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The Amateur Association Basket Alcamo is the main female basketball team from Alcamo. The team plays at the stadium Palazzetto Tre Santi and the uniform is white and blue. History Previously Known as Sport Club Alcamo, the team played in Serie A1 already in 1996. Numerous notable athletes played for this team, including Angela Aycock, Cynthia Cooper, Lisa Leslie, Francesca Zara and Susanna Stabile. In 1996 the Sport Club Alcamo reaches the final of the Ronchetti Cup. Stadium The team plays at the 'PalaTreSanti. Built in 1990, it holds 1000 spectators. In the past hosted Universiades matches and in 2009 hosted many Basketball Trapani matches. Notable players Angela Aycock Cynthia Cooper Lisa Leslie Tari Phillips Francesca Zara Susanna Stabile Diāna Skrastiņa Roli-Ann Nikagbatse Karolina Piotrkiewicz Zsuzsa Tarnai Andra Simina Mandache Anna Caliendo Women's basketball teams in Italy
Dolichopus plumipes is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is found in most of North America, except for the eastern United States, and most of northern Europe and Asia. References External links Images representing Dolichopus at BOLD plumipes Insects described in 1763 Asilomorph flies of Europe Diptera of Asia Diptera of North America Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
The 2010–11 season was Bristol Rovers fourth season in League One since being promoted via the League Two play-offs in 2006–07. Bristol Rovers had a poor season and on 30 April 2011, they were relegated to League Two after a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday. Bristol Rovers 2010–11 season officially began on 1 July 2010 and concluded on 30 June 2011, with competitive fixtures taking place between August and May. Season Events – Bristol Rovers manager Paul Trollope is sacked by Bristol Rovers after 5 seasons in charge of the club. – Bristol Rovers appoint Dave Penney as their new manager. – Bristol Rovers sack manager Dave Penney and leaves the club languishing 23rd in the League One table, five points from safety. – Bristol Rovers sign 20-year-old Bermudan international Reggie Lambe on loan from Ipswich Town until the end of the season. – On 30 April 2011, Bristol Rovers were relegated to League Two after a 2–1 defeat away at Colchester United. Competitions Overall Football League One Standings Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points; (R) = Relegated Results summary Result round by round Penalties awarded Season statistics Appearances, goals and cards As of 9 May 2011. Goalscorers Awards Club awards At the end of the season, Bristol Rovers held annual awards dinner. Rewards received were for the players and backroom staff, for instance such as Player of the Year, Young Player of the Year, Youth Player of the Year, Goal of the Season and Clubman of the Year. The event was held at The Memorial Stadium, the supporters and the supporters club were all in attendance. Transfers In Out Fixtures and results Pre-season friendlies League One September October November December January February March April May League Cup Football League Trophy FA Cup See also Bristol Rovers F.C. 2010–11 in English football 2010–11 Football League One References External links Bristol Rovers F.C. Official Website Bristol Evening Post Soccerbase – Results | Stats | Transfers Bristol Rovers F.C. seasons Bristol Rovers
Linha de Vendas Novas is a freight railway line which connects the stations of Setil, on the Linha do Norte, and Vendas Novas, on the Linha do Alentejo, in Portugal. It was opened on 15 January 1904. This line also previously had a regional passenger service which operated until 2005, then again between 2009 and 2011. Passenger service on this line was discontinued due to low ridership. See also List of railway lines in Portugal History of rail transport in Portugal References Sources Railway lines in Portugal Railway lines opened in 1904 1904 establishments in Portugal Iberian gauge railways
Parleza Mała is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. References Villages in Olsztyn County
General Bruce Keener Holloway (September 1, 1912 – September 30, 1999) was a United States Air Force general. A West Point graduate, he was a fighter ace with the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and later served as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force and commander-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command. Early life and career Holloway was one of two children born to Frank P. Holloway, a mill owner, and Elizabeth Keener, a homemaker. He graduated from Knoxville High School in 1929 and studied engineering for two years at the University of Tennessee before attending Marion Military Institute, preparing for appointment to the United States Military Academy, where he graduated in 1937. Assigned to the Army Air Corps, he received his pilot wings in 1938 at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas, then served two years with the Sixth Pursuit Squadron and 18th Pursuit Group in Hawaii before taking a postgraduate course in aeronautical engineering at the California Institute of Technology. World War II After The US entered World War II in December 1941, Holloway was sent to China to observe Chennault's American Volunteer Group (AVG), the Flying Tigers. He became the commander of the 23rd Fighter Group USAAF. During his China tour, Holloway earned status as a fighter ace, shooting down 13 Japanese planes. He returned to the US in 1944. Post-war As commander of the Army Air Forces' first jet-equipped fighter group in 1946, Holloway pioneered in this new field of tactical jet air operations. After graduation from the National War College in 1951, he progressed through key staff assignments in both operations and development fields at Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Later, as director of operational requirements, he played a key role in preparing and evaluating proposals for many aircraft and missiles. Holloway spent four years in Tactical Air Command (TAC) as deputy commander of both the 9th and 12th Air Forces, and in 1961 he was named deputy commander in chief of the U.S. Strike Command at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. Later in that assignment, he also fulfilled additional responsibilities as deputy commander in chief of the Middle East/Southern Asia and Africa South of the Sahara Command. Senior commands and retirement General Holloway assumed command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe in July 1965, serving in that capacity until his appointment as Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on August 1, 1966, at The Pentagon. He became commander-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, on August 1, 1968, and remained in that position until retiring from the Air Force on 30 April 1972. Holloway died of heart failure at age 87 in Orlando, Florida on 30 September 1999. His remains were cremated and interred in his hometown of Knoxville, Tennessee. Awards and decorations Holloway's decorations include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, and foreign decorations which include the Order of the Sacred Tripod (China), Order of the Cloud and Banner, Chinese Air Force Pilot Wings, The Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star and Sash, German Air Force Command Pilot Wings, The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand-First Class—Knight Grand Cross, Honorary Royal Thai Air Force Wings, the Order of Aeronautical Merit (Brazil), and Commander of the French Légion d'honneur. Effective dates of promotion Source: See also List of commanders of USAFE References External links The New York Times – obituary – Bruce K. Holloway – 9 October 1999-10-09. Accessed 31 October 2010 Speech delivered by Bruce K. Holloway to the Comstock Club of Sacramento, California on May 22, 1967 |- United States Army personnel of World War II American World War II flying aces Aviators from Tennessee United States Air Force generals Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Silver Star Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) United States Military Academy alumni Marion Military Institute alumni Recipients of the Legion of Merit Commanders of the Legion of Honour Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Tripod Military personnel from Knoxville, Tennessee 1912 births 1999 deaths Vice Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Lozzi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Edward Lozzi, American publicist Vincent Lozzi (born 1932), American politician Italian-language surnames
Montclair Kimberley Academy (MKA) is a co-educational private school for students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade located in Montclair in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. One of New Jersey's largest independent day schools, Montclair Kimberley Academy celebrated the 125th anniversary of the establishment of its earliest component school in 2012. The current school, established in 1974, is the result of the merger of three separate schools: Montclair Academy, a boys' school founded in 1887; The Kimberley School, a girls' school founded in 1906; and Brookside, a coed school founded in 1925. As of the 2019–20 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,012 students (plus 36 in PreK) and 168.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 6:1. The school's student body was 57.5% (582) White, 13.8% (140) Asian, 12.7% (129) Black, 11.6% (117) two or more races and 4.3% (44) Hispanic. The school offers a faculty professional development program, with 79% of the 175 faculty members holding advanced degrees and 11 holding doctorates. The school has accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1987 and is accredited until January 2025. Curriculum MKA offers a college prep curriculum featuring Signature Programs in Ethics, Writing, and the MKA Core – works of western and non-western literary, artistic, musical, historical or mathematical significance. Each graduating senior is required to complete May Term. Choices for May Term include internships and travel opportunities in Europe and Asia. French and Spanish are offered from Pre-K onwards; Latin and Chinese in 6th grade. The school has advanced technology, science labs supporting research-based learning, four gymnasiums, a swimming pool, auditoriums, a black box theatre, and the Upper School both a $3 million arts wing and a multimillion-dollar academic and technology wing. There is an interscholastic athletic program, and fields competitive teams in over 25 sports that have won over 100 championships in the past 10 years. Students have access to fine and performing arts opportunities ranging from a tri-campus Strings Program, to mounting a full Shakespeare production in 7th grade, to making movies in the Upper School. Numerous community service opportunities exist at each campus, as well as extensive extracurricular offerings. 100% of students go on to college, with an 87% acceptance rate to one of their first three colleges of choice. The school is a member of the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools. Awards and recognition In 2013, MKA was recognized as an Apple Distinguished School for its use of technology in education. In 2009, Montclair Kimberley Academy was voted Best NJ Private School by parents in Bloomberg Businessweek. In 2010, the school was designated a Johns Hopkins School of Excellence. In 2003, Montclair Kimberley Academy was recognized as a National School of Character by the Character Education Partnership, one of ten schools selected nationwide. Montclair Kimberley Academy was recognized by the US Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School for 1999–2000, and the Upper School was also recognized as a Blue Ribbon School for 1994–1996. Arts Montclair Kimberley Academy has an extensive program for both performing and visual arts. The Fine and Performing Arts department is run by Nicole Hoppe. The school puts on four productions each academic year, including one large-scale musical. On average, up to a quarter of the student body participates in the musical in some capacity. The school additionally puts on an arts showcase in September, and one to two plays each year, in the fall and in the spring. Every other year in the spring, the play is replaced by a film made by students with the help of a professional film crew. The department oversees the production of an arts newsletter, The Informer, published several times each semester. The Informer covers topics from current productions, to artist spotlights, and artistic opportunities and events in the community. Each year, students are recognized for their work on stage and in the fine arts. Montclair Kimberley Academy students are frequent recipients of Scholastic Art and Writing Awards. In 2016, two students have won Rising Star Awards from the Paper Mill Playhouse. Athletics The Montclair Kimberley Academy Cougars compete in the Super Essex Conference, which includes public and private high schools in Essex County and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the NJSIAA's 2010 realignment, the school had previously participated in the Colonial Hills Conference which included public and private high schools covering Essex County, Morris County and Somerset County in west Central Jersey. With 335 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Non-Public B for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 37 to 366 students in that grade range (equivalent to Group I for public schools). The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Non-Public Group B (equivalent to Group I for public schools) for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 64 to 223 students. MKA's longtime rival is Newark Academy; there is also a rivalry with Montclair High School, Montclair's public high school. Some of the school's more successful athletic teams include girls' tennis, boys' tennis, boys' soccer, softball, ice hockey, golf, varsity and junior varsity baseball, boys' lacrosse, girls' volleyball, field hockey and boys cross country. The girls fencing team was the overall state champion in 1980-1983 and 1985-1990. The program's 10 state titles and nine individual titles are both ranked second in the state. The ice hockey team won the Gordon Cup in 1982, won the Handchen Cup in 1992, and won the McInnis Cup in 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015. The MKA ice hockey team finished the 2006–07 season ranked in the top 20 in New Jersey but lost 2–1 to Paramus Catholic High School in the first round of the state playoffs. The season was highlighted with a win over Montclair High School in the Montclair Cup game. MKA would then win the Montclair Cup again in 2008. The two teams met again in 2009, Montclair High shutout MKA 4–0 to regain the Cup. The Cougars would finish the 2009 campaign at 5–19, leading to Head Coach Gary Kramer's resignation. In the spring of 2009, MKA named former MHS alumni and coach, Brack Healy, their new bench boss. In Healy's first game against his former team, MKA beat Montclair High 2–1. MKA's 9–2–3 start was rewarded with a Star Ledger Top 20 ranking. MKA qualified for the state playoffs and recorded their first postseason win since 1995 with a 3–2 win vs. Bishop Eustace. Citing professional advancement, Healy resigned from MKA after only one season behind the bench and took over as the head man at Fair Lawn High School. In the 2010–11 season the Cougars picked up John LaGorce as head coach. On January 3 they beat cross-town rival, MHS in the annual Montclair Cup 3–0, only the second shutout in Montclair Cup history. The team capped off the season with a 4–2 victory over West Essex High School in the McInnis Cup championship. The Cougars were later declared the Essex County team of the year. The boys tennis team was Non-Public B/C state champion in 1983 (defeating Mater Dei High School in the final match of the tournament), 1984 (vs. Gloucester Catholic High School), 1989 (vs. Moorestown Friends School) and 1990 (vs. Morrestown Friends). The 1984 team won the parochial state championship against Christian Brothers Academy and went on to win the overall state championship, defeating runner-up Princeton High School 4-1. The boys tennis team was the 2009 Prep B state co-champion. The team also made it to the finals of the 2007 North Non-Public B state championship where they lost to Newark Academy 3–2. The 2008 team would repeat their 2007 success by making it back to the finals of the North Non-Public B state championship in which they lost 3–2. The 2008 team also won the Colonial Hills Conference and Essex County Championships. The county tournament win was the first in the school's history. The girls tennis team won the Non-Public B state championship in 1986 (defeating runner-up Wildwood Catholic Academy in the tournament's final round), 1990 (vs. Moorestown Friends School), 1994 (vs. Moorestown Friends), 2003 (vs. Holy Spirit High School), 2004 (vs. Holy Spirit), 2005 (vs. Moorestown Friends), 2006 (vs. Sacred Heart High School) and 2012 (vs. Gill St. Bernard's School); the program's eight state titles are tied for seventh-most in the state. The 2004 team won the Tournament of Champions against runner-up West Morris Mendham High School. The team won their fourth consecutive Parochial B state championship in 2006 and won the 2007 Colonial Hills Conference championship. The 2004 team finished the season with a 24-0 record after defeating West Morris Mendham 4-1 to win the ToC. The baseball team has won four Prep B state titles since 1991, most recently in 2009, and six Colonial Hills Conference Championships, the most recent was in 2009 when the Cougars were named the Colonial Hills Conference Co-Champions. The MKA baseball has also won three Non Public B North crowns, in 1997, 2002 and 2009. In 2002 the Cougars were led by Frank Herrmann who pitched in MLB for the Cleveland Indians. The Cougars' head baseball coach since 1991, Ralph Pacifico, won his 300th game in 2007. In 2009 MKA Baseball captured both the conference title and the Prep B championship. Pacifico was named Coach of the Year in the Colonial Hills Conference. On June 2, 2009, MKA defeated St. Mary of Rutherford by a score of 7–3 to win the North Non-Public B crown and clinch a spot in the overall state title game. The boys fencing team won the overall state championship in 1993. The softball team won the Non-Public B state championship in 1999 (defeating Sacred Heart High School in the tournament final), 2000 (vs. St. Joseph High School of Hammonton), 2002 (vs. Gloucester Catholic High School), 2004 (vs. Sacred Heart), 2005 (vs. Holy Spirit High School), 2006 (vs. Gloucester Catholic), 2007 and 2009 (vs. St. Joseph - Hammonton both years). The eight state championships is tied for second-most among schools in the state and the 10 finals appearances are the fourth most, while the streak of four consecutive titles from 2004 to 2007 is tied for second longest. The 1999 team finished the season with a 24-6 record after winning the Parochial B title with a 5-0 win in the championship game against Sacred Heart. The 2007 team finished the season with a record of 21-6 after winning the Non-Public B state title with a 2-0 win against St. Joseph of Hammonton by a score of 2-0 in the championship game. The team won ten straight Colonial Hills Conference championships from 1999 to 2008. The girls swimming team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 2000 and 2001. The field hockey team won the North I Group I state sectional championship in 2001 and 2012. In 2009, the team was NJSIAA Prep B state champions with a 2–1 win over Stuart Country Day School. In the 2005–06 season the MKA Wrestling team won their first Prep B state championship in the history of the school. The boys soccer team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 2006 (against Wildwood Catholic High School in the finals of the tournament), 2011 (vs. Gill St. Bernard's School) and 2012 (vs. Gill St. Bernard's) The boys' soccer team were Prep B State Champions and NJSIAA sectional finalists, and won North Parochial B and overall Non-Public B championship in 2006, the school's first-ever wins in the tournament. The 2007 and 2009 teams also won the Prep B state championship. The 2011 team finished the season with a 21–2–2 record, winning the Prep B state championship and earning the NJSIAA Non-Public B state championship with a 1–0 overtime win against Gill St. Bernard's School. The Cougars' boys' lacrosse team won the 2007 Prep B state title, ending Morristown-Beard School's five-year win streak. The girls' volleyball team won the 2006 and 2007 Colonial Hills Conference Championship. The Cougar volleyball coach Mike Tully was also recently named the 2008 New Jersey State Coach of the year. In 2007, the team had a 19–1 record, winning the 2007 Colonial Hills Conference Championship, came in 2nd in the 2007 Essex County Tournament and won the 2007 Prep B state championship. The MKA golf team finished the 2010 season as Parochial Non Public B State Champions and NJISAA Prep B state champions. In 2008, Coach Tony Jones led the boys' basketball team to the school's first Prep B championship for the sport, defeating Collegiate School 82–59. Kyrie Irving, who was a Sophomore at the time, became the school's second 1,000 point scorer two days earlier in the semi-final game against top seeded and defending champion Solomon Schechter. In 2010, they were named SEC Independence Division Champions. The boys lacrosse team won the Non-Public Group B state championship, defeating Pingry School in the tournament final. MKA boys cross country through 2014–2017 won four consecutive Prep B state championships, including a Non-Public B championship in 2014 and top 3 finishes in 2015 and 2017. This dominance not matched nearly by any other MKA sports program was led by coach Thomas Fleming until his death in the spring of 2017 where he suffered from a heart attack during a track meet. He later died at the hospital. The girls soccer team finished the 2017 season with a 17-4-5 record, after winning the Non-Public Group B state title as co-champion with Moorestown Friends School after a 3-3 tie in the finals of the tournament. The girls spring / outdoor track team won the Non-Public B state championship in 2021. Notable alumni Virginia Hamilton Adair (1913–2004, class of 1929), poet and educator. Kerry Bishé (born 1984), actress (her father taught at MKA) Spruille Braden (1894–1978, class of 1910), U.S. Ambassador to Colombia (1939–42), Cuba (1942–45), Argentina (1945). Robert L. Clifford (1924-2014, class of 1942), New Jersey Supreme Court Justice. Bob Cottingham (born 1966, class of 1984), Olympic fencer who competed in the sabre events at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. Jim Courter (born 1941), represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. Fairleigh Dickinson Jr. (1919–1996, class of 1937), President of Becton, Dickinson & Co. Lewis Williams Douglas (1894–1974, class of 1912), U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain (1947–50). Wayne Dumont (1914–1992), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1951 to 1990 (with a two-year gap). Hal Ebersole (1899–1984), American football guard who played one season for the Cleveland Indians of the National Football League. Theodore Miller Edison (1898–1992), only child of his inventor father who graduated from college; went on to become an inventor with over 80 patents. Philip L. Fradkin (1935–2012; class of 1953), author and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist. Tom Galligan (born 1955, class of 1973), lawyer, legal scholar, administrator and educator who is currently the dean and professor of law of Louisiana State University's Paul M. Hebert Law Center. Homer Hazel (1895–1968), football player and coach who became one of the inaugural inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. Frank Herrmann (born 1984), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Cleveland Indians. Tim Howard (born 1979), former United States men's soccer team and Everton goalkeeper George Hrab (born 1971; class of 1989), musician, podcaster, orator and author Whip Hubley (class of 1975), actor who appeared in Top Gun. Kyrie Irving (born 1992), professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks. Charles Samuel Joelson (1916–1999), lawyer and politician who served as the Representative for New Jersey's 8th congressional district from 1961 to 1969. Jim Johnson (born 1960, class of 1979), politician, attorney and community activist, who was formerly an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement. Elizabeth Jones (born 1935, class of 1953), Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1981 to 1991. Sean Jones (born 1962), NFL defensive end and Super Bowl XXXI Champion (MKA '80). Garret Kramer (class of 1980), author and performance coach. Lisa Lindahl (born 1948), writer, artist, activist and inventor. Ellen Malcolm (born 1947, class of 1965), founder of EMILY's List. Charlie Nothing (1941–2007, class of 1959), musician, musical instrument maker and writer. Peter N. Perretti Jr. (1931–2016; class of 1949), Attorney General for the State of New Jersey, Academy Trustee. Michael J. Pollard (1939–2019), actor best known for playing the character C. W. Moss in the 1967 crime film Bonnie and Clyde. Dan Seymour (1914–1982), radio and television announcer who performed in the 1938 The War of the Worlds radio drama of a Martian invasion. Polly Smith (born 1949), designer, inventor and creator of the sports bra, who was a costume designer for The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. Thomas Stockham (1933–2004, class of 1951), scientist who developed one of the first practical digital audio recording systems. Isaiah J. Thompson (born 1995), jazz pianist, bandleader and composer Dallas Townsend (1919–1995, class of 1936), CBS News journalist. Brandon Uranowitz (born 1986), stage and screen actor best known for his roles as Adam Hochberg in the musical An American in Paris and as Mendel Weisenbachfeld in the 2016 Broadway revival of Falsettos. Michael Wolff (born 1953, class of 1971), writer and journalist best known his book Fire and Fury. Michael Yamashita (born 1949, class of 1967), photographer known for his work in National Geographic and his multiple books of photographs. Notable faculty Richard W. Day (1916–1978), principal of Montclair Academy who was the 10th principal of Phillips Exeter Academy. Thomas Fleming (1951–2017), winner of the New York City, Tokyo, Cleveland International, and Los Angeles marathons. Alumni Association Awards Every year, the Alumni Association awards a notable MA, TKS or MKA alum the Distinguished Alumni Award. References External links Montclair Kimberly Academy Website Data for the Montclair Kimberley Academy, National Center for Education Statistics 1974 establishments in New Jersey Educational institutions established in 1974 Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools Montclair, New Jersey New Jersey Association of Independent Schools Private elementary schools in New Jersey Private high schools in Essex County, New Jersey Private middle schools in New Jersey
Bahnar may refer to: Bahnar people of Vietnam Bahnar language, their Bahnaric language Bahnaric languages, a subfamily of Austroasiatic languages
Hemeroplanis is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818. Taxonomy The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Phytometrinae within Erebidae or in the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae. Species Hemeroplanis habitalis Walker, 1859 – black-dotted hemeroplanis moth Hemeroplanis historialis Grote, 1882 (syn: Hemeroplanis finitima J. B. Smith, 1893, Hemeroplanis secundalis J. B. Smith, 1907) Hemeroplanis immaculalis Harvey, 1875 Hemeroplanis incusalis Grote, 1881 Hemeroplanis obliqualis H. Edwards, 1886 Hemeroplanis parallela J. B. Smith, 1907 Hemeroplanis punitalis J. B. Smith, 1907 Hemeroplanis rectalis (Smith, 1907) Hemeroplanis reversalis J. B. Smith, 1907 Hemeroplanis scopulepes Haworth, 1809 – variable tropic moth Hemeroplanis trilineosa (Dyar, 1918) References Boletobiinae Noctuoidea genera
The women's shot put field event at the 1972 Olympic Games took place on September 4 & 7. Nadezhda Chizhova was very disappointed with her bronze medal finish in 1968 Olympics. She has won the (1966, 1969 and the 1971) European Athletics Championships. Since 1968 she has broken the world record six times. The only threat for the gold medal came from Margitta Gummel the defending Olympic Champion. Results All throwers reaching and the top 12 including ties, advanced to the finals. All qualifiers are listen in blue. All distances are listed in metres. Qualifying Final Key: WR = world record; p = pass; x = fault References External links Official report Women's shot put Shot put at the Olympics 1972 in women's athletics Women's events at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Chatham Asset Management LLC is an American hedge fund with a large foothold in newspapers and tabloids. They hold a controlling interest in Postmedia, A360media, McClatchy, and RR Donnelley. They were founded by Anthony Melchiorre in 2000. In 2023, Chatham and Melchiorre were charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission with 'improper trading of certain fixed income securities.', in relation to client trades of AMI stock. They agreed to pay over $19.3 million in fines. References Hedge fund firms of the United States American companies established in 2000
Thomas Allen Haine (January 6, 1933 – September 10, 1994) was an American volleyball player who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Minot, North Dakota and died in Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1991, Haine was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame. References 1933 births 1994 deaths American men's volleyball players Olympic volleyball players for the United States Volleyball players at the 1968 Summer Olympics Volleyball players at the 1967 Pan American Games Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in volleyball Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games Hawaii Rainbow Warriors volleyball players
Michnowce , is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasnopol, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Krasnopol, west of Sejny, and north of the regional capital Białystok. References Michnowce
Clonmel Courthouse was a judicial facility in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland. History The courthouse, which was designed by Sir Richard Morrison in the neoclassical style and built in ashlar stone, was completed in 1800. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with five bays facing onto Nelson Street; the central section of three bays, which slightly projected forward, featured a tetrastyle portico with rusticated archways on the ground floor and sash windows flanked by Ionic order columns on first floor supporting an entablature and a modillioned pediment. Following the failed attempt at rebellion near Ballingarry in 1848, the captured leaders of the Young Irelanders were brought to Clonmel for trial. The building was primarily used as a facility for dispensing justice but, following the implementation of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which established county councils in every county, the Grand Jury Room also became the meeting place for South Tipperary County Council. The county council moved to the Civic Offices in Emmet Street in 1927. References Buildings and structures in County Tipperary Courthouses in the Republic of Ireland
Alum Pot is a pothole with a large open shaft at a surface elevation of on the eastern flanks of Simon Fell, North Yorkshire, England. It connects with nearby Long Churn Cave and Diccan Pot. The pot is accessed via a 1-km private track on payment of a small fee from Selside Farm in the hamlet of Selside in Ribblesdale. Alum Pot has variously been known as Allan, Alan, Allen, Hellen and Hell'n. History In 1847 John Birkbeck undertook the first partial descent of Alum Pot from Long Churn Cave which did not reach the floor of the shaft. He returned the following year and made a successful descent, when a group of nine men were lowered to the shaft floor in a large bucket winched down by a group of railway workers. Another successful complete descent of Alum Pot took place in 1870, when a group of people were lowered to the floor using a cage and windlass operated by navvies working on the Settle–Carlisle Line. In 1932 a 24-strong group of cavers from the Craven Pothole Club made the first passage from Alum Pot to Diccan Pot. In July 1936 Mabel Binks became the first caving fatality in the Yorkshire Dales when she was hit by a rock falling down the Main Shaft. Evidence from the inquest indicated that it had been thrown down deliberately. See also Caving in the United Kingdom List of caves in the United Kingdom References Sources Lowe, G.T. (1903) Alum Pot. Yorkshire Ramblers' Club Journal Volume 2 Number 5: pp. 35–47. Leeds: YRC External links Yorkshire Ramblers Club website Caves of North Yorkshire
Tankaman-e Shomali Rural District () is in Tankaman District of Nazarabad County, Alborz province, Iran. At the time of the 2006 census, this region (and that of Tankaman-e Jonubi Rural District before their creation) were a part of Tankaman Rural District (then in Tehran province), whose total population was 16,310 in 4,135 households. At the most recent census of 2016, Tankaman-e Shomali had a population of 10,790 people in 3,302 households, by which time the county had separated from the province and become a part of recently established Alborz province. The largest of its 15 villages was Bakhtiar, with 3,520 people. References Nazarabad County Districts of Alborz Province Populated places in Nazarabad County fa:دهستان تنکمان شمالي
Death diving is a form of extreme freestyle diving from heights jumping with stretched arms and belly first, landing in a cannonball or a shrimp position. The roots of Death Diving are in Norway, where Døds events still dominates (see Døds Diving). The world championship has taken place in Oslo, Norway, every August since the event debuted in 2008. Jumps are performed from a platform of 10 to 15 meters in height. There are two classes of death diving: Classic and Freestyle. In the Classic event, competitors fly horizontally with their arms and legs extended until they hit the water, with no rotations. Competitors curl into a fetal position just before entering the water, landing first with their feet and hands or knees and elbows to avoid serious injury; dives are judged on speed, air time, complexity, how long the diver holds the original pose, the closing and the splash. In Freestyle, the competitors do various tricks during the air travel, including rotations and flips. The current world record in height is 36.5 meters and is held by Lucien Charlon (Swiss) and Côme Girardot (French). In the women's class, the record is at 24.8 meters and is held by Norwegian Asbjørg Nesje. Døds World Championship winners (Men) 2008 Christian Kjellmann 2009 Fredrik Amundsen 2010 Vladimir Jevtic 2011 Thord Samuelsen 2012 Henning Marthinsen 2013 Filip Julius Devor 2014 Filip Julius Devor 2015 Filip Julius Devor 2016 Truls Torp 2017 Truls Torp 2018 Emil Lybekk 2019 Kim André Knutsen 2020 Emil Lybekk 2021 Kim-Andre Knutsen 2022 Leo Landrø 2023 Truls Torp World Championship winners (Women) 2018 Miriam Hamberg 2019 Miriam Hamberg 2020 Ingrid Eriksen Bru 2021 Asbjørg Nesje 2022 Asbjørg Nesje 2023 Asbjørg Nesje References Diving (sport) Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Demonbreun's Cave is a cave in Nashville which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee (NRHP) in 1979. The cave was named after a fur trapper named Timothy Demonbreun. History There is a large crack in the facade along the Cumberland River which is named for fur trapper Timothy Demonbreun. The cave was originally a home for Demonbreun in an area of Tennessee which was home to the indigenous Chickasaw tribe. He used the cave for a short time because it was near a plethora of Game animals. The cave appears to be a crack in the rocks along the Cumberland River: today there are steel bars across the entrance. It is approximately one mile upriver from Nashville on the right river bank. The cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee in July 1979. It was first explored between 1750 and 1799. References External links Video – Exploring Demonbreun Cave, Nashville's first residence Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee Geography of Nashville, Tennessee Tourist attractions in Tennessee Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee
The 2020–21 North Texas Mean Green men's basketball team represented the University of North Texas during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by fifth-year head coach Grant McCasland, and played their home games at UNT Coliseum in Denton, Texas as a member of the West division of Conference USA. In a season limited due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, they finished the season 18–10, 9–5 to finish in third place in the division. They defeated Middle Tennessee, Old Dominion, Louisiana Tech, and Western Kentucky to win the C-USA tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 13 seed in the South region. There they upset No. 4-seeded Purdue in the first round for the school’s first ever NCAA tournament victory, before losing to No. 5-seeded Villanova in the second round. Previous season The Mean Green finished the 2019–20 season 20–11, 14–4 in C-USA play to finish to win the regular season championship. Before postseason play could begin, the C-USA tournament and other postseason tournaments were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=12 style=|Non-conference regular season |- !colspan=12 style=|CUSA regular season |- !colspan=12 style=| Conference USA tournament |- !colspan=12 style=| NCAA tournament See also 2020–21 North Texas Mean Green women's basketball team Notes References North Texas Mean Green men's basketball seasons North Texas Mean Green North Texas men's basketball North Texas men's basketball North Texas
Back for Good may refer to: "Back for Good" (song), 1995 song recorded by British band Take That Back for Good (album), 1998 album by Modern Talking
Ketu is a city in Lagos, Nigeria. It is close to Mile 12. The place has a branch of Foursquare Gospel Church. Agboyi-Ketu Local Council Development Area (LCDA) is one of the fifty-seven local government areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Its headquarter is located in Alapere. The local government was created by former government of Lagos State, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, who served from May 29, 1999 to May 29, 2007. It shares boundary with Ikosi-Isheri Local Council Development Area (LCDA), Kosofe Local Government and Ikorodu West Local Council Development Area (LCDA). Geography of Lagos
Mỹ Hòa Hưng is a rural commune () of Long Xuyên city in An Giang Province, Vietnam. References Communes of An Giang province Populated places in An Giang province
In theoretical physics, a non-abelian gauge transformation means a gauge transformation taking values in some group G, the elements of which do not obey the commutative law when they are multiplied. By contrast, the original choice of gauge group in the physics of electromagnetism had been U(1), which is commutative. For a non-abelian Lie group G, its elements do not commute, i.e. they in general do not satisfy . The quaternions marked the introduction of non-abelian structures in mathematics. In particular, its generators , which form a basis for the vector space of infinitesimal transformations (the Lie algebra), have a commutation rule: The structure constants quantify the lack of commutativity, and do not vanish. We can deduce that the structure constants are antisymmetric in the first two indices and real. The normalization is usually chosen (using the Kronecker delta) as Within this orthonormal basis, the structure constants are then antisymmetric with respect to all three indices. An element of the group can be expressed near the identity element in the form , where are the parameters of the transformation. Let be a field that transforms covariantly in a given representation . This means that under a transformation we get Since any representation of a compact group is equivalent to a unitary representation, we take to be a unitary matrix without loss of generality. We assume that the Lagrangian depends only on the field and the derivative : If the group element is independent of the spacetime coordinates (global symmetry), the derivative of the transformed field is equivalent to the transformation of the field derivatives: Thus the field and its derivative transform in the same way. By the unitarity of the representation, scalar products like , or are invariant under global transformation of the non-abelian group. Any Lagrangian constructed out of such scalar products is globally invariant: Gauge theories
Military recruit training, commonly known as basic training or boot camp, refers to the initial instruction of new military personnel. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process, which resocializes its subjects for the unique demands of military employment. Major characteristics Initial military training is an intensive residential programme commonly lasting several weeks or months, which aims to induct newly recruited military personnel into the social norms and essential tasks of the armed forces. Common features include foot drill, inspections, physical training, weapons training, and a graduation parade. The training process resocializes recruits to the demands made of them by military life. Psychological conditioning techniques are used to shape attitudes and behaviours, so that recruits will obey all orders, face mortal danger, and kill their opponents in battle. According to an expert in United States military training methods, Dave Grossman, recruit training makes extensive use of four types of conditioning techniques: role modeling, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and brutalization. Inductees are required to partially submerge their individuality for the sake of their military unit, which enhances obedience to orders to perform actions normally absent from civilian life, including killing and prolonged exposure to danger. The resocialization of recruit training operates in several ways, as follows: Confinement and suppression Once their training has begun, the right of recruits to leave the military estate (or to quit the armed forces) is denied or tightly restricted. By shaving the head, issuing uniforms, denying privacy, and prohibiting the use of first names, individuality is suppressed. Control and conformity Recruits' daily routine is highly controlled, in the manner of the 'total institution' described by the Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman. For example, the training regime determines how recruits must make their beds, polish boots, and stack their clothes; mistakes are punished. Throughout their training, recruits are conditioned to conform to military norms and to work as a team. In particular, recruits are repeatedly instructed to stand, march, and respond to orders in a ritual known as foot drill, which is derived from 18th-century military practices and trains recruits to obey orders without hesitation or question. According to Finnish Army regulations, for example, foot drill is essential for the esprit de corps and cohesion, accustoms recruits to instinctive obedience, enables large units to be marched and moved in an orderly manner, and creates the basis for action in the battlefield. Stress and punishment The training process applies stressors continuously. Instructors may deprive recruits of sleep, food, or shelter; shout personal insults; use physical aggression; or give orders intended to humiliate. According to specialists in U.S. recruit training, the conditions of continuous stress deplete recruits' resistance to the demands made of them. The intense workload and sleep restriction experienced by military recruits leaves them little attention capacity for processing the messages they receive about new norms… Therefore, recruits should be less likely to devote their remaining cognitive effort to judging the quality of persuasive messages and will be more likely to be persuaded by the messages… Evidence from Canada, the UK, the U.S. and elsewhere shows that punishments are used routinely to condition group conformity and discourage poor performance. The role of group punishment in Canadian Army training, for example, has been described as follows: Coming from civilian society that elevates the individual, recruits are now in a world where the institutional value of the group is supreme. One has to be a team player or risk ostracism. The military does things quite deliberately to intensify the power of group pressure within its ranks. The group is made responsible for each member... even though it may seem manifestly unfair to make the group suffer for the individual. Bonding and the hierarchy of esteem As a buffer against the stressful conditions of their training, the trainee group normally forms a strong bond of mutual loyalty. Researchers in the U.S. have described it as an intense "we-feeling", which can feel more powerful than the civilian bonds that recruits are familiar with. In 2006, an official report on Australian Defence Force training explained the importance of the group bond: Willingness to apply lethal force requires… sufficient bonding within the team to override each individual’s natural human resistance to kill. The toughness and bonding required increases the closer the contact with the enemy. Recruits are taught to be proud of their identity as professional military personnel, and of their unit in particular. Heroic regimental stories and symbols are used to ennoble the recruits' own unit above others, and above other branches of the armed forces (an aspect of Interservice rivalry), thereby establishing a hierarchy of esteem (also known as a hierarchy of respect); the same stories are used to draw a contrast with the purported inferior norms associated with civilian life. (Cf. Unit cohesion) Aggression and objectification Evidence from Australia, the UK and the U.S. shows that recruit training systematically stimulates aggression, particularly in those enlisted for ground close combat roles. Bayonet practice is an example, as the strong language of this instruction from a British army corporal illustrates: I wanna see it in your eyes that you wanna kill these fuckers. Imagine these dummies are the fucking Taliban and they’ve just killed some of your mates. You wanna fuckin’ kill them. Show me your war face! [Recruits yell] You need some fucking more aggression, show me your war face. Another example is milling, an exercise used for infantry training in which pairs of recruits wearing boxing gloves punch each other in the head as aggressively as possible. To further enable recruits to kill on demand, they are taught to objectify (dehumanize) their opponent in battle as an ‘enemy target’ to ‘be engaged’, which will ‘fall when hit’. Fieldcraft and fitness Recruits are taught the basic skills of their profession, such as military tactics, first aid, managing their affairs in the field, and the use of weaponry and other equipment. Throughout, the physical fitness of recruits is tested and developed, although evidence from Israel, Norway, South Africa, the UK and the U.S. has found that the heavy strain on the body also leads to a high rate of injury. Graduation and drop-out Recruits who complete their initial training normally take part in a graduation parade (also called passing-out or marching-out). The parade is observed by their family and friends, and senior military personnel. Recruits then pass to the next stage of their training, if applicable. A large percentage of recruits drop out of training. For example, attrition among British infantry recruits has been found to be above 30% during the first 12 weeks. Reasons for this include dismissal for behavioural problems, poor performance, or injury, and furthermore, recruits who choose to leave if and when they have a legal right to do so. In the UK and U.S., recruits under the age of 20 are most likely to drop out in these ways. Variations in recruit training Recruit training varies by nation according to the national requirement and can be voluntary (volunteer military) or mandatory (conscription). Some nations operate both volunteer and conscription systems simultaneously. Recruit training differs according to military branch: Army and Marine Corps recruits are normally trained in basic marksmanship with individually assigned weapons, field maintenance of weapons, physical fitness training, first aid, and basic survival and infantry techniques. Navy and Coast Guard training usually focuses on water survival training, physical fitness, basic seamanship, and such skills as shipboard firefighting, basic engineering, and signals. Air Force and Space Force training usually includes physical fitness training, military and classroom instructions, basic airmanship/guardianship and field training in basic marksmanship and first aid. Australia Most of the recruit training in the Australian Army is currently held at Army Recruit Training Centre (ARTC) at Kapooka, near Wagga Wagga in New South Wales. Recruit training lasts 80 days for members of the Australian Regular Army and 35 days for members of the Australian Army Reserve. In basic training recruits are taught drill, weapons and workplace safety, basic equipment maintenance, marksmanship, fieldcraft, radio use and defensive/offensive operations. Regional Force Surveillance Units Training for recruits in the Regional Force Surveillance Units usually differs greatly from training in the rest of the Army. For instance, NORFORCE recruits attend a 2-week course at the Kangaroo Flats. Recruits from areas covered by the RFSUs often come from indigenous cultures radically different from that of the general Australian population, and as such many regular standards and methods of training are not as applicable in their case. Royal Military College Duntroon Recruit Training for officers in the Australian Army (known as ICT—Initial Cadet Training) takes place at Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC). The ICT is conducted for approximately seven weeks after which staff cadets continue military instruction in skills such as weapons training, military history, leadership, strategic studies and other such skills at section, platoon and company levels. Trainees at RMC hold the rank of Staff Cadet and, if successful in completing the course are commissioned as Lieutenants (pronounced Left-tenant). The overall full-time officer training course at RMC is 18 months long. Canada Centralized recruit training in the Canadian Army did not exist until 1940, and until the creation of Basic Training Centres across Canada, recruit training had been done by individual units or depots. In 1968 the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force were unified into one service, the Canadian Forces. The Canadian Forces Training System, a unified system for all the services, was devised and remains in place today. Most non-commissioned CF recruits in the Regular Force (full-time) participate in the 8-week Basic Military Qualification (BMQ) at Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. Regular Force officers complete their 12-week Basic Military Officer Qualification (BMOQ) at CFLRS as well, before moving on to Second Language Training or their occupational training. After basic training, personnel are trained in the specialty of their "environment". Members of the Royal Canadian Navy undergo a five-week sea environment training course; with members of the Canadian Army undergo a 20-day Soldier Qualification course, while officers go through a 12-week Common Army Phase (now renamed to Basic Military Officer Qualification-Land); while members from the Royal Canadian Air Force move on directly to their trade training. Reservists, particularly the Army Reserve, may conduct basic and trades training part-time, generally alternating weekends with their own units. Due to increased integration of the Regular and Reserve Force, many reservists attend courses hosted by the Regular Force. Members of the Army Reserves complete an 8-week BMQ/SQ combined course (Basic Military Qualification and Soldier Qualification) during the summer. Formerly the Naval and Air Reserve jointly conduct BMQ for its recruits at the Naval Reserve Training Division Borden, Ontario equivalent to Regular Force BMQ, at Canadian Forces Base Borden. Now the Naval Reserve conducts the Basic Military Naval Qualification in CFB Valcartier by the Canadian Forces Fleet School Québec (a combination of recruit training and naval environmental training which leads to savings in the training). The Navy trains its personnel in seamanship, firefighting, damage control and other skills after BMQ, in the Naval Environmental Training Program (NETP) in either Esquimalt, British Columbia or Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Royal Military College of Canada is the military academy of the Canadian Forces, and is a degree-granting university. The Royal Military College Saint-Jean is a Canadian military academy located on the site of Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec), China Denmark The Danish Army conducts the HBU (Hærens Basisuddannelse, Army Basic Training course) at 8 bases around the country. The course lasts four months, and has its focus on training skills used in connection with the Danish total defence, and on recruiting for the army's international missions, and for the NCO-schools. The recruits are technically conscripts, but during recession years, many young men and woman have volunteered for HBU. Finland Training lasts 5.5 to 11.5 months total. All Finnish conscripts undergo six weeks of basic training (peruskoulutuskausi), which is essentially the same for all servicemen. It includes assault rifle (RK-62/RK-95) marksman training, few other basic weapon training, battle training, short field medic training and camping skills. At the end of this training, all men are promoted to their first military rank. After this, specialized training is given depending on the person (5,5–11,5 months). The NCO trainees go to AUK (NCO school) and become corporals or sergeants, from which some are selected to RUK (Reserve officer school) and become second lieutenants. The officer and NCO training always lasts a total of 11.5 months. France In the French army, the "Formation Générale Initiale" (FGI) is a 12 weeks course which occurs in a Centre de Formation Initiale des Militaires du Rang (CFIM). There are 10 CFIM in the country. Prior to this course, new recruits are joining the regiment they are going to serve during 3 to 5 years for reception week where they get issued gear, complete administrative documents and a final medical exam before starting training => in France any enlisted soldier signs not only for a MOS but also a unit to serve. After completing the 12 week FGI course, recruits are receiving the AFFIM certificate (say BCT graduation) and are considered as private 2nd class. After one week of leave, they go back to their regiment for the Formation de Spécialité Initiale (FSI) => MOS training. After FGI+FSI, they can start training with their platoon for external deployment. Usually, Private 1st class rank is earned after 6 to 12 month of time in service. For some units (mountain troops - airborne), there is also during first year a Formation d'Adaptation (FA) for basic mountain training (2 × 2 weeks) or parachute school (3 weeks) Content of FGI is the following one: Drills, First aid and chemical warfare, PT and obstacle course, First weapon qualification (FAMAS, pistol and grenade), Signals, Basic field and infantry training (even if not MOS11B later on), Presentation of French army, soldiers duties and reports. Germany The Allgemeine Grundausbildung (AGA) (i.e. general basic training) of the Bundeswehr covers the first three months of military service. The contents of the "Allgemeine Grundausbildung" includes Formal training (ranks, flags, orders and other fundamentals) Weapon Drill and Basic Combat training for all soldiers (Rifle, Pistol and machine gun drills are mandatory for every soldier) Theoretical Courses about Democracy and legal regulations Sports: the Basic Fitness Test (BFT) and the German Sports Badge (DSA) Guard duty training (ATB SichSdt) First Aid A notable peculiarity of German basic training is rooted in German military tradition that prefers initiative to obedience. Rather than "breaking" the personality of new recruits through intimidation and aggression, German basic training generally tries to "mold" a recruits personality in the hope of producing soldiers with stronger personalities and more own initiative. Greece While until 2000 the Greek Army was mainly conscript based, since then a large Professional Enlisted institution has been adopted, which combined with the reduction of conscript service will produce an approximate 1:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted. While initially training of the two institutions was shared, it has since then diverged, and conscript training has been reduced in length while professional enlisted training has been increased. Professional Enlisted, signing 7-year contracts, are called once per year. They go through a 14-week initial training, which is broken into a 6-week basic training period which ends with the oathing ceremony, and an 8-week combat course. After that period they proceed to specialty training which can last from 4 to 42 weeks. Conscripted enlisted, serving a 9-month obligation, are called 6 times per year. They report to various recruit camps spread over the country. The first week is the reception week, followed by a 3-week basic soldier training course, which ends with the oathing ceremony. Depending on their awarded specialty the conscript recruits are then transferred to specialty training camps or to operational units. In the operational units the recruits go through a 3-week 'advanced' recruit training course, followed occasionally (depending on whether they have already received specialty training or not), by a 2 to 6 week specialty training course, conducted by the unit. India The Indian military services have established numerous and distinguished academies and staff colleges across India for the purpose of training professional soldiers in new generation military sciences, warfare command and strategy, and associated technologies. Israel The recruit training of the Israel Defense Forces (called tironut in Hebrew) varies depending on the unit: virtually every unusual unit completes a different training course. Recruits are certified as riflemen after the completion of the training, while most non-combat units train in all-army bases for the certification of Rifleman 02. Individuals who want to become officers must apply to be trained at a facility in the Negev desert called "Bahad One" (abbreviation of "Bsis Hadracha", Instruction Base). Pakistan The Pakistan Military Academy (or PMA) is a Military Academy of the Pakistan Army. It is located at Kakul in Abbottabad in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Pakistan Military Academy is analogous to Sandhurst, West Point or Tironut and undertakes training of the prospective officers of Pakistan Army. The academy has four training battalions and sixteen companies. A Cadet is trained and passed out as an officer of the Pakistan Army in 2 years. Enlisted Men undertake training at the Regimental Center of their chosen regiment. Russia Singapore National Service (NS) in Singapore is obligatory for all able-bodied male citizens and second generation permanent residents who have reached the age of 18. Conscripts enlisted into the Singapore Armed Forces are required to attend Basic Military Training (BMT) at the beginning of their NS. They are known as Full-Time National Servicemen (NSFs). Based on their Physical Employment Status (PES) grade determined by a pre-enlistment medical examination, NSFs may undergo either a standard, enhanced, modified, or obese BMT programme at the Basic Military Training Centre on the offshore island of Pulau Tekong or at the various military units that directly accept mono-intake PES A and B recruits. A similar 4-week BMT is conducted at Kranji School 5 for enlistees deemed unfit for combat roles. Throughout their BMT, NSFs will acquire the basic soldiering skills by learning how to execute drills, undergoing physical training activities aimed at developing physical fitness and preparing them for the Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT), learning how to handle the SAR 21 assault rifle and SFG 87 hand grenade, completing a Standard Obstacle Course and Battle Inoculation Course, and completing a five-day field camp, among other activities. Before passing out from BMT, NSFs have to complete a route march in Full Battle Order and attend the Passing Out Parade, which may be held at the Marina Bay Floating Platform. After completing BMT, NSFs will receive their posting orders to their respective vocations, which are determined by their PES status, suitability for deployment, and manpower requirements, among other conditions. Some NSFs will be directly posted to a military unit while others may undergo vocational training at certain institutes before being posted to units. NSFs who perform well during BMT may progress to either the Specialist Cadet School or Officer Cadet School for further training to become Specialists (non-commissioned officers) or Officers. NSFs will serve the remaining part of their NS in their respective units until their Operationally-Ready Date (ORD), whereupon they will be known as Operationally-Ready National Serviceman (NSmen) or reservists. NSmen may still be required to take the IPPT every year and attend In-Camp Training of up to 40 days per year over a period of ten years, or until they are statutorily discharged from NS at the age of 40 (for Warrant Officers, Specialists and Enlistees) or 50 (for Officers). Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, officer training is carried out at the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University and at the respective Military Academies of each respective service. Recruit training for enlisted personnel of the Sri Lanka Army is organised by the Army Training School and carried out at its premises and at several other locations. Following basic training specialized training would be carried out at Regimental Training Centres. Basic training for new recruits of the Sri Lanka Navy which is approximately six months are conducted at Advanced Naval Training Center, SLNS 'Nipuna'; Naval Artificer Training Institute, SLNS 'Thakshila', Welisara; and at Naval Recruit Training Centres at several shore establishments . This basic training will be followed by on-the-job training on-board fleet units and at shore establishments. Combat Training School at SLNS 'Pandukabaya' conducts combat training for Naval Patrolmen. Basic training for airmen of the Sri Lanka Air Force is handled by the Training Wing of the SLAF Diyatalawa. This is followed by secularized training at Advanced & Specialized Trade Training School. Sweden Since conscription ended in Sweden in 2010 (reintroduced in 2017), all recruits who seek employment within the Swedish Armed Forces have to go through Grundläggande Militär Utbildning (GMU) (Basic Military Training) for three months. Since conscription was reintroduced in 2017, all recruits who seek employment in the Swedish Armed Forces have to go through Grundutbildning (GU) (Basic Training), which consists of two parts; Grundläggande Militär Utbildning (GMU) (Basic Military Training) that lasts for 3 months and aims to provide every recruit with the same foundation for continued military service, and Befattningsutbildning (Specialization Education) for between 1–11 months depending on specialization. There is also a shorter volunteer training program for people who seek service within the Home Guard called GU-F. GU-F training takes only 14 days, but following a completed GU-F, a guardsman may go through additional training in order to specialize within the Home Guard. Basic training as part of GU as well as GU-F usually takes place at any of the Swedish Army training units. Switzerland Switzerland has mandatory military service (; ; ) in the Swiss Army for all able-bodied male citizens, who are conscripted when they reach the age of majority, though women may volunteer for any position. Conscripts make up the majority of the manpower in the Swiss Armed Forces. At the age of 19, all male Swiss nationals must attend the two-day recruitment process in one of the six recruitment centres spread across Switzerland (Aarau, Payerne, Sumiswald, Monte Ceneri, Rüti, Mels). At the end of those two-days, if fit for service, recruits are assigned to a position in the Swiss Armed Forces. A few months later, recruits start an 18-week (23-week for special forces) boot camp (; ; ) during which they are allowed to go home on week-ends. There are two boot camp start per year : January (Winter) and June (Summer). During the recruitment process, recruits can choose whether they would like to serve during summer or winter. In the first seven weeks of boot camp, recruits receive "General Basic Instruction" (; ; ). During this period, recruits are instructed by their sergeants to military tactics, the use of weaponry (including SIG SG 550) and other equipment, marksmanship, self-defense skills, buddy- and self- aid, CBRN defense, basic survival skills, etc. Recruits are also educated to military life, including how to speak to their superiors, how to clean their weapons and combat shoes, how to clean the barracks, etc. During this period, recruits practice sport on a daily basis, including foot drill, running, team sports, push-ups, etc., and a few kilometers' march (up to 50 km) for some weeks. The second phase of six weeks is devoted to function-specific basic instructions (; ; ), where recruits learn skills specific to their job. In the third phase, called "instruction in formation" (; ; ), battlegroups and battalions are formed. United Kingdom British armed forces recruits train in two phases. The length of Phase 1 recruit training varies according to service and trade. The British Army Phase 1 training, for all enlisted units other than infantry, lasts 14 weeks. Infantry units of the British Army undergo a combined 28 weeks basic training, with the exception of the Parachute Regiment (30 weeks), Guards Regiments (30 weeks) and the Royal Gurkha Rifles (36 weeks). The Royal Air Force provides 10 weeks of basic training for all enlisted recruits, regardless of trade, and is delivered at RAF Halton. The Royal Navy provides 10 weeks of basic recruit training for all enlisted recruits, with the exception of the Royal Marines, delivered at HMS Raleigh. The Royal Marines (excluding the Royal Marines band), undertake 32 weeks of basic training, delivered at Commando Training Centre Royal Marines. Phase One is initial recruit training designed to bring all recruits to a similar standard of basic military ability. Upon completion of Phase 1 training, recruits (with the exception of Army infantry roles, and the Royal Marine Commandos) will progress to their trade specific Phase Two training, which consists of courses of varying duration to prepare recruits for their assigned role. Officer recruits into the UK Armed Forces undergo the following Basic training: British Army - 44 weeks, delivered at Royal Military Academy (RMA) in Sandhurst. Royal Air Force - 24 weeks, delivered at RAF College Cranwell. Royal Navy - 30 weeks (split into two equal phases of 15 weeks each), delivered at Britannia Royal Naval College (BRNC) in Dartmouth. Royal Marines - 15 months, delivered at Commando Training Centre Royal Marines, with 3 weeks towards the end of the course in the United States. Upon completion of their Officer recruit training, cadets will then progress to their trade specific training of varying length. The British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force manage their own Phase One and Phase Two training establishments. United States In the United States, recruit training in the U.S. Army is called Basic Combat Training (BCT); U.S. Army Combat Arms MOS (11 Series, 19 series, 13 series, 12 series) and Military Police MOS (31 series) undergo One Station Unit Training (OSUT) which involves BCT, Advanced Individual Training (AIT) and Specialized Training (such as Bradley, or Mortar School, or Gunnery) all in one. In the U.S. Air and Space Forces it is called Basic Military Training (BMT). In the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard it is called "Recruit Training" (commonly known as Boot Camp). Some services present a badge or other award to denote completion of recruit training. The Army typically issues the Army Service Ribbon (issued after completion of Advanced Individual Training), and the Air Force presents the Air Force Training Ribbon and the Airman's Coin. The Marine Corps issue the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor once initial training is complete to signify that the recruits are now Marines. The Navy replaces the "RECRUIT" ball cap the recruits have worn throughout training with the "NAVY" ball cap upon successful completion of "Battle Stations". The United States Coast Guard's recruit training graduates place a Coast Guard Medallion on their ball cap. For honor graduates of basic training, the Air Force, Coast Guard, and Navy present a Basic Training Honor Graduate Ribbon. The Navy and Marine Corps often meritoriously advance the top graduates of each division one pay-grade (up to a maximum of E-3). U.S. Army In the United States Army, recruits are sent to Basic Combat Training in a location designated according to the military Military Occupational Specialty, or MOS, which is selected upon enlistment. Initial Entry Training (IET) is divided into two parts, which commonly take place at two different locations, depending on the chosen MOS: Basic Combat Training, or BCT, is a ten-week training cycle. This period does not include "Reception Week" during which recruits are being slotted to their training companies (troops for cavalry). During reception, trainees get Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention training before IET, rather during IET, as of 30 July 2021. Advanced Individual Training, or AIT, is where new soldiers receive specific training in their chosen MOS. The length of AIT training varies depending on the MOS and can last anywhere from four weeks to nearly one year. Several MOSs (mainly combat arms) combine both basic training and AIT in a single combined course called One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which can last up to 22 weeks. The attitude and environment remain the same throughout the entire training cycle, including drill instructors. Essentially, OSUT is an extended version of Basic Training, especially for Infantry OSUT, which remains on the same basic soldiering tasks for the entire cycle, although in greater detail. Infantry OSUT is conducted at the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, and is 22 weeks long. The U.S. Army has four sites for BCT: Fort Benning at Columbus, Georgia Fort Jackson at Columbia, South Carolina Fort Leonard Wood at St. Robert, Missouri Fort Sill at Lawton, Oklahoma During Basic Combat Training, Army recruits learn a variety of basic combat skills including: Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM), land navigation, patrolling, securing and defending a position, drill and ceremony, fireteam formations and assaults, communications and use of AN/PRC-119 radio, combat lifesaving skills, 9-line medevac, reporting intelligence, hand grenades, Claymore mines, M203/M320 grenade launcher, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW), M240B machine gun, M2 .50 caliber machine gun, MK-19, and AT-4 anti-tank weapon. Training also includes combat conditioning by running an obstacle course, the Confidence Course, conducting marches of varying distances up to 12 miles, physical training, and Modern Army Combatives Program (MACP), a martial arts program based on the combination of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, wrestling, judo, Muay Thai, boxing, and a number of others. Recruits are trained to adopt the Army "Warrior Ethos", and to memorize and live by the Soldier's Creed. BCT is divided into three phases. During Phase I, (also known as "Red Phase") recruits are subject to "Total Control," meaning their every action is monitored and constantly corrected by drill sergeants. The first week of training is commonly referred to as "Hell Week," due to the intense period of adjustment required on the part of the new recruits. Marches are common throughout basic training. Recruits are sent to the "gas chamber" during Phase I, as part of training for defensive chemical warfare. They are also introduced to their standard-issue weapon, the M16A2 rifle, the M16A4 rifle, or M4 carbine. In Phase II (also known as "White Phase") soldiers begin actually firing weapons, starting with the rifle or carbine (M4A1). Other weapons the recruit becomes familiarized with include various grenades (such as the M67 fragmentation grenade) and grenade launchers (such as the M203). Recruits are then familiarized with the bayonet, anti-tank/armor weaponry and other heavy weapons. The course also includes an obstacle course which the soldiers are expected to negotiate in a certain amount of time. Additionally, Phase II includes continual, intense PT, along with drill and ceremony training. At the conclusion of Phase II, Soldiers are to demonstrate proficiency with the various weaponry with which they trained. Phase III or "Blue Phase," is the culmination and the most challenging of all the training phases. A final PT test is administered during the first week. Recruits who fail are frequently retested, often up until the morning of their cycle's graduation. If they do not pass, then they are recycled to another platoon that is in an earlier phase of the training cycle until they meet the fitness standards. The final PT Test is the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). Usually, a soldier needs to score at least 60 points in each APFT category (pushups, sit-ups, and 2 mile run) to pass, but in Basic Combat Training, only 50 points are required; the soldier will nevertheless take another APFT with a 60-point requirement at AIT. During Blue Phase, the recruits move on to such longer and more intensive "bivouac" and FTX (Field Training Exercises) as nighttime combat operations. Drill sergeants will make much of this an adversarial process by working against the recruits in many of the night operations and trying to foil plans, etc. Upon completion of Basic Combat Training, a recruit is now a soldier, and has developed skills to operate in a combat environment, as a basic rifleman and to perform his or her MOS-specific duties under fire. U.S. Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps Recruit Depots are located at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, and Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California. Men and women go to either, depending on whether they were recruited east or west of the Mississippi River. Until 2021, women only trained at Parris Island. Marine Corps boot camp is the longest basic training, excluding Army One Station Unit Training (OSUT), in-processing & out-processing is included unlike the other branches as the other branches do not contain this in their Basic Training duration length. Formerly, recruits were referred to as either "(the) private(s)" or "(the) recruit(s)" from day one of Recruit Training. Since the 1990s, they are referred to as "(the) recruit(s)" alone until they earn the title of Marine. Marine Corps Recruit Training (MCRT) is a 13-week program that is divided up into three four-week phases and further broken down into individual training days. While there are 69 individual training days, recruits also go through pre- and post-training processing where recruits are afforded relatively little freedom. Phase one mainly consists of learning recruit life protocol, physical training, MCMAP training, academic classes, initial drill, a series inspection, and the confidence course. West coast recruits also do swim qualification during this phase. Phase two is completely in the field at Camp Pendleton for west coast recruits, with the first two weeks being spent on marksmanship training and qualification with the M16A4 service rifle, and the last week in the field learning skills such as fireteam formations, land navigation, and hikes. For east coast recruits, phase two is swim qualification, rifle qualification, and Team Week, a week of maintenance duties for the island as a show of how to perform base support tasks while still keeping military bearing and attention to detail. Phase three brings the San Diego recruits back to the recruit depot where they finish up with final drill, final inspection, more PT and confidence courses, and graduation. During third phase, west coast recruits also go back into the field one last time to do the Crucible event. Parris Island recruits finish with field training, final drill and inspection, the Crucible, and graduation. Note that recruits going to either depot receive exactly the same training, if in a different order. An important part of this process is training recruits to adopt and live by the motto, "Every Marine a rifleman". Upon completion, recruits proceed to receive further training at the School of Infantry (SOI). All non-infantry MOS Marines are trained at the Marine Combat Training Battalion (MCT), while infantry MOS Marines are trained at the Infantry Training Battalion (ITB). MCT and ITB training is conducted at one of two locations, SOI-East at Camp Lejeune in Jacksonville, North Carolina (for Parris Island graduates) and SOI-West at Camp Pendleton in San Diego, California (for San Diego graduates). Marine Combat Training Battalion (MCT) is a 29-day course. Marines learn the basics of combat marksmanship, counter-improvised explosive device techniques, how to conduct the defense of a position, convoy operations, combat formations, fireteam assaults, patrolling, urban warfare, use of the AN/PRC-119 radio, reporting military intelligence, land navigation, and the use of hand grenades, the M203 grenade launcher, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, and M240 machine gun. Training also includes combat conditioning by running an obstacle course, conducting marches, physical training, and Marine Corps Martial Arts Program. Upon completion of Marine Combat Training, the Marine is to have gained the knowledge and ability to operate in a combat environment as a basic rifleman and to perform his or her primary duties under fire. (The main contrast with Army recruit training is that nearly identical training is integrated into Basic Combat Training, so there is no follow-on school.) Upon completion, Marines proceed to their MOS-specific school. In Infantry Training Battalion (ITB), infantry MOS (03XX) Marines receive 59 days of training in infantry skills, including advanced marksmanship, combat patrolling, land navigation, and a wide array of other infantry skills. Upon completion of ITB, newly qualified Marine infantrymen proceed to their assigned units. U.S. Navy The United States Navy currently operates boot camp at Recruit Training Command Great Lakes, located at Naval Station Great Lakes, near North Chicago, Illinois. Instead of having Drill Sergeants or Drill Instructors like other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, the U.S. Navy has RDCs (Recruit Division Commanders) that are assigned to each division. Training lasts approximately eight weeks (although some recruits will spend as many as nine weeks in training due to the somewhat complicated processing cycle). Days are counted by a system that lists the week and day that they are on, for example, 7-3 for week 7 day 3. The first approximate week is counted P-1, P-2, etc. which denotes that it is a processing day and does not count as part of their 8-week training period. Recruits are instructed on military drill, watchstanding, basic seamanship, water survival skills, first aid, basic shipboard damage control, firefighting, shipboard communication, familiarization with the M9 pistol and Mossberg 500 shotgun (the Navy no longer gives instruction on the M16 in boot camp), pass the confidence chamber (tear-gas-filled chamber), PT, and the basic essentials on Navy life. Recruits also attend many classes throughout boot camp on subjects such as Equal Opportunity, Sexual Assault Victim Intervention, Uniform Code of Military Justice, recognition of naval aircraft and vessels, U.S. naval history, and more. In order for recruits to pass boot camp, they are physically and mentally tested on a 12-hour exercise called Battle Stations which consists of 12 different scenarios involving firefighting, navigating smoke filled compartments, first-aid knowledge, survival at sea, mass casualties, shipboard flood control, bomb detection, and many other skills that they have been learning in the previous 7 weeks. After completion of boot camp, freshly minted sailors are sent either to various "A" Schools located across the United States—where they begin training to receive their ratings (jobs)—or to apprenticeship training, where they then enter the fleet without a designation. The Navy formerly operated Recruit Training Centers in San Diego, California; Orlando, Florida; Meridian, Mississippi; and Port Deposit (Bainbridge), Maryland. From 1942 to 1946—during and immediately following World War II—the Navy had two additional training sites: Naval Training Station (USNTS) Sampson (renamed Sampson Air Force Base in 1950), near Seneca Lake, New York, where over 400,000 recruits were trained, and Farragut Naval Training Station in Bayview, Idaho. U.S. Air and Space Forces The U.S. Air and Space Forces' Basic Military Training (BMT) is seven and a half weeks long, as they do not count the first week ("Week 0"). BMT is 63 calendar days long. It is conducted at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Formerly, trainees were referred to as "airman" from day one of BMT. This has been changed; now, personnel are referred to as trainees until the Airman's Coin Ceremony in the eighth week of training, when they receive their Airman's Coin. Trainees receive military instruction (including the Air Force core values, flight and individual drill, and living area inspections), academic classes (covering topics such as Air Force history, dress and appearance, military customs and courtesies, ethics, security, and alcohol/drug abuse prevention and treatment), and field training (including protection against biological and chemical attack, basic marksmanship on the M4 carbine as well as self-aid buddy care). Following BMT, airmen/guardians go to a technical school (or 'tech school') where they learn the specifics of their Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC), which is equivalent to the MOS (Military Occupational Specialty) in the Army and Marines, the Navy's NEC (Naval Enlisted Classification) code, or the Coast Guard's ratings. All non-prior-service enlistees are required to complete BMT, including those enlisting in the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command. Reserve component enlistees receive the same training as their active-duty counterparts. Credit can be given on a case-by-case basis for enlistees with college credit. Eagle Scouts and service in the Civil Air Patrol qualify for promotion to E-2 (airman) or E-3 (airman first class) upon graduation from BMT. The stripes are not worn until graduation, though trainees are paid at the higher pay grade. Lackland AFB has been associated with BMT for almost the Air Force's entire history. From 1950 to 1956, 300,000 airmen received BMT at Sampson Air Force Base in New York. In 1951, Parks Air Force Base in Dublin, California, became a BMT center, with training beginning in March 1952. BMT at Parks AFB ceased later in the decade and the installation was transferred to the U.S. Army in 1959. For a brief time between 1966 and 1968, the Air Force operated a second BMT at Amarillo Air Force Base in Amarillo, Texas. Unlike the Army and Navy, but like the Marine Corps (throughout boot camp) and Coast Guard (during the first section of boot camp), trainees are required to refer to all airmen and guardians of all ranks as "sir" or "ma'am". Trainees are required to preface speaking to military training instructors with their reporting statement: "Sir/Ma'am, Trainee (the recruit's surname) reports as ordered". An additional two weeks of BMT was added to the program on November 1, 2008, extending the duration of BMT from six and a half weeks to eight and a half weeks. BMT has been tailored to incorporate some of the additional warfighting skills to coincide with increased Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) rotations and more frequent support of its sister services during those rotations. In 2015, BMT was shortened once again to seven and a half weeks. Trainees still stay at Lackland for eight and half weeks, however, the eighth week following graduation they are moved to a more relaxed environment under a program called Airman's Week, which is designed to transition trainees to technical training. U.S. Coast Guard Recruit training for the U.S. Coast Guard is held at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. The Coast Guard base on Government Island (now known as Coast Guard Island) Alameda, California was also used as a second major recruit training center until it was closed in 1982. The official standard recruit training cycle lasts eight weeks. A limited number of recruits may face reversion to earlier weeks of training should they exhibit egregious deficiencies in attitude and/or aptitude. As an alternate for those recruits possessing prior military service or civilian job skills, Coast Guard recruit basic training offers an abbreviated route to completion of basic training with the Direct Entry Petty Officer Training program (DEPOT) "The goal of the Direct Entry Petty Officer Training Course is to produce petty officers who on the basis of their civilian professions, prior military experience, or a combination of both" are otherwise duly qualified. Coast Guard boot camp covers basic seamanship, drill, military bearing, and firefighting. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique among the armed services in that it fires the SIG Sauer P229R pistol as well as the M16 rifle during the training. Although the Coast Guard is a part of the Department of Homeland Security, rather than the Department of Defense, it is by law and tradition a branch of the United States Armed Forces. As with all military personnel, coast guardsmen are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Due to the Coast Guard's unique mission set – including CONUS and OCONUS defense operations, search and rescue and maritime law enforcement – there are added requirements to maintain high physical fitness standards and military bearing. Due to its unusual, diverse and difficult mission, the U.S. Coast Guard is the most selective in recruiting and training standards. As an example, the Coast Guard Academy is the only service academy that uses competitive admissions for prospective officer candidates rather than congressional appointment. During their time at Cape May, recruits are subjected to the usual "boot camp" atmosphere of direct instruction and intense motivation. Recruits must adhere to strict rules such as hygiene and uniform regulations and obey all lawful orders. The recruits are designated as seaman recruits (SR; E-1). Unique to the Coast Guard among the armed services, recruits successfully completing basic recruit training are advanced to the rank of seaman apprentice/fireman apprentice (SA/FA; E-2) or seaman/fireman (SN/FN; E-3) upon graduation—the difference generally based on the level of higher education the graduate possesses. Coast Guard drill instructors are called "company commanders" and hold a rank ranging from petty officer 2nd class (E-5) up to senior chief petty officer (E-8). Coast Guard companies have approximately two or three company commanders and anywhere from 20 to over 100 recruits. After completing boot camp, recruits can select their rating and then attend an "A" school. Few graduates go straight to "A" school; most spend up to a year in the fleet as "non-rates". "A" school is a long-term technical school providing specific instruction about a rating. The "A" schools last two to six months and usually occur at TRACEN Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia or TRACEN Petaluma, Petaluma, California. Aviation related ratings train at the Aviation Technical Training Center at Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Some ratings have an available on-the-job apprenticeship training option known as "striking" instead of attending an "A" school. See also Military education and training Milling - military training exercise Military Academy Officer Candidate School Resocialization Psychological conditioning Military recruitment Military service References Externall inks USAREC (2003). U.S. Army DEP Guide: Army Terminology. United States Army Recruiting Command. Fort Knox, KY (USA). USMC Recruit Depot San Diego. Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego Headquarters Western Recruiting Region. MCRD San Diego, CA (USA) Media:The Ultimate Basic Training Guidebook: Tips, Tricks, and Tactics for Surviving Boot Camp, by Sgt. Michael Volkin. Savas Beatie, 2005. Military education and training in the United States Military life Military education and training
In laboratory equipment, a beaker (also becker or beker) is generally a cylindrical container with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters. A beaker is distinguished from a flask by having straight rather than sloping sides. The exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker. The beaker shape in general drinkware is similar. Beakers are commonly made of glass (today usually borosilicate glass), but can also be in metal (such as stainless steel or aluminum) or certain plastics (notably polythene, polypropylene, PTFE). A common use for polypropylene beakers is gamma spectral analysis of liquid and solid samples. Construction and use Standard or "low-form" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. The common low form with a spout was devised by John Joseph Griffin and is therefore sometimes called a Griffin beaker. These are the most universal character and are used for various purposes—from preparing solutions and decanting supernatant fluids to holding waste fluids prior to disposal to performing simple reactions. Low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing a chemical experiment. "Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter. These are sometimes called Berzelius beakers, after Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and are mostly used for titration. Flat beakers (C) are often called "crystallizers" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale. The presence of a spout means that the beaker cannot have a lid. However, when in use, beakers may be covered by a watch glass to prevent contamination or loss of the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with another larger beaker that has been inverted, though a watch glass is preferable. Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on the side with lines indicating the volume contained. For instance, a 250 mL beaker might be marked with lines to indicate 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL of volume. These marks are not intended for obtaining a precise measurement of volume (a graduated cylinder or a volumetric flask would be a more appropriate instrument for such a task), but rather an estimation. Most beakers are accurate to within ~10%. Standards DIN EN ISO 3819:2015-12 defines the following types and sizes: See also Beaker (drinkware) Beaker (archaeology) Beaker (disambiguation) Volumetric flask Stirring rod Test tube Graduated cylinder Scoop References Further reading ASTM E960 - 93 (2008) Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers External links Laboratory glassware Drinkware
HD 12039, also known as DK Ceti, is a variable star in the constellation of Cetus at a distance of . It is categorized as a BY Draconis variable because of luminosity changes caused by surface magnetic activity coupled with rotation of the star. The stellar classification G4V is similar to the Sun, indicating this is a main sequence star that is generating energy at its core through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen. The effective temperature of 5,585 K gives the star a yellow hue. It has about the same mass as the Sun, but only emits 89% of the Sun's luminosity. This is a young star with age estimates ranging from 7.5−8 million years to 30 million years. In 2006, a debris field was discovered in orbit around this star using infrared observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope. This debris is thought to be an asteroid belt. The measured temperature of the debris is 110 K, which places it in an orbit between 4 and 6 AU from the star, or about the same distance where Jupiter orbits the Sun. This debris disk may have been created by the breakup of a single, 100 km diameter planetesimal through a collision. The star system does not show any excess emission at 70 μm, indicating it does not have a cold outer dust disk. The star was examined for the presence of an extrasolar planet with a mass in the range 2-10 Jupiter masses and an orbital distance of 3-15.5 AU. Instead, in 2007, a close stellar companion was likely discovered. This object is separated from the primary by 0.15 arcseconds, making it unlikely to be a background object. This star has been proposed as a member of the Tucana-Horologium association (Tuc-Hor), a stream of young stars with a common motion through space. The Tuc-Hor association is about 30 million years old. The space velocity components of this star are = . It is orbiting the Milky Way galaxy with an orbital eccentricity of 0.06, with a distance that varies from 7.11−8.01 kpc of the galactic core. The inclination of its orbit carries it as far as 90 parsecs above the galactic plane. References See also Cetus G-type main-sequence stars BY Draconis variables Circumstellar disks 012039 Ceti, DK Durchmusterung objects 009141
Birkenes Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Birkeland, Aust-Agder. It has sections for association football, team handball, volleyball, cycling, track and field, orienteering, biathlon, and Nordic skiing. It is known for its biathletes. Gunn Margit Andreassen represented the club, so does Lars Helge Birkeland. Cyclist Dag Erik Pedersen also represented the club. The men's football team played in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football, in 1998. It currently resides in the Fifith Division. References External links Official site Football clubs in Norway Association football clubs established in 1924 Sport in Aust-Agder Birkenes Athletics clubs in Norway 1924 establishments in Norway
The Mali national under-17 football team is the national under-17 football team of Mali and is controlled by the Malian Football Federation. It represents Mali in international football competitions such as FIFA U-17 World Cup and Africa U-17 Cup of Nations. Overview The team has participated in 4 events of the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their best performance came in the 2015 World Cup held in Chile, when Mali reached finished as runners-up. Their best performance at the African level came in the 2015 and the 2017 tournament in Niger and Gabon respectively, when they finished as champions. Tournament records FIFA U-17 World Cup record Africa U-17 Cup of Nations record *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks. Current squad The following players were named in the squad for the 2023 U-17 Africa Cup of Nations between 29 April – 19 May. ''Caps and goals are correct as of 1 May 2023, after the match against Burkina Faso. See also Mali national football team Mali national under-20 football team Mali women's national football team References Mali national football team African national under-17 association football teams
Critical, styled with a time-clock format as CR:IT:IC:AL, is a British medical drama series that aired on Sky 1 from 24 February to 19 May 2015. The series is set in a fictional major trauma centre (MTC), City General Hospital, which treats critically ill patients. Each episode is based on one patient and efforts to save his or her life within one hour. Created by Jed Mercurio (Line of Duty and Bodies), the drama follows the team of medical professionals whilst they make life-changing decisions. The title refers to critical condition, the most serious medical state, as well as the decisions and actions of the staff; everything done within the first hour is absolutely vital and could determine whether a patient lives or dies. The show was axed on 15 July 2015 after the series pulled in an average of 192,000 viewers. Cast Lennie James as Glen Boyle, Trauma Consultant and Team Leader Catherine Walker as Fiona Lomas, Vascular Surgical Registrar and Trauma Fellow Kimberley Nixon as Dr. Angharad ('Harry') Bennett-Edwards, Senior House Officer Neve McIntosh as Nicola Hicklin, Consultant Nurse, Acting Clinical Lead and Deputy Clinical Lead John MacMillan as Justin Costello, Staff Nurse Danny Kirrane as Billy Finlay, Operating Department Practitioner Prasanna Puwanarajah as Ramakrishna Chandramohan, Anaesthetics Registrar Peter Sullivan as Clive Archerfield, Clinical Lead Consultant and Major Incident Officer Mali Harries as Nerys Merrick, Ward Sister Paul Bazely as Giles Dhillon, Trauma Manager Emma Fryer as Rebecca Osgood, Orthopaedic Registrar Juliet Oldfield as Shelley Imms, Radiographer Jack Fortune as Robert Street, Consultant General Surgeon Claire Skinner as Lorraine Rappaport, Consultant Trauma Surgeon, Consultant Vascular Surgeon and Trauma Team Leader Orion Lee as Brian Zhao, CT Radiographer Guest cast Maya Barcot as Tessa Yarwood (4 episodes) Daphne Cheung as Debbie Wong (4 episodes) Anna Koval as Ania Dubczek (4 episodes) Kirsten Foster as Dalisay Guinto (3 episodes) Garry Marriott as Lloyd Watson, Paramedic (2 episodes) Elliot Cowan as Tom Farrow, O/G Consultant (2 episodes) Tim Faraday as Bob Webster (6 episodes) Episodes Reception Reviews were predominantly positive, noting the ground-breaking style and structure of the series; however some critics expressed a preference for a more traditional approach to medical drama. International broadcasters In Australia, the series premiered on BBC First on 28 July 2015. References External links 2015 British television series debuts 2015 British television series endings 2010s British drama television series 2010s British medical television series 2010s British television miniseries English-language television shows Sky UK original programming Television series by Hat Trick Productions
The Ankara barbel or Sakarya barbel (Luciobarbus escherichii) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to freshwater habitats in Turkey, where it occurs in the Sakarya drainage in the Asian part of the country. References Cyprinid fish of Asia Fish of Turkey Fish described in 1897 Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan is a social welfare scheme launched by the Ministry of Labour and Employment of the Government of India in February 2019 for poor labourers in the unorganised sector from minimum 18 years of age to maximum 40 years. Provisions Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan is available to unorganized workers between 18 and 40 years of age. Further, the monthly income of the worker should be below . Under the scheme, the subscriber will receive a minimum assured pension of per month after attaining the age of 60 years. However, to benefit from the scheme, workers have to contribute ₹55 monthly (for age 18) and it varies according to age. Maximum contribution for a year cannot exceed ₹2400 (Rs.200 per month). Further, if the subscriber dies, the spouse of the beneficiary shall be entitled to receive 50% of the pension as family pension. Family pension is applicable only to spouse to apply for eshram yojana and get eshram card your can apply for here . Due to the erratic nature of the works of unorganized sector, the exit provisions have been kept flexible. As such the subscriber can exit prematurely and the amount will be returned with interest at the saving bank account rate, or the rate at which the fund earned income (if the subscriber exits after a 10-year period), whichever is higher. Further, the spouse has the option to continue the scheme and to contribute on the subscriber's behalf. To avail the scheme, the concerned person has to visit the Community Service Center. Aadhaar and Jan Dhan Bank account are necessary. References External links To Check Shramik Card Balance Government schemes in India Modi administration initiatives Social security in India
The 533d Air Defense Group is a disbanded United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the 27th Air Division at Oxnard Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 18 August 1955. The group was originally activated as the 533d Air Service Group, a support unit for the 483d Bombardment Group at the end of World War II in Italy. The group was activated once again in 1953, when Air Defense Command (ADC) established it as the headquarters for a dispersed fighter-interceptor squadron and the medical, aircraft maintenance, and administrative squadrons supporting it. It was replaced in 1955 when ADC transferred its mission, equipment, and personnel to the 414th Fighter Group in a project that replaced air defense groups commanding fighter squadrons with fighter groups with distinguished records during World War II. History World War II The group was activated at Sterparone Airfield, Italy as the 533d Air Service Group shortly after VE Day in a reorganization of Army Air Forces (AAF) support groups in which the AAF replaced service groups that included personnel from other branches of the Army and supported two combat groups with air service groups including only Air Corps units. It was designed to support a single combat group. Its 959th Air Engineering Squadron provided maintenance that was beyond the capability of the combat group, its 783rd Air Materiel Squadron handled all supply matters, and its Headquarters & Base Services Squadron provided other support. The 533d supported the 483d Bombardment Group in Italy in 1945 until it was inactivated in the fall. The group was disbanded in 1948. Cold War The group was reconstituted, redesignated as the 533d Air Defense Group, and activated at Oxnard Air Force Base, California in 1953 with responsibility for air defense of Southern California. Assigned the 354th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), which was already stationed at Oxnard, and flying World War II era North American F-51 Mustangs as its operational component. The 354th FIS had been assigned directly to the 27th Air Division. The 354th upgraded to Lockheed F-94 Starfires in July 1953. The group also replaced the 90th Air Base Squadron as USAF host organization at Oxnard. The group was assigned three squadrons to perform its support responsibilities. The 533d was inactivated and replaced by the 414th Fighter Group (Air Defense) in 1955 as part of Air Defense Command's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. the group was disbanded once again in 1984. Lineage Activated as 533rd Air Service Group on 28 May 1945 Inactivated on 25 September 1945 Disbanded on 8 October 1948 Reconstituted and redesignated as 533d Air Defense Group on 21 January 1953 Activated on 16 February 1953 Inactivated on 18 August 1955 Disbanded on 27 September 1984 Assignments Unknown, 28 May 1945 – 25 September 1945 27th Air Division, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 Stations Sterperone Airfield, Italy, 28 May 1945 – May 1945 Pisa, Italy, May 1945 – 25 September 1945 Oxnard Air Force Base, California, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 Components Operational Squadron 354th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 Support Units 533rd Air Base Squadron, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 533rd Materiel Squadron, 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 533rd Medical Squadron (later 533rd USAF Dispensary), 16 February 1953 – 18 August 1955 783rd Air Materiel Squadron, 28 May 1945 – 25 September 1945 959th Air Engineering Squadron, 28 May 1945 – 25 September 1945 Aircraft North American F-51D Mustang, 1953 Lockheed F-94C Starfighter, 1953–1955 See also Aerospace Defense Command Fighter Squadrons F-94 Starfire units of the United States Air Force References Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Buss, Lydus H.(ed), Sturm, Thomas A., Volan, Denys, and McMullen, Richard F., History of Continental Air Defense Command and Air Defense Command July to December 1955, Directorate of Historical Services, Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, (1956) Further reading Grant, C.L., (1961) The Development of Continental Air Defense to 1 September 1954, USAF Historical Study No. 126 0533 Aerospace Defense Command units Military units and formations disestablished in 1984 Military units and formations established in 1953
Xayar County, also Shayar County or, from Mandarin Chinese, Shaya, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aqsu Prefecture. It contains an area of . According to the 2004 census it has a population of 210,000. History In 1902, Xayar County was established. In March 1964, Tarim Farm () was founded. In 1970, Tarim Farm was renamed Nong Yi Shi 15th Regiment (). In 1973, Nong Yi Shi 15th Regiment was renamed Third Laogai Detachment (). As of 1982, the prison had a cotton processing factory. In 1985, Third Laogai Detachment was renamed Tarim Laogai Detachment (). In 1994, Tarim Laogai Detachment was renamed Tarim Prison (). On July 15, 1996, a prison rebellion in Xayar County led to the deaths of fifteen. In 1998, Tarim Prison was renamed Xayar Prison (). In June 2008, Gezqum Township (Gaizikumu) was established. On December 30, 2008, the township's government started operation. In 2011, Yantaqsheher Township (Yangtakexiehai'er) was established. In 2012, Xadadong (Hadedun) was established. On February 25, 2013, the town's government started operation. According to Radio Free Asia, in January 2014 after Uyghur residents were reportedly forced to bow to a flag of China before worshipping at Xaniqa mosque in Yengimehelle township, three Uyghur youths burned the flag. Raids on Uyghur homes searching for the youths continued into 2015. Authorities warned residents not to discuss the flagburning incident. On May 26, 2014, Gulbagh (Gulebage), then a township, was made a town. In an Agence France-Presse report, between 2017 and 2019, three cemeteries in Xayar County were among dozens of Uyghur cemeteries destroyed in Xinjiang. The unearthed human bones from the cemeteries in Xayar County were discarded. Administrative divisions Xayar County included seven towns, four townships and four other areas: Other areas: Xinken Farm (), No. 2 Pasture (), Xayar Prison (Xinjiang Shaya Prison, ), Xayar County Industrial Zone (). Climate Economy Agriculture and animal husbandry are equally strong in the county. Agricultural products include wheat, corn and cotton as well as melons, yema (), walnut, velvet antler, muskrat, and licorice root. The county is the main location for Sanbei Sheep () lambskin production. Industries include knitting, leather making, food processing and others. The seven major speciality products of the county include Tarim Huyang, cotton, red deer, dates, Karakul sheep, salt cedar, and sword-leaf dogbane. , there was about 45,900 acres (303,747 mu) of cultivated land in Xayar. Demographics As of 2015, 230,129 of the 274,382 residents of the county were Uyghur, 41,463 were Han Chinese and 2,790 were from other ethnic groups. Most residents of Xayar are Muslim Uyghurs. As of 1999, 84.05% of the population of Xayar (Shaya) County was Uyghur and 14.6% of the population was Han Chinese. Transportation China National Highway 217 Historical maps Historical English-language maps including Xayar: Notes References County-level divisions of Xinjiang Aksu Prefecture
MDMB-FUBICA is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first detected by the EMCDDA in Sweden in February 2015. It is often sold in e-liquid form for use in an electronic cigarette. Side effects MDMB-FUBICA's indazole analogue MDMB-FUBINACA has been linked to at least 1000 hospitalisations and 40 deaths as a consequence of intoxication as of March 2015. Legality MDMB-FUBICA is banned in Sweden. See also 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMINACA AB-PINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA AMB-FUBINACA APINACA APP-FUBINACA FUB-APINACA MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA PX-3 References Cannabinoids Designer drugs Indolecarboxamides Fluoroarenes
Prodromos Kathiniotis is a Greek singer and reality-TV celebrity distinguished as a spontaneous, straightforward, manly and folksy personality. His fame is largely attributed to the Greek version of Big Brother. His first album, "The first game" has elements of traditional Greek music. He appeared as a panel member in a daily TV show called H Ellada Paizei ("Greece Plays" - Alter Channel) hosted by Marietta Chrousala. References 21st-century Greek male singers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
Double Speed is a lost 1920 American silent comedy-drama film produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was the debut directorial effort of Sam Wood and starred Wallace Reid in another of his racing car films. Plot As described in a film magazine, Speed Carr (Reid), driving from New York to Los Angeles to visit an uncle he has not seen in twenty years, is robbed of his car, clothing, and credentials by tramps and reaches the coast penniless wearing a borrowed suit of clothes. At his uncle's bank he is refused money. Carr pawns his watch under the name Barry Cole and, adopting this name, secures a position as chauffeur for Donald McPherson (Marshall), father of Sallie McPherson (Hawley), with whom he has fallen in love. After they elope, he reveals his identity and his uncle appears to give his blessing. Cast Wallace Reid as 'Speed' Carr Wanda Hawley as Sallie McPherson Theodore Roberts as John Ogden Tully Marshall as Donald McPherson Lucien Littlefield as Reginald Toby Guy Oliver as Pawn Broker Maxine Elliott Hicks Teddy Tetzlaff as Race Car Driver See also Wallace Reid filmography References External links 1920 films American silent feature films Films directed by Sam Wood Lost American comedy-drama films Films based on short fiction 1920 lost films 1920 comedy-drama films American auto racing films American black-and-white films 1920 directorial debut films 1920s American films 1920s English-language films Silent American comedy-drama films
Arbour Hill () is an area of Dublin within the inner city on the Northside of the River Liffey, in the Dublin 7 postal district. Arbour Hill, the road of the same name, runs west from Blackhall Place in Stoneybatter, and separates Collins Barracks, now hosting part of the National Museum of Ireland, to the south from Arbour Hill Prison to the north, whose graveyard includes the burial plot of the signatories of the Easter Proclamation and other leaders executed after the 1916 Rising. St Bricin's Military Hospital, formerly the King George V Hospital, is also located in Arbour Hill. History Arbour Hill is derived from the Irish Cnoc an Arbhair which means "corn hill". The area was owned by Christ Church Cathedral during the medieval period and was used to store corn. The area first appears on a map in 1603 as "Earber-hill". As part of his commissioned symphonic work "Irishmen and Irishwomen", the composer Vincent Kennedy included a movement titled "Arbour Hill". This movement is a tribute to the Easter Rising participants buried at Arbour Hill. Gallery References Places in Dublin (city) Streets in Dublin (city)
Acropolitis rudisana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is widespread in eastern Australia. The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are grey, with fuscous markings and irrorations (speckles). The hindwings are grey. The larvae feed on Vitis, Acacia, Arctotheca, Chrysanthemum, Hakea, Helichrysum, Malus, Pinus, Populus, Pyracantha and Rumex species, as well as Dillwynia retorta, Dimocarpus longan, Humulus lupulus, Medicago sativa, Rubus loganobaccus and Trifolium repens. References External links Australian Faunal Directory Acropolitis excelsa at tortricidae.com Tortricidae Foodplant database Archipini Moths described in 1863 Moths of Australia Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)
The Three Rivers Computer Corporation (3RCC) was a spinoff from the Research Engineering Laboratory of the Computer Science Department of Carnegie Mellon University, and was founded in May 1974 by Brian S. Rosen, James R. Teter, William H. Broadley, J. Stanley Kriz, D. Raj Reddy and Paul G. Newbury in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States to manufacture advanced technology computer displays, peripherals, and systems. Early products included: the GDP/2A Graphics Display processor with high speed vector generator capable of drawing in excess of 50,000 vectors at 60 Hz refresh rates; a CVD/2 Color Video Display System that displayed a full color raster scanned image with a unique data compression algorithm capable of full frame animation display; ADA-16 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converters for high fidelity music and speech research, and a UMB-11 Unibus Monitor that was a low-cost test instrument for PDP-11 series minicomputers. In 1979, the company launched its principal products, a line of workstation computers called PERQ, which were single-user high performance workstations with the power of a medium-scale mainframe computer from that era coupled with a versatile graphics display. In the summer of 1980, the company divested itself of all activities other than those related to PERQ. From 1981 onwards, 3RCC developed and produced the PERQ jointly with ICL in the United Kingdom. 3RCC changed its name to PERQ Systems Corporation in 1984, but became insolvent in 1985. External links PERQ History 1974 establishments in Pennsylvania 1985 disestablishments in Pennsylvania American companies established in 1974 American companies disestablished in 1985 Carnegie Mellon University Computer companies established in 1974 Computer companies disestablished in 1985 Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania Defunct computer companies of the United States Technology companies established in 1974 Technology companies disestablished in 1985
Thomas "Tom" Woodward Lentz Jr. (born June 11, 1951) is an American art historian and curator. Lentz served as the Elizabeth and John Moors Cabot Director of the Harvard Art Museums from 2003 to 2015. He was the ninth director in its history. Career A native of California, Lentz received a Bachelor of Arts in Art History from Claremont McKenna College in 1974. He continued at the University of California, Berkeley receiving a Master of Arts in Near Eastern Studies in 1978. Lentz then received a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in Art History from Harvard University in 1981 and 1985, respectively. His studies focused on Islamic art, and more specifically, on Persian painting. Lentz wrote his doctoral dissertation on "Painting at Herat under Bāysunghur ibn Shāhrukh." In 1982, while studying at Harvard, Lentz was hired to his first role as Curator of Asian Art at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, a post that he held until 1984. He then moved to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art as Curator of Egyptian, Islamic, and West Asian Art. In 1992, Lentz accepted his first directorial position as assistant director of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, both at the Smithsonian Institution. Three years later, he was promoted to deputy director, and then to acting director. In 2000, he officially became Director of the International Art Museums. In 2003, Lentz was named the Elizabeth and John Moors Cabot Director of the Harvard Art Museums, becoming the ninth director in its history and succeeding James Cuno. During the directorship, Lentz guided the museum through a major renovation, led by the architect Renzo Piano. In 2007, Lentz was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2015, he stepped down from his post as director. Select works Architecture in Islamic Painting: Permanent and Impermanent Worlds, with Michele A. De Angelis, 1982, Timur and the Princely Vision: Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century, 1989, Beyond the Legacy: Anniversary Acquisitions for the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, with Thomas Lawton, 1999, See also List of American Academy of Arts and Sciences members (2006–2019) List of Harvard University people List of people from California List of University of California, Berkeley alumni in arts and media References External links Harvard University profile 1951 births Living people Claremont McKenna College alumni Harvard University alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni American art historians Directors of museums in the United States Rhode Island School of Design Museum People associated with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Smithsonian Institution people Harvard University administrators
Bawtry is a market town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. It lies south-east of Doncaster, west of Gainsborough and north-west of Retford, on the border with Nottinghamshire and close to Lincolnshire. The town was historically divided between the West Riding of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Its population of 3,204 in the 2001 UK census increased to 3,573 in 2011, and was put at 3,519 in 2019. Nearby settlements include Austerfield, Everton, Scrooby, Blyth, Bircotes and Tickhill. History The origin of the name "Bawtry" is uncertain, but it is thought to contain the Old English words ball ("ball") and trēow ("tree"), so meaning it was a "(place at) ball-shaped tree". It was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but it appears as Baltry in 1199 and as Bautre on a 1677 map. Bawtry was originally the site of a Roman settlement on Ermine Street between Doncaster and Lincoln. In 616 AD, the Anglo-Saxon King Aethelfrith died in battle against Raedwald, King of East Anglia, by the River Idle at Bawtry. The site in Aethelfrith's time lay in the southern reaches of Northumbria, a dangerous marshy region close to the border with Lindsey and easily accessible from the Kingdom of East Anglia. A settlement developed here around a wharf in the Danelaw era. Evidence suggests that St Nicholas's Church was first erected in that period. While the village originally lay in Nottinghamshire, boundary changes before the Norman conquest moved it just inside the West Riding of Yorkshire. Around 1200, a new town was developed adjacent to the older village, under the auspices of John de Busli or Robert de Vipont. In 1213, de Vipont received a royal charter specifying an annual four-day fair at Pentecost, and a market was first recorded in 1247. The town grew as a river port and as a local commercial centre and stopping point between Doncaster and Retford. By the mid-14th century, the port was exporting wool and other items overseas. Meanwhile, the Hospital of St Mary Magdalene was founded, which survived until the 18th century. Trading in Bawtry later declined and by the 1540s John Leland recorded it as being "very bare and pore", but it grew again in the Elizabethan period through the shipping of millstones. Bawtry Hall was the base for RAF No.1 Group Bomber Command during and after the Second World War, and became the headquarters of RAF Strike Command (see RAF Bawtry). Geography Bawtry is where the western branch of the Roman Ermine Street crosses the River Idle in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It straddles the A638 road, previously the Great North Road. Nearby towns include Gainsborough to the east, Retford to the south-southeast, Worksop to the south-west and Doncaster to the north-west. The town is just south of Doncaster Sheffield Airport, formerly RAF Finningley, and between Bircotes and Misson at the conjunction of the A614, A631 and A638. In the 20th century Bawtry became a bottleneck, until a bypass was eventually built in 1965. The county boundary with Nottinghamshire runs just to the south of the town – the southernmost house on the Great North Road names itself "Number One Yorkshire". The town's former prosperity was based on communications: the River Idle when it was a port, the Great North Road in the coaching era, and the Great Northern Railway. Its geographical location is 53° 25' 40" North, 1° 1' West, at an elevation of some above sea level. Community facilities Bawtry has a school called Bawtry Mayflower School named after the vessel Mayflower, which took William Bradford, leader of the Pilgrims, to the Americas, settling the first Plymouth Colony. Bradford came from Austerfield, about a mile from Bawtry. The White Hart in Swan Street is the town's oldest surviving public house, dating from 1689. The older Swan Inn in the same street has been converted to other uses. Market Hill and High Street contain buildings of the same period, interspersed with more recent ones. The Crown Hotel in High Street was once a coaching inn. Singer Ronan Keating and comedian Billy Connolly have stayed there. South Parade is a terrace of Georgian houses. The Courtyard, a modern development of housing, shops and businesses, won the Green Apple Awards 2005. From 1989 to 2013 Bawtry Hall operated as a Christian conference centre and a base for several Christian bodies. It now serves for a wider range of events such as wedding receptions. Notable people George Morton (1585–1624), Pilgrim Father and publisher of Mourt's Relation See also Listed buildings in Bawtry Bawtry gasworks contamination References External links Bawtry Town Council Towns in South Yorkshire Civil parishes in South Yorkshire
Coastal erosion in Louisiana is the process of steady depletion of wetlands along the state's coastline in marshes, swamps, and barrier islands, particularly affecting the alluvial basin surrounding the mouth of the Mississippi River. In the last century, Southeast Louisiana has lost a large portion of its wetlands and is expected to lose more in the coming years, with some estimates claiming wetland losses equivalent to up to one football field per hour. One consequence of coastal erosion is an increased vulnerability to hurricane storm surges, which affects the New Orleans metropolitan area and other communities in the region. The state has outlined a comprehensive master plan for coastal restoration and has begun to implement various restoration projects such as fresh water diversions, but certain zones will have to be prioritized and targeted for restoration efforts, as it is unlikely that all depleted wetlands can be rehabilitated. The process of coastal erosion in Louisiana is the result of various factors, including sea level rise, the loss of deposited sediment from the Mississippi River delta, and the consequent permanent flooding of marshes, wetlands, and neighboring areas along the Louisiana coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Contributing factors include the blockage of traditionally occurring deposits of fresh water and silt from the river by man-made levees which have been built along most of the river over the last century and impede the river's ability to replenish its southernmost alluvial plains. These plains are dependent on the infusion of the river's once-plentiful deposits, especially those of the annual high-stage floods in the springtime. Sediment deposition by floods has been constrained by river levees, which now serve to buffer against floods for the protection of residents, their livestock, and property within the Mississippi River valley. The deterioration results in the death of fresh and brackish water plants historically part of the ecosystem, which are not only a vital feature of the wetlands' topography, but also serve to capture silt, and thus are needed to build up and sustain marsh structures. As fresh and brackish water plant habitats recede, salt water from the Gulf of Mexico further encroaches, killing off more non-salt-tolerant plants, thus further eroding pre-existing mud formations that these plants had once supported. Other factors exacerbating coastal erosion in Southeast Louisiana include the presence of canals and navigational routes dug through marshes and swamps, often to accommodate logistical needs of the petrochemical industry, as well as the previous practice of logging, all of which have allowed the incursion of salt water from the Gulf into previously fresh- and brackish-water plant habitats. While land subsidence is dominated by Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), sediment compression is next factor further compounding the problem. Sea level rise attributed to global warming, though not a root cause, is also considered a contributing factor and future concern. Causes and factors Coastal erosion is defined as "the loss of coastal lands due to the net removal of sediments or bedrock from the shoreline." South Louisiana is one of the main places being affected. In 1973, Louisiana State University published “Environmental Atlas and Multi-Use Management Plan for South-Central Louisiana” analyzing the issue and possible solutions. The solutions were not implemented and the issues the report sought to fix are still outstanding. Man-made levees, which were designed to protect residents and property adjacent to the river, block spring flood water that would otherwise bring fresh water and sediment to marshes. Swamps have been extensively logged, leaving canals and ditches that allow saline water to move inland. Canals dug for the oil and gas industry also allow storms to move sea water inland, where it damages swamps and marshes. Rising sea levels attributed to global warming have exacerbated the problem. As sea levels continue to rise, the land subsidence rates among Louisiana's coast will also increase. Some researchers estimate that the state is losing a land mass equivalent to 30 football fields every day. This estimate reflects the rapid rates of land subsidence in Louisiana. An extensive levee system aided by locks and dams has been developed in the waterways of the lower Mississippi River. The levees, designed to prevent flooding along the waterways, on one hand, prevent silt from draining into the river yet also prevent it from being distributed into the marshes downriver. With no new accretion and steady subsidence, the wetlands slowly are replaced by encroaching saltwater from the Gulf. As a result of this apparent dilemma, large areas of marsh are being lost to the ocean. Since 1930 water has consumed more than 1,900 square miles (4,900 km2) of the state's land. This loss equates to the disappearance of 25 square miles (65 km2) of wetlands each year or a football-field-sized area every 30 minutes. This loss can be reversed, at least in some areas, but only with large scale restoration, including the removal of levees to allow the Mississippi River to carry silt into these areas. Prior to the building of levees on the Mississippi River, the wetlands were kept in balance by occasional floods, which filled the area with sediment, and subsidence, the sinking of land. These man-made levees contribute to extensive down-stream flooding and sediment pollution in the Mississippi River Delta. After the levees were built, however, flood sediment flowed directly into the Gulf of Mexico. This subsidence along with the recent sea level rise tipped the balance toward subsidence rather than marsh growth. This, along with the canals built in the area, caused decline of the wetlands and also caused less weakening of and less protection from recent hurricanes such as Hurricane Katrina. The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation has developed a comprehensive management plan for the eastern regions of the Louisiana coast, placing emphasis upon restoration of riverine habitats, cypress swamps and fringing marsh. This could be a model applied to other coastal regions. Subsidence may be due to other factors as well. Some observers blame the direct effects of oil and gas extraction, known as fracking. They believe the removal of subsurface materials, such as oil, hastened the rates of land subsidence. They contend that, as billions of barrels of oil and saltwater and trillions of cubic feet of gas were removed from the subterranean structures in which they had accumulated over millions of years, these structures lost their ability to support the weight of the earth above. As these structures slowly collapsed, the soil above gradually subsided. The wetlands on the surface began to sink into the Gulf waters. Others argue that subsidence is a natural process in deltas, as sediments compress, and that the real problem is the lack of flood waters that would normally deposit new layers of sediment. The role of hurricanes is also a matter of disagreement; some studies show that hurricanes actually build elevation in marshes. A new and important factor is the rising sea levels associated with global warming. In addition to subsidence, the presence of canals which were dug through the marshes and swamps to service oil and gas wells to facilitate oil and gas exploration have enabled salt water intrusion from the Gulf of Mexico. In similar fashion, the construction of the now-closed Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO) introduced salt water into freshwater and intermediate marshes in St. Bernard Parish, which is adjacent to New Orleans, and facilitated significant erosion. Another factor that damaged wetlands was large-scale logging, particularly the extensive logging of cypress forests in the early 1900s. One early logger described it this way: "We just use the old method of going in and cutting down the swamp and tearing it up and bringing the cypress out. When a man's in here with all the heavy equipment, he might as well cut everything he can make a board foot out of; we're not ever coming back in here again." This logging often required construction of canals, which, once the logging was finished, allowed salt water to enter the wetlands and prevent regeneration of the cypress. As if these problems were not enough, the introduction of nutria, an invasive wetland rodent from South America, in the 1930s provided an entirely new species of grazing mammal. Although only a few escaped, there are now millions. Natural grazing by muskrat was now accelerated by grazing from nutria. By removing plants, nutria cause both loss of vegetation and, perhaps more seriously, a loss of dead organic matter which would otherwise accumulate as peat and raise the level of the marsh. One of the most important natural controls on nutria is predation by large alligators, which may provide a useful tool for biological control of nutria, thereby reducing their impact on marshes. Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes in Southeast Louisiana, with a combined population of 209,136, are at great risk of going underwater due to coastal erosion. It is estimated with the current rate of erosion, 75 square kilometers a year, these areas and their surrounding parishes will be underwater within fifty to eighty years. Erosion from heavy storms, climate change, and human interference with the environment contribute to erosion in South Louisiana. The Gulf of Mexico brings heavy rains and hurricanes to this region. This loosens the sediments in the marshes, and along the Mississippi River, allowing them to be carried away by the water. Human interference would be the diversion of the Mississippi river and other rivers. The diversion causes sediments to be deposited in places other than where they normally would be. Oil company canals The dredging of canals across the southern marshlands has long been blamed for coastal erosion. What was then the Orleans Levee Board, now the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority operating as the East and West divisions, filed a lawsuit in July 2013 against 97 oil and gas companies for damages, claiming the 50 miles of marsh swamps, with stands of cypress that buffered Gulf storms, were "shredded by oil industry canals". It was considered to be an "entire ecosystem tanking", the "largest ecological catastrophe in North America since the dust bowl", and "a wetland dying". “When you talk about dredging those canals, yes, it now appears to have been a pretty stupid thing to do.... But no one ever dreamed it would be an issue or that the coast would waste away.” —John Laborde, Founder, Tidewater Marine, 2010. This was not a new hypothesis as Percy Viosca, a Tulane graduate ultimately fired by then-Governor Long and brought back under another administration, stated in 1925, “Man-made modifications in Louisiana wetlands, which are changing the conditions of existence from its very foundations, are the result of flood protection, deforestation, deepening channels[,] and the cutting of navigation and drainage canals.”, and concluded by stating that the “time is ripe for an enormous development of the Louisiana wetlands along new and [more] intelligent lines.” Consequences The many benefits of the wetlands found in this region were not recognized by a majority of policy makers early in the 20th century. Wetlands provide many important ecological services including, fisheries production, resting areas for migratory species, carbon storage, water filtration and enhanced disagreement over the relative importance of these factors, not to mention flood control. Southeastern Louisiana's disappearing wetlands have a broad impact ranging from cultural to economic. Commercial fishing in Louisiana accounts for more than 300 million dollars of the state's economy. More than 70% of that amount stems from species such as shrimp, oysters and blue crabs that count on the coastal wetlands as a nursery for their young. Annually Louisiana sells more than 330,000 hunting licenses and 900,000 fishing licenses to men and women who depend on the wetlands as a habitat for their game. Additional recreational activities such as boating, swimming, camping, hiking, birding, photography and painting are abundant in wetland areas. Wetlands host a variety of trees such as the bald cypress, tupelo gum and cottonwood. Other plants such as the dwarf palmetto and wax myrtle and submerged aquatic plants such as Vallisneria and Ruppia are native to Louisiana wetlands. Wetland plants act as natural filters, helping to remove heavy metals, sewage, and pesticides from polluted water before reaching the Gulf of Mexico. Animal species native to these areas include osprey, anhinga, ibis, herons, egrets, manatees, alligators, and beavers. Although there are several naturally occurring forces that adversely affect the wetland regions of Louisiana, many believe it is human intervention that has caused the majority of the decline. As the wetlands disappear, more and more people are leaving wetland areas. Since the coastal wetlands support an economically important coastal fishery, the loss of wetlands is adversely affecting this industry. Another consequence of coastal erosion is the loss of sandbars off the coast of Louisiana. The sandbars off of Louisiana's coast protect Louisiana's coast from storm surges and high-speed winds that accompany hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico. In the past, these sandbars have helped minimize the damage to Louisiana's coast from hurricanes. However, as coastal erosion continues to cause these sandbars to degrade, the damage taken by Louisiana's coastline continues to increase. Because of this loss of Louisiana's coastline, many Louisiana communities are being affected. Some communities are experiencing flooding on a much more regular basis. If this loss of coastline continues, many of these communities will have to relocate. Some communities already have completely located, uprooting everyone who lives there. Therefore, coastal erosion is having a much greater effect on Louisiana residents than many people believe. Proposed and attempted solutions There are several projects and proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage, some of which have been attempted, including restoring natural floods from the Mississippi. Without such restoration, coastal communities will continue to disappear. One of the primary methods that has been developed are freshwater diversions, which extract water from Mississippi River at strategic locations and transport fresh water and silt from the river through aqueducts and then pump and distribute them into nearby estuaries. This process invigorates freshwater plant life and re-introduces silt into the estuaries. Freshwater diversions have not been without controversy and have encountered some opposition, primarily from oyster harvesters who believe that the current high level salinity is needed in their state-licensed zones in order to maintain healthy production. Another method of coastal restoration is the direct planting of new marsh grasses and other forms of sustainable plant life into affected areas. There is the practice of seeding, which may be turn out to be more productive than direct planting, which often entails the dropping large amounts of seeds from crop-dusters intended to grow into freshwater plants. Mangrove seeds have been tried because when grown they have the benefit of reducing marsh water salinity. Transporting already-dredged material from the Mississippi river to marshes, swamps, and barrier islands is also an option. Some have proposed the removal of river levees in certain low-populated areas to allow fresh water and silt dispersion into marshes, though this method is controversial and has yet to be attempted. The Louisiana State Coastal Restoration Authority has developed a master plan which outlines the state's strategy for achieving future coastal restoration as well as flood protection. Current Louisiana law stipulates that all oil and gas revenue royalties collected by the state go towards coastal restoration. However, under present arrangements with the federal government, Louisiana is only able to receive a small percentage of royalties, while the rest go to the federal government. However, starting in 2018 Louisiana will be able to receive 37.5 million dollars from all new leases, though pre-existing leases will still fall under the prior state/federal revenue sharing arrangement. Proceeds from part of the BP oil spill lawsuits and federal fines will also go towards coastal restoration. One way to combat coastal erosion is to try and plant more vegetation in Louisiana's wetlands. The roots of plants help hold soil in place and stop the soil from eroding. By adding more vegetation to the wetlands, the soil can be made more firm and less likely to erode. However, salt water intrusion kills many of these plants, thus solutions are needed to help protect planted vegetation. Another way to combat coastal erosion is to create seawalls and breakwaters. Seawalls are manmade barriers that are erected to keep seawater from reaching the coast. Because the seawater is unable to reach the coast, the water is unable to erode the coastline, thus preventing coastal erosion. Breakwaters function much like seawalls, except that they are not manmade; they are made from large formations of rocks stacked near each other. They are not as effective as seawalls in stopping water from reaching the coast, however, they allow seawater to bring sediment within the barrier, but stop the retreating water from removing sediment, thus helping coastlines build up and replenish. Estimates are that the area will continue to erode, in part due to a dearth of plant nutrients. Solutions are numerous; however, governments and organizations have problems implementing them. Industry, navigation, and flood control are factors that have to be taken into account with the solutions. One of the most drastic solutions would be diverting the Mississippi river to flow into its delta. A shift in industry locations, navigation, and populations would allow the wetlands to be restored with less interference. Alternatively, increasing sustainability standards would allow the issue to be resolved quicker. Creating more ecologically friendly infrastructure in the areas would allow the marshes to grow and the soil would strengthen. See also Mississippi River Delta Mississippi Alluvial Plain Wetlands of Louisiana Chemistry of wetland dredging References Coastal erosion in the United States Environment of Louisiana Environmental issues in the United States Geography of Louisiana
Cavaliers of the Crown (Swedish: Kronans kavaljerer) is a 1930 Swedish silent comedy film directed by Gustaf Edgren and starring Fridolf Rhudin, Brita Appelgren and Weyler Hildebrand. It was shot at the Råsunda Studios in Stockholm. The film's sets were designed by the art director Vilhelm Bryde. Cast Fridolf Rhudin as Fridolf Svensson Weyler Hildebrand as Göran Göransson Brita Appelgren as Mary Björklund Stina Berg as Aunt Julia Helge Kihlberg as Uncle Göran Ragnar Arvedson as Dick Carter / Charles Paterson Nils Ericsson as Spiggen Knut Broberg as Cabaret Artist Valdemar Dalquist as Emmcee Ernst Brunman as Lawyer Carl-Hugo Calander as Man Eddie Figge as Mrs. Carter Wictor Hagman as Officer Olle Hilding as Con Man Gustav Hjorth as Man Maja Jerlström as Woman Ludde Juberg as Andersson Georg af Klercker as Officer Axel Lagerberg as Man Robert Ryberg as Con Man Carl Ström as Police chief References Bibliography Qvist, Per Olov & von Bagh, Peter. Guide to the Cinema of Sweden and Finland. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. External links 1930 films 1930 comedy films Swedish comedy films Swedish silent feature films Swedish black-and-white films Films directed by Gustaf Edgren 1930s Swedish-language films Silent comedy films 1930s Swedish films
Jeffrey Wright (born 1965) is an American actor. Jeff or Jeffrey Wright may also refer to: Jeff Wright (defensive back) (born 1949), American football player for Minnesota Jeff Wright (defensive tackle) (born 1963), American football player for Buffalo Jeff Wright (footballer) (born 1952), English football midfielder who played for Wigan Athletic Jeff Wright (murder victim) (died 2003) Jeffrey Cyphers Wright (born 1951), poet Jeff Wright, founder of Four Loko Geoffrey K. Pullum (aka Jeff Wright), former keyboard player with Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band See also Geoffrey Wright (born 1959), Australian film director Geoff Wright (born 1930), English footballer Wright (surname)
A Frenzy of Music and Action! is an album by the American band Swamp Zombies, released in 1992 on Doctor Dream Records. The band promoted the album by playing outside of 15 southern California record stores. Critical reception The Los Angeles Times listed A Frenzy of Music and Action! among the best 15 Orange County albums of 1992. Track listing "Green" "Unemployed" "Oddball" "Three Deep Thinkers" "I Bawled" "Damnedest Thing" "Puerto Angel" "Lemon Girl" "Johnny Quest" "Mountain Man" "Before You Just Do It" "Go Go Boots" "Track 13" "Ballad of Ed Gein" (available on CD) References Swamp Zombies albums 1992 albums
Fox 4 may refer to: Television stations in the United States Current KDFW, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas (O&O) KFDM-DT3, a digital channel of KFDM in Beaumont, Texas (branded as Fox 4 Beaumont) KFQX, Grand Junction, Colorado KHMT, Hardin/Billings, Montana KTBY, Anchorage, Alaska WDAF-TV, Kansas City, Missouri WFTX-TV, Fort Myers, Florida (cable channel, broadcasts on channel 36) Former KBTV-TV, Port Arthur, Texas (2009 to 2021) KSNB-TV, Superior, Nebraska (1994 to 2009) Other uses Fox (code word) Four, a brevity code for a simulated firing on a target by a bombardier
The nuclear protein in testis gene (i.e. NUTM1 gene) encodes (i.e. directs the synthesis of) a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion (i.e. a parasympathetic ganglion of nerve cells located just behind the eye). NUT protein facilitates the acetylation of chromatin (i.e. DNA-protein bundles) by histone acetyltransferase EP300 in testicular spermatids (cells that mature into sperms). This acetylation is a form of chromatin remodeling which compacts spermatid chromatin, a critical step required for the normal conduct of spermatogenesis, i.e. the maturation of spermatids into sperm. Male mice that lacked the mouse Nutm1 gene using a gene knockout method had abnormally small testes, lacked sperm in their cauda epididymis (i.e. tail of the epididymis which contains sperm in fertile male mice), and were completely sterile. These findings indicate that Nutm1 gene is essential for the development of normal fertility in male mice and suggest that the NUTM1 gene may play a similar role in men. The NUTM1 gene is located in band 14 on the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 15. In the early 1990's, this gene was implicated in the development of certain epithelial cell cancers that: a) occurred in the midline structures of young people, b) were rapidly fatal, and c) consisted of poorly differentiated (i.e. not resembling any particular cell type), immature-appearing cells containing a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. BRD4 is the bromodomain-containing protein 4 gene. A fusion gene is an abnormal gene consisting of parts from two different genes that form as a result of a large scale gene mutation such as a chromosomal translocation, interstitial deletion, or inversion. The BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene is a translocation that encodes a fusion protein that has merged most of the protein coding region of the NUTM1 gene with a large part of the BRD4 gene located in band 13 on the short (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 19. This translocation is notated as t(15;19)(q13, p13.1). BRD4 protein recognizes acetylated lysine residues on proteins and by doing so participates in the regulation of DNA replication, DNA transcription, and thereby key cellular processes involved in the development of neoplasms (i.e. malignant or benign tissue growths). The product of the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene, BRD4-NUT protein, stimulates the expression of at least 4 relevant genes, MYC, TP63, SOX2, and MYB in cultured cells. All four of these genes are oncogenes, i.e., genes that when overexpressed and/or overly active promote the development of certain types of cancers. Overexpression of the MYC and SOX2 genes can also act to maintain cells in an undifferentiated stem cell-like state similar to the cells in the neoplasms driven by the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. It is generally accepted that the BRD4-NUT protein promotes these neoplasms by maintaining their neoplastic cells in a perpetually undifferentiated, proliferative state. Further studies are needed to confirm and expand these views and to determine if any of the overexpressed gene products of the BRD4-NUT protein contribute to the development and/or progression, or can serve as targets for the treatment, of the neoplasms associated with the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. These questions also apply to a wide range of neoplasms that have more recently been associated with the NUTM1 gene fused to other genes. Neoplasms associated with NUTM1 fusion genes NUT carcinoma NUT carcinoma is a rare, highly aggressive malignancy. Initially, it was regarded as occurring in the midline areas of the upper respiratory tract, upper digestive tract, and mediastinum (i.e. central compartment of the thoracic cavity) of young adults and to lesser extents children and infants. It was therefore termed NUT midline granuloma. However, subsequent studies defined these carcinomas based on the presence of a NUT fusion gene in their malignant cells. As so defined, this malignancy occurs in individuals of all ages and, while most commonly developing in the cited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and mediastinal areas, occasionally develops in the salivary glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, retroperitoneum (i.e. space behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity), endometrium, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs. Consequently, the name of this disorder was changed form NUT midline carcinoma to NUT carcinoma by the World Health Organization, 2015. NUT carcinomas are characterized histologically as tumors containing primitive epithelioid cells (i.e. derived from activated macrophages and resembling epithelial cells) admixed with foci of keratinization (i.e. tissue areas that are rich in keratin fibers); NUT carcinomas are considered variants of squamous cell carcinomas. Studies have found that ~66 tp 80% of NUT carcinomas harbor a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene while the remaining NUT carcinomas, sometimes termed NUT variant carcinomas, involve the BRD3-NUTM1 (~10 to 25% of cases) or, rarely, the NSD3-NUTM1, ZNF532-NUTM1,, or ZNF592-NUTM1 fusion gene. It is thought that the latter fusions genes promote NUT carcinomas in manners at least somewhat similar to the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer of malignant B lymphocytes (termed B-cell ALL) or T lymphocytes (termed T-cell ALL) that typically occurs in infants and young children. In a three population-representative cohort study, NUTM1 gene rearrangements (i.e. fusion genes) occurred in 0.28 to 0.86% of pediatric patients with B-cell ALL. Among a total of 71 NUTM1-rearranged cases, 10 fusion partners of NUTM1 were identified: ACIN1-NUTM1 ((24 cases), BRD9-NUTM1 (10 cases), CUX1-NUTM1 (15 cases), ZNF618-NUTM1 (9 cases; ZNF618 is the zinc finger protein 618 gene) fusion genes, and (in 1 to 4 cases each) AFF1-NUTM1, C17orf78-NUTM1 (C17orf78 is also termed ATAD5), CHD4-NUTM1, RUNX1-NUTM1, IKZF1-NUTM1, and SLC12A6-NUTM1 fusion genes. Individuals with these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated leukemias had appreciably better prognoses than those who had NUTM1 fusion gene negative B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. It is thought that the cited fusion genes contribute to the development and/or progression of these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated ALL cases but the molecular mechanism(s) for this is unknown. Some HOXA genes, particularly HOXA9, are upregulated in these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated ALL cases as well as in cases of NUTM1 fusion gene-negative ALL. Further studies are required to determine if the overexpression of one or more HOXA genes contributes to NUTM1 fusion gene-associated B-cell ALL. Poroma and porocarcinoma Poroma is a benign, relatively common skin tumor that has the cellular features similar to those of a sweat gland duct. This tumor typically occurs as a solitary stalkless nodule on the soles and palms but may occur in any area where there are sweat glands. Porocarcinoma (also termed eccrine porocarcinoma and malignant eccrine poroma) is an extremely rare malignant counterpart of poromas. It may arise from a longstanding poroma but more commonly appears to develop independently of any precursor poroma. Porocarcinoma tumors predominantly afflict elderly individuals. A study of 104 poroma tumors detected the YAP1-NUTM1 and WWTR1-NUTM1 fusion genes in 21 cases and 1 case, respectively, while the same study of 11 porocarcinoma tumors detected the YAP1-NUTM1 fusion gene in 6 cases. Expression of the NUTM1 (fusion) protein was observed in 25 poroma and 6 porocarcinoma cases but not in a wide range of other skin tumor types. Studies on cultured immortalized human dermal keratinocyte (i.e. HDK) and mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH-3T3 cell lines found that the YAP1-NUTM1 and WWTR1-NUTM1 fusion genes stimulated the anchorage-independent growth of NIH-3T3 cells and activated a transcriptional enhancer factor family member (i.e. TEAD family) reporter gene. The TEAD family in mammals includes four members, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, and TEAD4 that are transcription factors, i.e. proteins that regulate the expression of various genes. TEAD family proteins have been found to promote the development, progression, and/or metastasis of various cancer types and, based on the studies just cited, are thought to do so in poromas and porocarcinomas. However, further studies are needed to confirm this association and determine if TEAD family transcription factors may be useful targets for treating the porocarcinomas. Sarcomas In addition to the NUTM1 fusion genes in the above cited carcinomas, recent studies have found NUTM1 fusion genes in malignancies with undifferentiated spindle cell, round cell, and epithelioid cell-like features which are regarded as sarcomas. Sarcomas with NUTM1 fusion genes typically a) occur in some sites were sarcomas otherwise rarely develop and b) consist of tumor cells that express a NUTM1 gene fused to one of the MADS-box gene family genes (i.e. a MXD4, MGA, or MXD1 gne), or, alternatively, a BRD4, ZNF532, or CIC gene. A recent review listed the follow NUTM1 fusion gene-associated sarcomas: Colorectal sarcomas: Six cases, all with a MXD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. Lung sarcomas: Four cases, one each with a BRD4-NUTM1, MDX4-NUTM1, CIC-NUTM1, or MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene. Kidney sarcomas: Three cases, two with a BRD4-NUTM1 and one with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene. Sarcomas of the extremities: Two cases of foot sarcomas, one with a MGA-NUTM1 and one with a X-NUTM1 (i.e. X indicates the fusion partner is not identified) fusion gene; two cases of thigh sarcomas, one with a BRD4-NUTM1 and the other with a MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; and one case of an arm sarcoma with a BCORL1-NUTM1 fusion gene (BCORL1 is the BCL6 corepressor like 1 gene). Bone sarcomas: One case of mandible sarcoma with a ZNF532-NUTM1 fusion gene and one case each of temporal bone and occipital bone sarcomas (both of which were also in nearby brain tissues) with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene. Other sites: One case each of: stomach sarcoma with a MXD1-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain parietal cortex sarcoma with a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain dura sarcoma with a MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; sarcoma of the scalp with a CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene; paravertebral sarcoma with a CIC-NUTM1 gene; pleural sarcoma with the MGA-NUTM1 fusion gene; epidural sarcoma with CIC-NUTM1 gene; brain lateral ventricle sarcoma with the CIC-NUTM1 fusion gene; brain parietal cortex sarcoma with a BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene; and ovary with a MXD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. In general, these NUTM1 fusion gene-associated sarcomas have very poor prognoses and require further study to determine of role of these fusion genes in the development and progression of their corresponding sarcomas. References Chromosomal abnormalities Mutated genes Gene expression Human proteins
Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae, also known as Macrosiphoniella (Macrosiphoniella) pseudoartemisiae, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. The species was first described by Shinji in 1933. References http://aphid.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1168264 http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macrosiphoniella_pseudoartemisiae/classification/ http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe89p111.pdf Agricultural pest insects Insects described in 1933 Macrosiphini
Route 338, or Highway 338, may refer to: Australia Canada Manitoba Provincial Road 338 Prince Edward Island Route 338 Quebec Route 338 Hungary Main road 338 (Hungary) Japan Japan National Route 338 Thailand Highway 338 (Thailand) United States Georgia State Route 338 Kentucky Route 338 Maryland Route 338 (former) Nevada State Route 338 New Mexico State Road 338 New York: New York State Route 338 (disambiguation) County Route 338 (Erie County, New York) County Route 338 (Saratoga County, New York) County Route 338 (Wayne County, New York) Ohio State Route 338 (former) Ohio State Route 338J (former) Pennsylvania Route 338 Puerto Rico Highway 338 Tennessee State Route 338 Texas: Texas State Highway 338 Texas State Highway Loop 338 Virginia State Route 338 Wyoming Highway 338
Derek Tawiah Abrefa (born on 15 February 1992) is a Ghanaian born table tennis player. He started playing table tennis when he was in Presbyterian Senior High School, Osu as a student and junior national champion. Derek being a junior ping pong player represented Ghana at the Africa Junior Championship in Alexandria, Egypt and the All African Games in Algiers, Algeria in 2007. Abrefa is a two-time bronze medallist at the All Africa Games and Commonwealth and currently ranked number 1 in Ghana by the Ghana Table Tennis Federation. He is currently ranked 278 in the world by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). Career Abrefa started off as a junior ping pong player in the Africa Junior Championship in Alexandria, Egypt and the All African Games in Algiers, Algeria in 2007. In 2008 he won gold and silver medals in the African Championship in Cote d'Ivoire. He was part of the team representing Ghana at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia. During the commonwealth games in Gold Coast, Australia Derek has made the men's single match where he beat Sierra Leone's Emmanuel Gboyah in four straight sets, (11-5, 11–1, 11–4, 11–5). He also represented Ghana at the 2019 African Games in Rabat Morocco and he was appointed the general team captain and was the flag bearer during the opening ceremony. More recently Abrefa won the GTTA Grandmaster Championship Men's Singles, which consisted of the Top 10 players in Ghana. He defeated Felix Lartey in the Finals. Career Records He came first place in the January Westchester Open in the U2500 rating. He also won bronze medals for Ghana at the All African Games in Brazzaville Congo in 2015. Derek in May 2023 participated in the London Grand Prix Table Tennis tournament as he won a silver medal in the Men's Band 1 and Bronze medal in a Men's Singles. Honours National 2x National Juniors Champion 13x National Seniors Champion 2x Ghana University Games Champion International 2x African Zone '3' Juniors Champion London Grand Prix (Runner-Up, 2nd Band 2) London Grand Prix Open Restricted (Bronze, 3rd) Awards Derek has won six times the Sports Writers Association of Ghana (SWAG) National Best Table Tennis Player Award Winner in 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2018 respectively. Philanthropic Works Derek embarked on a training tour in Accra training kids about table tennis and donating some table tennis equipments to them to help further their interest in the sport. He was also engaged in motivating young girls to get into table tennis with support from the ITTF Table Tennis United Fund. Derek who is currently based in the UK in June 2023 donated table tennis kits and sporting equipments to some selected schools and foundations in Accra, Ghana. References Living people 1992 births Commonwealth Games competitors for Ghana Ghana at the Commonwealth Games Table tennis players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Competitors at the 2019 African Games Ghanaian male table tennis players African Games competitors for Ghana People from Berekum
'Battleship' (also known as 'Battleship: The Classic Naval Warfare Game') is a PC video game developed by NMS Software Ltd. and published by Hasbro Interactive, released in 1996 in Germany, and 1997 and 1999 in North America and the United Kingdom. Gameplay Battleship is a revision of the board game popularised by the Milton Bradley Company. The game contains several variants: 'Classic', which generally follows the turn-based rules of the board game, and the more in-depth 'Ultimate Battleship', where players manipulate fleets of ships on a larger playing field in real-time. 'Ultimate Battleship' is supported by several game modes, including missions and scenarios.Battleship also features local 'hot seat' play, and supports multiplayer games for up to four players over LAN, modem-to-modem, or online using MPlayer. Reception Battleship received a lukewarm reception. Positive reviews evaluated the game based upon its innovations compared to the board game. Mark Clarkson of Computer Gaming World stated the real-time approach of the game was a "pleasant surprise", and "Hasbro has spruced up the old game considerably". Gareth Jones of PC PowerPlay praised the game as "more technical than the board game" with its "deep and complex gameplay, although acknowledged that "apart from the name, it's actually almost nothing like the original board game". Less favorable reviews of Battleship focused on the lack of depth of certain features. Andy Mitchell of PC Zone stated the game's "bells and whistles...ultimately doesn't change the fact that this is still a pretty basic concept wrapped in hi-tech clothing". Moira Muldoon of GameSpot critiqued the Classic mode of the game as having "no strategy", due to players being unable to turn boats lengthwise, and knowing which type of ship they have hit. References External links 1996 video games Multiplayer hotseat games Naval video games NMS Software games Top-down video games Turn-based strategy video games Video games based on board games Windows games Windows-only games
Tarova () is a rural locality (a village) in Stepanovskoye Rural Settlement, Kudymkarsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 497 as of 2010. There are 7 streets. Geography Tarova is located 6 km southeast of Kudymkar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Artamonova is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Kudymkarsky District
The Kwun Tong District Council () is the district council for the Kwun Tong District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Kwun Tong District Council consists of 40 members since January 2020, of which the district is divided into 40 constituencies, electing a total of 40 members. The council was created in April 1981 under the District Board Ordinance 1981. The last election was held on 24 November 2019. History The Kwun Tong District Council was established on 2 April 1981 under the name of the Kwun Tong District Board as the result of the colonial Governor Murray MacLehose's District Administration Scheme reform. The District Board was partly elected with the ex-officio Urban Council members, as well as members appointed by the Governor until 1994 when last Governor Chris Patten refrained from appointing any member. The Kwun Tong District Board became Kwun Tong Provisional District Board after the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was established in 1997 with the appointment system being reintroduced by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. The Kwun Tong District Council was established on 1 January 2000 after the first post-handover District Council election in 1999. The council has become fully elected when the appointed seats were abolished in 2011 after the modified constitutional reform proposal was passed by the Legislative Council in 2010. The Kwun Tong District Council is one of the largest District Councils in Hong Kong. Due to its large population, the political parties' influence was countered by the conservative independent community leaders. Because of the large presence of lower-income groups and industrial character, the Kwun Tong District Council has also been a stronghold for the pro-Beijing grassroots political groups, including the Kwun Tong Residents Association headed by Hau Shui-pui, council chairman from 1997 to 2003, and Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) and its Legislative Councillor Chan Kam-lam. It also the voter base of pro-democracy politicians Szeto Wah of the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (PTU), and Fred Li of the Meeting Point who was first elected to the District Board in the 1985 election and got directly elected to the Legislative Council with Szeto through the district in 1991. The pro-democracy camp first achieved more than half of the elected seats and took control of the board in the 1994 election. The pro-democracy majority was offset by the appointed members after 1997. In the tide of democracy caused by the 2003 July 1 march, the pro-democrats again achieved majority of the elected seats but was countered by the appointed seats. The pro-democracy influence shrank significantly after 2003, with the Democratic Party dropped their seats from nine seats in the 2003 election to three in their territory-wide defeat in 2007 and had not yet been able to recover from it until the 2019 landslide victory which gave the pro-democrats the control of the council with 28 of the 40 seats and Democratic Party rebounding to the largest party status. Political control Since 1982 political control of the council has been held by the following parties: Political makeup Elections are held every four years. District result maps Members represented Starting from 1 January 2020: Leadership Chairs Since 1985, the chairman is elected by all the members of the board: Vice Chairs Notes References District Councils of Hong Kong
Richard Pollard may refer to: Richard Pollard (MP) (fl.1515–1542), English MP Dick Pollard (1912–1985), England Test cricketer Dick Pollard (footballer) (1913–1966), Australian rules footballer
Furling may refer to: Furling (Stargate), characters in the series Stargate SG-1 Furl (sailing), to gather a sail Furling (aerodynamics), to manipulating an airfoil The Furlings, characters in the 1993 film Once Upon a Forest Furling (album), a 2023 album by Meg Baird
Jeff Cohen (born January 28, 1966) is an American songwriter, record producer, and publisher. He is also known for his role in founding the band Pancho's Lament. Early life and education Jeff Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York. As a child, Cohen would sing songs into a tape recorder and give the cassettes to his sisters. His musical landscape changed at the age of 13, when his mother bought him Jackson Browne’s Hold Out to take to summer camp. He graduated from Oceanside High School in Oceanside, New York, in 1984 and then attended Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he majored in government and English. During his college years, Cohen began to take guitar and songwriting more seriously. He spent the spring semester of 1987 studying at Wroxton College in England before returning to the U.S. and graduating from Franklin and Marshall in 1988. Career BMI Cohen started working at BMI in licensing in 1989 where he helped upcoming bands protect their music and insure they received the royalties they were due. A year later he moved to the writer-publisher relations department, working with such talent as Jeff Buckley, Ani DiFranco, Lisa Loeb, Joan Osborne, Kara Dioguardi, Spin Doctors, Blues Traveller and many more. By 1994 he was promoted to an executive directing role. After a year spent at Warner Chappell Music in 1995, he would return as senior director of BMI in 1996, where he remained until 1999. Pancho's Lament Jeff Cohen is also known as Pancho's Lament, which he founded to play concerts once a year on his birthday. He brought on friend and drummer Pete DeMeo as a co-member, and over the years, they have performed together on special, but rare occasions. Cohen's first big break came when he landed the theme song on the WB show Jack and Jill. The track, "Truth About Romeo", was written and recorded for the debut self-titled Pancho's Lament album, released in late-1999/early 2000. Pancho's Lament's sophomore album, Leaving Town Alive, was released in early 2003. The band did a limited unreleased pressing of a third album called Three Sides to Every Story in 2008. Pancho's fourth album, Slowly Speeding, featuring Cohen penned songs that have been performed by other artists as well as new material, was released in 2015. Cohen also co-wrote and produced an album in 2007 with Chris Barron of the Spin Doctors, called Pancho and the Kid. Songwriting In August 1999, Cohen started pursuing a career as a full-time songwriter, leaving his executive position at BMI after a brief but serious illness. Following the success of Jack and Jill on the WB, Jeff went on to write several songs for other shows including Dawson’s Creek, Party of Five, One Tree Hill, Desperate Housewives, Ed, Roswell, Army Wives, Reba, Smallville, The Simpsons, Saturday Night Live, Who Wants to Marry My Dad, Once and Again and others. In 2005, Pancho's Lament wrote and performed the theme for I Married a Princess on the Lifetime Network. That same year, Macy Gray’s version of the Cohen-penned “Boom Boom” was the promotional commercial for the upcoming third season of ABC’s Desperate Housewives. Cohen also wrote the theme song featured on the TVLand show The Exes. Songs by Cohen have been featured in major and independent films such as Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Stuart Little 2, My Super Ex-Girlfriend, Aquamarine, Grandma's Boy, Unconditional Love, See No Evil and Two Ninas. Cohen's songs span multiple genres. He co-wrote “Postcard From Paris” for The Band Perry’s 2010 debut album, a song that reached No. 5 on the Billboard country charts. Cohen also wrote the Top 5 hit “Crazy For This Girl” for Evan and Jaron, and the Top 15 country hit “Holy Water” for Big and Rich, which went to No. 1 on the CMT and GAC video charts. All three songs earned Cohen BMI awards. Laura Bell Bundy recorded four of Cohen's songs on her debut album, including the hit single “Giddy On Up,” also a No. 1 video on CMT and GAC. Other artists who have recorded Cohen's songs include Sugarland, Josh Groban, Macy Gray, Nick Lachey, Marc Broussard, Bethany Joy Lenz, Spin Doctors, Mandy Moore, multi-platinum Dutch artist Ilse DeLange (top 10 hit “Beautiful Distraction”), multi-platinum Canadian artist Doc Walker (top 10 hit “Put it Into Drive”), Richie McDonald of Lonestar (title track of Dove nominated album I Turn To You), multi-platinum South Korean artist Cho Yong Pil, multi-platinum Dutch artist Waylon (top 5 hit “Hey”), Sandi Patty, Ronan Tynan, Teitur, Three Graces, Sasha and Shawna, Amie Miriello, Toby Lightman, Chelsea Lee, Ben's Brother, the multi-platinum Spanish artist Luz Casal, multi-platinum Australian artist Christine Anu, multi-platinum German artist Harmut Engler, and platinum Norwegian artist Torstein Sodal. Cohen co-wrote seven songs on Kristian Bush's solo 2015 solo record Southern Gravity. Jeff Cohen began working closely with many U.K. artists. He has worked British country duo The Shires, penning two BBC Radio A-List Hits for their 2016 album My Universe ("1000 Hallelujahs" and "Daddy's Little Girl") and three songs for their 2018 album Accidentally On Purpose ("Echo," "Living On A River Of Love," and "Loving You Too Long"). Other U.K. artists include Jess and The Bandits, The Wandering Hearts, Catherine McGrath, Ward Thomas, and Sarah Darling. Nashville International Music Jeff Cohen started a publishing company in 2012 called Silent Gate Music, which then changed to Nashville International Music in 2013. Cohen then discovered, signed and developed artist Nikhil D’Souza. Nikhil was singing Bollywood songs in India when Jeff brought him over to Nashville, LA and NYC to write songs then to London where he secured Nikhil a record deal with Warner UK. Cohen also signed and developed Producer/Songwriter Zach Abend, who has had hits with Canadian artists such as Jess Moskaluke and Meghan Patrick along with songs by Cassadee Pope, Chris Lane, Cale Dodds, Filmore, and Ingrid Andress. He is also credited as a co-writer on the theme song to Nickelodeon animated series PAW Patrol, written by Nashville International Music writer Scott Krippayne. Cohen became a board member of the Nashville Songwriters Association International in 2015. As a board member, he twice successfully lobbied on behalf of the Music Modernization Act in Washington, D.C. Discography Notable songwriting credits Other songwriting credits Hush: I Can't Be the One (Target Records) – “I Can't Be the One” Hanne Sorvaag: All Is Forgiven (daWorks Records) – “Bad Advice”, “Always on the Run”, “Love in Never a Mistake” The Canoes: Booze and Canoes (MBN) – “Steal a Little Time” Cho Yong Pil: Hello (Jigu Record/Pil Record) – “Need to Recharge” Ilse DeLange: Self Titled – “Beautiful Distraction” Charlotte Perrelli: The Girl (EMI Music Sweden) – “Closing Circles” Chelsea Lee: 18 and Alive (Atlantic Records) – “Never Called It Love”, “All I'm Looking For” Teitur: All My Mistakes – “The Girl I Don't Know”, “All My Mistakes”, “One and Only”, “Don't Want to Wake You Up” Teitur: Let the Dog Drive Home – “God, I Have So Many Things to Tell You”, “Let the Dog Drive Home”, “Waverly Place”, “Very Careless People”, “Freight Train” Nolwenn Leroy: One and Only (Universal France) – “One and Only” Tina Dico: Welcome Back Colour – “Let's Go Dancing” Ben's Brother: Glow (Flat Cap Records) – “Sanctuary” Bethany Joy Lenz: Come On Home (Producer) – “Leaving Town Alive”, “Crazy Girls” Luz Casal: Noches Blancas (EMI/Spain) – Noches Blancas Christine Anu: 45 Degrees (Mushroom/Australia) – “Don't Ya Know (It's Over)” Harmut Engler: Fortunate Guy (EMI/Germany) – “Save” Waylon: Wicked Days (Universal Holland) – “Hey” Timothy James: Make It Happen (Sony Germany) – “Together” Jasmine Rae: Listen Here – “Fixer Upper” Amie Miriello: I Came Around (Co-Producer – Sony/Jive) – “Beauty of Goodbye”, “Drifter”, “Hey” Lorenza Ponce: Soul Shifter – “Testify” Heather Rigdon: Self Titled – “To Have and to Hold”, “Table for Two” Film and TV credits Stuart Little 2: Mandy Moore – “Top of the World” Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants: Alana Grace – “Black Roses Red” My Super Ex-Girlfriend: Teitur – “One and Only” Aquamarine: Teitur: “One and Only” The Princess Diaries: Evan & Jaron – “Crazy for this Girl” (Trailer) Grandma's Boy: Spin Doctors – “Can't Kick the Habit: Unconditional Love: Kathy Bates & Jonathan Pryce – “Beneath a Blanket of Stars” Two Ninas: “Truth About Romeo,” “Save” The Exes (TVLand): Theme Song Jack and Jill (WB Network): “Truth About Romeo” (Theme Song) I Married a Princess (Lifetime): “I Married a Princess” (Theme Song) Desperate Housewives (ABC): Macy Gray – “Boom Boom” (Commercial) Dawson's Creek (WB Network) One Tree Hill (CW Network) Party of Five (FOX) The Simpsons (FOX) Roswell (WB Network) Smallville (WB Network) Reba (WB Network) Joan of Arcadia (CBS) Ed (NBC) As the World Turns (CBS) One Life to Live (ABC) Saturday Night Live (NBC) Who Wants to Marry My Dad? (NBC) Once and Again (ABC) Committed (ABC) Roll the Tape (ESPN) (Theme Song) Out of Pocket (SEC Network) (Theme Song) Paw Patrol (Nickelodeon) (Theme Song) Compilations Sonny With a Chance (Soundtrack): Tiffany Thornton – “Sure Feels Like Love” Dawson's Creek Volume 2: Evan & Jaron – “Crazy for this Girl” Stuart Little 2: Mandy Moore – “Top of the World” Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants: Alana Grace – “Black Roses Red” Desperate Housewives: Macy Gray – “Boom Boom” Now 6: Evan & Jaron – “Crazy for this Girl” Kidz Bop Volume 2: Evan and Jaron – “Crazy for this Girl” Performing Songwriters Top 12 DIY: Pancho's Lament – “Truth About Romeo” Aquamarine Soundtrack: Teitur – “One and Only” References 1966 births Living people American country songwriters American male singers Record producers from New York (state) American music publishers (people) Musicians from Brooklyn People from Oceanside, New York Songwriters from New York (state) Franklin & Marshall College alumni American male songwriters
Young Jedi Collectible Card Game is an out-of-print collectible card game published by Decipher, Inc. that was released in May 1999. It was based on the events and characters of the movie The Phantom Menace in the Star Wars universe. Seven expansions were released before the game was discontinued in September 2001. Young Jedi was awarded "CCG of the Year" by magazine InQuest Gamer in its annual fan poll. Card sets Menace of Darth Maul - released May 12, 1999 The Jedi Council - released October 27, 1999 Battle of Naboo - released April 5, 2000 Enhanced Menace of Darth Maul - released August 2, 2000 Duel of the Fates - released November 8, 2000 Enhanced Battle of Naboo - released January 17, 2001 Young Jedi Reflections - released July 18, 2001 Boonta Eve Podrace - released September 5, 2001 The Jedi Council was a 140-card set sold in 60-card starter decks and 11-card booster packs. History Young Jedi was released in 1999, just following the first Star Wars Celebration (held in the Wings over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver, CO). Pre-release events were held during the Star Wars Celebration. The game was the second Star Wars licensed game produced by Decipher (Chuck Kallenbach is listed as the lead designer). The name of the product, "Young Jedi", was in hopes of getting the then-Pokémon playing youth movement of the trading card game player base, and transitioning them into the more adult and complex Star Wars Customizable Card Game, which had been released four years earlier. The complexity of the game was low, and the player base for the game was far more limited than the older sibling. However, Decipher did support the game with a full range of competitive events, including national and international championships. 1999 World Champion: Greg Heisler 2000 World Champion: Ian Vincent - Runner up Philippe Parisé 2001 World Champion: Katie Billings 1 2022 World Champion: Hope Grabowski - Runner up Jacob Tury 2 2023 World Champion: Bryan Gravener - Runner up Jacob Tury 2 1 Unofficial. Decipher cancelled DecipherCon 2001 due to the proximity to the 9/11 attacks. A player-run replacement, following the same rules and qualification process, was held at the convention, Freedom Con 2001. 2 Unofficial. Call to Arms a gaming convention in Virginia is planning to host the 2022 Unofficial World Championships. Originally planned to be held in 2020 and then again in 2021, it was delayed due to the pandemic. It has been widely advertised on the various community social media pages and will be the first major event for the game in over 20 years. The rules are updated slightly and there is no qualification process for entering. Basic concept Deck Construction Decks were built using a colored dot system which limited you to only 10 cards from each color group. There were no additional card limitations put in place. There were a total of six dot colors, and the deck limit was a strict 60 cards. Decipher later introduced the concept of a white or no-color dot which acted as a wild card during deck construction. You were limited to only one wild card replacement per color and a total of six in a deck. Win conditions There were two win conditions in Young Jedi: run your opponent out of cards, or claim two out of the three planets which acted as battlegrounds for the game (Tatooine, Naboo, and Coruscant). Each character card had a damage value; this was the number of cards you discarded from your draw deck if the character was defeated. A planet site was claimed if, at the end of any turn, your opponent had no cards in play at that location. Destiny A well-recognized Decipher game mechanic was used in Young Jedi. Weapons, unlike in SW:CCG, would not "kill" opposing characters, but instead increased the power of a character and included in most cases a "Destiny" draw. Each card had a number between 1 and 6 in the top right corner. This number when revealed as a destiny draw would then be added to your character's power. Battle Plan The mechanic around which combat was based. A battle plan involved each player taking all the character and weapon cards at a site and arranging the order in which they would battle. A "battle card" was usable during this phase of the game and acted as an unknown variable which could change the otherwise predicted outcome of any particular encounter. Jedi Council Volunteer Program Decipher's volunteer marketing and event organization corps. This program used players across the world to promote their game, provide a cheap line of communication to local stores, and organize and run competitive events on a local to regional level. These "product champions" did not receive financial compensation, but did receive Decipher product. Official end After Decipher lost the license for Star Wars to the Hasbro-owned Wizards of the Coast, a Players Committee was set up to try to continue the games. Due to licensing issues, they would only be permitted to alter existing cards, so they utilized "virtual" cards which changed the game text by creating inserts which would be placed with the card it was adjusting. While the SW:CCG product still has an active player base (as of 2020), Young Jedi appears to have been dropped and no longer has any support from the committee, but groups of players still make fan cards. In addition, an unofficial world championship is being held at the Call to Arms Convention in Virginia. References Further reading External links Card games introduced in 1999 Collectible card games Decipher, Inc. games Star Wars games
{{Infobox film | name = Sikuru Tharuwa | image = | caption = | director = L. S. Ramachandran | producer =John Edmund Amaratunga | screenplay = P. K. D. Seneviratne | starring = Punya Heendeniya D. R. Nanayakkara Shelton Silva | music = Chandraratne Manawasinghe (lyrics)Karunaratne Abeysekera (lyrics) W. D. Amaradeva (music) R. Muttusamy (music)| cinematography = | editing = | distributor = | country = Sri Lanka | released = | runtime = | language = Sinhala | budget = }} Sikuru Tharuwa is a 1963 Sri Lankan drama directed by L. S. Ramachandran and written by P. K. D. Seneviratne. It was developed by the Kurulu Rana group that attempted to make original movies pertaining to Sinhalese culture. Plot The village headman of a small village is a drunkard and womanizer who is disliked by the village for his abusive ways. He hassles the heroine and other characters. At the end of the film he goes mad. Cast Punya Heendeniya as Anula D. R. Nanayakkara as Village Headsman Nelson Karunagama as Teacher Shelton Silva as District Revenue Officer H. D. Kulatunga Millie Kahandawela S. A. Jamis Nelson Karunagama as Teacher Jessica Wickramasinghe Dharmadasa Kuruppu Francis Perera Wimala Amaradeva Songs "Ira Handa Payana Loke" – W. D. Amaradeva and chorus "Oru Pade Pade Kiri Muhude" – Sujatha Perera and chorus "Gamana Nonimeyi" – Narada Disasekera "Himagiri Kandu Mudune" – S. Panibharatha and Wimala Gunaratne "Kurulu Rahanakage Samagiya" – J. A. Milton Perera, Noel Guneratne and chorus Production Development Sikuru Tharuwa was the second production of the John Edmund Amaratunga led Kurula Rana group after Kurulu Bedda''. Most of the cast and crew from the earlier film were again part of the production including the screenwriter P. K. D. Seneviratne, stars Punya Heendeniya and D. R. Nanayakkara and director L. S. Ramachandran. Reception The film was well received by audiences and local critics alike. Viewers hailed it the best Sinhalese film of the year in a newspaper poll and it was awarded seven national awards; Sarasaviya named D. R. Nanayakkara, Best Actor for the year of 1963. Critics praised the outdoor locations used in shooting and the original storyline about Sinhalese village life. References 1963 films Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)
Zhuravleva is a romanisation of a Cyrillic surname. Notable people who have had their name transliterated to be this include: Anastasiya Juravleva (born 1981), Uzbekistani jumper athlete Lyudmila Zhuravleva (born 1946), Crimean astronomer Tatiana Zhuravleva (born 1989), Russian discus thrower Valentina Zhuravlyova (1933–2004), Soviet writer See also Minor planet 26087 Zhuravleva, named after the aforementioned Lyudmila Zhuravleva
Seven Spirits may refer to: The seven spirits of God referred to in the New Testament Book of Revelation The Seven Spirits album performed by Eidolon (band)
Volusia Speedway Park (formerly known as Volusia County Speedway and Barberville Speedway) is an auto racing facility located near Barberville in Volusia County, Florida. It currently operates as a 1/2-mile dirt oval and a 1/5-mile dirt oval for karts. The track currently hosts races from the World of Outlaws series (both sprints and late models) and the UMP late model series, As well as the UMP Super DIRTcar Series (Both big-block and small block modified racing). The track was built by Benny Corbin and opened in 1968 as a 1/4 mile dirt oval, operating through 1969. It expanded to 3/8 mile (still dirt) in August 1969, operating through 1971. It was expanded again to 1/2 mile in February 1972. Dick Murphy bought the racetrack in 1982, and paved it in 1989. Murphy sold it in 1992, and re-purchased it in 1997, when it was converted back to dirt. The NASCAR Southeast Series had run nine races in the complex between 1991 and 1998, the first eight events were on the 1/2 mile paved track. The last event, in 1998, was on the 3/8 mile recently paved oval but since it was converted back into dirt for 1999, the track was removed from Southeast schedule. The 3/8 mile dirt oval opened behind turn four of the original oval, operating from 1993 until it was paved in 1998 for a NASCAR Southeast Series event, but in 1999 it was converted back into dirt. In late 2004 the paved surface was torn up and removed and the karting track that was located inside of the asphalt track was redesigned and took over all of the former track. The 1/5 mile dirt karting track complex is known as "Volusia Karting". Murphy sold the racetrack in 2005 to DIRT Motorsports, later renamed the "World Racing Group". In 2021, Daytona Beach Bike Week flat track events, sanctioned by American Flat Track, moved from Daytona to Volusia Speedway Park. In 2022, American Flat Track will add a Biketoberfest race at Volusia. NASCAR events From 1989 until 1992, the track hosted a NASCAR Busch Series race on the 1/2 mile layout. References External links Official site DIRTcar Nationals at Volusia Speedway Park Volusia Speedway Park race results at Racing-Reference Motorsport venues in Florida Sports venues in Volusia County, Florida NASCAR tracks 1968 establishments in Florida Sports venues completed in 1968
Ou Chum () is a district located in Ratanakiri Province, in north-east Cambodia. In 1998 it had a population of 11,863. It contains 37 villages, which are located in seven communes. Communes References Districts of Ratanakiri province
Louise Morauta ( Hogg; born 1945) is an anthropologist and former public servant in Australia. For many years she taught anthropology and sociology at the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG). She was the first wife of the former prime minister of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Mekere Morauta. Early life Louise Morauta (née Hogg) was born in Birmingham, England. She studied at the London School of Economics, where she obtained a BA Honours degree in sociology in 1966 and a PhD in social anthropology in 1972. She carried out the fieldwork for her doctorate in the Madang Province of PNG (at that time the Territory of Papua and New Guinea) in 1968-69 and returned to the area to conduct research on the 1972 national elections, in association with UPNG. Career Morauta taught at UPNG from 1970 to 1978. From 1978 to 1983 she was a senior research fellow at the Papua New Guinea Institute for Applied Social and Economic Research (IASER) in PNG's capital, Port Moresby. Her work there was focussed on transfers between rural and urban areas, transfers between households in a rural area of high outmigration, the emergence of permanent urban residents, and interhousehold transfers in poorer urban areas. Morauta returned in 1985 to teach at UPNG and at the end of 1986 she migrated from Papua New Guinea to Australia. In 1987 Morauta joined the Australian Public Service in Canberra. After working in the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (1987 - 1990) and the Department of Finance (1990 - 1994), Morauta moved to the Department of Health and Ageing. While at that department, Morauta occupied a number of first assistant secretary roles, including portfolio strategies, health benefits, health access and financing and acute care. She chaired several interdepartmental and inter-governmental committees, including the Jurisdictional Blood Committee (JBC). In 2004 she was seconded to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet to work on a health task force to examine the interface between state and federal health programs. In 2005 she moved to that department as a deputy secretary in charge of social policy, health and indigenous affairs, where she stayed until 2008. In 2008 and 2009 Morauta, then on secondment to the Department of Human Services in Victoria, was the project director for the National Registration and Accreditation Implementation Project. This project put in place the basic elements of the new national registration scheme for health practitioners, which replaced the previous state-based systems and commenced on 1 July 2010. Following her retirement from the public service, Morauta was appointed as a lay member to the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Human Research Ethics Committee, in January 2010. From 2014 to 2017 she was the Chair of that committee. Morauta also served as a director of the Lowitja Institute, the National Institute for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Research from 2010 to 2013. Awards and honours In 2005, Morauta was awarded the Australian Public Service Medal for work on Australia's health financing arrangements and the supply of blood and blood products. Publications Morauta's publications include: 1974. Beyond the village: local politics in Madang, Papua-New Guinea 1979. Rural-urban relationships in Papua New Guinea: case material from the Gulf Province on net flows 1979. Facing the facts: the need for policies for permanent urban residents 1980. Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: implications for today: proceedings of a conference 1984. Income, unemployment, and welfare in low-income urban areas 1984. Left behind in the village: economic and social conditions in an area of high outmigration 1986. Law and order in a changing society References 1945 births Living people Australian women public servants Australian women anthropologists Alumni of the London School of Economics Academic staff of the University of Papua New Guinea
Eunidia brunneovittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. References Eunidiini Beetles described in 1939
Lyndon is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 686 at the 2020 census. The town is on the east border of the county and is north of Olean. History The area that would become the town was first settled circa 1806. The town of Lyndon was founded in 1829, formed from the town of Franklinville. The town was briefly called "Elgin" around 1857. In 1875, the population of Lyndon was 805. The North Lyndon Schoolhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.11%, is water. The eastern town line is the border of Allegany County. Adjacent towns and areas The town of New Hudson in Allegany County is to the east. The north town line is shared by the town of Farmersville, and the south town line is shared with the town of Ischua. The town of Franklinville is west of Lyndon. Demographics At the 2000 census, there were 661 people, 250 households and 187 families residing in the town. The population density was 19.9 people per square mile (7.7/km2). There were 639 housing units at an average density of 19.2 per square mile (7.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.28% White, 0.61% African American, 1.21% Native American, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population. There were 250 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.98. Age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males. The median household income was $34,091, and the median family income was $37,361. Males had a median income of $29,063 versus $22,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,054. About 6.7% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Notable person Wilson Thomas Hogue, former bishop of the Free Methodist Church Communities and locations in Lyndon Elgin – A hamlet in the center of the town on County Road 47 (Lyndon Center Road). Gates Creek – A stream flowing out the west town line. Oil Creek – A stream by the east town line. Rawson – A hamlet on the east town line on County Road 7A (Rawson Road). References External links Town of Lyndon official website Early history of Lyndon, NY Towns in Cattaraugus County, New York Towns in New York (state)
Gbemi Anthonia Adefuye , known professionally as Toni Tones , is a Nigerian media personality, actress, and photographer. In 2020, she was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress at the Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards. Life Adefuye the youngest of a family of five. Her early education was in Lagos which she completed her studies at Queen's College. She modeled for Dakova because he was a friend of the family when she was fourteen. Her full name is Gbemisola Anthonia Adefuye and she went to the University of Lancaster in the UK where she studied marketing and economics. When the course was completed, she returned to Nigeria in 2009 to explore her interest in show business. Her brother had been a musician with the band Oxygen and Tones initially decided to be a show business photographer. Her portfolio caught the attention of D'banj’s reality show, Koko Mansion. In 2017, Adefuye Gbemisola continued to do photographic work but was then both behind and in front of the camera. She has appeared as an actor in the web TV series "Gidi-culture"; in several films, including It's Her Day in 2016. She also starred in the movie King of Boys. as the younger Eniola Salami. The movie premiered on October 21, 2020. At the 2020 AMVCA, she earned herself a nomination for 'Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or TV Series' for the movie 'King Of Boys'. In 2020 she was in the cast of Quam's Money which is a sequel to the 2018 film New Money. The follow-up story follows what happens when a security guard (Quam) suddenly becomes a multi-millionaire. The new cast was led by Falz, Jemima Osunde, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Nse Ikpe-Etim and Tones. Filmography Television Films Awards and nominations References Living people Nigerian photographers People from Lagos 21st-century Nigerian women singers Yoruba actors Actresses from Lagos State Nigerian film actresses Nigerian television personalities Year of birth missing (living people) Nigerian women photographers
Parapolyacanthia is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species: Parapolyacanthia assimilis Breuning, 1955 Parapolyacanthia trifolium (Fauvel, 1906) References Acanthoderini
Ectinocera borealis is a species of fly in the family Sciomyzidae. It is found in the Palearctic. References Sciomyzidae Insects described in 1838
Vincent Villafranca (born January 25, 1969) is an American sculptor. He creates bronze sculptures ranging from traditional wildlife imagery to futuristic science-fiction-based imagery. Biography Early life and education Vincent Villafranca was born January 25, 1969, in Monterey, California and spent his early years in Venezuela, Mexico and Del Rio, Texas. Even at a young age, Vincent used his unique imagination to create works of art out of common items. Vincent would paint, sketch and create small sculptures as a child. Much of his early work was influenced by television and film, particularly westerns and science-fiction films. He earned a B.A. in History from Southwest Texas State University in 1994 and apprenticed at Michael Hall's Studio Foundry during his final year of undergraduate studies. Career Vincent has worked extensively with David Iles of Bolivar Bronze in Bolivar, Texas. In 2009, Vincent created the physical bronze sculpture used as the Bradbury Award (full name "Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation"). This award is presented annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America as part of the Nebula Awards ceremony. In 2013, Vincent designed and produced the Hugo Awards for the 71st World Science Fiction Convention. In 2016, the new World Fantasy Award was debuted. Vincent designed the award and creates the trophies every year. The trophy is that of a leafless tree in front of a full moon and replaced the bust of H. P. Lovecraft whose rampant racism made many uncomfortable. World Fantasy decided a new award would honor the winners and Villafranca's design was chosen as the new trophy. Marriage and children Vincent Villafranca and Michelle Mitchell were married in Hays, Texas. Awards 2006: Best 3-D Art, World Fantasy Convention, "The Poacher's Nightmare" 2007: Body of Work, World Fantasy Convention 2008: Chesley Award, Best 3-D Art, "A Conscious Entity & Its Maker" 2008: Jurors' Award, World Science Fiction Convention, "The Celestial Itinerant" 2009: Chesley Award, Best 3-D Art, "Otherworldly Procession" (Bronze) 2010: Chesley Award, Best 3-D Art, "The Switching Hour" 2012: Chesley Award, Best 3-D Art, "Robo-Bike" References External links Villafranca Sculpture 1969 births Living people Sculptors from Texas Texas State University alumni Science fiction artists American artists
Hampstead Academy is a private, independent day school situated on a wooded campus in southeastern New Hampshire. Established in 1978, Hampstead Academy is approved by the New Hampshire State Department of Education, and Health and Human Services (DHHS), and is fully accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and is SEVIS certified. The school serves students in preschool through grade 8. Athletics Hampstead Academy offers in-school and after-school sports activities, including soccer, cross country, swimming, volleyball, basketball, skiing, baseball and golf. Enrichment programs Throughout the year, after-school enrichment activities are offered. Enrichment programs include SSAT preparation, improvisational theater, drama club, student council, yearbook club, chinese club, destination imagiNation, Lego league, STEM, chess, seaPerch, orchestra, chorus and instrument lessons. External links Official website Educational institutions established in 1978 Private middle schools in New Hampshire Private elementary schools in New Hampshire Schools in Rockingham County, New Hampshire 1978 establishments in New Hampshire Hampstead, New Hampshire
First Recordings 1973 is an album by John Zorn featuring recordings that he made while still a student between 1973 and 1974 which was released on the Tzadik label in 1995. Reception The AllMusic review by Stacia Proefrock noted: "Zorn calls this collection "the craziest stuff I've ever done" and he could be right, with the possible exception of the Painkiller albums, which are perhaps just louder rather than crazier. That said, this work is, predictably, not Zorn's best, but it holds value for fans as an embryonic example of his innovation and style". The Penguin Guide to Jazz observed: "The debut recordings see him navigating a solitary course through the shattered columns of avant-garde jazz... suggests where Zorn was artistically at the age of nineteen... [and] offer useful pointers to the years ahead and their obsessions". Track listing "Mikhail Zoetrope" (1974): Act I - 22:13 "Mikhail Zoetrope" (1974): Act II - 13:30 "Mikhail Zoetrope" (1974): Act III - 11:00 "Conquest of Mexico" (1973): Part 1 Warning Signs - 7:45 "Conquest of Mexico (1973): Part 2 Confession - 3:39 "Conquest of Mexico" (1973): Part 3 Convulsions/Abdication - 3:56 "Wind Ko/La" (1973) - 3:04 "Automata of Al-Jazari" (1974) - 1:16 "Variations on a Theme by Albert Ayler" (1973) - 11:14 Personnel John Zorn – all instruments and sounds References John Zorn albums Tzadik Records albums 1995 albums Albums produced by John Zorn Sound collage albums
Wood-ear or tree ear (, Korean: 목이 버섯), also translated wood jellyfish or , can refer to a few similar-looking edible fungi used primarily in Chinese cuisine; these are commonly sold in Asian markets shredded and dried. Auricularia heimuer (黑木耳, black ear fungus), previously misdetermined as Auricularia auricula-judae Auricularia cornea (毛木耳, cloud ear fungus), also called Auricularia polytricha Tremella fuciformis (银耳, white/silver ear fungus) The black and cloud ear fungi are black in appearance and closely related. The white ear fungus is superficially similar but has important ecological, taxonomical, and culinary differences. Chinese edible mushrooms
The EuroBasket 2025 will be the 42nd edition of the EuroBasket championship, the quadrennial international men's basketball championship organized by FIBA Europe. Like the previous three editions, the tournament will be co-hosted by multiple countries; Latvia, Cyprus, Finland and Poland. It will take place from 27 August to 14 September 2025. Host selection FIBA Europe opened three bidding options for hosting: to host a preliminary group, to host the final round or to host the entire tournament. The EuroBasket in 2015, 2017 and 2022, tendered in the same way, each of these tournaments was hosted in four countries. Six countries submitted separate candidacies to host Eurobasket 2025: (Limassol) (Tampere) (Budapest) (Riga) (Perm) (Kyiv, Lviv and Dnipro) During its meeting on 28 March 2022, the FIBA Europe Board selected Latvia, Cyprus and Finland to host the tournament, with Latvia hosting the knockout phase. Ukraine was an option to be the fourth host during the group stage. Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Poland was named the fourth country to play host. Venues Limassol will be the host city for Cyprus. Riga will be the host city for Latvia and for the final phase. On 6 March 2023, Tampere was announced as the host city for Finland. On March 17, Katowice was announced as the host city for Poland at a FIBA Europe Board meeting in Seville. In June 2023, a draw determined which group will be played at each venue. Group A in Riga, Group B in Tampere, Group C in Limassol and Group D in Katowice. Qualification The qualification process started in November 2021, with ten teams participating in the pre-qualifiers, including the eight eliminated teams from the 2023 World Cup European Pre-Qualifiers. The co-hosts will participate in the qualifiers, despite automatic qualification to the EuroBasket 2025. Qualified teams Draw The draw will take place in Riga, Latvia sometime in 2024. Each of the four hosts (Cyprus, Finland, Latvia and Poland) will be granted the right to select a partner federation for commercial and marketing criteria. These teams would automatically be placed into the same group as their chosen partner country. The 24 qualified teams will be seeded according to the FIBA Men's World Ranking. The draw to determine the early designation of groups to the host cities of FIBA EuroBasket 2025 took place on 24 June in Ljubljana. The request of the four hosts to allocate the groups to the host cities for the 42nd edition of tournament in advance was approved by the FIBA Europe Board in its June meeting. The results of the draw are as follows: Group A will be played in Riga, Latvia Group B will be played in Tampere, Finland Group C will be played in Limassol, Cyprus Group D will be played in Katowice, Poland. Preliminary round Group A Venue: Riga, Latvia. Group B Venue: Tampere, Finland. Group C Venue: Limassol, Cyprus. Group D Venue: Katowice, Poland. Knockout stage Venue: Riga, Latvia. Bracket References External links 2025 2025–26 in European basketball 2020s in Riga August 2025 sports events in Europe September 2025 sports events in Europe International basketball competitions hosted by Cyprus International basketball competitions hosted by Finland International basketball competitions hosted by Latvia International basketball competitions hosted by Poland EuroBasket, 2025 Sport in Katowice Sport in Limassol Sport in Riga Sport in Tampere
Pont-du-Casse (; ) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. See also Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department References Pontducasse
These are the official results of the women's 1,500m metres event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. There were a total number of 26 participating athletes, with the final was held on Friday 1980-08-01. Final Semi-finals Held on Wednesday 1980-07-30 See also 1976 Women's Olympic 1,500 metres (Montreal) 1978 Women's European Championships 1,500 metres (Prague) 1982 Women's European Championships 1,500 metres (Athens) 1983 Women's World Championships 1,500 metres (Helsinki) 1984 Women's Olympic 1,500 metres (Los Angeles) References External links Results 1 1500 metres at the Olympics 1980 in women's athletics Women's events at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Netty Simons (née Rothenberg) (b. 26 October 1913, d. 1 April 1994) was an American pianist, music editor, music educator and composer. Biography Netty Simons was born in New York City and studied music at Third Street Music School. She graduated from New York University where she studied with Marion Bauer and Percy Grainger from 1931 to 1937, and taught at the Third Street Music School from 1928 to 1933. In 1933 she began studies with Alexander Siloti at the Juilliard School of Music, and in 1938 with composer Stefan Wolpe. From 1961 to 1962 she was producer and coordinator of concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York City. She received a Recording Publication Award from the Ford Foundation in 1971. Her papers are archived at the New York Public Library and the Vassar College Libraries. Selected works Songs for Wendy for voice and viola (c.1975) Quartet Quartet for Strings Quintet Night Sounds for piano Windfall Illuminations Piano Work 1952 2 Dot for 2 Pianos Trialogue I: The Tombstone Told When She Died for alto, baritone and viola (1963); words by Dylan Thomas Trialogue II: Myselves Grieve for alto, baritone and viola (1969); words by Dylan Thomas Trialogue III: Now (Now, Say Nay) for mezzo-soprano, baritone and viola (1973); words by Dylan Thomas Songs for Jenny Three Songs (1950) Design Groups I (1967) Silver Thaw Puddintame Buckeye Has Wings Too Late, Bridge Is Closed Great Stream Sile Facets 2, Trio for flute/piccolo, B-flat clarinet, and double bass Facets 3 for oboe (or viola) and piano (1962) Facets 4 for string quartet Cityscape No. 1 Cityscape No. 2 This Slowly Drifting Cloud Duo Circle of Attitudes for violin Sonata Quartet for Strings Summer's Outing for concert band Journey Sometimes Delayed for concert band Gate of Hundred Sorrows'''Wild Tales Told On the River Road for clarinet (or bass clarinet) and percussionSummer's Outing for concert band Simons' works have been recorded and issued on vinyl, including:Music for Young Listeners Classical/Chamber, CRI Records, 1973Donald Erb/J.M. Mestres-Quadreny/Will Ogdon/Netty Simons'' Played by Bertram Turetzky, Desto Records, 1970 References 1913 births 1994 deaths 20th-century classical composers 20th-century American composers 20th-century women composers 20th-century American women musicians American composers American classical composers American women classical composers 20th-century American educators 20th-century American women educators American music educators Educators from New York City Juilliard School alumni Musicians from New York City Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Prince Mumba may refer to: Prince Mumba (athlete) Prince Mumba (footballer)
Nang! is a general interest magazine based in Aldgate, London. Aimed at 14- to 21-year-olds, the magazine is free and is distributed at sixth forms colleges, universities, libraries and Connexions centres in the London area on a quarterly basis. In December 2006, Nang! was presented with one of the Philip Lawrence Awards for services to the local community. Background Nang! magazine was created in summer 2001 as a course on Tower Hamlets Summer University's (THSU) summer courses. The course was completely funded by big businesses and other charitable organizations and featured a small group of journalists who came together to create a free magazine that would paint a positive picture of the youth in east London. Featuring local artists and celebrities, the magazine achieved a following in the Tower Hamlets borough. A journalist worked with the youngsters to create a magazine relevant to the youth in Tower Hamlets. For the 2003 course, THSU brought freelance journalist, Adeline Iziren, on board. Iziren had previously worked on The Voice newspaper and was a regular contributor to the Education and Careers section in The Guardian. She had also had extensive experience in helping groups of young people to create their own magazine. The magazine continued to grow and soon distribution increased to include the Hackney area and most of east London. Quarterly publication Following the release of the 2005 summer issue, THSU announced that it had secured funding to publish Nang! quarterly with Divina Glah as editor-in-chief. The first quarterly issue published in January 2006 featured hip-hop magician Dynamo on the cover and included an interview with local MC, Professor Green, and a feature on Pride of Britain winner, Ashley Huxley. The magazine received positive reviews for its style and relevance to its audience. The Spring 2006 issue featured an interview with former England Head Coach, Sven-Göran Eriksson, just before the World Cup, as well as MOBO winner, Sway DaSafo. Two more issues were released in 2006. The Summer issue featured interviews with rapper and beatboxer, Killa Kella, and X-Men star, Ian McKellen. This was followed by the Autumn/Winter issue featuring Eva Longoria. In summer 2006, the decision was made to re-launch the magazine to a smaller age range, whilst increasing distribution to include the whole of London. The Autumn/Winter 2006 issue was released with Eva Longoria of Desperate Housewives on the cover. For the first time, Nang! magazine contained paid advertisements. Financial troubles Despite the popularity of the magazine, its future was put in jeopardy by lack of funds for 2007. The Winter 2007 issue was cancelled and much of the team resigned due to the uncertainty. Six months later, the magazine returned headed by former editor-in-chief, David Gordon. Awards 2007 : Guardian Student Magazine of the Year Award On 22 November 2007, Nang! magazine was given The Guardian Student Magazine of the Year award. 2007 : TalkTalk Innovation Award Nang! magazine was recognised for its technological ambitions. A cheque for £2000 was awarded as well as free broadband for a year by TalkTalk. 2007 : BT Seen And Heard Award Nang! magazine was rewarded for its positive image in East London by the BT Seen And Heard Awards. 2006 : Philip Lawrence Award On 6 December 2006, Nang! magazine was presented with one of the Philip Lawrence Awards by Sir Trevor McDonald and the Home Secretary, John Reid, at the Bloomsbury Theatre, London. Created in memory of the murdered headteacher by his widow Frances Lawrence, the awards celebrate the achievements of youth groups and organizations in their local area. Nang! and seven other winners each received cheques worth £1,000. Rebranding In 2007, the magazine sought to rebrand itself in order to increase its appeal. More serious content was introduced, and there was an increase in celebrity features and fashion. Interviewees varied from Michael Howard to Lethal Bizzle to the editor of The Times. In January 2008, editor-in-chief, David Gordon, and creative editor, Sanoobar Patel, left Nang! to pursue other projects. Assistant editor, Kamillia Kasbi, took charge. References External links Nang! section of Futureversity website Nangs Delivery in Melbourne Australia Student magazines published in the United Kingdom Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom Youth-led media Magazines established in 2001 Youth magazines Free magazines Celebrity magazines published in the United Kingdom
Irene Gibbons can refer to: Irene Lenz (1900-62), American costume designer usually called Irene Eva Taylor (1895-1977), American singer (birth name)
Heart of the Beholder is a 2005 drama film that was written and directed by Ken Tipton. It is based on Tipton's own experience as the owner of a chain of videocassette rental stores in the 1980s. Tipton and his family had opened the first videocassette rental stores in St. Louis in 1980; their business was destroyed by a campaign of Christian fundamentalists who objected to the chain's carrying the film The Last Temptation of Christ for rental. The film showed at the 2005 Westwood Film Festival. Critic Ryan Cracknell summarized the film, "There's no shortage of material for writer-director Ken Tipton to work with here. That alone makes Heart of the Beholder a film of interest. It is in many ways a politically charged film as it touches on issues of freedom of speech, religious beliefs and all out fanaticism. Still, I didn't think it was charged with enough balance and I think a large part had to do with the film's inconsistent pacing." The film won the best feature award at the 2005 New Hampshire Film Festival and the directors choice award at the 2005 Bluegrass Independent Film Festival. Cast Matt Letscher as Mike Howard Sarah Joy Brown as Diane Howard Greg Germann as Bob Harris Anne Ramsay as Reeba Holings Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Larson John Prosky as Reverend Brewer Arden Myrin as Patty Silas Weir Mitchell as Lester Priscilla Barnes as Miss Olivia Chloë Moretz as Molly Jason Wiles as Deetz John Dye as D.A. Eric Manion Carrie Armstrong as Vesta Conrad Bachman as Rudy April Barnett as Rhonda Katelin Chesna as Marci Patty McCormack as Helen Roseanne Benjamin as Vicky Daphne Duplaix as Detective Deborah Burbach Susan Johnston as Joan David Kelsey as Murphy Michelle Paradise as Denise Weston References External links 2005 drama films 2005 films 2000s English-language films American drama films 2000s American films
Baktarnagar is a census town in the Raniganj CD block in the Asansol Sadar subdivision of the Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography Location Baktarnagar is located at Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township), Belebathan, Murgathaul, Amkula, Egara, Sahebganj, Raghunathchak and Ballavpur form a cluster of census towns on the western and southern side of Raniganj. Banshra and Baktarnagar are adjacent to Raniganj on the eastern side. Urbanisation According to the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population of the Asansol Sadar subdivision was urban and 16.67% was rural. In 2015, the municipal areas of Kulti, Raniganj and Jamuria were included within the jurisdiction of Asansol Municipal Corporation. Asansol Sadar subdivision has 26 (+1 partly) Census Towns.(partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map). Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Baktarnagar had a total population of 5,112 of which 2,643 (52%) were males and 2,469 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 610. The total number of literate persons in Baktarnagar was 3,221 (71.55% of the population over 6 years). *For language details see Raniganj (community development block)#Language and religion According to the 2011 census, the urban agglomeration (UA) centred upon Asansol had a population of 1,243,414. In addition to the erstwhile municipalities of Kulti, Jamuria, and Raniganj subsequently incorporated into the Asansol Municipal Corporation, the agglomeration included the census towns of Amkula, Baktarnagar, Ballavpur, Bhanowara, Domohani, Egara, Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township), Majiara, Murgathaul, Raghunathchak, Sahebganj and Topsi, and also Charanpur, an outgrowth of Jamuria. Infrastructure According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman, Baktarnagar covered an area of . Among the civic amenities, it had 14 km roads with open drains, the protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tapwater from treated source. It had 315 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had was 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at Raniganj 4 km away. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had was 1 public library. Economy As per the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the Satgram Area in 2018 are: Chapui Khas Colliery, JK Nagar Project, Jemehari Colliery, Kalidaspur Project, Kuardi Colliery, Nimcha Colliery, Pure Searsole Colliery, Ratibati Colliery, Satgram Project and Satgram Incline. Transport Baktarnagar has a station in the Bardhaman-Asansol section. Education Baktarnagar High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1983. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has a 1 computer, a library with 500 books and a playground. References Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district
Maya Singh (born 15 August 1950) is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party and a former Member of Parliament representing Madhya Pradesh in Rajya Sabha. She is a former cabinet minister in Government of Madhya Pradesh holding the portfolio of 'Women and Child Development' till 2016 and 'Urban development and Housing' from 2016 to December 2018. On 8 December 2013 she was elected as MLA after winning Legislative Assembly elections in Gwalior with 59,824 votes. References External links Profile on Rajya Sabha website Living people 1950 births Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh People from Gwalior Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018 State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh 21st-century Indian women politicians 21st-century Indian politicians Women state cabinet ministers of India Women members of the Rajya Sabha Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Hwanggeum-dong, meaning "Gold District" in Korean can refer to several administrative wards in South Korean cities: Hwanggeum-dong, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do Hwanggeum-dong, Gwangyang, Jeollabuk-do Hwanggeum-dong, Gwangju, Dong-gu, Gwangju Hwanggeum-dong, Daegu, Suseong-gu, Daegu
The 1981–82 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team represented the University of Idaho during the 1981–82 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The defending champions of the Big Sky Conference, Vandals were led by fourth-year head coach Don Monson and played their home games on campus at the Kibbie Dome in Moscow, Idaho. The 1982 basketball team was the most successful in the school's history, and has yet to be surpassed. Building upon the success of the previous season (25–4), the Vandals won their first sixteen games and went 24–2 in the regular season. They defeated Gonzaga and all four Pac-10 teams from the Northwest. Idaho won the eight-team Far West Classic in Portland in late December 1981, winning all three games by at least 19 points (over Iowa State, Oregon State, and Oregon). The Vandals' only setbacks during the regular season were consecutive two-point road losses in late January. The first was to rival Montana on a raucous Saturday night in Missoula on a tip-in at the buzzer. The second was to Notre Dame in South Bend two days later, ending a three-games-in-four-nights road trip, which included multiple weather-related travel delays and re-routes, and a 4:30 am arrival in South Bend on game day. Although the Vandals hit 14 of their first 15 shots to jump to lead over the Irish, Notre Dame regrouped at home to win by two in overtime. Idaho was awarded just four free throws in the 45 minutes of play and missed them all. Notre Dame was led by future NBA guard John Paxson in 1982. The Vandals then won eight straight games to conclude the regular season, and won the four-team conference tournament, which they hosted for the second straight year as regular season champions. Their 26–2 record after the Big Sky tournament (& ten straight victories) earned the Vandals a #8 national ranking and a #3 seed in the West region of the 48-team NCAA tournament, which included a first round bye. NCAA tournament Idaho's first game (in the second round) was nearly a home game, played just west at Beasley Coliseum in Pullman on a Sunday afternoon. The opponent was 16th-ranked Iowa of the Big Ten, the region's sixth seed, then coached by Lute Olson. A Final Four team two years earlier, Iowa won their first-round game handily, but Idaho won this close game by two points, in overtime, and advanced to the Sweet 16. Four days later at the West regional in Provo, Utah, they met the nation's fourth-ranked team, Oregon State, the #2 seed in the West region. Idaho had defeated the Beavers by 22 points in December at the Far West Classic in Portland, but this time the result was far different, as the Beavers won 60–42. OSU was defeated two days later by the region's #1 seed Georgetown, led by freshman center Patrick Ewing. (Georgetown advanced to the national final, where they lost by a point to North Carolina.) Aftermath The Vandals ended the 1982 season at , and were ranked as high as sixth in the nation (AP and UPI polls) at the end of the regular season They entered the top twenty at #18 in early January and two weeks later were up to eighth, but the two losses dropped them back to fifteenth. Eight straight wins elevated them to sixth prior to the Big Sky tournament, and were eighth in both final polls entering the NCAA tournament. The 1982 starters Ken Owens () and Brian Kellerman () in the backcourt, with forwards Phil Hopson and Gordie Herbert and center Kelvin Smith, all at . Just before their two losses in January, the team was featured in a two-page article in Sports Illustrated. (team photo) The alley-oop was a frequently used play against man-to-man defenses, and sophomore Pete Prigge () was the sixth man. Monson was named the Kodak Coach of the Year in Division I in 1982 (photo) and rumors were rampant that he would jump to a higher league, maybe to struggling Arizona in the Pac-10. That position was eventually filled by Lute Olson (a year later), and Monson chose to stay for a fifth season at Idaho. With a salary of about $40,000 in 1982 and a one-year contract, an "appreciation fund" was set up by local fans to entice him to stay in The 1982 team was inducted into the Vandal Athletics Hall of Fame, as was Monson, Kellerman, and Owens. All-conference All five starters were recognized by the conference. Senior point guard Owens was the Big Sky's player of the year and a repeat MVP in the conference tournament. He was joined in the backcourt of the all-conference team by junior guard Kellerman, the previous season's player of the year. Vandals on the second team were the forwards, senior Herbert and junior Hopson; junior center Smith was honorable mention. Roster Schedule and results |- !colspan=9 style=| Big Sky tournament |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament References External links Sports Reference – Idaho Vandals: 1981–82 basketball season Gem of the Mountains: 1982 University of Idaho yearbook – 1981–82 basketball season Idaho Argonaut – student newspaper – 1982 editions Idaho Vandals men's basketball seasons Idaho Idaho Idaho Idaho
Przyruda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Włocławek, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. References Przyruda
Bruce N. Levine (born February 7, 1955, in New York City) is a trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses. Raised on Long Island, New York, where he still makes his home, Levine earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in business administration from the University of Miami before becoming a trainer. He saddled his first race winner in 1979 and as of the fall of 2009 has won more than 2,200 races. He won a training title at Meadowlands Racetrack in 2007 and at Monmouth Park Racetrack in 2008 and 2009. References Bruce N. Levine at the NTRA Bruce Levine profile at TGC Stable 1955 births Living people University of Miami Business School alumni American horse trainers People from Long Island
Joseph Brackett Jr. (May 6, 1797 – July 4, 1882) was an American songwriter, author, and elder of The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, better known as the Shakers. The most famous song attributed to Brackett, "Simple Gifts", is still widely performed and adapted. Biography Brackett was born in Cumberland, Maine, on May 6, 1797, as Elisha Brackett. When he was 10, his first name was changed to Joseph, like his father's, as the Bracketts joined the short-lived Shaker community in Gorham, Maine. This new Shaker community was centered on the Bracketts' property, until the whole group moved to Poland Hill, Maine, in 1819. Brackett's father died there on July 27, 1838, but Brackett continued to rise in the Shaker community, eventually becoming the head of the society in Maine. Brackett died in the Shaker community of Sabbathday Lake at New Gloucester, Maine, on July 4, 1882. Legacy Brackett is known today primarily as the presumed author of the Shaker dancing song "Simple Gifts", which has become an internationally loved tune, both through his original version and many of its adaptations. There are two conflicting narratives of Shaker origin as to the composer of the song. One account attributes the song to a "Negro spirit" heard at Canterbury, New Hampshire, which would make the song a "gift song" received by a Shaker from the spirit world. Alternatively, and far more widely accepted, the song's composer is said to be Brackett. The song, written in 1848, was largely unknown outside of Shaker communities until Aaron Copland used the melody in his 1944 composition Appalachian Spring. The tune is also known widely through the lyrics "Lord of the Dance", written by Sydney Carter in 1963. The "Tune Lovers Society", an online organization designed to preserve and protect American tunes from the past, sponsors a birthday commemoration for Brackett on May 6. References External links Joseph Brackett and Simple Gifts Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village Joseph Brackett Remembrance 1797 births 1882 deaths People from Cumberland, Maine Songwriters from Maine People from New Gloucester, Maine 19th-century American musicians Folk musicians from Maine Shaker members
Mohammad Rafiquzzaman (born 11 February 1943) is a Bangladeshi lyricist. He was awarded Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics twice for the lyrics of "Tumi Emoni Jaal Petechho Shongshare" in Shuvoda (1986) and "Phuler Bashor Bhanglo Jokhon" in Chandranath (1984). He is credited with 2000 songs, three collections of songs, four collections of poems and three collections of essays on music. Career Rafiquzzaman got his breakthrough in 1965 through his lyrics of the song "Mugdho Amar Ei Chokh Jokhon". He wrote a book titled Adhunik Bangla Gaan Rochonar Kolakoushal. Works Dukhkho Amar Bashor Raat-er Palonko Bondhu Hotey Cheye Tomar Shotru Boley Gonno Holaam Eto Shukh Shoibo Kemon Korey Amar Mon Pakhita Jaye Re Urey Amake Ekti Doyel Bolechhey Paharer Kanna Dekhe Jodi Moroner Porey Keo Proshno Korey Tumi Eshechho Bohudin Por Shobai Boley Joto Shorbonasher Muul Jibon Namer Railgarita paye na Khujey Station Amar Baul Moner Ektara Ta Awards Bachsas Awards Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics References External links 1943 births Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Best Lyricist National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners Bangladeshi lyricists Best Story National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners
Carlos Juan Delgado Hernández (born June 25, 1972) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball primarily as a first baseman, from 1993 to 2009, most prominently as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays, where he was a member of the 1993 World Series-winning team, won the 2000 American League (AL) Hank Aaron Award, and was the 2003 AL RBI leader. He was also a two-time AL All-Star player and a three-time Silver Slugger Award winner during his tenure with the Blue Jays. Delgado holds the Major League Baseball record for career home runs by a Puerto Rican player with 473. He is one of only six players in Major League history to hit 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons, becoming the fourth player to do so. During his twelve years with the Toronto Blue Jays, Delgado set many team records, including home runs (336), RBI (1,058), walks (827), slugging percentage (.556), on-base plus slugging (.949), runs (889), total bases (2,786), doubles (343), runs created (1,077), extra base hits (690), times on base (2,362), hit by pitch (122), intentional walks (128) and at bats per home run (14.9). Delgado also played for the Florida Marlins and New York Mets. In 2006, he was named the recipient of the prestigious Roberto Clemente Award. On February 4, 2015, Delgado was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Early life Delgado was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico to Carlos "Cao" Delgado and Carmen Digna Hérnandez. He grew up in the El Prado section of Aguadilla. There, he attended elementary school alongside his three siblings. Both his father, "Don Cao", and his grandfather, Asdrúbal "Pingolo" Delgado, were well-known figures in the town. Delgado has said that this made him feel "protected", but that it also demanded that he had to behave properly. Delgado attended Agustín Stahl Middle School and José de Diego High School, from which he graduated in 1989. Delgado has expressed his strong feelings of pride in being an Aguadillano, noting everything he holds dear is found in the municipality, and his off-season house is located there. He is friends with many people who live there, many of whom he played little league baseball with. Professional career Toronto Blue Jays At the age of 16, several major league organizations including the Cincinnati Reds, Montreal Expos, New York Mets, Texas Rangers and Toronto Blue Jays saw his potential and attempted to sign him. He signed with the Blue Jays in 1988, after being discovered by team scout Epy Guerrero. In 1992, Delgado played for the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League and produced 30 home runs and 100 RBI, leading the league in both categories, along with a .324 batting average. That season, he was named USA Todays Minor League Player of the Year. Before the 1993 season, he was named the number 4 prospect in the minor leagues by Baseball America and was promoted to the Double-A Knoxville Smokies. That year, he hit .303 with 25 home runs, 102 RBI, and 102 walks, winning the Southern League MVP Award. As a September call-up, he made his major league debut on October 1, 1993, drawing a walk in his first career plate appearance. Though he didn't play in the 1993 postseason, in which the Blue Jays won the World Series, he was awarded a World Series ring. Originally a catcher, Delgado played in left field for the Blue Jays in 1994 and 1995, before switching to first base, where he became one of the most productive sluggers in the major leagues. Starting in 1997, he hit at least 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons. A two-time All-Star, in 2000 and 2003, Delgado holds several Blue Jays single-season and career records. He won the Hank Aaron and The Sporting News Player of the Year Awards in 2000, and the Silver Slugger Award in 1999, 2000, and 2003. In 1999, Delgado hit a career-high 44 home runs, along with 134 RBI, and a .272 batting average. The next year, he batted a career-high .344, along with 41 home runs, 57 doubles, and 137 RBI. He finished fourth in the 2000 American League MVP voting. On September 25, 2003, in a game against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Delgado became the 15th major league player to hit four home runs in one game. He hit a three-run home run in the first inning off Jorge Sosa, then again off Sosa while leading off the fourth, then off Joe Kennedy while leading off in the sixth and then off Lance Carter leading off the eighth inning. Delgado is the only player to hit four home runs with only 4 at-bats in a game. In the 2003 season, Delgado hit 42 home runs and led the Majors with 145 RBI, while batting .302; he finished second to Alex Rodriguez for the AL MVP Award. He was named AL Player of the Week on September 30, 2003, and again on September 7, 2004. Following the 2004 season, Delgado became a free agent, and was pursued by the Baltimore Orioles, Florida Marlins, New York Mets, Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers. The Blue Jays were not interested in re-signing him, due to payroll constraints. Florida Marlins On January 25, 2005, Delgado chose to sign with the Marlins, signing a four-year contract worth a reported $52 million. He made a successful transition to the National League, with a .301 batting average, .399 on-base percentage, 33 home runs, and 115 RBI in 2005. At the same time, he shared the major league lead in errors for a first baseman, with 14. Following the 2005 season, the Marlins performed one of their periodic salary-cutting maneuvers. In the "market correction", they unloaded some of their higher-paid players. On November 23, 2005, the Marlins sent Delgado and $7 million to the New York Mets for Mike Jacobs, Yusmeiro Petit and Grant Psomas. New York Mets 2006 season Delgado responded well as the feared cleanup hitter for the Mets, hitting 38 home runs and driving in 114 runs throughout 2006. With Delgado hitting between fellow Puerto Rican Carlos Beltrán and star third baseman David Wright, the Mets had the best record in the National League in 2006 but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series, 4–3. At season's end, with 407, Delgado was tied with Duke Snider for 41st place for career home runs. Through 2006, Delgado was the all-time leader for interleague play RBIs with 131, and second all-time in home runs with 43. 2007 season Carlos Delgado had early struggles in the 2007 season, with his batting average falling below .200 in April, but his numbers improved as the season progressed. On May 9, 2007, he hit a home run into McCovey Cove during a game against the San Francisco Giants, becoming the first visiting player to have hit three splash home runs at AT&T Park. Delgado ended the season tied with Cal Ripken Jr. for 37th place on the all-time career home run list with 431. 2008 season During spring training 2008, Delgado was diagnosed with a hip impingement, but the Mets decided to keep him on the active roster. As in the previous year, Delgado began the season in an offensive slump with a .204 batting average in April, and hitting just three home runs, but once again his stats improved as the season continued. In May, his batting average increased to .235 with five home runs. On June 15, 2008, Delgado broke Juan González's record for most runs batted in by a Puerto Rican player. On June 27, Delgado set a new Mets record with 9 RBIs (hitting a two-run double, grand slam, and three-run home run) in an interleague game versus the New York Yankees, breaking Dave Kingman's club record of 8. In the final game before the All-Star break, Delgado hit his 17th home run of the season. Between June and July his batting average improved, rising to .260 with 19 home runs. Between July 23–31, Delgado hit four home runs. On August 21, 2008, against the Atlanta Braves, Delgado went 5 for 5 with 3 singles, 3 RBIs, a double, and a walk-off single scoring David Wright in the ninth off the glove of left fielder Omar Infante. It was the first time he had gone 5 for 5 in 10 years. The Mets swept the three-game set. On August 25, 2008, against the Houston Astros, Delgado hit two 3-run homers to lead the Mets to a 9–1 victory in the finale of the series. On September 7 he became the third Mets player in history to have at least 65 RBIs in a 65-game stretch in a season. On September 9, he tied Dave Kingman's record of most multi-home run games during a season as a Met with 7. Delgado notched his 2,000th career hit on September 21, 2008, against the Atlanta Braves. On October 31 the Mets exercised Delgado's $12 million option. Delgado was ninth in the voting for the 2008 National League MVP Award, behind Albert Pujols, Ryan Howard, Ryan Braun, Manny Ramirez, Lance Berkman, CC Sabathia, David Wright and Brad Lidge. 2009 season Delgado was the first Major League player to hit a home run into the Pepsi Porch at Citi Field on April 8, 2009. He played his last major league game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 10, 2009. Eight days later on May 18, the Mets announced that Delgado had a bone spur and a torn labrum in his hip, and he would have to undergo surgery. The Mets reported the next day that the surgery was successful and Delgado would be out for approximately ten weeks, which would delay his quest for 500 home runs. However, he did not play again in 2009. Delgado filed for free agency on November 5. Delgado made his return to the Puerto Rico Baseball League (PRBL) for the 2009 season, registering a batting average of .364 and one home run in his first three games. 2010 free agency In February 2010, Delgado underwent another hip operation, this time to reconstruct the labrum on his right hip; he also underwent a micro-fracture procedure on his hip socket. Although Delgado had reportedly received interest from Major League clubs (including the Mets and Florida Marlins), he felt pain in his hip and decided to undergo the second surgery to be better prepared for the coming season. According to his agent, David Sloane, Delgado "felt, despite the time it would take, it was a better option for him to be the Carlos Delgado of old instead of an old Carlos Delgado." Pawtucket Red Sox On August 7, 2010, the Boston Red Sox signed Delgado to a minor league contract. He played 5 games with the triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox between August 9 and 15, collecting 3 singles in 13 at-bats (.231, 0 HR, 2 RBI). This was the entire extent of Delgado's 2010 season after Delgado suffered a setback with his surgically repaired hip. Retirement On April 13, 2011, Delgado officially announced, while in San Juan, Puerto Rico, his retirement from professional baseball after 17 years in Major League Baseball. On December 7, 2012, the Toronto Blue Jays announced that Delgado would become the 10th person inducted to the club's Level of Excellence. The induction occurred on July 21, 2013, at Rogers Centre in Toronto. Delgado also threw the ceremonial first pitch for that day's game, with the Toronto Blue Jays playing against the Tampa Bay Rays. Career statistics In 2,035 games over 17 seasons, Delgado posted a .280 batting average (2,038-for-7,283) with 1241 runs, 483 doubles, 18 triples, 473 home runs, 1,512 runs batted in (RBI), 1,109 bases on balls, .383 on-base percentage and .546 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .992 fielding percentage primarily as a first baseman. In ten postseason games, he hit .351 (13-for-37) with eight runs, three doubles, four home runs, 11 RBIs and six walks. International career World Baseball Classic (Puerto Rico) Delgado appeared in the first edition of the World Baseball Classic in 2006. After his retirement, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. Post-retirement career After retiring, Delgado has continued to work in matters closely related to baseball. In February 2013, he was announced as the new member of the Board for the Development of the Puerto Rican Full-Time Athlete. This agency is directed by the Department of Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico. Also, in March 2013, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. The team finished second in the rankings. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. In his only appearance on the Baseball Hall of Fame ballot in 2015, Delgado received just 3.8% of the vote, below the 5% minimum required to remain on future ballots. That same year, he was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Personal life Delgado lives in his hometown of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. He is married to Betzaida García, who is also from Aguadilla. They have a son, Carlos Antonio, and in 2010 adopted a baby daughter, Mariana Isabel. Social activism Like his hero, Roberto Clemente, Delgado is a well-known peace activist, and has been open about his political beliefs. As part of the Navy-Vieques protests, Delgado was actively opposed to the use of the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico as a bombing target practice facility by the United States Department of Defense, until bombing was halted in 2003. He is also against the occupation of Iraq. In the 2004 season, Delgado protested the war by silently staying in the dugout during the playing of "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch. Delgado does not make a public show of his beliefs, and even his teammates were not aware of his views until a story was published in July 2004 in the Toronto Star. Delgado was quoted as saying "It's a very terrible thing that happened on September 11. It's (also) a terrible thing that happened in Afghanistan and Iraq, ... I just feel so sad for the families that lost relatives and loved ones in the war. But I think it's the stupidest war ever." The story was the subject of a media frenzy, mostly in New York, where on July 21, 2004, as was anticipated, Delgado was booed by Yankee fans for his passive protest during a game at Yankee Stadium. Delgado had explained that the playing of "God Bless America" had come to be equated with a war in which he didn't believe. In a New York Times interview, Delgado said this is what he believed in, and "It takes a man to stand up for what he believes." After being traded to the Mets, in a conciliatory measure, Delgado opted to stand during the singing of "God Bless America." Among other charity work, Delgado is well known for his generous visits to hospitals in his hometown where, on Three Kings Day, he brings toys to hospitalized children. In 2006, he joined Puerto Rico's Senate President in co-sponsoring a massive Three Kings gift-giving effort in the town of Loíza. Delgado started his own non-profit organization, "Extra Bases" to assist island youth. In 2007, Delgado donated video conference equipment to allow his hometown's Buen Samaritano Hospital to establish a regular link with a hospital in Boston in order to allow for remote diagnoses through telemedicine. Delgado has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. In 2007, he participated in "Sapientis Week", an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico. Delgado taught a class on Athletic Mental Training and Health at the Ramon Power y Giralt School in the Luis Llorens Torres public housing complex. For his efforts, Delgado was awarded the Roberto Clemente Award in 2006. The award goes to the player in baseball who best exemplifies humanitarianism and sportsmanship, and was named after Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente in 1973. Prior to the 2008 season of the Puerto Rico Baseball League, Delgado was involved in an initiative to provide economic help to the Indios de Mayagüez team. Awards and honors World Series champion () 2-time All-Star (2000, 2003) 3-time AL Silver Slugger Award (1999, 2000, 2003) AL RBI leader (2003) 2000 AL Hank Aaron Award 2000 Sporting News Player of the Year Award 2006 Roberto Clemente Award Toronto Blue Jays Level of Excellence Member of the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame See also Afro-Puerto Ricans List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico List of Major League Baseball home run records List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders MLB hitters with four home runs in one game References External links 1972 births Living people American League All-Stars American League RBI champions Baseball coaches Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Florida Marlins players Knoxville Smokies players Major League Baseball first basemen Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico New York Mets players Pawtucket Red Sox players People from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada Puerto Rican people of African descent Senadores de San Juan players Silver Slugger Award winners Syracuse Chiefs players Toronto Blue Jays players 2006 World Baseball Classic players 2009 World Baseball Classic players Dunedin Blue Jays players Gigantes de Carolina players Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players St. Catharines Blue Jays players Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Arotrophora is a genus of tortrix moth. They occur in Australia, where they are strongly associated with the plant family Proteaceae. All of the known Australian larvae bore in Banksia flower spikes. The genus was recently discovered from the Oriental region and one species is found on Papua. Taxonomy The genus was first published by amateur entomologist Edward Meyrick. It is currently placed in subfamily Tortricinae (although most entomologists now consider this an unnatural group), and sometimes in the tribe Cnephasiini, although it is quite different from Northern Hemisphere genera placed in that tribe. It is closely related to genera including Peraglyphis and Syllomatia; together, these genera are sometimes referred to as the Arotrophora group. Species The species of Arotrophora are: Arotrophora anemarcha (Lower, 1902) Arotrophora arcuatalis (Walker, 1865) (banksia boring moth) Arotrophora bernardmyo Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora canthelias Meyrick, 1910 Arotrophora charassapex Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora charistis Meyrick, 1910 Arotrophora charopa Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora cherrapunji Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora diadela Common, 1963 Arotrophora ericirra Common, 1963 Arotrophora euides Turner, 1927 Arotrophora fijigena Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora gilligani Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora hongsona Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora inthanona Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora khasiasana Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora khatana Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora khunmaei Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora kundasanga Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora obrimsocia Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora ochraceellus Walker, 1863 Arotrophora paiana Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora siniocosma Turner, 1926 Arotrophora tubulosa Razowski, 2009 Arotrophora utarana Razowski, 2009 Former species Arotrophora crustata Meyrick, 1912 Arotrophora semifulva (Meyrick, 1908) References External links tortricidae.com Tortricinae Taxa named by Edward Meyrick Tortricidae genera
Glenmore railway station may also refer to: Glenmore railway station (Indonesia), a railway station in Glenmore, Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. Glenmore railway station (Ireland), a railway station in Glenmore, County Donegal, Ireland.
Alam al Mulk (the kingdom) is a term of islamic cosmology and refers to the realm, representing the physical plane, including medicine, engineering and everything, that can be perceived by the five senses. Higher Realms are not thought to be spatial, rather a higher realm means, it impinges the realms below. The physical plane is therefore influenced by Alam al Malakut (imaginal realm) and which is in turn influenced by Alam al Jabarut (the spiritual world). References Philosophy of religion Mulk Mulk
Aligoté is a white grape used to make dry white wines, especially in the Burgundy region of France where it was first recorded in the 18th century. Since it is tolerant to cold, this variety is also cultivated in Eastern European countries. In 2004, it was the 22nd most planted vine variety in the world at 45,000 hectares (110,000 acres). Description Aligoté is used to produce a varietal white wine, and is sometimes included in the blend of Burgundian sparkling wine known as Crémant de Bourgogne. In the varietal appellation Bourgogne Aligoté AOC, up to 15% Chardonnay grapes may be blended in. Traditionally, the cocktail kir (also known as vin blanc cassis in French) is made by adding cassis to an Aligoté wine. In blends, Aligoté adds acidity and structure to other varieties. It is often blended with Sacy for this purpose. The grape ripens early with moderate yields and produces wines high in acidity that can be drunk young. Its aroma includes elements of apples and lemons. Clive Coates says it is a variety of secondary importance in Burgundy which produces a light, primeur-style wine with slightly herbal flavour and rather higher acidity than the Chardonnay. The village of Bouzeron is considered to represent the region's finest examples of the variety with the appellation Bouzeron-Aligoté AOC restricting the yields to 45 hl/ha compared to the Bourgogne Aligoté AOC limited to 60 hl/ha. Regional production The grape is the second most popular white grape variety grown in Burgundy after Chardonnay, though it lies a long way behind in terms of planted area, with against . The vines were once inter-planted and field blended with Chardonnay for the benefit of added acidity but the vines have long since been separated. Aligoté often loses territory to more prestigious grape varieties and in some areas is relegated to less productive vineyard sections at the tops and bottoms of the slopes. In Burgundy the grape can be found along the fringe edges of the Côte-d'Or along Route Nationale 74, as well as in Mâconnais and Côte Chalonnaise. There are also small plantings just east of the Rhone Valley around the city Die and in the commune of Pierrevert in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It has its own AOC's, Bourgogne Aligoté and Bouzeron. Aligoté is also produced in Eastern European countries, including Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Switzerland and Moldova. In Bulgaria, the grape is prized for its blending qualities and high acid; the quantity of Aligoté planted in Bulgaria is more than twice that in the grape's ancestral home of Burgundy. The grape is primarily found in the Stara Zagora Province around Chirpan. In Russia, it is used to make sparkling wines with varietal wines being made along the coast of the Black Sea around Gelendzhik. Globally, Aligoté can be found in smaller plantings. It has been produced, though in very small quantity, by Australian wineries. In the United States, the wine is grown in Washington State, since it is resistant to the cold weather, and in California, where it is used mostly for blending. There have also been small, experimental plantings in Chile. In Canada, the grape is grown in Niagara by Chateau de Charmes. Origins DNA fingerprinting has found Aligoté to be a crossing of Pinot noir and Gouais blanc, which is an ancestry which is consistent with an origin in Burgundy or nearby areas of eastern France. Synonyms Synonyms for Aligoté include Aligotay, Alligotay, Alligoté, Blanc de Troyes, Carcairone blanc, Carcarone, Carchierone, Chaudenet, Chaudenet Gras, Giboudot blanc, Griset blanc, Karkarone Blank, Melon de Jura, Muhranuli, Mukhranudi, Pistone, Plant de Trois, Plant de Trois Raisins, Plant gris, Purion blanc, Selon Molon, Selon Odart, Troyen blanc, Vert blanc. References External links Terroir-France: Aligoté Vino Diversity: Aligoté White wine grape varieties
Megalopolis is an upcoming American epic science fiction drama film written, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola. The film features an ensemble cast, including Adam Driver, Forest Whitaker, Nathalie Emmanuel, Jon Voight, Laurence Fishburne, Aubrey Plaza, Shia LaBeouf, Jason Schwartzman, Grace VanderWaal, Kathryn Hunter, Talia Shire, Dustin Hoffman, D. B. Sweeney, and Giancarlo Esposito. Premise In New York, a woman (Emmanuel) is divided between loyalties to her father (Whitaker), who has a classical view of society, and her lover (Driver), who is more progressive and ready for the future. Cast Production Development Francis Ford Coppola started writing Megalopolis in the 1980s, as a passion project. Actor Rob Lowe said that Coppola was talking about the project when they were shooting The Outsiders in 1982. In a May 2007 interview with Ain't It Cool News, Coppola stated his agreements to direct Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), Jack (1996), and The Rainmaker (1997) were done to get out of debt and fund Megalopolis. Jim Steranko, who previously created production illustrations for Bram Stoker's Dracula, produced a dozen color works for Megalopolis in the mid-1990s at the director's behest to create stark "architectonic panoramas of content and imagery." By 2001, Coppola began holding table reads with actors including Russell Crowe, Robert De Niro, Leonardo DiCaprio, Nicolas Cage, Paul Newman, Kevin Spacey, James Gandolfini, Edie Falco and Uma Thurman, and recorded roughly 30 hours of second-unit footage of New York City with Ron Fricke, all of which he discarded after 9/11. In response to this, Coppola stated "It made it really pretty tough... a movie about the aspiration of utopia with New York as a main character and then all of a sudden you couldn't write about New York without just dealing with what happened and the implications of what happened. The world was attacked and I didn't know how to try to do with that. I tried". In 2007, Coppola stated he had abandoned the project. In a series of Instagram posts in July 2023, Coppola stated that the film had been heavily influenced by the following books: Bullshit Jobs, Debt: The First 5000 Years, and The Dawn of Everything, all works of the anthropologist David Graeber; The Glass Bead Game by Hermann Hesse; The Chalice and the Blade by sociologist Riane Eisler; The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama; The War Lovers by Evan Thomas; and The Swerve by Stephen Greenblatt. Pre-production Coppola returned to the project 12 years later when in May 2019 he announced he would resume development, and had approached Jude Law and Shia LaBeouf for lead roles. In August 2021, it was confirmed that discussions with actors to star in the film had begun; James Caan was set to star while Oscar Isaac, Forest Whitaker, Cate Blanchett, Jon Voight, Zendaya, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Jessica Lange were in various stages of negotiations. By March 2022, Coppola's sister, Talia Shire, expressed her interest in joining the cast, and Isaac was reported to have passed on the project. The previous month, Coppola said he spent $120 million of his own money and sold a "significant piece of his wine empire" to produce the film. By May, the budget was reported to be under $100 million, while Whitaker and Voight were confirmed for the cast, with Adam Driver, Nathalie Emmanuel, and Laurence Fishburne added. On July 6, Caan, who was still in negotiations for the film, died. Pre-production had begun by mid-July 2022, with Mihai Mălaimare Jr. serving as cinematographer. In August, Aubrey Plaza, Jason Schwartzman, Grace VanderWaal, Kathryn Hunter and James Remar joined the cast, with Shire and LaBeouf also confirmed to be part of the cast. Chloe Fineman, Madeleine Gardella, Isabelle Kusman, D. B. Sweeney, Bailey Ives and Dustin Hoffman would be added in October. In January 2023, Giancarlo Esposito was added to the cast. Filming Principal photography began at Trilith Studios in Georgia on November 1, 2022, with set photos of LaBeouf and Emmanuel filming in Atlanta being published on November 8 and was due to finish in March 2023. The film was originally shooting using OSVP technology at Prysm Stage, Trilith Studios, but "as the challenges and costs of that approach have mounted, the production is attempting to pivot to a less costly, more traditional greenscreen approach". By January 2023, the film was halfway into filming when reports indicated the budget ballooned higher than its original $120 million price tag, which multiple journalists compared to the production issues of Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. Due to the reported "unstable filming environment", several crew members were revealed to have exited the film, including production designer Beth Mickle, art director David Scott, and visual effects supervisor Mark Russell, along with the rest of the visual effects team. Coppola and Driver contested the report, stating that while there was some turnover in crew, the production was on schedule and on budget and moving along smoothly. At the same time, Mike Figgis directed a behind-the-scenes documentary on the production of Megalopolis. Driver wrapped filming his part in early March calling it "one of the best ... shooting experiences of (his) life". Filming wrapped on March 30, 2023. Post-production In August 2023, the film was granted a waiver during the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. References External links Upcoming films American epic films American science fiction drama films American Zoetrope films Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Films produced by Francis Ford Coppola Films set in New York City Films shot at Trilith Studios Films shot in Atlanta Films with screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Upcoming English-language films
Constitutional patriotism () is the idea that people should form a political attachment to the norms and values of a pluralistic liberal democratic constitution rather than to a national culture or cosmopolitan society. It is associated with post-nationalist identity because, while it is seen as a similar concept to nationalism, the attachment is based on the constitution rather than on a national culture. In essence, it is an attempt to re-conceptualize group identity with a focus on the interpretation of citizenship as a loyalty that goes beyond individuals' ethnocultural identification. Theorists believe this to be more defensible than other forms of shared commitment in a diverse modern state with multiple languages and group identities. It is particularly relevant in post-national democratic states in which multiple cultural and ethnic groups coexist. It was influential in the development of the European Union and a key to Europeanism as a basis for multiple countries belonging to a supranational union. Theoretical origins Constitutional patriotism has been interpreted in a variety of ways, providing a range of positions. On one end, there is the vision that the concept is a new means of identification to a supranational entity; while on the other end, there is a focus on understanding the attachment in terms of freedom over ethnicity. It is largely contested whether constitutional patriotism is supposed to be read as a replacement for nationality or traditional identity (or as a balance between the two), allowing for the "transient account of identity consistent with the diversity, hybridity, and pluralism of our modern world." There are also multiple opinions as to whether a prior group identity is necessary before a moral, political one is achieved. The concept of constitutional patriotism originates from Post-World War II West Germany, which has been described as "a 'half-nation' with a sense of deeply compromised nationality on account of their Nazi past." In this context, constitutional patriotism was a protective and state-centered means of dealing with the memory of the Holocaust and militancy of the Third Reich. The concept can be traced to the liberal philosopher Karl Jaspers, who advocated the idea of dealing with German political guilt after the war with "collective responsibility". His student, Dolf Sternberger explicitly introduced the concept on the thirtieth birthday of the Federal Republic (1979). However, it is strongly associated with the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas. Sternberger Sternberger saw constitutional patriotism as a protective means to ensure political stability to maintain peace in Germany in the aftermath of the Second World War. He framed the concept as a way for citizens to identify with the democratic state in order to defend itself against internal and external threats. Thus, with the emphasis on state defense and protection, Sternberger linked constitutional patriotism to the concept of militant democracy. He drew on Aristotelianism, arguing that patriotism had traditionally not been linked to sentiments towards the nation. Constitutional patriotism is a development of Sternberger's earlier notion of Staatsfreundschaft (friendship towards the state). Habermas Habermas played a key role in developing, contextualizing, and spreading the idea of constitutional patriotism to English-speaking countries. Like Sternberger, Habermas viewed constitutional patriotism as a conscious strengthening of political principles, however, "where Sternberger's patriotism had centered on democratic institutions worth defending, Habermas focused on the public sphere as providing a space for public reasoning among citizens." Post-war West Germany provided the context for Habermas's theories. During the historian's dispute of the late 1980s, Habermas fought against the normalization of "exceptional historical events" (the rise of Nazism and the events of the Holocaust). Constitutional patriotism was Habermas's suggestion as a way to unify West Germans. As he was concerned by the shaping of German identity through attempts to return to traditional national pride, he argued for Germans to "move away from the notion of ethnically homogeneous nation-states." Thus, it became an "inner counterpart to the bond of the Federal Republic to the West; it was not only an advance in respect to traditional German nationalism, but also a step toward overcoming it." To Habermas, post-national German identity was dependent on understanding and overcoming its past, subjecting traditions to criticism. This historical memory was essential to constitutional patriotism. Habermas believed that a nationalistic collective identity was no longer feasible in a globalized modern world. He also believed scorned ethnic cohesion as part of nineteenth-century nationalism to be irrelevant in a new age of international migration. His theory was therefore grounded in the idea that "the symbolic unity of the person that is produced and maintained through self-identification depends... on belonging to the symbolic reality of a group, on the possibility of localizing oneself in the world of this group. A group identity that transcends the life histories of individuals is thus a precondition of the identity of the individual." In a disenchanted world, individual and collective identities were no longer formed by internalizing nationalist values but by becoming aware of "what they want and what others expect from them in the light of moral concerns" from an impartial position. He argued that the European nation-state was successful because "it made possible a new mode of legitimation based on a new, more abstract form of social integration." Rather than a consensus on just values, Habermas believed the intricacies of modern societies must rely on "a consensus on the procedure for the legitimate enactment of laws and the legitimate exercise of power." Current discussion The theory of constitutional patriotism today focuses on multiple potential outcomes. Jan-Werner Müller follows in Habermas's footsteps but works to broaden constitutional patriotism within a universal framework. Craig Calhoun offers a competing framework that reflects the ideas of cosmopolitanism. Jon Erik Fossum proposes that the dynamic between these two opposing ideas are inherent to constitutional patriotism. Müller Jan-Werner Müller is one of the leading theorists of constitutional patriotism, having written more than 10 publications in two languages on the topic. Building upon his predecessors, Müller advocates for constitutional patriotism as a unification option, especially in diverse, liberal democracies. His ideas center on political attachment, democratic legitimacy, and citizenship in a context that rejects nationalism and addresses multicultural states, such as the European Union. He provides some of the only extensive analysis on Sternberger and Habermas's original theories and has developed and improved accessibility of the idea to the English-speaking world. He is known for "liberating it from Habermas's specific conception and opening up a more general discussion about constitutional patriotism," so it can be universally applied. Müller offers some of the only modern and extensive responses to criticism of constitutional patriotism. Müller's ideas place constitutional patriotism in a broader context and have expanded its potential to be applied in places outside of Germany and the European Union. Müller grounds his arguments for constitutional patriotism in the idea that political theory should supply citizens with the tools to rethink their commonalities or unifying features. He argues that, while constitutional patriotism is distinct from liberal nationalism and cosmopolitanism, the best moral attributes of these theories can be combined to form a plausible and appealing style of political allegiance. However, where liberal nationalism and cosmopolitanism fall short, constitutional patriotism "theorizes the civic bond in a way that is more plausible sociologically and that leads to more liberal political outcomes." Similarly, it is a theory "oriented both toward stability and civic empowerment." Calhoun Craig Calhoun sees constitutional patriotism as the solidifying of a more general cosmopolitanism. He notices that democracy is composed of more than political culture and suggests that a democracy has many more externalities. Habermas acknowledges this and questions whether or not "there exists a functional equivalent for the fusion of the nation of citizens with the ethnic nation." However, Calhoun argues that Habermas falsely assumes ethnic nationalism and nationalism to be interchangeable. Calhoun says constitutional patriotism is a common project shared among all citizens, which is molded by a state's public discourse and culture. Consequently, he proposes a revision to the constitutional patriotism theory and suggests that "the notion of constitution as legal framework needs to be complemented by the notion of constitution as the creation of concrete social relationships: of bonds of mutual commitment forged in shared action, of institutions, and of shared modalities of practical action." Fossum John Erik Fossum, working off Habermas's definition and ideas, argues that two opposing ideas, particularism and universalism, are inherent in constitutional patriotism and affect allegiance. The pull of these two ideas is referred to as thickness. Theorists such as Sternberger, Habermas, Müller, and Calhoun each have their own degree of thickness. In order to measure the thickness of allegiance in a type of constitutional patriotism, Fossum examines three factors: exit, voice, and loyalty. Exit is evaluated on how easy it is for a person to enter or exit the group and therefore has strong bearings on diversity. Fossum believes that it is crucial to pay attention to exit and to a nation's historical memory in order to understand thickness. This is because historical memory helps to unite communities and to preserve their sense of identity. In nationalism, exit is ignored because either shared history, ethnicity, or both bind people together. In constitutional patriotism, there is some room for exit, the extent of which depends on the conception. Voice is defined as each citizens' relation and conceptualization of the theory. Finally, loyalty is defined as the allegiance to the state's culture and constitution. Examples The following are commonly used as examples of applied constitutional patriotism. Country examples Spain Constitutional patriotism emerged in Spain following the creation of the 1978 constitution as a way to unify the country while overcoming ethnic and nationalist tendencies. This identity would be based on "broadly inclusive concept[s] of citizenship" and "a sense of identification with a political system that delivered freedom and equality to every citizen" as established in the 1978 constitution. Although the concept of constitutional patriotism has been used by both the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español [PSOE]) and the People's Party (Partido Popular [PP]), it is most predominant among the Socialist left. During the last two decades of the 20th century, "patriotism" replaced the term "nationalism", as the latter was used only among "substate nationalists", who meant the term in an ethnic rather than civic sense. José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero advocated for constitutional patriotism in his bid for Prime Minister in 2000 and in his election in 2004. However, in the latter half of the 2000s, even the left had begun to abandon its defense of constitutional patriotism. One theoretical difference between Habermas's ideas of constitutional patriotism and the constitutional patriotism expressed in Spain is a lack of memory. While Habermas believed that facing the state's past and opening it to criticism was crucial, Spain has lacked this analysis of historical memory and still faces national questions regarding the Civil War and Francoism. Switzerland Switzerland was among the countries originally cited by Sternberger as an example of constitutional patriotism. The country has never been a nation-state but rather has always been a confederacy, which is populated by four main ethnic groups today. The heterogeny of Switzerland stems from its historical position in Europe and its need to defend against its neighbors. Its identity is "driven by a process of demarcation from others, triggered, among others, by the experience of defence against superior enemies." This leads theorists such as Habermas to describe it as a "prototypical political nation". The cornerstones of Swiss national identity are prescribed to the political values of direct democracy, neutrality, and federalism. These cornerstones show themselves in the country's policies and institutions, which reinforce and are reinforced by the Swiss people, creating the common identity. This has been critiqued by scholars who suggest that "nationally specific interpretations of constitutional principles do not predispose a common national culture." Eugster writes about Swiss' multi-cultural identity and cultural diversity as an integral part of Swiss identity, not superseding the national political identity but at least as a factor standing alongside it. This argument counters the prevalent discussion of Switzerland as a fundamental example of constitutional patriotism. United States In the United States of America, constitutional patriotism is primarily based on two documents: The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Expectations of political behavior are outlined in the Constitution, and the ideals embodied by them both have encouraged civic empowerment. The United States demonstrates the ideas of constitutional patriotism in that Americans find a source of unity in their constitution which is able to supersede other cultural influences, forming a broader American identity. The principles of the Declaration of Independence contribute to the basis of constitutional patriotism in America because, as William Kristol and Robert Kagan say, they are "not merely the choices of a particular culture but are universal, enduring, and self-evident truths." These documents have both validated government action and citizen response. Many of the values which contributed to the Founding Father's thinking come from ideas of the Enlightenment and over time have transformed into ideas of American exceptionalism and Manifest destiny. Throughout the country's early history, the Constitution was used as the basis for establishing foreign policy and determining the government's ability to acquire land from other nations. In the country's inception, government officials broadly interpreted the Constitution in order to establish an archetypical model for foreign policy. The battles, both political and physical, over slavery are also demonstrations of constitutional patriotism in the United States, as they demonstrate the alteration of norms and values. In the mid-1780s, hundreds of thousands of slaves served as the cornerstone of American production. The constitution's defense of the rights of slave owners created a rift in the values of America: half of the country adhered to the Declaration of Independence's belief that "all men are created equal", while the other half adhered to the constitution's ruling, which allowed slavery. The rhetoric of many anti-slavery protesters appealed to the Constitution and Declaration of Independence in order to resolve this split in interpretation. Frederick Douglass stated that "the Constitution of the United States, standing alone, and construed only in the light of its letter, without reference to the opinions of the men who framed and adopted it, or to the uniform, universal and undeviating practice of the nation under it, from the time of its adoption until now, is not a pro-slavery instrument." Similar rhetoric led to the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution and a universal anti-slavery constitutional patriotic view, changing the norms and values of society, which were then reified in the Constitution. McCarthyism brings to light one critique of constitutional patriotism, which is that it, in the critics' eyes, can lead to political witch-hunts of those traitorous to the political system. In the 1950s, thousands of Americans, including government officials, members of the armed forces, cultural stars, and ordinary citizens, had to stand before a congressional board to prove that they had no communist relations. This strict adherence to the constitution's declarations and fear of communism led to the removal of civil liberties of many citizens and the suspension or inversion of the law. However, after numerous televised hearings and irrational accusations, Senator Joseph McCarthy was deemed no longer legitimate by the American people, and the communist concern regarding constitutional patriotism was relatively abandoned. This confirms Müller's argument that, while instances like McCarthyism are possible in countries which adhere to constitutional patriotism, these societies often have values which eventually contest intolerance. The civil rights movement in the 20th century often referred to the constitution in order to gain popularity and legitimacy with the American people. In W. E. B. Du Bois's 1905 Niagara Movement Speech, he pleaded for equal voting rights and said, "We want the Constitution enforced." This style was repeated throughout the movement by leaders such as Malcolm X, Ralph Abernathy, and Martin Luther King Jr. Using the Constitution, King justified the movement's message in his December 1955 address to the first full Montgomery Improvement Association meeting, stating, "If we are wrong, then the Supreme Court of this nation is wrong. If we are wrong then the Constitution of the United States is wrong." In 1968, King employed the Constitution once again to challenge the US government's civil rights legislation and stated, "Be true to what you say on paper." Recent US administrations have handled the idea of constitutional patriotism differently. The Clinton administration instituted a policy which allowed the US government to determine what the Constitution needed. Ultimately, foreign policy required that sovereignty be safeguarded so that the Constitution itself can be secure. This resulted in rejections of the Land Mines Convention, the Rome Treaty, and the Kyoto Protocol. Constitutional patriotism's effects shifted during the Bush administration. After the attacks on September 11th, the Bush administration released the National Strategy for Homeland Security (NSHS) and the National Security Strategy of the United States of America (NSSUSA), which defined the American people as a culture with shared liberal and democratic principles. The NSHS specifically defined the American way of life as a "democratic political system... anchored by the Constitution." This version of constitutional patriotism continues to be prevalent in US government and citizen action. United Kingdom Constitutional patriotism in the United Kingdom is traditionally connected to the Magna Carta. Supranational examples The European Union Constitutional patriotism in the European Union is extremely important because it is one of the only supranational case studies. While the theory can be observed in various instances throughout the world, most are observed in cases specific to the constitution of a single country. Constitutional patriotism is especially applicable in the European Union because there is no single shared history or culture. It is not rooted in pride in a culture, race, or ethnicity but rather in a political order. The European Union makes multinational claims in its constitution, which makes political allegiance a complicated question to address. Creating a unified European identity is a difficult task, but constitutional patriotism has offered a liberal alternative to other forms of nationalism. It allows people to remain attached to a unique culture, potentially to their individual countries, but still share a common patriotic identity with other Europeans. It also encourages Europeans to distance themselves from "ethnic public self-definitions, ethnic definitions of citizenship and ethnic-priority immigration." Constitutional patriotism holds a political order accountable because people have the choice to be constitutionally patriotic. People will only feel pride in a political order which they feel warrants the emotion. The diversity of states in the European Union also makes a constitutional bond an appealing style of unity. Similarly, in the context of a history of wars, persecutions, genocide, and ethnic cleansing, states may choose to gather behind a constitution at the supranational level. Today, constitutional patriotism plays a role in distancing the current European Union from its past totalitarian experiences with Nazism and Stalinism. This is because it focuses on the acceptance of human rights but also "multicultural and multireligious tolerance." While Müller argues that the European Union has yet to fully acknowledge and embrace constitutional patriotism as an identity, countries do seem to be converging on "political ideals, civic expectations, and policy tools" that fall under the umbrella of constitutional patriotism. Other skeptics note institutional features, such as a lack of focus on meaningful electoral politics, as reasons for why it has not fully been embraced at the supranational level in the European Union. Many see their own national governments as their only hope of electoral accountability. The European Union also faces a question different from a lot of individual countries. While most countries are working "within the framework" of a constitution, the European Union must decide how strongly it will commit to a future of "constitutionalization". As trust in the public institutions continues to decrease, the future of its constitution could also come into question. Criticisms Critics have argued that loyalty to democratic values is too weak to preserve a deep bond to unify a state. This is because it is missing a key feature of individual identity for modern subjects—nationality, which in turn provides national identity "essential for realizing important liberal democratic values such as individual autonomy and social equality." They believe national identity is the base on which political morality can be achieved. In response to this, it has been questioned whether or not the nation should be responsible for the unity of a state. Vito Breda argued that Religious pluralism curtails reason in constitutional patriotism. Specifically, two issues arise: that some may not be able to accept a secular and rational morality and that some may prioritize religious beliefs. "By inserting the protection of pluralism, perhaps modeled on the liberal safeguard of freedom of faith, constitution patriotism might gain much cognitive strength." Critics have also argued that the theory focuses too much on a "domestic German agenda", or is "too specifically German". Essentially, its principles are only applicable in its original context: post-war West Germany. Especially when talking about Habermas's original theory, too much is attributed to a domestic German agenda and Habermas's concept of the public sphere to be applied in other, nonspecific situations. However, while it is argued that constitutional patriotism is too German, it is also criticized from the other, almost opposite, direction. Political theorists deem constitutional patriotism to be too abstract. It is argued that the concept lacks specificity on a global scale and has not been thought out enough to be applied to actual cases. This parallels Müller's acknowledgements that "there have been relatively few attempts to define the concept clearly" and "there has been significant disagreement as to whether [it] is a political value in itself or a means to ensure other values." Müller's responses to criticisms In response to many of the discussed criticisms, Müller responded with articles in 2006 and 2009, discussing ways in which he feels constitutional patriotism has been misunderstood or objected. "Too universalist": Critics often claim that constitutional patriotism is neither specific enough in providing a reason as to why citizens should follow their own constitution over someone else's nor does it provide motivation. Müller argues instead that constitutional patriotism is not about individuals questioning where they belong, but rather that it is about how they think about their political allegiances within the existing regime. Any trace of particularism invalidates universalist aspirations: Critics claim that constitutional patriotism is indistinct from liberal nationalism. However, this criticism assumes that pure universalism is possible. As it is not, political allegiances do matter. Additionally, liberal nationalists gravitate toward assimilationist and exclusionary policies to reinforce a sense of national culture, which is against the idea of constitutional patriotism. Too particular: Critics state that the theory is bound to its contextual origins in post-war West Germany. However, all universal norms must have an origin; pointing to these origins is not the same as disproving an argument which is normative. Reification: Critics claim that for constitutional patriotism to exist, there must be a concrete constitution, otherwise they will turn to liberal nationalism. In response, Müller claims that the written existence of a constitution is not as important as a "constitutional culture", which has liberal democratic values and norms which are stabilizing to society, yet also can be contested. Juridification of politics: Critics state that this theory leads to the understanding that politics is ideally the deliberation of judges. Müller responds that protest groups or civil society can influence governments directly rather than going straight to the courts. Constitutional patriotism as a civil religion: Critics argue that constitutional patriotism generates chauvinism and can lead to missions similar to McCarthyism in which traitors to the constitution are persecuted. While these claims are valid, Charles Taylor admits it is "the least dangerous social-political cohesion". More importantly, the norms and values on which constitutional patriotism is based should contain the resources to defend against intolerance. Dependence on a particular social theory: Critics argue that the theory is too attached to Jürgen Habermas's political thought. However, Müller makes the point that it is important to think of constitutional patriotism as a normatively dependent concept, which is dependent on a broad theory of justice. As these broad theories do not always need to be the same, they may change depending on what meaning for constitution patriotism is desired in a specific context; Habermas does not own the sole view of constitutional patriotism. Constitutional patriotism as a form of statist nationalism: Critics state that constitutional patriotism is a form of statist nationalism. Thus, it creates the same problems associated with nationalism, such as political manipulation and irrational loyalty. However, Müller counters this with the argument that constitutional patriotism is best understood as "a set of normative beliefs and commitments." Constitutional patriotism does not advocate for a specific type of government or motivate people to behave a certain way, but rather, is a normative idea based on "sharing political space on fair terms." Too "modernist": Thomas Meyer explains this criticism by stating that constitutional patriotism relies too heavily on existing institutions and is not universally applicable. Müller argues that constitutional patriotism actually allows for a "distancing" from these existing institutions, and nothing about constitutional patriotism is intrinsically "modernist". See also Civic nationalism References Social philosophy Political science terminology Postnationalism Patriotism Jürgen Habermas
Tests of general relativity serve to establish observational evidence for the theory of general relativity. The first three tests, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, concerned the "anomalous" precession of the perihelion of Mercury, the bending of light in gravitational fields, and the gravitational redshift. The precession of Mercury was already known; experiments showing light bending in accordance with the predictions of general relativity were performed in 1919, with increasingly precise measurements made in subsequent tests; and scientists claimed to have measured the gravitational redshift in 1925, although measurements sensitive enough to actually confirm the theory were not made until 1954. A more accurate program starting in 1959 tested general relativity in the weak gravitational field limit, severely limiting possible deviations from the theory. In the 1970s, scientists began to make additional tests, starting with Irwin Shapiro's measurement of the relativistic time delay in radar signal travel time near the Sun. Beginning in 1974, Hulse, Taylor and others studied the behaviour of binary pulsars experiencing much stronger gravitational fields than those found in the Solar System. Both in the weak field limit (as in the Solar System) and with the stronger fields present in systems of binary pulsars the predictions of general relativity have been extremely well tested. In February 2016, the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had directly detected gravitational waves from a black hole merger. This discovery, along with additional detections announced in June 2016 and June 2017, tested general relativity in the very strong field limit, observing to date no deviations from theory. Classical tests Albert Einstein proposed three tests of general relativity, subsequently called the "classical tests" of general relativity, in 1916: the perihelion precession of Mercury's orbit the deflection of light by the Sun the gravitational redshift of light In the letter to The Times (of London) on November 28, 1919, he described the theory of relativity and thanked his English colleagues for their understanding and testing of his work. He also mentioned three classical tests with comments: "The chief attraction of the theory lies in its logical completeness. If a single one of the conclusions drawn from it proves wrong, it must be given up; to modify it without destroying the whole structure seems to be impossible." Perihelion precession of Mercury Under Newtonian physics, an object in an (isolated) two-body system, consisting of the object orbiting a spherical mass, would trace out an ellipse with the center of mass of the system at a focus of the ellipse. The point of closest approach, called the periapsis (or when the central body is the Sun, perihelion), is fixed. Hence the major axis of the ellipse remains fixed in space. Both objects orbit around the center of mass of this system, so they each have their own ellipse. However, a number of effects in the Solar System cause the perihelia of planets to precess (rotate) around the Sun, or equivalently, cause the major axis to rotate about the center of mass, hence changing its orientation in space. The principal cause is the presence of other planets which perturb one another's orbit. Another (much less significant) effect is solar oblateness. Mercury deviates from the precession predicted from these Newtonian effects. This anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit was first recognized in 1859 as a problem in celestial mechanics, by Urbain Le Verrier. His re-analysis of available timed observations of transits of Mercury over the Sun's disk from 1697 to 1848 showed that the actual rate of the precession disagreed from that predicted from Newton's theory by 38″ (arcseconds) per tropical century (later re-estimated at 43″ by Simon Newcomb in 1882). A number of ad hoc and ultimately unsuccessful solutions were proposed, but they tended to introduce more problems. Le Verrier suggested that another hypothetical planet might exist to account for Mercury's behavior. The previously successful search for Neptune based on its perturbations of the orbit of Uranus led astronomers to place some faith in this possible explanation, and the hypothetical planet was even named Vulcan. Finally, in 1908, W. W. Campbell, Director of the Lick Observatory, after the comprehensive photographic observations by Lick astronomer, Charles D. Perrine, at three solar eclipse expeditions, stated, "In my opinion, Dr. Perrine's work at the three eclipses of 1901, 1905, and 1908 brings the observational side of the famous intramercurial-planet problem definitely to a close." Subsequently, no evidence of Vulcan was found and Einstein's 1915 general theory accounted for Mercury's anomalous precession. Einstein wrote to Michael Besso, "Perihelion motions explained quantitatively...you will be astonished". In general relativity, this remaining precession, or change of orientation of the orbital ellipse within its orbital plane, is explained by gravitation being mediated by the curvature of spacetime. Einstein showed that general relativity agrees closely with the observed amount of perihelion shift. This was a powerful factor motivating the adoption of general relativity. Although earlier measurements of planetary orbits were made using conventional telescopes, more accurate measurements are now made with radar. The total observed precession of Mercury is 574.10″±0.65 per century relative to the inertial ICRF. This precession can be attributed to the following causes: The correction by 42.980±0.001″/cy is the prediction of post-Newtonian theory with parameters . Thus the effect can be fully explained by general relativity. More recent calculations based on more precise measurements have not materially changed the situation. In general relativity the perihelion shift σ, expressed in radians per revolution, is approximately given by: where L is the semi-major axis, T is the orbital period, c is the speed of light, and e is the orbital eccentricity (see: Two-body problem in general relativity). The other planets experience perihelion shifts as well, but, since they are farther from the Sun and have longer periods, their shifts are lower, and could not be observed accurately until long after Mercury's. For example, the perihelion shift of Earth's orbit due to general relativity is theoretically 3.83868" per century and experimentally 3.8387±0.0004"/cy, Venus's is 8.62473"/cy and 8.6247±0.0005″/cy and Mars' is 1.351±0.001"/cy. Both values have now been measured, with results in good agreement with theory. The periapsis shift has also now been measured for binary pulsar systems, with PSR 1913+16 amounting to 4.2° per year. These observations are consistent with general relativity. It is also possible to measure periapsis shift in binary star systems which do not contain ultra-dense stars, but it is more difficult to model the classical effects precisely – for example, the alignment of the stars' spin to their orbital plane needs to be known and is hard to measure directly. A few systems, such as DI Herculis, have been measured as test cases for general relativity. Deflection of light by the Sun Henry Cavendish in 1784 (in an unpublished manuscript) and Johann Georg von Soldner in 1801 (published in 1804) had pointed out that Newtonian gravity predicts that starlight will bend around a massive object. The same value as Soldner's was calculated by Einstein in 1911 based on the equivalence principle alone. However, Einstein noted in 1915 in the process of completing general relativity, that his 1911 result (and thus Soldner's 1801 result) is only half of the correct value. Einstein became the first to calculate the correct value for light bending: 1.75 arcseconds for light that grazes the Sun. The first observation of light deflection was performed by noting the change in position of stars as they passed near the Sun on the celestial sphere. The observations were performed by Arthur Eddington and his collaborators (see Eddington experiment) during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, when the stars near the Sun (at that time in the constellation Taurus) could be observed. Observations were made simultaneously in the cities of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil and in São Tomé and Príncipe on the west coast of Africa. The result was considered spectacular news and made the front page of most major newspapers. It made Einstein and his theory of general relativity world-famous. When asked by his assistant what his reaction would have been if general relativity had not been confirmed by Eddington and Dyson in 1919, Einstein famously made the quip: "Then I would feel sorry for the dear Lord. The theory is correct anyway." The early accuracy, however, was poor and there was doubt that the small number of measured star locations and instrument questions could produce a reliable result. The results were argued by some to have been plagued by systematic error and possibly confirmation bias, although modern reanalysis of the dataset suggests that Eddington's analysis was accurate. The measurement was repeated by a team from the Lick Observatory led by the Director W. W. Campbell in the 1922 eclipse as observed in remote Australian station of Wallal, with results based on hundreds of star positions that agreed with the 1919 results and has been repeated several times since, most notably in 1953 by Yerkes Observatory astronomers and in 1973 by a team from the University of Texas. Considerable uncertainty remained in these measurements for almost fifty years, until observations started being made at radio frequencies. The deflection of starlight by the nearby white dwarf star Stein 2051 B has also been measured. Gravitational redshift of light Einstein predicted the gravitational redshift of light from the equivalence principle in 1907, and it was predicted that this effect might be measured in the spectral lines of a white dwarf star, which has a very high gravitational field. Initial attempts to measure the gravitational redshift of the spectrum of Sirius-B, were done by Walter Sydney Adams in 1925, but the result was criticized as being unusable due to the contamination from light from the (much brighter) primary star, Sirius. The first accurate measurement of the gravitational redshift of a white dwarf was done by Popper in 1954, measuring a 21 km/s gravitational redshift of 40 Eridani B. The redshift of Sirius B was finally measured by Greenstein et al. in 1971, obtaining the value for the gravitational redshift of 89±16 km/s, with more accurate measurements by the Hubble Space Telescope showing 80.4±4.8 km/s. Tests of special relativity The general theory of relativity incorporates Einstein's special theory of relativity, and hence tests of special relativity are also testing aspects of general relativity. As a consequence of the equivalence principle, Lorentz invariance holds locally in non-rotating, freely falling reference frames. Experiments related to Lorentz invariance special relativity (that is, when gravitational effects can be neglected) are described in tests of special relativity. Modern tests The modern era of testing general relativity was ushered in largely at the impetus of Dicke and Schiff who laid out a framework for testing general relativity. They emphasized the importance not only of the classical tests, but of null experiments, testing for effects which in principle could occur in a theory of gravitation, but do not occur in general relativity. Other important theoretical developments included the inception of alternative theories to general relativity, in particular, scalar–tensor theories such as the Brans–Dicke theory; the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism in which deviations from general relativity can be quantified; and the framework of the equivalence principle. Experimentally, new developments in space exploration, electronics and condensed matter physics have made additional precise experiments possible, such as the Pound–Rebka experiment, laser interferometry and lunar rangefinding. Post-Newtonian tests of gravity Early tests of general relativity were hampered by the lack of viable competitors to the theory: it was not clear what sorts of tests would distinguish it from its competitors. General relativity was the only known relativistic theory of gravity compatible with special relativity and observations. Moreover, it is an extremely simple and elegant theory. This changed with the introduction of Brans–Dicke theory in 1960. This theory is arguably simpler, as it contains no dimensionful constants, and is compatible with a version of Mach's principle and Dirac's large numbers hypothesis, two philosophical ideas which have been influential in the history of relativity. Ultimately, this led to the development of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism by Nordtvedt and Will, which parametrizes, in terms of ten adjustable parameters, all the possible departures from Newton's law of universal gravitation to first order in the velocity of moving objects (i.e. to first order in , where v is the velocity of an object and c is the speed of light). This approximation allows the possible deviations from general relativity, for slowly moving objects in weak gravitational fields, to be systematically analyzed. Much effort has been put into constraining the post-Newtonian parameters, and deviations from general relativity are at present severely limited. The experiments testing gravitational lensing and light time delay limits the same post-Newtonian parameter, the so-called Eddington parameter γ, which is a straightforward parametrization of the amount of deflection of light by a gravitational source. It is equal to one for general relativity, and takes different values in other theories (such as Brans–Dicke theory). It is the best constrained of the ten post-Newtonian parameters, but there are other experiments designed to constrain the others. Precise observations of the perihelion shift of Mercury constrain other parameters, as do tests of the strong equivalence principle. One of the goals of the BepiColombo mission to Mercury, is to test the general relativity theory by measuring the parameters gamma and beta of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism with high accuracy. The experiment is part of the Mercury Orbiter Radio science Experiment (MORE). The spacecraft was launched in October 2018 and is expected to enter orbit around Mercury in December 2025. Gravitational lensing One of the most important tests is gravitational lensing. It has been observed in distant astrophysical sources, but these are poorly controlled and it is uncertain how they constrain general relativity. The most precise tests are analogous to Eddington's 1919 experiment: they measure the deflection of radiation from a distant source by the Sun. The sources that can be most precisely analyzed are distant radio sources. In particular, some quasars are very strong radio sources. The directional resolution of any telescope is in principle limited by diffraction; for radio telescopes this is also the practical limit. An important improvement in obtaining positional high accuracies (from milli-arcsecond to micro-arcsecond) was obtained by combining radio telescopes across Earth. The technique is called very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). With this technique radio observations couple the phase information of the radio signal observed in telescopes separated over large distances. Recently, these telescopes have measured the deflection of radio waves by the Sun to extremely high precision, confirming the amount of deflection predicted by general relativity aspect to the 0.03% level. At this level of precision systematic effects have to be carefully taken into account to determine the precise location of the telescopes on Earth. Some important effects are Earth's nutation, rotation, atmospheric refraction, tectonic displacement and tidal waves. Another important effect is refraction of the radio waves by the solar corona. Fortunately, this effect has a characteristic spectrum, whereas gravitational distortion is independent of wavelength. Thus, careful analysis, using measurements at several frequencies, can subtract this source of error. The entire sky is slightly distorted due to the gravitational deflection of light caused by the Sun (the anti-Sun direction excepted). This effect has been observed by the European Space Agency astrometric satellite Hipparcos. It measured the positions of about 105 stars. During the full mission about relative positions have been determined, each to an accuracy of typically 3 milliarcseconds (the accuracy for an 8–9 magnitude star). Since the gravitation deflection perpendicular to the Earth–Sun direction is already 4.07 milliarcseconds, corrections are needed for practically all stars. Without systematic effects, the error in an individual observation of 3 milliarcseconds, could be reduced by the square root of the number of positions, leading to a precision of 0.0016 milliarcseconds. Systematic effects, however, limit the accuracy of the determination to 0.3% (Froeschlé, 1997). Launched in 2013, the Gaia spacecraft will conduct a census of one billion stars in the Milky Way and measure their positions to an accuracy of 24 microarcseconds. Thus it will also provide stringent new tests of gravitational deflection of light caused by the Sun which was predicted by General relativity. Light travel time delay testing Irwin I. Shapiro proposed another test, beyond the classical tests, which could be performed within the Solar System. It is sometimes called the fourth "classical" test of general relativity. He predicted a relativistic time delay (Shapiro delay) in the round-trip travel time for radar signals reflecting off other planets. The mere curvature of the path of a photon passing near the Sun is too small to have an observable delaying effect (when the round-trip time is compared to the time taken if the photon had followed a straight path), but general relativity predicts a time delay that becomes progressively larger when the photon passes nearer to the Sun due to the time dilation in the gravitational potential of the Sun. Observing radar reflections from Mercury and Venus just before and after they are eclipsed by the Sun agrees with general relativity theory at the 5% level. More recently, the Cassini probe has undertaken a similar experiment which gave agreement with general relativity at the 0.002% level. However, the following detailed studies revealed that the measured value of the PPN parameter gamma is affected by gravitomagnetic effect caused by the orbital motion of Sun around the barycenter of the solar system. The gravitomagnetic effect in the Cassini radioscience experiment was implicitly postulated by B. Bertotti as having a pure general relativistic origin but its theoretical value has never been tested in the experiment which effectively makes the experimental uncertainty in the measured value of gamma actually larger (by a factor of 10) than 0.002% claimed by B. Bertotti and co-authors in Nature. Very Long Baseline Interferometry has measured velocity-dependent (gravitomagnetic) corrections to the Shapiro time delay in the field of moving Jupiter and Saturn. The equivalence principle The equivalence principle, in its simplest form, asserts that the trajectories of falling bodies in a gravitational field should be independent of their mass and internal structure, provided they are small enough not to disturb the environment or be affected by tidal forces. This idea has been tested to extremely high precision by Eötvös torsion balance experiments, which look for a differential acceleration between two test masses. Constraints on this, and on the existence of a composition-dependent fifth force or gravitational Yukawa interaction are very strong, and are discussed under fifth force and weak equivalence principle. A version of the equivalence principle, called the strong equivalence principle, asserts that self-gravitation falling bodies, such as stars, planets or black holes (which are all held together by their gravitational attraction) should follow the same trajectories in a gravitational field, provided the same conditions are satisfied. This is called the Nordtvedt effect and is most precisely tested by the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment. Since 1969, it has continuously measured the distance from several rangefinding stations on Earth to reflectors on the Moon to approximately centimeter accuracy. These have provided a strong constraint on several of the other post-Newtonian parameters. Another part of the strong equivalence principle is the requirement that Newton's gravitational constant be constant in time, and have the same value everywhere in the universe. There are many independent observations limiting the possible variation of Newton's gravitational constant, but one of the best comes from lunar rangefinding which suggests that the gravitational constant does not change by more than one part in 1011 per year. The constancy of the other constants is discussed in the Einstein equivalence principle section of the equivalence principle article. Gravitational redshift and time dilation The first of the classical tests discussed above, the gravitational redshift, is a simple consequence of the Einstein equivalence principle and was predicted by Einstein in 1907. As such, it is not a test of general relativity in the same way as the post-Newtonian tests, because any theory of gravity obeying the equivalence principle should also incorporate the gravitational redshift. Nonetheless, confirming the existence of the effect was an important substantiation of relativistic gravity, since the absence of gravitational redshift would have strongly contradicted relativity. The first observation of the gravitational redshift was the measurement of the shift in the spectral lines from the white dwarf star Sirius B by Adams in 1925, discussed above, and follow-on measurements of other white dwarfs. Because of the difficulty of the astrophysical measurement, however, experimental verification using a known terrestrial source was preferable. Experimental verification of gravitational redshift using terrestrial sources took several decades, because it is difficult to find clocks (to measure time dilation) or sources of electromagnetic radiation (to measure redshift) with a frequency that is known well enough that the effect can be accurately measured. It was confirmed experimentally for the first time in 1959 using measurements of the change in wavelength of gamma-ray photons generated with the Mössbauer effect, which generates radiation with a very narrow line width. The Pound–Rebka experiment measured the relative redshift of two sources situated at the top and bottom of Harvard University's Jefferson tower. The result was in excellent agreement with general relativity. This was one of the first precision experiments testing general relativity. The experiment was later improved to better than the 1% level by Pound and Snider. The blueshift of a falling photon can be found by assuming it has an equivalent mass based on its frequency (where h is Planck's constant) along with , a result of special relativity. Such simple derivations ignore the fact that in general relativity the experiment compares clock rates, rather than energies. In other words, the "higher energy" of the photon after it falls can be equivalently ascribed to the slower running of clocks deeper in the gravitational potential well. To fully validate general relativity, it is important to also show that the rate of arrival of the photons is greater than the rate at which they are emitted. A very accurate gravitational redshift experiment, which deals with this issue, was performed in 1976, where a hydrogen maser clock on a rocket was launched to a height of 10,000 km, and its rate compared with an identical clock on the ground. It tested the gravitational redshift to 0.007%. Although the Global Positioning System (GPS) is not designed as a test of fundamental physics, it must account for the gravitational redshift in its timing system, and physicists have analyzed timing data from the GPS to confirm other tests. When the first satellite was launched, some engineers resisted the prediction that a noticeable gravitational time dilation would occur, so the first satellite was launched without the clock adjustment that was later built into subsequent satellites. It showed the predicted shift of 38 microseconds per day. This rate of discrepancy is sufficient to substantially impair function of GPS within hours if not accounted for. An excellent account of the role played by general relativity in the design of GPS can be found in Ashby 2003. Other precision tests of general relativity, not discussed here, are the Gravity Probe A satellite, launched in 1976, which showed gravity and velocity affect the ability to synchronize the rates of clocks orbiting a central mass and the Hafele–Keating experiment, which used atomic clocks in circumnavigating aircraft to test general relativity and special relativity together. Frame-dragging tests Tests of the Lense–Thirring precession, consisting of small secular precessions of the orbit of a test particle in motion around a central rotating mass, for example, a planet or a star, have been performed with the LAGEOS satellites, but many aspects of them remain controversial. The same effect may have been detected in the data of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, a former probe in orbit around Mars; also such a test raised a debate. First attempts to detect the Sun's Lense–Thirring effect on the perihelia of the inner planets have been recently reported as well. Frame dragging would cause the orbital plane of stars orbiting near a supermassive black hole to precess about the black hole spin axis. This effect should be detectable within the next few years via astrometric monitoring of stars at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. By comparing the rate of orbital precession of two stars on different orbits, it is possible in principle to test the no-hair theorems of general relativity. The Gravity Probe B satellite, launched in 2004 and operated until 2005, detected frame-dragging and the geodetic effect. The experiment used four quartz spheres the size of ping pong balls coated with a superconductor. Data analysis continued through 2011 due to high noise levels and difficulties in modelling the noise accurately so that a useful signal could be found. Principal investigators at Stanford University reported on May 4, 2011, that they had accurately measured the frame dragging effect relative to the distant star IM Pegasi, and the calculations proved to be in line with the prediction of Einstein's theory. The results, published in Physical Review Letters measured the geodetic effect with an error of about 0.2 percent. The results reported the frame dragging effect (caused by Earth's rotation) added up to 37 milliarcseconds with an error of about 19 percent. Investigator Francis Everitt explained that a milliarcsecond "is the width of a human hair seen at the distance of 10 miles". In January 2012, LARES satellite was launched on a Vega rocket to measure Lense–Thirring effect with an accuracy of about 1%, according to its proponents. This evaluation of the actual accuracy obtainable is a subject of debate. Tests of the gravitational potential at small distances It is possible to test whether the gravitational potential continues with the inverse square law at very small distances. Tests so far have focused on a divergence from GR in the form of a Yukawa potential , but no evidence for a potential of this kind has been found. The Yukawa potential with has been ruled out down to m. Mössbauer rotor experiment It was conceived as a means to measure the time dilation effect on Earth after being motivated by Einstein's equivalence principle that implies a rotating observer will be subject to the same transformations as an observer in a gravitational field. Mössbauer rotor experiments hence permit a precise terrestrial test of the relativistic Doppler effect. From a radioactive source fixed at the center of a spinning disc or rod, gamma rays travel to an absorber at the rim (in some variations of the experiment this scheme was reversed) and an unabsorbed number of them pass through depending on the rotational speed to arrive at a stationary counter (i.e., detector of gamma quanta resting in the lab frame). In lieu with the Clock hypothesis, Einstein's general relativity predicts that the moving absorber's clock at the rim should retard by a specific amount due to time dilation on account of centrifugal binding alone compared to a rest frame absorber. So the transmission of gamma photons through the absorber should increase during rotation, which can be subsequently measured by the stationary counter beyond the absorber. This prediction was actually observed using the Mössbauer effect, since the equivalence principle, as originally suggested by Einstein, implicitly allows the association of the time dilation due to rotation (calculated as a result of the change in the detector's count rate) with gravitational time dilation. Such experiments were pioneered by Hay et al. (1960), Champeney et al. (1965), and Kündig (1963), and all of them had declared confirmation of the prediction of Einstein's theory of relativity. Be that as it may, an early 21st Century re-examination of these endeavors called into question the validity of the past obtained results claiming to have verified time dilation as predicted by Einstein's relativity theory, whereby novel experimentations were carried out that uncovered an extra energy shift between emitted and absorbed radiation next to the classical relativistic dilation of time. This discovery was first explained as discrediting general relativity and successfully confirming at the laboratory scale the predictions of an alternative theory of gravity developed by T. Yarman and his colleagues. Against this development, a contentious attempt was made to explain the disclosed extra energy shift as arising from a so-far unknown and allegedly missed clock synchronization effect, which was unusually awarded a prize in 2018 by the Gravity Research Foundation for having secured a new proof of general relativity. However, at the same time period, it was revealed that said author committed several mathematical errors in his calculations, and the supposed contribution of the so-called clock synchronization to the measured time dilation is in fact practically null. As a consequence, a general relativistic explanation for the outcomes of Mössbauer rotor experiments remains open. Strong field tests The very strong gravitational fields that are present close to black holes, especially those supermassive black holes which are thought to power active galactic nuclei and the more active quasars, belong to a field of intense active research. Observations of these quasars and active galactic nuclei are difficult, and interpretation of the observations is heavily dependent upon astrophysical models other than general relativity or competing fundamental theories of gravitation, but they are qualitatively consistent with the black hole concept as modeled in general relativity. Binary pulsars Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars which emit regular radio pulses as they rotate. As such they act as clocks which allow very precise monitoring of their orbital motions. Observations of pulsars in orbit around other stars have all demonstrated substantial periapsis precessions that cannot be accounted for classically but can be accounted for by using general relativity. For example, the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar PSR B1913+16 (a pair of neutron stars in which one is detected as a pulsar) has an observed precession of over 4° of arc per year (periastron shift per orbit only about 10−6). This precession has been used to compute the masses of the components. Similarly to the way in which atoms and molecules emit electromagnetic radiation, a gravitating mass that is in quadrupole type or higher order vibration, or is asymmetric and in rotation, can emit gravitational waves. These gravitational waves are predicted to travel at the speed of light. For example, planets orbiting the Sun constantly lose energy via gravitational radiation, but this effect is so small that it is unlikely it will be observed in the near future (Earth radiates about 200 watts of gravitational radiation). The radiation of gravitational waves has been inferred from the Hulse–Taylor binary (and other binary pulsars). Precise timing of the pulses shows that the stars orbit only approximately according to Kepler's Laws: over time they gradually spiral towards each other, demonstrating an energy loss in close agreement with the predicted energy radiated by gravitational waves. For their discovery of the first binary pulsar and measuring its orbital decay due to gravitational-wave emission, Hulse and Taylor won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. A "double pulsar" discovered in 2003, PSR J0737-3039, has a periastron precession of 16.90° per year; unlike the Hulse–Taylor binary, both neutron stars are detected as pulsars, allowing precision timing of both members of the system. Due to this, the tight orbit, the fact that the system is almost edge-on, and the very low transverse velocity of the system as seen from Earth, J0737−3039 provides by far the best system for strong-field tests of general relativity known so far. Several distinct relativistic effects are observed, including orbital decay as in the Hulse–Taylor system. After observing the system for two and a half years, four independent tests of general relativity were possible, the most precise (the Shapiro delay) confirming the general relativity prediction within 0.05% (nevertheless the periastron shift per orbit is only about 0.0013% of a circle and thus it is not a higher-order relativity test). In 2013, an international team of astronomers reported new data from observing a pulsar-white dwarf system PSR J0348+0432, in which they have been able to measure a change in the orbital period of 8 millionths of a second per year, and confirmed GR predictions in a regime of extreme gravitational fields never probed before; but there are still some competing theories that would agree with these data. Direct detection of gravitational waves A number of gravitational-wave detectors have been built with the intent of directly detecting the gravitational waves emanating from such astronomical events as the merger of two neutron stars or black holes. In February 2016, the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had directly detected gravitational waves from a stellar binary black hole merger, with additional detections announced in June 2016, June 2017, and August 2017. General relativity predicts gravitational waves, as does any theory of gravitation in which changes in the gravitational field propagate at a finite speed. Then, the LIGO response function could discriminate among the various theories. Since gravitational waves can be directly detected, it is possible to use them to learn about the Universe. This is gravitational-wave astronomy. Gravitational-wave astronomy can test general relativity by verifying that the observed waves are of the form predicted (for example, that they only have two transverse polarizations), and by checking that black holes are the objects described by solutions of the Einstein field equations. Gravitational-wave astronomy can also test Maxwell-Einstein field equations. This version of the field equations predicts that spinning magnetars (i.e., neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic dipole field) should emit gravitational waves. "These amazing observations are the confirmation of a lot of theoretical work, including Einstein's general theory of relativity, which predicts gravitational waves," said Stephen Hawking. Direct observation of black holes The galaxy M87 was the subject of observation by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017; the 10 April 2019 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters (vol. 875, No. 1) was dedicated to the EHT results, publishing six open-access papers. The event horizon of the black hole at the center of M87 was directly imaged at the wavelength of radio waves by the EHT; the image was revealed in a press conference on 10 April 2019, the first image of a black hole's event horizon. In May 2022, the EHT provided the first image of the super massive black hole Sagittarius A* in the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Gravitational redshift and orbit precession of star in strong gravity field Gravitational redshift in light from the S2 star orbiting the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* in the center of the Milky Way has been measured with the Very Large Telescope using GRAVITY, NACO and SIFONI instruments. Additionally, there has now been detection of the Schwarzschild precession in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole. Strong equivalence principle The strong equivalence principle of general relativity requires universality of free fall to apply even to bodies with strong self-gravity. Direct tests of this principle using Solar System bodies are limited by the weak self-gravity of the bodies, and tests using pulsar–white-dwarf binaries have been limited by the weak gravitational pull of the Milky Way. With the discovery of a triple star system called PSR J0337+1715, located about 4,200 light-years from Earth, the strong equivalence principle can be tested with a high accuracy. This system contains a neutron star in a 1.6-day orbit with a white dwarf star, and the pair in a 327-day orbit with another white dwarf further away. This system permits a test that compares how the gravitational pull of the outer white dwarf affects the pulsar, which has strong self-gravity, and the inner white dwarf. The result shows that the accelerations of the pulsar and its nearby white-dwarf companion differ fractionally by no more than 2.6 (95% confidence level). X-ray spectroscopy This technique is based on the idea that photon trajectories are modified in the presence of a gravitational body. A very common astrophysical system in the universe is a black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. The radiation from the general neighborhood, including the accretion disk, is affected by the nature of the central black hole. Assuming Einstein's theory is correct, astrophysical black holes are described by the Kerr metric. (A consequence of the no-hair theorems.) Thus, by analyzing the radiation from such systems, it is possible to test Einstein's theory. Most of the radiation from these black hole – accretion disk systems (e.g., black hole binaries and active galactic nuclei) arrives in the form of X-rays. When modeled, the radiation is decomposed into several components. Tests of Einstein's theory are possible with the thermal spectrum (only for black hole binaries) and the reflection spectrum (for both black hole binaries and active galactic nuclei). The former is not expected to provide strong constraints, while the latter is much more promising. In both cases, systematic uncertainties might make such tests more challenging. Cosmological tests Tests of general relativity on the largest scales are not nearly so stringent as Solar System tests. The earliest such test was the prediction and discovery of the expansion of the universe. In 1922, Alexander Friedmann found that the Einstein equations have non-stationary solutions (even in the presence of the cosmological constant). In 1927, Georges Lemaître showed that static solutions of the Einstein equations, which are possible in the presence of the cosmological constant, are unstable, and therefore the static universe envisioned by Einstein could not exist (it must either expand or contract). Lemaître made an explicit prediction that the universe should expand. He also derived a redshift-distance relationship, which is now known as the Hubble Law. Later, in 1931, Einstein himself agreed with the results of Friedmann and Lemaître. The expansion of the universe discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929 was then considered by many (and continues to be considered by some now) as a direct confirmation of general relativity. In the 1930s, largely due to the work of E. A. Milne, it was realised that the linear relationship between redshift and distance derives from the general assumption of uniformity and isotropy rather than specifically from general relativity. However the prediction of a non-static universe was non-trivial, indeed dramatic, and primarily motivated by general relativity. Some other cosmological tests include searches for primordial gravitational waves generated during cosmic inflation, which may be detected in the cosmic microwave background polarization or by a proposed space-based gravitational-wave interferometer called the Big Bang Observer. Other tests at high redshift are constraints on other theories of gravity, and the variation of the gravitational constant since Big Bang nucleosynthesis (it varied by no more than 40% since then). In August 2017, the findings of tests conducted by astronomers using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT), among other instruments, were released, and positively demonstrated gravitational effects predicted by Albert Einstein. One of these tests observed the orbit of the stars circling around Sagittarius A*, a black hole about 4 million times as massive as the sun. Einstein's theory suggested that large objects bend the space around them, causing other objects to diverge from the straight lines they would otherwise follow. Although previous studies have validated Einstein's theory, this was the first time his theory had been tested on such a gigantic object. The findings were published in The Astrophysical Journal. Gravitational lensing Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope have made precise tests of general relativity on galactic scales. The nearby galaxy ESO 325-G004 acts as a strong gravitational lens, distorting light from a distant galaxy behind it to create an Einstein ring around its centre. By comparing the mass of ESO 325-G004 (from measurements of the motions of stars inside this galaxy) with the curvature of space around it, astronomers found that gravity behaves as predicted by general relativity on these astronomical length-scales. See also General relativity Tests of special relativity References Notes Other research papers A. Einstein, "Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogene Folgerungen", Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitaet und Elektronik 4 (1907); translated "On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it", in The collected papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 2 : The Swiss years: writings, 1900–1909 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1989), Anna Beck translator. Einstein proposes the gravitational redshift of light in this paper, discussed online at The Genesis of General Relativity. A. Einstein, "Über den Einfluß der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes", Annalen der Physik 35 (1911); translated "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" in The collected papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 3 : The Swiss years: writings, 1909–1911 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1994), Anna Beck translator, and in The Principle of Relativity, (Dover, 1924), pp 99–108, W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery translators, . The deflection of light by the sun is predicted from the principle of equivalence. Einstein's result is half the full value found using the general theory of relativity. M. Froeschlé, F. Mignard and F. Arenou, "Determination of the PPN parameter γ with the Hipparcos data" Hipparcos Venice '97, ESA-SP-402 (1997). Textbooks S. M. Carroll, Spacetime and Geometry: an Introduction to General Relativity, Addison-Wesley, 2003. A graduate-level general relativity textbook. A. S. Eddington, Space, Time and Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, reprint of 1920 ed. A. Gefter, "Putting Einstein to the Test", Sky and Telescope July 2005, p. 38. A popular discussion of tests of general relativity. H. Ohanian and R. Ruffini, Gravitation and Spacetime, 2nd Edition Norton, New York, 1994, . A general relativity textbook. C. M. Will, Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1993). A standard technical reference. C. M. Will, Was Einstein Right?: Putting General Relativity to the Test, Basic Books (1993). This is a popular account of tests of general relativity. Living Reviews papers N. Ashby, "Relativity in the Global Positioning System", Living Reviews in Relativity (2003). C. M. Will, The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment, Living Reviews in Relativity (2014). An online, technical review, covering much of the material in Theory and experiment in gravitational physics. It is less comprehensive but more up to date. (ArXiv version here: arxiv.org/abs/1403.7377 ) External links the USENET Relativity FAQ experiments page Mathpages article on Mercury's perihelion shift (for amount of observed and GR shifts). Mercury (planet)
The 2021 Campeonato Paranaense (officially the Campeonato Paranaense de Futebol Profissional da 1ª Divisão - Temporada 2021) was the 107th edition of the top division of football in the state of Paraná organized by FPF. The competition started on 27 February and ended on 13 October. FPF suspended the second and third rounds scheduled for the first two weeks of March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The tournament resumed on 11 March. Athletico Paranaense were the defending champions but were eliminated in the semi-finals. On 14 March, FC Cascavel fielded, against Paraná, the goalkeeper João Pedro. As João Pedro had not a professional contract, he was an ineligible player. Due to this, FC Cascavel were deducted six points and sanctioned with a fine of R$1,000 after they were punished, on 26 April, by Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva do Paraná (TJD–PR). On 22 April four players of Cascavel CR were stopped from playing against Athletico Paranaense because of suspicions they had attempted to falsify their COVID-19 tests. FPF started an investigation after a laboratory reported that the players had not taken their COVID-19 tests on the due dates. Originally, on 5 May, Cascavel CR were suspended for 180 days and sanctioned with a fine of R$20,000, however, after an appeal, TJD–PR increased the suspension to 720 days and the fine to R$200,000. Despite their suspension, Cascavel CR was cleared by Supremo Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva to play the last round of the first stage against Maringá. Tied 2–2 on aggregate, Londrina won their 5th title after defeating FC Cascavel on penalties. Format In the first stage, each team played the other eleven teams in a single round-robin tournament. The teams were ranked according to points. If tied on points, the following criteria would be used to determine the ranking: 1. Wins; 2. Goal difference; 3. Goals scored; 4. Head-to-head results (only between two teams); 5. Fewest red cards; 6. Fewest yellow cards; 7. Draw in the headquarters of the FPF. Top eight teams advanced to the quarter-finals of the final stages. The bottom two teams were relegated to the second division. Top three teams not already qualified for 2022 Série A, Série B or Série C qualified for 2022 Série D. Final stage was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis, with the best overall performance team hosting the second leg. If tied on aggregate, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winners. Top four teams qualified for the 2022 Copa do Brasil. Participating teams First stage Final stage Bracket Quarter-finals |} Group A Operário Ferroviário qualified for the semi-finals. Group B FC Cascavel qualified for the semi-finals. Group C Athletico Paranaense qualified for the semi-finals. Group D Londrina qualified for the semi-finals. Semi-finals |} Group E Londrina qualified for the finals. Group F FC Cascavel qualified for the semi-finals. Finals |} Group G Overall table Top goalscorers References Paranaense Campeonato Paranaense
Glenn Ciano (born December 11, 1974) is a director, writer, and producer. His works include Homie Spumoni, Loosies, Inkubus and Infected. Early life Ciano was born in Johnston, Rhode Island. Career Glenn began his motion picture career at the age of nineteen, working in various areas of production on several films, among which are: Grind (Adrienne Shelley, Billy Crudup) Palookaville (Frances McDormand, Vincent Gallo, William Forsythe) Wishful Thinking (Drew Barrymore, Jon Stewart) American Buffalo (Dustin Hoffman, Dennis Franz) Outside Providence (Alec Baldwin). Ciano made his directorial debut with his film Inkubus starring Robert Englund and William Forsythe. He has gone on to direct Infected starring Michael Madsen and Christy Carlson Romano. Glenn will be featured at Rock and Shock from Oct. 14th to the 16th with Robert Englund to premier 'Inkubus'' before an October 28 theatrical release of the film. Check out facebook.com/InkubusMovie for information on purchasing tickets and theaters where the film is playing. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20111010223525/http://www.rockandshock.com/home.htm http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/47236/director-glenn-ciano-talks-inkubus-robert-englund-infected-and-more Living people 1974 births American male screenwriters American film directors
Thomasburg is a municipality in the district of Lüneburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. References