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Paint Your Kitchen 'Green' With These Eco-friendly Tips Sharon Palmer, [...] en Decor That Puts the Cool in School - Late Winter Is Time for Pruning and Forcing - Key to Extraordinary Garden: Starting Your Own Seeds - Barclay Butera: Create Modern Rooms Simply By Changing the Walls - Four Common Eco-mistakes - Are Vinyl Shower Curtains Safe? - Where to Save and Where to Spend on Interior Decorating - Wanna Get Away? Tropical Plants Can Help - 10 Sneaky Ways to Get Organized - A Better Load of Laundry - Everyday Chores Get Greener - Soothe Winter's Chill With a Steam Shower - Houseplants Add Life to Your Winter - Is Your Bedroom Decor Keeping You up? - Seed Catalogs Trumpet the Promise of Spring - Turning Down the Thermostat? Your Cyclamen Will Thank You - A Room With a View: Clever Decorating Can Improve Your Vista - Get Your Kitchen Drawers Organized Once and For All - 10 New Year's Resolutions For Your Living Space - Fantastic Faux Finishes - Evergreens Add Color: Interest in Otherwise Dull Winter Landscape - What to Do in a Frozen Pipe Emergency - In Cold Climates, Go Deep With Rigid Foam Insulation - Getting the Most Out of Your Garage Flooring - Falling Short on Christmas Decorating? Try These Last-Minute Tricks - Stay Toasty and Save Energy This Winter - Give Your Office a Boost - Ease Stress With These 10 Holiday Home Time Savers - Mirrors: A Decorative Reflection - Granite Tile Instead of Slab for Countertop - Cut Your Carbon Footprint and Save Money With New Gadgets - Amaryllis: Bright Blooms for Winter - Restock Your Kitchen With Holiday Bargains - Winter Bedding Tips to Help You Sleep Better - Flash From the Past: Growing Begonias Indoors - How to Install a Ceramic-tile Backsplash - 7 Inventive Ways to Red

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Let’s take a look at the state of the American culture today, not in any gritty detail, but just a quick glance is all that’s necessary. Does our culture still reflection the core values of our Founding Fathers, and their deeply held principles, upon which our national character was assumed and thus founded? Let’s explore this by retelling one of the oldest and dearest apocryphal American tales. It is February 22nd of 1738, and a doting father had a special birthday gift for his especially adventurous six year old son. The boy had been tagging along with his father and the house slaves whenever they gathered firewood almost since he could walk. When he was a toddler, he would shake with glee in his father’s arms when the men cut down a limb or a tree. As he grew into a young boy, he was always eager for even just a chance to take a lick or two himself, grinning up at his father with joy whenever he fell a limb or branch (with help of course). If joy were a fire, the young boy would have burned the whole manor down as he unwrapped a very real hatchet, with a real steel blade, with a keen edge, and a polished wooden handle, no more or less than the hatchets that the men used in their work. As young boys are wont to do, the six year old ached terribly to use the hatchet, so his father had to stop his son before he could break down all of the firewood about the estate into tinder. They washed up and joined the family for lunch. They prayed and ate together, and talked of family matters, then the father left to survey his estate, leaving the young boy to his own whiles. Tucking his hatchet into his belt, he allowed his mother to wrap him into a warm coat and gloves, before scurrying out the door. Soon he found himself walking along the main path from the manor leading to the main road, and there he spied it. A branch barely longer than his arm stuck out from the trunk of one of a row cherry trees along the path. The men might have grabbed it and cut it off with a knife, but, at least to this young boy, clearly a hatchet would be just as good. He fumbled for a while to free the hatchet

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Let’s take a look at the state of the American culture today, not in any gritty [...] from his belt, as the coat his mother put on him hung to his knees. He finally managed to hike the back of his coat up enough to free the hatchet. Finally he took careful and deliberate aim at the branch, thinking about everything his father had taught him over the years, how to aim, how to hold the hatchet, how to breath. And he swung. And he missed. Rather than neatly taking the limb with a single swipe as the men did, the hatchet bit deep into the truck an inch above the branch. He felt the blood run right out of his face, as all of his boyish confidence evaporated. He took hold of the handle and tried to carefully pull the blade free. The wood creaked loudly against the blade like a stricken animal as the hatchet came free. The gash was as wide as the blade, clear through the bark and nearly an inch deep into live wood of the tree. Not knowing what else to do, the young boy ran home, quietly going to his room to await what he knew would come. Later the same afternoon, his father returned home in a stew. One of the servants had discovered the state of the tree, thinking one of the slaves had damaged it. He told the father, who, immediately upon hearing the nature of the damage, quickly realized the culprit’s identity. Sending a servant to fetch his son, the father waited by the door. The young boy came downstairs and slowly pulled on his coat. Together, father and son walked in grim silence outside and along the path toward the wounded tree. Standing beside the tree, Augustine Washington faced his son and sternly demanded, “Do you know how this tree came to be in this state, George?” Ashamed and fighting tears, a young George Washington looked up at his father and replied, “I cannot tell a lie…I did cut it with my hatchet.” Moved by George’s honesty, his father knelt before his young son and too him into his arms tightly, replying, “My boy, the honesty of a son is worth a thousand trees.“ The tale of George Washington and his cherry tree was once accepted as settled fact, though it appears now to be clearly the contrivance of a well meaning biographer. This tells us much

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How a group in Kenya is preserving its pollinators(Read article summary) The Ogiek tribe is trying to revive the Mau Forest of Eastern Kenya by planting new trees and working with the Kenya Forest Service to protect what’s left. Every December to March, Martin Lele gets up before dawn and treks into the Mau Forest of Eastern Kenya. He and other members of the Ogiek tribe, a community indigenous to the forest, are going to harvest honey from log hives they hang in the trees. With burning piles of moss and dry cedar bark, they smoke out the bees and collect the liquid gold. It has been their way of life for centuries, and unfortunately, it’s threatened. According to the African Wildlife Foundation, the Mau Forest has been reduced by three-quarters of its natural size by deforestation. For the Ogiek, one of Kenya’s oldest hunter-gatherer communities, destruction of the forest means destruction of their home and way of life. “It’s been our cultural livelihood since our forefathers. It is our staple food, the honey,” Lele says. The community is trying to revive the forest by planting new trees and collaborating with the Kenya Forest Service to protect what’s left. “Since they want to always have the honey, they don’t have any options, they have to take care of the forest, because, without the forest, that means no bees and no honey,” says Samson Kiiru Ngugi, Coordinator of the Slow Food presidium for Ogiek Honey. “It is their identity.” Food Tank had the opportunity to speak with Martin Lele, Producers Coordinator for the presidium and Chairperson for the Macodev Cooperative in Marioshoni, Kenya, about saving his ancestral land and his love of bee stings. Food Tank (FT): Can you tell me about the Ogiek community? Martin Lele(ML): We are a community of hunter-gatherers and beekeepers. With our local groups of beekeepers of the Ogiek community, we came up with a community-based organization called Macodev. It is an umbrella organization, and also it’s a collecting point of all honey harvested by our beekeepers. We started

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How a group in Kenya is preserving its pollinators(Read article summary) The O [...] about three years ago, and according to our local groups, we have about 349 members. We use only cultural log hives. They are not modern. We put them in the interior of the natural forest, so our honey is pure organic. FT: What are the biggest challenges that your organization faces? ML: It is the market and also a lack of new equipment for refining because if we have customers who want large quantities of honey, we cannot do that at this time. FT: How much honey does the community produce? ML: When the harvest is good or when we have a good flowering season, we might even harvest over 50 tons, up to 100 tons. FT: You coordinate the beekeepers in the community for the Slow Food presidium. Are you a beekeeper as well? ML: I have my hives as an individual, and also we have the ones of our group. In our community, from eight to ten years old, you are taught how to harvest the honey. Being raised, you are stung by the bees. FT: The Mau Forest has already been partially destroyed. How does the community work to protect the forest in which they live and work? ML: There was that issue of destruction of the forest, but our government had a plan of restoring the famous Mau. We came together as a community and had an agreement. We came up with a Community Forest Association as a group, which will monitor how the forest will be saved, collaborating with the Kenya Forest Service. We do not destroy forest because it is our livelihood. We have a very unique way of harvesting honey. We have started even planting trees—but not exotic trees, natural trees—and we have given some seedlings to our groups and given some knowledge of how to restore the forest. FT: Can anyone still develop in the area of the Mau Forest? ML: Since we came up with this agreement of the Community Forest Association as a group, making sure that the forest is restored and collaborating with the Kenya Forest Service, we have planned to make sure that only those who are allowed can enter the forest. FT: How do you use the honey? ML: First of all, we use our honey as a food, and we can use the honey to make local beer

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Recently, I held three webinars for OUP focusing on the topic of learner psychology. I chose to concentrate on what I termed the 2Gs and 3Cs: Growth mindset and Grit; A sense of Competence, Control, and Connectedness. There were many fascinating questions that came up and I’m afraid time ran out to answer them all. Here I respond to a selection of the key questions related specifically to the talk and connected with each other. - Do we need to address mindsets with adults? I found this an interesting and important question for two reasons. Yes, we can and should still work on promoting a growth mindset in adults. There is increasing evidence for the plasticity of the brain throughout the lifetime and adults can also adapt, change and learn new skills as they age. However, that is not to say changing mindsets is easily done. As the other name for them, implicit theories, suggests, mindsets are deeply rooted beliefs and we may not always be conscious of them. To change the way we think, especially for those beliefs we may have held for a long time, takes reflection and patience. However, we know that beliefs can change, no matter what our age with awareness, will, practice, and concerted effort. The second reason I think this question is important concerns its implications for our own mindsets as teachers. It is well known that people may claim to espouse certain beliefs but then their actions may reveal a different set of underlying beliefs. In other words, we may talk the right talk but perhaps don’t walk the corresponding walk! Our behaviours and language as teachers serve as critical models for the implicit messages we send to our learners. Therefore, our own mindsets are incredibly important, not only for our own learning and growth but also for supporting our learners in developing their own mindsets. We need to monitor how we talk about our own learning and abilities as well as those of our learners. Ideally, teachers need to hold a growth mindset about their language learning abilities but also about their pedagogical and didactic competences. We can improve our skills as language educators throughout our career. Growth mindsets about our teaching competences are the foundation of our own continuing professional development. We need to keep an eye on whether we are really walking the talk for our learners and ourselves? - At what point should we create the ‘mistakes most welcome’ culture in our

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Recently, I held three webinars for OUP focusing on the topic of learner psychology. [...] classes? The culture of a class can be defining for the interpersonal relationships within it, not only between teacher and learners but also among the learners. Research asking learners if they are nervous about speaking in class found that it is not the teacher and their response that makes them nervous, but rather how their peers might respond. For that reason, I think it is vitally important from day 1 of the class to set the right tone helping students to connect as a group with a shared sense of identity, common guiding purpose, and sense of trust. It also means we have to ensure all our learners feel comfortable and confident to explore the language with each other within the group. Learning and growth can only take place when learners push their competences out of their comfort zones and risk making mistakes. As such, mistakes should be welcome in any class when they indicate that the learner is trying to make progress and when they are used as an opportunity to learn. The kind of ‘mistake culture’ we develop concerns how we respond to mistakes, how learners react to each other’s mistakes as well as how they feel about their own mistakes and what action we take in respect to learning from them. Essentially, we can help learners reframe how they think about and respond to mistakes in language use and learning. They can present a learning opportunity and be an outward sign of courageous, progress-oriented learning growth. To support this ‘mistakes most welcome’ culture, we can start on the very first day of class to foster positive group dynamics and develop a cohesive classroom community built on mutual trust and respect. - How is a knowledge of learning strategies useful? Assuming that learners hold a growth mindset and fundamentally believe that their abilities can improve, they also need other skills in order for that to translate into actual improvement. The beliefs form the foundation on which other dimensions of their psychology and behaviours are built. Having a growth mindset predisposes the learners to being more motivated – it means there is a purpose and potential benefit to investing time and effort in their learning. However, motivation and effort alone are still not enough. Learners also need to have strategic pathways of how they should reach their goals. They need to know how to learn so that their efforts are purposeful, goal-directed and ultimately effective for them as individuals

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Omega 3 Fats are essential fatty acids required for health and are required by the body to make anti-inflammatory hormones, known as the prostaglandin series 3. There are 2 ways to obtain Omega 3 in your diet. Plant sources of Omega-3, come from Alpha-Linoleic acid (ALA) which the body then converts to DHA and EPA, before use. It is important to note that we need a consume a considerable amount of dietary sources of ALA, as about 90% of us are poor at converting ALA into the required EPA and DHA. The benefit to consuming animal derived sources of Omega 3, is that the body can then immediately utilise the forms of EPA and DHA. Omega 3 is valuable to health and should be consumed every day. Examples of food sources include oily fish such as mackerel (1422mg DHA/EPA per 100g) and salmon (2018mg DHA/EPA per 100g). For vegetarians and vegans: plant algae like Spirulina contain fair amounts of ALA, depending on the source and brand, herbs (Oregano-4180mg ALA per 100g); nuts (Walnuts -2006 mg ALA per 100g); seeds (Chia Seeds -17552mg ALA per 100g). Don’t forget your nut and seed derived products to top up your intakes (milks, butters, oils). In order for you to obtain most health benefits, the quality and dietary sources are very important and not always easy to adhere to: due to costs, geographical location, and environmental pollutants amongst others. Hence a supplement may be useful!But to choose the best one for you , always get in touch with an expert. Omega 3 benefits are numerous, but here are my top 5 - A contribution to normal blood cholesterol levels (ALA), EPA and DHA contribute to the normal function of the heart, and normal blood pressure. EPA and DHA have shown to contribute to normal blood triglyceride levels, when having an intake of over 2 g of EPA/D

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Omega 3 Fats are essential fatty acids required for health and are required by the [...] HA. Triglycerides are fats which are associated with heart disease when present in high levels. - Omega 3 is particularly vital for the health of mothers and children. DHA when consumed by the mother contributes to the normal brain and eye development of the foetus and breastfed infants. Essential fatty acids are needed for normal growth and development of children. - DHA is needed for normal brain function and vision. Research shows that DHA is important for the formation of the cellular membranes of nerve cells . Ongoing and exciting research is being done on DHA’s involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, so keep up with my blog for updates! DHA is found in the highest concentrations in the retina of the eye. The National Eye Institute is currently looking into whether Omega 3 supplements along with others can help with particular eye conditions. - Omega 3 fats are needed to absorb important nutrients such as the fat soluble vitamins, A, D E and K. These vitamins also provide health benefits as part of a varied diet. - Omega 3 fats are needed for the production of ‘eicosanoids’, which are signalling molecules involved with healing and repair processes in the body. Several studies have shown the benefits of omega 3 in reducing the effects of the mediators involved in inflammation. Dry eye syndrome has been found to have an inflammatory component, and could possibly benefit from omega 3 supplements. Gerster H. (1998) Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res; 68:159-73. Lui,A. and Ji, J. (2014). Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids Therapy for Dry Eye Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165

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Using the past simple tense (e.g. He worked) is something German speakers generally have problems with. In my experience, there are two main reasons for this. The first is that the German past simple tense (e.g. Er arbeitete) is generally only used in special situations. You’ll see it used in literature, for example, but the perfect tense (e.g. Er hat gearbeitet – He has worked) is normally preferred in spoken German. When communicating in English, Germans often think which past tense they use is a question of personal choice but this is not the case. Yesterday, for example, is a period of time that is over – it started and finished in the past. Whenever we use the word yesterday in our sentence, we automatically have to use the past simple tense. He worked yesterday is therefore correct and he has worked yesterday is not. In the minds of German speakers however, both of these sound ok and that causes them problems when speaking English. The second reason is the unusual structure. When making negatives and questions, we generally use did or didn’t in combination with the basic form of the verb (e.g. He didn’t work and Did he work?). A common mistake that English learners often make is the double use of the past form to make He didn’t worked or Did he worked? Some try to get around this by ignoring did and didn’t completely to make structures like He worked not and Worked he?, something which sounds like Shakespearian English to most native English speakers. To make things even more complicated, English – like German – has many irregular verbs. These can take a long time to learn and, at the beginning at least, it’s easy to make the mistake of saying He speaked instead of He spoke. My past forms quiz includes some of the most commonly used – you can use it to learn or train your English as many times as you like! So, you can’t avoid it. The chances are that you already knew the theory; all you have to do is put it into practice! Do you often make mistakes when using the past simple tense?

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As much as fish, plants and coral appreciate light some of the day, they're not overly fond of an artificial sun blasting into their tank around the clock. If you don't switch off your aquarium lights at night, you'll need to during the day, or big problems will arise. You can shut off your aquarium's lights anytime you want, so long as they're consistently on for about 12 hours and off for the same length of time. Most aquarists prefer shutting them off at night because they would rather see the tank lit up during the day. If your work schedule keeps you away from home during the afternoon and evening and you're awake at night, you might prefer the opposite. If you do keep your lights on during the night, keep the light inside your house to a minimum during the day. If your blinds are open and light bulbs are shining into your tank, you're not achieving the equal day and night environment. Just like any freshwater plants you have in your aquarium, algaes need light to flourish. If you leave your tank lights on all day and night, you're providing a haven for the organisms to smother your plants, decorations and glass with their greenness. While certain fish and snails eat algae, leaving your lights on 24 hours each day will likely lead to an outbreak that's too much for even them to handle. Additionally, certain types of algae -- notably blue-green algae -- are stubborn buggers that most algae-eaters don't eliminate. Blue-green algae can also adversely affect your aquarium inhabitants' health if the algae amass in large enough quantities. Fish, Plant and Coral Health Your fish have the best chance to thrive when you mimic their natural habitat. Assuming they don't have crazy rave parties in the wild when the sun goes down, that means fairly even amounts of light and darkness. Some fish species are diurnal and others are nocturnal. Both types need a switch between light and dark periods to stimulate their activity levels. Without that switch, the fish can become stressed and sick. Plants and especially coral also need a 12-hour on and 12-hour off cycle. If you'd like to watch your fish swim around at night, you can opt

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The global economy of 21st century is leaning more toward analytics and big data. Companies have been collecting data for many decads. According to LinkedIn, there is a huge demand for people who can mine and interpret data. These professional are called the data scientists. What is a Data Scientist? Data scientists are an amalgam of mathematician, statistician, trend-spotter, and computer scientist. The role of a data scientist is to decipher large volumes of data and carry out further analysis to find trends in the data and gain a deeper insight into what it all means. Data scientists operate between the business and IT worlds and drives industry by analyzing complex data-sets to find out insights that companies can leverage into actions. What Data Science Roles are available? Just to name a few, some of the most common job titles for data scientists include: - Business Intelligence Analyst - Data Mining Engineer - Data Architect - Data Scientist - Senior Data Scientist Skill required to be a Data Scientist If you have ve been wondering how to start a career in data science, you need to learn hard skills like analysis, machine learning, statistics, Hadoop, R, Python etc. But you will also excel in this type of role if you excel at critical thinking, persuasive communications, and are a great listener and problem solver. You also need data science training, of course. This is an industry where opportunities are plenty, so once you have the education and qualifications, the jobs are waiting for you, now and in the future. Job Market for Data Scientists Like? With millions of worldwide job openings in Big Data, Data Scientist has become the hottest job of the decade. In today’s data-based world, companies are using the insights that data scientists provide to stay one step ahead of their competition while keeping overhead costs low. Big names like Oracle, Apple, Microsoft, Booz Allen Hamilton, State Farm, Walmart, and more all regularly have job postings for data scientists. According to a McKinsey Global Institute study, it’s predicted that by 2018, there will be almost 200,000 open positions. Career Outlook for a Data Scientist? With the right qualifications, you will enjoy a bright career outlook as a data scientist. The demand for individuals with these skills

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Before YouTube, ParticipAction’s television ads such as the 60-year-old Swede and Body Break were the viral videos of their day.The popularity of such ads made ParticipAction a household name and its pinwheel logo a widely recognized symbol across Canada. It used upbeat and innovative print, radio and TV ads, and campaigns such as Sneaker Days to raise awareness about physical fitness. “People would call radio stations to request a ParticipAction commercial because they were so funny,” University of Saskatchewan history student Victoria Lamb Drover said. A federally funded nonprofit organization, the original ParticipAction was at the forefront of a decadeslong effort to get Canadians physically active. In operation from the early 1970s until it closed its doors in 2001, it was one of the longestrunning health promotion initiatives in the world. It was re-established in 2007. Lamb Drover is not studying more recent campaigns, but she thinks her ongoing study of the original program’s history will reveal successes and missteps to keep in mind as the organization continues to address Canada’s inactivity crisis. There may also be policy implications for any public service or non-governmental organizations that wish to reach Canadians pervasively. ParticipAction’s history can be traced back to a team led by U of S kinesiologist Don Bailey, who began a community-based initiative to encourage Saskatonians to be more physically active. This pilot program was a model for what became ParticipAction, led by Russ Kisby, who was one of the university’s best-known alumni. The U of S is home to the complete ParticipAction archives, a rich collection of advertisements, event materials and internal documents. Lamb Drover is using the archive to conduct the first in-depth study of the iconic fitness organization’s history, its successes and why it lost momentum in the 1990s. The original ParticipAction is generally considered one of the leaders in effective use of mass media to promote physical activity and sport participation. With ParticipAction’s catchy slogans and cartoons as its vehicle, the government suggested how Canadians should exercise and what they should eat. “The tools ParticipAction used to persuade Canadians into healthier living were cutting edge,” Lamb Dro

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Gale Celebrates Women’s History Month with Release of New Women’s Studies Archive Archive Explores the Grassroots of Feminism in the 19th and 20th Century Farmington Hills, Mich., March 20, 2017 — As we celebrate Women’s History Month, Gale, a Cengage company, has launched a new archive on women’s studies that explores the many contributions of women throughout history. Part of the growing Gale Primary Sources program, the Women’s Studies Archive represents Gale’s focus on publishing material that supports diversity studies and provides historical context around current topics. “We’re witnessing a tremendous amount of activity and interest in support of women’s rights,” said Phil Faust, vice president of academic product at Gale. “To understand the issues being discussed today in the media and in classrooms across the country, it’s imperative to have resources that can help us understand our past. It’s exciting to bring our customers such an important archive on women’s history at this pivotal time.” The first collection within the Women’s Studies Archive, titled Women’s Issues and Identities, traces the path of women’s issues from past to present—pulling primary sources from manuscripts, newspapers, periodicals, and more. It captures the foundation of women’s movements, struggles and triumphs, and provides researchers with valuable insights. Molly Murphy MacGregor, founder of the National Women’s History Project – and a leader in establishing March as Women’s History Month, notes the importance of primary sources in particular when it comes to understanding and studying women’s history. “When I first began my research in women’s studies I was shocked at how few resources existed when it came to primary sources and women’s history,” said Murphy MacGregor. “It can be hard to trust material of the past as well as material today, but primary sources offer a more accurate account of important women’s issues,” she continued. “Gale’s Women’s Studies Archive is an important contribution to our field at the right time.” Covering the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Women’s Issues and Identities collection includes one million never-before-digitized pages of primary source material, all aligned with the issues that have affected women and the many contributions they

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Gale Celebrates Women’s History Month with Release of New Women’s Studies Archive [...] have made to society. Some of the key events and issues covered include the birth control movement and the efforts during the 1950’s, 60’s, and 70’s that ultimately propelled women to high profile government positions. The archive also brings together some of the most important political, professional and popular periodicals written by and for women across Europe during the critical period of the women’s movement (1840-1940). It will support study across disciplines such as gender and women’s studies, history, anthropology, interdisciplinary studies, sociology and more. Women’s Studies Archive: Women’s Issues and Identities is available on the Gale Primary Sources platform, meaning it is cross-searchable with other Gale Primary Sources collections, like the Archives of Sexuality & Gender and American Civil Liberties Union Papers, 1912-1990. Students, faculty and researchers can integrate content from complementary primary source products in one intuitive environment to make never-before-possible research connections. Users can also benefit from the platform’s downloadable Optical Character Recognition (OCR) feature which enables monographs, newspapers, and ephemera to be keyword and full-text searchable. In addition, content from within the archive can be purchased in multiple formats to aid customers in their own text and data mining and projects. For more information on Gale’s Women’s Studies Archive, please visit www.gale.com/womensstudies or stop by the Gale booth (#341) at the Association of College Research Libraries (ACRL) conference in Baltimore, March 22-24. On Thursday, March 23, Gale will also host a session at ACRL “Exploring Diversity Through The Lens Of History” which will focus on the use of primary sources for study in subjects such as civil liberties, LGBTQ issues, and women’s rights. To access a recorded webinar for an overview of Women’s Studies Archive: Women’s Issues and Identities, please visit http://www.choice360.org/librarianship/webinars/celebrating-

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Fast Radio Bursts present one of modern astronomy's greatest mysteries: what or who in the Universe is transmitting short bursts of radio energy across the cosmos? Manisha Caleb, a PhD candidate at Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology and the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), has confirmed that the mystery bursts of radio waves that astronomers have hunted for ten years really do come from outer space. Ms Caleb worked with Swinburne and University of Sydney colleagues to detect three of these Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) with the Molonglo radio telescope 40 km from Canberra. Discovered almost 10 years ago at CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope, Fast Radio Bursts are millisecond-duration intense pulses of radio light that appear to be coming from vast distances. They are about a billion times more luminous than anything we have ever seen in our own Milky Way galaxy. One potential explanation of the mystery is that they weren't really coming from outer space, but were some form of local interference tricking astronomers into searching for new theories of their 'impossible' radio energy. "Perhaps the most bizarre explanation for the FRBs is that they were alien transmissions," says ARC Laureate Fellow Professor Matthew Bailes from Swinburne. "Conventional single dish radio telescopes have difficulty establishing that transmissions originate beyond the Earth's atmosphere," says Swinburne's Dr Chris Flynn. Molonglo opens new window on the Universe In 2013 CAASTRO scientists and engineers realised that the Molonglo telescope's unique architecture could place a minimum distance to the FRBs due to its enormous focal length. A massive re-engineering effort began, which is now opening a new window on the Universe. The Molonglo telescope has a huge collecting area (18,000 square metres) and a large field of view (eight square degrees on the sky), which makes it excellent for hunting for fast radio bursts. Ms Caleb's project was to develop software to sift through the 1000 TB of data produced each day. Her work paid off with the three new FRB discoveries. "

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Arthur Fadden was considered one of the great characters of the Australian parliament, and built trust and rapport with colleagues across party lines. He used levity and wit to manage situations and strengthen relationships. Fadden believed in compromise and consensus, but not at the expense of core party and personal principles. Fadden ran an accountancy firm and worked in local government before venturing into federal politics, winning the seat of Kennedy in 1932. Redistribution thwarted Fadden's attempt to hold the seat in 1935. Fadden's contribution to a conservative alternative to the United Australia Party led to the creation of the Queensland Country Party in 1936 and in December that year he won the seat of Darling Downs in a by-election. In 1940, a Country Party leadership challenge resulted in a deadlock between Earle Page and John McEwen, with Fadden emerging as an acceptable compromise. Fadden also served as acting prime minister for four months in 1941 while Robert Menzies was abroad. In August that year, Menzies resigned. With the UAP unable to put up a viable candidate, Fadden was elected leader of the Coalition despite being from the minor party. On 3 October 1941 Fadden lost the support of the two independents keeping the Coalition in power when they voted against his budget, and he left prime ministerial office the same day. He would, however, continue to serve extensively as acting prime minister while Menzies was overseas, some 676 days in all. Siege of Tobruk From April to August 1941, around 14000 Australian soldiers were besieged in Tobruk by a German-Italian army. Tobruk was critical to the Allies' defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal. Day of National Prayer On 7 September 1941 a day of national prayer is held to mark the end of the second year at war. Prime Minister Fadden made a radio broadcast encouraging Australians to unite in 'the supreme task of defeating the forces of evil in the world.' On 3 October 1941, the Fadden Coalition government is defeated in a vote in the House of Representatives when Independents Arthur Coles and Alex Wilson

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Arthur Fadden was considered one of the great characters of the Australian parliament, and built trust and [...] side with the Opposition to reject Fadden's budget. When Fadden assumed the role of prime minister, in addition to treasurer, he was leader of a party with 13 members in a parliament of 75. The senior Coalition party, the United Australia Party, was in disarray following Menzies' resignation. The Coalition retained power only because of the support of the independents Alex Wilson and Arthur Coles. Earlier Coalition governments had been attacked for their inadequate preparations for war and Fadden endured similar criticism. Attention was focused on the work to prepare the critical 1941-42 budget, and on whether all out war with Japan would eventuate. The Fadden Government also took the opportunity to resume discussions on the value of 'power alcohol', a matter of great interest to sugar producers in Fadden's home state of Queensland. Australia's wartime prime ministers, including Arthur Fadden, faced demands which pushed them to the limits of physical endurance. In the 1940s Cabinet met in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra, meaning that ministers were required to take frequent, long train journeys before arriving in parliament or attending a war council meeting. Added to this, Fadden needed to stabilise his own party, as well as the relationship between the Country Party and the United Australia Party. A key decision was to appoint Earle Page, who had been at the centre of some of the most bitter arguments between the parties, as Australia's special envoy to the British war cabinet. Fadden also chose to make minimal changes to the composition of the cabinet, and appointed Menzies to the ministry for defence coordination. Fadden's approach during this period, and throughout his parliamentary career, was to try to 'lead from the centre'. In 1923, Ross Gollan joined the Sydney Morning Herald as a cadet. Gollan proved himself to be a capable journalist and, after twelve years covering coal troubles in Newcastle, he moved to Canberra as Federal parliamentary roundsman. Gollan’s new column was highly critical of the performance of some politicians and he was blamed for undermining careers and ruining reputations

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Arthur Fadden was considered one of the great characters of the Australian parliament, and built trust and [...] . In early 1941, as Prime Minister Menzies grappled with dissent within the Coalition, Gollan accused him of being out of touch with the electorate, while promoting Fadden as a successor. Gollan is credited with influencing the momentum in favour of selecting Fadden as Prime Minister. Gollan was, however, not the only member of the press at that time who admired Fadden’s financial skills and capacity to work collaboratively with colleagues, with Clem Lack writing that Fadden had ‘the gift of being the best “good mixer” the political game can show.’ In September 1941, Australian troops serving in Tobruk heard the voice of Prime Minister Arthur Fadden. His short-wave broadcast was brief, but its content heartfelt. Fadden observed the 'magnificently stubborn feat of arms' Australian soldiers had displayed and congratulated them for their 'effective, gallant and courageous resistance'. Through Fadden, the soldiers learnt that the Parliament placed on record its appreciation of the troops' efforts. The message was reported in newspapers across the country. All the while Fadden, with support from Curtin, battled with Churchill to regain control of Australian troop deployment. Tracey Arklay, Arthur Fadden: A Political Silhouette, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2014 Australian War Memorial Encyclopaedia, Siege of Tobruk Margaret Bridson Cribb, Fadden, Sir Arthur William (1894 - 1973), Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1996 Kathleen Dermody, Gollan Ross Francis (1902 - 1961), Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1996 The Mail, 'Broadcast to Tobruk Troops by Mr Fadden', 20 September 1941

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What is it about second grade? Ask friends and family for a special or important memory they can recall from childhood, and very often you’ll hear a story from around the time of second grade. Perhaps in first grade, kids are still navigating the transition from kindergarten, and by third grade, they’re all grown up. In second grade, our social character traits are beginning to blossom and the sting of failure, fears and flaws feels somehow magnified. Deborah Hopkinson has written a gorgeous little paean to second grade in her new picture book, A Letter to My Teacher, with pictures by Nancy Carpenter (Schwartz & Wade, April 4, 2017), told eponymously by an unnamed little girl navigating the start of second grade. Heartbreakingly, she always expects the worst. Will her teacher scold her for stomping into school in the first day with muddy boots, stumbling over words when reading out loud, or wandering away from the group on a field trip? Instead, as we hope and delight in, her teacher is patient, supportive and always encouraging, if sometimes “exasperated,” which delightfully leads our little heroine to search for the word in the dictionary—a true teaching moment. This story will hearten children and sweep adult readers back to recapture a special time in our lives, while reminding us how exciting it can be to teach children and how grateful we all should be to those who choose to do so. Hopkinson, a prolific author, has a second picture book also being released in early May— Independence Cake: A Revolutionary Confection Inspired by Amelia Simmons Whose True History is Unfortunately Unknown, illustrated by Giselle Potter also by Schwartz & Wade (May 9, 2017). Independence Cake features another strong female character, Amelia Simmons, a “plucky patriot”—a little girl not prone to feeling sorry for herself—with creative ideas of her own to honor the birth of the 13 new colonies and George Washington’s visit. What is especially inventive about this tale is how Hopkinson created a story to surround the few known facts about the real Amelia’s life. The scant record shows only that Amelia Simmons, an or

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When dealing with real property, there are certain costs that add to the value of the property while others are considered period costs that are expensed when incurred. The distinction between the two types of property costs determines the basis for which gains or losses are calculated when sold. It also affects the value of the property when seeking financing using the property as collateral. First, let’s start with what costs can be included in the value of the property. The costs that can be included in the basis of any real property start with items like: the purchase price, improvements and construction costs, certain closing costs, and in some cases, insurance and taxes. The improvements and construction costs include all materials and labor costs. This includes costs for architect designs and demolition of current features. All costs that are incurred to improve the current features of a property can be included in the basis. Closing costs such as recording fees, title fees, legal fees to prepare the purchase contracts, and surveys are all closing costs that can be included in the cost basis of a property. Title insurance is the one type of insurance that can be included in the basis. Other insurance like home owners or fire insurance needs to be expensed as incurred. Taxes, on the other hand, can only be included in certain situations. When the property is purchased with unpaid taxes, the taxes can be included in the cost basis. If the taxes are paid to the seller to reimburse for paid taxes, it needs to be expensed in the correct period. There are certain costs that cannot be included in the basis for real property. These are the items that are incurred to obtain financing on the property. Interest, loan points, mortgage premiums, appraisals, and credit reporting costs are all examples of costs that cannot be included in the cost basis of real property. These costs are not necessary to obtain a property. If the property was paid for in cash, these costs would not be incurred and are, therefore, not a requirement of obtaining a property. As a general rule, costs that are required to obtain or improve a property can be included in the cost basis. While costs that are not necessary because there are alternative methods of obtaining the property in which the cost would not have occurred, cannot be included in the basis. Insurance is the one exception to these generalizations. Usually insurance is required, but this is not a one-time cost, but rather a period cost that recurs every year that the

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Ponaka Kanakamma (1892–1963) was a social worker, activist and freedom fighter, imprisoned over a year, as a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, in India. She founded Sri Kasturidevi Vidyalam, a large school for girls in Nellore. Ponaka Kanakamma was born in Nellore district, on June 10, 1892 at Minagallu. Her father was Marupooru Konda Reddy and mother: Kaamamma. She hailed from a very rich landlord community. She got married in her childhood. Though she had no formal schooling, she acquired proficiency in Telugu, Hindi and Sanskrit by her own efforts. In 1913, she started ‘Sujana Ranjani samajam’ in Potlapudi village, near Nellore to serve the society. She worked for the uplift of Harijans and poor. Her friends established ‘Vivekananda Library’ in Kottur in the year 1913, with the help of people Nellore Rama Naidu and others. For a brief period, she was under the spell of revolutionary politics and later became the ardent disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji inaugurated in Pallipadu village, about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Nellore, the ‘Pinakini Satyagraha Ashram’ on 7 April 1921. Chaturuvedula Krishnaiah, Digumarti Hanumantu Rao and others founded the Ashram and Kanakamma donated 13 acres of land to establish the Ashram. She participated in the non-cooperation movement and Salt Satyagraha. She underwent one and a half years rigorous imprisonment, in two installments at Rayavellore. She hosted Bipin Chandra Pal during his visit to Nellore in 1907. In 1923, she founded Sri Kasturidevi Vidyalam as a part of Gandhiji’s constructive programme, a school for girls in Nellore, and Gandhiji laid the foundation stone for the permanent building in 1929. This sprawling Kasturidevi Vidyal

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Ponaka Kanakamma (1892–1963) was a social [...] am campus, extended to about 23 acres (93,000 m2), is the living monument for Kanakamma. For some time, she acted as a member of AICC. She also acted as vice-president of Andhra Congress committee. After she lost her only daughater, M.Venkatasubbamma who was a budding writer and social worker, she became a devotee of Ramana Maharshi and Ramayogi (of Annareddy palem). Ponaka Kanakamma and Dronamraju Lakshmibaiyamma were the first twin poetesses. They wrote several philosophical poems on Ramana Maharshi – important ones are Aradhana and Nivedyam. They translated Bhagavadgita in to Telugu by name “Gnana Netram”. She wrote the auto-biography of Sri Rama Yogi, both in Telugu and English. She founded the Jameen Raitu, a Telugu weekly at Nellore in support of Zameendari Raitu movement in Nellore district. She lost her property due to the tyranny and repression of Venkatagiri Zameendar. Her short stories,essays and poems are published in Anasuya, Gruha Lakshmi, Hindu sundari, Bharati, Jameen raitu (newspapers ) etc. She established an industrial training centre for under-privileged women. During her life, she hosted many eminent freedom fighters and poets at her residence in Potalpudi. She is the recipient of ‘Grulakshmi Swarnakankana’ sanmanam (felicitation). In connection with the silver jubilee celebrations of Madras Mahila Sabha organisation, Smt. Durga Bhai Deshmukh honoured Kanakamma with a silver plank.

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Bee symbolism is prevalent in the Bible, in the Quran, the Hindu Vedic scriptures, and Masonic symbolism as well. Why? What is the significance? As we know, bees and pollinators and general are essential for our survival on Earth. Bees transport pollen from one flower to another and help sustain the growth and life of many types of plant life. The honey and was that they produce is medicinal and full of nutrition and can be used for a variety of useful purposes. Their survival is crucial yet they are dying off, due to climate change and other environmental destruction. Luckily, some people are responding to their diminished numbers, by planting more native plants and flowers and creating pollinator gardens in hopes of attracting bees and other pollinators and helping sustain their survival. It’s clear that bees are very important to our survival, but why are they featured in both the symbolism of the Bible and in Freemasonry? Bees are mentioned in the Bible numerous times. They are mentioned in Deuteronomy 1:44, Judges 14:8, Psalm 118:12, and Isaiah 7:18 among others. They are mentioned for their strength in numbers and for their honey. Honey is mentioned as being healthy and consumed for it’s flavor and sweetness. In Freemasonry, the beehive is one of the symbols that is present on Tracing boards and throughout various other Masonic-related images and ritual. The exoteric symbol interpretation is that bees and the hive represent industry and resourcefulness. Each Brother is tasked to be industrious in all of their undertakings and to be a hard worker. It also evokes the idea of community and working together. As per usual though, the exoteric in Masonry is always accompanied by and esoteric meaning as well. What is the deeper significance of bees, the hive, and honey? Sacred Geometry, which is at the core of creation can be found everywhere in nature. Out of all of the geometric forms and shapes that are represented by plants, the hexagon is one of the most prevalent. Honeycombs are made up hexagonal chambers in which the bees deposit their honey for the Queen bee. The hexagon is structurally sound and was used by ancient stonemasons

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There’s much ado about the Great American Total Solar Eclipse. What classifies as a total eclipse of the sun is when the moon covers the entire disk of the sun. If a solar eclipse is total at any point on earth, it is called a total solar eclipse; hence, the Great American Total Solar Eclipse on August 21, 2017 that will cross over the states of Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina. Let’s zero in on something discovered by Chrisify from Florida. There are seven cities called Salem in the path of the Great American Total Solar Eclipse: Salem, Oregon; Salem, Idaho; Salem, WY; Salem, NE; Salem, MO; Salem, KY; and Salem, SC. Not only are there seven cities named Salem in the path of the Great American; but when the eclipse begins in Salem, Oregon, the sun sets in Jerusalem at the exact same time. What’s even more mind-blowing is that this eclipse exits the United States of America at the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, and South Carolina’s flag has a palm tree on it as well as what appears to be a solar eclipse. Highly recommend reading Chrisify’s blog and comments =>http://blog.chrisify.com/2017/08/the-seven-salems-of-eclipse-coincidence.html. So… we have Seven Salems. Seven is the number of perfection or the number for the Plan of God. The seventh letter of the Hebrew Alef-Bet is “zayin.” Zayin represents many things, including the numerical value of 7. Let’s focus on two other significant aspects of “zayin.” First, please note that “zayin” represents the crowned man. Second, know that the pictograph of “zayin” looks like a sword, and can be rightly understood to rightly divide or cut up time (z-man) into units of seven: • Shabbat – the 7th day of the week (the week of days) • Shavuot – the 49th day after Passover (the week of weeks). • Tishri – the 7th month

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There’s much ado about the Great American Total Solar Eclipse. What classifies as a [...] on the Hebrew Calendar (the week of months) • Shemitah – the 7th year of rest for the land (the week of years) • Yovel – the 49th year (the weeks of weeks of years) • Millennial Kingdom – the 7th millennium since the creation of Adam (the week of thousands) We are currently in the Hebrew Year of 5777, which is the grace of three “7s.” 7 + 7 + 7 = 21. Seven represents the perfection of God’s Plan while three symbolizes completion; therefore, we understand that we are in the perfect completion of time. Significantly, the Great American Total Solar Eclipse is on August 21, 2017 where there’s another three 7s in 21 is 7 x 3 = 21. Additionally, 5777 is the 50th Anniversary of Israel’s reunification of Jerusalem. 5777 not only follows a Shemitah Year, but a Biblical Jubilee Year. Add this to the sun going down in Jerusalem at the exact same time as the Great American Total Solar Eclipse begins in Salem, Oregon, and we get an awe-inspiring picture. Now add to this that Biblically-speaking Salem is short for Jerusalem and Melchizedek is called King of Salem to get some really heavy revy. In the Unlocking Melchizedek #2 – King of Salem and MEL GEL #2 – Shekinah Sabbath teachings, I go into many aspects of the King of Salem (i.e., Peace). The title King of Salem can also mean Perfect King where a king rules perfectly according to the dictates of YHVH’s heart. Melchizedek, as the King of Peace, symbolizes Shekinah. Shekinah is the dwelling presence of God. When this is combined with Psalm 76:2 “- In Salem also is His Tabernacle, and His Dwelling Place in Zion,” we get that Shekinah is in Salem. Christian mystics (i.e. lovers of the

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There’s much ado about the Great American Total Solar Eclipse. What classifies as a [...] Most High God) reveal that Shekinah is not found among sinners, and it’s a divine rainbow that radiates colors in two directions (heaven and earth). This hints to a higher reality where those made after the Order of Melchizedek are eventually made completely perfect (fully mature) into the exact same image as Messiah Yeshua (Jesus Christ). These are the ones that press on toward the high calling of God in Christ. These kings and priests of the Order of the Melchizedek will lead their own inner fire bride forth in its fullness to be completely and perfectly one with its High Priest – Yeshua. They will perfectly resonate His Divine Rainbow (Seven Spirits of God), His sound waves, His frequencies, His vibrations, His energies, His character, His Shekinah Glory… Behold, in this Kingdom Day is the perfect completion of time for the First Fruits of the Bride of Christ who is the crowned man. Please understand that Shekinah is a feminine essence, and so is the four living creatures in human form in Ezekiel 1. In Hebrew, Ezekiel 1:20 speaks of HER essence, which is the spirit of the New Living Creature, in the wheels. I can go on and on, and I do to a degree in the materials below. Please allow me to leave you with the thought that the Hebrews equate Shekinah to the Sabbath Bride. Spiritually-speaking, when God returns to Jerusalem, He remarries Israel (Is-real). 5777 is the Jubilee for the reunification of Jerusalem and it’s time for the first fruits of the perfect completion of Shekinah Sabbath Bride to manifest. One of the unique sights of a Total Solar Eclipse is the Diamond Ring Effect, which can be seen 10-15 seconds before and after totality. It’s a single jewel of light from the sun. “Come, I will show you The Bride, the wife of the Lamb” (Revelation 21:9b). “I am my Beloved’s, and His desire is for me. Come my Beloved, let us go into the open

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There’s much ado about the Great American Total Solar Eclipse. What classifies as a [...] …” (Song of Solomon 7:11). ~ Robin Main • UNLOCKING MELCHIZEDEK #2 – KING OF SALEM video => https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkipeFOCQr4 • MEL GEL #2 – SHEKINAH SABBATH video => Can be purchased at http://www.sapphirethroneministries.com/resources.html • MEL GEL #3 – SABBATH SACRIFCES & ABSOLUTE REST video => Can be purchased athttp://www.sapphirethroneministries.com/resources.html • MEL GEL #4 – SEVEN CHIEF PRINCES OF HIGHEST PRAISE video => Can be purchased athttp://www.sapphirethroneministries.com/resources.html • MEL GEL #7 – 144000 FIRSTFRUITS video => Can be purchased at http://www.sapphirethroneministries.com/resources.html • MEL GEL Study Guide book =>https://www.amazon.com/dp/0578188538/ • HEBREW LIVING LETTER – ZAYIN teaching video => Can be purchased at http://www.sapphirethroneministries.com/resources.html • MELCHIZEDEK ARISING 1 – APPEARANCE, TIME & FIRST MINISTRY =>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5i6nAIvGjM • MELCHIZEDEK ARISING – 2 – FORMATION OF NEW LIVING CREATURE =>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BElDZaaFqo • UNLOCKING MELCHIZEDEK #1 – KING OF RIGHTEOUSNESS => https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTR2e7r2xtg • UNLOCKING MELCHIZEDEK #3 – OVERCOM

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So the virus isn't easily transmitted by direct contact from one person to another. But it thrives in warm, moist environments. Warts and verrucas are usually caused by direct skin contact or contact with surfaces contaminated with the human papilloma virus (HPV). Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). This causes an excess of a substance called keratin to develop in the top layer of your skin, resulting in a hard, rough lump. Warts don't spread easily, but they can be passed on from person to person through close skin contact or contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, such as: towels, shaving gear, nail files or pumice stones, shoes and socks, areas around swimming pools, floors of communal changing areas etc. Once towels and other gear, that came in contact with a wart, is washed with soap and rinsed, these objects are no longer able to contaminate others with the wart virus. It's difficult to prevent warts and verrucas completely. But you're more likely to get infected if your skin is wet or damaged. After becoming infected, it can take weeks or even months for a wart or verruca to appear. Preventing warts and verrucas is easy but anyone will come in contact with the wart-virus HPV in some point of their live. Remember – there’s no reason why you can’t continue to take part in activities, such as sports or swimming, if you have a wart or verruca. It's a good idea to cover your wart with a plaster. If you go barefoot in communal areas, you may want to wear a verruca sock. Are verrucas contagious? Verrucas are caused by an infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) in the outer layer of skin on the soles of your feet. More than 100 strains of HPV exist, but only a few cause warts on your feet. Other types of HPV are more likely to cause warts on other areas of your skin or on mucous membranes. Each person's immune system responds differently to HPV. Not everyone who comes in contact with it develops warts. Even people in the same family react to the virus differently. The HPV str

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The greater the education, the higher the salary: at least that’s what the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows in its 2012 figures. Professional degrees, which can take a few years to achieve over a four-year bachelor’s degree, resulted in median pay of $90,220 per year. Contrast this with annual compensation of $24,492 for those without a high school diploma. An associate's degree offers median compensation of $40,820 yearly for its two-year investment of time. Pay is even greater for five of the highest-paying jobs for that community college credential. Air Traffic Controllers Air traffic controllers earned a mean $114,460 per year, as of May 2011, according to the Bureau of Labor Statisticians. They have the top paying career because they are responsible for the lives of thousands of passengers and crew as they guide planes to safe landings, take-offs and flights. Other than the degree, an applicant must be a U.S. citizen, achieve a qualifying score on an assessment test, and be under 31, if she has no previous experience. New controllers then complete a two-month training course at the Federal Aviation Administration academy. Construction managers, also called general contractors or project managers, averaged $93,900 yearly. They oversee the building of structures from initial planning to completing exterior finishing. They must coordinate staff, budgets, schedules and materials to finish projects on schedule and under budget. Work experience is important, and many managers start as tradespeople. They then receive promotions to positions with increasing responsibility until they reach the top levels. Radiation therapists earned a mean annual $79,340. They are part of a health-care team that ensures patients receive the correct medical treatment for cancer and other diseases. They operate the devices that shoot high-energy X-rays at cancer cells, so they shrink and disappear. Most states require a license, which mandates the associate's degree and certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. Nuclear Medicine Technologists Nuclear medicine technologists earned an average $69,960 per year. They help diagnose medical issues by administering radioactive substances to patients and then scanning

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The greater the education, the higher the salary: at least that’s what the Bureau of Labor [...] their bodies to produce images of organs and other parts. Some states require licensing, which typically mandates passing a test. Voluntary certification is also available in specific technologies, such as nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomography. Dental hygienists averaged an annual $69,760. They help dentists by cleaning patient’s teeth, taking and developing X-rays and applying sealants using manual and automatic tools. They also educate patients on proper oral hygiene to minimize dental problems. All states require a license, which normally demands the associate's degree, and passing written and practical exams. - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Education Pays - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: High Wages After High School without a Bachelor’s Degree - Forbes: The 10 Best-Paying Jobs for Community College Grads - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: U.S. Wages - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Air Traffic Controllers Do - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Construction Managers Do - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Radiation Therapists Do - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Nuclear Medicine Technologists Do - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Dental Hygienists Do - Medioimages/Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images - How Much Does an Electronic Engineering Technician Earn? - Optometrist Tech Duties & Pay - Primary Responsibilities for Finance Staff - Cost Accountant Job Descriptions - Programmer-Analyst Job Description - Wage Per Hour for an Oilfield Engineer - Responsibilities of Electrical Engineers - The Average Salary of Resident Care Coordinators

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Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra. E.O. Wilson gave it a more precise meaning. Meaning of the term[change | change source] - Different animals have different jobs to do. There is a division of labour. Some castes may be sterile. - Animal generations overlap. There are different generations in the hive or nest. - Animals cooperate to care for the young. Definition debates[change | change source] Examples[change | change source] The most familiar examples of eusociality are insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites. All of these are colonial animals which have queens for reproduction. The animals that are workers or soldiers are usually sterile - they cannot have offspring. Eusociality with sterile individuals is the most extreme form of kin altruism. They do specialized tasks, often caring for the reproductive members. It includes individuals whose behaviour, body shape and function is modified for group defence, including self-sacrifice (altruism). Eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology. Naked mole rat[change | change source] Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals. Colonies averaging 75-80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to two or three miles in cumulative length. Other examples[change | change source] Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are eusocial, with many separate origins of the state (convergent evolution). These species have extremely high relatedness between individuals. This is due to their mode of reproduction: sterile soldier castes are of the same clone as the reproducing female. The gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a resource which sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area. Similarly, eusociality occurs in

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Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The [...] some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute Synalpheus pistol shrimp are eusocial. They depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, and have a single breeding female and a number of male defenders armed with large snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it. [change | change source] In colonies of eusocial animals, some animals are sterile. They can not pass on their genes at all. How can these animals evolve and persist? Since they do not breed, their fitness should be zero and any genes causing this condition should be eliminated from the population immediately. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin called this eusocial behavior the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory". Darwin thought that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship. Darwin could not say more because he did no know what the mechanism of heredity was. The first explanations were kin selection, and inclusive fitness. Both rely on the discovery of how genes are inherited. This discovery was made after Darwin had published On the Origin of Species, and not understood until after 1900. Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on W.D. Hamilton's idea of inclusive fitness. Inclusive fitness[change | change source] In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and so are haploid. The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers

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Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The [...] are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved.p465 Consequences[change | change source] If the theory of inclusive fitness is accurate, the haplodiploidy makes kin selection easier. Sisters are more related to each other than to any offspring they might have. Hamilton called them supersisters. On average, two supersisters have 75 percent of the same genes. If they breed, they would share only half of their genome with their offspring. From the selfish gene's point-of-view, it is better to raise more sisters. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring. This unusual situation may explain why eusociality evolved several times in the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. As of 2009, 11 separate cases are known. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of its species are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most obviously in termites. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, so that colony members share more than half of their genes. Therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species. Reeve and Holldobler put forward a theory of a superorganism. They look at competition and co-operation between groups as well as within groups. In their model, an individual's inclusive fitness varies according to how much it invests in within-group competition (e.g. hoarding a private food cache) versus between-group competition (e.g. contributing to common foraging); and on its relatedness to the other group members. In a colony with one breeder (queen) and many workers, the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group. This leads to a perfect "superorganism". In other words, the eusociality is stable, a result that agrees with Hamilton's findings. Also, they show that the effect is reinforced

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Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The [...] if there are many groups competing for the same resources. Related pages[change | change source] References[change | change source] - Batra S.W.T. 1966. Nests and social behavior of halictine bees of India (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Indian J. Entomol 28 375-393. - Wilson E.O. 1971. The insect societies. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. Massachusetts. - Michener C.D. 1969. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 14, 299-342. - Gadagkar, Raghavendra 1993. And now... eusocial thrips!. Current Science 64(4) 215-216. PDF - Crespi B.J. and Yanega D. 1995. The definition of eusociality. Behav. Ecol. 6, 109–115 - Kevin R. Foster & Francis L.W. Ratnieks 2005. A new eusocial vertebrate? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(7):363-364 PDF - James T. Costa & Terrence D. Fitzgerald 2005. Social terminology revisited: where are we ten years later? Ann. Zool. Fennici 42:559-564 PDF - Burda H. Honeycutt R.L. Begall S. Locker-Grutjen O & Scharff A. 2000. Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, why? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47 293-303 Abstract - Dawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5. - Crespi B.J. 1992 Eusociality in Australian gall thrips. Nature 3

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Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The [...] 59: 724-726. - Duffy, J. Emmett; Cheryl L. Morrison and Ruben Rios (2000). "Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)". Evolution 54 (2): 503-516. - Duffy, J. E (1998). "On the frequency of eusociality in snapping shrimps (Decapoda : Alpheidae), with description of a second eusocial species". Bulletin of marine science 63 (2): 387-400. - Darwin, Charles 1859. The origin of species. London:Murray. Chapter 7, p236 - Costa, James T. 2009. The annotated origin. Harvard, p236. - Wheeler W.M. 1918. A study of some ant larvae with a consideration of the origin and meaning of social habits among insects. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 57, 293-343. - Hamilton, William D. 1996. Narrow roads of geneland. Freeman. Chapter 2, Hamilton's rule pp 14–30. - Grimaldi D. and Engel M.S. 2005. The evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5 - The relatedness of siblings is usually 0.5. - Hamilton W.D. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, 1–52. Reprinted with comments in Hamilton W.D. 1996. Narrow roads of geneland, volume I Evolution of social behaviour. Freeman/Spektrum, Oxford. ISBN 0-7167-4530-5 - Hughes W.O.H. et al (2008). "Ancest

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Can you imagine petting an older adult dog? You stroke his head, touch his face, brush his coat, and never once does he put his mouth on you. If you are the owner of a young Boxer puppy then this picture probably seems hard to image right now. If you have ever been bitten by your puppy, and you probably have, then you are likely very familiar with the feeling of tiny razor sharp puppy teeth on your bare skin. Although your young puppy's bites are not dangerous until your puppy develops stronger jaw muscles, the bites can definitely make you jump in surprise and can leave a series of red marks all over your arms, legs, hands, and anywhere else that your Boxer decides to give a nip. Most puppy biting is normal before the age of six months. Some breeds such as Boxers tend to be more mouthy due to excitement or inherited traits. Most puppies learn about and interact with the world around them with their mouths. If you have ever noticed adult dogs playing together, then you probably saw the dogs gently bite one another in play. The problem is that your puppy needs to learn how to control his mouth before his jaws get strong and he can cause real injury. If you have young children, your puppy's biting can also cause fear and lead to your puppy bullying them. When puppies play together they do a great job of teaching each other how to control their mouths. If you have ever watched your puppy play with another puppy, and your puppy bit the other puppy too hard, the other puppy probably let out a yelp and stopped playing with your puppy for a couple of minutes. This yelp communicated to your puppy that his bite was too hard, and the other puppy stopping the game was a natural consequence of your puppy's actions. In most cases, your puppy would eventually learn through this type of play to be gentle with his mouth, but most puppies are not with other puppies all the time, so your puppy will need you to teach him. Learning how to control his mouth is something that your puppy will need to learn while he is young. It is much harder for an adult dog to learn how to control his mouth later on, and many will be tested in a moment of surprise or fear. If your puppy learns how to not only stop bit

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Can you imagine petting an older adult dog? You stroke his head, touch his face, brush [...] ing but also how to control the pressure of his bite, then he will be more likely to control the severity of his bite during an unexpected incident as an adult. Most dogs will bite when put in the wrong situation, such as when his tail is accidentally closed in a car door or when he is frightened while sleeping. If your dog has learned good control of his mouth as a puppy, then when your dog does bite in such circumstances, the bite is less likely to break the skin and require medical attention. If your puppy is less than four months old, then you can spend time teaching him how to control the pressure of his bite by using the 'Yelping' method. This method takes time to teach and your puppy will need to stop biting completely before he has developed strong enough jaws to break the skin at around five months of age. If your puppy is older, then it is best to start with one of the other methods that will teach your puppy to simply stop biting altogether. Play biting is normal for all young puppies, but if your puppy is showing any signs of true aggression then it is very important that you seek immediate help early on. These methods are designed for training your puppy to stop normal puppy mouthing biting. True aggression will need to be addressed at its roots. If your puppy is lunging at you or a family member's throat, this is not normal behavior and is an emergency situation. Seek immediate assistance from a qualified trainer or behaviorist in your area. To get started you will need lots of small, tasty treats. If your puppy is very food motivated then you can use your puppy's normal kibble for this. Using your puppy's own kibble as a reward will help to keep your puppy healthy and will teach your puppy to work for his food, so that better treats can be saved for high-level training needs. If you are using the 'Yelping' method then you will also need patience and at least two months to teach this, so that you can gradually increase the difficulty level as your puppy improves. If you are using the 'Leave It' method, in addition to food you will also need lots of items that your puppy finds tempting to practice with. These items can be balls and

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Castle Proesels, Italian Dolomites This is a three image aerial view of Castle Proesels. The castle was first named in a document from 1279, as castrum Praesile and it is believed that the lords of Völs, feudatories of the Bishopric of Brixen, had built the castle here by 1200. Today the central palace with a Romanesque archway are surviving parts of this first fortress. In Italian it is sometimes called Castel Colonna, reflecting the fact that around the time of Leonhard II the Völs (Fiè) family started to add the Colonna family name to their own. The reason for this is unclear, although a number of hypotheses have been advanced. According to some the family originated as a branch of the Colonnas who came to Tyrol in the twelfth century; others believe that Leonhard II, fighting alongside Marcantonio Colonna (1535–1584) at the Battle of Lepanto, was affirming his family’s origins in the Colonnas of Tusculum. A third version speculates that Marcantonio adopted Leonhard in order to enable the latter to display his membership of the noble Roman dynasty. Most probably, perhaps, Leonhard II simply requested and obtained the right to add the name Colonna to his own. The Gothic castle of today was built by Leonhard of Völs (born 1458). He was the administrator of the salt mines of Hall in Tirol, a highly profitable position, furthermore he was married three times to wealthy noblewomen, which enabled him to spend extravagantly on the expansion of his castle. In 1498 Leonhard, thanks to his friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Archduke of Austria, became governor of the County of Tyrol. Leonhard showed his gratitude by including the emperor on one of the frescoes in the newly built arcade of his castle. During the Peasants' War of 1525 the castle was briefly occupied by the revolting subservient farmers, who burnt all the documents in the vain hope of destroying all proof of their debts and tithes. The uprising was squashed and six leaders executed. Leonhard of Völs also instigated the burning

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Newspapers are a gold mine of information for genealogy research. Facts, context, photographs — what more could you ask for? But if you're stopping with the "regular" daily and weekly newspapers where your ancestor lived, you might be stopping too soon. Here are 3 other types of newspapers that every genealogist should know. Before we get started, I have to give a shout-out to one of the best sites with links to free digitized newspapers of all kinds: The Ancestor Hunt. 1. Foreign-Language and Other Ethnic Newspapers Did your ancestor identify as part of an ethnic group? Be sure to check out newspapers that were published for that ethnicity. They carried news not only of the local area, but of people who used to live there. Because of their smaller audience, they often have stories and obituaries that weren't included in the larger hometown daily newspapers. Of course, if the ethnic group you're interested in didn't speak English as its first language, the newspaper is likely to be in a different language. How common were foreign language newspapers in the United States? The Library of Congress estimates that there were more than 1,000 German-language newspapers were published in the US by 1890. (The number of German newspapers in the US dwindled rapidly with the start of WWI.) The obituary below is from the Scranton (Pennsylvania) Wochenblatt (Aug. 16, 1917, p. 4). In English: "August Diesing of Prospect Avenue, 72 years old, died last Thursday night. He is survived by the widow, two sons and two daughters. The funeral took place on Sunday in the Forest Hill Cemetery." If you do any African American research, you must look at African American newspapers. Like foreign-language newspapers, they cover not just the local news, but also news of people who used to live in the area, people who have relatives in the area, and give a different perspective on regional and national news. For example, the Lexington (Kentucky) Standard carried a column from Cincinnati, Ohio which included news items and obituaries, such as this one: Look for ethnic newspapers at Chronicling America, as well as state libraries and state historical societies. 2. Religious

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Five leading Internet standards bodies have joined together to articulate a set of guidelines for the creation of open standards that they say will foster continued innovation, competition and interoperability in the Internet industry. BACK TO SCHOOL: Top 10 colleges for tech CEOs The IEEE, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Society and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) hammered out the language for their five basic principles for standards development over the course of the last few months. Dubbed "OpenStand," these lofty principles are envisioned as a modern paradigm for global, open standards development processes. The OpenStand principles are in sharp contrast to the more formal, government-driven efforts of rival standards bodies such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is an arm of the United Nations, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a group of national standards bodies. While ITU and ISO have national representation, groups like the IAB and IETF are comprised of individual engineers from corporations and universities. The OpenStand principles are: -- Cooperation among standards bodies. -- Adherence to due process, broad consensus, transparency, balance and openness in standards development. -- Commitment to technical merit, interoperability, competition, innovation and benefit to humanity. -- Availability of standards to all. -- Voluntary adoption. The five Internet standards bodies are hoping to influence new technology-specific industry groups and developing countries to adopt the OpenStand principles. They are emphasizing that these principles have proven successful as they've enabled the Internet to grow over the last 25 years. "Efficient standardization of so many technologies has been key to the success of the global Internet," said Russ Housley, IETF chair. "These global standards were developed with a focus toward technical excellence and deployed through collaboration of many participants from around the world. The results have literally changed the world, surpassing anything that has ever been achieved through any other standards-development model." "We hope governments hear this, industry hears this, open source communities hear this as well as potential new...consortiums that want to put forward what they would call standards," Housley said. "We've seen others flounder around openness, and they've thought that by

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Description - Jews and the American Soul by Andrew R. Heinze What do Joyce Brothers and Sigmund Freud, Rabbi Harold Kushner and philosopher Martin Buber have in common? They belong to a group of pivotal and highly influential Jewish thinkers who altered the face of modern America in ways few people recognize. So argues Andrew Heinze, who reveals in rich and unprecedented detail the extent to which Jewish values, often in tense interaction with an established Christian consensus, shaped the country's psychological and spiritual vocabulary. Jews and the American Soul is the first book to recognize the central role Jews and Jewish values have played in shaping American ideas of the inner life. It overturns the widely shared assumption that modern ideas of human nature derived simply from the nation's Protestant heritage. Heinze marshals a rich array of evidence to show how individuals ranging from Erich Fromm to Ann Landers changed the way Americans think about mind and soul. The book shows us the many ways that Jewish thinkers influenced everything from the human potential movement and pop psychology to secular spirituality. It also provides fascinating new interpretations of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Western views of the psyche; the clash among Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish moral sensibilities in America; the origins and evolution of America's psychological and therapeutic culture; the role of Jewish women as American public moralists, and more. A must-read for anyone interested in the contribution of Jews and Jewish culture to modern America. Buy Jews and the American Soul by Andrew R. Heinze from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books. (235mm x 152mm x mm) Princeton University Press Publisher: Princeton University Press Country of Publication: Other Editions - Jews and the American Soul by Andrew R. Heinze Book Reviews - Jews and the American Soul by Andrew R. Heinze Author Biography - Andrew R. Heinze Andrew R. Heinze is Professor of American History and Director of the Swig Judaic Studies Program at the University of San Francisco. Raised in New Jersey, he graduated from Amherst College and earned a Ph.D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. Andrew Heinze has written widely on history, religion, and current events and is the author of "Adapting to Abundance".

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Anatomy of an Artichoke Take one look at an artichoke and you might wonder, how on earth do I eat THAT? The myths surrounding this prickly plant are ancient: cynara cardunculus, the scientific name for the artichoke is believed to be derived from the Greek myth that the plant was once a beautiful woman by the name of Cynara, who was transformed by Zeus into a flower after she grew tired of him. So how does one eat this “edible blossom?” The true joy that is eating an artichoke means mining what lies within. Carefully dissecting its layers and coupling it with the right flavors and sauces. (And yes, just as in the myth, if you let an artichoke flower it will reward you with a beautiful bluish-purple blossom)! While the history and the plant are native to the Mediterranean, these days a majority of the artichokes sold in the United States are produced in California, with peak harvesting season in the spring and fall. Your abundant harvest boxes have been known to offer a couple varieties of artichokes (globe, baby) and also a relative of the artichoke, cardoons, which are prized for their edible stems resembling prickly celery stalks. Knowing just how to break down your artichoke is the key to enjoying these vitamin, minerals, and antioxidant packed veggies. Dissecting Your Artichoke Your full sized artichokes are going to be dissected into the parts you can (and want to) eat, and the parts you will likely want to discard. From the inside out, you have your thorns on top, outer petals or leaves, inner petals or leaves, your choke (the feather bits), the heart (the part you will LOVE to eat) and the stem. Before you do any sort of cooking, you will want to trim off the top 1-inch or so of the artichoke to remove any remaining thorns, and using a pair of kitchen scissors you can also remove any thorns from the outer petals but this is not a necessary step. You can also trim the stem if you like (good for recipes that call for stuffing the artichoke), but the stem is connected to the

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Anatomy of an Artichoke Take one look at an artichoke and you might [...] heart so it is edible. No need to remove it completely unless you want to. Remove any small petals at the base of the artichoke, and if you are adding seasoning to the artichoke for a baked dish, you can spread open the petals to allow seasonings to sprinkle down inside of the blossom. Lemon juice is also a great tool to keep the artichoke from turning brown or oxidizing during the cooking process. Dunking the artichokes in a lemon water bath before cooking is a simple trick. If boiling or steaming artichokes, you can leave them whole at this point. If you plan to roast them (which some cooks argue is the best way to bring out the true nutty flavors of the artichoke) you can try slicing them in half lengthwise and placing them face down (petals facing up) in a baking dish. Eating Your Artichoke Once cooked the key things you will want to avoid are eating any tough outer leaves and the feathery choke in the center. The meat found at the end of the petals is best dipped in your favorite sauce (see our browned butter recipe below) and scraped clean with your teeth. Once the outer and inner petals have been consumed, scrape out the choke with a spoon or fork, and enjoy the heart, called so probably because it’s THE best part of the artichoke. Break or cut the heart into pieces and dip it in your favorite sauce. Now say…AHHHHH. Ready to get cooking? Check out these simple artichoke recipes from the AHO Kitchen. Veggie Pizza with Artichoke Hearts Recipe and Photo by Rachel Oberg for Abundant Harvest Organics - 3 large artichoke hearts (choke removed), halved (save leaves to steam and eat) - 1 pizza crust - 1 C tomato sauce - ½ to 1 t fresh rosemary, chopped - to taste salt - to taste pepper - ¼ to ½ t red pepper flakes - 1 lemon, zested and juiced - 1 small carrot, grated - ¾ C gruyère cheese, grated

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Anatomy of an Artichoke Take one look at an artichoke and you might [...] - ¼ C parmesan cheese, grated - Pre-heat oven according to your favorite pizza crust recipe. - Place artichoke hearts in a steamer basket in a pot with about 1″ boiling water in the bottom. Cover and cook for about 15 minutes, or until artichokes are tender. Roughly chop and set aside. - To make sauce: Combine tomato sauce with rosemary, seasonings, lemon zest and juice. Taste and adjust seasoning if needed. - Roll out pizza dough. - Top crust with sauce, cheese, veggies, and a little more cheese. - Bake according to crust recipe until crust is crispy and slightly browned and cheese is melted. Browned Butter Dipping Sauce Recipe by AHO Kitchen Team - 1/2 cup butter (one stick) - pinch of salt - pinch of garlic salt - Place skillet on stove top on medium heat. - Add butter. - Cook (stirring the entire time) until the butter starts to boil slightly and turn a nice caramel color. - Remove from heat and stir in salt and garlic salt to taste. Makes approx. 1/2 cup dipping sauce. Baby Artichoke Salad Recipe by Carol Peterson - 6-10 baby artichokes, cleaned - 1-2 lemons - 2/3 cup extra virgin olive oil - 2/3 cup sliced Parmesan - ½ cup julienne basil leaves - Salt and pepper - Peel baby artichokes and place in cold water. - Squeeze 1 lemon into the water to prevent the artichokes from browning. - Cook the artichokes in boiling salted water until tender, about 8-10 minutes. Drain and cool. - Cut the artichokes into quarters and place in a large bowl. - Add juice of remaining lemon, olive oil, Parmesan, basil and toss thoroughly. Season with salt and pepper.

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Today, each of us spends considerable amounts of time in meeting rooms and work-spaces that are enabled by AV technology and allow us to present our ideas or communicate with people for work. But despite the best AV technology available to us, poor ergonomic design can undermine our goals and leave participants feeling strained and tired because they are forced into awkward positions. A poorly considered design could mean a a display that’s too small or placed in an awkward position, that bothers participants and detracts from the presenter’s message. Good ergonomic design can contribute considerably to user experience and helps achieve the goals of enhancing effectiveness and efficiency, boosting productivity, increasing comfort and acceptance, and other similar goals. This can be achieved by a few simple design adjustments to the AV system, such as equipment placement, or more complex calculations, such as viewing distances and angles. In this article, Infocomm International provides a look at some basic ergonomic considerations in AV design. This includes a specific focus on the need to design for various human dimensions and the importance of sightline studies, aspects that are often overlooked. A few interesting tips that are shared here: “Design a visual system in a way that the image falls easily within this range for audience members. “People can recognize words, fine details, and color information until about 10 to 20 degrees from the standard line of sight.” “The limits of color discrimination are between 30 and 60 degrees in each direction, depending on the specific color.” “To verify an optimum view of a display or object, you should conduct a sightline study. This would determine the most appropriate seating layout for the room.” “…if you’ve already placed your audience, you can use sight lines to determine the maximum image height by drawing a sight line from the eye of the closest viewer at a 30-degree angle. The point at which that line intersects the wall will be your maximum image height.” The complete article can be viewed here. (content credits – www.infocomm.org)

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BPD Quick Facts According to the DSM-IV to meet a diagnosis of BPD, a person must exhibit at least five of nine symptoms (criteria). BPD tendencies typically arise in early adulthood; however, some individuals begin to show symptoms of the disorder much earlier. The primary difference between BPD and adolescent behaviors is that during adolescence these symptoms occur for brief periods of time, whereas a person with BPD is likely to have more long-lasting and constant episodes. There is no single medication specifically developed to treat Borderline Personality Disorder. However, there are medications to treat other conditions that can occur along with BPD. People with BPD have a great deal of trouble controlling their emotions. Events that may seem routine to most non-BDP people often trigger extreme emotional reactions in those with BPD. Making and maintaining relationships with other people is often difficult for a person with BPD because their broad range of extreme feelings and behaviors tends to push others away. Studies suggest that about 60% of the risk for developing BPD is due to differences in the structure of the brain. In addition to the role of the brain, negative social interactions such as a turbulent environment at home, school, work, or among peers increase the risk for the development of BPD. Long-term research studies of people with BPD suggests that the majority of them will experience long-lasting periods of remission in their lifetime. More people have Borderline Personality Disorder than schizophrenia and bipolar disorder combined. 1 out of 5 people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and 1 out of 10 people seeking outpatient mental health treatment have BPD. Nearly 75% of people diagnosed with BPD are women, but recent research suggests that men may be almost as frequently affected by BPD. Sometimes, when a person with BPD is in crisis hospitalization may be necessary. Suicide is a very real concern for persons with BPD. Overall, the total percentage of people with BPD who commit suicide is about 8-10%.

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Kids' Guide to Cancer Our Kids’ Guide to Cancer App is a world first, award-winning app that supports kids who have a parent, sibling, friend, or loved one with cancer. It’s a free, interactive educational program that answers the most common questions children have about cancer. The app contains age-appropriate information about cancer, hospitals, medicines, treatment and people who help. The app also features animated stories promoting peer support and understanding. The Kids’ Guide to Cancer App won "Best in Class" at the 2015 and 2017 Interactive Media Awards – their highest honour! Details about the app This is one of the stories in the app that helps kids learn about the cancer experience in a fun and age-appropriate way. - Contains information about cancer and how people get it - Delves into the different types of cancers people can get - Explains how the different treatments for cancer work - Describes the roles of the many people involved in the cancer experience - Animated stories of kids’ experiences with cancer - Simple tips kids can use to help their loved ones with cancer - Busts common myths about cancer Genevieve Antill, Camp Quality Program Manager There was a big gap in service for kids who felt scared or confused when their brother, sister, mum or dad was diagnosed with cancer. Existing information about cancer was hard to access and limited to one type of cancer. Cancer is a very adult issue; this app makes it child-friendly. I wish this was around when my daughter Hannah was diagnosed. It would have made it so much easier to know who to connect with and who is there to help with the stages of the cancer journey. Instantly the app was a hit. It is very easily understood, straight forward and to the point with no big medical terminology. From a parent’s point of view, it is perfect for children that have just been diagnosed and their siblings to understand what’s going on. History of the app We wanted to know exactly what support and resources kids with a parent with cancer had, so we commissioned Dr Claire Wakefield (of Sydney Children’s Hospital and the University of NSW) to undertake the largest comprehensive worldwide literature review. What she discovered was that there is a distinct lack of age-appropriate information about cancer, and that it was an issue that urgently needed to be addressed.

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Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptoms & Treatment Eosinophilic esophagitis (also known as EoE) is a chronic allergic immune disorder characterized by swelling of the esophagus (the part of the body connecting the throat and the stomach), which is caused by the presence of large numbers of eosinophils (a special type of white blood cell) in the esophagus. Eosinophils are not normally in the esophagus. This inflammation causes the esophagus to stiffen or narrow, which can lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or food getting stuck in the esophagus (a medical emergency). It is not exactly clear what causes EoE, although it seems to be related to other allergic diseases. Most people with EoE have a personal or family history of other allergies such as asthma, hay fever, eczema, and food allergy. For a large number of people, food allergies are the main cause of EoE. Studies have also shown an association between environmental allergies (dust mites, animal dander, pollen, mold) and EoE. Eosinophilic esophagitis can occur in children and adults of all ages. Symptoms of EoE vary with age. Infants and toddlers may refuse their food or experience failure to thrive, in which they don't grow as expected. School-age children often have persistent abdominal pain, trouble swallowing, or vomiting. In teenagers and adults, the most common symptoms are difficulty swallowing, especially when eating dry or dense solid foods. The esophagus may become so narrow that food gets stuck or impacted, which requires emergency medical attention. The diagnosis of EoE is generally made by performing an upper endoscopy and obtaining a biopsy of the esophagus. Because gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) also causes eosinophils in the esophagus, this condition must first be ruled out. In adults, GERD is much more common than EoE. If eosinophils are still present in the esophagus after GERD has been treated, then you most likely have EoE. After your gastro

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Operating a network is one of the most resource-intensive IT functions within any government agency. Whether it’s ongoing maintenance, moving workloads to the cloud or deploying new services, each step requires attention to detail and countless hours of planning and execution. The goal for government agencies should be to create a “self-driving network” — one that requires less human intervention and enables agencies to focus on more strategic initiatives. One of the ways that government agencies are getting closer to this goal is by turning to bots: software that automates complex tasks and can help agencies spend less time managing manual network knobs and levers and more time focused on their mission. Bots are battling a negative connotation at the moment because the public associates them with malfeasance in the 2016 election cycle or misuse by some brands on social media to boost their engagement and following. However, when used properly, bots have the potential to change the way we work and how networks operate, turning complex, labor-intensive tasks into rudimentary functions performed by machines. Networks are becoming more complex due to the rise of diverse operating conditions that must serve a multitude of applications that often reside across multiple clouds. As a result, bots are becoming increasingly vital. As agencies invest in scaling infrastructure cost-effectively to meet citizen demands, complex programming languages that require highly skilled developers have been the only way to automate, which has led to only small strides in simplifying human-to-machine interaction and slower network automation adoption. In fact, in a recent study, IT leaders selected the biggest barriers to automation as follows: - 43 percent noted that a lack of internal education and skillsets prevents the adoption of network automation. - 33 percent of respondents also cited the lack of an integrated end-to-end solution as a barrier to network automation efforts. Compounding the issue, network operators have traditionally only been able to analyze a small portion of all the network data available due to technology shortfalls and, for decades, networking has largely been an exercise in precisely specifying behavior, one configuration knob at a time, device by device. Bots can help solve these problems. Bots comprise a growing ecosystem of new software applications focused on intent and analytics that automate workflows and break the cycle of human error. The bots incorporate real-time analytics that are designed to translate

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Note: The reference librarians are on duty to answer questions you may have, but please be aware that the reference staff cannot provide medical advice. Dallas County Health and Human Services Pandemic Influenza Website To help the communities of Dallas County to be prepared for pandemic influenza, and other public health emergencies, Dallas County Health and Human Services has developed a public education campaign that includes the launching of this extensive pandemic influenza website. Department of Health and Human Services The Department of Health and Human Services is the United States government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. Find health information for the whole family from the American Academy of Family Physicians. Manage your health with information and tools that reflect the expertise of Mayo's 2,500 physicians and scientists, learn how to access medical services, and discover Mayo's medical research and education offerings. MEDLINE - PubMed Find citations to journal articles in all areas of medicine and health sciences from the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Coverage: 1966-present. Find 24-hour health information. Welcome to MedlinePlus, a goldmine of good health information from the world's largest medical library, the National Library of Medicine. Health professionals and consumers alike can depend on it for information that is authoritative and up to date. MedlinePlus has extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other trusted sources on over 650 diseases and conditions. There are also lists of hospitals and physicians, a medical encyclopedia and a medical dictionary, health information in Spanish, extensive information on prescription and nonprescription drugs, health information from the media, and links to thousands of clinical trials. Información de Salud las 24 Horas. National Library of Medicine NLM, the National Library of Medicine is the world's largest medical library and the creator of PubMed/MEDLINE which contains over 15 million references to journal articles from 4,800 worldwide health science journals cited back to 1950's. NLM provides free health information to libraries, health professionals, and consumers around the world. National Institute of Health The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and

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Note: The reference librarians are on duty to answer questions you may have, but please be [...] Human Services, is the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. Helping to lead the way toward important medical discoveries that improve people’s health and save lives, NIH scientists investigate ways to prevent disease as well as the causes, treatments, and even cures for common and rare diseases. Office of Public Insurance Counsel This site contains annual HMO reports which allow consumers to compare the quality of care delivered by Texas HMOs. PubMed comprises more than 24 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. Sponsored by the Nemours Foundation, this site has health information about children pre-birth through adolescence. It has separate sections with content appropriate material for kids, teens, & parents. Find frank, authoritative answers to teens' questions. Archives of previously asked questions and answers. Users remain anonymous. Texas Cancer Data Center The Texas Cancer Data Center (TCDC) provides information on health professionals, health facilities, demographics and resources via the Internet at no charge. TCDC is an information service, funded by the Texas Cancer Council, dedicated to empowering Texans with the knowledge needed to reduce the human and economic impact of cancer. The Texas Department of Health Audiovisual Library The Texas Department of Health Audiovisual Library has a collection of over 2,000 audiovisuals that circulate throughout Texas on a free short-term loan basis. Our collection includes a variety of health and safety topics available to general audiences. It includes materials for preschool through adult groups and a few professional level materials. Formats include 1/2" VHS video, CD-ROMs, slides, audiocassettes, educational models, charts, 16mm film. Although most audiovisuals are in the English language, some are in Spanish and others are bilingual, English and Spanish on the same tape. There is no charge for Texas residents to borrow from our library except for return shipping charges. We offer a free catalog which contains a subject index and annotated content descriptions. Vitals Doctors Reviews Vitals.com is a great source for comprehensive medical

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Welcome to our course on Object Oriented Programming in Java using data visualization. People come to this course with many different goals -- and we are really excited to work with all of you! Some of you want to be professional software developers, others want to improve your programming skills to implement that cool personal project that you’ve been thinking about, while others of you might not yet know why you’re here and are trying to figure out what this course is all about. This is an intermediate Java course. We recommend this course to learners who have previous experience in software development or a background in computer science. Our goal is that by the end of this course each and every one of you feels empowered to create a Java program that’s more advanced than any you have created in the past and that is personally interesting to you. In achieving this goal you will also learn the fundamentals of Object Oriented Programming, how to leverage the power of existing libraries, how to build graphical user interfaces, and how to use some core algorithms for searching and sorting data. And this course is project-based, so we’ll dive right into the project immediately! We are excited to be offering a unique course structure, designed to support learners of different backgrounds in succeeding at their own pace. The first module explains how this will work and if this course is right for you. We also recommend taking a few minutes to explore the course site. A good place to start is the navigation bar on the left. Click Course Content to see what material we’ll cover each week, as well preview the assignments you’ll need to complete to pass the course. Click Discussions to see forums where you can discuss the course material with fellow students taking the class. Be sure to introduce yourself to everyone in the Meet and Greet forum. This course should take about 6 weeks to complete. You can check out the recommended course schedule below to see a quick overview of the lessons and assignments you’ll complete each week. We’re excited you’re here learning with us. Let’s get started!

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Course Hero. "Coriolanus Study Guide." Course Hero. 16 Mar. 2018. Web. 15 July 2018. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Coriolanus/>. Course Hero. (2018, March 16). Coriolanus Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved July 15, 2018, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Coriolanus/ (Course Hero, 2018) Course Hero. "Coriolanus Study Guide." March 16, 2018. Accessed July 15, 2018. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Coriolanus/. Course Hero, "Coriolanus Study Guide," March 16, 2018, accessed July 15, 2018, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Coriolanus/. In ancient Rome, the butterfly symbolized the soul and the very essence of a human being. The butterfly symbolized transformation. The Romans believed the soul lived in the mouth, and sculptures even depicted a butterfly emerging from a man's mouth. Butterflies were so revered they appeared on coinage to represent marriage and weddings. This view of the butterfly adds considerable importance to the scene in which Valeria recounts seeing young Martius repeatedly catch and release a butterfly. After he stumbles Martius is angered, and the next instant he catches the butterfly and crushes it with his teeth. Valeria views that moment as a sign of strength and resolve in the boy. But perhaps by killing it using his mouth, Martius is devouring his own soul. Coriolanus refers to the general public as "the beast with many heads" in Act 4, Scene 1. This is a reference to the Hydra, a beast that could devour men. Cutting off one of its heads was useless since another would grow in its place. This is a fitting representation of the public from Coriolanus's point of view. There would always be someone present to judge him and remind him of his humanity. Coriolanus refers to Aufidius as a lion he is proud

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Course Hero. "Coriolanus Study Guide." Course Hero. 16 Mar. [...] to hunt in Act 1, Scene 1. The Romans viewed the lion as powerful and associated it with the Greek god Hercules, who wore a lion skin. This reference to a symbol of power indicates Coriolanus's respect for Aufidius. This admiration will manifest again in Act 4 when Coriolanus seeks out Aufidius to join with him in launching an attack against Rome. Coriolanus also indicates his hostility toward the commoners by referring to them as "curs" in Act 3, Scene 3. He is effectively dismissing their criticism of him and reducing the people to the level of mongrels. Though Romans could have a domesticated dog, it was still seen as primarily a beast for hunting or protection—in other words, most of the time a dog was a necessity but little else. And Coriolanus's reference to curs is equal to a beast of little use that only exists on the scraps it can find. This article of clothing only appears briefly in Act 2. It is an important symbol of Coriolanus's discomfort with anything that equates him with other men. He feels he is above their judgment and rituals and can stand most nobly when allowed to follow his own ethics. There was a custom in ancient Rome for a man considered for consul to humble himself by wearing only a toga. This was to show any injuries received in battle and to indicate there was nothing to hide, such as money from bribery. Plutarch mentions this approach in the book Plutarch's Lives. In Plutarch's account, the toga is briefly mentioned. In Coriolanus it is given a different term: the robe of humility. Shakespeare likely borrowed this term from the biblical reference in 1 Peter. Being "clothed in humility" is a sign of faith and a willingness to serve a higher power. This is particularly important since humility is the one Roman virtue Coriolanus sorely lacks. He grumbles about the prospect of wearing the robe in Act 2, Scene 2 and even tries to dismiss the longstanding ritual. Eventually he dons the robe in Act 2, Scene 3 and stands before citizens for

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Carotid Artery Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis occurs when the carotid arteries narrow. The carotid arteries are major arteries found on each side of the neck. They supply blood from the heart to the brain. This condition is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke . Ischemic stroke is when blood flow to the brain is blocked due to blood clots. |Blood Supply to the Brain| |Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.| Carotid artery stenosis is more common in men aged 75 or younger and women aged 75 or older. Risk factors include: - Family history of atherosclerosis - Coronary artery disease - Peripheral artery disease (PAD)—disease of the arteries (usually in the legs) caused by fatty build-up - High blood pressure - High cholesterol There are usually no symptoms. Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA or mini-stroke). This is a warning sign that you may have carotid artery stenosis. Symptoms may include: - Blindness, blurry or dim vision - Weakness, numbness, or tingling of the face, arm, leg, or one side of the body - Difficulty speaking or understanding words - Lightheadedness, unsteadiness of gait, or falling - Trouble with balance or coordination - Loss of consciousness - Nausea or vomiting - Sudden confusion or loss of memory The goal of treatment is to prevent carotid artery stenosis from causing inadequate blood flow to the brain or causing a stroke. Treatment will depend on: - The severity of your condition - Your symptoms Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include: Medication and Lifestyle Changes If there are no symptoms and if plaque build-up is not severe, medications like aspirin may be given to help prevent a stroke from occurring. Lifestyle changes are also an important part of treatment. Some actions you can take to reduce your risk of stroke include: - Eat a healthy diet . - Ex

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Carotid Artery Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis occurs when the [...] ercise regularly . - If you smoke , talk to your doctor about ways to quit . - If you have diabetes, get proper treatment. - If you have high cholesterol, work with your doctor to lower the levels. - If you have high blood pressure, work to get it under control. Surgery may be needed if the arteries have severe plaque build-up. One kind of surgery is called carotid endarterectomy . This involves opening the artery and cleaning the plaque from it. Another surgery that may be done is carotid angioplasty and stenting. In this surgery, a balloon is inserted into the artery to widen it. Then a metal mesh, called a stent, is inserted to keep the artery open so that blood can flow freely. To help reduce your chance of getting carotid artery stenosis, you will need to decrease the risk factors that you can control. For example, you can reduce your cholesterol, blood pressure, and weight. Here are some steps to decrease these risk factors: - Exercise regularly. - Eat more fruits and vegetables . Limit dietary salt and fat . - If you smoke, talk to your doctor about ways to quit. - If you drink alcohol, do so only in moderation . This means having no more than 2 drinks per day if you are a man, and no more than 1 drink per day if you are woman. - Maintain a healthy weight . - Keep your blood pressure in a safe range. Follow your doctor's recommendations if you have high blood pressure. - Keep other conditions under control. This includes high cholesterol and diabetes. This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition. Edits to original content made by Denver Health. Copyright © EBSCO Information Services All rights reserved. a (Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis; Carotid Artery Disease) American Heart Association http://www.heart.org National Stroke Association http://

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If you suffer from a sometimes painful condition called diverticulitis, then perhaps you have wondered why you have more flare-ups during the summer. New research from Lahey Clinic in Burlington, Mass., indicated it might not be your imagination. When researchers looked at nine years’ worth of hospital admissions for diverticulitis, they found that 25 percent more patients came in during August than during February. “I thought that was a fairly large difference,” said colon surgeon and author of the Lahey study Dr. Rocco Ricciardi, speaking to Reuters Health in a March 2011 interview. Diverticulitis occurs when small pouches called diverticula form along the colon wall, trapping bacteria that lead to inflammation and infection. Patients report such symptoms as cramps or belly pain, fever and chills, constipation or diarrhea, nausea and bloating. It is diagnosed through blood tests, CT scans or colonoscopy. Patients often find relief through high-fiber diets, applying heat to the painful area of the belly (often the lower left side), pain medication and relaxation techniques. Sometimes doctors resort to removing part of the colon. The condition has long stymied doctors as to its causes, yet almost 300,000 people are hospitalized for it annually in the United States. The Lahey study gathered data from 1,000 hospitals across the U.S. and calculated 370,000 diverticulitis admissions over nine years. All told, almost 30,000 of those patients came in during August, compared with approximately 24,000 patients during February. Emerging from the study was a pattern of higher diverticulitis admissions during the summer, a lull during the winter and middle-range numbers during the spring and fall. Because its data came from hospitals, the study did not account for diverticulitis patients who sought treatment from their personal doctors or who managed their pain at home on their own. Even so, as the Reuters Health article pointed out, the possibility that diverticulitis is worse in the summer might help doctors understand what causes it.

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The more we cut back on unnecessary antibiotic use in humans, the better off we will be in terms of antibiotic resistance —Kenneth Bromberg, chairman of Pediatrics at The Brooklyn Hospital Center in New York While adult drug prescriptions rose 22 percent between 2002 to 2010, prescriptions for infants, children and teens fell 7 percent, according to researchers at the Food and Drug Administration. However, those statistics don't tell the whole story. "Among the drugs that declined in use: antibiotic prescriptions, which fell by 14%, though antibiotics were still the most frequently dispensed medications for kids," Time reported Monday. Antibiotics accounted for a quarter of all pediatric prescriptions between 2002 and 2010, the study showed. While efforts to cut back on antibiotic use are being made, parents continue to demand antibiotics for their children who are sick. The American Academy of Pediatrics is working to "get the word out that these drugs don't work when treating viral infections and most earaches," CNN reported, "doctors are also concerned that overuse will add to the problem of antibiotic resistance." "Overuse of azithromycin and other broad-spectrum antibiotics 'is contributing to the epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections,' assistant professor of pediatric infectious diseases at the University of Utah Adam Hersh told USA Today. Many view the decline of antibiotic availability as a step in the right direction. Kenneth Bromberg, chairman of Pediatrics at The Brooklyn Hospital Center in New York remains optimistic. "Almost no one is chronically on antibiotics," Bromberg told HealthDay, "it suggests the use of antibiotics for ambulatory type things has gone down, which is very good." "The more we cut back on unnecessary antibiotic use in humans, the better off we will be in terms of antibiotic resistance," he said. Efforts are being made to promote awareness. "The authors credit the decrease in antibiotics prescriptions to widespread initiatives by public-health experts to encourage doctors and parents to stop overusing the drugs — especially for viral infections that can’t be cured with antibiotics — and to educ

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The more we cut back on unnecessary antibiotic use in humans, the better off we will be [...] ate the public on the increase in antibiotic resistance caused by overprescribing," TIME reported. Prescriptions for children with ADHD, too, stand in need of a reduction, the study shows. "What the article is suggesting is that the number of children that we are treating for attention deficit disorder has gone up," Dr. Scott Benson, a child and adolescent psychiatrist and a spokesperson for the American Psychiatric Association, told Reuters Health. "For the most part I think the overall increase reflects a reduction in the stigma," he told Reuters Health. "It used to be, ‘You're a bad parent if you can't get your child to behave, and you're a doubly bad parent if you put them on medicine.'" Brian Fung at The Atlantic noted, "of course, just because we're prescribing more Ritalin doesn't mean ADHD has necessarily worsened in America. As pressure on school kids has grown more intense, so has the phenomenon of using attention-deficit drugs for off-label purposes. "Every year, doctors issue 21 million prescriptions of Ritalin, Adderall and other focus medications that are meant to treat ADHD, but that in many cases find their way into the hands of students simply seeking an edge in the classroom." Other things may be at play as well. "I think the large rise in numbers [of prescriptions] reflects not just the increase in the number of children and adolescents with the condition, but also the availability of markedly improved medicines. We now have once a day long-acting meds to treat ADHD," Dr. Andrew Adesman, chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at the Steven and Alexandra Children's Medical Center of New York, told CNN. Researchers are hopeful that the study will incite action among professionals in the medical sphere. "The report of commonly prescribed medications for kids will help guide doctors and scientists to focus their research efforts, according to its authors," reported CBSNews. The study was published in the journal Pediatrics. Rachel Lowry is a reporter intern for the Deseret News.

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Boulder, Colo., USA: Rare earth elements have become increasingly important for advanced technologies, from cell phones to renewable energy to defense systems. Mineral resources hosted in heavy mineral sand deposits are especially attractive because they can be recovered using well-established mechanical methods, making extraction, processing, and remediation relatively simple. In their study just published online in the Geological Society of America Bulletin, A.K. Shah and colleagues examine rare earth mineral resource potential within heavy mineral sands in the southeastern United States. Using geophysical and geochemical data that cover this very wide region, the team mapped the areas most likely to host accumulations of these minerals. Additionally, their analyses of co-minerals provide constraints on broad sedimentary provenance. These constraints suggest that a large percentage of the heavy mineral sands are derived from a relatively small part of the Piedmont province via coastal processes during Atlantic opening, and that a much smaller amount of heavy mineral sands are delivered via rivers and streams. Rare earth mineral potential in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain from integrated geophysical, geochemical, and geological approaches A.K. Shah et al., U.S. Geological Survey, DFC MS 964, Box 25046, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA, email@example.com, doi: 10.1130/B31481.1. GSA BULLETIN articles published ahead of print are online at http://gsabulletin. Figure caption: Top: National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) radiometric equivalent Th (eTh; background) shows high values in parts of the Atlantic Coastal Plain inferred to contain elevated monazite and xenotime (red outlines); grayed areas represent carbonate rocks (also associated with eTh highs). Black lines delineate belts of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces. Bottom: Belts of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge colored according to rock type. Heavy mineral sands in the Atlantic Coastal Plain show regional compositional variations that suggest they were derived from specific rock types. These rock types correspond to Piedmont or Blue Ridge units adjacent to Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments.

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Good quality antenatal care is one of the most effective ways to prevent pregnancy complications. This examination is the routine care that women can expect to receive during their pregnancy. It is very important to go to all scheduled appointments where both, the mother and the baby, are closely examined. During these visits, risk factors can be identified and possible health consequences can be prevented or treated. To ensure the best care and health during pregnancy, a woman should go to her responsible health care professional already when anticipating a pregnancy. A New Model of Antenatal Care Today, a standard antenatal care package of certain examinations and tests is available for pregnant women in most European countries. The origins of antenatal care in Europe can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century in the UK. The introduction of the first model of antenatal care contributed substantially to the decrease of maternal and newborn mortality in the last century. Its content and shape was according to the knowledge and medical capabilities of that time. This included very few visits at the beginning of pregnancy where the doctor had limited options to diagnose and treat. The highest frequency of visits was set during the last trimester of pregnancy (see old model in graphic). Since then, the structure of antenatal care has largely remained unchanged. Nowadays, however, many complications and diseases can be detected very early in pregnancy as medical knowledge and technology have improved substantially over the years. The possibility of early identification of risk factors and detection of complications at 11-13 weeks of pregnancy enables effective treatment or even prevention of a disease. Prof. Kypros Nicolaides (Fetal Medicine Foundation, UK) developed a new concept of antenatal care, which incorporates these developments and focuses on the very early weeks of pregnancy to identify high risks. These can be monitored very closely and can receive special medical care during the whole course of the pregnancy. Women identified to be at low risk in the beginning of pregnancy, on the other hand, do not need such frequent and specialised antenatal care. This inverted pyramid of care enables a much more individualised patient and disease-specific approach of antenatal care. All expectant parents and families hope to have a healthy child, and parents want to do all they can to give their baby the best start in life. Especially parents with a higher risk find it reassuring to know that their unborn child is doing well. This is why

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Good quality antenatal care is one of the most effective ways to prevent pregnancy complications. This examination [...] a large number of expecting parents choose prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis aims to detect possible developmental anomalies and developmental disorders in the fetus mainly with ultrasound scans and blood tests. The first trimester screening The first-trimester screening between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation allows to detect a range of pregnancy-related risks without harming the baby. Within this timeframe, it is possible to detect about half of all anomalies that can occur in the organs of a fetus, and to determine the mother’s risk of developing preeclampsia or the the risk of a preterm birth. The result of a first-trimester screening will be an assessment of the individual risk of the baby being born with a disorder or disability. This type of screening cannot guarantee absolute certainty. However, it can help the parents to decide whether they want to proceed with more invasive testing that will deliver a more conclusive result. An invasive diagnostic procedure involves penetrating the mother’s body. The tests that are normally available are an amniotic fluid test (also called amniocentesis) or a placental biopsy (often referred to as chorionic villus sampling). It is essential to be aware that these procedures are associated with a risk of miscarriage of about 0.5% (i.e. one of 200 punctures). A new procedure involves a blood test, using the mother’s blood to detect genetic disorders. This test is significantly more reliable than the first-trimester screening but still does not provide absolute certainty. Ultrasound screening for malformations In an ultrasound screening between week 19 and 22 can be performed to either measure the baby’s size or to have a systematic examination for malformations. This procedure requires a special qualification on the doctor’s part. Especially expectant parents at risk, with a family history of genetic disorders or with an already sick-born child may benefit from this screening. The baby’s anatomic characteristics will be examined and a precise diagnosis established to exclude malformations. Maternal Record - a Record Documenting the Pregnancy EFCNI’s vision is a standardized electronic

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Mixing the right food groups to eat helps you get the most from your meals while using the less energy at the same time. Food combining is eating foods in the same food groups, such as eating your Proteins apart from Carbohydrates. When eating Carbohydrates you can eat any vegetable, starchy or non-starchy, as well as irritants. When adding irritants they should be used sparingly. However when eating meals with protein, any of your non- starchy vegetables digest great together, but not your starchy vegetables. (Irritants = Radishes, Onions, Shallots, Scallions, Garlic, Leeks) Please checkout the Food combining chart. Most everyone will benefit from Food Combination eating. When eating proteins your digestive fluids need to be acidic to properly digest your food and get the nutrients. However when consuming Carbohydrates the digestive fluids need to be alkaline, so when mixing Proteins with Carbohydrates neither foods get properly digested, which causes one to become bloated, and get gas and overtime, can lead to disease. It also puts a greater demand on all parts of your body. So you end up using more energy, and receiving less from your food. So you get very little nourishment, which leaves you weak and tired most of the time. When it come to fruits (your berries are the best for you) always eat your fruit before anything else in your meal, starting with the acid fruit first then your semi- acid, and then your sweet fruit. If you eat your fruit after your main dish it will not digest, but it will putrefy. When eating melons never mix with anything else. There is an exception to eating your fruits with greens, such as spinach, chard, kale your green leafy vegetables. Paul Nison’s book, Health according to the Scriptures is a great book to read and have your personal library. After reading Paul’s book, I tried it out and got great results. By changing to food combination diet, it removed gas I normally got when ever eating. I don’t believe in separating the juice from the pulp, gives an in balance to much sugar and no fiber. You lose certain vitamins and minerals. If you want to blend your fruits and vegetables Just mix the whole fruit

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A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in the soft tissues of the mouth and the underlying jawbone which supports the teeth. A dentist must first graduate from an accredited dental school before undertaking an additional three years of study within a periodontology residency training program, in order to qualify as a periodontist. The primary focus of this residency training is on both surgical and non surgical management of periodontal disease and the placement of dental implants. Conditions Treated by a Periodontist The periodontist is mainly concerned with preventing the onset of gum disease (periodontal disease), diagnosing conditions affecting the gums and jawbone, and treating gingivitis, periodontitis and bone loss. Periodontal disease is a progressive condition and the leading cause of tooth loss among adults in the developed world. The periodontist is able to treat mild, moderate and advanced gum disease by first addressing the bacterial infection at the root of the problem, providing periodontal treatment, then providing information and education on good oral hygiene and the effective cleaning of the teeth. The most common conditions treated by the periodontist are: Gingivitis – This is the mild inflammation of the gums which may or may not be signified by pain and bleeding. Mild/moderate periodontitis – When the pockets between the teeth and the soft tissues are measured to be between 4-6mm it is classified as moderate periodontitis (gum disease). Advanced periodontitis – When the pockets between the teeth and the soft tissues in general exceed 6mm in depth, significant bone loss may occur; causing shifting or loss of teeth. Missing teeth – When teeth are missing as a result of bone loss, the periodontist can implant prosthetic teeth. These teeth are anchored to the jawbone and restore functionality to the mouth. Treatments Performed by a Periodontist The periodontist is able to perform a wide range of treatments to halt the progression of gum disease, replace missing teeth and make the appearance of the smile more aesthetically pleasing. Here are some of the treatments commonly performed by the periodontist: Implant placement – When a tooth or several teeth are missing, the periodontist is able to create a natural-looking replacement by anchoring a prosthetic tooth to the jaw

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Whether your kid is walking, bicycling, or driving, his or her smartphone could contribute to a crash, according to a literature review of 11 studies in the journal Child Development. And it’s not just texting and driving that parents should worry about. The research shows that even listening to music while walking can put your kid at risk. “The literature seems to suggest listening to music is quite dangerous,” coauthor on the study David Schwebel of the University of Alabama told Fatherly. “We know that listening to music does not pose a high risk to drivers, but it may be much more dangerous to pedestrians and probably to cyclists.” Schwebel and colleagues determined this by breaking walking, biking, and driving distractions into four domains: visual (eyes off the road), cognitive (mind off the road), manual (hands off the wheel), and aural (ears off the road, or listening to anything other than the ominous sound of oncoming traffic). Through a systematic search, they identified 41 articles on the subject that were peer reviewed, published before February 1, 2016, related to kids and teens either walking, bicycling, or driving while using mobile technology. They then excluded 30 of those studies, due to outcomes either not relating directly to technology use or due to results based on self-reporting. Together, the remaining 11 studies suggest that mobile technology affects visual and cognitive processing and reduces youth safety on the road overall, no matter what type of transportation, developmental level, or type of task. Though the strength of results varied, the theme was consistent: distracted kids with phones can get hurt, and distractions come in many forms. Visual processing of roadway stimuli and cognitive processing of perceived stimuli helped to explain why texting while driving is so dangerous—because it covered at least two of these domains. Interestingly, listening to music was not dangerous for drivers, but it put pedestrians and cyclists at risk. Schwebel suspects aural distractions impacted walking and biking the most because being able to hear traffic is so important. “When hearing is blocked by headphones or earbuds, the aural information about traffic is lost and safety may be sacrificed,” he says. Which means it doesn’t take aggressive air guitar for someone to get hurt. Still, there is room for skepticism

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Our brains are wired to pay more attention to things that have previously brought us pleasure—a bias that may explain why it’s so hard to break bad habits or stick to New Year’s resolutions. Neuroscientists demonstrated that when people see something associated with a past reward, their brain flushes with the neurotransmitter chemical dopamine—even if they aren’t expecting a reward and even if they don’t realize they’re paying that thing any attention. The results suggest we don’t have as much self-control as we might think. “We don’t have complete control over what we pay attention to,” says senior author Susan M. Courtney, professor of psychological and brain sciences at Johns Hopkins University. “We don’t realize our past experience biases our attention to certain things.” This could be why it’s so hard to break a pleasurable addiction and why dieters keep thinking about fattening food when they’re trying to eat better. “I could choose healthy food or unhealthy food, but my attention keeps being drawn to fettuccini alfredo,” Courtney says. “What we tend to look at, think about, and pay attention to is whatever we’ve done in the past that was rewarded.” For the study, published in Current Biology, researchers asked 20 participants to find red and green objects on a computer screen filled with different colored objects. Participants got $1.50 for finding red objects and 25 cents for green ones. The next day, while the subjects had brain scans, researchers asked them to find certain shapes on the screen. Color no longer mattered and there was no reward involved. But when a red object appeared, participants automatically focused on it and a particular part of their brain involved in attention filled with dopamine, a brain chemical released when we receive rewards and anticipate or experience pleasure. Participants found the shapes they were told to find; they were just slower doing it than if the previously rewarded “red” wasn’t distracting them. “What’s surprising here is people are not getting rewarded and not expecting a reward,” Courtney says. “There’s something about past reward association that’s still causing a dopamine release. That stimulus has become incorporated into the reward system.” Some of the test subjects were more distracted by the previously rewarded red than others.

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Our brains are wired to pay more attention to things that have previously brought us pleasure—a bias [...] Those who were most distracted had the most elevated dopamine levels while those who were better able to focus on the task at hand appeared to have suppressed any release of dopamine. Generally speaking, distractions tended to be bigger for people prone to addiction and smaller for people who are successful abstainers and people who are depressed and don’t care about rewards, Courtney says. The findings suggest there could be a way to pharmaceutically curb these neurochemical distractions—a potential benefit for addicts, dieters and those with other problem behaviors. One of the coauthors of the paper is Steven Yantis, a professor of psychological and brain sciences who died of cancer in 2014. When Yantis died, Courtney and students in the Yantis lab felt strongly that his work had to continue. Courtney, who Yantis recruited to Johns Hopkins, took on his research program and “adopted” his students into her lab. Over the past year, their combined teams have worked to finish Yantis’ final projects and launch new ones that combine his ideas with Courtney’s. This paper’s lead author, Brian Anderson, was a graduate student in the Yantis lab and now works for Courtney as a postdoctoral researcher. “This is the kind of challenge that defined the career of Steven Yantis,” says Anderson, who stayed at Johns Hopkins for an extra year to finish the study and related projects. “A brilliant experimentalist with interests in cognitive neuroscience, Steve had a real knack for elegantly isolating a cognitive process in the brain. This project is a reflection of who he was as a scientist and the impact that had on me through his mentorship. That legacy really motivated all of us to see this project through.” The National Institutes of Health supported the work. Source: Johns Hopkins University

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By 2002 golden rice was technically ready to go. Animal testing had found no health risks. Syngenta, which had figured out how to insert the vitamin-A-producing gene from carrots into rice, had handed over all financial interests to a nonprofit organization so that there would be no resistance to the lifesaving technology from GMO (genetically modified organism) opponents who resist genetic modification because big biotech companies profit from it. Except for the regulatory approval process, golden rice was ready to start saving millions of lives and preventing tens of millions of cases of blindness in people around the world who suffer from vitamin-A deficiency. It's still not in use anywhere, however, because of the opposition to GM (genetic modification) technology. Now two German economists have quantified the price of that opposition, in human health, and the numbers are truly frightening. Their study estimates that the delayed application of golden rice in India alone has cost 1,424,000 life years since 2002. That odd-sounding metric -- not just lives but "life years" -- actually not only accounts for those who died but quantifies the blindness and other health disabilities that vitamin-A deficiency causes. (The full name of the metric they used is "disability-adjusted life years," or DALYs.) The majority of those who went blind or died because they did not have access to golden rice were children. These are real deaths, real disability, real suffering, not the phantom fears about the health effects of golden rice thrown around by opponents, none of which have held up to objective scientific scrutiny. It is absolutely fair to charge that opposition to this particular application of genetically modified food has contributed to the deaths of and injuries to millions of people. The opponents of golden rice who have caused this harm should be held accountable. That includes Greenpeace, which, in its values statement, promises that "we are committed to nonviolence," only their nonviolent opposition to golden rice contributes directly to real human death and suffering. It includes the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility, which claims the credibility of scientific expertise and then denies or distorts scientific evidence in order to oppose GMOs. It includes the U.S. Center for Food Safety and the Sierra Club and several environmental groups

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By 2002 golden rice was technically ready to go. Animal testing had found no health [...] , who deny and distort the scientific evidence on GM foods every bit as much as they complain that the deniers of climate-change science do. It includes the Non-GMO Project, started by natural-food retailers who oppose a technology that just happens to threaten their profits. Society needs groups like Greenpeace and other environmental organizations to hold big companies accountable when they put their profits before our health, as they too often do. But society also has the right to hold advocates accountable when they let their passions blind them to the facts and, in pursuit of their values, put us at risk. Let's be absolutely clear: That is precisely what opposition to genetic modification of food is doing, as the study of the golden-rice delay in India makes sobering clear. And golden rice is just one example. There are several other applications of GM technology that could contribute to food security and reduce hunger and starvation. Skeptics like the Union of Concerned Scientists criticize GM technology for not having fulfilled this promise. But that's because opposition has prevented most of these products from coming to the market in the first place. It's pretty tough to keep a promise you're not allowed to try to keep in the first place. Opposition to several GMO applications, based on fears that don't stand up against evidence from extensive safety testing, is denying people food and nutrition and doing real harm. The whole GMO issue is really just one example of a far more profound threat to your health and mine. The perception of risk is inescapably subjective, a matter of not just the facts but how we feel about those facts. As pioneering risk-perception psychologist Paul Slovic has said, "risk is a feeling." So societal arguments over risk issues like golden rice and GMOs, or guns or climate change or vaccines, are not mostly about the evidence, though we wield the facts as our weapons. They are mostly about how we feel, and our values, and which group's values win, not what will objectively do the most people the most good. That's a dumb and dangerous way to make public-risk-management decisions. When advocates get so passionate in the fight for their values that they potentially impose harm

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By 2002 golden rice was technically ready to go. Animal testing had found no health [...] on others, it puts us all at risk, and we have the right to call attention to those potential harms and hold those advocates accountable. And this is much broader than just GMOs: - Delay on dealing with climate change exposes us all to much greater risk. We should hold responsible those whose ideologically driven denial of climate change is responsible for some of that risk. - Resistance to anything to make it harder for bad guys to get guns puts us all at risk. Society should hold responsible the paranoid arch-conservatism that has created resistance to any prudent gun control and contributed to that risk. - Parents who refuse to vaccinate their kids put others in their communities at risk. They certainly should be held accountable for this, and in some places, that's beginning. Several states are trying to pass laws making it harder for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. To hold advocacy groups accountable, people could refuse to belong to or financially support these groups, and thus avoid personally contributing to the harm. They could belong to the groups but protest certain positions from within. They could choose to stand up to these groups in public meetings and respectfully challenge them to answer for the negative consequences and tradeoffs of what these groups espouse. A more skeptical press could challenge these groups about the harm that some of their positions can cause. Scientists can provide hard evidence about the negative impacts of the positions of these groups, as this new economic study does. Governments can hold advocates accountable if they are threatening public health. The Australian government just rescinded the tax-exempt status of an anti-vaccine group on the grounds that their misinformation was putting children at risk. (This is a dangerously slippery slope, however, and calls for caution. Vaccines are an easy example. GMOs, guns, and most other issues are not so black-and-white.) Scientists can also hold advocates accountable by demanding reasoned debate, in public forums, as GMO researchers did recently in the UK. When anti-GMO groups threatened to trash field trials of GM wheat, researchers invited them to debate the issue first, in public, with this challenge to open-mindedness: You have described genetically modified

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as well as problems. It is because that it may easily be absorbed by the skin and its ability to reduce itching as well as discomfort rapidly. The active ingredients in camphor oil is regarded to have the capability to calm skin and supply a few cooling effects. Nowadays, all camphor products for external use can just be produced in powder as well as ointment styles in the United States. However, various limitations might be applied in other nations too. In addition to the forms of powder as well as ointment, it may also be discovered as the components in certain medication to treat coughing. Additionally it is generally included the water vapor through the indoor evaporator to benefit from its decongestant effect. Camphor ointment is generally used on the patient’s skin to relieve the signs of some minor heart problems as well as periodic fatigue. The main source of this particular oil is from the extraction of camphor tree. You may also utilize turpentine oil to create a few quantity of camphor too. Along with the therapeutic qualities, camphor may also be used like a spice in cooking along with a kind of insect repellent. It may repel a number of insects as well as animals which includes moths, snakes and reptiles. The crystal forms of camphor in boxes and books may also be used to repel pests. In traditional India religious traditions, people generally during burn a few camphor substances within the ceremony as a symbol of leaving no residues in connection with religious consciousness. Even though most India religious parties no more burn camphor today, you may still find a few of them are going to do this throughout some outdoor religious ceremonies. Camphor was traditionally used like a spice for cooking in several nations. However, you need to carefully refer to the instructions for safety concerns. Over amount of utilization might cause neuromuscular hyperactivity, irritability, convulsions along with other abnormal reactions. Of course, sometimes they’re common side effects of using camphor oil for skin. Health Benefits of Camphor Essential Oil The health benefits of camphor essential oil consist of it properties as a stimulant, antispasmodic, antiseptic, decongestant,

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] anesthetic, sedative and nervous pacifier, antineuralgic, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, and insecticide substance. The essential oil of camphor is acquired during the process of extraction of camphor from two kinds of camphor trees. The first one is the Common Camphor tree, bearing the scientific name Cinnamonum Camphora, by which the common camphor is received. The second variety is definitely the Borneo Camphor tree, that is where Borneo Camphor is derived; it is clinically referred to as Dryobalanops Camphora. The camphor oil extracted from both have similar qualities, however they differ somewhat in aroma as well as in the power of various compounds present in them. The various components of camphor oil usually are Alcohol, Borneol, Pinene, Camphene, Camphor, Terpene and Safrol. Camphor oil, apart from having a cool, penetrating and lasting aroma, has numerous therapeutic qualities too, that are explained in depth below. 1. Stimulant & Diaphoretic Camphor oil is an efficient stimulant, which reinforces the activity of the circulatory system, metabolism, digestion, secretion and excretion. This particular property works well for dealing with problems as well as ailments related to improper circulation, digestion, sluggish or even overactive metabolic rates, blocked secretions, along with a wide selection of other less frequent conditions. 2. Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Insecticide, and Germicide Camphor oil is a superb disinfectant, insecticide as well as germicide. It may be included with drinking water to disinfect it, especially throughout the summer as well as in rainy months when there is a greater possibility of water becoming infected. An open bottle or even container of camphor oil, or burning a piece of cloth drenched in camphor oil, drives away insects as well as kills germs. A drop or two of camphor oil, combined with a large quantity of food grains, keep those food items protected from insects. Camphor is additionally utilized in many

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] healthcare preparations like ointments and lotion to avoid skin diseases, in addition to bacterial and fungal infections of the skin. Whenever combined into bathing water, camphor oil disinfects the entire body externally and kills lice or any other small parasites of bugs that could be in your body. It is extremely useful in providing relief for gas trouble. Mainly, it doesn’t let gas form and also secondarily, it successfully eliminates the gases and expels them in a healthy way. 4. Anesthetic & Nervous Pacifier It behaves as a good anesthetic and is also extremely effective for local anesthesia. It leads to numbness of the sensory nerves in the area of application. Additionally, it decreases the seriousness of nervous disorders as well as convulsions, epileptic attacks, nervousness, and chronic anxiety. It is a extremely powerful antispasmodic and provides instant relief from spasms as well as cramps. Additionally it is efficient at treating extreme spasmodic cholera. Camphor oil, whenever consumed or even eaten, enhances the libido simply by stimulating those portions of the brain that are liable for sexual desires as well as urges. Whenever externally used, it will help to avoid erectile problems simply by increasing blood flow within the affected parts, as it is a strong stimulant. 7. Respiratory Relief Camphor oil is renowned for its capability to relieve respiratory problems like coughing as well as congestion. In accordance with Herbal.safety.utep.edu, camphor could be ingested, in the form of tea, to lessen congestion. Camphor has been confirmed, however, to be extremely toxic if excessive of the dose is consumed. In accordance with Age-oldherbs.com, ingesting even a teaspoon of camphor can lead to death. Rather, topical, over-the-counter products can be bought at the local pharmacy or even grocery store. These products could be rubbed within the chest to warm the area and relieve pain in addition to release vapors which ease cough as well as congestion. Neuralgia, a

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] seriously painful situation is brought on once the Ninth Cranial Nerve is impacted because of swelling of the surrounding blood vessels, may be treatable utilizing camphor oil. This particular oil could make the blood vessels contract and also therefore decrease pressure on the Ninth Cranial Nerve. This really is another use of the sedative as well as soothing qualities of the versatile oil. 9. Anti-inflammatory and Sedative The cooling as well as penetrating effects of camphor oil allow it to be an anti-inflammatory as well as sedative agent. It is extremely useful in curing almost all kinds of inflammation, both external and internal. Additionally, it calms the body as well as mind whilst providing feeling of peace and freshness. It turns out to be very cooling as well as rejuvenating, especially in the summer. Camphor oil may also be combined with bathing water to have that additional sensation of coolness in the summer heat. 10. Antirheumatic, Anti-arthritic & Antiphlogistic As being a detoxifier along with a stimulant for circulatory system, camphor oil excites blood flow and provides relief to rheumatic diseases, arthritis, and gout. Additionally it is regarded as an antiphlogistic, which is, it lowers the swelling of body parts. This really is another advantageous effect of proper circulation. 11. Pain Relief Camphor oil could also be used like a liniment to ease pain within the muscles or joints. In accordance with “Herbal Medicine,” by Dian Dincin Buchman, Ph.D., a homemade camphor liniment can be made simply by combining 1 oz. of camphor USP with 4 oz. of olive oil. If you don’t need to make your own liniment, there are a number of over-the-counter options, like Ben-Gay, available. Such creams can be bought at the local pharmacy or even grocery store and include controlled quantities of camphor to prevent utilizing extremely harmful amounts. Remember that many people might be responsive to camphor and experience skin irritation. Liniments as well as creams that contains camphor

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] shouldn’t be used on areas of the skin which have open wounds and have been seriously burned. When utilizing an over-the-counter cream, make certain to completely browse the directions and warnings that appear on the product packaging or label. It does possess some narcotic effects, because it temporarily desensitizes the nerves and relaxes the brain. It may also make a person lose control over their limbs if used excessive, because it impacts brain function. The odor of camphor oil is additionally somewhat addictive. Individuals have been seen to develop powerful addictions to smelling camphor oil or even consuming it, so be cautious! The powerful, penetrating aroma of camphor oil is really a effective decongestant. It instantly reduces blockage of the bronchi, larynx, pharynx, nasal tracts as well as lungs. Therefore, it is utilized in numerous decongestant balms as well as cold rubs. 14. Relief of Skin Problems Camphor may be used topically to ease numerous skin disorders. In accordance with Innvista.com, camphor may be used to deal with cold sores, insect bites, itchiness, eczema, chapped lips and minor burns. When utilized as a liniment, camphor can provide pain relief for injured areas. You may use camphor just as one insect repellent to prevent insect bites. 15. Cure erectile problems Camphor essential oil is recognized to improve libido. It functions by stimulating the part of the brain that is liable for stimulating sex drive. Whenever applied in the area, it may also assist to heal erectile problems simply by growing blood circulation towards the affected parts. 16. Help Clear Acne Camphor oil is beneficial for treating acne too. Acne results in swelling as well as redness, that is because of a bacterial infection. This particular oil’s anti-bacterial qualities clear the acne break out. This particular oil may also be combined with skin lotion as well as in a steam treatment to obtain rest from all these. 17. Good for hair Struggling with hair loss? Searching for a natural cure

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] ? if so, then here is great news for you. The fact is, an all natural hair remedy is right within your kitchen in the form of Camphor Oil that is a type of one-in all formula for a number of kinds of hair loss and associated issues. Camphor oil is filled with germ killing as well as anti-inflammatory qualities. Additionally, it works as anti-fungal and anti-bacterial compound which enhances the all round quality of hair. By utilizing camphor oil frequently, you’ll see a remarkable improvement in the texture of the hair whilst getting rid of dandruff too. 18. Softens Cracked Heels Cracked heels aren’t just awkward, but additionally unpleasant. Cracked heels may be treatable efficiently utilizing camphor. It not just covers the uneven cracked skin, but additionally makes them smooth as well as soft. Additionally, it helps prevent the cracks from reappearing. 19. Refreshes body and Mind The strong scent of the oil is comparable to mint and also utilized to reduce stress. Adding just a little brown camphor oil to bath will allow you to relax and can keep your mind calm. A gentle massage together with the oil will reduce pain in addition to stress. Camphor oil reduces the body from unwanted gas also it can ultimately prevent the formation of gas too. 21. Effective antidote for cold and fever It is probably the most vital components of any cold balm available for sale. You are able to prepare one by yourself by combining a couple of drops of camphor essential oil as well as mint oil to beeswax. You may also add 2 to 3 drops of the essential oil to warm water and inhale the scent to open up the obstructed nasal passages as well as chest. Include a few drops of the essential oil in your fingertips and put it on your temple and forehead to lower your the fever. 22. Natural remedy for digestive troubles Use a few drops of camphor essential oil combined with sesame seed oil in your abdomen, if you suffer from any kind of digestive issues. It helps prevent the gas from accumulating within your stomach and expels the collected gas, therefore elim

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] inating abdominal distension. 23. Solution for skin itching and irritations Use a combination of camphor oil as well as sesame seed oil on eczema or any such itching, inflammatory skin conditions to relax the itching. Additionally, it helps reduce the redness and inflammation of the skin and also helps prevent scarring. 24. Heals scars from burns and cuts Use camphor oil combined in aloe gel around the affected area once every day to heal the burns and cuts. This particular solution is similarly efficient at disappearing the scars. 25. Camphor oil can ease stress A 2014 research tested the sedating effects of camphor essential oil on mental stress and also the process of recovery from stress responses.The research asked 20 participants to execute speech as well as arithmetic projects. Two parameters of the stress response were then measured. And also the results demonstrated camphor essential oil assisted participants recover faster from stress compared to control group. The study determined that camphor oil might produce sedative effects around the autonomous nervous system. 26. Other Benefits Frequently it’s utilized in cases of cardiac failure, in conjunction with other medications. Additionally it is useful for the management of epilepsy, hysteria, viral diseases just like whooping cough, measles, flu. food poisoning, infections of the reproductive organs, and insect bites. Therapeutic Uses of Camphor Essential Oil - Add 3 drops of Camphor White essential oil to 1 ounce of pure grain alcohol. Keep mixture in the glass spray bottle and apply at sore muscles, sprains or areas of arthritis pain can be found. - Place not more than 7 drops on evaporating dish along with water. Close eyes as well as Inhale for 3 – 5 minutes. - Camphor White essential oil is additionally mostly utilized to calm tired muscles. Just massage diluted Camphor White oil – 5 drops to 1 teaspoon of vegetable oil (utilize one of them: Grapeseed, Hazelnut, Olive oil) to the affected area, it will help

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Camphor oil is utilized for use like a medication for the treatment of several minor illnesses as [...] to alleviate from muscle pain. - Adding 3-5 drops of Camphor White essential oil combined with table spoon of milk, the hot water will certainly relieve sore muscles and open the respiratory cavities to assist in cold and flu relief. Aching joints might benefit from this a good soaking. - Camphor essential oil is most likely most commonly known as being an insect repellant. One only has to soak a piece of cloth together with the essential oil and then leave the cloth in the open to let the camphor’s scent to penetrate and drive insects away. You may also utilize it as an anti-mosquito repellant lotion or disinfectant to kill germs and get rid of lice. - To repel insects, place 2-3 drops in the diffuser or lamp ring. May also be used on cotton and put into closet, however don’t place directly on clothes. How to make Camphor oil at home Ingredients Needed to Make Camphor Oil - Crystallized camphor block or crystals – 2 tablespoons - Mortar and pestle - Coconut oil – 2 cups - Lemon juice – 2 tablespoons - Container with lid Making Camphor Oil from Camphor Crystals - Grind the crystallized camphor block or even crystals into powder, utilizing a mortar and pestle. - Heat two cups of coconut oil within the saucepan on medium heat, mixing occasionally so that it does not burn. - Add 2 tablespoons of ground camphor crystals to the heated oil. Mix the powdered crystals in the coconut oil till totally dissolved. - Remove the warm coconut oil and dissolved camphor crystals through the stove. Add 2 tablespoons of lemon juice on the cooling mixture. - Store the oil in the container having a lid. A Word Of Caution - Even though advantages of camphor oil for skin are very well identified, there are specific negative effects that you need to know. - Prevent making use of this oil on busted skin as it might poison the

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10 Surprising Facts About Hearing Loss Quick question: how many people in the United States are afflicted with some form of hearing loss? What is your answer? I’m inclined to bet, if I had to guess, that it was short of the correct answer of 48 million people. Let’s take a shot at another one. How many individuals in the United States under the age of 65 suffer from hearing loss? Most people have a tendency to underestimate this answer as well. The answer, together with 9 other surprising facts, might change the way you think about hearing loss. 1. 48 million people in the US have some level of hearing loss People are often shocked by this number, and they should be—this is 20 percent of the entire US population! Reported a different way, on average, one out of each five individuals you encounter will have some measure of trouble hearing. 2. More than 30 million Americans under the age of 65 suffer from hearing loss Of the 48 million individuals that have hearing loss in the US, it’s common to assume that the majority are 65 and older. But the reality is the reverse. For those struggling with hearing loss in the US, approximately 62 percent are younger than 65. The fact is, 1 in 6 baby boomers (ages 41-59), 1 in 14 Generation Xers (ages 29-40), 1.4 million children (18 or younger), and 2-3 out of 1,000 infants have some measure of hearing loss. 3. 1.1 billion teens and young adults are in danger of developing hearing loss worldwide According to The World Health Organization: “Some 1.1 billion teenagers and young adults are at risk of hearing loss due to the unsafe use of personal audio devices, including smartphones, and exposure to damaging levels of sound at noisy entertainment venues such as nightclubs, bars and sporting events. Hearing loss has potentially devastating consequences for physical and mental health, education and employment.” Which takes us to the next fact… 4. Any sound above 85 decibels can injure hearing 1.1 billion individuals globally are in danger of developing hearing loss due to exposure to loud

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10 Surprising Facts About Hearing Loss Quick question: how many people in [...] sounds. But what is thought of as loud? Subjection to any noise above 85 decibels, for an extensive period of time, can possibly lead to permanent hearing loss. To put that into perspective, a ordinary conversation is around 60 decibels and city traffic is around 85 decibels. These sounds most likely won’t damage your hearing. Motorcycles, on the other hand, can reach 100 decibels, power saws can achieve 110 decibels, and a rowdy rock concert can reach 115 decibels. Young adults also are inclined to listen to their iPods or MP3 players at around 100 decibels or higher. 5. 26 million people between the ages of 20 and 69 are suffering from noise-induced hearing loss According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), 15 percent of Americans (26 million people) between the ages of 20 and 69 are afflicted by hearing loss owing to exposure to loud sounds at work or during leisure activities. So although growing old and genetics can cause hearing loss in older adults, noise-induced hearing loss is just as, if not more, hazardous. 6. Each person’s hearing loss is unique No two individuals have exactly the equivalent hearing loss: we all hear a variety of sounds and frequencies in a slightly distinct way. That’s why it’s imperative to have your hearing examined by an experienced hearing care professional. Without expert testing, any hearing aids or amplification products you acquire will most likely not amplify the proper frequencies. 7. Normally, people wait 5 to 7 years before seeking help for their hearing loss Five to seven years is a very long time to have to struggle with your hearing. Why do people wait that long? There are in fact many reasons, but the main reasons are: - Less than 16 percent of family physicians test for hearing loss. - Hearing loss is so gradual that it’s difficult to notice. - Hearing loss is frequently partial, which means some sounds can be heard normally, creating the impression of normal

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10 Surprising Facts About Hearing Loss Quick question: how many people in [...] hearing. - People think that hearing aids don’t work, which takes us to the next fact. 8. Only 1 out of 5 people who could reap the benefits of hearing aids wears them For every five people who could live better with hearing aids, only one will actually wear them. The primary reason for the discrepancy is the invalid presumption that hearing aids don’t work. Maybe this was accurate 10 to 15 years ago, but certainly not today. The evidence for hearing aid effectiveness has been widely documented. One example is a study conducted by the Journal of the American Medical Association, which found three prominent hearing aid models to “provide significant benefit in quiet and noisy listening situations.” People have also noticed the benefits: The National Center for Biotechnology Information, after analyzing years of research, concluded that “studies have shown that users are quite satisfied with their hearing aids.” Similarly, a recent MarkeTrak consumer satisfaction survey discovered that, for patients with hearing aids four years old or less, 78.6% were pleased with their hearing aid performance. 9. More than 200 medications can bring about hearing loss Here’s a little-known fact: certain medications can injure the ear, resulting in hearing loss, ringing in the ear, or balance disorders. These medications are considered ototoxic. In fact, there are more than 200 identified ototoxic medications. For more information on the specific medications, visit the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 10. Professional musicians are 57 percent more likely to suffer with tinnitus In one of the biggest studies ever conducted on hearing disorders linked to musicians, researchers discovered that musicians are 57 percent more likely to be affected by tinnitus—continuing ringing in the ears—as a result of their jobs. If you’re a musician, or if you participate in live shows, protecting your ears is vital. Ask us about custom musicians earplugs that assure both protected listening and preserved sound quality. Which of the 10 facts was most surprising to you? Tell us in a comment.

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used such as in electrocorticography. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus either on event-related potentials or on the spectral content of EEG. The former investigates potential fluctuations time locked to an event like stimulus onset or button press. The latter analyses the type of neural oscillations (popularly called "brain waves") that can be observed in EEG signals in the frequency domain. EEG is most often used to diagnose epilepsy, which causes abnormalities in EEG readings. It is also used to diagnose sleep disorders, depth of anesthesia, coma, encephalopathies, and brain death. EEG used to be a first-line method of diagnosis for tumors, stroke and other focal brain disorders, but this use has decreased with the advent of high-resolution anatomical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Despite limited spatial resolution, EEG continues to be a valuable tool for research and diagnosis. It is one of the few mobile techniques available and offers millisecond-range temporal resolution which is not possible with CT, PET or MRI. Derivatives of the EEG technique include evoked potentials (EP), which involves averaging the EEG activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort (visual, somatosensory, or auditory). Event-related potentials (ERPs) refer to averaged EEG responses that are time-locked to more complex processing of stimuli; this technique is used in cognitive science, cognitive psychology, and psychophysiological research. - 1 History - 2 Medical use - 3 Research use - 4 Mechanisms - 5

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] Method - 6 Normal activity - 7 Artifacts - 8 Abnormal activity - 9 Economics - 10 Future research - 11 See also - 12 References - 13 Further reading - 14 External links The history of EEG is detailed by Barbara E. Swartz in Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. In 1875, Richard Caton (1842–1926), a physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal. In 1890, Polish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves. In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog). In 1914, Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures. German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924. Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalogram (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them. In 1934, Fisher and Lowenback first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935, Gibbs, Davis and Lennox described inter

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] ictal spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical absence seizures, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital. Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at Northwestern University developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically known as the Offner Dynograph). In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman described REM sleep. In the 1950s, William Grey Walter developed an adjunct to EEG called EEG topography, which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool. A routine clinical EEG recording typically lasts 20–30 minutes (plus preparation time) and usually involves recording from scalp electrodes. Routine EEG is typically used in clinical circumstances to distinguish epileptic seizures from other types of spells, such as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, syncope (fainting), sub-cortical movement disorders and migraine variants, to differentiate "organic" encephalopathy or delirium from primary psychiatric syndromes such as catatonia, to serve as an adjunct test of brain death, to prognosticate, in certain instances, in patients with coma, and to determine whether to wean anti-epileptic medications. At times, a routine EEG is not sufficient, particularly when it is necessary to record a patient while he/she is having a seizure. In this case, the patient may be admitted to the hospital for days or even weeks, while EEG is constantly being recorded

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] (along with time-synchronized video and audio recording). A recording of an actual seizure (i.e., an ictal recording, rather than an inter-ictal recording of a possibly epileptic patient at some period between seizures) can give significantly better information about whether or not a spell is an epileptic seizure and the focus in the brain from which the seizure activity emanates. Epilepsy monitoring is typically done to distinguish epileptic seizures from other types of spells, such as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, syncope (fainting), sub-cortical movement disorders and migraine variants, to characterize seizures for the purposes of treatment, and to localize the region of brain from which a seizure originates for work-up of possible seizure surgery. EEG can also be used in intensive care units for brain function monitoring to monitor for non-convulsive seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus, to monitor the effect of sedative/anesthesia in patients in medically induced coma (for treatment of refractory seizures or increased intracranial pressure), and to monitor for secondary brain damage in conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (currently a research method). If a patient with epilepsy is being considered for resective surgery, it is often necessary to localize the focus (source) of the epileptic brain activity with a resolution greater than what is provided by scalp EEG. This is because the cerebrospinal fluid, skull and scalp smear the electrical potentials recorded by scalp EEG. In these cases, neurosurgeons typically implant strips and grids of electrodes (or penetrating depth electrodes) under the dura mater, through either a craniotomy or a burr hole. The recording of these signals is referred to as electrocorticography (ECoG), subdural EEG (sdEEG) or intracranial EEG (icEEG)--all terms for the same thing. The signal recorded from ECoG is on a different scale of activity than the brain activity recorded from scalp EEG. Low voltage, high frequency components

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] that cannot be seen easily (or at all) in scalp EEG can be seen clearly in ECoG. Further, smaller electrodes (which cover a smaller parcel of brain surface) allow even lower voltage, faster components of brain activity to be seen. Some clinical sites record from penetrating microelectrodes. EEG is not indicated for diagnosing headache. Recurring headache is a common pain problem, and this procedure is sometimes used in a search for a diagnosis, but it has no advantage over routine clinical evaluation. EEG, and the related study of ERPs are used extensively in neuroscience, cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics and psychophysiological research. Many EEG techniques used in research are not standardised sufficiently for clinical use. But research on mental disabilities, such as auditory processing disorder (APD), ADD, or ADHD, is becoming more widely known and EEGs are used as research and treatment. Several other methods to study brain function exist, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography (MEG), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrocorticography, single-photon emission computed tomography, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and event-related optical signal (EROS). Despite the relatively poor spatial sensitivity of EEG, it possesses multiple advantages over some of these techniques: - Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of most other techniques - EEG prevents limited availability of technologists to provide immediate care in high traffic hospitals. - EEG sensors can be used in more places than fMRI, SPECT, PET, MRS, or MEG, as these techniques require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG requires equipment consisting of liquid helium-cooled detectors that can be used only in magnetically shielded rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million dollars; and fMRI requires the use of a 1-ton magnet in, again, a shielded room. - EEG has very high temporal resolution, on the order of milliseconds rather than seconds. EEG is commonly recorded at sampling rates between

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] 250 and 2000 Hz in clinical and research settings, but modern EEG data collection systems are capable of recording at sampling rates above 20,000 Hz if desired. MEG and EROS are the only other noninvasive cognitive neuroscience techniques that acquire data at this level of temporal resolution. - EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike most other neuroimaging techniques. There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating movement artifacts in EEG data - EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to auditory stimuli. - EEG does not aggravate claustrophobia, unlike fMRI, PET, MRS, SPECT, and sometimes MEG - EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity (>1 tesla) magnetic fields, as in some of the other techniques, especially MRI and MRS. These can cause a variety of undesirable issues with the data, and also prohibit use of these techniques with participants that have metal implants in their body, such as metal-containing pacemakers - EEG does not involve exposure to radioligands, unlike positron emission tomography. - ERP studies can be conducted with relatively simple paradigms, compared with IE block-design fMRI studies - Extremely uninvasive, unlike Electrocorticography, which actually requires electrodes to be placed on the surface of the brain. EEG also has some characteristics that compare favorably with behavioral testing: - EEG can detect covert processing (i.e., processing that does not require a response) - EEG can be used in subjects who are incapable of making a motor response - Some ERP components can be detected even when the subject is not attending to the stimuli - Unlike other means of studying reaction time, ERPs can elucidate stages of processing (rather than just the final end result) - EEG is a powerful tool for tracking brain changes during different phases of life. EEG sleep analysis can indicate significant aspects of the timing of brain development, including evaluating adolescent brain maturation. - In E

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] EG there is a better understanding of what signal is measured as compared to other research techniques, i.e. the BOLD response in MRI. - Low spatial resolution on the scalp. fMRI, for example, can directly display areas of the brain that are active, while EEG requires intense interpretation just to hypothesize what areas are activated by a particular response. - EEG poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the cortex). - Unlike PET and MRS, cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which various neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found. - Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement of dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions, and/or pastes to keep them in place (although a cap can be used). While the length of time differs dependent on the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes considerably less time to prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT. - Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG With other neuroimaging techniques Simultaneous EEG recordings and fMRI scans have been obtained successfully, though successful simultaneous recording requires that several technical difficulties be overcome, such as the presence of ballistocardiographic artifact, MRI pulse artifact and the induction of electrical currents in EEG wires that move within the strong magnetic fields of the MRI. While challenging, these have been successfully overcome in a number of studies. MRI's produce detailed images created by generating strong magnetic fields that may induce potentially harmful displacement force and torque. These fields produce potentially harmful radio frequency heating and create image artifacts rendering images useless. Due to these potential risks, only certain medical devices can be used in an MR environment. Similarly, simultaneous recordings with MEG and EEG have also been conducted, which has several advantages over using either technique alone: - EEG requires accurate information about certain aspects of the skull that can only be estimated, such as skull radius, and conduct

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] ivities of various skull locations. MEG does not have this issue, and a simultaneous analysis allows this to be corrected for. - MEG and EEG both detect activity below the surface of the cortex very poorly, and like EEG, the level of error increases with the depth below the surface of the cortex one attempts to examine. However, the errors are very different between the techniques, and combining them thus allows for correction of some of this noise. - MEG has access to virtually no sources of brain activity below a few centimetres under the cortex. EEG, on the other hand, can receive signals from greater depth, albeit with a high degree of noise. Combining the two makes it easier to determine what in the EEG signal comes from the surface (since MEG is very accurate in examining signals from the surface of the brain), and what comes from deeper in the brain, thus allowing for analysis of deeper brain signals than either EEG or MEG on its own. Recently, a combined EEG/MEG (EMEG) approach has been investigated for the purpose of source reconstruction in epilepsy diagnosis. The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of neurons. Neurons are electrically charged (or "polarized") by membrane transport proteins that pump ions across their membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain resting potential and to propagate action potentials. Ions of similar charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same time, they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave. This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by a voltmeter. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG. The electric potential generated by an individual neuron is far too small to be picked up by EEG or MEG. EEG

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] activity therefore always reflects the summation of the synchronous activity of thousands or millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation. If the cells do not have similar spatial orientation, their ions do not line up and create waves to be detected. Pyramidal neurons of the cortex are thought to produce the most EEG signal because they are well-aligned and fire together. Because voltage field gradients fall off with the square of distance, activity from deep sources is more difficult to detect than currents near the skull. Scalp EEG activity shows oscillations at a variety of frequencies. Several of these oscillations have characteristic frequency ranges, spatial distributions and are associated with different states of brain functioning (e.g., waking and the various sleep stages). These oscillations represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying sleep spindles), while many others are not (e.g., the system that generates the posterior basic rhythm). Research that measures both EEG and neuron spiking finds the relationship between the two is complex, with a combination of EEG power in the gamma band and phase in the delta band relating most strongly to neuron spike activity. In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes, each of which is attached to an individual wire. Some systems use caps or nets into which electrodes are embedded; this is particularly common when high-density arrays of electrodes are needed. Electrode locations and names are specified by the International 10–20 system for most clinical and research applications (except when high-density arrays are used). This system ensures that the naming of electrodes is consistent across laboratories. In most clinical applications, 19 recording electrodes (plus ground and system reference) are used. A smaller number of electrodes are typically used when recording EEG from neonates. Additional electrodes can be added to the standard set-up when a clinical or research application demands increased spatial resolution for a particular area of

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] the brain. High-density arrays (typically via cap or net) can contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less evenly spaced around the scalp. Each electrode is connected to one input of a differential amplifier (one amplifier per pair of electrodes); a common system reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the voltage between the active electrode and the reference (typically 1,000–100,000 times, or 60–100 dB of voltage gain). In analog EEG, the signal is then filtered (next paragraph), and the EEG signal is output as the deflection of pens as paper passes underneath. Most EEG systems these days, however, are digital, and the amplified signal is digitized via an analog-to-digital converter, after being passed through an anti-aliasing filter. Analog-to-digital sampling typically occurs at 256–512 Hz in clinical scalp EEG; sampling rates of up to 20 kHz are used in some research applications. During the recording, a series of activation procedures may be used. These procedures may induce normal or abnormal EEG activity that might not otherwise be seen. These procedures include hyperventilation, photic stimulation (with a strobe light), eye closure, mental activity, sleep and sleep deprivation. During (inpatient) epilepsy monitoring, a patient's typical seizure medications may be withdrawn. The digital EEG signal is stored electronically and can be filtered for display. Typical settings for the high-pass filter and a low-pass filter are 0.5–1 Hz and 35–70 Hz respectively. The high-pass filter typically filters out slow artifact, such as electrogalvanic signals and movement artifact, whereas the low-pass filter filters out high-frequency artifacts, such as electromyographic signals. An additional notch filter is typically used to remove artifact caused by electrical power lines (60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in many other countries). As part of an evaluation for epilepsy surgery,

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] it may be necessary to insert electrodes near the surface of the brain, under the surface of the dura mater. This is accomplished via burr hole or craniotomy. This is referred to variously as "electrocorticography (ECoG)", "intracranial EEG (I-EEG)" or "subdural EEG (SD-EEG)". Depth electrodes may also be placed into brain structures, such as the amygdala or hippocampus, structures, which are common epileptic foci and may not be "seen" clearly by scalp EEG. The electrocorticographic signal is processed in the same manner as digital scalp EEG (above), with a couple of caveats. ECoG is typically recorded at higher sampling rates than scalp EEG because of the requirements of Nyquist theorem—the subdural signal is composed of a higher predominance of higher frequency components. Also, many of the artifacts that affect scalp EEG do not impact ECoG, and therefore display filtering is often not needed. A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10 µV to 100 µV in amplitude when measured from the scalp and is about 10–20 mV when measured from subdural electrodes. Since an EEG voltage signal represents a difference between the voltages at two electrodes, the display of the EEG for the reading encephalographer may be set up in one of several ways. The representation of the EEG channels is referred to as a montage. - Sequential montage - Each channel (i.e., waveform) represents the difference between two adjacent electrodes. The entire montage consists of a series of these channels. For example, the channel "Fp1-F3" represents the difference in voltage between the Fp1 electrode and the F3 electrode. The next channel in the montage, "F3-C3", represents the voltage difference between F3 and C3, and so on through the entire array of electrodes. - Referential montage - Each channel represents the difference between a certain electrode and a designated reference electrode. There is

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] no standard position for this reference; it is, however, at a different position than the "recording" electrodes. Midline positions are often used because they do not amplify the signal in one hemisphere vs. the other. Another popular reference is "linked ears", which is a physical or mathematical average of electrodes attached to both earlobes or mastoids. - Average reference montage - The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and averaged, and this averaged signal is used as the common reference for each channel. - Laplacian montage - Each channel represents the difference between an electrode and a weighted average of the surrounding electrodes. When analog (paper) EEGs are used, the technologist switches between montages during the recording in order to highlight or better characterize certain features of the EEG. With digital EEG, all signals are typically digitized and stored in a particular (usually referential) montage; since any montage can be constructed mathematically from any other, the EEG can be viewed by the electroencephalographer in any display montage that is desired. The EEG is read by a clinical neurophysiologist or neurologist (depending on local custom and law regarding medical specialities), optimally one who has specific training in the interpretation of EEGs for clinical purposes. This is done by visual inspection of the waveforms, called graphoelements. The use of computer signal processing of the EEG—so-called quantitative electroencephalography—is somewhat controversial when used for clinical purposes (although there are many research uses). EEG has several limitations. Most important is its poor spatial resolution. EEG is most sensitive to a particular set of post-synaptic potentials: those generated in superficial layers of the cortex, on the crests of gyri directly abutting the skull and radial to the skull. Dendrites, which are deeper in the cortex, inside sulci, in midline or deep structures (such as the cingulate gyrus or hippocampus), or producing currents that are tangential to the skull, have far less contribution to the EEG signal. EEG recordings do not

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] directly capture axonal action potentials. An action potential can be accurately represented as a current quadrupole, meaning that the resulting field decreases more rapidly than the ones produced by the current dipole of post-synaptic potentials. In addition, since EEGs represent averages of thousands of neurons, a large population of cells in synchronous activity is necessary to cause a significant deflection on the recordings. Action potentials are very fast and, as a consequence, the chances of field summation are slim. However, neural backpropagation, as a typically longer dendritic current dipole, can be picked up by EEG electrodes and is a reliable indication of the occurrence of neural output. Not only do EEGs capture dendritic currents almost exclusively as opposed to axonal currents, they also show a preference for activity on populations of parallel dendrites and transmitting current in the same direction at the same time. Pyramidal neurons of cortical layers II/III and V extend apical dendrites to layer I. Currents moving up or down these processes underlie most of the signals produced by electroencephalography. Therefore, EEG provides information with a large bias to select neuron types, and generally should not be used to make claims about global brain activity. The meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and skull "smear" the EEG signal, obscuring its intracranial source. It is mathematically impossible to reconstruct a unique intracranial current source for a given EEG signal, as some currents produce potentials that cancel each other out. This is referred to as the inverse problem. However, much work has been done to produce remarkably good estimates of, at least, a localized electric dipole that represents the recorded currents. EEG vs fMRI, fNIRS and PET EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEGs can detect changes over milliseconds, which is excellent considering an action potential takes approximately 0.5–130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron. Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as PET and fMRI have

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET, NIRS), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneously with fMRI so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent exactly the same brain activity. There are technical difficulties associated with combining these two modalities, including the need to remove the MRI gradient artifact present during MRI acquisition and the ballistocardiographic artifact (resulting from the pulsatile motion of blood and tissue) from the EEG. Furthermore, currents can be induced in moving EEG electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI. EEG can be used simultaneously with NIRS without major technical difficulties. There is no influence of these modalities on each other and a combined measurement can give useful information about electrical activity as well as local hemodynamics. EEG vs MEG EEG reflects correlated synaptic activity caused by post-synaptic potentials of cortical neurons. The ionic currents involved in the generation of fast action potentials may not contribute greatly to the averaged field potentials representing the EEG. More specifically, the scalp electrical potentials that produce EEG are generally thought to be caused by the extracellular ionic currents caused by dendritic electrical activity, whereas the fields producing magnetoencephalographic signals are associated with intracellular ionic currents. EEG can be recorded at the same time as MEG so that data from these complementary high-time-resolution techniques can be combined. Studies on numerical modeling of EEG and MEG have also been done. The sample of human EEG with prominent resting state activity – alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range (11 Hz in this case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph. The sample of human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG traces (horizontal – time in seconds; vertical – amplitudes, scale 100 μV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines – 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80–90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in 8–12 Hz range – alpha rhythm. Others (like this) lack this type of activity. The samples of main types of artifacts in human EEG. 1: Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger impedance) between P3 electrode and skin. 3: Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in all channels. The EEG is typically described in terms of (1) rhythmic activity and (2) transients. The rhythmic activity is divided into bands by frequency. To some degree, these frequency bands are a matter of nomenclature (i.e., any rhythmic activity between 8–12 Hz can be described as "alpha"), but these designations arose because rhythmic activity within a certain frequency range was noted to have a certain distribution over the scalp or a certain biological significance. Frequency bands are usually extracted using spectral methods (for instance Welch) as implemented for instance in freely available EEG software such as EEGLAB or the Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox. Computational processing of the EEG is often named quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Most of the cerebral signal observed in

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] the scalp EEG falls in the range of 1–20 Hz (activity below or above this range is likely to be artifactual, under standard clinical recording techniques). Waveforms are subdivided into bandwidths known as alpha, beta, theta, and delta to signify the majority of the EEG used in clinical practice. |Delta||< 4||frontally in adults, posteriorly in children; high-amplitude waves|| |Theta||4–7||Found in locations not related to task at hand|| |Alpha||8–15||posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on dominant side. Central sites (c3-c4) at rest|| |Beta||16–31||both sides, symmetrical distribution, most evident frontally; low-amplitude waves|| |Gamma||> 32||Somatosensory cortex|| The practice of using only whole numbers in the definitions comes from practical considerations in the days when only whole cycles could be counted on paper records. This leads to gaps in the definitions, as seen elsewhere on this page. The theoretical definitions have always been more carefully defined to include all frequencies. Unfortunately there is no agreement in standard reference works on what these ranges should be – values for the upper end of alpha and lower end of beta include 12, 13, 14 and 15. If the threshold is taken as 14 Hz, then the slowest beta wave has about the same duration as the longest spike (70 ms), which makes this the most useful value. |Theta||≥ 4 and < 8| |Alpha||≥ 8 and < 14| Others sometimes divide the bands into sub-bands for the purposes of data analysis. - Delta is the frequency range up to 4 Hz. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. It is seen normally in adults in slow-wave sleep. It is also seen normally in babies. It may occur focally with subcortical lesions and in general distribution with diffuse lesions, metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus or deep midline lesions. It is usually most prominent front

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] ally in adults (e.g. FIRDA – frontal intermittent rhythmic delta) and posteriorly in children (e.g. OIRDA – occipital intermittent rhythmic delta). - Theta is the frequency range from 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta is seen normally in young children. It may be seen in drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults; it can also be seen in meditation. Excess theta for age represents abnormal activity. It can be seen as a focal disturbance in focal subcortical lesions; it can be seen in generalized distribution in diffuse disorder or metabolic encephalopathy or deep midline disorders or some instances of hydrocephalus. On the contrary this range has been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states. - Alpha is the frequency range from 7 Hz to 13 Hz. Hans Berger named the first rhythmic EEG activity he saw as the "alpha wave". This was the "posterior basic rhythm" (also called the "posterior dominant rhythm" or the "posterior alpha rhythm"), seen in the posterior regions of the head on both sides, higher in amplitude on the dominant side. It emerges with closing of the eyes and with relaxation, and attenuates with eye opening or mental exertion. The posterior basic rhythm is actually slower than 8 Hz in young children (therefore technically in the theta range). - In addition to the posterior basic rhythm, there are other normal alpha rhythms such as the mu rhythm (alpha activity in the contralateral sensory and motor cortical areas) that emerges when the hands and arms are idle; and the "third rhythm" (alpha activity in the temporal or frontal lobes). Alpha can be abnormal; for example, an EEG that has diffuse alpha occurring in coma and is not responsive to external stimuli is referred to as "alpha coma". - Beta is the frequency range from 14 Hz to about 30 Hz. It is seen usually on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. Beta activity is closely linked to motor behavior and is generally attenu

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Epileptic spike and wave discharges monitored with EEG Elect [...] ated during active movements. Low-amplitude beta with multiple and varying frequencies is often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration. Rhythmic beta with a dominant set of frequencies is associated with various pathologies, such as Dup15q syndrome, and drug effects, especially benzodiazepines. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage. It is the dominant rhythm in patients who are alert or anxious or who have their eyes open. - Gamma is the frequency range approximately 30–100 Hz. Gamma rhythms are thought to represent binding of different populations of neurons together into a network for the purpose of carrying out a certain cognitive or motor function. - Mu range is 8–13 Hz and partly overlaps with other frequencies. It reflects the synchronous firing of motor neurons in rest state. Mu suppression is thought to reflect motor mirror neuron systems, because when an action is observed, the pattern extinguishes, possibly because of the normal neuronal system and the mirror neuron system "go out of sync" and interfere with each other. "Ultra-slow" or "near-DC" activity is recorded using DC amplifiers in some research contexts. It is not typically recorded in a clinical context because the signal at these frequencies is susceptible to a number of artifacts. Some features of the EEG are transient rather than rhythmic. Spikes and sharp waves may represent seizure activity or interictal activity in individuals with epilepsy or a predisposition toward epilepsy. Other transient features are normal: vertex waves and sleep spindles are seen in normal sleep. Note that there are types of activity that are statistically uncommon, but not associated with dysfunction or disease. These are often referred to as "normal variants". The mu rhythm is an example of a normal variant. The normal electroencephalography (EEG) varies by age. The neonatal EEG is quite different from the adult EEG. The EEG in childhood generally has slower frequency oscillations than the adult EEG. The normal EEG also varies depending on state. The EEG is used along with other measurements (EOG, EMG

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