrel infill. Conditions that can contribute to condensation are the glazing system geometry, large amounts of interior insulation, uncontrolled air migration into the spandrel air gap, and long distances from heat sources. Should poorly designed spandrel conditions be left unattended, condensation can result in moisture or aesthetic damage to the spandrel panel and/or interior surfaces.
Condensation Damage at Spandrel Infill
When condensation forms at the spandrel infill of a glazing system, multiple types of damage can occur, and the effects of condensation can be far-reaching. In addition to moisture damage and microbial growth, condensation development on spandrel infill can also have a negative effect.
- Moisture Damage: Even if the glazing system is resistant to water infiltration from outside, condensation and moisture can still develop on the spandrel infill. This moisture can be absorbed by the surrounding components, causing damage to the assembly and adjacent surfaces.
- Microbial Growth: As condensation develops in these unventilated areas, microbial growth may develop and spread to adjacent areas, causing more damage.
- Aesthetics: Condensation buildup in these areas can damage glazing spandrel coatings.
In addition, combinations of these types of damage can occur, causing progressive damage that will require professional remediation.
Dealing with Existing Condensation at Spandrel Infill
Qualified professionals can recommend proven methods to mitigate conditions and remediate any existing damage caused by glazing system spandrel infill condensation.
- HVAC Systems: One way to delay the formation of condensation on the glazing system spandrel infill is to utilize the building HVAC system. By increasing airflow near these locations, more heat will be transferred to the assembly and increase interior surface temperatures. Another way to utilize the HVAC system is by reducing the interior relative humidity set points with respect to outside temperature. By reducing the amount of available moisture, condensation formation and possible accumulation can be delayed.
- Sealing Horizontal-to-Vertical Locations at Spandrel Infill: Another method of deterring condensation is by sealing the horizontal-to-vertical mullion joints at the spandrel cavity to prevent uncontrolled air migration into the cavity. Typically, an uncontrolled interior is moisture laden and when it comes into contact with the spandrel infill, which is below the dew point, it increases the amount of condensation formation.
Minimizing Condensation Through Initial Design
The most effective means to minimize condensation is during the initial system design. In addition to incorporating rehabilitation methodology, ways to minimize condensation potential during design include:
- Curtain Wall vs. Storefront: Typically curtain wall systems have higher resistance to condensation than storefront systems. Utilizing curtain wall is one way to minimize, or delay the onset of condensation formation.
- Thermal Modeling: At Pie, we offer 2-D thermal modeling (THERM®) to assist our clients with the design of spandrel areas. THERM® is a tool that uses two-dimensional conduction heat-transfer analysis methodology based on the finite-element method to determine material surface temperatures. By knowing surface temperatures, Pie is able to determine under which conditions condensation will occur, as well as identify transition points at which condensation will not develop, making it easier to predict and remediate. In addition, various configurations can be modeled to maximize interior surface temperatures.
- Install Vented Back Pans into the Glass Pocket: Installing back pans into the spandrel infill glazing pocket, which are vented to the exterior with insulation outboard of the pan, promotes increased interior surface temperatures with the added benefit of minimizing heat transfer through the spandrel infill. If condensation should occur within the insulation, it is outboard of the back pan and able to migrate to the exterior through the glazing weep system.
- Design Without Insulation: It is possible to maximize interior surface temperatures by eliminating the use of insulation at the spandrel infill location. Keep in mind if you design without insulation at spandrel infill locations, there will be a greater energy loss through the assembly and therefore larger HVAC heat loads.
What PIE Can Do for You
At Pie, we can help you each step of the way, whether you recently discovered condensation and are looking for remediation and management solutions, or whether you are designing a building and aim to minimize the potential for condensation at spandrel infill locations. Contact us today for more information.
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2. Is pollution always caused by humans?
In most cases, pollution is caused by human activity. However, other species and some abiotic factors can also pollute an ecosystem. For example, the red tide is created by a proliferation of some algae and volcanic dust is a consequence of the internal activity of the planet.
The Waste Problem
4. What are the main types of waste?
Waste can be classified into many types, each of them with its own different environmental problem: organic waste, recyclable waste, non-recyclable waste, toxic waste, nuclear toxic waste and space waste.
Organic waste is more easily reabsorbed by nature, but the speed and the geographical concentration of its production due to urbanization cause the pollution of rivers and lakes as well as the proliferation of disease vectors and the environmental degradation of towns. Recyclable waste is composed of waste materials that can be reprocessed and used again by humans, such as plastics and metals. The problem with recyclable waste is that the separation of such materials is not culturally widespread and there is not enough social organization to use them. As a result, recyclable waste is mixed with other wastes, increasing the volume of landfills even more. Non-recyclable waste is formed of waste materials that technology cannot yet recycle, such as ceramics, photographic paper, mirrors, cigarettes, plasticized papers, etc. In thes future, this kind of waste may become recyclable waste and should be separated. Toxic waste includes industrial chemical residues that are harmful to life and the environment, such as contaminated medical waste and domestic waste containing insecticides and medicines. Toxic waste is a major environmental problem, since it puts the life of humans and other living organisms in danger. Nuclear toxic waste is made of materials that release invisible dangerous radiation for many years. Nuclear toxic waste is produced through the extraction of nuclear minerals (such as uranium), by nuclear reactors and nuclear power plants, in hospitals where nuclear medicine is performed and in research centers. Although nuclear waste is often stored in armored receptacles, the risk of accidents is permanent. Space waste is the waste produced by the activity of humans in space starting in the second half of the 20th century. It consists of non--operating satellites, rocket pieces and other equipment that remain orbiting the earth or other celestial bodies, or even travelling across space.
5. What is selective waste collection?
Recyclable waste is waste that can be reprocessed and used again. Waste recycling depends on the separation of recyclable materials from non-recyclable ones and on the classification of the recyclables into plastics, metal, paper, etc. The function of selective waste collection is to simplify that separation by sorting the waste at the point of origin. Selective collection also helps the creation of environmental awareness among the people that produce the waste.
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Sewage and Eutrophication
6. What is the cost-benefit relationship regarding sewage treatment as a strategy to fight water pollution?
It is much cheaper for society to treat sewage. Non-treated sewage pollutes rivers, lakes and the sea, and is a cause of water-borne diseases. For society, the cost of these diseases is much higher than the cost of sewage treatment.
One of the most economical systems to treat sewage is the aerobic treatment system, which consists of reservoirs maintained very oxygenated so that aerobic bacteria can decompose the organic material.
7. What is eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the process of the excessive increase in nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrate, in water due to the direct depositing of non-treated sewage. The nutrients act as fertilizers, leading to an abnormal proliferation of aquatic algae. With the exaggerated growth of the alga population, the number of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic materials also increases. The proliferation of these bacteria depletes the oxygen dissolved in the water, killing fish and other animals. In addition, the lack of oxygen causes the decomposition to be carried out by anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobes multiply and release hydrogen sulfide, which makes water unfit for other living organisms and creates a putrid smell.
8. What is a biodigester?
A biodigester is a piece of equipment that produces carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and fuel gases (biogases) such as methane from organic materials in decomposition (dung, food waste, sugar cane waste, etc.). The biogas is used in heating, as energy for motors and machines and even has industrial uses. Biodigesters are widely used in public landfills and in rural areas. In addition to producing biogas, the organic waste can be turned into high-quality fertilizer.
- Environmental Issues Review - Image Diversity: biodigester
Mercury and Heavy Metal Pollution
9. What environmental damage are caused by mercury pollution? What are the main sources of mercury pollution?
Mercury is a metal that when present in the water of rivers, lakes and seas contaminates fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other living organisms. The mercury accumulates along the food chain and, in each following trophic level, the amount of the metal within the individuals is higher. When humans eat contaminated animals, they also become contaminated and severe nervous system injuries may result from it. The main sources of mercury pollution are gold mining and the use of substances derived from it in industry and agriculture.
10. Besides mercury, which other heavy metals cause toxic pollution?
Examples of other heavy metals that cause toxic pollution are lead, cadmium and chromium.
Persistent Organic Pollutants
11. What are persistent organic pollutants (POPs)?
POPs, or persistent organic pollutants, are toxic substances formed from organic compounds. POPs are produced in several industrial processes, such as the production of PVC, paper whitened by chlorine, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, as well as in the incineration of waste. Examples of POPs are dioxins, furanes, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, toxaphene and hexachlorobenzene.
POPs are toxic and highly harmful since, like the heavy metals, they are bioaccumulative, meaning that they are not broken down by the body and accumulate even more in each following trophic level of the food chain. In humans, POPs can cause cancer and nervous, immune and reproductive disorders.
12. Is the upward movement of warm air good or bad for the dissipation of pollutants?
The upward movement of warm air is a natural method of dispersing pollutants. The air near the ground is hotter because the sun heats the soil and the soil heats the air nearby. Since it is less dense, the warm air tends to move towards higher and colder strata of the atmosphere. Such movement helps to disperse pollutants.
13. Does thermal inversion occur in the winter or in the summer?
A low altitude thermal inversion occurs in the winter. During this period of the year, the sun heats the soil less and the natural upward movement of warm air decreases. Therefore, the pollutants form a low layer between the cold air layer near the ground and another layer of warmer air above them. The pollutant layer over industrial areas or big urban concentrations reduces the penetration of the sun's energy and the air bellow takes an even longer time to warm up.
14. Why does thermal inversion increase air pollution? What harm can thermal inversion cause to humans?
Thermal inversion confines a layer of pollutants at low altitude, which otherwise would have been dispersed by the natural upward movement of warm air. The solid particles present in the atmosphere cause health problems, such as the exacerbation of asthma and other pulmonary diseases, coughing, respiratory unease and eye discharges. Over time, pollution can also trigger the appearance of cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases.
Ozone Layer Depletion
15. What is the role of the ozone layer for living organisms?
Ozone, O₃, is a gas in the atmosphere that filters ultraviolet radiation from the sun, preventing most of that radiation from reaching the surface of the planet. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful for living organisms because it is a mutagen and can cause cancer (mainly skin cancer), other DNA mutations and even burns.
16. What are the main chemical compounds that destroy the ozone layer?
The main chemical compounds that destroy the ozone layer are CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, or freons, substances previously used in refrigerators, air conditioners and spray cans.
Chlorofluorocarbons react with ozone in the upper atmosphere, releasing molecular oxygen and therefore reducing the amount of ozone in the atmosphere.
Another substance that destroys the ozone layer is methyl bromide, used in agricultural insecticides.
Nuclear Pollution and Plutonium Reprocessing
17. What is nuclear pollution?
Nuclear pollution consists of radiation emitted from atomic nuclei. This radiation is highly harmful to living organisms. It can be caused by the extraction of radioactive minerals, nuclear reactors, nuclear research centers, hospitals and medical centers that use radioisotopes, nuclear bomb explosions or accidents in the transportation, handling or storage of nuclear materials. Nuclear materials remain dangerous for many years, contaminating the environment with radiation that can cause cancer, immune impairment, congenital deficiencies, burns and even death. The damage is proportional to the intensity of the exposure to the radiation.
Its persistent nature and high level of damage make nuclear pollution one of the major environmental problems of our time.
18. What is plutonium reprocessing? Why is it a big environmental issue?
Plutonium is the highly radioactive chemical element produced from uranium by nuclear plants. Plutonium can be reprocessed to be used again in nuclear plants or in other applications, such as nuclear bombs. Plutonium reprocessing is only done in some countries such as France, Russia and Britain. The countries that have nuclear plants, such as Japan, Australia, etc., send their atomic waste by ship to those plutonium reprocessing centers. In addition to the inherent risks of the storage of nuclear waste, plutonium reprocessing involves the risks of the transport of radioactive material across oceans. These “nuclear ships” often travel near the coast of many countries, posing s danger to their populations.
19. What is genetically-modified food?
Genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) are animals, microorganisms and plants that contain recombinant DNA, or rather, genes from other plants, microorganisms or animals artificially inserted into their genetic material. Genetically-modified organisms are made for scientific and economic purposes, in this last case with the intent of improving their commercial features. For example, bacteria that produce human insulin are genetically-modified organisms made by biotechnology. The main targets of genetic modification technology are edible vegetables, such as soy, corn, potatoes and tomatoes.
20. Why are GMOs considered a threat to the environmental safety?
GMOs can be dangerous to the entire biosphere since the transfer of genes between species may have immediate and long term unpredictable consequences. The creation of a new species by nature is a slow process, dependent on causal mutations and natural selection, and is a relatively safe process for the ecological equilibrium. It is impossible to know how the fast and artificial introduction of genetically-modified organisms into nature affects ecosystems. Pathogenic agents may be involuntarily created in laboratories, spreading unknown diseases; genetically-modified species may uncontrollably proliferate, destroying ecological interactions that have taken thousands of years to be established; and the ingestion of genetically-modified food also has unpredictable effects.
Biological Control and Bioremediation
21. What is biological control?
Biological control is a natural method to control the size of animal, microorganism or plant populations. Biological control is based on the knowledge of inharmonious (negative) ecological interactions between species. Using such knowledge, a parasite, competitor or predator species is introduced into an ecosystem in order to attain a reduction in the population of another species with which it has an inharmonious ecological interaction. Biological control presents the advantage of substituting the use of pesticides and other toxic chemical products in the control of plagues and diseases. However, it should be employed with caution and with serious prior study to avoid a harmful ecological disequilibrium.
A type of biological control of some species can be carried out by the introduction of previously sterilized males that do not generate offspring.
22. What is bioremediation?
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms, such as bacteria, protists and fungi, to break down harmful substances. turning them into non-toxic or less toxic substances. Bioremediation employs microorganisms whose metabolism uses contaminants as reagents.
Bioremediation is used, for example, in the decontamination of environments polluted by oil spills. In this process, bacteria that use hydrocarbons as a substrate for their cellular respiration are used.
23. What is global warming?
Global warming is the increase in the temperature of the planet due to the accumulation of certain gases in the atmosphere, especially gases that retain the solar energy reflected by the planet's surface. The main gas that causes global warming is carbon dioxide, CO₂, although other gases also act as “warming gases”, such as methane, CH₄, and nitrous oxide, N₂O. The exaggerated increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been caused by the burning of fossil fuels (mainly oil and coal) in industrial and urban societies and by forest fires. (It is important to note that the natural warming provided by gases in the atmosphere is fundamental for the maintenance of the planet's temperature.)
Predictions of studies sponsored by the United Nations state that global warming may cause life-threatening transformations to the planet in the near future. However, countries that are the biggest emitters of carbon dioxide, such as the United States and China, systematically ignore the warnings and continue to greatly contribute to the danger.
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Many people say they can’t afford to eat healthy; but while groceries can be expensive, health care costs are even worse. The average American spends nearly $7,500 a year on health care alone, and most of those costs come from preventable illnesses like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Fortunately, there are ways to improve your diet without breaking the bank—here are a few of the easiest.
1. Make a meal plan
Often, unhealthy eating starts when there’s “nothing to eat” in the house—so you graze on snack food instead of preparing something more nutritious. To combat this urge, make a meal plan including healthy meals that you can eat over the course of several days; that way, there will always be something tasty and healthy that you can reheat or eat cold.
2. Stick to your list
The most unhealthy foods we eat—fatty snacks, soft drinks, and fast food—tend to be impulse buys, and they’re also much more expensive than healthier options. It’s tough to resist a bag of chips when you don’t feel like preparing a real meal and they’re waiting for you in the pantry; but if you simply don’t have those foods in your house, it’s much easier to eat healthy.
Before you head for the store, make a comprehensive shopping list of all the items your family will need for your meal plan, as well as a few healthy stand-alone snacks. Plan this out carefully, so that there will be less temptation to add things once you arrive at the store.
3. Cut down on meat
I have hard news for some of you carnivores out there; the old meat-and-potatoes diet is getting more expensive, and it’s not good for your body. Beans, lentils, and nuts can provide just as much protein, iron and other nutrients as a pound of ground beef, at a fraction of the cost. You don’t have to go vegetarian if you don’t want to—just tempering your meat consumption can save you a lot of money, and seriously improve your health.
If you do decide to switch to a vegetarian diet, be sure to find good protein-rich meat substitutes—a diet without sufficient protein and vitamins can be harmful too. In our house, we have small meat portions with plenty of lentils and beans.
4. Shop wholesale
Especially if you have a large family, you can stretch your food dollar by getting a membership at Costco or another “club” retailer. While a club membership does allow you to buy a 50-gallon drum of cheese puffs if you want, they also make dry goods and fresh produce much cheaper. When your food budget goes farther, you can prioritize healthier foods that might otherwise be too expensive.
Also, when you’re preparing your shopping list, check online for any dry goods that might be cheaper from a wholesaler—you’ll be surprised at how much markup grocery stores get away with, because shoppers aren’t accustomed to buying food online. Even paying your own shipping costs, it’s usually worth a look.
5. Buy produce in season
This is an oft-overlooked idea, but it makes fruits and vegetables much more attainable for budget-conscious families. Produce is much less expensive in-season, because it isn’t being shipped from half a world away; it also tends to be fresher, cleaner, and free of preservatives. If you’re not sure how to prepare the fruits and veggies that are in season, there are abundant cookbooks and recipe apps available online to help you find new options. It will keep your cooking repertoire from getting boring, and will also cut down your grocery bill.
Mike Freiberg is a staff writer for HomeDaddys, a resource for stay-at-home dads, work-at-home dads, and everything in between. He’s a handyman, an amateur astronomer, and a tech junkie, who loves being home with his two kids. He lives in Austin. | <urn:uuid:65c815c7-5670-4d55-9358-1a429a7cffa9> | {
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A little while ago Orbital ATK’s Cygnus spacecraft blasted off atop an Antares rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), part of NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) on Wallops Island. After about nine minutes it successfully separated from the rocket’s last stage went en route to its destination. This is its eighth official mission, called Orbital-8 or simply Orb-8 but also CRS OA-8, to transport supplies to the International Space Station for NASA.
This Cygnus spacecraft was named “Gene Cernan” after the astronaut who passed away in January 2017. The advanced version of the Cygnus that came into service in December 2015 has now been widely tested so it can make the most of its higher capacity and its more advanced systems. For its previous refueling mission, Orbital ATK resorted to the Atlas V carrier rocket, this time it returned to its own Antares in the version introduced in October 2016.
The Cygnus spacecraft carries a total of 3,350 kg (7,385 lbs.) of cargo, including 1,243 kg (2,740 lbs.) of various types of supplies for the crew, 932 kg (2,055 lbs.) of hardware and the rest in equipment and various components. The cargo includes various CubeSat-class nanosatellites and experiments needed for some of the scientific research carried out on the International Space Station.
Among the experiments trasnported on the Cygnus there are several concerning biological and medical research such as the E. coli AntiMicrobial Satellite (EcAMSat), which aims to investigate the effects of microgravity on the bacterial antibiotic resistance of bacteria from the E. coli family responsible for urinary infections in various species, including humans.
In recent years, NASA has been developing a laser communication system and some CubeSats were equipped with that kind of system as well within the Optical Communications and Sensor Demonstration (OCSD) project. They will be used to test this kind of communication on small satellites that need very compact systems. Another type of CubeSat that will be used to test communication systems, this time via radio through a reflectarray, is the Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA).
The Cygnus spacecraft is scheduled to reach the International Space Station next Tuesday to be captured by the Robot Arm Canadarm2 around 10:40 am UTC. If there’s no problem, the day after the arrival of the Cygnus the crew will open its hatch and begin its unloading. | <urn:uuid:b3924d26-0c42-41b0-8a7c-fda119dbfd1f> | {
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Photo Courtesy of: www.callandresponse.com
Slavery is very real today in different industries all over the world. Believe it or not, there are more slaves today than there were in any time in human history. The documentary film Call and Response reveals many shocking facts about human trafficking and slavery occurring in the world at this moment.
On Wednesday, April 20, the Asian American Christian Fellowship (AACF) will be screening this eye-opening film free of charge at 7 p.m. in Campbell Hall.
Third-year Sociology and Asian American major Wendy Lee, who holds officer positions in AACF for Prayer Ministries, Freshmen Bible Studies and Outreach ministries, had the opportunity to intern with Call and Response and hopes to open the eyes of others through this screening in the way that hers were opened by the organization.
“Even though we are a Christian club, we are not so different that we can’t cooperate with other people. We saw this as a great opportunity together work with other diverse groups on campus such as Associated Students and human rights groups to outreach to everyone,” said Lee. “We are hoping that everything about the film attracts the entire UCSB student body and the Goleta community.”
The documentary offers an interesting approach to the issue of human slavery by setting the scene with a common scenario of a group of men having a bachelor party but upon arriving at a massage parlor, they find that children are being forced into labor there. The film provides shocking statistics from political activists and cultural figures about the number and cost of children who are slave workers.
In addition to showing terrifying facts and interviews, the film prompts people to take action in the twenty-first century abolitionist movement to end slavery. The project brought together popular musicians such as Moby, Natasha Bedingfield, Cold War Kids, Imogen Heap, Five For Fighting and Switchfoot to raise awareness through music.
“[The documentary] connects the music of the American slave fields to the popular music we listen to today, and offers this connection as a rallying cry for the modern abolitionist movement currently brewing,” says Dr. Cornel West, a speaker in the film.
To further promote music as a form of expressing human rights, Bay Area artist Mickey Cho will make a guest appearance to show how anyone can make a difference in the world with their musical talents. Lee hopes that students will recognize this connection in order to partake in the movement to make a change.
“Slavery and human trafficking are some of those things that people don’t want to think about because they feel that they can’t connect to something that seems so far away. But this film shows how everyone in the world is affected by it,” said Lee.
Following the film, members of many organizations will offer more information about how to become a part of the abolitionist movement to end slavery. Members of non-profit organizations such as Call and Response, the Nomi Network (founded by UCSB alumni Diana Mao), Invisible Children, Not for Sale, local Santa Barbara organizations, human rights groups, and social justice student groups will be available to answer questions about what steps students can take next, to provide information on internships and opportunities to become involved, and to promote businesses that only sell slave-free products purchased through fair trade.
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According to Juan Marinello, Jose Marti happened to be one of the most high ranking, authentic, great and profound historical figures of Latin America.Along with Simon Bolivar( Venezula), San Martin(Argentina),Miguel Hidalgo(Mexico), Moroles, Sucre and Toussain, he is considered as father of independence struggles of their people and untiring warrior against colonial domination. Marti is held in such high esteem by the people of Cuba that he is considered the embodiment of an exemplary son of the country. References to some of these heroes can be found in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's novel, based on Bolivar's life-'The General in his Labryinth'
Marti was son of a modest official of Spanish Govt. in Cuba, his home was typical of a poor child's dwelling in colonial factory. In one of his poem-'Yoke and Star', he depicts his house as 'When I was born without light....' Inspired by his teacher and poet Mendive, Marti became non-conformist even before he attained adolescence. He published his play 'Abdala', full of patriotic zeal and yearning for liberty.He was condemned to forced labour by Spanish colonialists at the age of 16 years and at breaking down of his health, was exiled to Spain in 1871, at the age of 18 years. In Spain, Marti joined Madrid University for studies and produced polemical speech-'The Spanish Republic in the face of the Cuban Revolution', which was published in 1873 at the age of just 20 years.His second literary work 'Adultera' was published while he studied law at the University
From Spain , Marti moves to Mexico, where he becomes a dedicated lecturer and journalist,he wrote for stage and became a drama critic. He left Mexico, when oppressive regime of Diaz took over, but the last letter before he took fatal Spanish bullet, was addressed to 'The friend of Mexico'-Manuel Marcado.
In 1877, Marti visited Cuba and Guatemala. In Guatemala, Marti wrote his autobiographical novel-'Amistad Funesta'(Unfortunate Friendship), though not considered his best literary writing by critics, but this novel depicts intimate personality of Marti and gives vivid account of Guatemala's life, he also warns Central American people about dangers being faced by them. In 1878, Marti returned to Cuba,when the 'Peace of Zanjon' was signed, but he clearly opined that Cuba can only be liberated through armed struggle. He is again subjected to oppression and is exiled again. He leaves Cuba, passes through Paris on way to Spain and then moves to New York in 1880. Same year he visited Venezuela and stayed there for six months, before leaving for New York, he wrote--'Venezuela, give me the opportunity to serve you.. I am your child..'
During the last fourteen years of his life, Marti lived in New York, he made the clear resolution to dedicate himself wholeheartedly to the task of freeing Cuba. Gradually he won over the devotion of fellow countrymen and became the unquestionable leader of the emancipatory struggle of the country. Marti founded Cuban Revolutionary party in 1891 after gaining the confidence of Cuban people, which became fundamental instrument for his armed struggle .
In days ahead, Marti took a nerve wrecking pilgrimage , a continuous restless journey through United States and Latin American countries.He mopped up valuable consent and contributions from people of Costa Rica and Dominican republic for the cause of 'unavoidable war'. He visited Mexico for last time in 1894.Marti landed in Cuba on 11th April 1895 and joined the insurgent troops as one of the many other soldiers.He became an example of self sacrifice and discipline. While mounted on horse or during camp nights, he wrote hurried notes, which are work of great depth and beauty showing the virtues of a great writer.On 19th May, 1895, a Spanish bullet ended his life at a place called Dos Rios, in Oriente de Cuba.
In his New York office, Marti left extensive and varied work so wide that it took its editor to compile these in 27 big volumes, an unimaginable task for anyone is short life span of just 42 years, only a genius could do it.Marti's austere revolutionary duty never stood in the way of his work as writer.His qualities as journalist during New York stay show the qualities of highly sensitive and supreme artistic manifestations. He sent his articles to 'The Nation' of Buenos Aires(Argentina), 'La America' and 'El Economist Americano' of New York, 'Universal Magazine' and 'Partido Liberal' of Mexico,'Revista Venezuela' of Carcas and 'Republic' of Honduras and so many other journals of the Caribbean and Latin America.
Apart from political and journalistic writings, Marti devoted lot of time to literary and art criticism. His literary writings filled many volumes and his analysis of world literary figures like-Darwin, Carlyle, Wilde, Flaubert, Spencer and Pushkin are considered masterpieces.Marti has great attachment with France and appreciated its enlightened writers like Victor Hugo, Luis Blance, Balzac, Emile Zola, Rousseau, Baudlaire,, Gautier and many more.
Litrary writins of Marti include poetry, plays, essays, fiction and literary criticism.His first poetic play 'Abdala' was published, when he was just 16 years old.His second play 'Adultera' was written in exile.In Guatemala, Marti wrote an Indian drama called 'Patriaa Y libertad'.Marti's anthologies include 'The Little Ismael', Simple Verses' and 'Free Verses'. There are many references to India in Marti's literary writings.There are references to Gautam Buddha as 'outstanding liberator of humanity'. He wrote about India's cultural influence on the wise men of Egypt, he refers to Tajmahal as 'pure as milk'. He refers to Ramayna, and describes The Jatakas as loveable philosophy..
In India, Peoples Publishing House , New Delhi published 'Remembering Marti', a commemorative volume in 1995, at the occasion of Marti's hundredth martyrdom anniversary. In this small volume Olga Chamario Trias and Victor Ramirez, Cuban diplomats in Delhi paid glowing tributes to the memory fo Jose Marti by describing him as ' The "Author" still at the Front'.First declaration of Havana in 1960, after the revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara begins with reference to Marti and 1976, when the first constitution of socialist Cuba was passed in National Assembly reads 'We declare our will that the law of laws of the Republic be guided by the strong desire of Jose Marti.At long last achieved:'I want the fundamental of our republic to be the tribute of Cubans to the full dignity of Man'.Fidel Castro is referred to be having the qualities of Marti in his personality. | <urn:uuid:b9c12a2c-09f9-441b-acb5-b999920d7fcc> | {
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Metallic Glass Yields Secrets under Pressure
MARCH 29, 2010
Metallic glasses are emerging as potentially useful materials at the frontier of materials science research. They combine the advantages—and avoid many of the problems of—normal metals and glasses, two classes of materials with a very wide range of applications. For example, metallic glasses are less brittle than ordinary glasses and more resilient than conventional metals. Metallic glasses also have unique electronic behavior that scientists are just beginning to understand. In a new study, researchers used high-pressure techniques at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne to probe the connection between the density and electronic structure of a cerium-aluminum metallic glass, opening up new possibilities for developing metallic glasses for specific purposes.
“High pressure is an extremely powerful tool for understanding these materials,” said Ho-kwang Mao of the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Geophysical Laboratory, a co-author of the study published in Physical Review Letters. “Pressure can cause changes in their properties, such as their volume or electronic behavior, which in turn tells us about their structure at the atomic scale. The more we know about the structure, the better we can predict their properties and more quickly we can develop new materials.”
Unlike ordinary metallic materials, which have an ordered, crystalline structure, metallic glasses are disordered at the atomic scale. This disorder can actually improve some properties of the material, because boundaries between crystal grains are often sites of weakness, leading to breakage or corrosion. Metallic glasses can therefore have superior strength and durability as compared to other metals. The disordered structure also makes metallic glasses highly efficient magnets because they lack the kinds of defects found in crystalline metals.
Density is a property that can be altered by subjecting a material such as glass to high pressure. But unlike other glasses, which reduce their volume under pressure by rearranging their atoms to take up less space, metallic glasses have a structure in which the atoms are already closely packed. For this reason, researchers previously thought that metallic glasses could not be converted into denser phases. But in 2007, two teams made the surprising discovery that cerium-rich metallic glasses did, in fact, become denser at high pressure. Theorists suggested that the volume collapse happens through changes in the electronic structure of the cerium atoms in which electrons bound to specific atoms under low pressure become “delocalized”—that is, free to move among the atoms—under high pressure. This causes the bond between atoms to shrink, allowing them to pack even more closely. Until now, however, there has been no direct experimental evidence for this transformation.
Working at the High Pressure Collaborative Access Team 16-ID-B and 16-BM-D beamlines at the APS, researchers from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Zhejiang University (China), Stanford University, and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory used a combination of in situ high-pressure synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction techniques to observe the electronic transformation in a cerium-aluminum metallic glass (Ce75Al25). The researchers used this glass because its high cerium content made the electronic transformation easier to detect. The experiments showed that at high pressures (between 1.5 and 5 gigapascals, equivalent to 100 to 360 tons per square inch), the volume of the glass decreased by close to 9%. At the same time, x-ray absorption spectra revealed that electrons in the cerium atoms known as 4f electrons did become delocalized, as predicted.
“This result confirms that the volume reduction is due to changes in electronic properties, and shows the key role cerium plays in the phase change,” said Mao. “We may find similar transformations in other densely packed metallic glasses that contain cerium or similar rare-earth metals. This is important because with the phase change the glass becomes a new material with new properties. It opens up possibilities for optimizing these materials and for fine-tuning their physical and electronic properties for a variety of applications.” | <urn:uuid:d51465b9-37ac-43d5-a306-fc1d9952c802> | {
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More than 500 soybean lines planted in nearly 4,000 plots will be evaluated in Ohio this season for potential resistance to soybean rust.
Ohio State University's Soybean Breeding Program has joined a nationwide effort to identify resistance to the disease, which growers, plant pathologists, agronomists, specialists and industry representatives have been preparing for all season. So far, rust's bark has been worse than its bite, with reported sightings in only two states.
"Our fungicide program is only going to be a short-term solution to manage soybean rust," says Anne Dorrance, an Ohio State plant pathologist with the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). "If we are looking at managing the disease on this many soybean acres, then we are going to need host resistance."
Ohio State, partnering with the Ohio Soybean Council, is following on the heels of the USDA, which evaluated commercial soybean varieties from an Illinois performance test and found that a small proportion of plant lines appeared to carry slow-rusting resistance.
"We put everything in the ground, including the kitchen sink," says Steve St. Martin, an OARDC soybean breeder. "If there is indication that some commercial varieties are showing some difference, then there is a chance that perhaps the varieties we are testing will show some resistance as well."
Slow-rust resistance refers to a process of slowing down the development and spread of the disease, so that fewer spores develop per leaf and extending the period between infections. Slow-rust resistance could mean fewer fungicide applications for growers, or no applications at all.
Soybean rust has more life cycles per season than Phytophthora and, therefore, has a higher mutation rate. So we want a slow-rusting partial resistance so it just slows the whole thing down. The rust will penetrate the plant and begin to grow, but it just doesn't seem to take a foothold."
The soybean varieties chosen for the evaluation are being planted later in the plots, beginning this month, to take advantage of soybean rust arriving late in fields, if it shows up in Ohio at all.
"We want to make sure that we have plant material to work with come September," Dorrance says. "If soybean rust hits Ohio, and hits the OARDC Western and Northwestern research branches where the varieties are being tested, we'll have results this year."
The project is a one-time study, part of a series of experiments funded through a $100,000 grant from soybean check-off dollars. | <urn:uuid:8c0a7908-df7e-4169-84a0-08faddd2d268> | {
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Hyperopia is also known as far-sightedness and it is an ophthalmological condition, a disorder of refraction, which presents as blurring of near vision, but clear far vision. Hyperopic individuals typically have problems with tasks that require near vision, such as reading a book or threading a needle.
While nearly all babies are born hyperopic, this tends to self-correct during the first 5 years of life.
As many as 1 in every 10 adults may be hyperopic. An important aspect of hyperopia is that for some people, they may be asymptomatic, especially when young, while for others, blurry vision may occur for both near and far vision.
Refraction and Refractive Errors
The bending of light as it passes through the cornea and lens is called refraction, and it is a necessary component of vision. Most of the refraction occurs in the cornea, which is the clear frontal surface of our eyes. The remainder is mainly at the lens, but the tear film as well as the aqueous humor and vitreous also have refractive properties.
Once light is bent at these points in our eyes, it is directed towards the retina, which is responsible for sending visual information via the optic nerve to our brains. The brain ultimately interprets the ‘light’ or visual information into the images that we see.
Errors of refraction arise when light is not directed properly onto the retina. These can be due to several factors, such as a decline in lens function as a result of aging, abnormal eyeball length, and/or changes in the shape of the corneal surface.
If the light entering the eye is focused at a point that is behind of the retina instead of directly on it, then the individual is said to be hyperopic. This would be the case, for example, if the eyeball is shorter than it normally should be, allowing the light rays to overshoot the retina and come to a focus behind it.
The majority of babies who are born at term are hyperopic to a mild degree. However, this is not the case with those who are born prematurely or of a low birth weight; these babies tend to be myopic (i.e. short-sighted). From birth into adolescence, the prevalence of hyperopia tends to decline, while there is an increase in cases of myopia. Later on in life, as presbyopia develops (i.e. age-related problems with near vision), latent hyperopia starts to become more evident.
While gender does not seem to play a role in the distribution of hyperopia, there seems to be some ethnic differences.
Hyperopia is particularly higher in people who are of Native or African American descent, as well as among Pacific Islanders.
- All Hyperopia Content
- Symptoms and Causes of Hyperopia
- Diagnosing and Treating Hyperopia
Last Updated: Feb 26, 2019
Dr. Damien Jonas Wilson
Dr. Damien Jonas Wilson is a medical doctor from St. Martin in the Carribean. He was awarded his Medical Degree (MD) from the University of Zagreb Teaching Hospital. His training in general medicine and surgery compliments his degree in biomolecular engineering (BASc.Eng.) from Utrecht, the Netherlands. During this degree, he completed a dissertation in the field of oncology at the Harvard Medical School/ Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Wilson currently works in the UK as a medical practitioner.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:9fc698f6-b652-4408-9e3b-e4d7f1744f19> | {
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We set out in this series discussing how the Semantic Web relies upon markup languages that tag Web content so it is easier for machines to interpret. This can be accomplished in a number of ways including tagging content as structured data or linked data. The last article in this series provided an introduction to marking up your content as structured data using microformats.
Microformats are one of the standard markup formats used to create structured data. Like any markup language, they consist of tags and attributes that are used to “mark up” your Web content so that a search engine can recognize the content as structured data.
I was originally going to continue this series with an article about creating structured data using RDFa, but realized that there are so many great resources out there on microformats that I would hate to leave the topic without mentioning them.
Following is a list of tools and other resources that can help you mark up your content as structured data to prepare it for the Semantic Web.
In the last article on using microformats to create structured data, I mentioned some tools that can help you generate your own structured content using microformats. Here are links to those and some additional templates:
Google microformats resources
Google is using structured data more and more in its search results. Here are some articles on how to prepare your content using microformats so Google will see your content as structured data and your site will come up higher in a Google search:
Microformats and WordPress
WordPress is a natural platform for taking advantage of structured data. Here are some resources that can help:
Microformats and Drupal
As an open-source CMS, Drupal is also a good candidate for taking advantage of microformats. Here are a couple modules that can help you mark up your data using microformats in Drupal:
Microformats and Web development
HTML5 is an exciting addition to the future of Web development. It’s being debated whether HTML5 should include microformats classes natively, but even if it does not, there are easy ways for you to add microformats to your own website. Here are some tools and resources that can help:
- Microformats and HTML5
- Sitepoint Article: Including Microformats in Web Development
- Oomph: Microformats CSS Toolkit
- Web Monkey: HTML5 and Microformats
Microformats and Firefox
One way you can see microformats in action is with Firefox add-ons:
Additional resources and articles
Here are some additional resources worth checking out if you want to know more about microformats and structured data:
- Open Graph Protocol
- Planet Microformats
- Sitepoint Microformats Reference
- Search Engine Journal Microformats Tutorial
- Net Tuts Microformats Tutorial
- Open Calais
The next article in this series will be on creating structured data using RDFa (really). Until then …
Article first published as Microformats Resources to Help Structure Your Data for the Semantic Web on Technorati.
In this series
Deltina Hay, a partner in Socialmedia.biz, is an author and educator who develops online curricula on social media and other Internet marketing topics. She also helps businesses prepare their content for semantic search and big data analysis. Contact her, follow her on Twitter and Google Plus, or leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:0ffc371d-6373-4dcc-aadb-a666ba7db881> | {
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Meaning & Significance of Diamond Carat Weight
When people talk about how many carats a diamond has, they are actually referring to the diamond weight, not the diamond shape or size. When you compare diamond carat sizes it’s important that you also consider each diamond’s cut. A diamond with a larger carat weight may appear smaller than a smaller carat weight diamond if the diamond cut is poorly done and/or deeper. The same applies to diamonds of equal carat weight.
You should take our Expert Diamond Buying Tips (see below) to heart when shopping for cut diamonds. And, if you also refer to our Diamond Carat Size Chart (also below), you should be able to select the best diamond shape and diamond carat weight in your price range.
Diamond carat weight is how many metric carats a diamond weighs. A carat is equal to 200 milligrams.
Each carat of a diamond can be subdivided into 100 different “points” in order to precisely measure it. Each point is a unit of weight. If a diamond weighs less than one carat, the number of points it has is used to describe it. For example, a jeweler might use the phrase “twenty-five pointer” to describe a diamond with 0.25 carats.
Expert Diamond Buying Tips:
- Remember that carat refers to a cut diamond’s weight measurement, not its shape or size.
- Cut and carat should be considered together when comparing diamonds. A larger carat diamond that has been poorly cut (lower cut grade) will look smaller to the naked eye than a smaller diamond that has been expertly cut (higher cut grade.)
- Jewelers consider some diamond weights as “magical.” These are the ½ carat, ¾ carat and the 1-carat diamonds. The naked eye cannot see any difference between a full-carat diamond and a 0.99-carat diamond, but the difference can certainly be felt in the pocketbook!
- To get the most from your money it is suggested that you “buy shy” by choosing a diamond that weighs slightly below ½ or 1 carat. For example, rather than a full-carat diamond with 100 points, you might want to select a 0.95 diamond carat weight. This will save you quite a bit of money and no one will ever notice the difference.
- Remember that the prices of diamonds can increase exponentially. The larger the diamond in terms of carat weight, the more it will cost due to its rarity. Diamonds with higher weights cost more money. That’s just a fact.
Diamond Carat Size Chart
This chart shows the differences among diamonds of various carat weights. Your diamond may be different than those shown on the chart in terms of table, depth, and length to width ratio.
In measuring the carat weight of a diamond, two factors are taken into consideration:
Diameter Across the Top
A measurement, in millimeters, is taken across the diameter at the top of the diamond because this is the part that’s seen once the diamond is set into the ring.
Cut Grade of the Diamond
The diamond’s cut grade is also considered because a beautifully cut diamond will reflect the light much better at the top, which makes it look larger. A well-cut diamond is graded “very good” or higher.
How would these two weight measures help you when making a purchase?
The diameter of the diamond, along with its cut grade, clearly shows that smaller carat weight diamonds look larger when they are well cut, with a “very good” or “ideal” cut grade. On the other hand, a diamond with a larger carat weight can easily look smaller if it has a lower cut grade of “poor,” “fair,” or just “good.”
Additional Tips from the Experts:
- If you’re on a limited budget, but diamond carat size is of primary importance, you may want to look at “good” cut diamonds with a clarity of SI1 or SI2 and color grades of I or J.
- Diamond prices increase dramatically once you’re a diamond carat weight at the ½ carat mark and full-carat mark. Diamond weights slightly below either of these weights will be priced significantly less since the weight is measured over the entire diamond. Small differences in weight or size are nearly impossible to see.
- It goes without saying that a diamond is going to look larger on someone with a slender finger. A 1-carat diamond solitaire will appear a lot larger on someone with a size-4 finger than on someone with a size-8 finger.
- You need to know that not every setting will fit every diamond carat weight or diamond shape. If you already know which setting you want, make sure that the diamond you select will fit and stand out well in that setting. | <urn:uuid:ebc736a6-8d69-4816-8d47-586937809f04> | {
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Linux Package Management (Distribute Your App)
|Title||Linux package management (distribute desktop apps) (build your own linux package)|
|Overview||Students will learn about rpm and dnf/yum package tooling and then actually create their own package from code, upload it to a public package repository and finally have a classmate install their compiled package. This can be advertised to students as being able to distribute their own linux-based application to the world.|
|Prerequisite Knowledge|| Students should be familiar with:
|Learning Objectives|| Upon completion, students should be able to:
Is there background reading material?
- Read about the various software installation methods on Linux: http://www.howtogeek.com/191245/beginner-geek-how-to-install-software-on-linux/
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_User_Repository, https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_packaging_standards
Are there other related activities?
- Linux_Beginner_Activity - Students can follow this to get command-line basics.
- Note that the requirements above ask for slightly more in-depth command-line experience via sudo and code compilation.
- Installing_a_Virtual_Machine Virtualbox - If Students need virtual linux machines for command-line access, they can use this activity.
- Introduction_to_building_open_source_software and Building_a_GnomeMusic_Clone both give linux compilation and build experience.
What is the rationale for this activity?
- Students may wonder how they can distribute linux-based code that they develop out to other everyday users. Not many users enjoy compiling code, so the RPM package structure allows easy installation of binary pre-compiled code packages. Basically, a student could have coded a small sample command-line application and now they can send it to others easily. The other side of it is that students, as users of Linux, will be interfacing with RPM packages not of their making and it will be good to have an understanding of the backends of how this works. Students will interface with the dnf and yum commands even if simply using linux for fun. Now, they can have knowledge into how it works and how they can employ it for their careers and personal uses.
Keep a working log
Log your shell commands, answers to questions, and commentary in a text file, wiki, or blog. You will be constructing and troubleshooting numerous linux shell command's and their outputs. Your assignment is to document these commands and the process you went through in an organized fashion. You might use bullet points or a new set of commands on each line. Make sure it is easily consumable by a human (your instructor), as well as yourself 10 years from now.
The data that is the output of the commands is not as interesting as a summary or comment of their output or on what the command has done - ex: failed, succeeded, why, what it did, what it changed, etc. Write these in complete sentences. Commentary is especially important if you run into problems. When this occurs, state the problem and how you intend to solve it. At the end, you should have a text document with all of the commands, right and wrong, that you went through to get this activity completed. It should read as a timeline of what you did and what your thoughts were, to get the assignment complete. After this is complete, you will summarize the most useful commands into a sort of cheatsheet - this can come in useful for years to come.
You might consider upping your terminal windows buffer for the number of lines it holds, to somewhere in the tens of thousands - just in case you decide you want to come back to something you learned a while back, or in case a command spits out thousands of lines of results - which can happen. Some terminal applications can record commands and output to text files. Either way, make your written log human readable, make it a story if you wish. When you come back to this years from now, needing to remind yourself how to package some newly minted code, you want a summary/cheatsheet and you want to be able to understand the context and follow your thoughts of why you tried certain things. You don't want to be parsing through lines and lines of shell input and output.
The activity will follow these general steps
- Learn about dnf/yum and rpm files. Have students find it themselves.
- Learn about creating rpm's and rpmbuild command
- Use an existing, easy, mature, yet small project like wget or top (or something that doesn't come standard on most systems) to have students compile and make and package.
Consider breaking these into a new activity
- Have students host the package on a web source (ftp? Some free internet service that makes the .rpm accessible by URL)
- Have each student in the class pair up and try to install the other person's RPM and run the new command
dnf / yum
- First, lets do some learning before we jump into shell commands. Answer the following in your log:
- What is the difference between dnf and yum? Why was the change made?
- What are .rpm files? Where might you find them and how are they used?
- Use the dnf command to view what packages are already installed on your machine.
- Use the dnf command to install a .rpm package not currently installed on your machine. Pick something simple, as you will need to operate it in the next steps.
- Use dnf to show that the new package is now installed.
- Run or operate this newly installed package. Where did dnf place the executable file?
RPM's and rpmbuild
- RPM Build Example Video - Watch, at least, the first 8 mins of this video from a recording of a local Linux User Group meeting
- RPM process Diagram from video - Find the diagram that the video references on the page labeled 12-17
- Document authored by Guru Labs, L.C. released under the CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0 license
Create your own RPM
- See example of packaging the `wget` command
See the above note about the working log. The working log, as well as a summary/cheatsheet of commands is what students will hand in at the end of the assignment.
How will the activity be graded?
How will learning will be measured?
|Criteria||Level 1 (fail)||Level 2 (pass)||Level 3 (good)||Level 4 (exceptional)|
|Installs and inspects RPMs with dnf/yum|
|Compiles code into binary RPM|
|Uploads RPM to COPR or other online repo|
|Installs colleagues RPM from COPR|
What should the instructor know before using this activity?
Students should know how to compile Linux software code before doing this activity.
- There exists an activity which covers this: Introduction_to_building_open_source_software
- Particularly, students should have experience using the configure, make, and make install commands
- If students have not compiled in the past, it is common to not have all of the required libraries and modules already installed for the compilation process to succeed. This is a major part of creating RPM's. This setup takes time to troubleshoot and setup, and it could be different on each system if students are not using identical operating systems.
If you wanted to do this activity in Ubuntu, Debian, etc:
- Students could optionally do this activity on Ubuntu or other Linux OS's which use a different Package Management toolset.
- Ubuntu is debian-based and uses the ``dpkg`` command. For more info on equivalent commands, see:
What are some likely difficulties that an instructor may encounter using this activity?
|ACM Knowledge Area/Knowledge Unit||What ACM Computing Curricula 2013 knowledge area and units does this activity cover? ACM_Body_of_Knowledge|
|ACM Topic||What specific topics are addressed? The Computing Curriucula 2013 provides a list of topics - https://www.acm.org/education/CS2013-final-report.pdf|
|Level of Difficulty||Is this activity easy, medium or challenging?|
|Estimated Time to Completion||How long should it take for the student to complete the activity?|
|Author||Who wrote this activity?|
|Source||Is there another activity on which this activity is based? If so, please provide a link to the original resource.|
|License||Under which license is this material made available? (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/)|
Suggestions for Open Source Community:
Suggestions for an open source community member who is working in conjunction with the instructor.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License | <urn:uuid:2fcdd225-4a90-492d-adbb-0d8d30a11f33> | {
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April 2, 2007 One of our favourite educational products, the H-racer fuel cell toy car, (additional stories here and here) is getting two stablemates with equally fascinating possibilities. With the hydrogen economy beginning to take shape and hydrogen fuel cells likely to play a major role in the future energy equation of the planet, educating our children about fuel cells is an investment in their future. Now the US$115 H-Racer (and Hydrogen Station) will be joined by the US$59 Fuel Cell Car Science Kit and the US$79 Hydrocar, which uses a next generation reversible Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell
The launch of the Science Kit, with it’s futuristic design and fun experimentation and functionality creates a vision for the future of totally clean, renewable energy. This uses a reversible fuel cell that allows you to break the water onboard the car into Oxygen and Hydrogen providing a stored power source. It’s also possible to take the fuel cell off the car to allow the user to power other products of their own design.
Watch as oxygen and hydrogen gases are formed in two transparent water containers in the back of the vehicle. The kit’s fuel cell unit combines water electrolysis and fuel cell functions into one device.
The car steers independently of the user once it hits a barrier, and blue LED lights flash from inside the cockpit.
It’s possible to order directly from Horizon with deliveries to begin next month (May).
See the stories that matter in your inbox every morning | <urn:uuid:107bb4fa-34c1-4d4a-8657-7b249f6ae222> | {
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It is widely acknowledged that the Impressionists developed a radical style of painting. From their choice of subject to the materials and techniques they used, their approach was a deliberate rejection of the prevailing academic tradition. What is less well known is that their unconventional approach was not constrained to the canvas alone but spilled over the edge and onto the frame.
Departing from the ornate gilded frames that defined the Salon works of their predecessors and most of their contemporaries, many Impressionist painters began experimenting with simpler frame shapes (or profiles) that were finished with painted, stained or raw timber surfaces and which lent their works an unmistakably modern feel. Illustrative of the care that some of these artists took with their frame designs Edgar Degas documented his picture frame designs in a sketchbook, while the preferences of other Impressionist painters can be reconstructed from letters between the artists and their dealers, or through the close examination of early exhibition photos.
Sadly, only a few of these artist designed (and occasionally artist made) frames remain as the majority of these works were reframed by various collectors and dealers over the course of the previous century. Nevertheless, in the lead up to the Australian Impressionists in France exhibition, the NGV Frames Committee (jointly comprised of conservators and curators) has been working hard to help rediscover the possible framing styles preferred by artists such as John Russell and to reproduce credible versions of these frames with the aim of best representing the paintings as the artist may have intended. | <urn:uuid:5c06b358-4b5a-4ff2-8ff5-2e785484fccb> | {
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So, if you are in Manchester you can probably smell and taste Saddleworth Moor right now.
If you’re asthmatic, for god’s sake, have your inhalers on you, and make sure people know what to do if you get unwell. Meanwhile, this just arrived from the Cheshire Wildlife Trust and Lancashire Wildlife Trust-
Wildlife Trusts saddened by news of burning moorland
Cheshire Wildlife Trust and Lancashire Wildlife Trust would like to thank the fire service for their efforts in dealing with the devastating fire on Saddleworth Moor. Both Wildlife Trusts cover the area affected by the fire and are deeply saddened by the news.
“Our thoughts are with the people who have been affected by the fire and we’d like to recognise the valiant efforts that have been made by the fire service to try and control the blaze,” said Charlotte Harris, Chief Executive at Cheshire Wildlife Trust.
“On a wildlife front, moorland fires on this scale can be devastating,” explained Charlotte. “As it’s peatland, once alight it’s difficult to put out and control as it can burn underground and reignite, as the last couple of days have shown. Our thoughts are with the residents and farmers affected.”
Peatland is a carbon store. Therefore fires like this release the locked up carbon into the atmosphere having a long-term effect on our environment. Both Wildlife Trusts are involved in peatland restoration projects across Cheshire and Lancashire to rewet moors and mosslands. This not only holds back water to reduce flood risk, it also reduces the risk of fires on this scale.
Director of Conservation at the Wildlife Trust for Lancashire, Manchester and North Merseyside Tim Mitcham said: “The heat generated by the fires is devastating to the fragile upland moorland. Only the most mobile of animals escape and of course we are in peak breeding period for many – from curlew to ant. These animals are on the moors because they like the conditions they find there and ultimately depend upon the plants, many species depend upon specialist moorland plants like cotton-grass and heather. It will have devastating consequences on birds like the curlew which are feeding chicks at the moment. Meadow pipit also nest in tussocks of grass, nests and chicks will not have survived a fire like this.”
The cause of the fire is yet to be established. “The habitat will recover but it will take time”, said Charlotte Harris. “Fires like this can start spontaneously, especially during hot dry weather as we are experiencing at the moment. Unfortunately, they are sometimes started deliberately or as a result of careless behaviour too. Visitors to any wild places should make sure they are careful not to start a fire accidentally from discarded cigarettes, unattended BBQs, or from leaving litter especially glass.” | <urn:uuid:4e416185-5917-4c89-a748-1159cd94b759> | {
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We are all aware that bee populations and other pollinators have been having a hard time of it in recent years. I am pleased to say that the situation has been embraced by gardeners and the horticultural industry here in Britain, and I am sure that is the case in many parts of the world. What most of want to know is what we can do about it? How we can change our gardening habits to be wildlife friendly? Most are aware that we have to reduce our use of chemicals and garden more organically. But on a more positive note, what can we grow easily to benefit bees and other pollinators?
One of the reasons for the plight of pollinators is the lack of nourishment in the form of nectar and pollen available for these insects. This need not necessarily come from native plants, but it does come from nectar and pollen rich subjects whose food resources pollinators can easily access. It also needs to be available for as long as possible. Insect food reserves in gardens are much a case of feast and famine. There’s plenty around from mid spring to midsummer, but that’s not the only time of year that insects are around and hungry.
Suttons Seeds have teamed up with the British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) to provide the ultimate collection of seed varieties that will keep the honey bee and other pollinators nourished all-year-round. Keeping these amazing insects strong and healthy enables them to pollinate our crops so we can benefit from fruit and vegetables, not only from our gardens but from the crops that are grown commercially that we depend upon. We rely heavily on honey bees and other pollinators for much of the food that we eat, for example tomatoes, strawberries, beans, peas, apples, to name but a few. Even the cocoa tree that provides the beans which chocolate is made from is dependent upon bees and other pollinators. However, it is not just us that benefit from the work of pollinators; pollination helps to feed many other animals and birds in the food chain and is a vital part of creating the diversity in the environment that we all enjoy.
The Wildlife Sanctuary collection from Suttons Seeds includes annual and perennial flowers, fruit and vegetables. Every package tells you what the variety provides in the way of pollen and nectar and a fascinating bee fact. The packets also offer the opportunity to ‘Adopt a beehive’ or become a ‘Friend of the Honeybee’. Best of all the chosen varieties are easy to grow, many being subjects you can sown directly in the open ground or in pots where they will flower. This is such an inexpensive and accessible way to increase the biodiversity of your garden and so attract more bees and other pollinators.
So what is a pollinator?
I use the term ‘pollinator’ so frequently I thought it would be worth clarifying what it means. Bees, butterflies and other insects visit flowers to collect nectar and sometimes pollen for food. They are attracted to the flower by colour and scent. The petals of a flower are there to show the way and direct the insect to the heart of the flower where nectar and pollen are waiting. In the process of collecting nectar and pollen the insect transfers pollen grains from the stamens to the stigma of the flower. This fertilises the bloom and enables it to produce fertile seeds. The flower has evolved in close association with the pollinating insects to make sure this pollination happens. It is important to remember that some flowers are pollinated by crawling insects, some by night flying moths, some by bats: fascinating!
Some flowers, such as the primrose, have evolved to ensure effective cross pollination as the bee moves from plant to plant.
The honey bee is a particularly effective pollinator because it collects nectar for the production of its stored food: honey. However lots of other insects, including some of the most attractive butterflies are effective pollinators. There are lots of subjects in the Wildlife Sanctuary range that are highly attractive to butterflies, including the butterfly bush, Buddleja davidii. This is easily grown from seed and idea for those on poor, alkaline soils.
Another easy to grow subject for poor soil, especially chalk is the field scabious. This can also be naturalised in thin meadow grass. Its delicate pincushion blooms are soft lilac-blue and will soon be found by summer bees and insects. Grown in the flower garden it is lovely for cutting too.
Many herbs are wonderful wildlife plants. Fragrant lavender is always a magnet for bees and butterflies as is marjoram. The sapphire blue flowers of borage are most commonly associated with a glass of Pimms, however in the garden they will be more appreciated by pollinators. Borage self-seeds in most gardens once you get it established, so it’s a long-term plant in any wildlife sanctuary.
We all love blue flowers, they are such great mixers and I have always had gardens with forget-me-nots that seed randomly through beds and borders. I always lift a few plants and add them to my pots of tulips in spring. I am so pleased to see myosotis, forget-me-not in the Wildlife Sanctuary range; it is such a valuable source of early nectar.
Another subject that seeds freely in most gardens is the lovely Verbena bonariensis. Wildlife Sanctuary includes a different cultivar of this superb plant; one that will sit happily in any garden. Start the seeds in cell trays and then plant out between shrubs, roses and perennials. Alternatively plant a few in the vegetable plot to attract pollinators and provide some flowers for cutting.
For those that crave the colour from seasonal bedding subjects rather than more naturalistic wildflower subjects there is still plenty in the Wildlife sanctuary range to appeal. Last summer zinnias were a great success and incredibly popular with bees. Again these are plants to start on the windowsill indoors and plant out after the frosts. Vibrant colour – wildlife friendly too.
[caption id="attachment_7241" align="alignleft" width="297"] how to attract bees[/caption]
If you would like to learn more about gardening for wildlife and what to grow to attract pollinators join me on my next online 4 week online gardening course – gardening for wildlife. | <urn:uuid:3d363d38-1361-4d46-9a05-18b940628706> | {
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IELTS Band Score of 6.5
What Good Is an IELTS Score of 6.5
IELTS Band Score of 6.5:
The IELTS band score determines a student's possibility to get into the best academic institutions and organizations. A band score of 6.5 is a standard or an average band score that makes a test-taker a good user of the English language. It is a cut-off score, mostly set by colleges and organizations for recruiting IELTS test-takers. A band score of 6.5 in the test indicates that the test-taker has a good command over the English language and is eligible to apply for most professional courses and jobs. The band score of 6.5 roughly works out to a raw test score of 26-29.
The band score of 6.5, works as a perimeter for selecting students for courses in reputed universities. A score of 6.5 makes test takers eligible for seeking employment. A band score of 6.5 is considered as a good score and it establishes a student's competence in using the English language.
Importance of 6.5 IELTS Band Score:
A 6.5 band score opens lots of institutions for you. The band score of 6.5 describes you as proficient in Reading, Writing and Listening English language. It makes you stand out from the band scorers of 5 or below who have trouble speaking the language, unlike your 6.5 score, which makes you a capable speaker. A 6.5 band score is midway of band score of 6 (competent user) and a band score of 7 (good user).
A band score of 6.5 makes you a test taker who has efficiency in handling complex situations and indulges in intricate conversations. It shows that you may have some flaws and weaknesses while speaking or using the language. However, it demonstrates that you can cope up with occasional misunderstandings and misconception. It is for these qualities that your score of 6.5 becomes desirable and acceptable by universities and institutions.
Institutions Accepting IELTS 6.5 Band Score:
The score of 6.5 is an approximate score between B2 and C1 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The CEFR is a standard used to gauge accomplishment of scholars of foreign languages. There are many colleges and universities that accept your band score of 6.5. The top 10 colleges of US, UK, Canada and elsewhere, admitting band score of 6.5 are:
- Saint Louis University
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Virginia Tech
- Glasgow University
- Exeter University
- Imperial College London
- Stuttgart University
- Polytechnic University of Turin
- University of Denver
- Pratt Institute
Significance of IELTS 6.5 Band Score for Immigrants:
While shifting your location completely to a new address in an English-speaking country, you may have to prove your ability to speak, write, hear and read the English language. Many countries, before admitting any foreign immigrant in their soil uses the score of 6.5 as an eligibility criterion. New Zealand, Canada and United Kingdom are such countries, which demand a band score of 6.5 in the test. Along with the test, some countries may have other criteria which we will discuss in the following:
- New Zealand: Previously, New Zealand required a score of 5 as a qualification band score to seek permanent residence. Test takers, failing to achieve this band score, had to pay a fee of $20000 which was fully or partially repaid back after fulfilling the 5 band score. At present, the required band score is 6.5 with a much reduced fee.
- Canada: When it comes to Canada, the test taker needs to have a band score of 6.5 in the test, and/or with Test d'évaluation du Français (TEF: a test for French for French immigrants). The test is used strictly for measuring the test takers' zeal in each of the test sections, namely the Writing, Reading, Listening and Speaking. A 6.5 band score in any of these four measures is enough to demonstrate your adequate efficiency in the particular measure.
- United Kingdom: Immigrants to the United Kingdom also need to have a band score of 6.5, which is equivalent to achieving 10 points for English language qualification as deemed suitable under UK's 'Points Based System Tier 1'.
The above discussion sheds light upon the importance, meaning and demand of 6.5 band score. You must remember that 6.5 is the minimum eligibility criterion in most of the institutions, universities and immigrations. However, it is always recommended to box a band score of 7 or higher for better prospects and placements.
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No permission is required to link any of the web page with educational information available in this web site from your web site or web page | <urn:uuid:f7354d66-d492-4ecd-8c90-4b53c047cf86> | {
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Linked to the new Year 4 maths National Curriculum
This Teach, Practise, Extend PowerPoint resource focuses on area and is linked to the Year 4 National Curriculum. In total there are eight slides:
Slides 1/2/3/5/6 (teach) - Slides 1 - 3 show how you can find the perimeter of a shape by counting the squares around the outside and also by measuring each side using a ruler. Slides 5 and 6 show how to use a formula to find the perimeter of a rectangle
Slides 4 and 7(practise) - On slide 4 the children need to find the perimeter of rectangles when the sides of the rectangles are given. On slide 7 the children need to use the formula to find the perimeter of a number of rectangles
Slide 3 (extend) - Children need to apply their skills by finding as many rectangles as they can that have a perimeter of 16.
The resource is colourfully designed and can clearly be seen from a distance making it ideal to display on the Interactive Whiteboard and providing you with a straightforward and highly effective teaching resource. Great for a lesson starter, revision or early morning activity. It is aimed at the Year 4 maths objective but can be used at any time during KS2.
The slides can be edited to suit the needs of your class but this resource, including the images must not be distributed to others without our permission.
This resource can be either sent electronically via email (FREE) or can be sent via first class mail loaded onto a CD (P&P £1.00). Please choose your preferred method at the checkout. | <urn:uuid:28602bb7-a6ed-4a8e-94cf-9141782ee949> | {
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1. Product Descriptions
Product Name: Ni-Mh D Size 9000mAh Battery
Standard Charge Rate
Rapid Charge Rate
2. There are three types of safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
(1) Positive temperature coefficient element (PTC). When the temperature inside the battery is too high, the resistance of the PTC rises, and the circuit between the cathode lead and the cathode is automatically cut off;
(2) Partitions for special materials. When the temperature inside the battery rises to a certain value, the micro-holes in the separator will automatically dissolve, so that the reaction in the battery will stop;
(3) Safety valve. When the pressure inside the battery rises to a certain value, the safety valve will open automatically.
3. What is a NiMH Battery Features?
The NiMH battery has good low-temperature discharge characteristics. Even at -20°C ambient temperature, high-current discharge (with 1C discharge rate) can discharge more than 85% of the nominal capacity. | <urn:uuid:b989b5be-5b92-402d-9f66-b0f4dec43687> | {
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Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, is a large and growing urban area. This stereoscopic image pair, combining a Landsat image with topography measured by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), shows how topography controls the urban pattern. This color image can be viewed in 3-D by viewing the left image with the right eye and the right image with the left eye (cross-eyed viewing), or by downloading and printing the image pair, and viewing them with a stereoscope.
Features of interest in this scene include Diamond Head (an extinct volcano near the bottom of the image), Waikiki Beach (just above Diamond Head), the Punchbowl National Cemetary (another extinct volcano, near the image center), downtown Honolulu and Honolulu harbor (image left-center), and offshore reef patterns. The slopes of the Koolau mountain range are seen in the right half of the image. Clouds commonly hang above ridges and peaks of the Hawaiian Islands, but in this synthesized stereo rendition appear draped directly on the mountains. The clouds are actually about 1000 meters (3300 feet) above sea level.
This stereoscopic image pair was generated using topographic data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, combined with a Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper image collected at the same time as the SRTM flight. The topography data were used to create two differing perspectives, one for each eye. When stereoscopically merged, the result is a vertically exaggerated view of the Earth's surface in its full three dimensions. The United States Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observations Systems (EROS) Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, provided the Landsat data.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), launched on February 11, 2000, used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. The mission was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of the Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, an additional C-band imaging antenna and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) and the German (DLR) and Italian (ASI) space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, DC.
Size: 11 by 20 kilometers (7 by 13 miles)
Location: 21.3 deg. North lat., 157.9 deg. West lon.
Orientation: North toward upper right
Original Data Resolution: SRTM, 30 meters (99 feet); Landsat, 15 meters (50 feet)
Date Acquired: SRTM, February 18, 2000; Landsat February 12, 2000 | <urn:uuid:4246b9b4-15fe-42fb-8d98-79d1aa4615c7> | {
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Cloudy head on climate change? Join the webinar on Wednesday 30 March 2016 from 1-2 pm (Paris time) with Professor Per Espen Stoknes on What we think about... when we try not to think about... global warming!
A dirty, rundown environment has quantifiable costs for the economy and the well-being of societies. For example, the welfare costs of air pollution from road transport alone are estimated to amount to around 1.7 trillion USD in OECD countries, 1.4 trillion USD in China and 0.5 trillion in India.
Countries that implement stringent environmental policies do not lose export competitiveness when compared against countries with more moderate regulations, according to a new OECD study that examines trade in manufactured goods between advanced and emerging economies.
The consequences of degradation of environmental quality as well as the consequences of environmental policies are typically unevenly distributed. In general, poorer countries and lower income households are more severely affected by environmental degradation and at the same time have less capacity to adapt.
This paper presents the first empirical analysis of the macroeconomic relationship between environmentally related taxes and inequality in income sources. The analysis also investigates whether this relationship differs between countries which have implemented environmental tax reforms (ETRs) and ones which have not.
This report looks at farm management practices with green growth potential, from farmer-led innovations (such as those directly linked to soil and water, Integrated Pest Management, organic farming) to science-led technologies (such as biotechnology and precision agriculture). Global food demand can only be met in a sustainable way if new forms of agricultural production and innovative technologies can be unlocked to increase the productivity, stability, and resilience of production systems with goals beyond just raising yields, including saving water and energy, reducing risk, improving product quality, protecting the environment and climate change mitigation.
Urgent research is needed to assess the possible risks to human health and ecosystems from the ever-increasing amounts of engineered nanomaterials going into household waste and ending up in the environment, according to a new OECD report.
“If He holds back the waters, there is drought; if He lets them loose, they devastate the land”. To be fair, that was in the days before governments played “a key role in developing targeted policy responses to market failures that impede the mitigation and allocation of drought and flood risks”, as the OECD report on Mitigating Droughts and Floods in Agriculture puts it.
Paris is a beautiful city but has an ugly problem with air pollution. Using 2 wheels to get to work, one becomes acutely aware of this insidious addiction to cars, and the “essence” of the problem, DIESEL.
Urban, demographic and climate trends are increasingly exposing cities to risks of having too little, too much and too polluted water. Facing these challenges requires robust public policies and sound governance frameworks to co-ordinate across multiple scales, authorities, and policy domains. Building on a survey of 48 cities in OECD countries and emerging economies, the report analyses key factors affecting urban water governance, discusses trends in allocating roles and responsibilities across levels of government, and assesses multi-level governance gaps in urban water management. It provides a framework for mitigating territorial and institutional fragmentation and raising the profile of water in the broader sustainable development agenda, focusing in particular on the contribution of metropolitan governance, rural-urban partnerships and stakeholder engagement. | <urn:uuid:3ec7046f-3877-4f64-917b-9fdb91d19ccc> | {
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Did you know that the 57th United States Postmaster General was from Pinconning, Michigan? Arthur Summerfield was born right here in Michigan’s cheese capital on March 17th, 1889. Innovative and industrious from a young age, Summerfield left home at age 13 to work in a factory. By 1918, he was a Chief Inspector for the Chevrolet Ammunitions Department during WWI. After the war, Arthur invested in real estate and held distinguished positions for several companies, including Weston-Mott, Buick, Pure Oil, and Bryant Properties Corp. In 1929, Summerfield opened his own Chevrolet dealership, which became one of the largest in the Midwest.
During World War II, Summerfield began his career in politics; he was elected to the Republican National Committee in 1944 and served through 1952. Following President Eisenhower’s nomination in 1952, Arthur was named Chairman of the Republican National Committee. His position as Postmaster General was also served under President Eisenhower, from 1952-1961.
Summerfield conquered great challenges as Postmaster General. After World War II, the United States experienced massive growth in the mailing system, as long distance relationships between families were on the rise. Steered by this exponential increase in mail, Summerfield completely reorganized the Department. Under his leadership, the Post Office began integrating business techniques to improve service and speed; modernizing equipment, operations, and transportation. He also faced the challenge of persuading Congress to support the department financially while reconstructing the accounting system.
Summerfield was successful in these endeavors; his work built the foundation for every Postmaster General following him. After 1961, Summerfield returned to work for his automobile dealership. Like many Michigan snowbirds, he enjoyed his later life in West Palm Beach, Florida where he passed in 1972. Arthur Summerfield ~ One of the Pinconning natives who make us proud! | <urn:uuid:0b4e906b-d522-4508-a414-e75f12409c91> | {
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A science-obsessed schoolboy from China accidentally discovered a nest of 11 fossilised dinosaur eggs while playing on an embankment in the city of Heyuan, Guangdong Province. According to experts, the eggs are 3.5 meters long and date back 65 million years to the late Cretaceous period.
The 10-year-old, who is a third-standard student, said he stumbled upon a ‘strange stone’ and upon close inspection, he realised it could possibly be a dinosaur egg. His speculations were later confirmed by experts who reached the spot and excavated 10 more eggs.
According to reports, the boy, identified as Zhang Yangzhe was looking for tools to crack open a walnut at the fossil site. The moment he noticed a rock with ‘circles’ on its surface, he immediately called on his mother.
“Then I called my mother over, [and we] thought the shell looked like that of a dinosaur egg,” Yangzhe was quoted by Heyuan Radio and Television Station.
The mother told reporters her son has been obsessed with science since a very young age and has read many books on dinosaurs. She added Yangzhe had visited a local museum just once to learn about the ancient creatures and had managed to remember the shell patterns without any problems.
After the boy made the discovery, his mother called the police and an expert form Heyuan Dinosaur Museum confirmed the egg was indeed a fossilised dinosaur egg.
The eggs have now been taken away to the Heyuan Dinosaur Museum for further studies and analysis.
However, this is not the first time that someone has discovered fossilised dinosaur eggs in Heyuan which is dubbed as China’s ‘home of dinosaurs’.
Back in 2015, a group of men doing roadwork in the city discovered a giant clutch of 43 dinosaur eggs. The first dinosaur egg of the region was found in 1996. Since then, more than 17,000 have been unearthed from the city. | <urn:uuid:fd0bc6df-22d9-46c6-99e5-234afb528fca> | {
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How do you think the new GigE standards will influence the machine vision industry?
Respond or ask your question now!
Through a series of tests, the researchers determined that digital mammograms sent to the remote workstation were identical to the original images. The analysis included comparison of image quality, file sizes, CAD markings and image interpretation by an independent reader.
"These results suggest that regional interpretation centers could be established to improve the accuracy and efficiency of screening mammography, reduce screening backlogs and aid underserved areas," Melton said. He envisions reconfiguring the way mammograms are interpreted by creating regional Centers of Excellence, where highly skilled radiologists would read digital mammograms transmitted from multiple centers.
"Finding more breast cancers earlier, which I believe we can do through digital mammography and Centers of Excellence, will significantly reduce the number of women dying from breast cancer," he said.
Coauthors are Peter D. Esser, PhD, Suzanne J. Smith, MD, and Philip O. Alderson, MD.
This article was prepared by Women's Health Weekly editors from staff and other reports. Copyright 2006, Women's Health Weekly via NewsRx.com.
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When we first saw the video, we didn’t quite know what to make of it: A huge peloton—numbering 500 cyclists, allegedly, though it’s a bit tough to count—riding along an animated grid toward a low wall. One by one, the riders crash into the barrier at full speed, flying off their bikes, sending wheels spinning, and creating a monster pileup.
What’s the story behind this bizarre (and maybe a bit ominous) clip?
The answer lies with the video’s creator, Tyson Ibele, a 31-year-old animator from Toronto. Ibele does work for Minneapolis-based animation studio MAKE, plus some software development on the side. He has experience developing tools for visual effects artists, including the popular professional 3D computer graphics program Autodesk 3ds Max.
His latest work, titled “500 cyclists vs. 1 wall,” is just one of more than a dozen videos Ibele has posted to Instagram to showcase tyFlow, a particle simulation tool he created for 3ds Max.
“It can be used to achieve all kinds of different effects, useful for simulating large numbers of objects that need to move in complex ways, that would be too difficult to animate by hand,” Ibele tells Bicycling. “Things like exploding debris, sparks, sand, etc. Recently I also added crowd simulation capabilities to it, which is how I came to create the bicycle crash simulation.”
Put simply, tyFlow makes animating mass movements quicker and easier. For the “500 cyclists” video, Ibele began by building a simple model of a single cyclist pedaling for a few seconds. The software then allowed him to “scatter” the model, looping its animation over and over and moving it within a virtual world.
“At the moment of impact, tyFlow calculates all the physical forces that are required to animate the characters flailing around and the bikes breaking apart,” Ibele says.
Without tyFlow, the work of individually animated hundreds of cyclists pedaling and crashing would be enormous. Ibele’s software cuts the job down to a few minutes.
But let’s turn to the video’s content. None of Ibele’s other animations feature cyclists, so why this one? To a certain extent, he says, the choice was random. He wanted to build on another recent crowd simulation of humans running into a spinning obstacle.
The next logical step was to add some sort of machine or vehicle. Bikes were the perfect choice because, unlike with cars, their human riders could fly off on impact, all the better to show off the animation. “And 500 cyclists all crashing together seemed like a setup guaranteed to get some laughs, for those not interested in the more technical side of the simulation,” Ibele says.
His personal connection to cycling mostly ends at the video, though not for lack of interest. Though he does use Toronto’s public bike-share system on occasion, Ibele says being doored by someone in Vancouver a few years ago has made him skittish about riding on the road.
“I’d probably bike more often if there weren’t so many oblivious drivers on the roads,” he says. For now, he’ll keep his bike crashes to the world of animation. | <urn:uuid:8d7f48be-b7d0-49c0-9bc3-c0d491704574> | {
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In the past three decades the United States’ incarceration rate has exploded, with seven million people currently behind bars, on probation, or parole. Considering the enormous scope of this population, the Obama Administration has unveiled a new initiative that will allow more people who are incarcerated to use federal financial aid (Pell grants) to access postsecondary education. Prisoners could use these grants for college classes, which will help them find work, support their families and lead productive lives once they leave prison.
Anyone who believes in education’s ability to open minds and change lives should fully support this shift in policy that will open educational opportunities to a severely underserved student population. As it stands, incarcerated Americans have little, if any, access to that education.
This is unfair and shortsighted, as 95 percent of inmates will be released at some point; those without education will face few opportunities and daunting odds. But having postsecondary education and training will undoubtedly put them on a path that better supports our economy and society.
Current postsecondary attainment efforts aim to provide underserved student populations access to high-quality educational opportunities. These efforts exist because education is the ladder to mobility for these populations, but also because it produces the qualified workers and civically engaged citizens that strong communities need to thrive.
Yet incarcerated Americans are too often left out of such efforts, despite the fact that many of these men and women share so many of the characteristics of other underserved students.
Inmates are low-income: Recent findings from the Prison Policy Initiative demonstrate that incarcerated people had a median annual income of $19,185 prior to their incarceration, which is 41 percent less than non-incarcerated people of similar ages.
Inmates disproportionately hail from communities of color: Research tells us that Blacks are incarcerated at five times the rate of Whites and Hispanics are twice as likely to be incarcerated as Whites.
Inmates are often adults: The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that one-fifth of jail inmates and two-fifths of the general population left school because they needed to earn money.
A common observation about those who are incarcerated is that, well, they did something to deserve being behind bars. But it’s important to acknowledge some hard facts about our criminal justice system.
First, the explosion in our incarceration rate has been driven by an extraordinary increase in convictions for drug offenses. In fact, there are more people in prisons and jails today for just drug offenses than were incarcerated for all reasons in 1980. Arrests for marijuana possession alone accounted for nearly 80 percent of the growth in drug arrests in the 1990s. Such policies disproportionately impact communities of color. People of color experience discrimination at numerous stages of the judicial system—they “are more likely to be stopped, searched, arrested, convicted, harshly sentenced and saddled with a lifelong criminal record.” Prosecutors, for instance, are twice as likely to pursue a mandatory minimum sentence for Blacks as with Whites charged with the same offense.
So before shutting the doors to educational opportunity to an entire population based on perceived notions of “what they deserve,” we have to recognize the bias and inequities that plague our criminal justice system. But even if you accept the premise that everyone under correctional control did something wrong to deserve their circumstances, how do we expect them to turn their lives around and become productive members of their communities upon release?
The research is clear: providing educational opportunities to inmates enhances the economy and improves public safety. If we really believe that the true power of education lies in its ability to help people reach their greatest potential and transform their lives, we must expand our national postsecondary attainment efforts to include this underserved student population.
As Maya Angelou said, “When you know better, you do better.” And doing better means that we must stop ignoring our nation’s mass incarceration crisis and help these citizens better equip themselves for lives outside prison. This would be a smart investment that would give many men and women new skills—and new hope—allowing them to support their families and strengthen our communities.
Michelle Asha Cooper, Ph.D., is President of the Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP). Julie Ajinkya, Ph.D., is Director of Applied Research at IHEP. | <urn:uuid:1a384545-9d43-42ff-84cb-8553d7c3163c> | {
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12.1.3 Measurement of progress towards sustainable development
As what is managed needs to be measured, managing the sustainable development process requires a much strengthened evidence base and the development and systematic use of robust sets of indicators and new ways of measuring progress. Measurement not only gauges but also spurs the implementation of sustainable development and can have a pervasive effect on decision-making (Meadows, 1998; Bossel, 1999). In the climate change context, measurement plays an essential role in setting and monitoring progress towards specific climate change related commitments both in the mitigation and adaptation context (CIESIN, 1996-2001).
Agenda 21 (Chapter 40) explicitly recognizes the need for quantitative indicators at various levels (local, provincial, national and international) of the status and trends of the planet’s ecosystems, economic activities and social wellbeing (United Nations, 1993). The need for further work on indicators at national and other levels was confirmed by the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (UNEP, 2002).
As pointed out by Meadows (1998), indicators are ubiquitous, but when poorly chosen create serious malfunctions in socio-economic and ecological systems. Recognizing the shortcomings of mainstream measures, such as GDP, in managing the sustainable development process, alternative indicator systems have been developed and used by an increasing number of entities in various spatial, thematic and organizational contexts (Moldan et al., 1997; IISD, 2006).
Indicator development is also driven by the increasing emphasis on accountability in the context of sustainable development governance and strategy initiatives. In their compilation and analysis of national sustainable development strategies, Swanson et al. (2004) emphasize that indicators need to be tied to expected outcomes, policy priorities and implementation mechanisms. As such, the development of indicators may best be integrated with a process for setting sustainable development objectives and targets, but have an important role in all stages of the strategic policy cycle. Once priority issues are identified, SMART indicators need to be developed - indicators that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant/Realistic and Time-bound.
Boulanger (2004) observes that indicators can be classified according to four main approaches: (1) the socio-natural sectors (or systems) approach, which focuses on sustainability as an equilibrium between the three pillars of sustainable development but which overlooks development aspects: (2) the resources approach, which concentrates on sustainable use of natural resources and ignores development issues: (3) a human approach based on human wellbeing, basic needs; and (4) the norms approach, which foresees sustainable development in normative terms. Each approach has its own merits and weaknesses. Despite these efforts at measuring sustainability, few offer an integrated approach to measuring environmental, economic and social parameters (Corson, 1996; Farsari and Prastacos, 2002; Swanson et al., 2004). This review of indicators illustrates a significant gap in macro-indicators in that few include measures of progress with respect to climate change.
Indicator system development typically builds on a conceptual framework serving as a link between relevant world views, sustainability issues and specific indicators. Some of the more common ones include the pressure-state-impact framework and capital-based frameworks covering social, environmental and economic domains. Given the ambiguity of the concept of sustainable development and differences in socio-economic and ecological context, even the use of comparable indicator frameworks usually results in non-identical indicator sets (Parris and Kates, 2003; Pintér et al., 2005).
Various alternative approaches to estimate macro progress towards sustainable development have been developed. Many of these approaches integrate, though not necessarily focus on, aspects of climate change. One approach to indicator development focused on monetary measures and involves adjustment to the GDP. These include, for example, calculation of genuine savings (Hamilton and et al., 1997; Pearce, 2000), Sustainable National Income (Hueting, 1993), and efforts to develop a measure of sustainability (Yohe and Moss, 2000). In an attempt to aggregate and express resource consumption and human impact in the context of a finite earth, a number of indices based on non-monetary, physical measures were created. These indices may be based on the concepts of environmental space or ecospace, and ecological footprint (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996; Venetoulis et al., 2004; Buitenkamp et al., 1993; Opschoor, 1995; Rees, 1996). Vitousek et al. (1986) proposed the index of Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP). This approach specifies the amount of energy that humans divert for their own use in competition with other species.
In trying to avoid shortcomings from the concept of carrying capacity applied to human societies the formula I = PAT, where I is the human impact on the environment, P the human population, A the affluence (presumably per capita income), and T the effect of technology on the environment, has been commonly used in decomposing the impact of population, economic activity, and fuel use on the environment in general and on historical and future carbon emissions in particular (IEA, 2004c; Kaya, 1990; Schipper et al., 1997; Schumacher and Sathaye, 2000). Other approaches include the development of a ‘global entropy model’ that inspects the conditions for sustainability (Ruebbelke, 1998). This is done by employing available entropy data to demonstrate the extent to which improvements in entropy efficiency should be accomplished to compensate the effects of increasing economic activity and population growth. Other sets of metrics have less precise ambitions but aim to explain to the larger public the risks of environmental change, such as the notion ‘ecological footprint’ [see above] used by some NGOs. In this, the aggregate indicators are noted as the number of planets Earth needed to sustain the present way of living of some regions of the World.
As Bartelmus (2001) observes, many of the aggregate indices are yet to be accepted in decision-making due, among others, to measurement, weighting and indicator selection challenges. However, besides efforts to develop aggregate indices either on a monetary or physical basis, many efforts are aimed at developing heterogeneous indicator sets. One of the commonly accepted frameworks uses a classification scheme that groups sustainability issues and indicators according to social, ecological, economic, and in some cases, also institutional categories. Several indicator systems developed at international and national level have adopted a capital-based framework following the above categories. They link indicators more closely to the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts System of National Accounts (SNA), including its environmental component, (Pintér et al., 2005). At the United Nations, the Division for Sustainable Development led the work on developing a menu and methodology sheets for sustainability indicators that integrate several relevant for climate change from the mitigation and adaptation point of view (UNDSD, 2006). Also, the UNECE/Eurostat/OECD Working Group on Statistics for Sustainable Development is developing a conceptual framework for measuring sustainable development and recommendations for indicator sets. A set of climate change mitigation input and outcome indicators should be included.
While not necessarily focused on climate change per se, many of these indicator efforts include climate change as one of the key issues, on the mitigation or adaptation side. Keeping a broader perspective is essential, as climate change, including its drivers, impacts and related responses, transcend many sectors and issue categories. Indicators are needed in all in order to identify and analyze systemic risks and opportunities. In the mitigation context, quantifying emissions and their underlying driving forces is an essential component of management and accountability mechanisms. GHG emissions accounting is a major new field and is guided by increasingly detailed methodology standards and protocols in both the public and private sector (WBCSD, 2004).
Whether part of integrated indicator systems or developed separately, climate change indicators on the mitigation side may focus on absolute or efficiency measures (Herzog and Baumert, 2006). Absolute measures help track aggregate emissions, thus quantify the direct pressure of human activities on the climate system. Efficiency measures indicate the amount of energy or materials used or GHG emitted in order to produce a unit of economic output, or more generally, to achieve a degree of change in human wellbeing. Depending on the policy context, both absolute measures and efficiency measures may be useful. But from the climate system perspective, it is ultimately indicators of absolute emission levels that matter.
At the sectoral level, several initiatives are being implemented to measure and monitor progress towards sustainable development, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In the buildings sector, for instance, the US Green Buildings Council, has established Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) that sets a voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. About 2000 large buildings have received certificates. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a multi-stakeholder process whose mission is to develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These Guidelines are for voluntary use by organizations for reporting on the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of their activities, products, and services. Over 700 large industrial corporations are annually reporting their sustainable development progress using these guidelines. Industry sectors, such as cement and aluminium, which are among the most intensive energy users, have their own initiatives to track progress (For more information on sectoral indicators, see Section 12.3.1).
In essence, while tools for measuring progress towards sustainable development are still far from perfect, considerable progress in the development of such tools and considerable uptake in their use has occurred. The trend is clearly towards more refinement in the tools and an increase in their use by governments, business and civil society. | <urn:uuid:1cc15807-f1f0-4809-8fbe-fd0e8cbb4009> | {
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For radioactive elements, a half life is the time it takes for half of the substance to disintegrate. For example, if you started with 100g of radium, after one half life, the amount drops to 50g -- the rest becomes other elements. After a second half life, the amount drops to 25g. To use the half life calculation, you need to know the number of half lives that pass.
Divide the amount of time that has passed by the half life of the substance to find the number of half lives. For example, if your substance has a half life of 1 month and the total time equals 12 months, divide 12 by 1 to find that 12 half lives have passed.
Raise 0.5 to the power of the number of half lives. For this example, raise 0.5 to the 12th power to get 0.000244141.
Multiply the result by the amount of the substance you started with to find the amount remaining. Completing the example, if you started with 4,000 g, multiply 4,000 by 0.000244141 to find you have 0.98 g remaining of the original radioactive substance. | <urn:uuid:64a06779-6b5d-4de8-bd55-bf5e7ab12e57> | {
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Tray filling is a critical part of production. Packing the media too tightly may result in plant roots not penetrating the media (spiral roots), while packing too loosely may result in cells which do not wick properly (dry cells). One of the several brands of media intended for tobacco transplant production should be used. Most batches of media require water to be added for proper packing. The amount of water needed varies greatly. It is best to practice wetting a bag or two of the media and filling a few trays a week or two before you plan to seed. Float the trays and observe if any dry cells are present. Adjust the water or packing as needed. A filler box greatly improves packing uniformity as compared to hand filling. The media needs to be checked for clods and sticks that may interfere with filling. Sticks can also lodge in cells, causing dry cells.
Greenhouses in South Carolina should not be seeded before February 1. Traditionally, greenhouses have been seeded earlier. It is now known that good plants can be produced in less time than originally thought. Delaying seeding will also result in energy savings, and should reduce the number of clippings needed. The February 1 seeding date will provide good transplants in late March to early April.
Proper seeding is the first step toward obtaining maximum seedling usability. Either tube or vacuum seeders can be used. Both types need frequent checking to be sure they are delivering one seed per cell. Use only fresh, high quality seed intended for direct seed greenhouse use. Seed intended for precision seeding field beds or custom-coated bare seed may not be suitable for use in the greenhouse. Often these seeds are of lower germination and vigor than greenhouse seed. While this poses no problem in field beds, it can result in lowered usability in the greenhouse. Do not use primed seed saved from years before. Priming damages the long-term storage ability of tobacco seed. Low germination and seedling vigor can result from using old primed seed.
Care must be taken as the trays are floated to avoid rough handling, which may dislodge seeds, resulting in double and missing plants. There is no need to water over the top in the float system. A properly packed tray will provide sufficient moisture for germination. For proper germination, the greenhouse floor temperature should be held at 68 to 70 degrees F until germination is complete. Recent records indicate 68 degrees F at night and 86 degrees F in the day as ideal for germination of most varieties. Thermometers should be located on the floor, not at eye level. There can be a great difference between the floor temperature and the temperature at 5 feet (see engineering section for details of temperature control systems). After germination, the temperature can be reduced to 50 degrees. If cold injury symptoms appear (it looks the same as in the plantbed), increase temperature slightly and/or readjust the horizontal air flow fans to prevent cold spots. Usually, cold injury causes no permanent damage. Some varieties are more sensitive to cold injury and may require slightly higher night temperatures. | <urn:uuid:643a434b-18a0-4f08-8d03-0f8c45e82253> | {
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As we approach the first harvest of a new decade, we hop on a bullock cart back in time to the villages of yore, sugarcane stalks in tow, to remember where it all began. Jumping colourful kolams, skidding through giddy scenes of music and dance and stopping squarely centre stage, in front of that clay pot that overflows with tradition, we unpack centuries of history; all distilled down to one glorious ghee-laden spoonful of Pongal.
But before we head out, here are a few thoughts to lead the route. A return to roots has set the tone for how we eat and where we source our produce, for much of the past 10 years: whether you look at buzz words like organic vegetables or farm to fork. So, even though Pongal is a few days away, you might say we’ve been reaping a wholesome harvest for a while now. As a ‘mattu’ of fact, stepping into rural landscapes is simply a reminder of what is already deeply ‘ingrained’ with the Pongal tradition – celebrate your yield, gather and feast and always, give thanks.
Ven Pongal began
In order to revisit where it all began, we reach out to food historian Rakesh Raghunathan, who has been known to steep himself in research around temple cuisine in South India (pongal is a much looked forward to prasadham) as well as the origins of dishes by way of sacred and culinary texts. Some 4,000 to 5,0000 years ago, Rakesh takes us back, “Ancestral worship meant giving thanks for a harvest with indigenous ingredients that were aplenty and back then there were over 250,000 grains to choose from.” Moong dal, the second primary ingredient of the Pongal dish was likely chosen because, he tells us, certain ingredients were known to be avoided, especially in the Tamil Brahmin community. This included toor dal, asafoetida and even ingredients for spice and flavour like red chillies. “The ancient Ayurvedic texts refer to spicing with one main ingredient, black pepper,” he recalls from research, and so we have the three foundational tenets of the original Pongal recipe – cooked in a clay pot, all those years ago. One could logically attribute the coinciding of this celebration and the Margazhi month, according to Rakesh, with some simple reasoning. “In winter, people needed a meal to keep them warm and this was the perfect one-pot solution, especially for temples, with a surplus in their granaries and queues of volunteers.”
Seize the clay
Of course, much has changed over time. Today, there are variations that have evolved based on geography (khichdi up North), nutrition and superfood trends (swapping out rice for millets) and of course, innovation (Ven Pongal arancini, anyone?) But one non-negotiable aspect has remained, century upon century: the traditional clay pot. Nostalgia apart, when it comes to the preparation process of Pongal. it is perhaps the only constant that is agreed upon as symbolic and upping the ante on flavour, whether you are in conversation with a rice expert, a farmer, a chef or a housewife.
Rice of the heritage grain
As for going back to our roots, in terms of the best suited indigenous grain for the preparation of Pongal, we consulted with Spirit Of the Earth – an initiative by the NGO AIM For Seva, in pursuit of popularising heritage grains. “We love our Tamil Nadu rice variants like Thooyamalli and Kichili Champa and Mapillai Champa (red rice) for Pongal,” shares Jayanthi Somasundaram of Spirit of the Earth. She elaborates that there are indigenous grains from other states as well “like Ajara Ghansal, a delicate, fragrant brown rice from Maharashtra,” that works just as well. Whatever you do, don’t use Basmati – is the only hands-in-the-air protest we get from the grain fraternity. For one thing, it largely changes the flavour of the dish and second, as one might imagine, its reputation is simply too refined for a wholesome, rustic meal such as this one! One chef who did not wish to be named actually called Basmati Pongal, blasphemy! | <urn:uuid:8f1838d2-8f6d-4558-9797-16a8ebb8a5b1> | {
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RARE PHOTOGRAPHS - AIRCRAFT SALVAGE DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN AND THE BLITZ
RARE PHOTOGRAPHS - AIRCRAFT SALVAGE DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN AND THE BLITZ,
Clearing away the debris and detritus of modern mechanised warfare is some- thing that warring nations have had to deal with since the end of the First World War, and the inevitable result of twentieth century warfare was the
large-scale littering of land and sea with the wreckages that combat left behind. The massive and widespread land battles across Europe during the first and second world wars left their own particular trails of destruction and debris that had to be cleared away before normal life could once again resume in the post war periods, and those clear-up operations presented their own challenges, dangers and difficulties. In the British Isles during the Second World War, and for the first time in modern history, the country was faced with widespread destruction caused by bombing, and disrup- tion and damage to infrastructure caused by almost six years of conflict – some of that damage resulting from defensive measures taken by the military with the estab- lishment of aerodromes, fortifications and other defences.
Putting things back to how they were took very many years, although during the 1939–1944 period itself a far more immediate problem faced the authorities in Britain: the collection and disposal of shot down or crashed aircraft, allied and enemy. Such crashes needed almost immediate attention for a variety of reasons. How were they dealt with, and what subsequently happened to them?
Photo shows: Sometimes even substantially intact aeroplanes like this Heinkel 111 of KG55, shot down onto the beach at East Wittering, West Sussex on 26 August 1940, defied all attempts at recovery. Just yards from the foreshore, this aircraft would literally sink into the sands as successive tides came and went and the relentless action of the English Channel subsequently broke up and dispersed the protruding remains. Many years later, during the 1970s, some of the remaining wrec | <urn:uuid:abdad4ad-631a-4623-8d67-72b23d772fb9> | {
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The worst Ebola outbreak in history has put a number of countries in West Africa in lockdown, led to the deaths of nearly 700 people since February and brought new reports of doctors, including Americans, contracting the virus they are attempting to contain. The situation is undeniably scary. Here's what you need to know.
What is Ebola?
Ebola viral disease is a highly infectious illness with fatality rates up to 90 percent, according to the U.N. World Health Organization. Symptoms initially include a sudden fever as well as joint and muscle aches and then typically progress to vomiting, diarrhea and, in some cases, internal and external bleeding — you can see a full, grim description of symptoms compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) here.
The virus spreads through contact with bodily fluids of someone who is infected. Reports of human infections usually first emerge in remote areas that are in proximity to tropical rain forests, where humans can come into contact with animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas and forest antelope. The consumption of bush meat is often a precursor to such outbreaks. The WHO says fruit bats are probably the natural host for the virus.
Why is it called Ebola?
It's named after a tributary river in northern Congo. In 1976, a village near the river was the site of one of two simultaneous outbreaks of the disease (the other was in Sudan). Of the five known strains of Ebola, the four that are transmittable to humans are found in Africa. A fifth, the Reston virus, ravaged monkey populations in the Philippines, but no humans in its environs have contracted the illness.
Can Ebola be cured?
There is no known vaccine or cure for the disease, but if caught early, it can be battled like other viruses such as influenza. The CDC says supportive therapy such as administering liquids and electrolytes and maintaining the patients' oxygen status and blood pressure can combat the virus. Doctors Without Borders, or MSF, the Paris-based medical NGO, said a strict quarantine while treating patients is essential to controlling outbreaks and was vital when the group's doctors helped contain an outbreak in Uganda in 2012.
Ebola can spread in alarming ways; there have been incidents in which the disease has spread at funerals for victims. Public health officials deem an outbreak to be over only after 42 days have elapsed without any new confirmed cases, which is leading some to predict that the current crisis may last well into the autumn.
How bad is the current outbreak?
Bad — very, very bad. It's concentrated in three small West African states: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea, where reports of Ebola infections first emerged in February. The outbreak has claimed more than 670 lives and, worryingly, infected medical personnel attempting to stop its spread. A prominent Liberian physician died Sunday.
What's particularly scary, though, was the recent death of a Liberian man in Lagos, the bustling coastal mega-city in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country. The man, a consultant for the Liberian government, had traveled from Liberia through an airport in Lome, the capital of Togo, before arriving in Nigeria. The hospital where he died is under lockdown, and the WHO has sent teams to Togo and Nigeria.
So what can be done now?
Those who have contracted the virus and the medical personnel treating them need to be kept under strict quarantine. That's easier said than done, especially in countries where resources are limited and public health protocols are not always heeded. On Monday, Liberia sealed off most of its border crossings (it has kept its main airport open). Nigeria has placed all entry points into the country on "red alert." The threat of the virus spreading beyond the immediate region remains real, and authorities have to be vigilant. A patient may manifest symptoms of the virus only three weeks after getting infected.
One of the continuing challenges is getting local populations to abide by the edicts of government authorities and foreign health workers. The WHO has repeatedly warned about the risk posed by mourners reclaiming the bodies of the deceased for traditional burial ceremonies. But in some cases during the current outbreak, families have refused to hand over the bodies to officials; some communities have staged roadblocks to halt ambulances and launched protests outside hospitals and clinics.
Wait, why would they do that?
The hysteria caused by the spread of Ebola has led also to the spread of rumor and conspiracy theories. Angry crowds have accused foreigners of bringing the virus in their midst: In April, the threat of violence forced MSF to evacuate all its staff from a treatment center in Guinea. In Sierra Leone, which has the largest number of Ebola cases at present, thousands protested over the weekend outside the country's main Ebola treatment facility in the eastern city of Kenema.
Police had to disperse the crowd with tear gas and a 9-year-old was injured in the leg by a police bullet, Reuters reports. The demonstration was sparked, the news agency claims, by a rumor spread in a nearby market that the disease was a ruse used to justify "cannibalistic rituals" being carried out in the hospital.
Liberia and Sierra Leone have societies that still live with the traumas of brutal civil wars. Susan Shepler, a professor at American University who is conducting field work in both countries, writes that such concerns and hysteria have as much to do with systemic failures in governance as they do with local superstitions:
Really who among us would want to turn a sick loved one over to a hospital staffed with foreigners, knowing we might never see them again? And hospitals in this part of the world have notoriously poor service. Families routinely have to prepare meals and bring them to patients. Families have to go to local pharmacies to buy drugs and even gloves or needles from India or Nigeria because hospital storerooms are routinely not stocked. People’s apprehensions about the failings of the healthcare system come from experience, not from ignorance.
And so as the outbreak rumbles on, the panic surrounding it may be spreading just as virulently. | <urn:uuid:43067624-ff0d-4e07-9bac-d68e57a82db5> | {
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Dazzling life at a coral reef near Florida's Key West. The state's coral reefs have suffered steep declines in recent decades.
Temperature extremes and the destruction they cause have been big news this year, with large swaths of the southern United States in the grip of record-breaking heat waves that devastated flora and fauna.
Yet temperature extremes also take a toll on life that dwells in the ocean, where the results are far less accessible to TV news crews than the bone-dry landscapes and wildfires on display in Texas this year.
Last year in Florida, it was the unusual cold that wreaked havoc. Researchers have begun to unravel the effects of the frigid weather on some of the Sunshine State's most vulnerable inhabitants. The damage apparently included one of the worst coral die-offs ever recorded in the United States.
In January 2010, Florida was hit with the coldest 12-day period since 1940, according to the National Weather Service. Temperatures hovered around the freezing point, destroying millions of dollars of crops; at least two people in the state died from cold exposure.
Beneath the waves off the coast, Florida's coral reefs, some of the largest in the United States, were hit especially hard by water temperatures that, in some areas, plunged to 51 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius). [Weirdo Weather: 7 Rare Weather Events ]
Overall, some of the largest reef-building species suffered a 40 percent death rate. At some specific reefs, that number was 100 percent.
"It looked more dramatic than anything we'd seen in the past," said coastal ecologist Diego Lirman, an associate professor at the University of Miami and lead author of a study published this month in PLoS One.
Lirman, joined by an army of colleagues and volunteers, spent four weeks during and immediately after the severe weather surveying the aftermath along the Florida Reef Tract, a dotted line of reefs that curves for 160 miles (260 kilometers) from Miami to the Dry Tortugas .
Lirman said the dive teams were met with eerie scenes. "We saw dead corals all around, dead sponges, soft corals that were either completely dead or on their way out," he said. Although the study didn't include them in the count, Lirman said that even fish, which make the reefs their home, were far more sparse than usual.
"It really looked like a major bleaching event had just happened, but the water was cold," Lirman told OurAmazingPlanet.
Coral stress, coral death
Bleaching, a phenomenon generally associated with overly warm water, is the term used to describe what happens to stressed corals that eject the symbiotic algae that dwell within them. In normal conditions, the two organisms share a cozy life together. The algae get a nice, safe place to live and photosynthesize; in return, they provide life-giving sugars to their coral hosts and infuse them with color. [Colorful Creations: Incredible Coral Photos]
However, when corals feel environmental stress, whether from temperature extremes or ocean acidification, the algae are expelled. Without the algae, the coral begins to starve. The tissue turns transparent, allowing the bone-white skeleton beneath to show through.
Bleaching is not always fatal. "Bleaching is not death," Lirman said, "bleaching is the stress response." However, Florida's coral reefs weren't able to recover.
"This went from quickly bleaching to mortality within days. I'd say within less than a week," Lirman said, adding that the event was far more deadly than past warm-water bleaching events in the region.
Lirman's study documented the magnitude and scale of the damage; temperature gauges in place since 2005, coupled with satellite data, confirmed that the cold waters were associated with the high coral death rates. Another study, published in the August edition of the journal Global Change Biology, took a look at the physiological effects of the cold temperatures.
Hot 'n' cold coral
Researchers at the University of Georgia, armed with the temperature data from the Florida cold spell, put three different coral species through the rigors of cold-water living in lab conditions that mirrored the chilly temperature changes that unfolded along the Florida reefs in early 2010.
"We found the response to be very similar to warm-water bleaching," said Dustin Kemp, a coral eco-physiologist and post-doctoral research associate who led the research.
Below 55.5 F (12 C), none of the corals could photosynthesize, Kemp said.
As to whether hot- or cold-water bleaching is more deadly for coral reefs, Kemp said it's all a matter of scale.
"One degree Celsius [1.8 F] above the normal summer temperatures will cause bleaching; usually the temperature goes back down and that's when recovery occurs," Kemp told OurAmazingPlanet.
In contrast, the Florida waters were a full 14 degrees F (8 C) below normal. If summer temperatures veered so far above the warmest norm, "I'm sure it would be catastrophic as well," Kemp said.
Ancient ocean giants
Some of the corals hardest hit in the die-off were from the genus Montastraea large, boulder-size corals. Many colonies were centuries old, and, having survived past hurricanes and bleaching events, formed the hardy backbones of the reef ecosystem.
"These Montastraea grow really, really slowly," said Nancy Knowlton, a coral reef biologist at the Smithsonian Institution, who was not associated with the studies. "They're kind of like the redwoods of the coral reef. So something that kills large numbers of these large colonies of major reef builders is very bad."
Although Knowlton said warming, not cold, is a far bigger concern for coral reefs , she said the mass die-off is a big problem. Climate change is expected to bring more weather extremes of all types, though, which includes cold snaps.
"Reefs are in such a precarious position around the world, so anything this bad is bad there's no room for additional sources of mortality," Knowlton told OurAmazingPlanet.
Florida's coral reefs have already suffered steep declines in recent years. The square footage of the state's coral reefs dropped 44 percent between 1996 and 2005, according to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
And concern over the decline of coral reefs in Florida isn't merely a question of underwater aesthetics. According to the Florida DEP, most of Florida's sport fish species and many other marine animals spend significant parts of their lives around coral reefs.
"Large, live corals provide the foundation of the entire coral reef ecosystem. Fish, shrimp, lobsters all those animals succeed where there is lots of live coral," Kemp said.
While there is no immediate way to avoid cold snaps or scalding temperatures, Kemp and Lirman said there are ways to lessen the magnitude of their effects.
Keeping oceans pollutant-free and making sure fisheries don't rid reefs of key predators and grazers are two of several strategies available to protect reefs from further decline, they said.
"We can manage that," Kemp said. "So if we reduce some of the local stressors, that can allow the reef to be more resilient to potential weather and climatic stressors in the future."
- 10 Species You Can Kiss Goodbye
- Gallery: Amazing Creatures from the Census of Marine Life
- The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas | <urn:uuid:69e4e0fb-1eb2-4714-ade9-abcb7d2a714d> | {
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Coming from a cancer diagnosis myself, I must say I had no idea that there was an actual month of the year dedicated to “Thyroid Disease Awareness.” According to the ATA – American Thyroid Association, the world’s leading professional association of medical specialists dedicated to education and research to improve thyroid disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It turns out, up to 20 million Americans have a thyroid condition — and up to 60 percent of them don’t know it. The thyroid can be either overactive or underactive.
It wasn’t until my diagnosis that I learned the location and function of the thyroid as an important organ in my body. The thyroid is located in the middle of the lower neck, it is shaped like a butterfly. (That’s right this is where I got my creative idea for my brilliant logo.) The thyroid produces hormones (T3 and T4) that affect every cell in the body. These help control your body temperature and heart rate, as well as help, regulate the production of protein. If the thyroid produces too much — or too little — T3 and T4, it can create problems. Specifically, conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Interestingly enough our thyroid works intensively most of the time to help us regulate our body’s metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood, and bone maintenance. Its correct functioning depends on having a good supply of iodine from the diet, which we know many of us lack.
Here are some eye-opening facts about the thyroid:
- An estimated 20 million Americans have some form of thyroid disease.
- Up to 60 percent of those with thyroid disease are unaware of their condition.
- Women are five to eight times more likely than men to have thyroid problems.
- The causes of thyroid problems are largely unknown.
- Undiagnosed thyroid disease may put patients at risk for certain serious conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and infertility.
- Thyroid disease can be difficult to diagnose.
- Anxiety, depression, and insomnia can be signs of an overactive thyroid.
- Sudden weight gain and depression might be caused by an underactive thyroid.
- The thyroid is the only gland to take up and trap iodine.
- The thyroid plays a critical role in pregnancy and fetal development.
- Your thyroid and your liver have a close relationship.
As you can see this tiny butterfly-shaped organ does quite a bit in our bodies and we just can’t live without it. Thanks to technology and medical advancement there are many people that lead normal lives without their thyroids but I know many suffer severe side effects living without it. I guess it must be luck?
Here are some of the most common thyroid diseases:
- Thyroid Nodules.- A lump in the thyroid, the butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck.
- Hypothyroidism.- A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone.
- Hyperthyroidism.- The overproduction of a hormone by the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck (thyroid).
- Goiter.- Abnormal enlargement of the butterfly-shaped gland below the Adam’s apple (thyroid).
- Thyroiditis.- Inflammation of the thyroid, the butterfly-shaped gland in the neck.
- Thyroid cancer.- Cancer of the thyroid, the butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck.
So it is not in your head, nor there’s nothing wrong with you. Your symptoms are real, valid and you must get checked by a trained medical provider. I would strongly recommend working with your local functional medicine practitioner to help you with proper diagnoses and recommendations for your symptoms. Remember, it is all about the quality of life and we are entitled to live to the fullest. As always I would love to hear your feedback and experiences as we are all learning. My desire is to create a safe and respectful community where we can all learn from each other and walk together this journey of healing, health, and wholeness. | <urn:uuid:4e0f212d-3a76-408f-9a9f-5d4ca07fcdbb> | {
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When India’s Forest Rights Act was passed in 2006, it was criticized by environmentalists who were concerned that it would undo the country’s wildlife reserves. On the flip side, tribal rights advocates were concerned that the people the law was really meant to help wouldn’t benefit.
Since it came into effect in January 2008, India has blocked at least one megaproject – Vedanta’s bauxite mine in Orissa – on the grounds that it violated the Forest Rights Act. A massive Posco project in Orissa is also being reconsidered, on the grounds that it may violate the rights of people living off the forest land earmarked to be cleared for the steel plant. Read More » | <urn:uuid:a3f7d2c1-4769-4a0a-81ea-5a0c8d25ac88> | {
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