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Inés Bergua (born 29 May 2004) is a Spanish rhythmic gymnast. She's the bronze All-Around and 5 hoops medalist at the 2022 World Championships.
Personal life
Inés took up the sport at age three influenced by her aunt. She was named the 2015 Most Promising Female Athlete of the Year at the Aragon Provincial Sports Gala, 2019 Female Athlete of the Year in Aragon, this award was presented in 2021, and Best Individual Athlete of the Women and Sports Awards 2022. Her biggest dream is to win a medal at the 2024 Olympic Games.
Career
Junior
Bergua was part of the Spanish junior group that competed at both the 2019 European and World Championships, finishing 7th in Baku and 5th in Moscow.
Senior
In 2021 Inés participated in the World Championships along Valeria Márquez, Ana Gayan, Patricia Pérez, Uma Mendez Gonzalez and Mireia Martínez, finishing 12th in the All-Around and 5th in the 3 hoops + 4 clubs' final.
The group debuted in 2022 at the World Cup in Sofia, they were 5th in the All-Around and 5 hoops and 6th with 3 ribbons + 2 balls. In Baku they were 12th in the All-Around and therefore didn't qualify for event finals. A month later in Pamplona they won bronze in the All-Around and silver with 5 hoops. In Portimão they won 3 silver medals. They won All-Around bronze and 5 hoops and silver with 3 ribbons + 2 balls in Cluj-Napoca. Inés took part, with Ana Arnau, Valeria Márquez, Patricia Pérez, Mireia Martínez and Salma Solaun in the 2022 European Championships in Tel Aviv, winning silver in the 3 ribbons + 2 balls final, and the World Championships in Sofia where the Spanish group won three bronze medals: All-Around (earning them a spot for the 2024 Olympics), 5 hoops, and team.
References
2004 births
Living people
Spanish rhythmic gymnasts
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships
Sportspeople from the Province of Huesca |
Lee Harrington (born 28 November 1979) is a sexuality and spirituality educator, author, and artist, currently based in Denver, Colorado. Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, he began transitioning from female to male in 2007.
Author and educator
Lee Harrington has had his writing and poetry appear in numerous magazines, anthologies, and books on the subjects of rope bondage, ageplay, spirituality, transgender rights, paganism and erotica. His book Shibari You Can Use: Japanese Rope Bondage and Erotic Macrame received the National Leather Association International’s Geoff Mains Book Award for 2008, and his books Playing Well With Others: Your Field Guide to Discovering, Exploring and Navigating the Kink, Leather and BDSM Communities (written with Mollena Williams) and More Shibari You Can Use: Passionate Rope Bondage & Intimate Connection received the National Leather Association International’s Geoff Mains Non-fiction book award for 2013 and 2016 respectively.
Model and photographer
From 1999 to 2006, Harrington was an adult film actor, pornographer, and sex blogger. He placed in the 2005 SIGNY Award for Best Bondage Model, and appeared on more than 70 adult websites (including Kink.com), various television appearances (such as Playboy's Sexcetera), and in a variety feature-length adult films.
Bibliography
Books authored
List of books authored by Harrington:
Playing Well With Others: Your Field Guide to Discovering, Exploring and Navigating the Kink, Leather and BDSM Communities (2012) (written with Mollena Williams)
Sacred Kink: The Eightfold Path of BDSM and Beyond (2010)
The Toybag Guide to Age Play (2007)
Shibari You Can Use: Japanese Rope Bondage and Erotic Macramé (2006)
More Shibari You Can Use: Passionate Rope Bondage & Intimate Connection (2015)
Traversing Gender: Understanding Transgender Realities (2016)
On Starry Thighs: Sacred and Sensual Poetry (2015)
Books edited
List of books authored by Harrington:
Spirit of Desire: Personal Explorations of Sacred Kink (2011)
Rope, Bondage, and Power (2009)
References
External links
Personal Blog
BDSM writers
Transgender male writers
Bondage riggers
American erotic artists
American sex educators
1979 births
Living people
American transgender writers |
The men's K-4 1000 metres event was a fours kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics program.
Medalists
Results
Heats
18 crews entered in three heats on September 27. The top three finishers from each of the heats advanced directly to the semifinals while the remaining nine teams were relegated to the repechages.
Repechages
Nine teams competed in two repechages on September 27. The top three finishers from each of the repechages advanced directly to the semifinals.
Semifinals
The top three finishers in each of the semifinals (raced on September 29) advanced to the final.
Norway's reason for not finishing was not disclosed in the official report.
Final
The final was held on October 1.
Hungary was seventh at the 500 meter mark before coming back to lead in the third 250-meter part of the race.
References
1988 Summer Olympics official report Volume 2, Part 2. pp. 341–3.
Sports-reference.com 1988 K-4 1000 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Fours 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 477.
Men's K-4 1000
Men's events at the 1988 Summer Olympics |
Carpenter's Brook Fish Hatchery is a county-maintained fish hatchery in the town of Elbridge, New York. The fish hatchery is located along New York State Route 321, at the intersection with former New York State Route 368 (now County Route 107). The location is maintained by Onondaga County's Parks commission, running full-time around the year with certain hours. Opened in 1938, it is only one of four county-maintained fish hatcheries in the state of New York at the current time. The fish hatchery produces over 70,000 trout annually. The staff of the hatchery, along with other volunteers, help fund retail sales and local fish stores with $4 million annually.
Geography
History
In the 19th Century, the national fish stocking system was a large need, and the national system of using fish hatcheries was started in the 1870s.
The fish hatchery was opened on its current location along NY 321 in 1938. The fish hatchery was a subsidy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and a service from Onondaga County. This was started when the New Deal started the Works Progress Administration, which helped develop the project.
Volunteering
References
External links
Carpenter's Brook Fish Hatchery - official site
Works Progress Administration in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Onondaga County, New York
Tourist attractions in Onondaga County, New York
Fish hatcheries in the United States
Agricultural buildings and structures in New York (state) |
Burroughs is a populated place established as a town in Chatham County, Georgia by former slaves. In 1906, it was described as a post-village near the Ogeechee River about 12 miles southwest of Savannah. It had a population of 118 in 1900. The town was chartered in 1898 and had its charter revoked in 1921. It is now a neighborhood of Savannah.
Burroughs is home to the historic St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church and New Ogeechee Missionary Baptist Church. J. C. Legree was its first mayor. Henry Alexander Saturnin Hartley was a missionary to the area.
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad passed through Burroughs. There was a Burroughs Station. In 1993 a filing was made to remove a train station stop in Burroughs. The area has artesian wells. There is a Burroughs Neighborhood Park.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chatham County, Georgia
References
History of Georgia (U.S. state)
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Towns in Chatham County, Georgia
Populated places in Chatham County, Georgia |
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, and Canada. It also organizes the athletic programs of colleges and helps over 500,000 college student athletes who compete annually in college sports. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Until 1957, the NCAA was a single division for all schools. That year, the NCAA split into the University Division and the College Division. In August 1973, the current three-division system of Division I, Division II, and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention. Under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships. Generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978, while Division I programs that did not have football teams were known as I-AAA. In 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). In its 2016–17 fiscal year, the NCAA took in $1.06 billion in revenue, over 82% of which was generated by the Division I men's basketball tournament.
Controversially, the NCAA formerly capped the benefits that collegiate athletes could receive from their schools. The consensus among economists is these caps for men's basketball and football players benefit the athletes' schools (through rent-seeking) at the expense of the athletes. Economists have subsequently characterized the NCAA as a cartel. On June 21, 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that the education-related benefit caps the NCAA imposes on student athletes are in violation of US antitrust law.
History
Formation and early years
Intercollegiate sports began in the United States in 1852 when crews from Harvard and Yale universities met in a challenge race in the sport of rowing. As rowing remained the preeminent sport in the country into the late-1800s, many of the initial debates about collegiate athletic eligibility and purpose were settled through organizations like the Rowing Association of American Colleges and the Intercollegiate Rowing Association. As other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, but the rules of the game itself were in constant flux and often had to be adapted for each contest.
The NCAA dates its formation to two White House conferences convened by President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 20th century in response to repeated injuries and deaths in college football which had "prompted many college and universities to discontinue the sport." Following those White House meetings and the reforms which had resulted, Chancellor Henry MacCracken of New York University organized a meeting of 13 colleges and universities to initiate changes in football playing rules; at a follow-on meeting on December 28, 1905, in New York, 62 higher-education institutions became charter members of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS). The IAAUS was officially established on March 31, 1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910.
For several years, the NCAA was a discussion group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted: the National Collegiate Track and Field Championships. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, including a basketball championship in 1939.
A series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The "Sanity Code" – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, and the Association needed to find more effective ways to curtail its membership. Postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance.
The NCAA engaged in a bitter power struggle with the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). The complexity of those problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership.
Walter Byers, previously an assistant sports information director, was named executive director in 1951. The Harvard Crimson described Byers as "power-mad," The New York Times said that Byers was "secretive, despotic, stubborn and ruthless," The Washington Post described him as a dictator, and others described him as a "petty tyrant."”
Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, and a national headquarters was established in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1952. A program to control live television of football games was approved, the annual Convention delegated enforcement powers to the Association's Council, and legislation was adopted governing postseason bowl games.
1970s–1980s
As college athletics grew, the scope of the nation's athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the association's membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III. Five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA (renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and the Football Championship Subdivision in 2006) in football.
Until the 1980s, the association did not govern women's athletics. Instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), with nearly 1,000 member schools, governed women's collegiate sports in the United States. The AIAW was in a vulnerable position that precipitated conflicts with the NCAA in the early-1980s. Following a one-year overlap in which both organizations staged women's championships, the AIAW discontinued operation, and most member schools continued their women's athletics programs under the governance of the NCAA. By 1982 all divisions of the NCAA offered national championship events for women's athletics. A year later in 1983, the 75th Convention approved an expansion to plan women's athletic program services and pushed for a women's championship program.
Presidents Commission
Proposals at every NCAA Convention are voted on by the institutional members of the NCAA. Each institutional member has one representative: the president/CEO or a representative designated by him/her.
Attendance by the actual president/CEO was low; less than 30%. Southern Methodist University President A. Kenneth Pye commented, "In too many cases, presidents have not only delegated responsibility, they have abdicated it." Many presidents designated their athletic director as the institutional representative, something Pye compared to "entrusting a chicken coop to the supervision of a wolf and a fox."
Beginning around 1980, a group of college presidents thought there was a crisis of integrity in collegiate sports and discussed ways to
transform athletics to match the academic model. The American Council on Education (ACE) proposed a presidential board empowered to veto NCAA membership actions, while the NCAA Council, whose membership was mostly athletic officials, suggested a presidential commission with advisory powers. The Council's proposal may have been intended to block the presidential effort to gain control of the NCAA. The two proposals were voted on by the membership at the NCAA Convention in January 1984. The ACE proposal was defeated by a vote of 313 to 328. The Council proposal passed on a voice vote without ballots.
Publicly, the Presidents' Commission (PC) was responsible for establishing an agenda for the NCAA, but the actual language of the proposal stated that their role was to be a presidential forum and to provide the NCAA with the president's position on major policy issues. The PC could study issues and urge action, call special meetings and sponsor legislation. Their one real power was to veto the selection of Executive Director. The composition of the commission was 22 CEOs from Division I and 11 CEOs each from Divisions II and III.
The true intent of the PC was to shift control of intercollegiate athletics back to CEOs. Graduation rates were an important metric to chancellors and presidents and became a focus of the PC.
In June 1985 a special convention was held to review legislative proposals including academic integrity, academic-reporting requirements, differences in "major" and "secondary" violations including the "death penalty" and requiring an annual financial audit of athletic departments. All proposals passed overwhelmingly. Many presidents who did not attend sent a vice-president rather than their athletic director. University of Florida President Marshall Criser stated that "the ultimate responsibility must be assumed by the CEOs because we don't have enough NCAA cops to solve all of the problems."
The regular NCAA meeting in January 1986 presented proposals in regard to college eligibility, drug testing, and basketball competition limits. All passed but matters regarding acceptable academic progress, special-admissions and booster club activities were ignored. Many presidents did not attend and it appeared that athletic directors controlled the meeting. A survey of 138 Division I presidents indicated that athletic directors did control collegiate sports. Despite a moratorium on extending the season of any sport in 1985, the extension of basketball and hockey seasons were approved. Indiana University president John W. Ryan, outgoing chairman of the PC commented, "If the moratorium is vacated, it's being vacated not by the commission, but by this convention." Following the vote, a delegate was quoted, "A lot of Athletic Directors figure they've successfully waited out the presidents...unless the presidents fight back, NCAA reform is flat-ass dead in the water."
The PC proposed just one legislative issue at the January 1987 meeting: applying the minimum academic standards in Division I to Division II. It narrowly passed.
The PC attempted to again push the reform of college athletics by calling another special convention which was held in June 1987 to discuss cost-cutting measures and to address the overemphasis on athletics in colleges and universities. John Slaughter, Chancellor of the University of Maryland served as chairman. He stated, "This represents the second major thrust since our commission was formed three years ago. The first involved academics and infractions. This will be equally momentous and more sweeping. We want to achieve a balance between athletics and other institutional programs."
Cost-cutting measures proposed included reductions in athletic financial aid, coaching staff sizes, and length of practice/playing seasons. A resolution was also floated that opposed coaches receiving outside financial compensation if outside activities interfere with regular duties. All the PC proposals were defeated, and two basketball scholarships were restored that were eliminated at the meeting in January. It was apparent that there was an open conflict between college presidents.
The president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Ernest L. Boyer summarized the situation: "There are presidents whose institutions are so deeply involved in athletics that their own institutional and personal futures hang in the balance. They feel they must resist such change because athletics are bigger than they are."
The PC sponsored no legislation at the January 1988 annual meeting, and there was not a vote of confidence.
However, a year later at the annual meeting, financial aid restrictions were proposed for specific Division I and II sports. Following extensive discussions, the measure was withdrawn and a Special Committee on Cost Reductions was formed to study the issue. Once again, a proposal from the PC was circumvented.
The Presidents' Commission met in October 1989 to prepare for the 1990 NCAA annual meeting. Proposals were developed to shorten spring football and the basketball season; grant financial aid based on need to academically deficient athletes; and reporting of graduation rates. Chancellor Martin Massengale of the University of Nebraska was then chairman of the PC insisted that graduation rate data was needed to preclude "further need for federal legislation" that was being proposed by Representative Tom McMillen and Senator Bill Bradley. The proposals demonstrated that the PC was intent on regaining control of college athletics and the opposition was immediate. Commissioner of the Big Ten Conference Jim Delaney responded, "They tend to want quick answers and you don't solve the complexities of intercollegiate athletics. Yes, presidents are involved, but the truth is, they really don't have time to be involved." Bo Schembechler was blunt, "Unfortunately, you're dealing with people who don't understand. We're trying to straddle the fence here because you still want me to put 100,000 (fans) in the stadium and the reason you want me to do it is because you're not going to help me financially at all." In 1990, the University of Michigan head football coach and athletic director resigned his college job to become president of the Major League Baseball Detroit Tigers. Upon his departure, he predicted, "In the next five years, school presidents will completely confuse intercollegiate athletics directors, then they'll dump it back to athletics directors and say, 'You straighten this out.' About 2000, it may be back on track."
Presidential turnout for the January 1990 meeting was good and many who did not attend sent a delegate to vote for the PC. The graduation reporting proposal passed overwhelmingly, and the proposal for need-based non-athletic aid passed easily. The final proposal to shorten basketball and spring football generated fierce debate. There was a motion to defer the proposal for study that failed 383–363, but the many PC members relaxed, confident of victory. PC Chairman Massengale left the meeting for other business, but during lunch, council members began lobbying and twisting arms to change votes. When the session resumed, council members began criticizing the PC and quickly executed a parliamentary maneuver to refer the proposal to the NCAA Council. Many PC members were still at lunch when a roll call vote passed 170–150. University of Texas women's athletic director Donna Lopiano complained, "The Presidents' Commission needs to do what it does best, and that is to macro-manage. Leave the micro-management to the various expert groups. We
will bring back solutions."
Numerous presidents were shocked, upset and angry, but the remaining PC members began their own lobbying and arm-twisting. An hour later, there was a sense that representatives who had voted against the direction of their respective presidents had reconsidered, and a motion was made to reconsider by Lattie F. Coor, president of Arizona State University. West Point Lieutenant General Dave Richard Palmer urged the vote, stating the NCAA needed "to make a mark on the wall...delay is the deadliest form of denial."
Following discussion, compromise and voting on minor issues, the reconsideration motion passed, and the third proposal was adopted with a vote of 165–156.
The Presidents Commission held hearings beginning on May 9, 1991, to develop stronger academic standards.
The Presidents Commission lasted for 13 years and pushed through initiatives such as restricting the size of coaching staffs; limiting how much time student-athletes can spend on their sports; and setting more demanding academic standards for Divisions I and II.
By the 1980s, televised college football had become a larger source of income for the NCAA. In September 1981, the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia Athletic Association filed suit against the NCAA in district court in Oklahoma. The plaintiffs stated that the NCAA's football television plan constituted price fixing, output restraints, boycott, and monopolizing, all of which were illegal under the Sherman Act. The NCAA argued that its pro-competitive and non-commercial justifications for the plan – protection of live gate, maintenance of competitive balance among NCAA member institutions, and the creation of a more attractive "product" to compete with other forms of entertainment – combined to make the plan reasonable. In September 1982, the district court found in favor of the plaintiffs, ruling that the plan violated antitrust laws. It enjoined the association from enforcing the contract. The NCAA appealed all the way to the United States Supreme Court, but lost in 1984 in a 7–2 ruling NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. (If the television contracts the NCAA had with ABC, CBS, and ESPN had remained in effect for the 1984 season, they would have generated some $73.6 million for the association and its members.)
Late 1990s
In 1999, the NCAA was sued for discriminating against female athletes under Title IX for systematically giving men in graduate school more waivers than a woman to participate in college sports. In National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Smith, 525 U.S. 459 (1999) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the NCAA was not subject to that law, without reviewing the merits of the discrimination claim.
Over the last two decades recruiting international athletes has become a growing trend among NCAA institutions. For example, most German athletes outside of Germany are based at US universities. For many European athletes, the American universities are the only option to pursue an academic and athletic career at the same time. Many of these students come to the US with high academic expectations and aspirations.
In 2009, Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, became the NCAA's first non-US member institution, joining Division II. In 2018, Division II membership approved allowing schools from Mexico to apply for membership; CETYS of Tijuana, Baja California expressed significant interest in joining at the time.
In 2014, the NCAA set a record high of $989 million in net revenue. Just shy of $1 billion, it is among the highest of all large sports organizations.
During the NCAA's 2022 annual convention, the membership ratified a new version of the organization's constitution. The new constitution dramatically simplifies a rulebook that many college sports leaders saw as increasingly bloated.
It also reduces the size of the NCAA Board of Governors from 20 to 9, and guarantees that current and former athletes have voting representation on both the NCAA board and the governing bodies of each NCAA division. The new constitution was the first step in a reorganization process in which each division will have the right to set its own rules, with no approval needed from the rest of the NCAA membership.
Notable court cases
In the late-1940s, there were only two colleges in the country, Notre Dame and Pennsylvania, with national TV contracts, a considerable source of revenue. In 1951, the NCAA voted to prohibit any live TV broadcast of college football games during the season. No sooner had the NCAA voted to ban television than public outcry forced it to retreat. Instead, the NCAA voted to restrict the number of televised games for each team to stop the slide in gate attendance. University of Pennsylvania president Harold Stassen defied the monopoly and renewed its contract with ABC. Eventually, Penn dropped its suit when the NCAA, refusing Penn's request that the U.S. Attorney General rule on the legality of the NCAA's restrictive plan, threatened to expel the university from the association. Notre Dame continued televising its games through 1953, working around the ban by filming its games, then broadcasting them the next evening.
In 1957, the Colorado Supreme Court dismissed a lawsuit filed by the family of deceased Trinidad College football player Ray Herbert Dennison. Despite suffering a lethal concussion injury on the field in a game versus Fort Lewis A&M College, Dennison was not entitled to any compensation because he was not under a contractual obligation to play football. Furthermore, the court stated that the "college did not receive a direct benefit from the activities, since the college was not in the football business and received no benefit from this field of recreation".
In 1977, prompted partly by the Tarkanian Case, the US Congress initiated an investigation into the NCAA. It, combined with Tarkanian's case, forced the NCAA's internal files into the public record.
In 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma that the NCAA's complete control of television rights violated the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts, paving the way for schools and conferences to independently make deals with TV broadcasters directly.
In 1998, the NCAA settled a $2.5 million lawsuit filed by former UNLV basketball coach, Jerry Tarkanian. Tarkanian sued the NCAA after he was forced to resign from UNLV, where he had been head coach from 1973 to 1992. The suit claimed the agency singled him out, penalizing the university's basketball program three times in that span. Tarkanian said, "They can never, ever, make up for all the pain and agony they caused me. All I can say is that for 25 years they beat the hell out of me". The NCAA said that it regretted the long battle and it now has more understanding of Tarkanian's position and that the case has changed the enforcement process for the better.
In 1999, the NCAA was sued for discriminating against female athletes under Title IX for systematically giving men in graduate school more waivers than a woman to participate in college sports. In National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Smith, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the NCAA was not subject to that law, without reviewing the merits of the discrimination claim.
In 2007, the case of White et al. v. NCAA, No. CV 06-999-RGK (C.D. Cal. September 20, 2006) was brought by former NCAA student-athletes Jason White, Brian Pollack, Jovan Harris, and Chris Craig as a class action lawsuit. They argued that the NCAA's current limits on a full scholarship or grant-in-aid was a violation of federal antitrust laws. Their reasoning was that in the absence of such a limit, NCAA member schools would be free to offer any financial aid packages they desired to recruit the student and athlete. The NCAA settled before a ruling by the court, by agreeing to set up the Former Student-Athlete Fund to "assist qualified candidates applying for receipt of career development expenses and/or reimbursement of educational expenses under the terms of the agreement with plaintiffs in a federal antitrust lawsuit."
In 2013, Jay Bilas claimed that the NCAA was taking advantage of individual players through jersey sales in its store. Specifically, he typed the names of several top college football players, Tajh Boyd, Teddy Bridgewater, Jadeveon Clowney, Johnny Manziel, and A. J. McCarron, into the search engine of the NCAA's official online store. The search results returned corresponding numbered team jerseys. The NCAA subsequently removed the team jerseys listed on its site.
In March 2014, four players filed a class action antitrust lawsuit (O'Bannon v. NCAA), alleging that the NCAA and its five dominant conferences are an "unlawful cartel". The suit charges that NCAA caps on the value of athletic scholarships have "illegally restricted the earning power of football and men's basketball players while making billions off their labor". Tulane University Sports Law Program Director Gabe Feldman called the suit "an instantly credible threat to the NCAA." On September 30, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that limiting compensation to the cost of an athlete's attendance at a university was sufficient. It simultaneously ruled against a federal judge's proposal to pay student athletes $5,000 per year in deferred compensation.
In August 2015, the National Labor Relations Board reversed a decision settled in the prior year that classified members of Northwestern University's scholarship football players as employees, thus, granting them the right to collectively bargain for their rights. The unionization efforts were a direct effort led by the College Athletes Player Association and Kain Colter, who operated with the support of the United Steelworkers group. The case was ultimately struck down due to difficulties in applying the ruling across both public and private institutions. The NCAA made several improvements to the value of athletic scholarships and the quality of healthcare coverage in response to this movement by the Northwestern football players. These reforms included guaranteeing the entire four years of scholarship in the event of a career-ending injury, the implementation of "cost of attendance" stipends, the institution of "unlimited" athlete meal plans, and protections for the name, image, and likeness of athletes by third parties such as Electronic Arts.
In 2018 former UCF kicker Donald De La Haye filed a lawsuit alleging that the university violated his First Amendment rights when it rescinded his full athletic scholarship over the income De La Haye made from his monetized YouTube channel, which he started before he attended college. UCF argued De La Haye violated the NCAA policy forbidding student-athletes from using their likenesses to make money. De La Haye ultimately settled with UCF so that he could obtain his degree from the university.
In June 2021 the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously affirmed a ruling in NCAA v. Alston that provides for an incremental increase in how college athletes can be compensated. Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote the court's opinion, which upheld a district court judge's decision that the NCAA was violating antitrust law by placing limits on the education-related benefits that schools can provide to athletes. The decision allows schools to provide their athletes with unlimited compensation as long as it is some way connected to their education. The idea that college athletes should not be paid, a fundamental tenet of the 115-year-old NCAA, has faced increasing scrutiny in recent years. Federal antitrust lawsuits have slowly eroded strict amateurism rules during the past decade.
Headquarters
The modern era of the NCAA began in July 1955 when its executive director, Kansas City, Missouri native Walter Byers, moved the organization's headquarters from the LaSalle Hotel in Chicago (where its offices were shared by the headquarters of the Big Ten Conference) to the Fairfax Building in Downtown Kansas City. The move was intended to separate the NCAA from the direct influence of any individual conference and keep it centrally located.
The Fairfax was a block from Municipal Auditorium which had hosted men's basketball Final Four games in 1940, 1941, and 1942. After Byers moved the headquarters to Kansas City, the championships would be held in Municipal Auditorium in 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, and 1964. The Fairfax office consisted of three rooms with no air conditioning. Byers' staff consisted of four people: an assistant, two secretaries, and a bookkeeper.
In 1964, the NCAA moved three blocks away to offices in the Midland Theatre, moving again in 1973 to a $1.2 million building on on Shawnee Mission Parkway in suburban Mission, Kansas. In 1989, the organization moved farther south to Overland Park, Kansas. The new building was on and had of space.
The NCAA was dissatisfied with its Johnson County, Kansas suburban location, noting that its location on the southern edges of the Kansas City suburbs was more than 40 minutes from Kansas City International Airport. They also noted that the suburban location was not drawing visitors to its new visitors' center.
In 1997, it asked for bids for a new headquarters. Various cities competed for a new headquarters with the two finalists being Kansas City and Indianapolis. Kansas City proposed to relocate the NCAA back downtown near the Crown Center complex and would locate the visitors' center in Union Station. However Kansas City's main sports venue Kemper Arena was nearly 23 years old. Indianapolis argued that it was in fact more central than Kansas City in that two-thirds of the members are east of the Mississippi River. The 50,000-seat RCA Dome far eclipsed 19,500-seat Kemper Arena. In 1999, the NCAA moved its 300-member staff to its new headquarters in the White River State Park in a four-story facility on the west edge of downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. Adjacent to the headquarters is the NCAA Hall of Champions.
Structure
The NCAA's Board of Governors (formerly known as the Executive Committee) is the main body within the NCAA. This body elects the NCAA's president.
The NCAA's legislative structure is broken down into cabinets and committees, consisting of various representatives of its member schools. These may be broken down further into sub-committees. The legislation is then passed on to the Management Council, which oversees all the cabinets and committees, and also includes representatives from the schools, such as athletic directors and faculty advisers. Management Council legislation goes on to the Board of Directors, which consists of school presidents, for final approval. The NCAA national office staff provides support by acting as guides, liaisons, researchers, and by managing public and media relations.
The NCAA runs the officiating software company ArbiterSports, based in Sandy, Utah, a joint venture between two subsidiaries of the NCAA, Arbiter LLC and eOfficials LLC. The NCAA's stated objective for the venture is to help improve the fairness, quality, and consistency of officiating across amateur athletics.
Presidents of the NCAA
The NCAA had no full-time administrator until 1951, when Walter Byers was appointed executive director. In 1998, the title was changed to president.
Walter Byers 1951–1988 (Executive Director)
James Frank 1981–1983 (Executive Director)
Dick Schultz 1988–1993
Judith Sweet 1991–1993
Cedric Dempsey 1994–2002
Myles Brand 2003–2009
Jim Isch 2009–2010 (interim)
Mark Emmert 2010–2023
Charlie Baker 2023–present
Chief medical officer
In 2013, the NCAA hired Brian Hainline as its first chief medical officer.
Division history
Before 1957, all NCAA sports used a single division of competition. In 1957 the NCAA split into two divisions for men's basketball only, with major programs making up the University Division and smaller programs making up the College Division. The names could be confusing, as some schools with "University" in their name still competed in the College Division while some with "College" in their name competed in the University Division. The split gradually took hold in other sports as well. Records from before the split were inherited by the University Division.
In 1973 the College Division split up between teams that wanted to grant athletic scholarships (becoming Division II, which inherited the College Division's records and history) and teams that did not (becoming Division III), and the University Division was renamed to Division I. Division I split into two subdivisions for football only in 1978 (though both still under the Division I name), with Division I-A consisting of major teams who would continue to compete in bowl games and use various polls to decide its champion and Division I-AA consisting of smaller teams who would compete in the new NCAA Football Tournament to decide its champion. Division I schools without football teams were known as Division I-AAA. In 2006, Division I-A became the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), Division I-AA became the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), and Division I-AAA became Division I non-football. The changes were in name only with no significant structural differences to the organization.
"National Collegiate" sports
For some less-popular sports, the NCAA does not separate teams into their usual divisions and instead holds only one tournament to decide a single national champion between all three divisions (except for women's ice hockey and men's indoor volleyball, where the National Collegiate championship only features teams from Division I and Division II and a separate championship is contested for only Division III). The 11 sports which use the National Collegiate format, also called the single-division format, are women's bowling, fencing, men's gymnastics, women's gymnastics, women's ice hockey, rifle, skiing, men's indoor volleyball, women's beach volleyball, men's water polo, and women's water polo. The NCAA considers a National Collegiate title equivalent to a Division I title even if the champion is primarily a member of Division II or III. These championships are largely dominated by teams that are otherwise members of Division I, but current non-Division I teams have won 40 National Collegiate championships since the University Division/College Division split as of 2022 (2 in bowling, 20 in fencing, 8 in women's ice hockey, and 10 in rifle). Division III schools are allowed to grant athletic scholarships to students who compete in National Collegiate sports, though most do not.
Men's ice hockey uses a similar but not identical "National Collegiate" format as women's ice hockey and men's indoor volleyball (Division III has its own championship but several Division III teams compete in Division I for men's ice hockey), but its top-level championship is branded as a "Division I" championship. While the NCAA has not explained why it is the only sport with this distinction, the NCAA held a separate Division II championship from 1978 to 1984 and again from 1993 to 1999. As of 2023, 12 Division I men's ice hockey championships have been won by current non-Division I teams since the University Division/College Division split. Like with National Collegiate sports, schools that are otherwise members of Division III who compete in Division I for men's ice hockey are allowed to grant athletic scholarships for the sport.
All sports used the National Collegiate format until 1957, when the NCAA was split into the University Division and College Division (which itself was split into Divisions II and III in 1973). The only sport that immediately saw a change after the 1957 split was basketball; all other sports continued to use the National Collegiate format for at least one season, and usually many more. Some sports that began after the split once used the format and no longer do. This include men's and women's lacrosse, women's rowing, women's soccer, and men's and women's indoor track & field.
Some sports, including men's and women's golf, men's ice hockey, men's lacrosse, and men's and women's soccer used to have a combined championship between Divisions II and III, but these were known as a "Division II/III championship" in most cases. The NCAA considered these titles equivalent to a Division II title. No sport currently uses this format.
Player eligibility
The NCAA requires all of its athletes to be amateurs. All incoming athletes must be certified as amateurs. To remain eligible, athletes must not sign contract with sports clubs, earn a salary playing a sport, try out for professional sports, or enter into agreements with agents.
To participate in college athletics in their freshman year, the NCAA requires that students meet three criteria: having graduated from high school, be completing the minimum required academic courses, and having qualifying grade-point average (GPA).
The 16 academic credits are four courses in English, two courses in math, two classes in social science, two in natural or physical science, and one additional course in English, math, natural or physical science, or another academic course such as a foreign language.
To meet the Division I requirements for grade point average, the lowest possible high school GPA a student may have to be eligible with to play in their freshman year is a 2.30 (2.20 for Division II or III), but they are allowed to play beginning in their second year with a GPA of 2.00.
As of the 2017–18 school year, a high school student may sign a letter of intent to enter and play football for a Division I or Division II college in either of two periods. The first, introduced in 2017–18, is a three-day period in mid-December, coinciding with the first three days of the previously existing signing period for junior college players. The second period, which before 2017 was the only one allowed for signings of high school players, starts on the first Wednesday in February. In August 2011, the NCAA announced plans to raise academic requirements for postseason competition, including its two most prominent competitions, football's now-defunct Bowl Championship Series (replaced in 2014 by the College Football Playoff) and the Division I men's basketball tournament; the new requirement, which are based on an "Academic Progress Rate" (APR) that measures retention and graduation rates, and is calculated on a four-year, rolling basis. The changes raise the rate from 900 to 930, which represents a 50% graduation rate.
Student-athletes can accept prize money from tournaments or competitions if they do not exceed the total expenses from the event. For example, during high school, D1 tennis players may take up to $10,000 in total prize money. If the student surpassed the amount of $10,000 of prize money in a calendar year, they would lose eligibility.
Students are generally allowed to compete athletically for four years. Athletes are allowed to sit out a year while still attending school but not lose a year of eligibility by redshirting. In other words, a student has five years from the time they begin college to play four seasons.
NCAA sponsored sports
The NCAA currently awards 90 national championships yearly – 46 women's, 41 men's, and 3 coed championships for fencing, rifle, and skiing. Sports sanctioned by the NCAA include the following: basketball, baseball (men), beach volleyball (women), softball (women), football (men), cross country, field hockey (women), bowling (women), golf, fencing (coeducational), lacrosse, soccer, gymnastics, rowing (women), volleyball, ice hockey, water polo, rifle (coeducational), tennis, skiing (coeducational), track and field, swimming and diving, and wrestling (men). The newest sport to be officially sanctioned is beach volleyball, which held its first championship in spring 2016. The NCAA had called the sport "sand volleyball" until June 23, 2015, when it announced that it would use the internationally recognized name of "beach volleyball".
The Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I determines its own champion separately from the NCAA via the College Football Playoff; this is not an official NCAA championship (see below).
The NCAA awards championships in the sports listed below. For the three coeducational championships, women's dates reflect the first championship that was open to women.
In addition to the sports above, the NCAA sanctioned a boxing championship from 1932 to 1960. The NCAA discontinued boxing following declines in the sport during the 1950s and following the death of a boxer at the 1960 NCAA tournament.
The NCAA also formerly sanctioned a trampoline championship. Prior to 1969, it was one of the events in the men's gymnastics championship, but it was given its own championship in 1969 and 1970 before being dropped completely.
The number of teams (school programs) that compete in each sport in their respective division as of the 2021–22 academic year are as follows:
Men's programs
Women's programs
Notes:
Emerging sports for women
In addition to the above sports, the NCAA recognizes Emerging Sports for Women. These sports have scholarship limitations for each sport, but do not currently have officially sanctioned NCAA championships. A member institution may use these sports to meet the required level of sports sponsorship for its division. An "Emerging Sport" must gain championship status (minimum 40 varsity programs for team sports, except 28 for Division III) within 10 years, or show steady progress toward that goal to remain on the list. Until then, it is under the auspices of the NCAA and its respective institutions. Emerging Sport status allows for competition to include club teams to satisfy the minimum number of competitions bylaw established by the NCAA.
The five sports currently designated as Emerging Sports for Women are:
Acrobatics & tumbling
Equestrian (in Divisions I and II only)
Rugby
Stunt
Triathlon
Wrestling
Sports added and dropped
The popularity of each of these sports programs has changed over time. Between 1988–89 and 2010–11, NCAA schools had net additions of 510 men's teams and 2,703 women's teams.
The following tables show the changes over time in the number of NCAA schools across all three divisions combined sponsoring each of the men's and women's team sports.
Men's sports
The men's sports with the biggest net gains during the 1988/89 to 2010/11 period were indoor track and field, lacrosse, and cross country (each with more than 100 net gains). The men's sports with the biggest losses were wrestling (−104 teams), tennis, and rifle; the men's team sport with the most net losses was water polo. Other reports show that 355 college wrestling programs have been eliminated since 2000; 212 men's gymnastics programs have been eliminated since 1969 with only 17 programs remaining as of 2013.
Additionally, eight NCAA sports—all men's sports—were sponsored by fewer Division I schools in 2020 than in 1990, despite the D-I membership having increased by nearly 60 schools during that period. Four of these sports, namely wrestling, swimming & diving, gymnastics, and tennis, lost more than 20 net teams during that timeframe. As a proportion of D-I membership, men's tennis took the greatest hit; 71.5% of D-I members had men's tennis in 2020, compared to 93.2% in 1990.
The following table lists the men's individual DI sports with at least 5,000 participating athletes. Sports are ranked by number of athletes.
Women's sports
The women's sports with the biggest net gains during the 1988–89 to 2010–11 period were soccer (+599 teams), golf, and indoor track and field; no women's sports programs experienced double-digit net losses.
Bowling was not a women's varsity sport in 1982 and the NCAA report does not include the number of teams for that year. Bowling is first listed in the NCAA report in 1998–99 with 5 teams, and so the number of teams for that season is listed in the table above.
Beach volleyball was not a women's varsity sport in 1982 and the NCAA report does not include the number of teams for that year. Beach volleyball is first listed in the NCAA report in 2011–12 with 14 teams, and so the number of teams for that season is listed in the table above.
Water polo was not a women's varsity sport in 1982 and the NCAA report does not include the number of teams for that year. Water polo is first listed in the NCAA report in 2000–01 with 46 teams, and so the number of teams for that season is listed in the table above.
The following table lists the women's individual NCAA sports with at least 1,000 participating athletes. Sports are ranked by number of athletes.
Equestrian was not a women's varsity sport in 1982 and the NCAA report does not include the number of teams for that year. Equestrian is first listed in the NCAA report in 1988–89 with 41 teams, and so the number of teams for that season is listed in the table above.
Championships
Trophies
For every NCAA sanctioned sport other than Division I FBS football, the NCAA awards trophies with gold, silver, and bronze plating for the first-, second-, and third-place teams respectively. In the case of the NCAA basketball tournaments, both semifinalists who did not make the championship game receive bronze plated trophies for third place (prior to 1982 the teams played a "consolation" game to determine third place). Similar trophies are awarded to both semifinalists in the NCAA football tournaments (which are conducted in Division I FCS and both lower divisions), which have never had a third-place game. Winning teams maintain permanent possession of these trophies unless it is later found that they were won via serious rules violations.
Starting with the 2001–02 season, and again in the 2007–08 season, the trophies were changed. Starting in the 2006 basketball season, teams that make the Final Four in the Division I tournament receive bronze-plated "regional championship" trophies upon winning their Regional Championship which state the region they won and have the Final Four logo. The teams that make the National Championship game receive an additional trophy that is gold-plated for the winner. Starting in the mid-1990s, the National Champions in men's and women's basketball receive an elaborate trophy with a black marble base and crystal "neck" with a removable crystal basketball following the presentation of the standard NCAA Championship trophy.
As of May 30, 2022, Stanford, UCLA, and Southern California (USC) have the most NCAA championships. Stanford has won 131 and UCLA has won 119 NCAA team championships in men's and women's sports, while USC is third with 111.
Football Bowl Subdivision
The NCAA has never sanctioned an official championship for its highest level of football, now known as Division I FBS. Instead, several outside bodies award their own titles. The NCAA does not hold a championship tournament or game for Division I FBS football. In the past, teams that placed first in any of a number of season-ending media polls, most notable the AP Poll of writers and the Coaches Poll, were said to have won the "national championship".
From 2014 through 2023, the College Football Playoff – a consortium of the conferences and independent schools that compete in Division I FBS and six bowl games – has arranged to place the top four teams (based on a thirteen-member committee that selects and seeds the teams) into two semifinal games, with the winners advancing to compete in the College Football Playoff National Championship, which is not officially sanctioned or recognized by the NCAA. The winner of the game receives a trophy; since the NCAA awards no national championship for Division I FBS football, this trophy does not denote NCAA as other NCAA college sports national championship trophies do. The playoff will expand to 12 teams starting in 2024.
Conferences
The NCAA is divided into three levels of conferences, Division I, Division II, and Division III, organized in declining program size, as well as numerous sub-divisions. Most schools belong to a primary "multisport conference" for most of their sports. Schools may belong to different conferences for different sports.
The Division I, Division II, and Division III "Independents" listed below are not conferences per se; it is a designation used for schools that do not belong to a conference for a particular sport. These schools may still have conference memberships for other sports. For example, Notre Dame primarily belongs to the Atlantic Coast Conference for most sports, but its ice hockey team competes in the Big Ten Conference and its football team is an independent.
Division I
Among the NCAA regulations, each Division I conference defined as "multisport conference" must have at least seven active Division I member institutions. These conferences must sponsor at least 12 sports, including six sports for men and six for women. At least seven active members in a multisport conference must sponsor both men's and women's basketball. However, a conference may operate for up to 2 years with fewer active members under a hardship rule. For non-football conferences, they must sponsor at least two men's team sports other than basketball. Teams that consist of both men and women are counted as men's teams for sports sponsorship purposes.
For all institutions in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, they have additional requirements. Among them, they must participate in conference play in at least six men's and eight women's sports, including football, men's and women's basketball, and at least two other women's team sports.
Notes
FBS conferences in football are denoted with an asterisk (*)
FCS conferences in football are denoted with two asterisks (**)
Conferences that do not sponsor football or basketball are in italics
American Athletic Conference (The American) *
America East Conference
ASUN Conference **
Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10)
Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) *
Big 12 Conference (Big 12) *
Big East Conference
Big Sky Conference **
Big South Conference **
Big Ten Conference (Big Ten or B1G) *
Big West Conference
Coastal Athletic Association (CAA)
Coastal Collegiate Sports Association (CCSA)
Conference USA (C-USA) *
Horizon League
Ivy League **
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC)
Mid-American Conference (MAC)*
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) **
Missouri Valley Conference (MVC)
Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF)
Mountain West Conference (MW) *
Northeast Conference (NEC) **
Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) **
Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) *
Patriot League **
Southeastern Conference (SEC) *
Southern Conference (SoCon) **
Southland Conference **
Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) **
The Summit League (The Summit)
Sun Belt Conference (SBC) *
West Coast Conference (WCC)
Western Athletic Conference (WAC) **
NCAA Division I Independents
Division I FCS football-only conferences
Colonial Athletic Association Football Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference
Pioneer Football League
Division I hockey-only conferences
Division I ice hockey has a different conference structure than the above multisport conferences. These schools have memberships in other conferences for other sports.
Men only
Atlantic Hockey – Planning to merge with College Hockey America in 2024.
Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) – revived in 2021; previously operated from 1971 to 2013
National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC)
Women only
College Hockey America – Planning to merge with Atlantic Hockey in 2024.
New England Women's Hockey Alliance (NEWHA)
Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA)
Men and women
ECAC Hockey
Hockey East
Division II
Among the NCAA regulations, Division II institutions must sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women (or four for men and six for women), with two team sports for each sex, and each playing season represented by each sex. Teams that consist of both men and women are counted as men's teams for sports sponsorship purposes.
California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA)
Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference (CACC)
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA)
Conference Carolinas (CC)
East Coast Conference (ECC)
Great American Conference (GAC)
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC)
Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC)
Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC)
Great Northwest Athletic Conference (GNAC)
Gulf South Conference (GSC)
Lone Star Conference (LSC)
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA)
Mountain East Conference (MEC)
Northeast-10 Conference (NE-10)
Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC)
Pacific West Conference (PacWest)
Peach Belt Conference (PBC)
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC)
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC)
South Atlantic Conference (SAC)
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC)
Sunshine State Conference (SSC)
NCAA Division II Independents
Division III
Unlike the other two divisions, Division III institutions cannot offer athletic scholarships. Among the other NCAA Division III requirements, all institutions, regardless of enrollment, must sponsor at least three team sports for each sex/gender, and each playing season represented by each sex/gender. Furthermore, a sports sponsorship rule unique to Division III is that the total number of sports that must be sponsored differs by a school's full-time undergraduate enrollment: schools with an enrollment of 1,000 or fewer must sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women; those with larger enrollments must sponsor six men's and six women's sports. As in the other divisions, teams that include both men and women are treated as men's sports for the purpose of these regulations.
Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (AMCC)
American Rivers Conference (ARC)
American Southwest Conference (ASC)
Atlantic East Conference (AEC)
Centennial Conference (Centennial)
City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC)
Coast to Coast Athletic Conference (C2C)
College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW)
Collegiate Conference of the South (CCS)
Commonwealth Coast Conference (CCC)
Empire 8 (E8)
Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC)
Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference (HCAC)
Landmark Conference (Landmark)
Liberty League (Liberty)
Little East Conference (LEC)
Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference (MASCAC)
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA)
Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC) – An umbrella organization of the following three conferences:
MAC Commonwealth, sponsoring competition in 14 sports, but not football
MAC Freedom, sponsoring competition in the same set of 14 sports
Middle Atlantic Conference, sponsoring 13 sports, including football
Midwest Conference (Midwest or MWC)
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC)
New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC)
New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC)
New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC)
North Atlantic Conference (NAC)
North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC)
Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference (NACC)
Northwest Conference (NWC)
Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC)
Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC)
Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC)
Skyline Conference (Skyline)
Southern Athletic Association (SAA)
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC)
Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC)
State University of New York Athletic Conference (SUNYAC)
St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC)
United East Conference
University Athletic Association (UAA)
Upper Midwest Athletic Conference (UMAC)
USA South Athletic Conference (USA South)
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC)
NCAA Division III Independents
Division III football-only conferences
Eastern Collegiate Football Conference (ECFC)
Division III ice hockey-only conferences
ECAC East – men's and women's
ECAC Northeast – men's only
ECAC West – men's and women's
Northern Collegiate Hockey Association (NCHA) – men's and women's
United Collegiate Hockey Conference (UCHC) – men's and women's
Division III lacrosse-only conferences
Midwest Lacrosse Conference (MLC) – men's only
Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference (MWLC) – women's only
Division III volleyball-only conferences
Continental Volleyball Conference (CVC) – men's only
Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League (MCVL) – men's only
New England Collegiate Conference (NECC) – men's only
United Volleyball Conference (UVC) – men's only
Media
The NCAA has current media rights contracts with CBS Sports, CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN Plus, Turner Sports and the Golf Channel for coverage of its 88 championships. According to the official NCAA website, ESPN and its associated networks have rights to 21 championships, CBS to 65, Turner Sports to one and NBC's Golf Channel to two. The following are the most prominent championships and rights holders:
CBS: Men's basketball (NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, with Turner Sports, and NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament), track and field, ice hockey (women's division I), golf (Divisions II and III, both genders)
ESPN: Women's basketball (all divisions), baseball, softball, ice hockey (men's Division I), football (all divisions including Div. I FCS), soccer (Division I for both genders)
Turner Sports: NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament with CBS
NBC and Golf Channel: golf (Division I, both genders)
WestwoodOne has exclusive radio rights to the men's and women's basketball Final Fours to the Men's College World Series (baseball). DirecTV has an exclusive package expanding CBS' coverage of the men's basketball tournament.
From 1998 to 2013, Electronic Arts had a license to develop college sports video games with the NCAA's branding, which included its NCAA Football, NCAA Basketball (formerly NCAA March Madness) and MVP Baseball series. The NCAA's licensing was not required to produce the games, as rights to use teams are not licensed through the NCAA, but through entities such as individual schools and the Collegiate Licensing Company. EA only acquired the license so that it could officially incorporate the Division I men's basketball tournament into its college basketball game series. The NCAA withdrew EA's license due to uncertainties surrounding a series of lawsuits, most notably O'Bannon v. NCAA, involving the use of player likenesses in college sports video games.
Office of Inclusion
Inclusion and Diversity Campaign
The week-long program took place October 1–5, 2018. The aim was to utilize social media platforms in order to promote diversity and inclusion within intercollegiate athletics. Throughout the NCAA's history, there has been controversy as to the levels of diversity present within intercollegiate athletics, and this campaign is the NCAA's most straightforward approach to combatting these issues.
NCAA Inclusion Statement
As a core value, the NCAA believes in and is committed to diversity, inclusion and gender equity among its student-athletes, coaches and administrators. It seeks to establish and maintain an inclusive culture that fosters equitable participation for student-athletes and career opportunities for coaches and administrators from diverse backgrounds. Diversity and inclusion improve the learning environment for all student-athletes and enhance excellence within the Association.
The Office of Inclusion will provide or enable programming and education, which sustains foundations of a diverse and inclusive culture across dimensions of diversity including but not limited to age, race, sex, class, national origin, creed, educational background, religion, gender identity, disability, gender expression, geographical location, income, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation and work experiences.
This statement was adopted by the NCAA Executive Committee in April 2010, and amended by the NCAA Board of Governors in April 2017.
Gender equity and Title IX
While no concrete criteria are given as to a state of gender equity on campuses, an athletics program is considered gender equitable when both women's and men's sports programs reach a consensus.
The basis of Title IX, when amended in 1972 to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, criminalized discrimination on the basis of sex. This plays into intercollegiate athletics in that it helps to maintain gender equity and inclusion in intercollegiate athletics. The NCAA provides many resources to provide information and enforce this amendment.
The NCAA has kept these core values central to its decisions regarding the allocation of championship bids. In April 2016, the Board of Governors announced new requirements for host cities that include protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity for all people involved in the event. This decision was prompted by several states passing laws that permit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in accordance with religious beliefs.
LGBTQ
The LGBTQ community has been under scrutiny and controversy in the public eye of collegiate athletics, but the NCAA has gradually liberalised its policy on them. The NCAA provides many resources concerning the education of the college community on this topic and policies in order to foster diversity. Title IX protects the transgender community within intercollegiate athletics and on college campuses.
On January 19, 2022, the NCAA approved a new policy for transgender athletes, effective immediately, and this replaced their previous policy, which was in place since 2011. Now, the participation of transgender athletes in a particular sport is generally to be governed by the rules of the sport's national governing body, international federation policy, or IOC policy criteria (though an NCAA committee may provide its own recommendation). This action prompted immediate critique from LGBTQ advocates, including Athlete Ally and former NCAA LGBTQ OneTeam facilitator Dorian Rhea Debussy.
Previously, the NCAA used testosterone levels to qualify transgender athletes for participation. A transgender male student-athlete was not allowed to compete on a male sports team unless they had undergone medical treatment of testosterone for gender transition, and a transgender female student-athlete was not allowed to compete on a women's sports team until completing one calendar year of testosterone suppression treatment. Under this policy, transgender males were ineligible to compete on a women's team, and transgender females were ineligible to compete on a men's team, without changing the team's status to be a mixed team. In December 2021, John Lohn, the editor-in-chief of Swimming World, criticised NCAA policy; writing about transgender swimmer Lia Thomas, he argued that the "one-year suppressant requirement is not nearly stringent enough to create a level playing field between Thomas and the biological females against whom she is racing".
In 2010, the NCAA Executive Committee announced its support and commitment to diversity, inclusion, and gender equality among its student-athletes, coaches, and administrators. The statement included the NCAA's commitment to ensuring that all students have equal opportunities to achieve their academic goals, and coaches and administrators have equal opportunities for career development in a climate of respect. In 2012, the LGBTQ Subcommittee of the NCAA association-wide Committee on Women's Athletics and the Minority Opportunities and Interests Committee commissioned Champions of Respect, a document that provides resources and advocacy that promotes inclusion and equality for LGBTQ student-athletes, coaches, administrators and all others associated with intercollegiate athletics. This resource uses guides from the Women's Sports Foundation It Takes a Team! project for addressing issues related to LGBTQ equality in intercollegiate athletics. The document provides information on specific issues LGBTQ sportspeople face, similarities and differences of these issues on women's and men's teams, policy recommendations and best practices, and legal resources and court cases.
The NCAA expressed concern over Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act that allows businesses to discriminate against people based on their sexual orientation. This bill was proposed just before Indianapolis was set to host the 2015 Men's Basketball Final Four tournament. The bill clashed with the NCAA core values of inclusion and equality, and forced the NCAA to consider moving events out of Indiana. Under pressure from across the nation and fearing the economic loss of being banned from hosting NCAA events, the governor of Indiana, Mike Pence, revised the bill so that businesses could not discriminate based on sexual orientation, race, religion, or disability. The NCAA accepted the revised bill and continues to host events in Indiana. The bill was enacted into law on July 1, 2015.
On September 12, 2016, the NCAA announced that it would pull all seven planned championship events out of North Carolina for the 2016–2017 academic year. This decision was a response to the state passing the Public Facilities Privacy and Security Act (H.B. 2) on March 23, 2016. This law requires people to use public restrooms that correspond with their sex assigned at birth and stops cities from passing laws that protect against discrimination towards gay and transgender people. The NCAA Board of Governors determined that this law would make ensuring an inclusive atmosphere in the host communities challenging, and relocating these championship events best reflects the association's commitment to maintaining an environment that is consistent with its core values. North Carolina has lost the opportunity to host the 2018 Final Four Tournament which was scheduled to be in Charlotte, but is relocated to San Antonio. If H.B. 2 is not repealed, North Carolina could be barred from bidding for events from 2019 to 2022.
Race and ethnicity
Racial/Ethnic minority groups in the NCAA are protected by inclusion and diversity policies put in place to increase sensitivity and awareness to the issues and challenges faced across intercollegiate athletics. The NCAA provides a demographics database that can be openly viewed by the public.
Historically, the NCAA has used its authority in deciding on host cities to promote its core values. The Association also prohibits championship events in states that display the Confederate flag, and at member schools that have abusive or offensive nicknames or mascots based on Native American imagery. Board members wish to ensure that anyone associated with an NCAA championship event will be treated with fairness and respect.
Student-athletes with disabilities
The NCAA defines a disability as a current impairment that has a substantial educational impact on a student's academic performance and requires accommodation. Student-Athletes with disabilities are given education accommodations along with an adapted sports model. The NCAA hosts adapted sports championships for both track and field and swimming and diving as of 2015.
International student athletes
Over the last two decades recruiting international athletes has become a growing trend among NCAA institutions. For example, most German athletes outside of Germany are based at US universities. For many European athletes, the American universities are the only option to pursue an academic and athletic career at the same time. Many of these students come to the US with high academic expectations and aspirations.
College team name changes
As of 2018, there has been a continuation of changing school mascots that are said by some to be based on racist or offensive stereotypes. Universities under NCAA policy are under scrutiny for specifically Native American-inspired mascots. While many colleges have changed their mascots, some have gotten legal permission from the tribe represented and will continue to bear the mascot. This Native American mascot controversy has not been completely settled; however, many issues have been resolved.
Here is a list of notable colleges that changed Native American mascots and/or nicknames in recent history:
Stanford – Indians to Cardinals (1972); became Cardinal in 1981
UMass – Redmen and Redwomen to Minutemen and Minutewomen (1972)
Dartmouth – Indians to Big Green (1974)
Siena – Indians to Saints (1988)
Eastern Michigan – Hurons to Eagles (1991)
St. John's (NY) – Redmen to Red Storm (1994)
Marquette – Warriors to Golden Eagles (1994)
Chattanooga – Moccasins to Mocs, suggestive of mockingbirds (1996)
Miami (OH) – Redskins to RedHawks (1997)
Seattle – Chieftains to Redhawks (2000)
Colgate – Red Raiders to Raiders (2001)
Quinnipiac – Braves to Bobcats (2002)
Southeast Missouri State – Indians (men) and Otahkians (women) to Redhawks (2005)
Louisiana–Monroe – Indians to Warhawks (2006)
Arkansas State – Indians to Red Wolves (2008)
North Dakota – Formally dropped Fighting Sioux in 2012; adopted Fighting Hawks in 2015
Others:
Illinois – Removed Chief Illiniwek as official symbol in 2007. Athletics teams are still called Fighting Illini.
Bradley, Alcorn State – Both schools stopped using Native American mascots but have retained their Braves nickname.
William & Mary – Adjusted Tribe logo to remove feathers to comply with NCAA. Athletics teams are still called Tribe. (2007)
Chattanooga – removed the mascot, Chief Moccanooga and the Moccasin Shoe imagery in 1996; Kept the term, "Mocs", but reassigned its representation to the official State Bird.
Of note: Utah (Utes), Central Michigan (Chippewas), Florida State (Seminoles) and Mississippi College (Choctaws) all appealed successfully to the NCAA after being deemed "hostile and offensive." Each cited positive relationships with neighboring tribes in appeal. UNC Pembroke (Braves), an institution originally created to educate Native Americans and enjoying close ties to the local Lumbee tribe, was approved to continue the use of native-derived imagery without needing an appeal.
Rules violations
Member schools pledge to follow the rules promulgated by the NCAA. Creation of a mechanism to enforce the NCAA's legislation occurred in 1952 after careful consideration by the membership.
Allegations of rules violations are referred to the NCAA's enforcement staff, who monitor information about potential violations, investigate and process violations, provide notice of alleged violations, and bring cases before the NCAA's Committees on Infractions. A preliminary investigation is initiated to determine if an official inquiry is warranted and to categorize any resultant violations as secondary or major. If several violations are found, the NCAA may determine that the school as a whole has exhibited a "lack of institutional control." The institution involved is notified promptly and may appear on its own behalf before the NCAA Committee on Infractions.
Findings of the Committee on Infractions and the resultant sanctions in major cases are reported to the institution. Sanctions will generally include having the institution placed on "probation" for a period of time, in addition to other penalties. The institution may appeal the findings or sanctions to an appeals committee. After considering written reports and oral presentations by representatives of the Committee on Infractions and the institution, the committee acts on the appeal. Action may include accepting the infractions committee's findings and penalty, altering either, or making its own findings and imposing an appropriate penalty.
In cases of particularly egregious misconduct, the NCAA has the power to ban a school from participating in a particular sport, a penalty known as the "Death Penalty". Since 1985, any school that commits major violations during the probationary period can be banned from the sport involved for up to two years. However, when the NCAA opts not to issue a death penalty for a repeat violation, it must explain why it did not do so. This penalty has only been imposed three times in its modern form, most notably when Southern Methodist University's (SMU) football team had its 1987 season canceled due to massive rules violations dating back more than a decade. SMU opted not to field a team in 1988 as well due to the aftershocks from the sanctions, and the program has never recovered. The Mustangs did not post a winning season until 1997, did not appear in their next bowl game until 2009, did not post consecutive winning seasons until 2011 and 2012, and did not return to the national rankings until 2019. The devastating effect the death penalty had on SMU has reportedly made the NCAA skittish about issuing another one. Since the SMU case, there are only three instances where the NCAA has seriously considered imposing it against a Division I school; it imposed it against Division II Morehouse College's men's soccer team in 2003 and Division III MacMurray College's men's tennis team in 2005. In addition to these cases, the most recent Division I school to be considered was Penn State. This was because of the Jerry Sandusky Incident that consequently almost landed Penn State on the hook for the death penalty. They received a $60 million fine, in addition to forfeited seasons and other sanctions as well. The NCAA later reversed itself by restoring all forfeited seasons and overturning the remaining sanctions.
Additionally, in particularly egregious cases of rules violations, coaches, athletic directors, and athletic support staff can be barred from working for any NCAA member school without permission from the NCAA. This procedure is known as a "show-cause penalty" (not to be confused with an order to show cause in the legal sense). Theoretically, a school can hire someone with a "show cause" on their record during the time the show cause order is in effect only with permission from the NCAA Infractions Committee. The school assumes the risks and stigma of hiring such a person. It may then end up being sanctioned by the NCAA and the Infractions Committee for their choice, possibly losing athletic scholarships, revenue from schools who would not want to compete with that other school, and the ability for their games to be televised, along with restrictions on recruitment and practicing times. As a result, a show-cause order essentially has the effect of blackballing individuals from being hired for the duration of the order.
One of the most famous scandals in NCAA history involved Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Cam Newton of the Auburn Tigers in 2011. As a direct effect of not being compensated for his college athletics, Cam Newton's family allegedly sought upwards of $100,000 for him to instead play at Mississippi State. This was revealed days before the conference SEC championship game; however, Cam Newton was later reinstated as there was insufficient evidence against him.
Sponsors
The NCAA has a two-tier sponsorship division. AT&T, Coca-Cola, and Capital One are NCAA Corporate Champions, all others are NCAA Corporate Partners.
Finances
As a governing body for amateur sports the NCAA is classified as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization. As such, it is not required to pay most taxes on income that for-profit private and public corporations are subject to. The NCAA's business model of prohibiting salaries for collegial athletes has been challenged in court, but a 2015 case was struck down. As of 2014 the NCAA reported that it had over $600 million in unrestricted net assets in its annual report. During 2014 the NCAA also reported almost a billion dollars of revenue, contributing to a "budget surplus" – revenues in excess of disbursements for that year – of over $80 million. Over $700 million of that revenue total was from licensing TV rights to its sporting events. In addition, the NCAA also earns money through investment growth of its endowment fund. Established in 2004 with $45 million, the fund has grown to over $380 million in 2014.
NCAA expenditures
According to the NCAA, it receives most of its annual revenue from two sources: Division I Men's Basketball television and marketing rights, and championships ticket sales. According to the NCAA, "that money is distributed in more than a dozen ways – almost all of which directly support NCAA schools, conferences and nearly half a million student-athletes."
In 2017 total NCAA revenues were in excess of $1.06 billion. Division I basketball television and marketing rights generated $821.4 million, and "championships ticket sales" totaled $129.4 million. Other "smaller streams of revenue, such as membership dues" contributed an unspecified amount.
Expenses by category
The NCAA provided a breakdown of how those revenues were in turn spent, organizing pay-outs and expenses into some 14 basic categories. By far the largest went to Sports Scholarship and Sponsorship Funds, funding for sports and student scholarships under the Division I Basketball Performance Fund, expenses incurred in producing Division I Championships (including team food, travel, and lodging), the Student Assistance Fund, and Student Athlete Services. Together these top five recipients accounted for 65% of all NCAA expenditures. General and Administrative expenses for running the NCAA day-to-day operations totaled approximately 4% of monies paid out, and other association-wide expenses, including legal services, communications, and business insurance totaled 8%.
The categories:
$210.8M Sport Sponsorship and Scholarship Funds
Distributed to Division I schools to help fund NCAA sports and provide scholarships for college athletes.
$160.5M Division I Basketball Performance Fund
Distributed to Division I conferences and independent schools based on their performance in the men's basketball tournament over a six-year rolling period. The money is used to fund NCAA sports and provide scholarships for college athletes.
$96.7M Division I Championships
Provides college athletes the opportunity to compete for a championship and includes support for team travel, food and lodging.
$82.2M Student Assistance Fund
Distributed to Division I student-athletes for essential needs that arise during their time in college.
$71.8M Student-Athlete Services
Includes funding for catastrophic injury insurance, drug testing, student-athlete leadership programs, postgraduate scholarships and additional Association-wide championships support.
$50.3M Division I Equal Conference Fund
Distributed equally among Division I basketball-playing conferences that meet athletic and academic standards to play in the men's basketball tournament. The money is used to fund NCAA sports and provide scholarships for college athletes.
$46.7M Academic Enhancement Fund
Distributed to Division I schools to assist with academic programs and services.
$42.3M Division II Allocation
Funds championships, grants and other initiatives for Division II college athletes.
$39.6M Membership Support Services
Covers costs related to NCAA governance committees and the annual NCAA Convention.
$28.2M Division III Allocation
Funds championships, grants and other initiatives for Division III college athletes.
$9.5M Division I Conference Grants
Distributed to Division I conferences for programs that enhance officiating, compliance, minority opportunities and more.
$3.3M Educational Programs
Supports various educational services for members to help prepare student-athletes for life, including the Women Coaches Academy, the Emerging Leaders Seminars and the Pathway Program.
$74.3M Other Association-Wide Expenses
Includes support for Association-wide legal services, communications and business insurance.
$39.7M General and Administrative Expenses
Funds the day-to-day operations of the NCAA national office, including administrative and financial services, information technology and facilities management.
According to the NCAA, the 2017 fiscal year was the first in which its revenues topped $1.0 billion. The increase in revenue from 2016 came from hikes in television and marketing fees, plus greater monies generated from championship events and investment income.
An ESPN critique of the organization's 2017 financials indicated some $560.3 million of the total $956 million paid out went back to its roughly 1,100 member institutions in 24 sports in all three divisions, as well as $200 million for a one-time payment the NCAA made to schools to fund additional programs.
The Division I basketball tournament alone generated some $761 million, with another $60 million in 2016–17 marketing rights. With increases in rights fees it is estimated the basketball tournament will generate some $869 million for the 2018 championship.
Player compensation proposals
The NCAA has limited the amount of compensation that individual players can receive to scholarships equal to school tuition and related expenses. This rule has generated controversy, in light of the large amounts of revenues that schools earn from sports from TV contracts, ticket sales, and licensing and merchandise. Several commentators have discussed whether the NCAA limit on player compensation violates antitrust laws. There is a consensus among economists that the NCAA's compensation caps for men's basketball and football players benefit the athletes' schools (through rent-seeking) at the expense of the athletes. Economists have subsequently characterized the NCAA as a cartel and collusive monopsony.
Pro-rating payouts to Division I basketball players in proportion to the size of revenues its championship tournament generates relative to the NCAA's total annual revenues would be one possible approach, but will open the door to litigation by students and schools adversely affected by such a formula.
According to a national study by the National College Players Association (NCPA) and the Drexel University Sport Management Department, the average FBS "full" athletic scholarship falls short of the full cost of attending each school by an average of $3285 during 2011–12 school year, and leaves the vast majority of full scholarship players living below the federal poverty line.
In 2020, the NCAA Board of Governors announced that they supported rule changes that would permit players to receive athletics-related endorsements from third-parties. All divisions were expected to adopt new rules relating to the use of players' names, images, and likenesses before the 2021–2022 academic year begins.
On May 6, 2021, Governor Brian Kemp signed Bill 617 into law, giving collegiate athletes the ability to profit off their Name, Image and Likeness. The University of Georgia have said they will immediately compensate their student athletes, while Georgia Tech and Georgia State University have not set anything yet.
On June 21, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court held unanimously in National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston that the NCAA's restrictions on education-related payments were unlawfully in violation of Sherman Act's anti-trust and trade regulations. Though this holding did not address restrictions on direct compensation payment to athletes, it also opened the door for the possibly of future court cases concerning this matter.
The NCAA announced on July 1, 2021, that as a result of O'Bannon and numerous state laws giving college players the ability to manage their publicity, the board had agreed to new rules that removed restrictions on college athletes from entering paid endorsements and other sponsorship deals, and from using agents to manage their publicity. Students would still be required to inform the school of all such activities, with the school to make determinations if those activities violate state and local laws.
On the first day of effect for the NIL rule change (July 1), athletes such as D'Eriq King (Miami (FL) quarterback), Justyn Ross (Clemson wide receiver), Bo Nix (Auburn quarterback), Antwan Owen (Jackson State defensive end), McKenzie Milton (Florida State quarterback), Malik Cunningham (Louisville quarterback), Michael Penix Jr. (Indiana quarterback), Spencer Rattler (Oklahoma quarterback), Lexi Sun (Nebraska volleyball), Paige Bueckers (UConn basketball) and twins Haley & Hanna Cavinder (Fresno State basketball), all signed deals and/or unveiled trademarks to profit off of their names, images, and likenesses. As of day one, LSU gymnast Olivia Dunne was projected to be the highest earning college athlete of 2021–22, out of both men's and women's sports.
The new NIL agreement has given student athletes big time deals and opportunities to put themselves out there and gain profit using their name, image, and likeness. For example, Ga'Quincy McKinstry, quarterback from Alabama. signed a deal with Kool-Aid. Not only can they partner up with companies, student athletes can get paid for other talents; such as, singing.
Russell Steinberg in 2021 says, "In addition to his prowess on the football field, where he has a shot at tying the school record for most starts, Marshall's Will Ulmer is a talented musician who wasn't able to earn money using his own name — until now. He had been going by "Lucky Bill" to avoid running afoul of NCAA regulations, but now says he is ready to book shows using his real name" (Steinberg 2021). The NIL has allowed Ulmer great opportunities to further pursue his football and musician career.
Some companies have partnered up with multiple athletes and created a team of their own. Degree, the deodorant brand, started a team of 14 student athletes to help promote their brand. Degree calls this team Breaking Limits. "The Unilever-owned antiperspirant brand has committed $5 million over the next five years to inspire people to break limits. The first group of athletes that Degree has selected represent a diverse range of backgrounds regarding race, gender, and sport, and their stories will be unveiled on Instagram. These athletes will also have the chance to participate in events to help their local communities" (Steinberg 2021).
Individual awards
The NCAA presents a number of different individual awards, including:
NCAA Award of Valor (not given every year); selection is based on the heroic action occurring during the academic year.
NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award, honoring an individual who has provided significant leadership as an advocate for intercollegiate athletics.
NCAA Inspiration Award (not given every year); selection is based on inspirational action.
NCAA Sportsmanship Award, honoring student-athletes who have demonstrated one or more of the ideals of sportsmanship.
NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award, the highest honor that the NCAA can confer on an individual.
NCAA Woman of the Year Award, honoring a senior student-athlete who has distinguished herself throughout her collegiate career in academics, athletics, service, and leadership.
Elite 90 Award, honoring the student-athlete with the highest cumulative GPA who has reached the competition at the finals site for each of the NCAA's 90 men's and women's championships (in Divisions I, II, and III, plus "National Collegiate" championships open to schools from more than one division).
Silver Anniversary Awards, honoring six distinguished former student-athletes on the 25th anniversary of their college graduation.
The Flying Wedge Award, one of the NCAA's highest honors exemplifying outstanding leadership and service to the NCAA.
Today's Top 10 Award, honoring ten outstanding senior student-athletes.
Walter Byers Scholarship, honoring the top male and female scholar-athletes.
In previous years, the NCAA has presented the following awards at its NCAA Honors event: Astronaut Salute, Business Leader Salute, Congressional Medal of Honor Salute, Governor Salute, Olympians Salute, Performing Arts Salute, Presidents Cabinet Salute, Prominent National Media Salute, Special Recognition Awards, U.S. House of Representatives Salute, and U.S. Senate Salute.
Other collegiate athletic organizations
The NCAA is the dominant, but not the only, collegiate athletic organization in the United States. Several other such collegiate athletic organizations exist.
In the United States
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)
National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) – two-year colleges (does not operate in California or the Pacific Northwest)
California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) – two-year colleges in California
Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC) – two-year colleges in Washington, Oregon and Idaho
National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA)
United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) – disbanded in 1982, after NCAA began sponsoring championships in women's sports
Foreign equivalents
Australia: UniSport Australia and other school affiliations such as Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales (GPS), and Combined Associated Schools (CAS)
Canada: U Sports, and Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA)
Indonesia: Liga Mahasiswa (LIMA)
Philippines National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) (NCAA), and University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP)
United Kingdom: British Universities & Colleges Sport
South Africa: Varsity Sports (South Africa)
International governing body
International University Sports Federation (FISU) (Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire)
See also
College athletics in the United States
College club sports in the United States
College recruiting
College rivalries
Higher education in the United States
Homosexuality in modern sports
List of college athletic programs by U.S. state
List of college sports team nicknames
List of U.S. college mascots
NCAA Native American mascot decision
Notes and references
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
1906 establishments in the United States
College sports governing bodies in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Indianapolis
Sports organizations established in 1906 |
Tut castle () is a historical castle located in Ilam County in Ilam Province.
References
Castles in Iran |
Monster Hunter is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2. The first installment of the Monster Hunter series, it was originally released in Japan in March 2004, in North America in September 2004 and in Europe in May 2005. It was remade and expanded in Monster Hunter G, which was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2 (later ported to the Wii) and was brought to North America and Europe as Monster Hunter Freedom for the PlayStation Portable.
Much of the game can be played offline through single-player. The majority of the content is in the online section of the game. Only some monsters are found in single-player and the player's rewards are smaller (and less valuable) when they are offline. The goal for players online is not to defeat the most monsters but to reach the highest hunter rank, which is the storyline that is carried out online by non-player characters.
Gameplay
Monster Hunter places the player in the role of an up-and-coming hunter who must accomplish various quests to achieve glory. Armors, weapons, and other items are created from the remains of slain monsters by carving off their horns, scales and bones, as well as from mining for ores in the field. Monster Hunter plays in a similar fashion to Phantasy Star Online allowing the player to team up with up to three other hunters online to take down stronger monsters.
Monster Hunter is played through quests given to the hunter by the Village Elder or the Town Guild. Village Quests can be classified into four categories: hunting, gathering, capture and event. They are also categorized into different levels, ranging from 1 to 8. Higher level quests become available after quests in the previous level are completed. There are three types of quests:
Hunting: Hunting quests make up the majority of the missions. As the name implies, the hunter will track, provoke, and eventually slay a monster or a number of monsters.
Gathering: Gathering quests are missions in which the hunter must "gather" items like herbs or monster parts.
Capture: The hunter must weaken, but not kill the prey, and then capture it with a trap.
The Event quests are an online-only feature. Every week, a new Event quest is available to hunters of any rank. These quests vary in style and difficulty. Some of the rarer weapons can be made only through Event quest rewards. Event quests are not vital to a hunter's success in the game, but are a useful way to gain experience and to obtain some rare items. Contract fees and time limits vary. All of the quests allow two deaths, but the third death marks the failure of the quest. Regardless of which player actually dies, three deaths will still fail the quest. The only exceptions to this rule are some of the Event quests and all the Training missions, which are failed with just one death.
Hunters can be classified as either Blademasters or Gunners. The Blademaster classification consists of five sub-categories: Sword and Shield, Great Swords, Lances, Hammers, and Dual Swords (Dual Swords were added in the international release and are thus unavailable in the original Japanese release). Blademaster weapons can also be of a certain element, be it fire, water, thunder or dragon as well as status effects such as poison, stun or sleep. Gunners have two choices: Light bowgun, and Heavy Bowgun. Classifications and use of sub-category weapons are not chosen and solidified into a file; hunters are able to choose to use any weapon they want, before the start of any quest or event, as long as they have the proper money and/or supplies to do so.
Armor is always dependent on whether one chooses to use a Blademaster or Gunner weapon (excluding some few which can be worn either way). Blademaster armor usually focuses on stronger physical protection, while Gunner armor usually focuses on elemental protection. Certain armor combinations provide the user with skills such as fast eating (drinking potions faster) or being able to sharpen your weapon fast and better.
Combining ingredients to make even better items is a very important feature in Monster Hunter's gameplay, be it combining a blue mushroom and herb to make a health healing potion or a net and trap tool to make the infamous pitfall trap. Although many of the combinations must be discovered by the player, some combinations are hinted at throughout the game. Success is dependent on many factors, such as rarity of the items to be combined and amount of "combo books" a player has on hand or even certain armor skills. Some of the items in the game of the highest rarity can only be obtained by combining.
Development
Monster Hunter was a part of an initiative from Capcom's Production Studio 1 to develop three network focused games on the PlayStation 2. The other games were Auto Modellista and Resident Evil Outbreak. Capcom's plan was that at least one of the games would sell a million copies. Both Monster Hunter and Resident Evil Outbreak eventually sold a million copies each.
Online game support
Monster Hunters online servers outside Japan were closed down on December 31, 2007. The server that displayed the "service termination notice" was taken down April 1, 2008.
"After more than 3 years of online service, the external company providing server hosting for both Resident Evil: Outbreak and Monster Hunter has decided to exit the PlayStation 2 online business altogether, with no possibility of outsourcing either the service or the technology."
Monster Hunters online servers in Japan closed down on July 1, 2011. (PlayStation 2 versions only)
Expansions and ports
A new version called Monster Hunter G was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2 on January 20, 2005. It was meant to be an expansion for the original Japanese Monster Hunter. It was later ported to the PlayStation Portable in Japan and released in America and Europe under the title Monster Hunter Freedom. Some of the expanded content included Dual Swords (import from North America version), monster color changes and other monster varieties with varying difficulty. Monster Hunter G was released on April 23, 2009, for the Wii in Japan with the Monster Hunter Tri demo. There was also an extra package which included a special edition classic controller.
Reception
The game received "mixed or average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four eights, for a total of 32 out of 40.
Sequels
Monster Hunter 2 was released in Japan on February 16, 2006; Monster Hunter Freedom 2, based on Monster Hunter 2, was released worldwide throughout 2007. Monster Hunter Freedom Unite is another expansion to the PSP Monster Hunter game.
Monster Hunter Tri was originally announced for the PlayStation 3 but was switched to the Wii. It features new mission modes as well as new monsters and items. This information was revealed in 2007 at Nintendo's Japanese press conference.
Monster Hunter 4 was released on the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on September 14, 2013. On January 26, 2014, Monster Hunter 4G was released in Japan, and on February 13, 2015, under the name Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate, was released worldwide.
Monster Hunter: World was released worldwide on January 26, 2018, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a Windows version released August 9, 2018. On September 6, 2019, Monster Hunter World: Iceborne, a major paid expansion for World, was released worldwide, with a PC version releasing January 9, 2020.
Monster Hunter Rise was released worldwide on March 26, 2021, for Nintendo Switch, with a Windows version released January 12, 2022. A major paid expansion, Monster Hunter Rise Sunbreak, was released worldwide on June 30, 2022, for Nintendo Switch and Windows.
References
External links
Monster Hunter official website for North America
Monster Hunter official website for Europe
2004 video games
Action role-playing video games
Monster Hunter
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
PlayStation 2 games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Masato Kouda
Video games scored by Tetsuya Shibata
Video games with expansion packs
Monster Hunter G
Video games with alternative versions
Japan Game Awards' Game of the Year winners |
Polynesian mythology encompasses the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia (a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian Triangle) together with those of the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian – probably spoken in the Tonga and Samoa area around 1000 BC.
Description
Prior to the 15th century AD, Polynesian peoples fanned out to the east, to the Cook Islands, and from there to other groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas. Their descendants later discovered the islands from Tahiti to Rapa Nui, and later Hawai‘i and New Zealand. The latest research puts the settlement of New Zealand at about 1300 AD. The various Polynesian languages are all part of the Austronesian language family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to permit communication between speakers of different languages. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies; their mythologies, in particular, demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales.
In some island groups, Tangaroa is of great importance as the god of the sea and of fishing. There is often a story of the marriage between Sky and Earth; the New Zealand version, Rangi and Papa, is a union that gives birth to the world and all things in it. There are stories of islands pulled up from the bottom of the sea by a magic fishhook or thrown down from heaven. There are stories of voyages, migrations, seductions and battles, as one might expect. Stories about a trickster, Māui, are widely known, as are those about a beautiful goddess/ancestress Hina or Sina.
In addition to these shared themes in the oral tradition, each island group has its own stories of demi-gods and culture heroes, shading gradually into the firmer outlines of remembered history. Often such stories were linked to various geographic or ecological features, which may be described as the petrified remains of supernatural beings. Now though, a lot of Polynesians are Christian.
From verbal to written
The various Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions, that is, legends or myths traditionally considered to recount the history of ancient times (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("atua") and deified ancestors. The accounts are characterised by extensive use of allegory, metaphor, parable, hyperbole, and personification. Orality has an essential flexibility that writing does not allow. In an oral tradition, there is no fixed version of a given tale. The story may change within certain limits according to the setting, and the needs of the narrator and the audience. Contrary to the Western concept of history, where the knowledge of the past serves to bring a better understanding of the present, the purpose of oral literature is rather to justify and legitimatise the present situation.
An example is provided by genealogies, which exist in multiple and often contradictory versions. The purpose of genealogies in oral societies generally is not to provide a 'true' account, but rather to emphasise the seniority of the ruling chiefly line, and hence its political legitimacy and right to exploit resources of land and the like. If another line should rise to ascendency, it was necessary to bestow upon the new line the most prestigious genealogy, even if this meant borrowing a few ancestors from the preceding dynasty. Each island, each tribe or each clan will have their own version or interpretation of a given narrative cycle.
This process is disrupted when writing becomes the primary means to record and remember the traditions. When missionaries, officials, anthropologists or ethnologists collected and published these accounts, they inevitably changed their nature. By fixing forever on paper what had previously been subject to almost infinite variation, they fixed as the authoritative version an account told by one narrator at a given moment. In New Zealand, the writings of one chief, Wiremu Te Rangikāheke, formed the basis of much of Governor George Grey's Polynesian Mythology, a book which to this day provides the de facto official versions of many of the best-known Māori legends.
Some Polynesians seem to have been aware of the danger and the potential of this new means of expression. As of the mid-19th century, a number of them wrote down their genealogy, the history and the origin of their tribe. These writings, known under the name of "pukapuka whakapapa" (genealogy books, Māori) or in tropical Polynesia as "puta tumu" (origin stories) or "puta tūpuna" (ancestral stories) were jealously guarded by the heads of households. Many disappeared or were destroyed. In the 1890s, Makea Takau, a Rarotongan chief, ordered his tribe to burn all their family books, save his own. As a result, Makea Takau's version became the official history of the chiefly line, removing the possibility of dissent. At his request, extracts were published in the Journal of the Polynesian Society.
See also
Austronesian peoples
Ghosts in Polynesian culture
Hawaiian religion
Kohara, goddess of tuna
Malagasy mythology
Māori mythology
Motoro
'Oro
Rapa Nui mythology (Easter Island)
Samoan mythology
Sina and the Eel
Tahiti and Society Islands mythology
Tongan narrative
Tuna
Tuvaluan mythology
Ulupoka
References
Beckwith, Martha, Hawaiian Mythology, Yale University Press, 1940, as re-issued in 1970, University of Hawaii Press
, first published in English in 1898, available as Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 2, Second Edition, 1951, reprinted 1971. |
Kim Hyung-gon (; May 31, 1960 – March 11, 2006) was one of the most influential and famous comedians by the time of his death in South Korea. He debuted in 1980, and enjoyed success since then. His comedy routine depicted political figures and corruptions during the time when free speech and other human rights were denied in South Korea. He was also known for making phrase "잘 돼야 할 텐데" a hit during the 1990s.Kim also had a nickname called "Samgyeopsal of terror."
Life
Kim was born in Yeongcheon, and as his father was a soldier, he had to move schools multiple times. He participated in a fight for democracy and debuted as a comedian in 1980 at the Tongyang Broadcasting Company comedy contest. Kim was popular for the comedy sketch "Biryong group", which satirized the figures from the fifth republic.
Death
Kim died of a heart attack in a local gym in 2006.
References
1960 births
2006 deaths
Dongguk University alumni
South Korean male comedians
20th-century comedians
South Korean Buddhists
Best Variety Performer Male Paeksang Arts Award (television) winners |
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla KCIE (; 21 May 1885 – 8 January 1955) was the 1st Prime Minister of Assam in British India from 1937 to 1946.He was also the member of Constituent Assembly of India from 1946 to 1950.
In the 1928 Birthday Honours and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in the 1946 Birthday Honours.
Early life
Syed Muhammad Saadulla was born on 21 May 1885 in Guwahati, to an orthodox Assamese Muslim family.
His advent as the son of Syed Muhammad Tayyabulla came from Kacharihat, a village near the town of Golaghat, to Guwahati around 1878.
Lawyer
Tall and athletic, Syed Muhammad Saadulla, M.A., B.L., was a youthful 38-year-old, became a Pleader in Guwahati and set up practice at Lakhtakia in 1810. In the same year, he married the eldest daughter of Syed Muhammad Saleh of Kacharihat. He soon made his mark as a lawyer. He became chairman, Guwahati Municipality, and was nominated as a member of the Legislative Council at Shillong. Assam became a chief Commissioners Province in April 1919. Saadulla energetically participated in the council's deliberations, and expressed himself freely and forcefully on the matters of interest of the people of Assam. The qualities of citizenship which inspired him to unselfish efforts for what he believed to be right and patriotic were evident early in his political career.
Preoccupation with legal profession and civic responsibilities and duties of a Legislative Councillor left Saadulla with little time for recreation. Nevertheless, he played association football and cricket for the Town Club regularly at Judge's Field. Most afternoons he played Lawn tennis at the erstwhile Jubilee Gardens, where the regulars were Tarun Ram Phukan, Gopinath Bordoloi and Hemanta Kumar Lahiri.
With his enhanced fortunes Saadulla bought a plot of land adjacent to his father's house, and built a large residence for the joint family and an outhouse to serve as his office. He soon became a prominent figure in the Province of Assam. Saadulla displayed tireless energy, indestructible self-confidence, a searching and analytical mind, and prodigious memory.
In a decade, all ambition has been fulfilled, and Saadulla was recognized as the most conspicuous pleader in Assam. He had the gratification of being able to refuse two offers of important employment under the Government. He became restless and found himself disposed to a change. He consulted his younger brother, Syed Muhibulla, a Professor of Arabic and Persian at Cotton College, Guwahati and asked for the blessings of his 80-year-old father, and prepared to leave for Calcutta.
In 1972, in his mid-thirties, Saadulla, enrolled himself as an Advocate at the Calcutta High Court. He rented a house in Turner Street in the neighborhood of A.K. Fazlul Huq, Nawab Ataur Rahman, Barrister Khuda Bux and Nawabzada A.F.M. Abdul Ali. Before long, briefs from Assam for appeal before the High Court began to arrive and once more Saadulla was engrossed in preparing plaints. Success came slowly, but no sooner he was settled in the new establishment his wife and three sons joined him and spent as much time in their company as possible.
Assam became a Governor's province, under the GOI Act 1833 with an enlarged Legislative Council; and accordingly Elections were held in November 1880. Saadulla decided to concentrate on practice at the Calcutta High Court, and therefore did not enter Assam politics. He came to Guwahati with his family to be at the bed-side of his dying father, Syed Tayyabulla, who died on 22 November 1922. A year later he returned to Assam once more to stand for elections to the Reformed Legislative Council, and was returned with a comfortable majority.
Politics
Towards the end of February, 1924 Saadulla received a letter from Sir Kerr, Governor of Assam offering him a seat in his Council. As the newly elected Legislative Council was due to meet at Shillong on 24 March, there was very little time to decide between Calcutta High Court Bar and Ministership in Assam. A man of instant decisions, he wrote to the Governor accepting his offer and assuring him of reaching Shillong well in advance of the date of commencement of the Council session. His colleagues and friends and relatives were unanimous in warmly approving his decision.
Saadulla was sworn in as Minister, and he rented a house known as "Rookwood" for his family. 1924 was a bad year for him; his beloved wife died at child-birth in the early hours of 9 December. He never really recovered from the cruel shock and profound grief. He never remarried and immersed himself in work and bringing up an infant daughter and looking after three sons.
Elections to the third Reformed council were held in November, 1926, and Saadulla was returned from his constituency by large majority. He was re-appointed as a Minister. The honour of Knighthood was conferred on him in 1928. The following year, Sir Egbert Laurie Lucas Hammond, Governor of Assam invited him to join his Executive Council, as a member for a term of five years.
After eleven years at Shillong, and disenchanted with Assam politics, he felt that it was time for him to make a move. Opportunity was at hand, Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal, had personally offered him a High Court Judgeship. Sir Syed Muhammad Badulla went to Calcutta in 1935. Much to his dismay, Sir Harold Darbyshire, the Chief Justice, pointed out that he could not be appointed as a Judge for want of requisite experience of ten years of continuous practice at the Bar. In an effort to assuage his profound disappointment, he was appointed as a Government Pleader with an assurance of elevation to the Bench within a reasonable period.
The lure of politics combined with tremendous pressure by former colleagues was too strong for him. A General Election, under the Government of India Act., 1935, was being held in February, 1937. Saadulla returned to Assam and was elected to the Legislative Assembly. The Governor invited him to form the Ministry. It was his inestimable good fortune that he was premier of Assam. With a depressed interruptions, for nine years, a deeply religious man, he supported political and social creed with uncompromising integrity. He headed the Coalition Ministry from 1 April 1937 to 10 September 1938 and from 17 November 1939 to 25 December 1941 and again from 24 August 1942 to 11 February 1946. There were turbulent years in Assam politics and blessed with sturdy constitution, he performed with exemplary courage the onerous task with devotion and enthusiasm and generosity. In every public duty, he held the interest of the people of Assam foremost in his heart. The honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) was conferred upon him on 1 January 1946.
As Assam premier Muhammad Sadullah also undertook land settlement policy to populate the state with migrants from erstwhile East Bengal. Known as the Line System, the policy had its roots in a British effort to extract more revenue from Assam by making the land more productive (since the local peasants were not willing to work for the British). It later amped up the migration policy under its "grow more food" programme in the build-up to World War II.
Saadulla also remained a close friend and associate of the Punjab Premier/Chief Minister Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan (in power from 1937 to 1942) and was a member of the executive committee of the All India Muslim League which met in March 1940 to draft the Lahore or 'Pakistan Resolution '.
The Assam Legislative Assembly elected Saadulla to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947 and the later elected him to the drafting committee. Thus he helped in the preparation of the Constitution of the Republic of India.
He was seriously ill in 1951. Death seemed likely, but it did not alarm him. What he dreaded with undispellable foreboding was physical and mental disability. He recovered gradually and was restored to health. Thereafter he mournfully accepted life in retirement, and amenities of civilized existence. He morosely consoled himself with social activities, including dispensing hospitality on magnificent scale.
His health deteriorated, at the approach of winter at Shillong, and to escape the rigours of cold weather, he went down to plains. He died at Guwahati, his birthplace, on 8 January 1955.
References
C. F. J. Hankinson (ed.), Debretts Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 1954, Odhams Press, 1954
People from Kamrup Metropolitan district
Cotton College, Guwahati alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Bachelor
Indian knights
1885 births
1955 deaths
All India Muslim League members
Assam MLAs 1937–1946
Assam MLAs 1946–1952 |
Alicia Diana Santos Colmenero (born June 9, 1950), better known as Diana Santos, is a Mexican voice actress who has dubbed Minnie Mouse's voice in Spanish, the part of Takeshi in the Spanish dubbed version of the 1967–1968 Japanese television program Comet-San. She has also been credited as Ad Santos (with "Ad" being "A.D.", which stands for her initials "Alicia Diana").
Filmography
Bo Peep in Lamp Life (short film) (2020)
Nai-Nai in Abominable (2019)
Joan Thompson in Ordinary Love (2019)
Bo Peep in Toy Story 4 (2019)
Belle in Wreck-It Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Mother in Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (episode 27) (2017-2020)
Julia Child (TV Chef) in The Boss Baby (2017)
Miss Chicarelli in Kick Buttowski (2010-2013)
Isabella Garcia-Shapiro (singing voice) in Phineas and Ferb (2007) (Season 1 only)
Mini in Cars (2006)
Audrey in Home on the Range (2004)
Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Belle and Minnie Mouse in House of Mouse (2001-2003)
Belle / Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Minnie Mouse (1970s-present)
Lucille Vinson in Crazy in Alabama (1999)
Bo Peep in Toy Story 2 (1999)
Belle (speaking voice) in Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
Lila Alweather (speaking voice) in Paulie (1998)
Boy in hospital in Babe: Pig in the City (1998)
Belle (speaking voice) in Belle's Magical World (1998)
Belle (speaking voice) in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Felinet in The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)
Nerdluck Nawt in Space Jam (1996)
Baloo (cub) and Mowgli in Jungle Cubs (1996-1998)
Bo Peep in Toy Story (1995)
The Hoggetts' Daughter / The Singing Mice / Valda in Babe (1995)
Spanky McFarland in The Little Rascals (1994) (Original Mexican dub)
Sarah Sanderson in Hocus Pocus (1993) (Mexican re-dub)
Jerry and Robyn Starling (singing voice) in Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992)
Young Ebenezer Scrooge as well as Clara and Beaker in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
Belle (speaking voice) in Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Binkie, Honker, and Tank Muddlefoot in Darkwing Duck (1991)
Edmond in Rock-A-Doodle (1991)
Miss Bianca in The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Rebecca Cunningham in TaleSpin (1990)
Webby in DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
Miss Piggy in Muppet Babies (1984–1991) and Muppets from Space (1999)
Chip in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989)
Anne-Marie in All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) (Original Mexican dub)
Young Babar / Young Celeste in Babar: The Movie (1989) (Mexican re-dub) (1994)
Hansel (singing voice) in Hansel and Gretel (1987)
Princess Rosebud in Sleeping Beauty (1987)
Young Snow White in Snow White (1987)
Margaret Krusemark in Angel Heart (1987)
Twinkle in Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (1987)
Jeanette Miller in The Chipmunk Adventure (1987) (Original Mexican dub)
Olivia Flaversham / Lady Mouse in The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Alicia in He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special (1985)
Sunni Gummi / Princess Calla in Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985)
Princess Eilonwy / Fairfolk Little Girl in The Black Cauldron (1985)
Mrs. Brisby / Timothy Brisby in The Secret of NIMH (1982) (Original Mexican dub)
Vixey in The Fox and the Hound (1981)
Smurfette in The Smurfs (1981-1989)
Banjo in Banjo the Woodpile Cat (1979) (Original Mexican dub)
Madame du Barry in Lady Oscar (1979)
Boy (speaking voice) in The Small One (1978)
Pete (speaking voice) in Pete's Dragon (1977)
Elisa in The Wild Swans (1977)
Miss Bianca in The Rescuers (1977)
Fritz in Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid (1975)
Peter / Clara Sesemann in Heidi (1974)
Maid Marian (speaking voice) in Robin Hood (1973)
Paul Rawlins in Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Artful Dodger in Oliver! (1968) (Original Mexican dub)
Mowgli in The Jungle Book (1967)
Christopher Robin in the Winnie the Pooh featurettes (1966–1974)
Liesl von Trapp (speaking voice) in The Sound of Music (1965) (Original Mexican dub)
Michael Banks / Jane Banks (singing voice) in Mary Poppins (1964) (Mexican re-dub) (1986)
Miles in The Innocents (1961)
Lucky and Penny in One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
Pollyanna Whittier in Pollyanna (1960)
Anne Frank in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
Arliss Coates and Lisbeth Searcy in Old Yeller (1957)
Singing Harp (speaking voice) in Fun and Fancy Free (1947) (Mexican re-dub) (1992)
Adult Faline (speaking voice) in Bambi (1942) (Mexican re-dub) (1969)
Vicky Standing in Susannah of the Mounties (1939)
Snow White in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) (Mexican re-dub) (2001) (2 loops)
Honours and awards
On November 28, 2020, during the 2nd Lavat Awards ceremony held in Mexico City, Diana Santos received an honorary award in recognition for her lifetime work as a dubbing actress spanning 64 years. The ceremony was broadcast live on the Lavat Awards official website due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as opposed to the previous year.
References
1950 births
Living people
Mexican voice actresses
Actresses from Veracruz |
Pellana (; Greek: ἡ Πέλλανα, Paus. iii. 20. § 2; τὰ Πέλλανα, Strabo viii. p. 386; Πελλήνη, Xen. Hell. vii. 5. § 9; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37; Plut. Agis, 8), was a city of ancient Lacedaemonia, on the Eurotas river, and on the road from Sparta to Arcadia.
Pellana is now a village and a municipal unit of the municipality of Sparti, Greece. It was a municipality until the 2011 local government reform. The municipal unit has an area of 153.763 km2. The seat of the municipality was in Kastoreio. It was called Καλύβια Γεωργίτσι Kalivia Georgitsi (lit. the huts of Georgitsi) until it was renamed after a nearby ancient city in 1932.
Though the site of modern Pellana was clearly occupied in antiquity, it is probably not the site of the ancient Pellana mentioned by Pausanias and other ancient authors. The ancient Pellana was more likely near the modern Sellasia.
History
According to archaeologist Theodore Spyropoulos, Pellana was the Mycenaean capital of Laconia. Today, Pellana is a small village in north Laconia, located 27 kilometers north of Sparta, 5 kilometers west of the main road that connects Sparta with Tripoli. It is built on a hill that is an extension of the Taygetos mountains in the Peloponessus. Pellana has an area of 15 square kilometers, and is 355 meters above sea level. The population of the modern village peaked in the 1940s, and has steadily declined, to the current population of 250.
The town suffered badly during the Second World War and the subsequent Greek Civil War.
There are ancient tombs about 400 meters from the main palace said to have housed King Menelaus and his wife Helen (of Troy).
Transport
The highway from Tripoli to Sparta passes Pellana.
Name
There are two possibilities about the origin of the name Pellana. Pellana has its roots in the Greek word pella, which can mean "stone" or a "rocky hill". Indeed, the main waterway in the village is at the base of a rocky hill. Pellana, linguistically, is a cognate of Pella, the capital of Macedonia but also of Pallene, a deme of Attica, Pelle of Ithaca, Pellene of Achaia, Palamedion, the acropolis of Nauplion, Pelion of Epirus, etc., all of them being "citadels on a cliff" or a hill, except for Pelion of Thessaly which is a mountain. According to modern oral folk tradition is that it received its name by a woman named “Pellania.” This woman was going to get some water; as she was getting water, she slipped and fell into the waterway. So, the village was named “Pellana”, and the main waterway: “Pellania fountain.”
It was said to have been the residence of Tyndareos, when he was expelled from Sparta, and was subsequently the frontier-fortress of Sparta on the Eurotas, as Sellasia was on the Oenus. Polybius describes it (iv. 81) as one of the cities of the Laconian Tripolis, the other two being probably Carystus (or, alternatively, Aegys) and Belemina. It had ceased to be a town in the time of Pausanias, but he noticed there a temple of Asclepius, and two fountains, named Pellanis and Lanceia.
Below Pellana, was the Characoma (Greek: Χαράκωμα), a fortification or wall in the narrow part of the valley; and near the town was the ditch, which according to the law of Agis, was to separate the lots of the Spartans from those of the Perioeci. (Plut. l. c.)
Pausanias says that Pellana was 100 stadia from Belemina; but he does not specify its distance from Sparta, nor on which bank of the river it stood. It was probably on the left bank of the river at Mt. Burliá, which is distant 55 stadia from Sparta, and 100 from Mt. Khelmós, the site of Belemina. Mt. Burliá has two peaked summits, on each of which stands a chapel; and the bank of the river, which is only separated from the mountain by a narrow meadow, is supported for the length of 200 yards by a Hellenic wall. Some copious sources issue from the foot of the rocks, and from a stream which joins the river at the southern end of the meadow, where the wall ends. There are still traces of an aqueduct, which appears to have carried the waters of these fountains to Sparta. The acropolis of Pellana may have occupied one of the summits of the mountain, but there are no traces of antiquity in either of the chapels. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 13, seq.; Boblaye, Récherches, &c. p. 76 ; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 191; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 255.)
References
Mycenaeans by Rodney Castleden
Peter Adamis Pellana by Theodore Spyropoulos
Populated places in Laconia
Sparta, Laconia
Populated places in ancient Laconia
Mycenaean sites in the Peloponnese (region)
Former populated places in Greece |
The 2021 GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup Magny-Cours round was a motor racing event for the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup, held on the weekend of 7 to 9 May 2021. The event was held on the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours in Magny-Cours, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France and consisted of two races, both one hour in length. It was the first event in the 2021 GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup and hosted Races 1 and 2 of the season.
Results
Race 1
Qualifying
Race
Race 2
Qualifying
Race
References
External links
Official website
Race 1 replay
Race 2 replay
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Qeytaqi (, also Romanized as Qeyţāqī) is a village in Shirin Darreh Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 356, in 77 families.
References
Populated places in Quchan County |
Amfilohije (; , English: Amphilochius; born Risto Radović, 7 January 193830 October 2020) was a bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, theologian, university professor, author and translator. He was first the Bishop of Banat between 1985 and 1990, and then the Metropolitan Bishop of Montenegro and the Littoral from 1990, until his death. As the metropolitan bishop, he was the primate of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro. He was one of the most influential leaders of the Serbian Church, and was among the three candidates for the Serbian patriarchate (in 2010 when Irinej became patriarch).
Amfilohije's honorary and liturgical title was: His Grace, Archbishop of Cetinje, Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, of Zeta, Brda (the Highlands) and the Skenderija, and the Exarch of the Holy Throne of Peć.
More than 569 churches and monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro were built or reconstructed during his reign. A noted theologian and author, his bibliography consists of more than 1,000 items and his selected works were published in 36 volumes.
Amfilohije was described as one of the most powerful people in Montenegro, as well as one of the most influential individuals within the Bishops' Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the supreme body of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Biography
Early life, education and personal life
Amfilohije was born as Risto Radović () in Bare Radovića in Lower Morača, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Montenegro). He was a descendant of voivode Mina Radović who participated in the unification of the Morača tribe with the Principality of Montenegro in 1820.
He studied at St. Sava's Seminary and graduated from the Faculty of Theology in 1962 in Belgrade, which at the time was a part of the SFR Yugoslavia. During his time as a seminarian in the late 1950s, he knew Justin Popović, a SOC cleric and admired the uncompromising position he held toward modern civilisation. He also studied classical philology in Belgrade.
In Paris, Amfilohije studied at the Russian St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute, in Rome at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and in Bern at the Old Catholic Faculty. He completed his postgraduate studies in Bern and Rome, and then moved to Greece where he lived for seven years, took monastic vows (and monastic name Amfilohije, eng. Amphilochius) and worked as a hieromonk of the Greek Orthodox Church. In Athens, he completed his doctoral thesis on Saint Gregory Palamas and earned a doctor of theology degree. After spending one year at Mount Athos, he moved to Paris and worked as a professor at the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute. In 1976 he became a docent and later professor of Orthodox catechesis at the Faculty of Theology in Belgrade. He was made an honorary doctor of the Moscow Theological Academy (2006) and of the Institute of Theology of the Belarusian State University (2008). He spoke Greek, Russian, Italian, German, French and used Old Greek, Latin and Old Church Slavonic. He was a member of the Association of Writers of Serbia and Montenegro.
Bishop of Banat (1980s)
Named Bishop of Banat in the 1980s, he held the title until the end of 1990. During the late 1980s, Amfilohije engaged in anti-Catholic propaganda and accused the Roman Catholic Church and Croats of endangering Serbs within Croatia. In 1990, Amfilohije became a candidate for Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC). A week before political elections in Serbia, on 6 December 1990, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević attempted to get control of the SOC through supporting his preferred candidates such as Amfilohije for patriarch. Amfilohije did not succeed in getting many votes and as such did not make the final shortlist of candidates for the role. A few days later the elderly Danilo Dajković retired and in December 1990 Amfilohije was elected to succeed him as Metropolitan of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, a position he held until his death. Guests that were present at his inauguration ceremony were Matija Bećković, Novak Kilibarda and Radovan Karadžić. The arrival of Amfilohije to his new role was greeted by numerous people that ranged from high ranking politicians to Serbian nationalists in Montenegro.
At Cetinje in December 1990 public protests by people against his appointment as metropolitan followed, due to the reputation of Amfilohije as a Serb nationalist and his denial of a separate Montenegrin identity.
As Metropolitan of Montenegro in the early 1990s
Amfilohije was elected Metropolitan of Montenegro in December 1990 and enthroned in the Cetinje Monastery on 30 December that year.
At the time, the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro had re-emerged as a spiritual and political force following the fall of communism and the subsequent dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992). In his role as metropolitan, Amfilohije initiated a programme to construct new churches, monasteries and rebuild old churches. Other initiatives by Amfilohije resulted in more monks, nuns, priests and people into the church and an increase of Montenegrins baptised into Orthodoxy during a time when his relations with the Yugoslav Montenegrin government were strained. Relics from the bodies of saints were used to rally and to "re-Christianise" the population by the SOC such as those from St. Basil that were divided and later sent out to other monasteries in Yugoslavia. In Montenegro, new churches exhibited relics of martyrs that had died at the Jasenovac concentration camp to remind parishioners of the suffering that Serbs had undergone in the World War II. Amfilohije campaigned to rehabilitate Nikolaj Velimirović, an interwar Serbian Orthodox cleric imprisoned by the Axis powers during the World War II whom he viewed as a martyr.
In Cetinje, Amfilohije opened a new theological school, a publishing house known as Svetigora and a radio station called Radio Svetagora. Amfilohije was the main supervisor of his publishing house Svetigora.
In 1992, Metropolitan Amfilohije founded Svetigora, a periodical journal of the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, which is still published monthly. Journal contains mostly the church teachings, poetry, lectures, spiritual lessons, reportages, news and chronicles from the Metropolitanate, the Serbian Church and the all other Orthodox churches. In 1998, Metropolitan Amfilohije also started nationwide radio station of the same name.
At the time his relations with the Montenegrin government were lukewarm and he lobbied for religious education by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral to be compulsory in schools.
More than 569 churches and monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church were built or reconstructed during his reign. During his thirty-year rule of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Montenegro, soup kitchens were opened in several cities in Montenegro, from which currently about 600 most vulnerable families get a hot meal, usually at home, every day, while the number of those receiving one-time food assistance is also large.
Amfilohije became a prominent advocate and supporter of Serbdom and was a self declared Serbian nationalist. His appointment as metropolitan coincided with the rise of Slobodan Milošević and the mobilisation of the Serb population in Yugoslavia that was supported by the SOC, along with an increase in Serbian nationalist sentiment. The SOC increasingly embraced a nationalist path, mainly by radical elements within its ranks as represented by the figure of Amfilohije. He and several other SOC bishops claimed that the responsibility of Yugoslavia's problems were based upon genocidal tendencies among Yugoslav ethnic groups and the West, with its modernity and ideologies such as communism, individualism, materialism and secularism. Amfilohije made comments on the situation in Kosovo and claimed that expansionist countries of the Catholic and Protestant West and Muslim East were "an insane wind trying ceaselessly to extinguish this sacred lamp", defined as Serbia.
As the Yugoslav Wars spread, Amfilohije along with other high ranking clerics strengthened their positions as the older generation of clerics and theologians that made compromises with the past Yugoslav communist government were sidelined. During this period Amfilohije made anti-Muslim and anti-Croat comments. In 1992, claims against Bosniaks, Croats and Albanians were made and repeated by high ranking Serb Orthodox clergy such as Amfilohije that the Serbs faced a genocide from them through a global conspiracy assisted by the Vatican City and Germany. In the early 1990s, Amfilohije and Bishop Vasilije Kačavenda deepened religious and ethnic divisions during the Yugoslav Wars and alleged that a global conspiracy existed against the SOC. Amfilohije stated that the "natural space" of the Serbs lay with the Orthodox East and that they needed to fight the Protestant and Catholic West and also Islam, as according to him "without death there will be no resurrection".
Amfilohije became a prominent contributor to debates regarding identity and sovereignty issues of Montenegro. A number of his views are on the statehood and nationhood of Montenegro and identity of Montenegrins which Amfilohije regards as being of Serb ethnic origin or the "best and purest Serbs" consisting of elements such as Kosovo, St. Sava and the Nemanjić dynasty. Other positions include that the Serb ancestors of the Montenegrins fled from the control of Islam to Montenegro and from there the Serbian nation had the opportunity to revive itself after the defeat suffered by Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo (1389). It led to strong disagreements with the Montenegrin government that over time favoured independence from Serbia. For Amfilohije the Montenegrin nation was invented by communists such as Tito and Milovan Đilas along with separatists supported by external forces that sought to separate Montenegrins from their historic origins and split Serbs within the wider region. He viewed people advocating for an independent and restored Montenegrin Orthodox Church (MOC) as "heretical and schismatic" that waged a campaign against the SOC and labelled Montenegrin autocephalists as "Crnolatinaši" (Black Latins), a derogatory expression used for dogmatic and fanatical Catholic clergy. Amfilohije stated that the MOC was a "political entity" and that Montenegrin autocephalists were "Titoists" and "godless" that came from "non-church circles" and an irreligious background.
The MOC attempted to characterise Amfilohije as a "dangerous fundamentalist" that wanted to impose the SOC upon all Orthodox Montenegrins and autocephalists viewed him as part of an "anti-Montenegrin" assimilation campaign. Protests by Montenegrin autocephalists were held against Amfilohije, sometimes in places when he was present such as at the inauguration ceremony for the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection in Podgorica and the interruption of a conference of Montenegrin academia honouring Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. The Montenegrin opposition viewed Amfilohije and his supporters as agents of a "Greater Serbian project" and accused the metropolitan of wanting to maintain ecclesiastical control over all churches in Montenegro.
Early on Amfilohije supported Milošević, his policies and the Serbian nationalist standpoint during the breakup of Yugoslavia and wars that took place in Croatia and Bosnia. During a 1990 interview with Serbian newspaper NIN, Amfilohije stated that Milošević should be "commended" as he understood "the vital interests of the Serb people" and that "if they continue as they started, the results will be very impressive." In another interview with the foreign media Amfilohije said that the Kosovo jubilee of the late 1980s made Serbia demonstrate "a national unity, unseen probably since 1914." In comments made to a Kosovo Serb newspaper Jedinstvo in 1990, Amfilohije acknowledged the self determination of Slovenes and Croats to statehood and said the Serbs should do likewise adding that "reconciliation over the graves of innocents" was impossible "until the Croatian people renounce the evil".
In anticipation of an invasion by Yugoslav troops of southern Croatia, the SOC, represented on the ground by Amfilohije conducted a religious ceremony (17 February 1991) in a historic Orthodox church on the Prevlaka peninsula on the Croatia-Montenegro border. During the siege of Dubrovnik, Amfilohije played the gusle (a stringed instrument) and sang verses to Yugoslav Montenegrin troops from the epic poem "Battle of Mojkovac". He made many visits to Serb soldiers in Bosnia to give his support. Amfilohije often praised the wartime Bosnian Serb leadership such as Biljana Plavšić, whom he labelled the "Kosovo Maiden", and Radovan Karadžić. Amfilohije invited the Serb paramilitary leader Željko Ražnatović Arkan and his group the Tigers, a paramilitary group on two separate occasions to guard the Cetinje Monastery in 1991 and 1992. On the second of those visits during Orthodox Christmas Eve (1992), Montenegrin autocephalists had assembled at King Nikola's Square and Arkan with his Tigers were present at the monastery where Amfilohije told the gathered crowd that "Skadar would be Montenegrin again".
At the time Amfilohije was also involved as an arbiter in external and internal conflicts within and between Serbian political parties in Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the war in Bosnia, Amfilohije in 1994 called for Republika Srpska, a Bosnian Serb self declared political entity to be supported. He was critical of what he viewed as Yugoslav government and European inaction toward Bosnian Serbs and the perceived danger they and the Orthodox faith in Bosnia faced from Muslim Bosniaks. Amfilohije maintained a strong relationship with the wartime Bosnian Serb leadership based in the town of Pale, Bosnia. He often visited Pale and told Serb troops to continue fighting. Amfilohije supported the decision by the wartime Bosnian Serb leadership to reject the Vance–Owen peace plan which proposed to divide Bosnia into multiple cantons. The relationship between Amfilohije and the Serbian President deteriorated after Milošević broke with the Bosnian Serb leadership, due to their rejection in May 1993 of the Vance–Owen peace plan. Amfilohije continued to support the wartime Bosnian Serb leadership and became a strong critic of Milošević and his policies. In 1995, with Serb forces losing ground in Croatia and Bosnia, Amfilohije addressed the Montenegrin parliament and called for them to abandon support for Milošević and to remove their sanctions against Bosnian Serbs.
Late 1990s and early 2000s
Due to his opposition toward Milošević, Amfilohije for a short time found common ground with Milo Đukanović when in 1997 the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) became divided into pro- and anti-Milošević groups. Amfilohije gave blessings to Đukanović when he became Montenegrin president in January 1998. Over time, as Đukanović advocated for an independent Montenegro, a rift emerged in their relationship and Amfilohije became a strong critic of the Montenegrin president. Attempts to alleviate ecclesiastical tensions resulted in Đukanović and Prime Minister Igor Lukšić asking Amfilohije to become part of the MOC, a move that is unachievable as the MOC lacks recognition and is considered heretical by other Orthodox churches. In the late 1990s, Amfilohije, as head of the Montenegrin metropolitanate, was in charge of 160 clergy such as priests, monks and nuns that provided religious service to more than 90% of parishes and monasteries within Montenegro. In the mid-2000s, Amfilohije commented and made critical statements regarding the integration of Serbia into the European Union. Amfilohije opposed dialogue and was anti-ecumenical in relation to the Catholic Church. In the late 20th century, Amfilohije gave support to nationalists and radical anti-Westerners and in the early twenty first century he had devoted his efforts toward dialogue between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. During February 2003, Amfilohije was head of a SOC delegation that visited Vatican City and German Catholic media reported that he invited the Pope to Belgrade, later denied by the SOC. Exposed to Catholic influence, Amfilohije has shifted his position about the "evil essence" of people in the West and has begun to distinguish between a "bad" secular and "good" anti-secular Europe. Amfilohije has promoted and advocated for the concept of "theo-democracy" without going into the specifics of the idea as a possible opposition toward liberal democracy. Amfilohije's views remain distant from a liberal perspective and as such, Klaus Buchenau states, he cannot be labelled a "pro-Westerner". In 2005 Amfilohije urged Radovan Karadžić, who evaded capture from the ICTY indictment, to give himself up.
On 18 June 2005, a small corrugated iron church was placed by a helicopter atop the summit of Mount Rumija by the 172nd Airborne Brigade of the Serbian and Montenegrin Army of Podgorica at the request of the Council Church of Podgorica, a dependent of the Orthodox Serb Metropolitan of Montenegro. The symbolic action aimed at demonstrating the dominance of the SOC over other religions and to support the Serbian character of Montenegro, the event also revealed the close links between Amfilohije and the army. The SOC stated that a former church existed some 500 years in that location which was destroyed by the Ottomans. The action was criticised in Montenegro by public figures such as Andrej Nikolaidis who stated there never was a church in that location and Amfilohije received negative press from a part of Montenegrin media of appropriating the site for one faith to the exclusion of others and generating inter religious disharmony. In a letter addressed to Đukanović, Amfilohije stated that any removal of the church would be an act of vandalism.
After the independence of Montenegro (since 2006)
During the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, Amfilohije supported the continuation of Serbian–Montenegrin unionism and was an important figure in the campaign for unity. In Montenegro, Amfilohije was viewed as a more able articulator for the interests of Montenegrin Serbs than politicians of the time. Amfilohije protested an attempt in 2006 by the MOC to storm a church near Cetinje and stated that he thought the Montenegrin government were behind the actions of the MOC. A future unification of all Orthodox churches within Montenegro was opposed by Amfilohije. Montenegrin politician Ranko Krivokapić was a major rival of Amfilohije. During May 2011, Amfilohije was charged with hate speech and underwent a court trial in Podgorica, due to comments made toward people who wanted to remove a church located at Mount Rumija. The trial lasted until November 2012, where Amfilohije rejected the charges against him and later at the conclusion of his case he received a caution from the court. During 2013, Amfilohije attempted to have Petar II Petrović-Njegoš declared a saint, yet those efforts were opposed by Montenegrin authorities and the SOC synod. At the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection in Podgorica, the image of Amfilohije is featured among the frescoes.
In 2008, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia and Amfilohije gave speeches where he stated that Kosovo was "Jerusalem, the cradle of the Serbian nation". At the time Amfilohije criticised the Serbian Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić and President Boris Tadić as "traitors who did not want the army to defend Kosovo". Amfilohije also stated that Serbia needed to buy new weapons from Russia and get Russian volunteers to defend Kosovo. In March 2008, during the Serbian elections, Amfilohije backed the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) and Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). On 13 November 2007, after Serbian Patriarch Pavle (1914–2009) had been transferred to a clinical centre due to his poor health, the Holy Synod of the SOC elected Radović to perform the duties of the patriarch. Patriarch Pavle died on 15 November 2009, and Amfilohije continued his role as the Guardian of the Throne. Amfilohije, portrayed as a compromise figure between nationalists and bishops, along with Vasilije Kačavenda and Irinej Bulović, was the main candidate for the SOC patriarch. He ceased to perform that duty after the election of Bishop Irinej of Niš as the new patriarch on 22 January 2010. His friends have claimed that he was happy not to be elected as a patriarch as there was "a lot of work to be done in Montenegro". On 2 August 2014, at a church gathering on Ilindan (St. Elijah's Day), Amfilohije stated that Muslims were "a false people with a false religion" and Islamic teachings a "spiritual death". He made comments on The Mountain Wreath, a 19th-century poem written by Petar Petrović Njegoš regarding what Amfilohije described as the "extermination of the Turkifiers". Amfilohije stated that killing people was "horrible, however more terrible is the spiritual death sown around by fake people with false faith." He further added that "Thanks to those victims, Bishop Danilo saved Montenegro. Otherwise, there would not have been a single Orthodox ear left in Montenegro."
On 8 October 2014, at a church celebration in Kolašin, Amfilohije said "two evil and deadly diseases ravaged through this region, poturčenjaštvo and brozomora." The word poturčenjaštvo is in reference to Slavic people becoming Muslims or converting to Islam, the faith of the "Turks" (Ottomans) in the Ottoman era and brozomora (Broz disease) is in relation to acceptance of the communist ideology of Josip Broz Tito. Amfilohije also stated that the era under Tito resulted in the division of a unitary Serbian nation into four separate nations such as the "Bosniaks, Montenegrins and Macedonians". The Islamic Community responded by stating that Amfilohije's comments were "hate speech" and referred to the close relations the Church and Amfilohije had with combatants and their "crimes against humanity" during the Yugoslav Wars. Amfilohije was well known for his frequent statements against the LGBT rights and gender equality, and has been quoted calling the Pride a "parade of death, self-destruction, murder and homicide". He was also elected the Homophobe of the Year by the NGO Queer Montenegro in 2014. He was also publicly warned by the Ombudsman for hate speech and discrimination of the LBGT minority. Amfilohije had denounced NATO, calling it a "militaristic, totalitarian, terrorist, international organization". The SOC in Montenegro has called for a referendum on Montenegro's NATO accession. Anti-government protests had been held, organized by the Montenegrin opposition, made up of the mainly Serb community. Amfilohije had publicly criticized the country's "separation from mother Russia".
Controversial religion law and protests (2019–2020)
As of late December 2019, the newly proclaimed Law on Religious Communities in Montenegro, which de jure transfers the ownership of church buildings and estates from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state, sparked a series of large protests followed with road blockages. Some church officials were attacked by the police (including Bishop Metodije, Amfilohije's deputy) and a number of journalists, opposition activists and protesting citizens were arrested. On 29 December 2019, the Episcopal Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro excommunicated President of Montenegro Milo Đukanović and Government coalition MPs and officials for passing the religious law. Prayer walks continued into August 2020 as peaceful protest prayer walks, mostly organised by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and led by Metropolitan Amfilohije in a number of Montenegrin municipalities. As time went on a considerable percentage of Montenegro's population took to streets opposing the law. During February peaceful public gatherings reached over 50 or even 60,000 attendees in Podgorica alone and they are increasingly described as the most massive public gatherings in the history of Montenegro. During peaceful protests in early 2020, more cases of police abuse of office and violence against protesting citizens and political activists were reported, several opposition activists and journalists were also arrested. At the parliamentary election in August 2020, Metropolitan Amfilohije supported the opposition candidates, going to the polls for the first time in his lifespan. The election resulted in a victory for the opposition parties and the fall from power of the ruling DPS, which had ruled the country since the introduction of the multi-party system in 1990. In September 2020, Montenegrin professor Zdravko Krivokapić, close to Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and Metropolitan Amfilohije was selected new prime minister-designate of Montenegro by the new parliamentary majority, announcing withdrawal of the disputed law on religious communities.
Death and legacy
On 7 October 2020, Amfilohije tested positive for COVID-19 during its pandemic in Montenegro. He appeared to recover initially, and, on 20 October, tested negative for COVID-19. However, the situation worsened sharply on 29 October, when he developed shortness of breath. The head of the Pulmonology Clinic of the Clinical Center, Jelena Borovinić, stated on 29 October that the health condition of Metropolitan Amfilohije was difficult and that he was "placed in the mode of invasive ventilation". She explained that the deterioration of Amfilohije's health condition occurred after pneumonia developed, due to complications caused by COVID-19. He died on 30 October 2020 in Podgorica, Montenegro, at the age of 82.
Serbian Ambassador to Montenegro Vladimir Božović confirmed the media rumors that the Serbian government offered to transfer Amfilohije to Serbia for treatment, while the Metropolitan was treated at the local hospital in Cetinje, the Metropolitan thanked him and said he wanted to stay in Montenegro and share the fate of all other Montenegrin people.
Metropolitan Amfilohije was, at his own request, buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ in Podgorica in a resting place prepared for his lifespan. Amfilohije has begifted his personal library, consisting of several thousands books, to the medieval Stanjevići monastery. Noted Serbian poet Matija Bećković wrote a poem in his honour.
Despite to the Montenegrin government's bans on mass public gatherings due to the spread of COVID-19 virus, in front of the Podgorica Cathedral, there were thousands of believers present, as well as heads of the Orthodox Church in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Ukraine and Albania, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar and Islamic communities in Montenegro and Serbia, the funeral was also attended by a large number of political leaders from Montenegro and neighboring countries. Speeches at the funeral were given by Bishop Joanikije of Budimlja and Nikšić, Serbian Patriarch Irinej, Montenegrin Prime Minister-designate Zdravko Krivokapić, President of the Parliament of Montenegro Aleksa Bečić, as well as Serbian poet and Amfilohije's close friend Matija Bećković.
In a telegram of condolences, Belgrade Chief Mufti Mustafa Jusufspahić paid his respects to the late Metropolitan, recalling the events during the nationalist protests in Belgrade during May 2004, when the Bajrakli Mosque was attacked, and when only Metropolitan Amfilohije stood in front of the unbridled mass defending the sanctuary, "defending good from evil in all of us".
He donated his last pension to a poor priest who was working on several books in Belgrade.
Zdravko Krivokapić, the Prime Minister-designate of Montenegro, publicly asked the outgoing Government of Duško Marković to declare a day of mourning on the occasion of the death of the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, which the government refused to do; meanwhile, several municipalities of Montenegro declared a day of mourning at the local level: Andrijevica, Budva, Berane, Kotor, Herceg Novi, Tivat and Plužine.
Serbian Patriarch Irinej tested positive for COVID-19 after attending, as well as presiding over, the open casket funeral for Amfilohije, which saw few among a large attendance, including the clergy who provided liturgy, wear safety masks. Those attending the funeral, which was held on 1 November, also did not keep their social distance and agreed to abide by the tradition of walking up to an open casket to kiss a deceased Eastern Orthodox cleric's hands and forehead. Irinej died 19 days after the funeral due to coronavirus, on 20 November.
Public opinion
Amfilohije as a metropolitan understood Montenegrin sentiments and the social currents of Montenegro. He was a controversial figure that was respected by his clergy and disliked by some critics. Due to his status as a public figure, polarised public opinion over Amfilohije was either positive or negative. Among Montenegrin Serbs, Amfilohije was a popular figure and in polls conducted during 2003-2004 he ranked as one of the top trusted people in public life of Montenegro. As a divisive figure Amfilohije was portrayed by Montenegrin pro independence parties, some intellectuals and the MOC as a "war criminal" and "fundamentalist" causing conflict among fellow citizens. A cottage industry arose around criticising Amfilohije in the 1990s. The MOC has engaged in a public relations campaign aimed at what they considered to be the negative aspect of Amfilohije's character. Those efforts have included the MOC publishing a book by Vešeljko Koprivica about Amfilohije called Amfilohijeva sabrana ne djela (Misdeeds of Amfilohije) that attempts to portray the metropolitan as a Serb nationalist that stirred conflict during the breakup of Yugoslavia and its wars.
The role of Amfilohije in the political and social life of Montenegro has been denounced as a supporter of "militant Greater Serbian politics" and "ideas that lead to war" by his ideological opponents. In the rivalry between Amfilohije of the SOC and Metropolitan Miraš Dedeić of the canonically unrecognized MOC have often exchanged personal slurs and both have become representatives of the Serb and Montenegrin factions within the country. Supporters of Amfilohije are calling him "Đedo" (the Grandfather).
Amfilohije's supporters have claimed that more churches and monasteries have been built and rebuilt during his rule than during the Nemanjić dynasty.
Awards
Selected orders and medals
Commemorative Medal of Bartholomew I of Constantinople, 1991
Medal of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 2000 years of Christianity, 2000
Order of Lomonsov, The national committee of state awards of the Russian Federation, 2001
Medal of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 1500 years of Mar Saba, 2002
Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, I Degree, Russian Academy of Military Science, 2003
Order of the St. Cyril of Turov, Belarusian Orthodox Church, 2008
Order of Saint Prince Vladimir, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 2012
Order of The Holy Great Martyr George, Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić, 2013
Order of King Peter of the Society for Nurturing the Traditions of the Liberation Wars of Serbia until 1918, 2014
Medal of Orthodox Spiritual Academy of St. Petersburg of Saint John the Apostle, 2015
Commemorative Medal of Vergina, Greece
Honorary degrees
Moscow Theological Academy, 2006
The Institute of Theology at the Belarusian State University in Minsk, 2008
St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, 2012
Saint Petersburg Theological Academy, 2015
Selected works
Amfilohije's bibliography consists of more than 1000 units and his selected works have been published in 36 volumes. Together with bishop Atanasije Jevtić, Amfilohije translated the Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament to Serbian.
His selected works include
Tajna Svete Trojice po učenju Grigorija Palame (1973),study in Greek, doctorate dissertation.
Smisao liturgije (1974), study in Greek.
Tumačenje Starog zaveta kroz vekove (1979), Belgrade.
Sinaiti i njihov značaj u Srbiji XIV vijeka (1981), study.
Filokalijski pokret XVIII i početkom XIX vijeka (1982), study.
Osnove pravoslavnog vaspitanja (1983), studies.
Duhovni smisao hrama Svetog Save (1987), Belgrade.
Vraćanje duše u čistotu (1992), Podgorica
Istorijski presjek tumačenja Starog zavjeta (1995), Nikšić.
Sveti Petar Cetinjski i rat (1996), essay in edited book:The Lamb of God and the Beast from the Abyss
Selected translations (mostly from Serbianto Greek and vice versa)
Kasijana by Nikolaj Velimirović, 1973 (Serbian to Greek)
Žitije Svetog Simeona i Save by Justin Popović, 1974
Starac Arsenije Kapadokijski, 1987
Od maske do ličnosti, 1993
Premudrosti Solomonove (Wisdom of Solomon), 1995
Azbučni Otačnik, 1995
Knjiga Premudrosti Isusa sina Sirahova (Book of Sirach), 2007
Eight deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament (Additions to Esther, 2 Esdras, Judith, Sirach, Baruch, Tobit, Letter of Jeremiah, Additions to Daniel), 2011-2012
Mitropolit pergamski Jovan Zizjulas
References
Sources
External links
Metropolitan Amfilohije (Radovic) of Montenegro and the Coastlands
Documentary film about the life of Metropolitan Amfilohije
1938 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
21st-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
20th-century Montenegrin people
21st-century Montenegrin people
People from Kolašin
Serbs of Montenegro
Bishops of Montenegro and the Littoral
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Serbian theologians
Serbian nationalists
Serbian male writers
Serbian male essayists
University of Belgrade Faculty of Orthodox Theology alumni
Prisoners and detainees of Montenegro
Deaths from pneumonia in Montenegro
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro
Burials in Montenegro
Burials at Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches
Pontifical Oriental Institute alumni |
Insu may refer to:
İnsu, village in Yenişehir District, Turkey
Insu-dong, neighbourhood of Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Insu (Korean name), Korean unisex given name
Queen Insu (1437-1504)
INSU may refer to:
Insituform, British provider of trenchless technologies for gravity and pressure pipelines
Institut national des sciences de l'univers (National Institute for Earth Sciences and Astronomy) of the French Centre national de la recherche scientifique |
Lois Collier (born Madelyn Earle Jones; March 21, 1919 – October 27, 1999) was an American actress born in Salley, South Carolina. She was sometimes credited as Lois Collyer.
Early years
Collier's father was Ernest Jones, a pharmacist, of Salley, South Carolina. Chaperoned by her grandmother, she visited Hollywood when she was 15, later describing herself as "movie-struck" at the time. She attended Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina.
Film
Collier's acting career started as a model in the 1935 romance-comedy "Women Must Dress". From 1940 through 1949, her career would be active and somewhat successful, with her playing mostly heroine roles in B-movies. Her best known film is probably A Night in Casablanca (1946) starring the Marx Brothers. During the 1940s, she often starred opposite western stars Bob Steele, Tom Tyler, and Dennis Moore. In 1950, she starred in the sci-fi serial The Flying Disc Man from Mars.
Collier was sometimes called the Fourth Mesquiteer because seven of Republic Pictures' The Three Mesquiteers movies featured her as the female lead.
Radio
Collier played Carol in the soap opera Dear John, which ran on CBS in the 1930s and 1940s. Beginning December 6, 1948, she was featured in You, a program on KMGM in Los Angeles, California.
Television
In 1949, Collier co-starred in City Desk, a drama about activity in the newsroom of a newspaper. From 1950 through 1957, she starred mostly on television series episodes. She played Mary, the hero's girlfriend and sidekick, in 58 episodes of the television series Boston Blackie, which ran from 1951 to 1954. She retired from acting after 1957.
Personal life
Collier was married to bank executive Robert A. Duncan. She was granted a divorce from him on September 3, 1943. On August 4, 1945, Collier married Robert Jackson Oakley, an agent for actors. They divorced in 1956.
Death
Collier died of Alzheimer's disease on October 27, 1999, while living in a retired actors community in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California. She was 80 years old.
Filmography
Film
Women Must Dress (1935) – Model
A Desperate Adventure, aka It Happened in Paris (UK) (1938) – Angela
Girls of the Road (1940) – Road Girl (uncredited)
Ice-Capades, aka Music in the Moonlight (US: reissue title) (1941) – Audition Girl (uncredited)
Outlaws of Cherokee Trail (1941) – Doris Sheldon
Sailors on Leave (1941) – Pretty Brunette (uncredited)
Gauchos of El Dorado (1941) – Ellen
West of Cimarron (1941) – Doris Conway
Mr. District Attorney in the Carter Case (1941) – Receptionist (uncredited)
Blondie Goes to College, aka The Boss Said 'No''' (UK) (1942) – Coed (uncredited)A Tragedy at Midnight (1942) – (uncredited)The Man Who Returned to Life (1942) – Mary Tuller (uncredited)Yokel Boy (1942), aka Hitting the Headlines (UK) – Stewardess (uncredited)Raiders of the Range (1942) – Jean TraversThe Affairs of Jimmy Valentine, aka Unforgotten Crime (US: TV title) (1942) – ReceptionistThe Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942) – Cynthia, Girl at the Dance (uncredited)Westward Ho (1942) – Anne HendersonThe Phantom Plainsmen (1942) – Judy BarrettMy Son, the Hero (1943) – Nancy CavanaughSanta Fe Scouts (1943) – Claire RobbinsGet Going (1943) – DorisYoung Ideas (1943) – Co-ed (uncredited)She's for Me (1943) – Eileen CraneLadies Courageous (1944) – JillWeird Woman (1944) – Margret MercerPrices Unlimited (1944, Short)Follow the Boys (1944) – Herself (uncredited)Cobra Woman (1944) – VeedaJungle Woman (1944) – Joan FletcherJungle Queen (1945, Serial) – Pamela CourtneyThe Naughty Nineties (1945) – Miss Caroline JacksonPenthouse Rhythm (1945) – Linda Reynolds, Junior's SecretaryThe Crimson Canary (1945) – Jean WalkerGirl on the Spot (1946) – Kathy LorenzA Night in Casablanca (1946) – AnnetteThe Cat Creeps (1946) – Gay ElliottWild Beauty (1946) – Linda GibsonSlave Girl (1947) – AletaArthur Takes Over (1948) – Margaret BixbyOut of the Storm (1948) – Ginny PowellMiss Mink of 1949 (1949) – Alice ForresterJoe Palooka in Humphrey Takes a Chance (1950) – Anne Howe PalookaFlying Disc Man from Mars (1950, Serial) – Helen HallRhythm Inn (1951) – Betty Parker
Television
Dick Tracy – Fluff (4 episodes, 1950)
Joe Palooka in Humphrey Takes a Chance (1950) – Anne Howe Palooka
Rhythm Inn (1951) – Betty Parker
The Unexpected – "Beyond Belief" (1952)
Boston Blackie – Mary Wesley (58 episodes, 1951–1953)
Letter to Loretta – "600 Seconds" (1955) (as Lois Collyer) Gloria Joy
Cavalcade of America – "Sunrise on a Dirty Face" (1955) – Marion
Damon Runyon Theater – "A Job for Macarone" (1955) – Mary Peering
Cheyenne – "West of the River" (1956) – Ruth McKeever
Screen Directors Playhouse – "The Sword of Villon" (1956) – Elaine
It's a Great Life – "Operation for Earl" (1956) – Nurse
Strange Stories (1 episode, 1956) – "Con Game" (1956)
Broken Arrow (1 episode, 1957) – Johnny Flagstaff
The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
"Ronnie Gets an Agent" (1956) – Devlin's Secretary
"The Plumber's Union" (1957) – Julie Ames
The Web (1 episode, 1957) – Easy Money (final appearance)
Missile Monsters (1958) re-edited feature version of the 1950 serial Flying Disc Man from Mars
References
External links
Lois Collier at b-westerns.com
1919 births
1999 deaths
American film actresses
American radio actresses
American television actresses
People from Aiken County, South Carolina
20th-century American actresses
Western (genre) film actresses
Limestone University alumni
Film serial actresses |
Chernyak, Czerniak, Czarniak, Cherniak or Cherniack is a gender-neutral Slavic surname. It is derived from čьrnъ ("black").
Czerniak and Czarniak are the Polish variants, with Czerniak being about six times more common.
People
Alexey Chernyak (born 1973), Russian politician
Andrzej Czarniak (1931–1985), Polish alpine skier
Boris Cherniak (born 1964), Russian-born comedy hypnotist, motivational speaker, entertainer, author, illusionist and hypnotherapist
Christopher Cherniak, American philosophy academic
Evgeniy Chernyak (born 1969), Ukrainian businessman
Konrad Czerniak (born 1989), Polish swimmer
Leah Cherniak (born 1956), Canadian playwright and theatre director
Lindsay Czarniak (born 1977), American sports anchor and reporter
Moshe Czerniak (1910–1984), Polish-Israeli chess master
Nathalie Sarraute (born Natalya Chernyak, 1900–1999), French lawyer and writer
Saul Cherniack (1917–2018), Canadian lawyer and politician
Volodymyr Chernyak (1941–2021), Ukrainian politician
Włodzimierz Czarniak (1934–1964), Polish alpine skier
Yan Chernyak (1909–1995), World War II Soviet spy
Brothers Tim Czerniak and Elis Czerniak of Halves (band)
References
See also
Russian-language surnames
Ukrainian-language surnames
Polish-language surnames |
Jorge Afonso (c. 1470 – 1540) was a noted Portuguese Renaissance painter.
Jorge Afonso was nominated royal painter in 1508 by King Manuel I and again in 1529 by John III. He was mainly based in Lisbon, with a workshop near the Igreja de São Domingos. A whole generation of Portuguese painters was educated in his workshop, including Cristóvão de Figueiredo, Garcia Fernandes, Gregório Lopes and Jorge Leal, among others.
The main painted altarpieces attributed to Jorge Afonso were commissioned by the old Queen Leonor, widow of King John II and sister of Manuel I. For the former Queen, Jorge Afonso painted the main altarpiece of the Convent of Madre de Deus, in Lisbon, in 1515. This magnificent altarpiece is now in the National Museum of Ancient Art, in Lisbon. Between 1520 and 1530, Jorge Afonso painted the 14 panels of the main altarpiece of the Monastery of Jesus, in Setúbal, again sponsored by Queen Leonor. The panels can be seen in the museum of the Monastery.
Jorge Afonso's workshop is also linked to the painted decoration of the walls of the Round Church of the Convent of Christ, in Tomar, executed in the 1530s.
Notes
Bibliography
Portuguese Renaissance painting (by Maria José Palla , João Augusto Laurentino).
External links
Paintings by Jorge Afonso in Six Centuries of Portuguese Painting website.
1470s births
1540 deaths
15th-century Portuguese people
Portuguese Renaissance painters
16th-century Portuguese people
15th-century Portuguese painters
Portuguese male painters |
An Equal Music (1999) is a novel by Vikram Seth.
Plot
The plot concerns Michael, a professional violinist, who never forgot his love for Julia, a pianist he met as a student in Vienna. They meet again after a decade, and conduct a secret affair, though she is married and has one child. Their musical careers are affected by this affair and the knowledge that Julia is going deaf.
A recurring element throughout the plot is the pair's performance of Beethoven's Piano Trio Opus 1 No.3, which they first perform in their college days.
Seth together with Philippe Honoré marketed a double CD of the music mentioned in An Equal Music, performed by Honoré.
Reception
The book was especially well received by musical fans, who noted the accuracy of Seth's descriptions of music.
Paolo Isotta, one of Italy's most significant music critics, wrote in the influential newspaper Il Corriere della Sera of the Italian translation that no European writer had ever shown such a knowledge of European classical music, nor had any European novel before managed to convey the psychology, the technical abilities, even the human potentialities of those who practise music for a living.
Works referenced
Several musical works figure prominently in An Equal Music. Among these are the Trout Quintet by Franz Schubert, the String Quintet in C minor by Ludwig van Beethoven, and The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Notes
1999 British novels
Novels by Vikram Seth
Novels about music |
Rosalind Groenewoud (born December 10, 1989) is a Canadian freeskier. She is the 2011 FIS World Champion in halfpipe, Groenewoud is also a 2012 Winter X Games champion x 2 (Aspen and Tignes) and has 3 silver and two bronze medals from X Games competitions in halfpipe. She won the AFP Overall Championship in 2009 & 2010 and AFP Halfpipe Overall Ranking in 2012. She is the first woman to design her own pro-model freestyle ski with the female owned ski company Coalition Snow.
Career
Groenewoud won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships. When Groenewoud won gold during the 2012 Winter X Games in Aspen and in Tignes, she dedicated her wins to teammate Sarah Burke who died in January 2012 in a training run. During 2013, Groenewoud was considered among the top female skiers in her sport and as such was a favourite to win gold in the new Olympic sport of halfpipe at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. During the 2012–13 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup she finished second at the stop in Sochi that was considered the last test event at the location before the Olympics.
Prior to the 2014 Winter Olympics Groenewoud required surgery on both her knees in part to an injury that occurred earlier in December. Despite this, she qualified for Canada's team at the Olympics. Two weeks before the Olympics, Groenewoud successfully competed at the X-Games '14 where she won the silver medal in the superpipe competition. Groenewoud finished seventh in her event's Olympic debut at Sochi 2014.
Personal
Groenewoud was a close friend and teammate for 7 years of deceased Sarah Burke whom she considers her inspiration. She carried her name on her helmet in all competitions. She studied math and physics at Quest University and is currently a medical student at the University of British Columbia. She is a member of the Target action sports team. Her Olympic sponsors were P&G, RBC, Visa, General Mills, Bell Canada, BMW Canada.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Canadian female freestyle skiers
Skiers from Calgary
X Games athletes
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers for Canada |
Reid L. Bennett (February 7, 1929 – January 26, 2000) was a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
References
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1929 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American politicians
People from Mercer County, Pennsylvania
People from Estero, Florida |
One Night Stand is an HBO stand-up series that first aired on February 15, 1989. The half-hour series aired weekly and featured stand-up comedy specials from some of the top performing comedians. The series originally comprised 55 specials over the course of its four years on HBO. Comedians who performed on One Night Stand include Bill Hicks, Bill Maher, Colin Quinn, Dom Irrera, Gilbert Gottfried, Norm Macdonald, Eddie Griffin, Martin Lawrence, D.L. Hughley, Damon Wayans, Larry Miller, Ellen DeGeneres, Charles Fleischer, and George Wallace. This first run of the series ended in 1992, with repeats edited for language and time continuing for years over Comedy Central, a former associate network to HBO.
One Night Stand returned on August 19, 2005. The series aired each Friday at midnight through October 21, 2005, showing a total of ten half-hour stand-up specials. Some of the comedians included are Louis C.K, Jim Norton, Patrice O'Neal, Bill Burr, Bonnie McFarlane, Kevin Brennan, Omid Djalili, Flight of the Conchords, and more. The 2005 version was directed by Linda Mendoza.
External links
HBO original programming
1980s American comedy television series
1990s American stand-up comedy television series
1989 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
2000s American stand-up comedy television series
2005 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
English-language television shows
HBO Shows (series) WITHOUT Episode info, list, or Article |
8 Andromedae, abbreviated 8 And, is a probable triple star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 8 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.82. Based upon an annual parallax shift of , it is located about 570 light years from the Earth. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −8 km/s.
The primary component is an ageing red giant star with a stellar classification of . The suffix notation indicates this is a mild barium star, which means the stellar atmosphere is enriched with s-process elements. It is either a member of a close binary system and has previously acquired these elements from a (now) white dwarf companion or else it is on the asymptotic giant branch and is generating the elements itself. This is a periodic variable of unknown type, changing in brightness with an amplitude of 0.0161 magnitude at a frequency of 0.23354 d−1, or once every 4.3 days.
The third component is the magnitude 13.0 star at an angular separation of along a position angle of 164°, as of 2015. It has a Gaia Data Release 3 parallax of and a proper motion almost identical to 8 Andromedae. A number of other faint stars within a few arc-minutes of 8 Andromedae have been listed as companions, but none are at the same distance.
Within Andromeda it is the second of a northerly chain asterism – 11 is further south-westward, with 7, 5, then 3 Andromedae in the other direction.
References
M-type giants
Suspected variables
Barium stars
Triple stars
08 Andromedae
Durchmusterung objects
Andromedae, 08
219734
115022
8860 |
John Leslie Urquhart (11 April 1874 – 13 March 1933) was a Scottish mining engineer, entrepreneur and millionaire.
Early life
He was born on 11 April 1874 to Scottish parents, Andrew and Jean Urquhart, in Aydın, from Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire. His father was engaged in the export trade of licorice root and paste, the extract from which was widely used in the pharmaceutical and tobacco industries, as well as confectionery production.
Urquhart went to an English school in Smyrna from age 7. In 1887 the family moved to Scotland, settling at Portobello, Edinburgh. Urquhart went to school there, then in Edinburgh, and in 1890 took up an engineering apprenticeship with Crow, Harvey & Co. of Glasgow, also attending evening classes at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. His father was at Oudjari (Ujar), now in Azerbaijan, with a business venture. He also studied chemistry under Stevenson Macadam at Edinburgh University, and in 1896 was set for a career in the oil industry. He was diverted, however, to Ujar and his father's licorice interests there, as the manager of the Oriental Trading Corporation factory there. Thomas Urquhart, his uncle and an engineer who had supervised the Gryazi–Tsaritsyn railway line in Russia, may have influenced his decision. The oil at Baku was possibly another factor: he made a trip there in 1897, and by 1898 had made good progress in the local languages.
Oilman in Baku
In 1902 Urquhart was offered work by the Schibaieff Petroleum Company, at a time when licorice was in glut, and became a manager for them at Baku. The factory was sold and the Oriental Trading Corporation wound up in 1903, as the American Liquorice Trust sought to create a cartel. British capital was at this point prominent in the Baku oilfields, with at least five companies buying in from 1896. There was some notable sharp practice in deals.
The dealings of George Tweedy, in particular, for Baku-Russian Petroleum, brought Charles Leslie, a director of the company, to Baku in 1904. He struck up a friendship with Urquhart. When he was forced to leave the oil business, two years later, Urquhart was able to set up the Anglo-Siberian Company in London, for mining, by combining his contacts with Leslie's.
The change was precipitated by political events, starting with a wave of strikes in Baku, and the fall of Sergei Witte, in 1903. It was followed by the Russo-Japanese War, and communal violence between Armenians and Tatars in Baku during February 1905. In private, Urquhart, who employed Tatars and spoke their language, entirely took their side. The disturbances of the 1905 Russian Revolution that took place in Baku in September of that year were particularly bloody. Urquhart was awarded an Albert Medal for Lifesaving, the citation noting his position as British Vice-Consul in Baku, and his actions to save four British workmen in September 1905, with Tatar and Cossack support.
After a complex series of events and negotiations, Urquhart left revolutionary Baku on instructions from the British Foreign office and companies, reaching Moscow on 25 September. His life was said to be in danger, but he was also much criticised.
Kyshtym
Urquhart's setting up of the Anglo-Siberian Corporation then led to other vehicles for capital. The Perm Corporation was likewise intended to exploit minerals in the Urals, and Anglo-Siberian took it over in 1908, once it had acquired the Kyshtym Mining Works of 1900, a Russian company. The Kyshtym Corporation Ltd. then bought the shares from the Perm Corporation. Exploratory surveys at Kyshtym for Anglo-Siberian had confirmed the presence of deposits of copper, iron and sulphur; and gold in the Soymonovsk Valley. The result was that the mineral resources of the Kyshtym estate were controlled by a board chaired by Charles Leslie, on which Urquhart sat. In autumn 1908 Urquhart and Semmy Joseph Blumlein, managing director, went to Kyshtym and supervised investment, including rail track and a smelter.
The complex corporate situation proved unstable, because of tensions between British interests related by cross-holdings. American interests became involved. In 1911 Alfred Chester Beatty visited Kyshtym, on behalf of the American interests. By 1912 the future direction was set for investment in the Urals, with Beatty and Urquhart allied, and the British group around Leslie excluded.
At this period, Urquhart also acquired interests in what is now Kazakhstan. They were in lead and zinc at Ridder, and coal at Ekibastuz. He chaired the Irtysh Corporation, which held the Kirgiz Coal Mining Company, the owner of the mines. The Irtysh Corporation, in turn, was financed by the Russo-Asiatic Corporation, a British company of which Urquhart was a director. It had been set up in 1912, when it was partly owned by Anglo-Siberian, with two banks; but Anglo-Siberian was wound up shortly after that. Other holdings were at Tanalyk in Orenburg Oblast. They produced copper, and Baron Meller-Zakomelsky, whose family estate was at Kyshtym, invited Urquhart to become a partner in the venture, around 1911.
Aftermath of the Russian Revolution
A consequence of the 1917 Russian Revolution was the nationalisation of mining interests in the former Russian Empire. Urquhart in 1921 became President of the Association of British Creditors of Russia (ABC of Russia), a broad-based pressure group. His personal objective was to secure for Russo-Asiatic a concession to run again the corporation's mining sites, under the new regime. The Hands Off Russia campaign by the British Left had little purchase, but the Lloyd George administration was keen to trade with the Soviet Union.
Urquhart was a strong opponent of the Bolsheviks, and as a backer of Alexander Kolchak an advocate of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. Under Sir Charles Eliot, British Commissioner in Siberia, he ran through staff the Siberian Supply Company that operated in 1918–9 behind the White Russian lines, but no further west than Harbin.
A 1921 agreement made by Urquhart with Leonid Krasin fell through, undermined by a public attack by Urquhart on the Cheka, and Lenin's wish to make an anti-British gesture. By the time of the Genoa Conference (1922), however, Urquhart had come to favour a more co-operative attitude to the Soviet Union. His dealings, however, were caught up with the international tensions caused by the events around the Armistice of Mudanya in October 1922. The Soviets were snubbed by a virtual exclusion from the subsequent Conference of Lausanne. Arthur Ransome argued that their assumption that treating Urquhart harshly would affect the British government was based on faulty reasoning.
During the New Economic Policy period, Urquhart persisted in efforts to secure concessions in the territory of the USSR. Lenin's view of 1922 was the Ekibastuz site should not be wholly granted as a concession to Urquhart. By 1925 there was local resistance, for example in the Kazakh Republic by Nikolai Yezhov. Urquhart's approach to dealing with the Soviet concessions, and Georgy Pyatakov who controlled them, on behalf of the Russo-Asiatic Consolidated group, contrasted with the subtler and more accommodating tactics employed by Herbert Guedalla and Grigori Benenson (1860–1939) for the Imperial and Foreign Corporation, also based in London. They gained control of Lena Goldfields, by business manipulations, and had a much freer hand in the USSR. Urquhart shunned chances to ally with them.
Urquhart attempted, through Midian Ltd., to exploit sites formerly in the Ottoman Empire, to the south of the Dead Sea; but the British government favoured the interests of the Turkish Petroleum Company.
Later life
In the later 1920s Urquhart was heavily involved in the Mount Isa Mines (MIM) of Queensland in Australia. He repeated there a pattern of local development of towns that he had carried out in pre-war Russia. The Urquhart Shale ore body is named for him. The Australian mining consultant William Henry Corbould, who had worked at Mount Isa, went on in 1928 to survey Edie Creek in the Territory of New Guinea, for Urquhart and the Ellyou Goldfields Development Corporation. There resulted the New Guinea Goldfields Ltd. subsidiary of MIM.
Awards and honours
Urquhart received the Russian imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class with star, in 1916.
Personal life
Urquhart married American-born Eugenie Beryl da Silva-Bald in 1909; her father was English, her mother from Illinois. The wedding was in London, but the couple went then to Kyshtym, where their first son Kenneth was born the following year. At the end of 1911 Urquhart bought Brasted Place, in Brasted, Kent, England, as a family home, from Henry Avray Tipping. The children of the marriage were:
Kenneth Leslie, born 1910 in Kyshtym, died 1974.
Ronald Neil, born 1911 in Kyshtym, died 1942.
Ian Andrew, born 1914 at Brasted
Neil Roy Leslie, born 1915 at Brasted
Jean Leslie, born 1918, who married in 1942 William Robert Brudenell Foster, died 1986.
Urquhart died in London on 13 March 1933.
References
Further reading
Paul Dukes, A History of the Urals: Russia's Crucible from Early-Empire to the Post-Soviet Era (Bloomsbury, 2015)
K. H. Kennedy, Mining Tsar: The Life and Times of Leslie Urquhart (Allen & Unwin, 1986)
1874 births
1933 deaths
British businesspeople
People from Brasted |
is a five-member Japanese visual kei rock band that formed in March 2007, and is signed onto the indie label Beyond-Max. DaizyStripper also has an alter-ego band called Frantic Emiry.
History
2007–2008: Formation and indie years
DaizyStripper was founded in March 2007 with the line-up of: Yugiri (ex-Altema) on vocals, Mayu (ex-Clavier) on guitar, Nao (ex-Trick) on guitar, Rei (ex-Clavier) on bass, and Kazami (ex-Clavier and former Lareine roadie and support member) on drums. They would spend three months writing songs and rehearsing, and on June 5 the band had their demonstration live at Takadanobaba Area.
Their debut live was on June 18 at Shibuya O-West. This led into a string of four lives, starting on June 24 at Liquid Room Abisu and ending on July 16 at Takadanobaba Area. On August 2 DaizyStripper was one of many bands performing in the "Scuber Dive ~Shibuya ga Taihen~" mega-event, they played at Shibuya O-Crest. A little more than two weeks later, on the 18th, the group participated in Guy's Family's sponsored event "Guy's Party Vol.3" at Liquid Room Ebisu.
On August 23 the group held their first sponsored event called "SakuranStrip" at Takadanobaba Area. At this live they distributed their one and only self-titled demo CD. The two track demo contained: "Dandelion", which was re-recorded and used as their debut single and "Black Dropper", which was later re-recorded and placed on their first album Birth. "DaizyStripper" was limited to the number of customers that day.
2008 started with two events in January, the first of which was the "J SHOCK '08 New Year's PARTY" on the 20th at Liquid Room Ebisu and the second was the Rk presents37 "Ikemen☆Paradise" on the 31st at Shibuya O-West. On February 13 DaizyStripper released their debut single "Dandelion". It was released in a CD+DVD only format, and allotted to 1,000 copies. This was also only available to purchase at four select Like an Edison stores and at their lives. The single reached No. 10 on the indies Oricon charts and has since sold out.
As the first press of "Dandelion" sold-out a second press was released on April 16. It shares the same specifics as the first press. The second press was, however, available nationwide in 13 different stores. The single reached No. 1 on the indies Oricon charts. "Dandelion" overall reached No. 59 on the major charts, where it charted for two weeks. Like its predecessor it has since sold out. Around this time a two consecutive month single release campaign was announced; "Hoshizora to Kimi no Te" was to be released on May 28 and "Juliette no Knife" was to be released on June 25.
May began with the group's part in the hide memorial summit that took place at Ajinomoto Stadium on the 3rd. Their next bout of activity were two events: "Absolute Domain -Zettai Ryouiki-" on the 10th at Nagoya E.L.L and "ON" on the 16th at Holiday Shinjuku.
On June 6 the group had their first one-man concert called Stripper's Kingdom at Shibuya Boxx. Four days later they were a part of Ruvie's "Picture's" sponsored event at Shibuya O-West. As previously mentioned their second and third singles, condensed into a single box titled "Cross", was released on June 11. It was only available to purchase through the same 13 stores that their second press of "Dandelion" was sold through. This was also a limited release having 3,000 copies. The single box reached No. 2 on the indies Oricon charts and has since sold out.
The only lives in September were a part of their "TouMeiHan" (東名阪; Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka) based one-man concert tour called Cross ~Gekijou Trip / Ryuusei Trip~. On October 12 preceded the released of their fourth single "Truth", which was released on the 15th. Similar to the second pressing of "Dandelion" this was only available through 16 select stores. The single reached No. 1 on the indies Oricon charts.
Second pressings of their single box "Cross" and fourth single "Truth" were released on December 10. "Cross" overall reached No. 49 on the major Oricon charts where it charted for two weeks, while "Truth" overall reached No. 35 on the major charts where it charted for three weeks. 2008 ended with two lives, one on the 17th at Shibuya O-West and the other on the 31st at Yokohama Akarenga Souko 1-goukan 3F Hall.
2009–present: Rising popularity
March 27, 2009 DaizyStripper performed live in Kanazawa, stylish wave Circuit '09 Haru no Arashi. On June 3, their single "Dearest" was released and reached the third position at indies Oricon chart. In October, the world's first was held in Makuhari to mobilize 50,000 people from around the world visual kei rock festival "V-Rock Festival '09" appeared. In November, the mini album The Beauty was released. They staged further in December, live at Akasaka Blitz, 見Setsuketa growth in 2009 with 1,200 fans.
In March 2010, 6th Single "Harumeku Bokura" was released. Concert tour of eight cities, including 10 solo performances followed in the coming months. In August, "Birth" and "Love" was simultaneously released. Later in September, they held Birth or Live? One-man live concert in Nihon Seinenkan Hall, Tokyo.
In June 2011, DaizyStripper took on the part of a session band called, Blue Planet Japan. They and many other visual kei band members sing and perform charity songs such as "ひとつだけ～We are The One～" for disaster victims. On June 15, 2011 their 7th single "Kiss You" and June 29, their 3rd album Bless was released. Their 8th single "Tsuki ni Juusei" released on September 7. In October, their 4th album Siren was released. In November, DaizyStripper held their first-ever overseas tour in Taiwan. On November 2, their 9th single "Setsubō no Freesia" was released and was used as the second ending song for the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal. It reached number 20 on the Oricon singles chart, their highest ranking so far. Their fourth album, "Air", was released on January 11, 2012. They performed 5×Starz Attack live at Yokohama Blitz on January 21. DaizyStripper performed at Animethon19 in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada on August 11 as part of their 5th Anniversary tour.
They covered hide's song "Misery" for the Tribute II -Visual Spirits- tribute album, which was released on July 3, 2013.
Members
Yugiri (夕霧) - vocals
Mayu (まゆ) - lead guitar
Nao (なお) - rhythm guitar
Rei - bass
Kazami (風弥) - drums & piano
Discography
Studio albums
Birth (August 11, 2010)
Love (August 11, 2010)
Bless (June 29, 2011)
Siren (October 5, 2011)
Air (January 11, 2012)
Tragus (June 18, 2014)
Home (January 11, 2017)
Live albums
Birth or Live? (January 5, 2011)
Mini albums
The Beauty (November 4, 2009)
Humaloid (August 1, 2012)
Sirius (May 20, 2015)
Singles
(February 13, 2008)
"Cross" (June 11, 2008)
"Truth" (October 15, 2008)
"Dearest" (June 3, 2009)
"Harumeku Bokura" (春めく僕ら; We're Becoming Spring-Like, March 3, 2010)
"Kiss You" (June 15, 2011)
"Tsuki ni Juusei" (月に銃声; Gunshot to the Moon, September 7, 2011)
"Setsubou no Freesia" (切望のフリージア; The Freesias of Desire, November 2, 2011)
"Tokyo Horizon-Day&Day-" (東京ホライズン-Day&Day-, December 12, 2012)
"Stargazer" (May 15, 2013)
"Missing" (June 12, 2013)
"Uso to Kagerou" (嘘と陽炎; Heat Waves and Lies, July 17, 2013)
"HELLO, again" (August 14, 2013)
"Derringer" (September 25, 2013)
"Mousou Nikki" (December 11, 2013)
"G.Z.S.K.K" (May 14, 2014)
"Arrest" (January 21, 2015)
Other singles
"DaizyStripper" (demo) (August 23, 2007)
"World End" (as Frantic Emiry) (March 3, 2010)
"Trigger / Stay Gold" (March 25, 2010)
"White Butterfly ~Last Scene~" (November 24, 2010)
DVDs
"Official Fan Site "Kiss" DVD Kaihou Soukangou (会報創刊号; Newsletter, First Issue.)
"Official Fan Site "Kiss" DVD Kaihou Vol. 2 (会報)
"Official Fan Site "Kiss" DVD Kaihou Vol. 3 (会報)
"Official Fan Site "Kiss" DVD Kaihou Vol. 4 (会報)
"Truth" (Tokuten DVD) (特典; Bonus, October 15, 2008)
"Dearest" (特典; Tokuten DVD, June 3, 2009)
"Crosstrip~Live in Takadanobaba Area~" (高田馬場; September 9, 2009)
"The Beauty Kounyuu Tokuten DVD" (購入特典; Purchase Bonus, November 4, 2009)
"Japanesque Rock Collectionz Aid DVD "Cure" Vol.4" (November 9, 2009)
"Japanesque Rock Collectionz Aid DVD "Cure" Vol.5" (November 9, 2009)
"4D-Box ~Perfect Visual Archive~" (November 24, 2009)
"Shock Wave -The Movie 01-" (November 26, 2009)
"Visual kei DVD Magazine Vol.4 -V-Rock Special-" (March 31, 2010)
"LIVE DVD「SIX BLESS in SHIBUYA-AX」" (August 21, 2011)
Compilations
"Yukemuri Dokidoki Natsu Monogatari ~Aiaigasa no Chikai~" (湯けむりドキドキ 夏物語～相合傘の誓い～)
"Cannonball Vol. 4" (#1 "Dandelion", June 11, 2008)
"Visualy(zm) the Cure Century" (CD1 No. 2 "endorphin.", July 30, 2008)
"Shock Edge 2008" (#8 "Brilliant Days.", October 15, 2008)
"Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-" (#8 "With-you", January 26, 2011)
"Tribute II -Visual Spirits-" (#6 "Misery", July 3, 2013)
References
External links
Official website
Official MySpace
DaizyStripper @ Visunavi
Visual kei musical groups
Japanese pop rock music groups
Japanese alternative rock groups
Japanese progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from Tokyo |
John Rocca (born 23 September 1960) is an English dance music performer, remixer and record producer, most well known for his band Freeez.
History
During the early 1980s, Rocca formed, played with, wrote for, produced and managed his first band, Freeez. After his entrepreneurial first self-funded and self-released effort, "Keep in Touch", became a No. 49 hit on the UK Singles Chart, his next effort, Southern Freeez, was a chart success in various countries in Europe and around the world, reaching No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart. Both singles were number one hits in the UK Blues and Soul charts.
During 1983, one of the first records to use digital sampling, "IOU", featured Rocca's falsetto voice and became one of the major dance successes of the 1980s electro music style. It scored number one in dance charts in Europe and the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play and had popular music chart success across the world, spending three weeks at number 2 in the UK.
As a solo artist, Rocca scored number one again, this time with "I Want It to Be Real", on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart during 1984. Further hit records followed in 1985 such as "Once Upon a Time" and "Move" both being hits in the Billboard US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. As a producer, engineer and re-mixer John Rocca worked with bands as diverse as Bomb the Bass and General Public, also touring Europe and the Japan respectively with the bands
In the late 1980s after releasing a number of tracks under the Pseudonym Pink Rhythm such as "Melodies of Love" John began more experimental output. First as on his own Cobra, Chemical and Who'd She Coo Record labels, and then in the early 1990s Rocca resurfaced with his Midi Rain project. Several Midi Rain singles were popular in the UK dance charts including "Eyes", "Always", and "Shine" - the latter reaching No. 1 on the Billboard US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1993.
Rocca retired from the music business in late 1993 and after completing a 1st class honours degree at Middlesex University in 1995 he moved directly into IT and Telecommunications. In 1997 Rocca became one of the founding members of the technology start up Intec Telecom Systems. Intec Telecom Systems was successfully launched on the London Stock Exchange in 2001 (symbol: ITL.L).
Discography
Solo albums
Unreleased album (Beggars Banquet, 1984)
Extra Extra (Avenue Records, 1987)
I.O.U. - The Best of John Rocca (Criminal Records, 1996)
Solo singles
See also
Freeez
I.O.U.
Southern Freeez
References
External links
Midi Rain discography at Discogs
English male singers
English house musicians
English electronic musicians
English dance musicians
English record producers
1960 births
Freeez
Living people
English boogie musicians
British freestyle musicians |
Alfred Nijhuis (, born 23 March 1966) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as defender.
Career statistics
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Utrecht (city)
Men's association football defenders
Dutch men's footballers
FC Twente players
ASC Schöppingen players
MSV Duisburg players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Japan
J1 League players
Borussia Dortmund players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
SuS Stadtlohn managers
Heracles Almelo non-playing staff |
Valeriy Yuriovych Kureliekh (; born 12 August 1991 in Kremenchuk, Poltava Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian football defender currently playing for Ukrainian First League club Viktoriya Sumy.
Club history
Kureliekh is the product of the Sportive School of Kremin Kremenchuk.
Valeriy Kureliekh began his football career in Kremin-91 in Kremenchuk. He signed with FC Kremin Kremenchuk during the 2008 summer transfer window.
He made his debut for the main FC Vorskla team as a substitute in the second half in a match against Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League on 1 December 2012.
Career statistics
References
External links
Profile – Official Kremin site
FC Kremin Kremenchuk Squad on the PFL website
Profile at Official FC Vorskla Site
1991 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Kremin Kremenchuk players
FC Vorskla Poltava players
FC Hirnyk-Sport Horishni Plavni players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Footballers from Kremenchuk
21st-century Ukrainian people |
Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) is a temperature-resistant thermoplastic polymer produced by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinylcarbazole. It is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers and organic light-emitting diodes.
History
Polyvinylcarbazole was discovered by the chemists Walter Reppe (1892-1969), Ernst Keyssner and Eugen Dorrer and patented by I.G. Farben in the USA in 1937. PVC was the first polymer whose photoconductivity was known. Starting in the 1960s, further polymers of this kind were sought.
Production
Polyvinylcarbazole is obtained from N-vinylcarbazole by radical polymerization in various ways. It can be produced by suspension polymerization at 180 °C with sodium chloride and potassium chromate as catalyst. Alternatively, AIBN can also be used as a radical starter or a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
Properties
Physical properties
PVK can be used at temperatures of up to 160 - 170 °C and is therefore a temperature-resistant thermoplastic. The electrical conductivity changes depending on the illumination. For this reason, PVK is classified as a semiconductor or photoconductor. The polymer is extremely brittle, but the brittleness can be reduced by copolymerization with a little isoprene.
Chemical properties
Polyvinylcarbazole is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, polar solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The addition of PVC to other plastic masses increases their temperature resistance.
Use
Due to its high price and special properties, the use of PVK is limited to special areas. It is used in insulation technology, electrophotography (e.g. in copiers and laser printers), for the fabrication of polymer photonic crystals, for organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. In addition, PVC is a well researched component in photorefractive polymers and therefore plays an important role in holography. Another application is the production of cooking-proof copolymers with styrene.
See also
Organic photorefractive materials
References
Thermoplastics
Semiconductor materials
Carbazoles |
Phragmidium is a genus of rust fungus that typically infects plant species in the family Rosaceae. It is characterised by having stalked teliospores borne on telia each having a row of four or more cells. All species have a caeoma which is a diffuse aecidium lacking a peridium.
There are a number of species of Phragmidium, most of which are restricted to one or a few host species. Examples include:
Phragmidium acuminatum on Rubus saxatile
Phragmidium bulbosum on Rubus fruticosus and Rubeus caesius
Phragmidium mucronatum
Phragmidium sterilis on Potentilla sterilis
Phragmidium potentillae on Potentilla anglica
Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae
Phragmidium rubi-idaei on raspberry
Phragmidium tuberculatum on some rose cultivars
Phragmidium violaceum on cultivated blackberry and loganberry
Possibly the most commonly encountered is P. mucronatum, found on most species of wild roses including Rosa canina and Rosa arvensis.
Hosts and symptoms
Phragmidium tuberculatum, also known as rose rust, is a parasitic fungus that feeds on living cells of a host plant. It can affect all species of the family Rosaceae. This includes all species of roses. Rose rust causes distortion and discoloration on stems. Sometimes it will cause galls and lesions. In the spring, there are yellow spots on the upper portion of the leaf and during the Spring and Summer there are orange spores on the abaxial surface of the leaf.
Environment
The climate most favorable to rose rust is mild temperatures with high moisture. Most of this strain of Phragmidium is found in Europe but there have been cases found in Asia and North America. Most of the cases of rose rust in the United States are found on the coasts, mainly the Pacific Coast. The Midwest is poor for this pathogen because of its extreme winter and summer temperatures.
Disease cycle
In the spring, the very first spores, spermatogonia, arise out of the debris on the ground and infects the young stem, distorting them and producing orange pustules. These pustules break open and infect the leaves. In the Summer, these darker orange spores called urediniospores spread through wind. Eventually in late August, the urediniospores and sori become speckled with black fascicles and dark resting spores called teliospores. The teliospores turn into aeciospores which are the spores that adhere to stems and leaves to overwinter.
Pathology
Roses infected with species of Phragmidium will show a characteristic orange mass of spores and distorted growth at specific locations on the bush. The rose may be substantially weakened and lack vigour and may die. Later in the year, small black spots or raised areas will be visible. These are telia containing overwintering teliospores.
Prevention
Rose growers recommend the use of fungicides some of which may have health implications for the gardener. Many cultivated roses are now bred to have resistance to rust diseases. In wild roses, Phragmidium infections are one of a normal range of pests and diseases which are part of the normal ecological pressures affecting all species. Non-chemical controls include pruning out the spring infections as soon as possible along with collecting and destroying fallen leaves to prevent overwintering.
References
External links
http://www.apsnet.org/publications/plantdisease/2014/November/Pages/98_11_1581.2.aspx
http://hort.uwex.edu/articles/rose-rust/
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Pucciniales
Taxa described in 1815
Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
Basidiomycota genera |
Apoda limacodes, also known as the festoon, is a species of moth of the family Limacodidae.
Distribution
The moth is found in most of Europe. Within Great Britain, the species is scarce.
Description
Adults have a wingspan of 24–28 mm, with male specimens generally slightly smaller and darker than females. It is primarily nocturnal, but it will occasionally fly in the daytime. The moth usually flies between June and July.
Biology
The festoon mainly inhabits thick woodlands. The larvae are known to feed on oak and beech.
Life cycle and behaviour
The larva is small and grub-like. After storms, caterpillars are often observed in large numbers between August and October. Cocoons are not attached, but overwinter and pupate in the spring.
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl
Limacodidae
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel
Moths described in 1766 |
Michele Tiraboschi (born 27 June 1965 in Seriate – Italy) is a Full Professor of Labour Law at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy, and is the author of many publications. He is known for his participation in national debates on Italian labour market reforms and for his research in labour law.
Professional career
Michele Tiraboschi is currently the Director of the Marco Biagi Centre for International and Comparative Studies in Modena and the ADAPT – Association for International and Comparative Studies in Labour and Industrial Relations in Bergamo. He is the founding editor of the E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies and the Editor of the ADAPT Labour Studies Book-Series, both are published by ADAPT University Press. He is also the Deputy Director of the Italian Labour Law Review in Italian (Diritto delle Relazioni Industriali) (Giuffrè.).
From 2002 to 2008, Michele Tiraboschi was appointed by the President of the Italian Republic as a member of the Guarantee Committee for the implementation of the Law on the Right to Strike. He represented the Italian government in the Directorate of the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. For many years, he has been a consultant and legal advisor to the Italian Ministers of Labour and Social Policy, Higher Education and Research, and the Estonian Minister of Labour in the area of conflict of interest.
Publications
Professor Tiraboschi has published extensively in Italian and English in a wide range of areas in Labour Law, labour market reforms, trade union law and community law, youth employment, education and employment, forms of representation of atypical/ temporary labour force, and labour contracts. He is a columnist on employment and industrial relations of the Italian newspapers Il Sole 24 Ore and Avvenire.
References
External links
Michele Tiraboschi's Publications on Google Scholar
Michele Tiraboschi's Page on ADAPT
Michele Tiraboschi's Publications on the website of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
Labour law scholars
Industrial relations
University of Milan
1965 births
Living people |
Eom In-yeong (born 29 May 1971) is a South Korean cyclist. He competed in the men's keirin at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
South Korean male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for South Korea
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Olávio Vieira dos Santos Júnior (born 21 November 1996), commonly known as Juninho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Qarabağ FK in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
Career statistics
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Campeonato Paranaense players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Primeira Liga players
Azerbaijan Premier League players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
Portimonense S.C. players
Grêmio Esportivo Brasil players
Grêmio Esportivo Novorizontino players
Figueirense FC players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
G.D. Estoril Praia players
G.D. Chaves players
Qarabağ FK players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
People from Pitangui
Footballers from Minas Gerais |
The 2007 Pacific Games men's football tournament was held at the Toleafoa J.S. Blatter Complex in Apia, Samoa in from 25 August to 7 September 2007.
The men's tournament formed the first stage of the Oceania Football Confederation's (OFC) qualification tournament for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the qualification tournament for the 2008 OFC Nations Cup.
Tournament
The final accredited athlete list at the SPG website shows 10 entered sides. Papua New Guinea, although listed by FIFA as having applied for the 2010 World Cup, did not enter. Tuvalu did enter (although they were not eligible for the World Cup). The group stage draw, undertaken by Tim Cahill, was held on 12 June 2007 in Auckland, New Zealand.
New Caledonia's captain, Pierre Wajoka scored a ninth-minute penalty against Tahiti in the opening fixture of the games, earning him the distinction of being the scorer of the first goal of the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification process.
Group seedings
Notes:
Tuvalu was unranked by FIFA as it was not a member (and not an entrant to the World Cup).
Although the draw took place in June, FIFA rankings are shown as of February 2007, which accords with press reports of the rankings used in the draw seeding.
Squads
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Semi-finals
Third Place Match
Final
(Note): The three medallists, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Vanuatu, advanced to the 2008 OFC Nations Cup (together with automatic qualifier New Zealand).
Advancement questions
Tuvalu
There remained some uncertainty as to what procedure would occur to Tuvalu advance - as they were not members of FIFA (and therefore did not enter the 2010 FIFA World Cup). While no explicit ruling was communicated on this matter, comments in the press release for the OFC Second Stage draw referred to "nine eligible nations", suggesting that Tuvalu would not have advanced to the OFC Nations Cup regardless of their performance in the South Pacific Games. Had Tuvalu finished in a medal position, the fourth place team would presumably have qualified for the next round of qualifying with the other two medal winners and New Zealand. Tuvalu's early elimination from the competition put an end to any complication over the qualifying process for the next round.
This was the first time ever that a non-FIFA nation has competed in the World Cup. The closest situation in the past was the case of New Caledonia during the 2006 World Cup qualifiers. However, they were at the time in the process of accession to the organisation, and were eliminated from contention for the finals just days before their final admission to the FIFA family.
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, having initially entered the 2010 World Cup and indicated their intention to enter the South Pacific Games, were involved in a dispute with their sporting authorities and failed to meet the official accreditation deadline for the South Pacific Games. This meant they were effectively disqualified from the World Cup.
Goalscorers
There were 110 goals scored in 24 games, for an average of 4.58 goals per game.
Players in bold advanced to the next round.
10 goals
Osea Vakatalesau
9 goals
Seule Soromon
7 goals
Commins Menapi
5 goals
Iamel Kabeu
4 goals
Roy Krishna
Henry Fa'arodo
Benjamin Totori
Etienne Mermer
François Sakama
3 goals
Pita Baleitoga
Pita Rabo
2 goals
Teariki Mateariki
Malakai Kainihewe
Malakai Tiwa
Taniela Waqa
Pierre Wajoka
Chris Cahill
Desmond Fa'aiuaso
Penitito Tumua
Godwin Bebeu
Alick Maemae
Stanley Waita
Pio Palu
Richard Iwai
Moise Poida
1 goal
Ramin Ott
Thomas La Mouton
Kunda Tom
Joasaia Bukalidi
Peni Finau
José Hmaé
Yohann Mercier
Poulidor Toto
Damien Fonoti
Junior Michael
Lionel Taylor
Judd Molea
Samson Takayama
Temarii Tinorua
Axel Williams
Unaloto Feao
Lafeale Moala
Malakai Savieti
Kaisani Uhatahi
Viliamu Sekifu
Andrew Chichirua
Victor Maleb
Jean Nako Naprapol
Tom Tomake
Own goals
Stephen Willis (playing against Tuvalu)
See also
Pacific Games
Football at the 2007 South Pacific Games – Women's tournament
References
1
Football at the 2007 South Pacific Games
2007
Pac
2007 South Pacific Games |
The following lists events that have happened in 1896 in the Qajar dynasty.
Incumbents
Monarch: Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (until May 1), Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar (starting May 1)
Events
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ascends to the throne in May 1896 after the assassination of Naser al-Din Shah.
Death
May 1 – Naser al-Din Shah Qajar is assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani when he was visiting and praying in the shrine of Shah-Abdol-Azim.
References
Iran
Years of the 19th century in Iran
1890s in Iran
Iran |
Amaga is a genus of land planarians from South America.
Description
The genus Amaga was erected by Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu to include Neotropical land planarians with an intra-antral penis papilla, i.e., a small penis papilla at the proximal end of a folded male atrium.
A recent redescription of the type species, Amaga amagensis, revealed that the intra-antral penis papilla is not a permanent structure as previously thought. A new diagnosis of the genus describes it as Geoplaninid land planarians with a large and broad, flat body and a well-developed glandular margin, i.e., several glands discharge along the margins of the body, which can be observed in histological sections. The testes are located at the dorsum, above the parenchymal transverse muscles, while most species in the subfamily Geoplaninae have dorsal testes beneath the parenchymal transverse muscles. The copulatory apparatus lacks a permanent penis and the ovovitelline ducts enter the female atrium at the same time, without joining to form a common duct. The remaining species currently in the genus need a taxonomic re-evaluation and may be transferred to new genera in the future.
Etymology
The name Amaga comes from the specific epithet, amagensis, of the type-species, originally described as Geoplana amagensis due to its occurrence in the proximities of Amagá, Colombia.
Amaga expatria as an invasive species
Most species of Amaga have been found in their country of origin in continental South America. However, Amaga expatria has been discovered in the Bermuda and has never been found in South America. In 2020, a study showed that the species was present in many locations in the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Amaga expatria feeds on earthworms and snails.
Genetics
The complete mitochondrial genome of Amaga expatria has been analysed. It is 14,962 bp in length and contains 12 protein coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. The mitogenome was compared with the few available mitogenomes from geoplanids and the most similar was Obama nungara, a species from South America.
Species
The following species are accepted in the genus Amaga:
Amaga amagensis
Amaga becki
Amaga bussoni
Amaga contamanensis
Amaga expatria
Amaga libbieae
Amaga olivacea
Amaga ortizi
Amaga righii
References
Geoplanidae
Rhabditophora genera |
Maitland Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at High Street, Maitland, City of Maitland, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon and built in 1895–96. The property is owned by the Department of Justice. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
The Maitland Court House was built in 1895–96 to the designs of Government Architect Walter Liberty Vernon at a cost of £11,700. The contractors were William Taylor and Sons of Maitland, and the stone used in construction came from the Ravenswood quarry. It was formally opened on 19 December 1896. It was designed as a joint courthouse and police station. The new courthouse – often referred to as West Maitland – continued in joint operation with the pre-existing courthouse at East Maitland. The site had originally been set aside ten years prior to construction, but the project had faced numerous delays.
The building ceased to be used as a police station in 1986, and the police area remained vacant at the time of the building's heritage listing. The Local Court of New South Wales continues to sit in the courthouse.
The courthouse underwent a $1.1 million restoration in 2013–14, including repairs to the clock tower, replacement of the roof with slate tiles, new floors and new seating. It closed from November 2013 to February 2014 to accommodate the works. It had previously undergone a $50,000 security upgrade in 2010; prior to this, the building had been described as "effectively [having] had no security".
Description
The Maitland Court House is an outstanding building designed during the transition of Victorian and Federation periods. It is Federation Free Classical in style and detailing, using typical Federation materials such as face red brick with contrasting sandstone trim. The building complex is prominently located in the main business street. The clock tower mounted on the Court House roof is a land mark within the district. The Court Room is accessed through a formal colonnaded portico. Classical detailing in Ravensfield sandstone decorates the building. The hipped and gabled roofs are clad in slate tiles.
Other accommodation includes a general office, waiting room, prisoner access to court room, toilets, and community legal centre office,
It was reported to be in good condition as at 30 October 2000.
Heritage listing
The Maitland Court House is an outstanding and grandly designed Federation Free Classical building. The building is located prominently within the business precinct of Maitland where the clock tower mounted on the Court Room is a local landmark. This building is of significance to the state. The building has a lengthy association with the provision of justice in the district.
Maitland Court House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
See also
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Maitland, New South Wales
Courthouses in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register |
Atripalda is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.
History
The town is the home of the ruins of Abellinum, the Ancient Roman Avellino. A large than life-size Roman marble statue of a veiled priestess from Atripalda can be found in the British Museum's collection.
Geography
Part of the urban area of Avellino, Atripalda is bordered by the municipalities of Aiello del Sabato, Avellino, Cesinali, Manocalzati, San Potito Ultra, Santo Stefano del Sole and Sorbo Serpico.
Transport
The final exit "Avellino" of the RA02 motorway from Salerno is located in west of Atripalda, and the A16 exit "Avellino Est", near its eastern suburb. A dual carriageway from Mercogliano and Avellino links both the motorways and crosses Atripalda. The town is also crossed by the state highway SS7 Via Appia.
As for rail transport, Atripalda's southern suburb is widely crossed by the Avellino-Lioni-Rocchetta line without a station. This is mainly because Avellino railway station is situated close to its municipal borders.
See also
Lords of Atripalda
References
External links
Cities and towns in Campania |
There are possibly more than 100 archaeological or historic ruins in North Macedonia. Civilizations in the past left behind many structures such as castles, fortresses, churches, and aqueducts. Ruins can be seen today all over the Macedonian countryside. Factors such as environmental changes, changes in settlements, populations, migrations, and changes in neighbouring colonies or tribes, all played a key role in the movement of people within the region of Macedonia.
Archaeological sites in North Macedonia
Below is a list of sites and their locations :
Historic sites in North Macedonia
Below is a list of sites and their locations :
- Plaosnik located in Ohrid.
- St Panteleimon located in Ohrid.
References
1^ www.macedonia-timeless.com
Archaeological sites in North Macedonia
Historic sites in North Macedonia |
Portland is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,106 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Portland is located partially in the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.4 km2), of which, 35.3 square miles (91.5 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (0.9 km2) of it (1.01%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,106 people, 396 households, and 306 families living in the town. The population density was 31.3 people per square mile (12.1/km2). There were 421 housing units at an average density of 11.9 per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.58% White, 2.53% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 1.08% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.26% of the population.
There were 396 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $49,881, and the median income for a family was $53,167. Males had a median income of $34,922 versus $26,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,070. About 2.9% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Henry William Stokes, farmer and politician, was born in the town
References
Towns in Dodge County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin |
Catherine Cornille (born 1961) is a professor of comparative theology and specializes in theology of religions and interreligious dialogue. She presently holds the Newton College Alumnae Chair of Western Culture in the department of theology at Boston College.
Biography
With a previous B.A. from the KU Leuven and an M.A. from the University of Hawaiʻi, Cornille returned to KU Leuven to complete her PhD in 1989. She taught comparative religions at the KU Leuven and was the first woman professor in the history of the University. She joined the department of theology at Boston College in 2005 and teaches comparative theology, theology of religions, and interreligious dialogue.
Works
References
1961 births
Living people
Boston College faculty
Religious studies scholars
Women Christian theologians
KU Leuven alumni
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni |
Scott Sanders (born 1957) is an Emmy-, Grammy-, and Tony-winning American television producer, film producer and theatre producer. His theatrical musical version of Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple, for which he was Lead Producer alongside co-producers Oprah Winfrey and Quincy Jones, premiered on Broadway in 2005, garnering 11 Tony Award Nominations including Best Musical.
He also produced the 2016 Broadway revival of The Color Purple which went on to win the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album. He won his Emmy and first Tony Award for his work as the producer of Elaine Stritch at Liberty. His musical comedy adaptation of the film Tootsie premiered on Broadway to positive reviews in the Spring of 2019. He is also known for his impresario role at Radio City Music Hall and for his work on numerous globally televised live events, including the Super Bowl XXVII halftime show starring Michael Jackson at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, CA.
Early life
Sanders grew up in St. Petersburg, Florida and was a 1975 graduate of Gibbs High School in Pinellas County, Florida, which at the time was undergoing court-ordered desegregation, and to which he was bused. He was Class President at Gibbs. He is a 1979 graduate of the University of Florida. During college he worked as an intern in the advertising department of the St. Petersburg Times.
Career
Sanders began his career at Radio City Music Hall in New York, producing artists including Aretha Franklin, Marvin Gaye, Whitney Houston, K.D. Lang, Madonna, Bette Midler, Richard Pryor, Lionel Richie, Liza Minnelli, Paul Simon, Frank Sinatra, Tina Turner, Liberace, Sting, Diana Ross, and The Grateful Dead. He was Executive Producer there for 15 years and has been credited with reversing the venue's steady decline after its near-bankruptcy in 1978 and turning it into one of the highest grossing theaters in the world. For Radio City Music Hall Productions, Sanders also produced rock concerts and popular cultural events outside of the venue including Penn and Teller's NBC special Don't Try This At Home, and inaugural anniversary gala for President Bill Clinton and the historic 1993 Super Bowl halftime show starring Michael Jackson on NBC.
That Super Bowl XXVII halftime show, starring Jackson, raised NBC's halftime rating higher than the Super Bowl action before it and is credited with transforming the way the NFL presents its halftime entertainment. In the years since, the NFL has, at every single Super Bowl, followed the model Sanders & Jackson created in 1993 enlisting big-name, contemporary, broad-appeal artists to perform during halftime in an effort to keep viewers from straying. He made his first foray into Broadway while still at Radio City, producing An Evening with Harry Connick, Jr. and his Orchestra in 1990. He returned to Broadway as an independent producer in 2002 with Elaine Stritch at Liberty. Other Broadway work includes Dame Edna Back with a Vengeance (2004), The Color Purple (2005), The Pee-wee Herman Show (2010), Evita (2012), After Midnight (2013) and the Color Purple revival (2015). In 1996, Sanders co-founded Mandalay Television, along with Mandalay Entertainment Chairman Peter Guber. and executive produced six network series, including include Young Americans, Cupid, Mercy Point, and Rude Awakening. In 2001, Sanders launched Creative Battery, a multimedia production company in partnership with AEG presents, which was responsible for solo Broadway shows by Elaine Stritch and the Barry Humphries character Dame Edna. While at Creative Battery, Sanders also served Executive Producer for Queen Latifah's jazz album, The Dana Owens Album, which received a 2005 Grammy Award nomination for Best Jazz Vocal Album
In 2007 he founded Scott Sanders Productions, a film and theatrical production company based in New York City with funding for theatrical ventures from a private equity group which includes New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft, Roy Furman, and Jim Fantaci. On the film side, Scott Sanders Productions entered into a five-year first-look feature deal with Disney. In August 2012, the company signed a subsequent five-year deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment to develop and produce live versions of Sony films. Sanders and Ahmet Zappa co-produced a film written and directed by Peter Hedges, The Odd Life of Timothy Green, released by Walt Disney Pictures on August 15, 2012.
In August 2012 Sony Pictures Entertainment and Sanders agreed to mount stage productions of Sony films and announced that Tootsie, the 1982 comedy starring Dustin Hoffman, would be the first project.
In September 2016, Sanders was named the creative head of global entertainment for Westfield Corporation, which confirmed its acquisition of Scott Sanders Productions.
In October 2018, he relaunched Scott Sanders Productions as an independent theatre, film, television, music, live-event and experiential entertainment production company, with offices in New York and Los Angeles. Sanders serves as president and CEO.
In November 2018, Warner Bros. announced the development of a film adaptation of the Color Purple musical, co-produced by Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, and Sanders.
TOOTSIE (stage musical)
The new comedy musical Tootsie opened its pre-Broadway world premiere engagement at Chicago's Cadillac Palace Theatre on September 30, 2018. Critics, in widely positive reviews, praised the contemporary updates that the stage musical's creative team have made to the 1982 movie comedy. Variety wrote, "This bouncy musical turns the story into a full-on satire of the narcissistic male ego.
Chicago Tribune wrote, "Very Funny...a boffo musical comedy with comic characters as outlandishly successful as The Producers." The production begins performances on Broadway on March 29, 2019, at the Marquis Theatre and officially opens on April 23, 2019.
In the Heights (film)
In 2013, Sanders and Mara Jacobs began working on a film adaptation of Lin-Manuel Miranda's musical In the Heights, with a script written by Quiara Alegría Hudes, who authored the book for the original stage version.
In 2018, Sanders, along with co-producers Jacobs, Miranda and Anthony Bregman, closed a $50 million deal with Warner Bros. for the film rights. The property has been the subject of a hot auction after it was extracted from The Weinstein Company ahead of its bankruptcy. Jon M. Chu is directing the movie and also helmed Warner's Crazy Rich Asians.
Sanders and Miranda previously worked together on The Odd Life of Timothy Green.
The Color Purple (stage musical)
Sanders first approached author Alice Walker about adapting her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel into a stage musical in 1997. The project took over eight years to release, partly due to Walker's reluctance to give permission for the adaptation of her. Sanders eventually persuaded Walker to give her permission and support after telling her that he thought that it had similarities to Fiddler on the Roof – "a community of people that the audience would follow over time".
The Color Purple, which premiered at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta and opened on the Broadway at the Broadway Theatre in December 2005, had an all-black cast and Oprah Winfrey as an investor and producer. The production was noted for its contribution to a "redefinition of the Broadway crowd," a reference to its ability to attract a multi-racial audience. Later, Sanders would describe the work of producing a musical as "wrestling an octopus, keeping all the puppies in the box," and the hardest thing he had ever done, "more white-knuckle than I'd like, and the most fun I'd ever had."
The Original Broadway production garnered 11 Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. Its original star, LaChanze, won the 2006 Tony Award for Leading Actress in a Musical. Later in the run, Sanders hired Fantasia, an American Idol winner, to take over the lead role. The London production at Menier Chocolate Factory, directed by John Doyle, was co-produced by Sanders, Winfrey and Roy Furman and ran from July to September 2013. On January 9, 2015, producers Sanders, Furman, and Winfrey announced that the Menier Chocolate Factory production would be mounted as a Broadway revival, with Jennifer Hudson making her Broadway debut in the role of Shug Avery, Danielle Brooks playing the role of Sofia, and Cynthia Erivo, reprising the role as Celie. Previews began November 10, 2015, with the official opening December 10 at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre. Cynthia Erivo won the 2016 Tony Award for best performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical. The production won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.
After Midnight (stage musical)
Sanders, along with jazz legend Wynton Marsalis, produced After Midnight, a reimagined Broadway production of City Center Encores' Cotton Club Parade, which premiered in November 2013 and closed in June 2014. The show received 7 Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. Warren Carlyle won the Tony Award for Best Choreography. Over the course of its run on Broadway, the production featured a rotating array of special guest stars, including Fantasia Barrino, k.d. lang, Toni Braxton with Babyface, Vanessa Williams, and Patti LaBelle. The production was also notable in that it marked the famed fashion world duo, Isabel and Ruben Toledo, designed and created costumes for a Broadway musical.
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (film)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green, a 2012 Walt Disney Pictures film co-written and directed by Peter Hedges, was co-produced by Sanders and opened in U.S. theaters on August 15, 2012. Based on a concept by Ahmet Zappa, the fantasy film is about a magical pre-adolescent boy whose personality and naïveté have profound effects on the people in his town. The film starred Jennifer Garner, Joel Edgerton, and CJ Adams, and also marked the feature film acting debut of Lin-Manuel Miranda.
Evita (stage musical)
Sanders, along with co-lead producer Hal Luftig, produced the first Broadway revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Evita, which opened at the Marquis Theatre on April 5, 2012. The production starred Argentinian sensation Elena Roger and pop superstar Ricky Martin. The production garnered three Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of a Musical.
The Pee-Wee Herman Show (stage play)
Sanders served as lead producer on The Pee-Wee Herman Show, the stage play starring Paul Reubens as Pee-wee Herman and featuring the entire Playhouse cast of characters. It opened at Los Angeles Club Nokia on January 12, 2010. After receiving strong reviews in Los Angeles, Sanders brought the show to Broadways Stephen Sondheim Theatre, where it opened to more critical praise on November 11, 2010.
Elaine Stritch at Liberty (stage play)
Sanders served as co-lead producer, with John Schreiber, on Elaine Stritch at Liberty, the autobiographical one-woman show starring Elaine Stritch, written by Stritch and John Lahr, and directed by George C.Wolfe. The show premiered on Broadway, at the Neil Simon Theatre, on February 21, 2002, going on to win the 2002 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event. Following its successful Broadway run, Sanders produced a ten-city tour of the production as well as an HBO documentary of the stage show. The HBO film won two 2004 Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special.
Awards and nominations
Sanders has won three Tony Awards, an Emmy Award, and a Grammy Award. He won his first Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event in 2002 for Elaine Stritch at Liberty.
In 2004 Sanders won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special for "Elaine Stritch: At Liberty" (2002).
Sanders received a 2005 nomination for Best Jazz Vocal Album for Queen Latifah's The Dana Owens Album, a 2005 nomination for Best Special Theatrical Event for "Dame Edna: Back with a Vengeance", and was nominated in 2002 for a Best Special Theatrical Event for "Elaine Stritch: At Liberty."
In 2006, The Color Purple was nominated for eleven Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical, Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical, Best Choreography, Best Original Score, Best Book of a Musical, Best Costume Design of a Musical, Best Lighting Design of a Play, and Best Lighting Design of a Musical.
In 2012, "Evita" received three Tony nominations, for Best Revival of a Musical, Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical, and Best Choreography.
After Midnight received seven Tony Award nominations (Best Musical, Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical, Best Costume Design of a Musical, Best Lighting Design of a Musical, Best Sound Design of a Musical, Best Direction of a Musical and Best Choreography), earning the award for choreography. It also earned three Drama Desk Award nominations (Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical, Outstanding Choreography and Outstanding Revue, winning in the latter two categories). Of five Outer Critics Circle Awards nominations (Outstanding New Broadway Musical, Outstanding Director of a Musical, Outstanding Choreographer, Outstanding Costume Design and Outstanding Lighting Design), the show won for Outstanding Choreographer. After Midnight was also the most-nominated production at the 2014 Astaire Awards, where it won for Outstanding Male Dancer, Outstanding Female Dancer and Outstanding Choreographer.
Sanders won his second Tony Award as lead producer for Best Musical Revival winner The Color Purple in 2016. He won his third Tony Award as a co-producer for Best Musical Revival winner Company in 2022.
He earned a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album as producer for The Color Purple in 2017.
Personal life
Sanders married respected author and teacher Brad Lamm in California in 2008 in a ceremony officiated by Alice Walker, who was ordained by Universal Ministries for the event.
References
External links
Further reading
Dale Kawashima. “Brenda Russell Co-Writes the Songs for Hit Musical ‘The Color Purple,’ Receives Tony Award Nomination,” Songwriter Universe Magazine
The Color Purple website
1957 births
Living people
Television producers from New York City
American theatre managers and producers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT producers
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
Tony Award winners
University of Florida alumni
Television producers from Florida |
Uiallalla is a studio album by Italian singer Mina, released on 14 October 1989, by PDU.
The first of the two discs features cover versions of songs by other artists like "Oh! Darling" by the Beatles, "Les cornichons" and "La pelle nera" by Nino Ferrer, "Sarà per te" by Francesco Nuti, and "Io vorrei... non vorrei... ma se vuoi" by Lucio Battisti. The second disc featured original songs.
The album went on sale as a double album on vinyl, CDs and cassettes, it is noteworthy that unlike its predecessors, it was not distributed in separate parts. The album reached number four in the Italian album chart, as well as number sixty-seven in the pan-European chart.
Track listing
Personnel
Mina – vocals
Brian Auger – Hammond organ, piano
Gigi Cappellotto – bass guitar
Flaviano Cuffari – drums
Ellade Bandini – drums
Gigi Cifarelli – guitar
Aldo Banfi – keyboard, synthesizer
Danilo Rea – piano, keyboard
Piergiorgio Benda – piano
Angel "Pato" Garcia – guitar
Alessio Tonini – guitar
Candelo Cabezas – percussion, tumba
Paolo Gianolio – bass guitar, guitar
Giorgio Conte – guitar
Massimiliano Pani – keyboard, background vocals
Massimo Luca – guitar
Tullio De Piscopo – drums, percussion
Mario Robbiani – piano, Rhodes piano
Massimo Moriconi – bass guitar, double bass
Franco Serafini – piano, keyboard, Rhodes piano
Fernando Brusco – trumpet
Mauro Parodi – trombone
Moreno Fassi – trombone
Franco Ambrosetti – saxhorn
Claudio Wally Allifranchini – flute, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Giancarlo Porro – baritone saxophone
Toots Thielemans – harmonica, whistling, guitar
Paola Folli – background vocals
Laura Marcora – background vocals
Moreno Ferrara – background vocals
Charts
References
External links
1989 albums
Mina (Italian singer) albums |
Orlando Narváez (born 26 June 1958) is an Ecuadorian footballer. He played in five matches for the Ecuador national football team in 1983. He was also part of Ecuador's squad for the 1983 Copa América tournament.
References
1958 births
Living people
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Footballers from Quito
Ecuador men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
C.D. El Nacional managers |
Tygo Gernandt (born 7 April 1974 in Amsterdam, North Holland) is a Dutch actor. He has played in several Dutch movies, among them Van God Los, Eilandgasten, Schnitzelparadijs and De Dominee. He also played in the BBC TV series The Last Kingdom.
Career
Gernandt won a Golden Calf award for his performance in the Dutch movie Van God Los.
In 2006 he voiced Proog in the short film Elephants Dream.
In 2014, he participated in the 14th season of the popular television show Wie is de Mol?. In 2020, he appeared in a special anniversary edition of the show, called Wie is de Mol? Renaissance, which featured only contestants of previous seasons.
Film
Television
References
External links
Official site
1974 births
Dutch male actors
Dutch male film actors
Dutch male television actors
Dutch male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from Amsterdam
Golden Calf winners
21st-century Dutch male actors |
Stefan Bissegger (born 13 September 1998) is a Swiss professional road and track racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . He rode in the men's individual pursuit event at the 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.
Major results
Road
2016
1st Overall Driedaagse van Axel
1st Stages 2 & 4
2018
1st Time trial, National Under-23 Championships
2019
1st Time trial, National Under-23 Championships
New Zealand Cycle Classic
1st Points classification
1st Stage 2
Tour de l'Avenir
1st Stages 2 (TTT) & 6
1st Stage 1 Tour de l'Ain
1st Stage 2 Tour du Jura
2nd Road race, UCI World Under-23 Championships
2nd Overall Grand Prix Priessnitz spa
1st Points classification
1st Stage 1
UEC European Under-23 Championships
3rd Time trial
7th Road race
4th Eschborn–Frankfurt Under-23
2020
UEC European Championships
2nd Under-23 Time trial
2nd Team relay
3rd Time trial, National Championships
5th Giro della Toscana
7th Overall Orlen Nations Grand Prix
2021
Tour de Suisse
1st Points classification
1st Stage 4
1st Stage 3 (ITT) Paris–Nice
1st Stage 2 (ITT) Benelux Tour
4th Time trial, UEC European Championships
7th Time trial, UCI World Championships
2022
UCI World Championships
1st Team relay
5th Time trial
1st Time trial, UEC European Championships
1st Stage 3 (ITT) UAE Tour
7th Chrono des Nations
2023
1st Team relay, UCI World Championships
1st Time trial, National Championships
2nd Time trial, UEC European Championships
3rd Chrono des Nations
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Track
2015
2nd Team pursuit, UCI World Junior Championships
2016
1st Individual pursuit, UCI World Junior Championships
2017
National Championships
1st Elimination
1st Keirin
1st Points
2018
National Championships
1st Elimination
1st Kilo
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
Swiss male cyclists
People from Weinfelden
Swiss track cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Switzerland
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Thurgau
Tour de Suisse stage winners
21st-century Swiss people
UCI Road World Champions (elite men) |
Performing arts presenting organizations facilitate exchanges between artists and audiences through creative, educational, and performance opportunities. The work that these artists perform is produced outside of the presenting organization.
Performing arts presenters are typically found in three varieties:
Those attached to a college, university, or other educational institution, with performances usually taking place on campus;
Those that are an administrative branch of a theater or concert hall, usually presenting performances only in that space;
Those that are independently administered outside any specific venue, usually renting multiple venues for performances.
Many organizations also experiment with performances of a more conceptual nature or work across genres.
The Association of Performing Arts Presenters, located in Washington, D.C., is the largest organizing body of performing arts presenters in the United States. The primary international organizing body of performing arts presenters is the International Society for the Performing Arts.
Performing arts presenters as a segment of the live performance market confronted particular difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic. National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) chair, Maria Rosario Jackson was quoted in the Chicago Tribune as saying, "Few areas of the U.S. economy were hit harder than the performing arts, with the value added by performing arts presenters (including festivals) to Gross Domestic Product falling by nearly 73% between 2019 and 2020." A press release from the NEA added the following quote, "Performing arts presenters and performing arts companies joined oil drilling/exploration and air transportation as the steepest-declining areas of the U.S. economy in 2020."
Performing arts presenters in the United States
Philharmonic Society of Orange County (Irvine, California)
San Francisco Performances, (San Francisco, California)
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, (Miami, Florida)
Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, (College Park, Maryland)
ArtsEmerson (Boston, Massachusetts)
Celebrity Series of Boston (Boston, Massachusetts)
Rockport Music (Rockport, Massachusetts)
University Musical Society (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Whitefish Theatre Company (Whitefish, Montana)
Hopkins Center for the Arts (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire)
The Music Hall, (Portsmouth, New Hampshire)
Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, (New York, New York)
Texas Performing Arts (The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas)
Performing Arts Houston (Houston, Texas)
See also
Entertainment
Performing arts
Performing arts education
Family entertainment center
References
Performing arts
Performing arts education
Entertainment |
Colwich railway station is a disused railway station in Colwich, Staffordshire, England. The former station is adjacent to Colwich Junction, where the Trent Valley Line to and the cut-off line to Stoke-on-Trent diverge.
Authorisation for a railway line between and was obtained in 1845 by the Trent Valley Railway. By 1847, the Trent Valley Railway company had been incorporated in the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) and the line was opened. A station opened at Colwich in September of that year and, like most of the stations on the Trent Valley Railway, it was designed by the architect John William Livock.
In 1849, the railway line between Stone and Colwich was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR). At Colwich, the LNWR and NSR agreed to own and operate the station jointly; a situation that remained until both railways became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923.
Local passenger services over the former NSR route were withdrawn in 1947 and all other services were withdrawn from Colwich in 1958, when the station was closed.
The former station house remains alongside the tracks and is now a Grade II listed building.
See also
Colwich rail crash, which took place at the site of the station in 1986.
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
Disused railway stations in Staffordshire
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1847
1847 establishments in England
John William Livock buildings
Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire
Grade II listed railway stations |
Sir Michael John Cullen (5 February 1945 – 19 August 2021) was a New Zealand politician. He served as the 16th deputy prime minister of New Zealand, also as the minister of Finance, minister of Tertiary Education, and attorney-general. He was the deputy leader of the Labour Party from 1996 until November 2008, when he resigned following a defeat in the general election. He resigned from Parliament in April 2009, to become the deputy chairman of New Zealand Post from 1 November 2009 and chairman from 1 November 2010 until leaving the role in 2016. On 6 March 2020 he announced that he had resigned from the Lakes and Bay of Plenty district health boards, respectively. At the same time he also announced that he had been diagnosed with stage 4 small-cell lung cancer, which had also spread to his liver.
Early life and education
Cullen was born in Enfield in north London on 5 February 1945, the son of Ivy May Cullen (née Taylor) and John Joseph Thomas Cullen. His father was a spectacle frame maker and his mother was a secretary.
He attended West Green and later North Harringay schools (both in Harringay) the latter of which was close to his maternal grandparents house. When his paternal grandmother died in 1953 his family received a modest inheritance and considered moving to a better house elsewhere in London before instead deciding to move to New Zealand.
The family emigrated from Tottenham to New Zealand in 1955, where friends gave him the nick-name "Pom", and Cullen attended secondary school on a scholarship at Christ's College in Christchurch. He went on to study history at the University of Canterbury, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965, and a Master of Arts in 1968. His masters thesis was titled Poverty in London, 1885-95.
Receiving a Commonwealth Scholarship he then gained a PhD in social and economic history from the University of Edinburgh. He was the first person in his family to attend university. From 1971 to 1981 he was a lecturer at the University of Otago, with a term as a visiting fellow at the Australian National University from 1975 to 1976. One of his students was future MP Michael Laws, whom he called a "very bright student, but you knew there was something not quite right, even then."
Whilst Cullen was researching his thesis on poverty in the late 19th century in London he discovered that the street in which his maternal grandparents grew up was famed for semi-criminal activities. They proceeded to become "working class respectables" and then his father became a semi-skilled tradesman.
Cullen became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1975.
Member of Parliament
Cullen joined the Labour Party in 1974, and served on the party's Executive and Council between 1976 and 1981. At the 1981 general election he was elected MP for the Dunedin electorate of St Kilda. In 1983 he was appointed Labour's spokesperson for the environment. In his first several years in parliament he had deliberately avoided his previous career focuses (of welfare and finance) to avoid being "pigeonholed" in those areas.
Fourth Labour Government
When Labour entered government in 1984, Cullen became Senior Whip. Due to his knowledge of economics, Cullen became increasingly involved in the disputes surrounding the Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, who supported the liberalisation of trade and the sale of state assets plus deep tax cuts. These goals, which were against traditional Labour policies, angered both party members and the public. When the Prime Minister, David Lange, attempted to limit the influence Douglas had on the government's direction, Cullen became involved on Lange's side. After Labour's re-election in 1987, Cullen was made Associate Minister of Finance (an attempt by Lange to provide an anti-reform counterbalance to the radical Douglas) and Minister of Social Welfare. There were two other associate finance ministers (David Butcher and Peter Neilson) both of whom were on side with Douglas' reforms so Cullen's ability to temper financial policies were minimal. Of the three he was the more senior and deputised for Douglas when he was unable to attend parliamentary sessions.
He implemented the Puao-te-Ata-tu report which reorganised the administration of welfare provisions in relation to Māori and passed the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act. Soon after Cullen had been elevated to Cabinet, his father died following a long and painful illness, his marriage ended, and his dog died prompting him to ponder resigning; "I seriously considered quitting from Cabinet, but the least I could do was stay there for Helen [Clark] and David [Lange] and make sure we didn't lose social policy to the Rogernomes who were driving so much of the policy."
Eventually, Douglas was forced to resign, but a month later the political controversies around the dispute prompted the resignation of Lange himself. Douglas was succeeded as Finance Minister by David Caygill, one of his allies (albeit a considerably less radical one). Cullen was made Associate Minister of Health, in an attempt reduce the effect of reforms on that sector.
In 1989 he married fellow Labour MP Anne Collins.
Opposition
When Labour lost the 1990 election – attributed to public anger at Douglas' reforms, and disarray within the Labour Party – Cullen returned to being Labour's spokesperson on social welfare. The following year he replaced David Caygill as Shadow Minister of Finance, Cullen being seen as more fiscally moderate to help blunt the growth of the newly formed Alliance party (which was made up largely of Labour dissidents). After Labour's narrow defeat at the 1993 election, Helen Clark won the leadership of the party. At the same time Cullen ran to replace her as deputy leader, but was defeated by Caygill by the narrow margin of 23 votes to 21.
Before Labour's position in the polls improved, Cullen was also involved in an attempt to oust Clark as party leader, which was not successful. Soon after, when Caygill decided to retire from politics in 1996, Cullen took the deputy leader's post unopposed as well. Cullen has claimed to be happy with his position as second, saying that in terms of personality, he is "a number two sort of person". Many commentators agree, believing that Cullen's strength lies more in administration than leadership.
On 26 August 1999, Cullen was named by the Speaker Doug Kidd for saying that the National Member Max Bradford had lied, and that he was a "stooge" of the Employers Federation.
Fifth Labour Government
Prior to the 1999 New Zealand general election, Cullen and his family moved to Napier, prompting him to stand down as Labour's candidate in his Dunedin South electorate at the upcoming election as it would have been to difficult to have a family base in Napier, while also being in Dunedin for electorate business and Wellington for Parliamentary business. After Labour MP Geoff Braybrooke signaled his intention to retire in 1999, Cullen expressed interest in running for Braybrooke's Napier electorate seat, although after Braybrooke reversed his decision Cullen decided to contest the 1999 election as a list only candidate. As Deputy leader Cullen was guaranteed the number 2 placing on Labour's list and Labour's electoral victory in 1999 resulted in Cullen easily being returned to Parliament as a List MP and becoming Minister of Finance.
As Minister of Finance, Cullen delivered nine consecutive budget surpluses, the longest unbroken run by any finance minister since the 1940s. After the government's defeat in 2008, his successor Bill English praised the Labour government, telling reporters that New Zealand was starting from a “reasonable position” due to Cullen's budgets “saving up for” a rainy day fund in dealing with the global financial crisis.
After the 2002 election, the electoral support for Labour's junior coalition partner (the Progressive Party) was not sufficient to justify its leader holding the Deputy Prime Minister position, resulting in Michael Cullen replacing Jim Anderton as Deputy Prime Minister.
In 2005 Helen Clark appointed Cullen to the post of Attorney-General following the election of Margaret Wilson as Speaker of the House. His appointment became controversial because of his non-legal background (only one other non-lawyer had previously held the post) and because of his previous criticisms of the judiciary, including of the Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias. His term in the position ended following the 2005 general election. However, with the resignation of David Parker in March 2006, Cullen took over the position again.
He had a reputation as one of the Labour Party's best parliamentary debaters, and is known for his sometimes "acerbic" sense of humour.
Budget 2006
Cullen presented his seventh budget in 2006. Cullen's guiding principle was, he stated, "The fool who spends on the upturn will find himself broke on the downturn".
Budget 2007
Labour's eighth budget in 2007 reduced company tax from 33% to 30%
and introduced a 15% research and development tax credit. It also made a number of changes to the KiwiSaver scheme.
Budget 2008
The New Zealand economy entered recession in December 2007. Cullen's final budget was delivered in this context in May 2008; it reduced income tax on the first $9,500 earned from 15% to 12.5%, and the company tax rate from 30% to 29%.
Resignation and retirement from politics
The day after the defeat of Labour in the 2008 general elections and Helen Clark's resignation as party leader, Cullen announced his resignation as deputy leader of the Labour Party. Phil Goff was elected the new leader and Annette King succeeded him as deputy leader. Goff appointed Cullen as Shadow Leader of the House and Spokesperson for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations.
When he resigned from Parliament in 2009 he was replaced as an MP from the party list by Damien O'Connor.
Political views
Cullen identified as a social democrat.
In 2004 Cullen declared his support for the monarchy of New Zealand, describing himself as "a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days". However, in 2010 he repudiated that stance, taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen's reign ends.
Cullen voted in favour of the third reading of the Civil Union Bill 2004, which legalised civil unions in New Zealand. In 2020 he declared his support for the End of Life Choice Bill.
Despite his opposition to a capital gains tax during his term as finance minister on grounds that it was "political suicide", as the head of the Tax Working Group appointed by Jacinda Ardern, he recommended one in 2019. Cullen changed his views and saw the tax as necessary to reduce inequality in New Zealand.
Post politics
After leaving parliament, Cullen held a number of public roles, including serving on the Constitutional Advisory Panel, the Tax Working Group and chairing the boards of New Zealand Post and the Earthquake Commission. He was appointed to chair the Bay of Plenty District Health Board after the 2019 local elections. He also joined the board of retirement insurance business Lifetime Income.
In March 2020, Cullen stood down from most of his public roles after announcing that he had been diagnosed with stage IV small-cell lung cancer. His memoir, Labour Saving, was published in June 2021. He died of the illness in Whakatāne on 19 August 2021, aged 76.
Honours and awards
In 1990, Cullen was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. On 16 December 2009, Cullen received an honorary LLD from the University of Otago in recognition of "his contributions as an Otago academic and as a respected and highly influential politician".
In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, Cullen was appointed Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit.
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
New Zealand Parliament biography
New Zealand Labour Party biography
Executive Government biography
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1945 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Attorneys-General of New Zealand
Academic staff of the Australian National University
English emigrants to New Zealand
Foreign-born New Zealand politicians
Politicians from London
Lawyers from London
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
University of Canterbury alumni
Academic staff of the University of Otago
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
Lakes District Health Board members
Bay of Plenty District Health Board members
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
Deaths from lung cancer |
Aleksandr Korolyov may refer to:
Aleksandr Ivanovich Korolyov (born 1958), Transnistrian politician
Aleksandr Petrovich Korolyov (born 1953), Russian football coach
See also
Korolyov (disambiguation) |
Sherpur Luhara is a village in the Chhaprauli constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. It is located in the Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is famous for the Banasura temple in the heart of village. It is sometimes called "Sherpur Luhara". Sherpur is nearby village of Luhara. It falls under the tehsil of Baraut.
Geography
It is located at 10 km from Baraut, 60 km from Delhi, the National Capital via NH-57, and 45 km from the district "Shamli".
Luhara is in the "Baghpat" district, and is situated 30 km from district headquarters "Baghpat".
References
External links
Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections
Villages in Bagpat district |
The Donna Lee Bakery murders occurred on the night of Saturday, October 19, 1974, in New Britain, Connecticut. Six people were found murdered inside the bakery. At the time, it was the worst mass murder in Connecticut history. Two local men were convicted of the murders: Ronald F. "Tiny" Piskorski, a 25‐year‐old former bar bouncer and circus‐bear wrestler, and Gary B. Schrager, a 31‐year‐old drifter.
Murders
During the slayings, the bakery owner, a store clerk, three customers, and a young passer‐by who had stopped in to ask directions were shot in the back of the head after they were forced to lie face down on the floor of a back room at the Donna Lee Bakery.
Authorities had initially suspected robbery as the motive for the killings, and believed that both Piskorski and Schrager took part in the murders. Investigators later theorized that one of the victims had recognized Schrager during the robbery, and the perpetrators thus felt the need to eliminate all witnesses. Michael P. Kron, age 49, one of the victims, was related to Schrager as his uncle by marriage. Schrager felt that Kron had recognized him and would be able to identify him.
Victims
The six victims included:
John Salerni, age 55 Salerni owned the business and had named the bakery for his beloved daughter, Donna Lee Salerni (a 19-year-old college freshman at the time of the murders).
Helen Giansanti, age 59
William J. Donohue, Jr., age 27
Mr. Thomas Dowling
Mrs. Thomas Dowling
Michael P. Kron, age 49
Of the six victims found dead at the scene of the crimes, one, John Salerni, had been slain by a shotgun blast; each of the others was killed by a bullet.
Perpetrators
Piskorski was found guilty of the murders at his trial in December 1975. Because the capital punishment was not available at that time, he was sentenced to 150 years to life in prison.
Schrager's trial began late in 1976. He halted proceedings early to plead guilty to four of the six slayings. In a strange confession, Schrager admitted that both he and Piskorski had gone to the bakery to rob it. Schrager said he never shot anyone, but he would not name the killer. Schrager stated only that "someone" had gone into the back of the bakery and he heard several shots. Schrager was sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for being an accessory to murder. He attempted to gain parole several times, despite the strenuous objections of victims' families. The state parole board ruled in 1997 that he will never be set free.
Incarceration
Currently, Piskorski, age , is incarcerated in a Maine prison. Schrager, age , is located in a Minnesota penitentiary.
See also
Capital punishment in Connecticut
Crime in Connecticut
Lorne J. Acquin (19502015), another Connecticut mass murderer
References
External links
2 Charged With Slaying of 6 in Bakery, The New York Times, November 22, 1974
A Grisly Night At New Britain's Donna Lee Bakery, The Hartford Courant, April 02, 2014
State v. Piskorski, State of Connecticut v. Ronald Piskorski, Supreme Court of Connecticut, 177 Conn. 677 (1979)
1974 crimes
1974 in Connecticut
1974 in the United States
1974 murders in the United States
Crimes in Connecticut
Mass murder in the United States
Massacres in the United States
Murder in Connecticut
October 1974 events |
Sam “Short King” Handley (born 7 October 1995) and measuring at 5”5 is an English cricketer. He lives in his hometown of Essex and is best known for being the most orange player on the field. He made his first-class debut on 7 April 2018 for Cambridge MCCU against Essex as part of the Marylebone Cricket Club University fixtures.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
English cricketers
Cambridge MCCU cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Carol Mary Bundy (née Peters; August 26, 1942 – December 9, 2003) was an American serial killer. Bundy and Doug Clark became collectively known as the Sunset Strip Killers after being convicted of a series of lust murders in Los Angeles during the late spring and early summer of 1980.
Early life
Bundy had a troubled childhood, as both of her parents were abusive alcoholics. Bundy's mother died when she was a child and her father sexually abused her starting at the age of 11. After Bundy's father remarried, he put her in various foster homes. When Bundy was 17 years old, she married a 56-year-old man.
By the time Bundy met Doug Clark at the age of 37, she had just escaped a third marriage to an abusive man, by whom she had two young sons. She had begun an affair with her apartment block manager, part-time country singer Jack Murray, and had attempted to bribe Murray's wife into leaving him. After Murray's wife compelled him to evict Bundy from the block, Bundy continued to show up regularly to venues where he was singing. It was at one of these venues, a bar called Little Nashville, where she first met Clark in 1980. Clark soon moved in with Bundy and they found out that they shared dark sexual fantasies.
Murders
On August 9, 1980, the decomposed body of John Robert Murray, 45, was found in a van parked just blocks away from his home in Van Nuys. Murray's body suffered stab wounds to the chest and was decapitated. His head was never found. Two days later, Bundy called police and confessed to shooting her lover, John "Jack" Murray, with her chrome Raven gun, five days before his body was found.
On March 3, 1981, the incomplete skeleton of an unidentified young woman was found buried in a shallow stream bed near the Bouquet Reservoir. Though only a few bones remained, investigators did recover a skull with a bullet hole. The firearm wound matched the description of the murder of a prostitute that Clark and Bundy had picked up, according to their own testimonies. Clark claimed Bundy had shot the young woman in the head, stripped her bare naked and instructed him to drive to a location in Green Valley, where they disposed of the body. Clark also declared that Bundy fondled the dying victim along the way. It was later revealed that Bundy confided in a fellow nurse about her involvement in the murders of Murray and that of the unidentified woman.
Arrest and trial
Bundy was arrested on August 11, 1980 at her home in Burbank. Clark was arrested the same day. Two days later, she was arraigned for the murder of John Robert Murray and held without bail.
Sealed documents of a court session on September 18 of that year revealed that Bundy killed Murray in an effort to prevent him from going to authorities after she told him that her roommate, Douglas Clark, committed the Sunset slayings. She also told the court that she had to cut off his head to prevent the bullets being traced back to her. Co-workers of Bundy testified that she confessed to being present during the murder of a young woman and helped dump her body afterwards.
On May 2, 1983, Bundy pleaded guilty in Los Angeles County Superior Court to the murders of Murray in 1980 and an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found in 1981. Her plea came as a surprise to prosecutors, as Bundy had originally pleaded not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. Though no bargain was made, by pleading guilty, the district attorney could not prove special circumstances; a requirement for life without the possibility of parole. Prosecutors had already agreed to remove the death penalty upon Bundy testifying against Clark during his trial. For his part in the crimes, Clark was sentenced to death and died on death row in 2023.
On May 31, 1983, Bundy was sentenced to 52 years to life; 27 years to life for the murder of Murray, and another 25 years to life, to be served consecutively, for assisting in the death of the unidentified female.
Death
Bundy died in prison from heart failure at the Central California Women's Facility on December 9, 2003, at the age of 61.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
Gerald and Charlene Gallego
References
Further reading
Slater, David. ""It's Fun to Kill People!": The Sunset Strip Murders" in David Kerekes and David Slater (eds) Critical Vision: Random Essays & Tracts Concerning Sex Religion death Stockport Cheshire UK: Headpress, 1995, pp. 180–242.
1942 births
1980 murders in the United States
2003 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American female serial killers
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Crimes against sex workers in the United States
Criminals from Los Angeles
People convicted of murder by California
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
Prisoners who died in California detention
Serial killers from California
Serial killers from Los Angeles
Serial killers who died in prison custody |
"Dreams" is a song by British singer and songwriter Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle and Tim Laws and produced by Richie Fermie for her debut studio album, Find Your Way (1993). Originally, the song included a sample of the song "Fast Car" by Tracy Chapman, but because of copyright reasons, the sample had to be removed. Released by Go! Beat and London Records as Gabrielle's debut single, "Dreams" entered the UK Singles Chart at number two, which was the highest chart entry a debut act had obtained in the United Kingdom at that time before reaching number one for three weeks in June 1993. In the United States, the song peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming Gabrielle's highest-charting song there. The song's music video was directed by Kate Garner.
"Dreams" is widely seen as Gabrielle's signature song, and its lyrics inspired the title of her greatest hits compilation Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2001). The song is featured heavily in the 1999 Paul Thomas Anderson film Magnolia, where William H. Macy's downtrodden character Donnie Smith plays the song repeatedly as a motivational aid. In 2013, Gabrielle re-recorded the track with producer Naughty Boy for her compilation album Now and Always: 20 Years of Dreaming.
Background and release
Gabrielle used to perform at a London club called Moonlighting. One night after she'd performed Luther Vandross covers at the club, a woman told her, "This is as good as it's going to get for you." Disheartened by this, the singer went home and wrote the first lines of "Dreams" in her diary. Shortly after, Gabrielle and another singer, Jackie King from the club, got an opportunity to make a record in a studio in Byfleet, Surrey. Her boyfriend had paid for them to do it. Producer Tim Laws was impressed by her voice and asked if she could come back later on her own. The singer then performed the lyrics of "Dreams" over Laws' music which was a backing track, using a Korg M1 synthesiser for most of the parts – piano, bass, string line – with an Akai S900 firing off drum loops and hits.
The first version became a hit in nightclubs, being played by underground DJs. This was the version that featured the "Fast Car" sample by Tracy Chapman. After selling a few thousand copies, Gabrielle got signed to the Go! Beat label. Due to the use of the "Fast Car" sample not being cleared, a producer named Richie Fermie rerecorded a new version of "Dreams", without the sample. This version went straight to number two on the UK Singles Chart as the highest charting debut single ever, before hitting number-one.
In an 1997 interview, Gabrielle told about making the song, "It wasn't until I took it home that I realised it was "Fast Car" by Tracy Chapman and I thought, oh God, I love "Fast Car", but I don't think I could write anything original for it. And it wasn't until I had to go to the studio on the day, and I was on the train thinking, oh my God, I haven't written anything. So I opened up my notebook where, I keep my songs, and "Dreams" was there, it was one of the songs I had written some time back."
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard described the song as a "gloriously romantic, uplifting pop/dance shuffler" with a "wildly infectious chorus, delivered with a sly, feline grace." He commented further that a "interplay of contrasting elements like acoustic strumming, hip-hop-styled beats, and disco strings works surprisingly well". Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger noted Gabrielle's voice as "soaked in personality" and complimented the production as "reassuringly professional, very close to the kind of powerpoint soul the Lighthouse Family would serve up later in the 90s." Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report felt that the singer's "warm vocal style is just right to complement the hook-laden melody that she co-wrote." A reviewer from Irish Independent called it a "smooth debut pop single". Knight Ridder described it as "hypnotic". In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton wrote that this is "another one of those records that is a hit almost before it even started." He also described it as a "haunting dreamy ballad" and "a unique record". Pan-European magazine Music & Media viewed it as "immaculate".
Alan Jones from Music Week said about the original 1992 release, "The soothing and gentle guitar intro to Tracy Chapman's "Fast Car" underpins this superbly soulful dance cut, written and performed by a 22-year-old newcomer from Sydenham. Chiming synth strings and a Soul II Soul shuffle propel it along nicely, the uncluttered arrangement and production (by Unit 3) allowing her fine vocals room to breathe." He added, "Initially on a limited pressing of 1,500, which have now sold out, this is already getting specialist radio play, and could very easily explode as a major pop hit, given adequate distribution." Another editor, Andy Beevers, called the 1993 version "excellent". Mandi James from NME praised it, writing, "This is the sounds of blackness that will be drifting from sound systems nationwide by the end of summer. Swingbeat and soul, suckers, is back — and there's not a thing you can do about it." Marts Andrups from the Record Mirror Dance Update declared it as "a stunning debut with "summer hit" written all over it. Like a funky Tracy Chapman, there's a beautiful soul vocal over a deceptively simple acoustic guitar and string arrangement." Sian Pattenden from Smash Hits gave "Dreams" four out of five, writing, "If you're a big girl and like soulful swishdance music, this'll be in your in-car CD player for 1,000 years. More of less. You've got to have dreams, she reckons, and it's true, children."
Chart performance
In Europe, the song reached number one in the United Kingdom on 20 June 1993 and stayed there for three weeks. Before, it had entered the chart at number two. At that time, it was the highest chart entry a debut female solo act had scored in the UK. It was a top-five hit in Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Sweden, as well as a top-10 hit in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Dreams" reached its best position of number six on 14 August. Outside Europe, the single peaked at number one on the US Billboard Dance Club Play chart and the Canadian RPM Dance chart. In 1993, "Dreams" sold 513,000 copies in United Kingdom.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Dreams" was directed by British photographer, artist and singer Kate Garner. It received heavy rotation on MTV Europe.
Track listings
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Other versions
In 2002, the song was sampled by the More Fire Crew on the track "Dreams" for the charity album NME in Association with War Child Presents 1 Love.
In 2013, Gabrielle herself re-recorded the track with producer Naughty Boy. It can be found on her album Now and Always: 20 Years of Dreaming.
In 2017, UK producer Alex Ross released a cover, featuring vocals by Dakota and a rap verse from T-Pain. This version was certified silver by the BPI in 2023.
References
1991 songs
1993 debut singles
Gabrielle (singer) songs
Go! Beat singles
London Records singles
Music Week number-one dance singles
Songs about dreams
Songs written by Gabrielle (singer)
UK Singles Chart number-one singles |
Toledo, Belize, may refer to:
Toledo District
Toledo Settlement, a town in Toledo District |
Corey Hirsch (born July 1, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender, currently working for Sportsnet as a colour commentator on Vancouver Canucks radio broadcasts. He spent the majority of his National Hockey League career with the Vancouver Canucks. He is the former goaltending coach for the St. Louis Blues, having previously served the Toronto Maple Leafs along with François Allaire.
Hirsch is tied with Tyson Sexsmith for most wins in the Western Hockey League's history, with 120.
Playing career
Born in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Hirsch played major junior hockey with the Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League for four seasons. He was named to the WHL Second All-Star Team in his second season with Kamloops, in which the team won the President's Cup (now the Ed Chynoweth Cup) and advanced to the 1990 Memorial Cup in Hamilton, Ontario, where the Blazers placed third. Hirsch was subsequently chosen 169th overall in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers.
Upon being drafted, Hirsch led the league in shutouts, with 5, and goals against average with 2.72 in 1991–92, he was named CHL Goaltender of the Year and the Del Wilson Trophy as the WHL Goaltender of the Year. As the Blazers again captured President's Cup in 1992, they advanced to the Memorial Cup in Seattle and defeated the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds 5–4 in the final. Hirsch was additionally awarded the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy as the tournament's top goaltender.
In 1992–93, his first professional season, he played for the Binghamton Rangers, New York's AHL affiliate, and won the Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award as the league's top goalie. At 2.79, he was also awarded the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award for the lowest goals-against-average (shared with goaltending teammate Boris Rousson).
Hirsch started his first NHL game that season, a 2–2 tie against the Detroit Red Wings on January 19, 1993. He recorded his first win on his next start, an 8–3 victory over the Los Angeles Kings on January 23.
At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, Hirsch played all eight games for Canada and won a silver medal after losing in a shootout to Sweden in the gold medal game. The shootout-winning goal by Peter Forsberg was depicted on a Swedish postage stamp, featuring the image of a generic goalie because Hirsch refused to allow his likeness to be used.
Hirsch remained with Binghamton for three seasons until New York traded him to the Vancouver Canucks on April 7, 1995, in exchange for forward Nathan LaFayette.
Hirsch split goaltending duties with Kirk McLean in 1995–96 and was named to the All-Rookie Team after posting a 2.93 goals-against average, .903 save percentage and a winning 17–14–6 record. He also finished fifth in Calder Memorial Trophy voting (won by Daniel Alfredsson). During the season, he recorded his first career NHL shutout on January 15, 1996, a 6–0 win against the Boston Bruins.
On July 2, 1999, he was waived by the Canucks and for the next few seasons, would bounce around the league between the Nashville Predators, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Washington Capitals, and Dallas Stars. Playing for minor league affiliates, he only appeared in a handful of NHL games for the remainder of his career. In 2002–03, he recorded AHL career highs with a 2.64 goals-against average and a .921 save percentage in 35 games with the Utah Grizzlies.
Before retiring, Hirsch played three seasons overseas in the Swedish Elitserien, and the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
Post-playing career
After retiring, Hirsch became a goaltending consultant for Hockey Canada. He worked with the national junior team as part of the 2007 and 2008 World Junior gold medal winning teams.
On September 9, 2008, the Toronto Maple Leafs announced they had hired Hirsch as their goaltending coach.
On June 18, 2010, the St. Louis Blues announced they had hired Hirsch as their goaltending coach.
On May 7, 2014, the St. Louis Blues relieved Hirsch of his coaching duties.
In 2015, Hirsch joined the NHL on Sportsnet as a freelance TV analyst.
Personal
Hirsch is a divorcee after 15 years of marriage, with three children. In the summer of 2015, Hirsch's son Hayden, who is a forward, attended hockey training camp with his father's old junior team, the Kamloops Blazers, but didn't make the regular season roster. Hirsch has struggled with severe anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) for much of his life, and described his struggle in a Player's Tribune article on February 15, 2017 and a video for the Canucks' Hockey Talks initiative. He has since become an outspoken advocate for mental health awareness and ending the stigma associated with mental illness. He elaborated further about his mental health challenges in his autobiography, "The Save of My Life: My Journey Out of the Dark", which was written in collaboration with Sean Patrick Conboy and published in 2022. Hirsch also co-hosts a podcast with psychiatrist Dr. Diane McIntosh called "Blindsided", featuring athletes talking about mental health.
Awards
Major Junior
WHL West Second All-Star Team – 1990
WHL West First All-Star Team – 1991 & 1992
CHL Goaltender of the Year – 1992
CHL First All-Star Team – 1992
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (WHL goaltender of the year) – 1992
Del Wilson Trophy (Memorial Cup top goaltender) – 1992
Memorial Cup All-Star Team – 1992
Professional
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (AHL goaltender of the year) – 1993
Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award (AHL's lowest goals-against-average) – 1993 (shared with Boris Rousson)
Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award – 1993
AHL First All-Star Team – 1993
NHL All-Rookie Team – 1996
IHL Goaltender of the Month – December 1999
IHL Goaltender of the Week – December 4, December 18, 2000
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1972 births
Albany River Rats players
Binghamton Rangers players
Calgary Canucks players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Kamloops Blazers players
Kassel Huskies players
Living people
Malmö Redhawks players
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
New York Rangers draft picks
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Ice hockey people from Medicine Hat
Philadelphia Phantoms players
Portland Pirates players
St. Louis Blues coaches
Syracuse Crunch players
Timrå IK players
Toronto Maple Leafs coaches
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany |
Ziroobwe is a town in Luweero District in the Central Region of Uganda. The correct phonetic spelling in the native Luganda language is "Ziroobwe".
Location
Ziroobwe is approximately , by road, north of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. This is approximately , by road, southeast of Luweero, the site of the district headquarters.
Population
In August 2012, the night-time population of the town was estimated at 5,000, swelling to an estimated 7,000 during working days.
Points of interest
The following additional points of interest are found in or near the town of Ziroobwe: The town hosts (a) the headquarters of Ziroobwe sub-county, an administrative until in Luweero District (b) Ziroobwe Central Market and (c) the offices of Ziroobwe Town Council.
The Gayaza–Ziroobwe Road, ends here. This road connects Gayaza in Wakiso District to Ziroobwe in Luweero District. The Ziroobwe–Wobulenzi Road starts here and ends at Wobulenzi, about to the west, on the Kampala–Gulu Highway.
The main campus of Bugema University is located about , by road, south of Ziroobwe on the Gayaza-Ziroobwe Road.
See also
List of universities in Uganda
List of cities and towns in Uganda
References
Populated places in Central Region, Uganda
Cities in the Great Rift Valley
Luweero District |
Truth (NZ) Ltd v Holloway [1961] NZLR 22 (PC) is a case of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand regarding the legal issue of defamation and free speech.
Background
The weekly newspaper New Zealand Truth, in an article dated 24 March 1959, published a story about the allocation of import licences, which contained a quote by importer Harry Judd saying to a fellow importer: "see Phil and Phil will fix it" The "Phil" referred to was the Hon. Phil Holloway, the then-Minister for Industries and Commerce under Prime Minister Walter Nash during the Second Labour Government. Holloway was not happy with the innuendo that he was involved in issuing import licences in a questionable way, and sued the paper for defamation. The paper defended the matter on the basis of privilege, in publishing an article of national significance.
The High Court ruled that the paper did not have such a defence, and awarded damages of NZ£11,000.
Truth appealed to the Court of Appeal claiming they had the defence of privilege, and also that the judge had misdirected the jury.
Held
The Court of Appeal upheld the judgement. The Truth subsequently unsuccessfully appealed to the Privy Council, but solely on the grounds that the judge had misdirected the jury.
Footnote: Defence Counsel here (Robin Cooke) later became Justice Cooke.
References
New Zealand tort case law
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from New Zealand
Lord Denning cases
1960 in New Zealand law
1960 in case law |
The Scalplock Mountain Fire Lookout in Glacier National Park is significant as one of a chain of staffed fire lookout posts within the park. The low two-story timber-construction structure with a pyramidal roof was built in 1931. The lookout affords views into the Park Creek valley and the Middle Fork of the Flathead River, which was traversed by the Great Northern Railway (U.S.) and US 2, prolific sources of fires. The lookout was built to standard plans derived from U.S. Forest Service plans.
References
External links
at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Towers completed in 1931
Fire lookout towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Rustic architecture in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Flathead County, Montana
1931 establishments in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park |
Edward B. D. Neuhauser (1908–1987) was an American physician who was known for his work in pediatric radiology, helping to establish it as a scientific discipline.
Neuhauser was born in Philadelphia and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania.
He was the first president of the Society for Pediatric Radiology, which he helped found in 1958.
In 1964 he became one of the founder members of the European Society for Pediatric Radiology.
References
1908 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American physicians
American pediatricians |
Satya Pahadi () is a member of Constituent Assembly of Nepal. She is former Minister of Peace and Reconstruction of Nepal.
References
Living people
Women government ministers of Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) politicians
Nepalese atheists
Nepal MPs 2017–2022
Nepal Communist Party (NCP) politicians
21st-century Nepalese women politicians
21st-century Nepalese politicians
Members of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
1977 births |
In financial accounting, operating cash flow (OCF), cash flow provided by operations, cash flow from operating activities (CFO) or free cash flow from operations (FCFO), refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. Operating activities include any spending or sources of cash that’s involved in a company’s day-to-day business activities. The International Financial Reporting Standards defines operating cash flow as cash generated from operations, less taxation and interest paid, gives rise to operating cash flows. To calculate cash generated from operations, one must calculate cash generated from customers and cash paid to suppliers. The difference between the two reflects cash generated from operations.
Cash generated from operating customers
revenue as reported
− increase (decrease) in operating trade receivables (1)
− investment income (Profit on asset Sales, disclosed separately in Investment Cash Flow)
− other income that is non cash and/or non sales related
Cash paid to operating suppliers
costs of sales − Stock Variation = Purchase of goods. (2)
+ all other expenses
− increase (decrease) in operating trade payables (1)
− non cash expense items such as depreciation, provisioning, impairments, bad debts, etc.
− financing expenses (disclosed separately in Finance Cash Flow)
Notes
operating: Variations of Assets Suppliers and Clients accounts will be disclosed in the Financial Cash Flow
Cost of Sales = Stock Out for sales. It is Cash Neutral. Cost of Sales − Stock Variation = Stock out − (Stock out − Stock In) = Stock In = Purchase of goods: Cash Out
Operating Cash Flow vs. Net Income, EBIT, and EBITDA
Interest is a financing flow. Since it adjusts for liabilities, receivables, and depreciation, operating cash flow is a more accurate measure of how much cash a company has generated (or used) than traditional measures of profitability such as net income or EBIT. For example, a company with numerous fixed assets on its books (e.g. factories, machinery, etc.) would likely have decreased net income due to depreciation; however, as depreciation is a non-cash expense the operating cash flow would provide a more accurate picture of the company's current cash holdings than the artificially low net income.
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization or just EBITDA is a kind of operating income which excludes all non-operating and non-cash expenses. With it, factors like debt financing as well as depreciation, and amortization expenses are stripped out when calculating profitability. Thus, it can be used to analyze and compare profitability among companies and industries, as it eliminates the effects of financing and capital expenditures (which may also be deemed a demerit of the EBITDA measure). It is also a useful metric for understanding a business’s ability to generate cash flow for its owners and for judging a company’s operating performance. The difference between EBITDA and OCF would then reflect how the entity finances its net working capital in the short term. OCF is not a measure of free cash flow and the effect of investment activities would need to be considered to arrive at the free cash flow of the entity.
See also
Cash flow
Cash flow statement
Free cash flow
References
Management accounting
Cash flow |
Maphumulo Local Municipality is an administrative area in the iLembe District of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Maphumulo is an isiZulu name meaning "place of rest".
The municipality is predominantly rural, comprising mostly tribal land, which is administered by the Ingonyama Trust on behalf of local communities. Sugar-cane cultivation is the predominant economic activity and land use in the municipality. Subsistence agricultural activities in the form of small cropping areas attached to traditional family units dominate land usage.
The only major town in the municipality is Maphumulo.
Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:
Politics
The municipal council consists of twenty-three members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Twelve councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twelve wards, while the remaining eleven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received.
In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) lost its majority, obtaining a plurality of eleven seats on the council.
The following table shows the results of the election.
References
External links
Official website
Local municipalities of the iLembe District Municipality
Maphumulo Local Municipality |
Dunlap is a census-designated place (CDP) in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,235 at the 2010 census. Once a small farming community, by the 1980s it had become a suburb of Elkhart and Goshen, Indiana. Most of the town was destroyed by two violent F4 tornadoes during the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak on April 11, 1965. Both tornadoes killed over 60 in the region.
History
A post office was established at Dunlap in 1886, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902.
Geography
Dunlap is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which 0.20% is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,887 people, 2,087 households, and 1,657 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 2,147 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.69% White, 2.87% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.93% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 3.04% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.65% of the population.
There were 2,087 households, out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.16.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,083, and the median income for a family was $55,522. Males had a median income of $40,802 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,733. About 5.0% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Dunlap is served by Concord Community Schools, including Concord High School.
The community has a public library, a branch of the Elkhart Public Library.
Transportation
The Interurban Trolley Concord and Elkhart-Goshen routes run through Dunlap, connecting the town to the nearby cities Elkhart and Goshen.
References
Census-designated places in Elkhart County, Indiana
Census-designated places in Indiana |
The 15th annual Four Hills Tournament was won by Norwegian athlete Bjørn Wirkola who secured three dominating victories after a surprising double victory for the East German team in Oberstdorf.
Participating nations and athletes
The national groups of Germany and Austria only competed at the two events in their respective countries.
Results
Oberstdorf
Schattenbergschanze, Oberstdorf
30 December 1966
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Große Olympiaschanze, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
01 January 1967
Innsbruck
Bergiselschanze, Innsbruck
6 December 1967
Bischofshofen
Paul-Ausserleitner-Schanze, Bischofshofen
08 January 1967
Final ranking
References
External links
FIS website
Four Hills Tournament web site
Four Hills Tournament
1966 in ski jumping
1967 in ski jumping |
Pégairolles-de-Buèges (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Hérault department
References
Communes of Hérault |
Giovanni (Jean) de Sperati (14 October 1884 – 28 April 1957) was an Italian stamp forger. Robson Lowe considered him an artist and even professional stamp authenticators of his time attested to the genuineness of his work. Sperati created what he called a Livre d'Or which he boasted of in his autobiography and which contained 239 favourable opinions as to the genuineness of his forgeries from numerous experts, including Dr. Edward Diena and the Royal Philatelic Society London.
Early life
Sperati was born in 1884 in Pistoia, Italy, though he spent a large part of his life in France where he adopted the name Jean. Sperati retained his Italian passport throughout his life and always considered himself an Italian. As a child in Pistoia and later in France, Sperati began to collect stamps. He was particularly interested in printing techniques, as well as photography which was in its infancy at that time. Relatives owned a postcard factory as well as a paper mill. Through this, Sperati was able to obtain copious knowledge of photographic processes, print technology and chemicals. These formed the basis for his eventual career as a stamp counterfeiter.
The first forgeries
The first attempts to copy stamps went extraordinarily well. The first forgeries were of valuable stamps from San Marino, and stamp experts believed them to be genuine. Thereupon Sperati began to produce numerous further reproductions of valuable stamps from all over the world. This eventually resulted in well over 500 master-quality forgeries from more than 100 different stamp-issuing agencies.
In 1942, for the first time in his life, Sperati came into conflict with the law. A shipment marked as valuable from Sperati to a stamp dealer in Lisbon, Portugal, was intercepted by French customs. It contained several forged German stamps. They charged him with "exporting capital" without a licence and trying to avoid customs payments. He protested his innocence, and explained to the police that it contained only copies of valuable stamps, which he himself had prepared, whereupon the police called in the country's best stamp experts to clear up the facts of the case. These experts came to the judgment that the stamps in question were all originals, and very valuable ones at that. Sperati still managed to convince the police that they were forgeries, and was therefore charged with fraud. His trial took place in April 1948.
The 1948 trial
To explain, Sperati tried to convince the court that he had no deceitful intentions in the sale of the stamps. He considered himself to be an artist and not a counterfeiter. Furthermore, he declared to the court that he had merely forgotten to clearly mark the stamps as forgeries and he promised to be more diligent about such marking in the future. He claimed that he had offered the forgeries of rare stamps at about 1% of the normal market price in order to assist the simple collector to obtain these rarities. Nevertheless, the Paris judiciary convicted Sperati and sentenced him to a year in prison, 10,000 francs fine and an additional 300,000 francs for criminal intentions. The Paris judiciary did not convict him on the basis of the imitation, but rather because of Sperati's "deceitful intentions". He was convicted in April 1948.
After the guilty verdict
Sperati did not have to serve his prison sentence, on the grounds of his age – he was already over 64 years old. In 1954 he sold all his remaining forgeries as well as all the clichés to the "British Philatelic Association." He then withdrew from the forgery business and promised never again to forge a stamp. His motive in selling the tools of his trade to the "British Philatelic Association" was to prevent them falling into the possession of someone who would imitate his work. Sperati died three years later in Aix-les-Bains at the age of 73.
His life's work
The stamp forgeries of Sperati are some of the best in the world. He created forgeries of the 10 cent black, one of the first United States postal issues, in 1847. It is possible to identify these forgeries by two small flaws. Many Sperati forgeries remain undetected. Sperati forged the most valuable rarities of the stamp world. He did this with an inimitable precision. A Sperati forgery is far from worthless. They obtain high prices as special collectables. Sperati paid great attention to the accuracy of the postmark when forging the stamps. Therefore, postmarks found on his forgeries are limited to those of larger cities. Sperati's forgeries are currently valuable in the philatelic market. He probably produced more than 5,000 forgeries.
See also
Erasmo Oneglia
List of stamp forgers
Philatelic fakes and forgeries
References
Further reading
Lowe, Robson. (1955) The Work of Jean de Sperati. London.
Tyler, Varro. E. (1976) Philatelic Forgers: Their Lives and Works. London: Robson Lowe.
External links
Stampforgeries.com - Many Sperati forgeries compared to genuine stamps side-by-side
Gnome Village page on Sperati
Glen Stephens column on Sperati forgeries
Klaseboer list of forgeries
Article on Sperati from The Economist
Sotheby's Auction: The Philatelic Collection formed by Sir Gawaine Baillie, Bt. Volume X: British Empire Part two and Sperati Forgeries of the World
1884 births
1957 deaths
Stamp forgers
Italian male criminals
People from Pistoia
People convicted of forgery |
The Tortoise and the Hare is a 1994 bronze sculpture by Nancy Schön, installed in Boston's Copley Square, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The work references one of Aesop's Fables, The Tortoise and the Hare, and commemorates Boston Marathon participants.
See also
1994 in art
Rabbits and hares in art
References
1994 establishments in Massachusetts
1994 sculptures
Animal sculptures in Massachusetts
Boston Marathon
Bronze sculptures in Massachusetts
Outdoor sculptures in Boston
Sculptures of rabbits and hares
Sculptures of turtles
The Tortoise and the Hare
Works based on Aesop's Fables |
Things Happen at Night is a 1947 British supernatural ghost comedy film directed by Francis Searle and starring Gordon Harker, Alfred Drayton, Robertson Hare and Garry Marsh. The film is based upon a stage play, The Poltergeist, by Frank Harvey. It was shot at Twickenham Studios. Despite the film's comparatively large budget it ended up being released as a second feature.
Plot summary
An English country house is plagued by a poltergeist who destroys things in the home, rearranges pictures on the wall, and possesses the daughter of the owner causing her to be expelled from school. A psychic ghost breaker and an insurance agent help the homeowners battle and expel the spirit.
Cast
Gordon Harker as Joe Harris
Alfred Drayton as Wilfred Prescott
Robertson Hare as Vincent Ebury
Gwynneth Vaughan as Audrey Prescott
Olga Lindo as Hilda Prescott
Garry Marsh as Spenser
Wylie Watson as Watson, the butler
Joan Young as Mrs. Venning, the cook
Beatrice Campbell as Joyce Prescott
Grace Denbigh Russell as Miss Hancock
Judith Warden as Mrs. Fortescue
June Elvin as Mabel Minter
Knox Crichton as Nobby Ebury
Eric Micklewood as Robert Ebury
Charles Doe as Bill
Michael Callin as Mac
George Bryden as Freddie Simpson
Marilyn Williams as Singer
Peter Reynolds
Patricia Owens
References
Bibliography
Chibnall, Steve & McFarlane, Brian. The British 'B' Film. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.
External links
1947 films
1940s comedy horror films
British comedy horror films
British black-and-white films
British films based on plays
Films shot at Southall Studios
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
1940s ghost films
1947 horror films
1947 comedy films
Films directed by Francis Searle
1940s English-language films
1940s British films |
Praia de Belas is a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959.
Close to Porto Alegre downtown, Praia de Belas was named after the farmer Antônio Rodrigues de Belas, who constructed a road for the slave trade in 1839, today known as Praia de Belas avenue. The number of dwellers begun to grow when a stone quay was built in 1870, and thus the political authorities decided to expand its area. In 1960, a big portion of Guaíba Lake was covered with landfill and enabled the planned urbanization process. Since then it has been home to innumerable government and public buildings, such as courthouses: the Administrative Centre of Rio Grande do Sul is located here, as well as many courthouses. Moreover, there are two parks in Praia Belas: the Marinha do Brasil Park and Maurício Sirotski Sobrinho Park.
Also, there is located a highly regarded private school of the city, the Maria Imaculada school.
Demographics
Population: 1.869 (in 2000)
Area: 204 ha
Density: 9 hab/ha/km2
Number of housing units: 745
See also
Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre
References
External links
Porto Alegre Homepage
Neighbourhoods in Porto Alegre
Populated places established in 1959
1959 establishments in Brazil |
Notable women's rights activists are as follows, arranged alphabetically by modern country names and by the names of the persons listed:
Afghanistan
Amina Azimi – disabled women's rights advocate
Hasina Jalal – women's empowerment activist
Quhramaana Kakar – Senior Strategic Advisor for Conciliation Resources
Masuada Karokhi (born 1962) – Member of Parliament and women’s rights campaigner
Albania
Parashqevi Qiriazi (1880–1970) – teacher
Sevasti Qiriazi (1871–1949) – pioneer of female education
Urani Rumbo (1895–1936) – feminist, teacher, and playwright
Algeria
Aïcha Lemsine (born 1942) – French-language writer and women's rights activist
Ahlam Mosteghanemi (born 1953) – writer and sociologist
Argentina
Virginia Bolten (1870–1960) – Argentine journalist as well as an anarchist and feminist activist of German descent
Raymunda Torres y Quiroga – 19th-century Argentine writer and women's rights activist
Azucena Villaflor (1924–1977) – social activist, a founder of the human rights association Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Australia
Thelma Bate (1904–1984) – community leader, advocate for inclusion of Aboriginals in Country Women's Association
Rosie Batty (born 1962) – 2015 Australian of the Year and family violence campaigner
Sandra Bloodworth – labour historian, socialist activist, co-founder of Trotskyist Socialist Alternative, editor of Marxist Left Review
Eva Cox (born 1938) – sociologist and feminist active in politics and social services, member of Women's Electoral Lobby, social commentator on women in power and at work, and social justice
Zelda D'Aprano (born 1928) – trade unionist, feminist, in 1969 chained herself to doors of Commonwealth Building over equal pay
Louisa Margaret Dunkley (1866–1927) – telegraphist and labour organizer
Elizabeth Evatt (born 1933) – legal reformist, jurist, critic of Australia's Sex Discrimination Act, first Australian in United Nations Commission on Human Rights
Miles Franklin (1879–1954) – writer and feminist
Vida Goldstein (1869–1949) – early Australian feminist campaigning for women's suffrage and social reform, first woman in British Empire to stand for national election
Germaine Greer (born 1939) – author of The Female Eunuch, academic and social commentator
Bella Guerin (1858–1923) – first woman to graduate from an Australian university, Guerin was a prominent socialist feminist (although with periods of public dispute) within the Australian Labor Party
Louisa Lawson (1848–1920) – feminist, suffragist, author, founder of The Dawn, pro-republican federalist
Fiona Patten (born 1964) – leader of Australian Sex Party, lobbyist for personal freedoms and progressive lifestyles
Michelle Payne (born 1985) – first female winner of Melbourne Cup and an advocate of increased presence of women in sport
Eileen Powell (1913–1997) – trade unionist, women's activist and contributor to the Equal Pay for Equal Work decision
Millicent Preston-Stanley (1883–1955) – first female member of New South Wales Legislative Assembly, campaigner for custodial rights of mothers in divorce and for women's health care
Elizabeth Anne Reid (born 1942) – world's first women's affairs adviser to head of government (Gough Whitlam), active in the United Nations and on HIV
Bessie Rischbieth (1874–1967) – earliest female appointee to any court (honorary, Perth Children's Court, 1915), active against the Australian government practice of taking Aboriginal children from their mothers (Stolen Generation)
Jessie Street (1889–1970) – Australian suffragette, feminist and human rights campaigner influential in labour rights and early days of the UN
Anne Summers (born 1945) – women's rights activist in politics and media, women's advisor to Labor premier Paul Keating, editor of Ms. magazine (NY)
Mary Hynes Swanton (1861–1940) – Australian women's rights and trade unionist
Austria
Auguste Fickert (1855–1910) – feminist and social reformer
Marianne Hainisch (1839–1936) – activist, exponent of women's right to work and education
Bertha Pappenheim (1859–1936) – Austrian-Jewish feminist, founder of the German Jewish Women's Association
Belgium
Marguerite Coppin (1867–1931) – female Poet Laureate of Belgium and advocate of women's rights
Christine Loudes (1972–2016) – proponent of gender equality and women's rights
Frédérique Petrides (1903–1983) – Belgian-American pioneer female orchestral conductor, activist and editor of Women in Music
Marie Popelin (1846–1913) – lawyer, feminist campaigner, leader of the Belgian League for Women's Rights
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Indira Bajramović – Roma activist, director of the Association of Roma Women from Tuzla
Botswana
Unity Dow (born 1959) – judge and writer, plaintiff in case allowing children of mixed parentage to be deemed nationals
Brazil
Clara Ant (born 1948) – architect and political activist for the Partido dos Trabalhadores
Albertina de Oliveira Costa (born 1943) – feminist activist, member of the Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Mulher (National Council for Women's Rights)
Jaqueline Jesus (born 1978) – LGBT rights activist
Lily Marinho (1921–2011) – UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Brazil from 1999 TO 2011
Míriam Martinho (born 1954) – leading feminist journalist and LGBT rights activist, known for her pioneering in Lesbian Feminism
Laudelina de Campos Melo (1904–1991) – created the first trade association for domestic workers in Brazil
Lucia Nader (born 1977) – human rights activist
Matilde Ribeiro (born 1960) – political activist, feminist and part of the anit-racism movement in Brazil, as well as former Chief Minister of SEPPIR, a government agency promoting racial equality in Brazil
Alzira Rufino (born 1949) – feminist, part of both the Black Movement and the Black Women's Movement
Heleieth Saffioti (1934–2010) – feminist activist and sociology professor
Miêtta Santiago (1903–1995) – suffragist, feminit activist, writer and poet
Viviane Senna (born 1957) – president of the Instituto Ayrton Senna
Yara Yavelberg (1943–1971) – university lecturer and part of the resistance against military dictatorship in Brazil
Bulgaria
Dimitrana Ivanova (1881–1960) – educational reformer and suffragist
Ekaterina Karavelova (1860–1947) – suffragist and women's rights activist
Anna Karima (1871–1949) – suffragist and women's rights activist
Eugenia Kisimova (1831–1885) – feminist, philanthropist, women's rights activist
Kina Konova (1872–1952) – publicist and suffragist
Julia Malinova (1869–1953) – suffragist and founder of the Bulgarian Women's Union
Canada
Edith Archibald (1854–1936) – suffragist, writer, promoter of Maritime Women's Christian Temperance Union, National Council of Women of Canada and Local Council of Women of Halifax
Laura Borden (1861–1940) – president of the Local Council of Women of Halifax
Thérèse Casgrain (1896–1981) – suffragette, reformer, feminist, politician and senator, mainly active in Quebec
Françoise David (born 1948) – politician, feminist activist
Emily Howard Stowe (1831–1903) – physician, advocate of women's inclusion in medical profession, founder of Canadian Women's Suffrage Association
Marie Lacoste-Gérin-Lajoie (1867–1945) – suffragette, self-taught jurist
Nellie McClung (1873–1951) – feminist and suffragist, part of The Famous Five (Canada)
Jamie McIntosh (21st century) – lawyer and women's rights activist
Eliza Ritchie (1856–1933) – prominent suffragist, executive member of Local Council of Women of Halifax
Léa Roback (1903–2000) – feminist and workers' union activist tied with communist party
Idola Saint-Jean (1880–1945) – suffragette, journalist
Mary Two-Axe Earley (1911–1996) – indigenous women's rights activist
Cape Verde
Isaura Gomes (born 1944)
Chad
Lydie Beassemda (born c. 1967)
Céline Narmadji (born 1964)
Chile
Alicia Herrera Rivera (1928–2013) – feminist lawyer and minister of the Court of Appeals of Santiago
María Rivera Urquieta (born 1894) – professor and feminist
China
Cai Chang (1900–1990) – politician, first chair of the All-China Women's Federation
Chen Xiefen (1883–1923) – feminist, revolutionary and journalist
Fok Hing-tong (1872–1957)
He Xiangning (1878–1972)
Huixing (educator) (1871–1905)
Jiang Shufang (1867–1928) – school pioneer
Li Maizi (born 1989)
Lin Zongsu (1878–1944)
Liu-Wang Liming (1897–1970)
Lü Jinghua (born 1960)
Mao Hengfeng (born 1961)
Miao Boying
Nurungul Tohti (born 1980)
Qiu Yufang (1871–1904)
Wan Shaofen (born 1930)
Wang Huiwu (1898–1993)
Wei Tingting (born 1989)
Xiang Jingyu
Xie Xuehong (1901–1970)
Ye Haiyan (born 1975)
Zheng Churan
Colombia
Juana de J. Sarmiento (1899–1979), Colombian politician, activist
Miriam Margoth Martínez (born 1966) human rights defender
Croatia
Jelica Belović-Bernardzikowska (1870–1946)
Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873–1957)
Democratic Republic of Congo
Julienne Lusenge – women's activist recognized for advocating for survivors of wartime sexual violence
Denmark
Sophie Alberti (1846–1947) – pioneering women's rights activist and a leading member of Kvindelig Læseforening (Women Readers' Association)
Widad Akrawi (born 1969) – writer and doctor, advocate for gender equality, women's empowerment and participation in peace-building and post-conflict governance
Johanne Andersen (1862–1925), active in Funen and in the Danish Women's Society
Ragnhild Nikoline Andersen (1907–1990) – trade unionist, Communist party politician and Stutthof prisoner
Signe Arnfred (born 1944), sociologist specializing in gender studies
Matilde Bajer (1840–1934) – women's rights activist and pacifist
Annestine Beyer (1795–1884) – pioneer of women's education
Anne Bruun (1853–1934) – schoolteacher and women's rights activist
Esther Carstensen (1873–1955) – women right's activist, journal editor, active in the Danish Women's Society
Severine Casse (1805–1898) – women's rights activist, successful in fighting for a wife's right to dispose of her earnings
Ulla Dahlerup (born 1942) – writer, women's rights activist, member of the Danish Red Stocking Movement
Thora Daugaard (1874–1951) – women's rights activist, pacifist, editor
Henni Forchhammer (1863–1955) – educator, feminist, peace activist
Inger Gamburg (1892–1979) – trades unionist, Communist politician
Suzanne Giese (1946–2012) – writer, women's rights activist, prominent member of the Red Stocking Movement
Bente Hansen (born 1940) – writer, supporter of the Red Stocking Movement
Eline Hansen (1859–1919) – feminist and peace activist
Eva Hemmer Hansen (1913–1983) – writer and feminist
Estrid Hein (1873–1956) – ophthalmologist, women's rights activist, pacifist
Dagmar Hjort (1860–1902) – schoolteacher, writer, women's rights activist
Thora Ingemann Drøhse (1867–1948) – temperance campaigner and women's rights activist in Randers
Katja Iversen (born 1969) – author, advisor, women's rights advocate, President of Women Deliver 2014-2020
Thyra Jensen (1865–1949) – writer and women's rights activist in southern Schleswig
Erna Juel-Hansen (1845–1922) – novelist, early women's rights activist
Lene Koch (born 1947), gender studies researcher
Anna Laursen (1845–1911) – educator, head of the Aarhus branch of the Danish Women's Society
Anna Lohse (1866–1942), Odense schoolteacher and women's rights activist
Line Luplau (1823–1891) – feminist, suffragist, founder of the Danish Women's Suffrage Society
Elisabeth Møller Jensen (born 1946) – historian, feminist, director of Kvinfo from 1990 to 2014
Thora Knudsen (1861–1950), nurse, women's rights activist and philanthropist
Nynne Koch (1915–2001), pioneering women's studies researcher
Else Moltke (1888–1986), writer and leader of women's discussion group in Copenhagen
Elna Munch (1871–1845) – feminist, politician, co-founder of the Danish Association for Women's Suffrage
Louise Nørlund (1854–1919) – feminist, pacifist, founder of the Danish Women's Suffrage Society
Birgitte Berg Nielsen (1861–1951) – equal rights activist, educator
Charlotte Norrie (1855–1940) – nurse, women's rights activist, voting rights campaigner
Voldborg Ølsgaard (1877–1939) – women's rights and peace activist
Tania Ørum (born 1945), women's research activist, literary historian
Thora Pedersen (1875–1954) – educator, school inspector, women's rights activist who fought for equal pay for men and women
Johanne Rambusch (1865–1944) – feminist, politician, co-founder of the radical suffrage association Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret
Caja Rude (1884–1949), novelist, journalist and women's rights activist
Vibeke Salicath (1861–1921) – philanthropist, feminist, editor, politician
Astrid Stampe Feddersen (1852–1930) – chaired first Scandinavian meeting on women's rights
Karen Syberg (born 1945) – writer, feminist, co-founder of the Red Stocking Movement
Caroline Testman (1839–1919) – feminist, co-founder of Dansk Kvindesamfund
Ingeborg Tolderlund (1848–1935) – women's rights activist and suffragist
Clara Tybjerg (1864–1941) – women's rights activist, pacifist
Anna Westergaard (1882–1964) – railway official, trade unionist, women's rights activist, politician
Louise Wright (1861–1935) – philanthropist, feminist, peace activist
Natalie Zahle (1827–1913) – pioneer of women's education
Else Zeuthen (1897–1975) – Danish pacifist, women's rights activist and politician
East Timor
Magdalena Bidau Soares – ex-guerrilla, peace activist
Ecuador
Rosa Zárate y Ontaneda (1763–1813) – feminist and independence activist
Egypt
Qasim Amin (1863–1908) – jurist, early advocate of women's rights in society
Soraya Bahgat (born 1983) – Egyptian-Finnish women's rights advocate, social entrepreneur and founder of Tahrir Bodyguard
Ihsan El-Kousy (born 1900) – headmistress, writer and rights activist
Nawal el-Saadawi (1931–2021) – writer and doctor, advocate of women's health and equality
Entisar Elsaeed (fl. 2000s) – activist fighting female genital mutilation and domestic abuse
Engy Ghozlan (born 1985) – coordinator of campaigns against sexual harassment
Hoda Shaarawi (1879–1947) – feminist organizer of Mubarrat Muhammad Ali (women's social service organization), Union of Educated Egyptian Women, and Wafdist Women's Central Committee, founder president of Egyptian Feminist Union
Estonia
Elisabeth Howen (1834–1923) – women's educational pioneer
Finland
Hanna Andersin (1861–1914) – educator, feminist
Soraya Bahgat (born 1983) – see Egypt
Elisabeth Blomqvist (1827–1901) – pioneering female educator
Minna Canth (1844–1897) – writer, women's rights proponent
Adelaïde Ehrnrooth (1826–1905) – feminist, writer, early fighter for voting rights
Alexandra Gripenberg (1857–1913) – writer, women's rights activist, treasurer of the International Council of Women
Lucina Hagman (1853–1946) – feminist, politician, pacifist, president of the League of Finnish Feminists
Rosina Heikel (1842–1929) – feminist, first medical doctor in Finland
Alma Hjelt (1853–1907) – gymnast, women's rights activist, chair of the Finnish women's association Suomen Naisyhdistyksen
Hilda Käkikoski (1864–1912) – suffragist, writer, schoolteacher, early politician
France
Isnelle Amelin (1907–1994) – feminist and trade unionist from La Réunion
Hubertine Auclert (1848–1914) – feminist activist, suffragette
Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) – philosopher, writer
Marie-Thérèse Lucidor Corbin (1749–1834) – French Creole activist and abolitionist in the French colonies
Charles Fourier (1772–1837) – philosopher
Françoise Giroud (1916–2003) – journalist, writer, politician
Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793) – playwright and political activist who wrote the 1791 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
Blanche Moria (1858–1927) – sculptor, educator, feminist
Ndella Paye (born c. 1974) – Senegal-born militant Afro-feminist and Muslim theologian
Maria Pognon (1844–1925) – writer, feminist, suffragist, pacifist
Alphonse Rebière (1842–1900) – author of Les Femmes dans la science and advocate for women's scientific abilities
Léonie Rouzade (1839–1916) – journalist, novelist, feminist
Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (1762–1817) – politician
Flora Tristan (1803–1844) French-Peruvian activist, early advocate of socialism and feminism
Louise Weiss (1893–1983) – journalist, writer, politician
Germany
Jenny Apolant (1874–1925) – Jewish feminist, suffragist
Ruth Bré (c. 1862/67–1911) – writer, advocate of matrilineality and women's rights, founder of Bund für Mutterschutz (League for Maternity Leave)
Johanna Elberskirchen (1864–1943) - feminist and activist for women's rights, gays and lesbians
Johanna von Evreinov (1844–1919) – Russian-born German feminist writer, pioneering female lawyer and editor
Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943) – feminist, pacifist and women's rights activist
Luise Koch (1860–1934) – educator, women's rights activist, suffragist, politician
Helene Lange (1848–1930) – educator, pioneering women's rights activist, suffragist
Sigrid Metz-Göckel (born 1940) – sociologist, gender studies academic
Ursula G. T. Müller (born 1940) – sociologist, gender studies academic
Louise Otto-Peters (1819–1895) – suffragist, women's rights activist, writer
Alice Salomon (1872–1948) – social reformer, women's rights activist, educator, writer
Käthe Schirmacher (1865–1930) – early women's rights activist, writer
Auguste Schmidt (1833–1902) – pioneering women's rights activist, educator, journalist
Alice Schwarzer (born 1942) – journalist and publisher of the magazine Emma
Gesine Spieß (1945–2016), educationalist specializing in gender studies
Marie Stritt (1855–1928) – women's rights activist, suffragist, co-founder of the International Alliance of Women
Johanna Vogt (1862–1944) – suffragist, first woman on the city council of Kassel starting in 1919.
Marianne Weber (1870–1954) – sociologist, women's rights activist, writer
Clara Zetkin (1857–1933) – Marxist theorist, women's rights activist, suffragist, politician
Ghana
Annie Jiagge (1918–1996) – lawyer, judge, women's rights activist, drafted Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, co-founded Women's World Banking
Greece
Kalliroi Parren (1861–1940) – founder of the Greek women's movement
Avra Theodoropoulou (1880–1963) – music critic, pianist, suffragist, women's rights activist, nurse
Greenland
Aviâja Egede Lynge (born 1974), educator, activist for indigenous peoples and women's rights
Henriette Rasmussen (1950–2017), educator, journalist, women's rights activist and politician
Haiti
Léonie Coicou Madiou (1891–1974), political activist, feminist, educator
Hungary
Clotilde Apponyi (1867–1942) – suffragist
Enikő Bollobás (born 1952) – academic specializing in women's studies
Vilma Glücklich (1872–1927) – educational reformer and women's rights activist
Teréz Karacs (1808–1892) – writer and women's rights activist
Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948) – feminist, suffragist, World Peace Prize (1937)
Éva Takács (1780–1845) – writer and feminist
Blanka Teleki (1806–1862) – feminist and advocate of female education
Pálné Veres (1815–1895) – founder of Hungarian National Association for Women's Education
Iceland
Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason (1867–1941) – politician, suffragist, schoolteacher, gymnast
Bríet Bjarnhéðinsdóttir (1856–1940) – activist for women's liberation and women's suffrage
Þórunn Jónassen (1850–1922) – active member of the women's movement
Katrín Magnússon (1858–1932) – promoter of women's voting rights and women's education
India
Angellica Aribam (born 1992) – political activist, founder of Femme First Foundation
Annie Basil (1911–1995) – Iranian-Indian activist for Armenian women
Yogita Bhayana – Indian anti-sexual violence activist and head of People Against Rape in India
Margaret "Gretta" Cousins (1878–1954) – Irish-Indian suffragist, established All India Women's Conference, co-founded Irish Women's Franchise League
Madhusree Dutta (born 1959) – co-founder of Majlis, Mumbai, author, cultural activist, filmmaker, curator
Rehana Fathima (born 1986) – women's rights activist
Ruchira Gupta (born 1964) – journalist and activist. She is the founder of Apne Aap, a non-governmental organization that works for women's rights and the eradication of sex trafficking
Nazli Gegum (1874–1968) – Indian girl education activist
Kirthi Jayakumar (born 1987) – founder of The Red Elephant Foundation, rights activist, campaigner against violence against women
Shruti Kapoor – women's rights activist, economist, social entrepreneur
Sunitha Krishnan (born 1972) – Indian social activist, co-founder of Prajwala which assists trafficked women, girls and transgender people in finding shelter, education and employment
Subodh Markandeya – senior advocate
Swati Maliwal (born 1984) - Women's activist, had several demands, including the passage of an ordinance requiring the death penalty for individuals who rape children under age 12, recruiting police under United Nations standards and demanding accountability of the police
Manasi Pradhan (born 1962) – founder of nationwide Honour for Women National Campaign against violence to women
Mamatha Raghuveer Achanta (born 1967) – women's and child rights activist, chair of Child Welfare Committee, Warangal District, active in A.P. State Commission for Protection of Child Rights, founder director of Tharuni, focusing on girl-child and women empowerment
Indonesia
Electronita Duan – founder of Politeknik Pembangunan Halmahera
Raden Adjeng Kartini (1879–1904) – Javanese advocate for native Indonesian women, critic of polygamy and lack of women's education
Valentina Sagala (born 1977) – women's rights activist
Nani Soewondo-Soerasno (born 1918) – lawyer, suffragist, and women's rights activist.
Iran
Mahboubeh Abbasgholizadeh (born 1958) – women's rights activist, founder of ZananTV and NGO Training Center
Parvin Ardalan (born 1967) – women's rights activist
Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi (1859–1921) – writer
Annie Basil (1911–1995) – Iranian-Indian activist for Armenian women
Sediqeh Dowlatabadi (1882–1962) – journalist and women's rights activist
Shirin Ebadi (born 1947) – activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner for efforts for rights of women and children
Mohtaram Eskandari (1895–1924) – women's rights activist, founder of "Jam'iat e nesvan e vatan-khah" (Society of Patriotic Women)
Soheila Hejab (born 1990)
Sheema Kalbasi (born 1972) – writer, advocate for human rights and gender equality
Saba Kord Afshari
Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani (born 1970) – women's rights activist
Shadi Sadr (born 1975) – women's rights activist
Shahla Sherkat (born 1956) – journalist
Táhirih (died 1852) – Bábí poet, theologian, exponent of women's rights in 19th century
Roya Toloui (born 1966) – women's rights activist
Rayehe Mozafarian (born 1986) – women's rights activist, author, documentary filmmaker
Ireland
Hilary Boyle (1899–1988) – journalist, broadcaster, and activist
Margaret "Gretta" Cousins (1878–1954): see India.
Anna Haslam (1829–1922) – early women's movement figure, founded the Dublin Women's Suffrage Association
Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746) – philosopher born to activist family of Scots Presbyterians, opponent of slavery and advocate of women's rights
Sarah Winstedt (1886–1972) – physician, surgeon and suffragist
Israel
Ketzia Alon (born 1971) – academic, social activist, Mizrahi feminist, art curator and critic; one of the founders of the Ahoti – for Women in Israel movement
Esther Eillam (born 1939) – founder of the Feminist Movement organization; Mizrahi second wave and Mizrahi feminism activist
Carmen Elmakiyes (born 1979) – social and political activist, Mizrahi feminist; works on behalf of women in public housing
Marcia Freedman (born 1938) – founder of Israel's feminist movement (1971); politician, social activist and writer
Anat Hoffman (born 1954) – executive director, Israel Religious Action Center; director and founding member, Women of the Wall
Shula Keshet (born 1959) – social and political activist and entrepreneur, Mizrahi feminist, artist, curator, writer, educator, and publisher; one of the founders and the executive director of the Ahoti – for Women in Israel
Vicki Knafo (born 1960) – social activist; led the 2003 single-mothers struggle against austerity decrees
Reut Naggar (born 1983) – producer, cultural entrepreneur and social activist, mainly focusing on LGBT and women's rights
Vicki Shiran (1947–2004) – one of the founders of the Mizrahi feminism movement
Iris Stern Levi (born 1953) – activist for rehabilitation of trafficked women
Italy
Alma Dolens (1869–1948) – pacifist, suffragist and journalist, founder of several women's organizations
Linda Malnati (1855–1921) – women's rights activist, trade unionist, suffragist, pacifist and writer
Anna Maria Mozzoni (1837–1920) – pioneering women's rights activist and suffragist
Eugenia Rasponi Murat (1873–1958) – women's rights activist and open lesbian who fought for civil protections.
Gabriella Rasponi Spalletti (1853–1931) – feminist, educator and philanthropist, founder of the National Council of Italian Women in 1903
Laura Terracina (1519–c.1577) – widely published poet, writer, protested violence against women and promoted women's writing
Japan
Raicho Hiratsuka (1886–1971)
Sayaka Osakabe (born 1978)
Umeko Tsuda (1864–1929)
Yajima Kajiko (1833–1925)
Jordan
Hadeel Abdel Aziz
Kazakhstan
Bakhytzhan Toregozhina (born 1962)
Kenya
Nice Nailantei Leng'ete (born 1991) – advocate for alternative rite of passage (ARP) for girls in Africa and campaigning to stop female genital mutilation (FGM).
Wangari Maathai (1940–2011) – social, environmental and political activist, the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize
Latvia
Berta Pīpiņa (1883–1942)
Lebanon
Lydia Canaan
Laure Moghaizel (1929–1997) – lawyer and women's rights advocate
Libya
Alaa Murabit (born 1989) – physician, advocate of inclusive security, peace-building and post-conflict governance
Lithuania
Felicija Bortkevičienė
Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė
Ona Mašiotienė
Luxembourg
Marguerite Mongenast-Servais (1885–1925)
Netty Probst (1903–1990)
Catherine Schleimer-Kill (1884–1973)
Marguerite Thomas-Clement (1886–1979)
Mali
Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo (1933–2015) – activist, nationalist and educator
Mauritania
Zeinebou Mint Taleb Moussa
Netherlands
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 1969) – see Stomalia.
Wilhelmina Drucker (1847–1925) – politician and writer
Mariane van Hogendorp (1834–1909)
Mietje Hoitsema (1847–1934)
Cornélie Huygens (1848–1902) – writer, social democrat and feminist
Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929) – physician and women's suffrage activist
Charlotte Jacobs
Jeltje Kemper
Selma Meyer
Anette Poelman
Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann
Namibia
Monica Geingos
Gwen Lister
Rosa Namises
New Zealand
Kate Sheppard (1848–1934) – suffragette, influential in winning voting rights for women in 1893 (first country and national election in which women have vote)
Nigeria
Priscilla Achapka – women and gender environmental activist
Osai Ojigho (born 1976) – human rights and gender equality advocate
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (1900–1978) – women's rights activist
Norway
Marit Aarum (1903–1956), economist, politician, activist
Irene Bauer (1945–2016), government official, activist
Anna Louise Beer (1924–2010), lawyer, judge, activist
Margunn Bjørnholt (born 1958), sociologist, economist, gender researcher, activist
Randi Blehr (1851–1928), feminist, co-founder of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
Karin Maria Bruzelius (born 1941), Swedish-born Norwegian judge, government official, rights activist
Nicoline Hambro (1861–1926), politician, women's rights proponent
Siri Hangeland (born 1952), politician, activist
Aasta Hansteen (1824–1908), painter, writer, feminist
Sigrun Hoel (born 1951), government official, activist
Anniken Huitfeldt (born 1969), historian, politician, reported on women's rights
Grethe Irvoll(born 1939), political supporter of women's rights
Martha Larsen Jahn (1875–1954), peace and women's activist
Dakky Kiær (1892–1980), politician, civic leader, activist
Betzy Kjelsberg (1866–1950), right's activist, suffragist, politician
Eva Kolstad (1918–1999), politician, minister, proponent of gender equality
Gina Krog (1947–1916), proponent of women's right to education, politician, editor
Berit Kvæven (born 1942), politician, activist
Aadel Lampe (1857–1944), women's rights leader, suffragist, teacher
Mimi Sverdrup Lunden (1894–1955), educator, writer, women's rights proponent
Fredrikke Mørck (1861–1934), editor, teacher, activist
Ragna Nielsen (1845–1924), headmistress, politician, activist
Marit Nybakk (born 1947), politician, activist
Amalie Øvergaard (1874–1960), women's leader, active in housewives associations
Kjellaug Pettersen (1934–2012), government official, politician, gender equality proponent
Kjellaug Pettersen (1843–1938), politician, founder of the Norwegian Women's Public Health Association
Ingerid Gjøstein Resi (1901–1955), philologist, women's rights leader, politician
Torild Skard (born 1936), psychologist, politician, women's rights leader
Kari Skjønsberg (1926–2003), academic, writer, activist
Anna Stang (1834–1901), politician, women's rights leader
Sigrid Stray (1893–1978), lawyer, women's rights proponent
Signe Swensson (1888–1974), physician, politician, women's leader
Thina Thorleifsen (1855–1959), women's movement activist
Clara Tschudi (1856–1945), writer, biographer of women's rights activists
Vilhelmine Ullmann (1816–1915), pedagogue, writer, women's rights proponent
Grethe Værnø (born 1938), politician, writer, national and international women's rights supporter
Margrethe Vullum (1846–1918), Danish-born Norwegian journalist, writer, women's rights proponent
Fredrikke Waaler (1865–1952), musician, activist
Gunhild Ziener (1868–1937), pioneer in the women's movement, editor
Pakistan
Gulalai Ismail (born 1986) – Pashtun women's rights activist campaigning in the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement, and founder of Aware Girls
Fatima Lodhi (born 1989) – Pakistani women's rights activist who addressed colorism
Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola (1917–2015) – member of All Pakistan Women's Association
Malala Yousafzai (born 1997) – Pakistani women's rights activist shot in assassination attempt by Taliban for advocating for girls' education, now in UK
Peru
María Jesús Alvarado Rivera
Philippines
Risa Hontiveros-Baraquel – women's right activities
Liza Maza
Teresita Quintos Deles
Poland
Maria Konopnicka
Portugal
Carolina Beatriz Ângelo
Sara Beirão
Cesina Bermudes
Adelaide Cabete
Ana de Castro Osório
Elina Guimarães
Lutegarda Guimarães de Caires (1873–1935) – poet and women's rights activist
Maria Lamas
Puerto Rico
Luisa Capetillo (1879–1922) – labor union suffragette jailed for wearing pants in public
Romania
Maria Baiulescu (1860–1941) – Austro-Hungarian born Romanian writer, suffragist and women's rights activist
Calypso Botez (1880–1933) – writer, suffragist and women's rights activist
Alexandrina Cantacuzino (1876–1944) – political activist, feminist, philanthropist and diplomat
Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu (1857–1919) – first female doctor in Romania, feminist supporter, founded the Maternal Society in 1897, and in 1899 organised the first crèche in Romania
Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck (1879–1969) – painter and feminist
Eugenia de Reuss Ianculescu (1866–1938) – teacher, writer, women's rights activist, suffragist
Clara Maniu (1842–1929) – feminist, suffragist
Elena Meissner (1867–1940) – feminist, suffragist, headed Asociația de Emancipare Civilă și Politică a Femeii Române
Sofia Nădejde (1856–1946) – writer, women's rights activist and socialist
Ella Negruzzi (1876–1948) – lawyer and women's rights activist
Elena Pop-Hossu-Longin (1862–1940) – Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian writer, journalist, suffragist and women's rights activist
Ilona Stetina (1855–1932) – pioneer educator and women's rights activist
Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan (1870–1941) – literary critic, educationist, journalist, poet and feminist militant
Russia
Anna Filosofova (1837–1912) – early women's rights activist
Evgenia Konradi (1838–1898) – early women's rights activist and writer
Tatiana Mamonova (born 1943) – founder of modern Russian women's movement
Nadezhda Stasova (1822–1895) – early women's rights activist
Maria Trubnikova (1835–1897) – early women's rights activist
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Nelcia Robinson-Hazell – poet, community organizer and activist
Saudi Arabia
Loujain al-Hathloul (born 1989) – women's rights leader, social media influencer, political prisoner
Serbia
Ksenija Atanasijević (1894–1981) – philosopher, suffragette, first PhD Doctor in Serbian universities
Helen of Anjou (1236–1314) – queen, feminist, establisher of women schools
Jefimija (1349–1405) – politician, poet, diplomat, feminist
Draga Ljočić (1855–1926) – physician, socialist, and feminist
Milica of Serbia (1335–1405) – empress, feminist, poet
Katarina Milovuk (1844–1913) – educator and women's rights activist
Milunka Savić (1888–1973) – first female combatant, soldier, feminist
Stasa Zajovic (born 1953) – co-founder and coordinator of Women in Black
Slovenia
Alojzija Štebi (1883–1956) – suffragist, who saw socialism as a means of equalizing society for both men and women.
Somalia
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 1969) – Somali-Dutch feminist and atheist activist, writer and politician
Halima Ali Adan – Somali gender rights activist and an expert on female genital mutilation (FGM).
South Africa
Shamima Shaikh (1960–1998) – member of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa, exponent of Islamic gender equality
Spain
Concepción Arenal (1820–1893) – feminist and activist
Clara Campoamor (1888–1972) – politician and feminist
Montserrat Cervera Rodon (born 1949) – Catalan anti-militarist, feminist, and women's health activist
Sri-Lanka
Rupika De Silva – women's rights activist
Saila Ithayaraj (born 1977) – women's rights activist, especially for widows
Shreen Abdul Saroor (born 1969) – women's rights activist
Sweden
Gertrud Adelborg (1853–1942) – teacher, leading member of the women's rights movement
Sophie Adlersparre (1823–1895) – publisher, women's rights activist, pioneer
Alma Åkermark (1853–1933) – editor, journalist, activist
Ellen Anckarsvärd (1833–1898) – women's rights activist, co-founded Föreningen för gift kvinnas äganderätt (Married Woman's Property Rights Association)
Carolina Benedicks-Bruce (1856–1935) – sculptor, rights activist
Ellen Bergman (1842–1921) – musician, rights activist
Fredrika Bremer (1801–1865) – writer, feminist activist and pioneer
Frigga Carlberg (1851–1925) – writer, feminist and women's suffragist
Maria Cederschiöld (1856–1935) – journalist and women's rights activist
Josefina Deland (1814–1890) – feminist, writer, teacher, founded Svenska lärarinnors pensionsförening (Society for Retired Female Teachers)
Lizinka Dyrssen (1866–1952) – women's rights activist
Agda Montelius (1850–1920) – philanthropist feminist, chairman of the Fredrika Bremer Association
Ebba von Eckermann (1866–1960) – women's rights activist
Ruth Gustafson (1881–1960) – politician, trade unionist, women's rights activist, editor
Anna Hierta-Retzius (1841–1924) – women's rights activist and philanthropist
Lilly Engström (1843–1921) – women's rights activist, government official
Soheila Fors (born 1967) – Iranian-Swedish women's rights activist
Ruth Gustafson (1881–1960) – politician, union worker and women's rights activist
Ellen Hagen (1873–1967) – suffragette, rights activist, politician
Lina Hjort (1881–1959) – schoolteacher, house builder and suffragist
Amanda Kerfstedt (1835–1920) – writer, active in the women's rights movement
Ellen Kleman (1867–1943) – writer, journal editor, women's rights activist
Lotten von Kræmer (1828–1912) – writer, poet, philanthropist, founder of literary society Samfundet De Nio
Elisabeth Krey-Lange (1878–1965) – women's rights activist and journalist
Lisbeth Larsson (1949–2021) – literary historian focusing on gender studies
Rosa Malmström (1906–1995), librarian and feminist
Sara Mohammad (born 1967) – Iraqi Kurdish-born Swedish human rights activist campaigning against honour killing
Agda Montelius (1850–1920) – philanthropist, suffrage activist
Rosalie Olivecrona (1823–1898) – pioneer of the women's rights movement
Ellen Palmstierna (1869–1941) – women's rights and peace activist
Gulli Petrini (1867–1941) – suffragette, women's rights activist, politician
Anna Pettersson (1886–1929) – lawyer and pioneer in legal advice to women
Eva Pineus (1905–1985) – librarian, politician and activist
Emilie Rathou (1862–1948) – journalist, editor, activist
Hilda Sachs (1857–1935) – journalist, writer and feminist
Sophie Sager, (1825–1902) – women's rights activist and writer
Anna Sandström (1854–1931) – educational reformer
Ida Schmidt (1857–1932) – women's rights activist, educator, politician
Alexandra Skoglund (1862–1938) – suffragette, activist, politician
Frida Stéenhoff (1865–1945) – writer, women's rights activist
Elisabeth Tamm (1880–1958) – politician, women's rights activist
Kajsa Wahlberg – Sweden's national rapporteur on human trafficking opposition activities
Anna Whitlock (1852–1930) – school pioneer, journalist and feminist
Switzerland
Marianne Ehrmann (1755–1795) – among first women novelists and publicists in German-speaking countries
Margarethe Faas-Hardegger (1882–1963) – Swiss women's rights activist and trade unionist
Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin (1826–1899) – founder of the Swiss women's movement
Tunisia
Néziha Zarrouk (born 1946) – minister who contributed to improvements in women's rights and women's health
Turkey
Nezihe Muhiddin – feminist, founded a women's party
Sebahat Tuncel – women's rights activist, former nurse and member of Parliament in Turkey
Uganda
Jane Frances Kuka – Ugandan legislator, Member of Parliament and anti-FGM activist
United Kingdom
Lesley Abdela (born 1945) – women's rights campaigner, gender consultant, journalist who has worked for women's representation in over 40 countries including post-conflict countries: Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Aceh. In 1980 she founded the all-Party 300 Group to campaign to get more women into local, national, and European politics in the UK. Author of hundreds of features in The Guardian, The New York Times, The Independent, and major women's magazines and the paperback Women with X Appeal: Women Politicians in Britain Today (London: Macdonald Optima 1989).
Jane Austen (1775–1817) – writer and feminist, focusing on women's rights and marriage complications through 6 novels
Clementina Black (1853–1922) – writer prominent in the Women's Trade Union League and the forerunner of the Women's Industrial Council
Helen Blackburn (1842–1903) – suffragist and campaigner for women's employment rights
Barbara Bodichon (1827–1891) – active in the Langham Place Circle, promoter of first journal to press for women's rights, the English Woman's Journal (1858–64)
Jessie Boucherett (1825–1905) – co-founder of Society for Promoting the Employment of Women in 1859, editor of Englishwoman's Review (1866–70), co-founder of Women's Employment Defence League in 1891
Myra Sadd Brown (1872–1938) – suffragette, activist for women's rights and internationalist
Constance Bryer (1870–1952) – suffragette who went on hunger strike and was forcibly-fed
Ida Craft (fl. 1910s) – suffragist, among main organizers of Suffrage Hikes
Laura Ormiston Chant (1848–1923) – social reformer, women's rights activist, writer, and member of the International Council of Women (1888)
Adeline Chapman (1847–1931) – English suffragette and president of the New Constitutional Society for Women's Suffrage (a middle ground between the militant suffragists and the NUWSS)
Emily Davison (1872–1913) – English suffragette
June Eric-Udorie (born 1998) – anti-FGM campaigner
Kate Williams Evans (1866–1961) – suffragette and activist for women's rights
Millicent Fawcett (1847–1929) – suffragist and feminist, president of National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
Mary Fildes (1789–1876) – political activist and founder of Manchester Female Reform Society
Edith Margaret Garrud (1872–1971) – trained "Bodyguard" unit of Women's Social and Political Union in jujutsu techniques
Katharine Gatty (1870–1952) – journalist, lecturer, militant suffragette
Cicely Hamilton (1872–1952) – English actress, writer, journalist, suffragist, feminist
Diana Reader Harris (1912–1996) – educator and advocate of female ordination in the Church of England
Matilda Hays (1820–1897) – co-founder of first journal to press for women's rights, the English Woman's Journal (1858–64)
Margaret Hills (1892–1967) – organiser of the Election Fighting Fund
Anna Mary Howitt (1824–1884) – feminist prominent in the campaign that led to the Married Women's Property Act 1870
Leyla Hussein – Somali-born British psychotherapist and social activist, co-founder of the Daughters of Eve
Anne Knight (1786–1862) – feminist and social reformer
Priscilla Bright McLaren (1815–1906) – women's rights campaigner
Hannah Mitchell (1872–1956) – suffragette and socialist, author of The Hard Way Up
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) – philosopher, political economist, author of The Subjection of Women
Elizabeth Montagu (1718–1800) – social reformer and Bluestocking
Olive Morris (1952–1979) – feminist, black nationalist, squatters' rights activist
Caroline Norton (1808–1877) – social campaigner influencing the Custody of Infants Act 1839, Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, and Married Women's Property Act 1870
Christabel Pankhurst (1880–1958) – suffragette, co-founder and leader of Women's Social and Political Union
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928) – founder leader of suffragette movement
Bessie Rayner Parkes (1829–1925) – editor of first journal to press for women's rights, the English Woman's Journal (1858–64)
Pleasance Pendred (1865–1948) – a secretary for the WSPU, writer and speaker for women's suffrage
Dora Russell (1894–1986) – campaigner, advocate of marriage reform, birth control, and female emancipation
Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 August 1876 – 22 August 1948) – suffragette, involved in the Women's Tax Resistance League
Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (1840–1929) – author and campaigner for women's rights, mother of Marie Stopes
Marie Stopes (1880–1958) – advocate of birth control and equality in marriage
Alice Vickery (1844–1929) – physician, supporter of birth control as means of women's emancipation
Emma Watson (born 1990) – actress, feminist, women's rights activist
Catherine Winkworth (1827–1878) – translator and women's rights activist, secretary of the Clifton Association for Higher Education for Women
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) – writer and feminist
Malala Yousafzai (born 1997) – see Pakistan
Alice Zimmern (1855–1939) – writer and suffragist
United States
Jane Addams (1860–1935) – major social activist, president Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) – prominent opponent of slavery, played a pivotal role in the 19th-century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States
Yolanda Bako (born 1946) – New York activist, focused on addressing domestic violence
Helen Valeska Bary (1888–1973) – suffragist, researcher, social reformer
Alice Stone Blackwell (1857–1950) – feminist and journalist, editor of the Woman's Journal, a major women's rights publication
Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921) – founded American Woman Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone in 1869
Henry Browne Blackwell (1825–1909) – businessman, abolitionist, journalist, suffrage leader and campaigner
Harriot Stanton Blatch (1856–1940) – writer, suffragist, daughter of pioneering women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Amelia Bloomer (1818–1894) – advocate of women's issues, suffragist, publisher and editor of The Lily
Helen Gurley Brown (1922–2012) – author of Sex and the Single Girl, long-time editor of Cosmopolitan, advocate of women's self-fulfillment
Lucy Burns (1879–1966) – suffragist and women's rights activist
Christine Michel Carter (born 1986) – author, advocate of women's reproductive rights
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) – suffragist leader, president of National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder of League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women
Jacqueline Ceballos (born 1925) – feminist and founder of Veteran Feminists of America
Rebecca Chalker – women's health writer and activist who fought for abortion rights and promoted self-help techniques for women to avoid the gynecologist's office
William Henry Channing (1810–1884) – minister, author
Grace Julian Clarke (1865–1938) – suffragist, journalist, author
Hillary Rodham Clinton (born 1947) – lawyer, professor, author, First Lady, U.S. Senator, U.S. Secretary of State, first female presidential nominee in U.S. history
Mabel Craft Deering (1873–1953) – journalist
Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) – abolitionist, writer, speaker
Virginia Hewlett Douglass (1849–1889) – suffragist
Carol Downer (born 1933) – founder of women's self-help movement, feminist, attorney
Muriel Fox (born 1928) – public relations executive and feminist activist
Elisabeth Freeman (1876–1942) – suffragist, civil rights activist, participated in Suffrage Hikes
Nancy Friday (born 1933) – writer and activist
Betty Friedan (1921–2006) – writer, activist, feminist
Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) – Transcendentalist, advocate of women's education, author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century
Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) – suffragist, editor, writer, organizer
William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879) – abolitionist, journalist, organizer, advocate
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933–2020) – academic and lawyer for several women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court; she herself became a Supreme Court Justice in 1993.
Emma Goldman (1869–1940) – campaigner for birth control and other rights
Judy Goldsmith (born 1938) – feminist activist, President of National Organization for Women (NOW)
Helen M. Gougar (1843–1907) – lawyer, temperance and women's rights advocate
Grace Greenwood (1823–1904) – first woman reporter on New York Times, advocate of social reform and women's rights
Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1828–1911) – abolitionist, minister, author
Marjorie Hillis (1889–1971) – author writing in support of single working women
Isabella Beecher Hooker (1822–1907) – leader, lecturer and activist in the American Suffragist movement
Julia Ward Howe (1818–1910) – suffragist, writer, organizer
Jane Hunt (1812–1889) – philanthropist
Rosalie Gardiner Jones (1883–1978) – suffragist and organizer of the Suffrage Hikes
Abby Kelley (1811–1887) – opponent of slavery, women's rights activist, one of the first women to voice views in public speeches
Kate Kelly (born 1980) – feminist and human rights lawyer, founder of Ordain Women, works for Planned Parenthood
Eva Kotchever (1891–1943) – friend of Emma Goldman, owner of the Eve's Hangout in New York, assassinated at Auschwitz
Mabel Ping-Hua Lee (1896–1966) – suffragist, advocate for women's rights and for the Chinese immigrant community
Mary Livermore (1820–1905) – suffragist and women's rights journalist
Ah Quon McElrath (1915–2008) – labor and women's rights activist
Inez Milholland (1886–1916) – suffragist, key participant in National Woman's Party and Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913
Lee Minto (born 1927) – women's health and rights activist, sex education advocate, former Executive Director of Seattle-King County Planned Parenthood
Janet Mock (born 1983) – writer, transgender rights activist, producer, journalist
Robin Morgan (born 1941) – poet, political theorist, journalist, lecturer
Lucretia Mott (1793–1880) – abolitionist, women's rights activist, social reformer, who helped write Declaration of Sentiments during 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Pauli Murray (1910–1985) – civil and women's rights activist, lawyer, Episcopal priest
Diane Nash (born 1938) – Civil Rights Movement leader and organizer, voting rights exponent
John Neal (1793–1876) – eccentric, writer and critic, America's first women's rights lecturer
Zelda Kingoff Nordlinger (born 1932) – instigator of first rape-reform laws
Rose O'Neill (1874–1944) – famous illustrator (Kewpie creator) who worked for women's right to vote by creating posters and advertising material to promoting the women's movement
Mary Hutcheson Page (1860–1940) – member of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government, National American Woman Suffrage Association, and National Executive Committee of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, 1910 President of the National Woman Suffrage Association
Maud Wood Park (1871–1955) – founder College Equal Suffrage League, first president League of Women Voters
Adele Parker (1870–1956) – ardent suffragist, 1903 University of Washington law school graduate, 1911-1913 owned and operated the Western Woman Voter newspaper, 1934 House Representative 37th District in WA
Deborah Parker (born 1970) – major player in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 and activist for indigenous women's rights
Alice Paul (1885–1977) – one of the leaders of the 1910s Women's Voting Rights Movement for the 19th Amendment, founder of National Woman's Party, initiator of Silent Sentinels and 1913 Women's Suffrage Parade, author of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment
Frédérique Petrides (1903–1983) – see Belgium
Wendell Phillips (1811–1884) – abolitionist, orator, lawyer
Mónica Ramírez – author, civil rights attorney, speaker
Margaret Sanger (1879–1966) – writer, nurse, founder American Birth Control League, founder and first president of Planned Parenthood
May Wright Sewall (1844–1920) – educator, feminist, president of National Council of Women for the United States, president of the International Council of Women
Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919) – president of National Women's Suffrage Association
Pauline Agassiz Shaw (1841–1917) – founder president of Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government
Eleanor Smeal (born 1939) – organizer, initiator, president of NOW, founder and president of the Feminist Majority Foundation
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) – social activist, abolitionist, suffragist, organizer of 1848 Women's Rights Convention, co-founder of National Woman Suffrage Association and International Council of Women
Gloria Steinem (born 1934) – writer, activist, feminist, women's rights journalist
Doris Stevens (1892–1963) – organizer for National American Women Suffrage Association and National Woman's Party, Silent Sentinels participant, author of Jailed for Freedom
Lucy Stone (1818–1893) – orator, one of the initiators of the first National Women's Rights Convention, founder of Woman's Journal, force behind the American Woman Suffrage Association, noted for retaining her surname after marriage
Roshini Thinakaran – film-maker focusing on lives of women in post-conflict zones
Dorothy Thompson (1893–1961) – Buffalo and New York suffragist, later journalist and radio broadcaster
Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883) – abolitionist, women's rights activist and speaker
Ella Lillian Wall Van Leer (1892–1986) – American artist, architect, women's rights activist
Maryly Van Leer Peck (1930–2011) – academic, first female engineer at Vanderbilt University, pioneer, women's rights activist and board member of Society of Women Engineers
Frances Willard (1839–1898) – long-time president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which, under her leadership, supported women's suffrage
Mabel Vernon (1883–1975) – suffragist, member of Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, organizer for Silent Sentinels
Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) – civil rights and anti-lynching activist, journalist, educator, suffragist noted for refusal to avoid media attention as an African American
Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927) – suffragist, eugenicist, publisher, organizer, first woman to run for U.S. presidency
Uruguay
María Abella de Ramírez (1863–1926) – feminist noted for her role in establishing Uruguayan and Argentine women's groups in the early 1900s
Venezuela
Sheyene Gerardi – human rights advocate, peace activist, founder of the SPACE movement
Yemen
Muna Luqman – activist, peace builder, founder of the organization Food4Humanity and co-founder of Women in Solidarity Network
Zambia
Lily Monze, born 1936 – teacher, politician and women's rights activist
Zimbabwe
Nyaradzo Mashayamombe (born 1980) – women's and human rights advocate, founder of Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI)
Talent Jumo (born 1980/1981) – teacher, co-founder and director of the Katswe Sistahood
See also
History of Feminism
List of civil rights leaders
List of feminists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women pacifists and peace activists
List of women's rights organizations
Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries
Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's suffrage organizations
References
Women's rights activists
Lists of women
Women's rights activists
Womens Rights Activists |
Kertayasa is a village in the town of Mandiraja, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It had an area of 343.43 hectares and a population of 5,519 inhabitants in 2010.
References
External links
Banjarnegara Regency Official Website
BPS Kabupaten Banjarnegara
Banjarnegara Regency
Villages in Central Java |
"Move Any Mountain" is a song by Scottish electronic music group the Shamen, first released under the title "Pro›gen". With an official remix by the Beatmasters, the song was re-released in the UK in summer 1991 and was their first top-10 single, reaching number four in the UK Singles Chart. It was included on the band's second album, En-Tact (1990), and is also their only top-40 hit in the US, where the song peaked at number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1992.
Release
In response to demand for remixes from fans, the band released the entire sample list and a number of remixes on the album Progeny, which at the time meant the single and album release of the track made it the only record to chart on both UK Singles and Album Charts at the same time.
The track was used for the entrance of Team Scotland during the opening ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Celtic Park in Glasgow. The lyrics of the first verse also appeared as Super Hans' wedding vows in the second episode of the ninth series of Peep Show.
The cover includes the kanji 山 (yama, meaning mountain).
Critical reception
AllMusic editor John Bush viewed the song as an "infectious techno-pop anthem". Upon the release of "Progen", Bill Coleman from Billboard described it as "an aggressive track that makes no bones about blurring the lines between industrial and house music." Another editor, Larry Flick, felt that the track "may be best remembered as the most remixed record in history", adding that "at last count, there are 35 versions of this song circulating throughout Europe, seven of which are on this U.S. pressing. Beneath abundant studio tricks, which alter song's stance from techno to house and then hi-NRG, lies a simplistic and memorable modern-pop tune." Andy Kastanas from The Charlotte Observer deemed it "a bright uptempo dance trip that will have your hiney shakin' before you can say "rave"."
Dave Jennings from Melody Maker wrote, "'Pro›gen' starts brightly — the Shamen set up a spun-sugar dance sequence, croon 'move any mountain', and you begin to believe that they could. Then in crashes guest rapper Mr C, rambling feebly and implausibly about his supernatural abilities, and the record descends to the depths of mediocre rap-ego-stroking. Shame!" David Giles from Music Week stated that the Shamen "are at their pulsating, electrobeat best; a couple of rapping inserts from DJ Mr C rather detracts from the hypnotic overall feel, but it should enhance the record's credibility yet further in clubland." James Hamilton from Record Mirror viewed the track as an "catchy chanting I can move, move, move any mountain UK oldie". William Shaw from Smash Hits complimented its "humping great tower block of a hugely infectious dance chorus."
Music video
The promotional video for "Move Any Mountain" was filmed on the slopes of Mount Teide, Tenerife. Shortly afterwards, Will Sinnott drowned off the coast of the neighbouring island La Gomera.
UK releases
Pro›gen (CD single 1990)
"Pro›gen ('Land of Oz' Mix)" – 5:42
"Light›span" – 5:41
"Pre›gen" – 5:48
Pro›gen Remixes (12-inch single 1990)
"Pro›gen (C-mix F+)" – 7:01
"Pro›gen (7b)" – 3:50
"Light›span (Soundwave)" – 7:43
Pro›gen (Cassette single 1990)
"Pro›gen (C-mix F-)"
"Pro›gen ('Land of Oz')"
"Light›span"
"Pro›gen (7a)"
Move Any Mountain – Progen 91 (CD single 1991)
"Move Any Mountain (Beat Edit)" (remixed by the Beatmasters) – 3:30
"Move Any Mountain (Landslide Edit)" (remixed by the Kid & John) – 3:48
"Move Any Mountain (F2 Mello) – 6:12
"Move Any Mountain (Mountains in the Sky)" (remixed by Caspar Pound) – 6:03
Move Any Mountain – Progen 91 (12-inch single 1991)
"Move Any Mountain (Landslide)" (remixed by the Kid & John) – 4:51
"Move Any Mountain (Devil)" (remixed by 'Evil' Eddie Richards) – 4:40
"Move Any Mountain (Rude)" (remixed by the Goat) – 5:03
"Move Any Mountain (I.R.P. in the Land of Oz)" (remixed by Paul Oakenfold) – 5:02
Progeny (3x12-inch and cassette 1991)
"Move Any Mountain (Bang to the Beat of the Drum)" (remixed by Bryan 'Chuck' New & 'Evil' Eddie Richards) – 5:45
"Move Any Mountain (Beltram Dub)" (remixed by Joey Beltram) – 5:30
"Move Any Mountain (Rising High Dub)" (remixed by Caspar Pound) – 7:25
"Move Any Mountain (Alta Vista)" (remixed by F Troop) – 6:16
"Move Any Mountain (The Prelude to Paradise)" (remixed by Frankie Bones) – 5:12
"Move Any Mountain (666 Edit)" (remixed by 'Evil' Eddie Richards) – 4:49
"Move Any Mountain (Land of Oz)" (remixed by Paul Oakenfold) – 5:44
"Move Any Mountain (Beatmasters Dub)" (remixed by The Beatmasters) – 3:56
"Move Any Mountain (The Bones Break Mastermix)" (remixed by Frankie Bones) – 6:11
"Move Any Mountain (Beltram Vox)" (remixed by Joey Beltram) – 5:20
"Move Any Mountain (Landslide Vox)" (remixed by the Kid and John) – 5:27
"Move Any Mountain (Rude)" (remixed by the Goat) – 5:40
"Move Any Mountain (C. mix)" (remixed by Colin Angus and Mr. C) – 6:47
"Move Any Mountain (Beat Edit)" (remixed by the Beatmasters) – 3:30
"Move Any Mountain (Rude Edit)" (remixed by the Goat) – 3:44
"Move Any Mountain (Landslide Edit)" (remixed by the Kid and John) – 3:48
"Move Any Mountain (F Troop Edit)" (remixed by F Troop) – 3:27
"Move Any Mountain (Oz Edit)" (remixed by Paul Oakenfold) – 3:39
"Move Any Mountain (Bang Edit)" (remixed by Bryan 'Chuck' New & 'Evil' Eddie Richards) – 3:32
16 samples & beats – 5:39
Note: The CD version of Progeny only contains 15 tracks, it omits tracks 8–12.
The "Alta Vista" mix is the same as the "F2 Mello" mix. The "Beltram Dub" mix, as published on Progeny, is the same as the "Beltram Vox" mix. "Move Any Mountain (Land of Oz)" on Progeny is the same as the original "Pro›gen ('Land of Oz' Mix)" (1990), slightly different from "Move Any Mountain (I.R.P. in the Land of Oz)" on the 1991 12", and from "Progen 91 (I.R.P. in the Land of Oz)" on En-Tact.
Versions
Legend: p = "Pro›gen", m = "Move Any Mountain – Progen 91", e = En-tact (1990), E = En-tact (1991), P = Progeny, M = "Move Any Mountain '96"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
External links
1990 songs
1991 singles
1992 singles
1996 singles
Acid house songs
House music songs
One Little Independent Records singles
The Shamen songs |
The 1914 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1914 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team won the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the first championship of any kind for the Tennessee program. Winning all nine of their games, the 1914 squad was only the second undefeated team in Tennessee history. The 1914 Vols were retroactively awarded a national championship by 1st-N-Goal, though this remains largely unrecognized.
Before the season
In 1913, the Volunteers had a winning record for the first time since 1908 and won their first Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association game since 1910. The team lost captain Sam Hayley.
Miller Pontius assisted coach Clevenger.
Schedule
Game summaries
Carson–Newman
To open the season, Carson–Newman was swamped 89–0.
King
King College was defeated almost as easily as Carson-Newman, 55–3.
Clemson
The Volunteers beat Clemson 27–0. Tennessee scored twice on forward passes, and Clemson tried several passes but none were successful. The starting lineup was Carroll (left end), G. Vowell (left tackle), Taylor (left guard), McLean (center), Kerr (right guard), Kelly (right tackle), Greenwood (right end), May (quarterback), Thomason (left halfback), Rainey (right halfback), Lindsay (fullback).
Louisville
Tennessee's backfield starred in the 66–0 defeat of Louisville. The starting lineup was Carroll (left end), G. Vowell (left tackle), Kerr (left guard), McLean (center), Taylor (right guard), Kelly (right tackle), Sorrells (right end), May (quarterback), Thomason (left halfback), Rainey (right halfback), Lindsay (fullback).
Alabama
Alabama quarterback Charlie Joplin was ruled ineligible by the SIAA for refusing to sign an affidavit that he had not played professional baseball, and Tennessee halfback Red Rainey was out with injury. Tennessee won 17–7. The first score came on a 40-yard pass from Bill May to Scotty Cameron. A 22-yard pass to Goat Carroll got the next score. Alabama's score came in the second period, when Bully Van de Graaff picked up a Farmer Kelly fumble and ran 50 yards for a touchdown. Cameron kicked a field goal to make it 17.
The starting lineup was Carroll (left end), Bayer (left tackle), Kerr (left guard), McLean (center), Taylor (right guard), Kelly (right tackle), G. Vowell (right end), May (quarterback), Thomason (left halfback), Cameron (right halfback), Lindsay (fullback).
Chattanooga
The Vols beat Chattanooga 67–0.
Vanderbilt
Bill May threw two touchdown passes to Goat Carroll in the 16–14 victory over Vanderbilt, the first ever victory over the Tennessee rival. Carroll scored all of the Vols points, adding a field goal in between touchdowns. Irby Curry scored all of Vanderbilt's points. An account of the first Tennessee touchdown reads, "Four minutes of play had barely drifted by when Tennessee's weird, mystic, elusive forward pass, May to Carroll, deadly in accuracy, went sailing home for the first touchdown of the game. The chesty Tennessee quarterback sent the oval whizzing for a distance of thirty-five yards and Carroll gathered in the ball near his goal line, when he hurried beneath the posts with all the speed at his command."
Sewanee
A description of the 14–7 win over Sewanee in Chattanooga read, "Mush Kerr played a wonderful game in the line as did Capt. Kelly. The work of the Tennessee line was easily the feature of the contest, and Sewanee early discovered that it was practically useless to rely on line plunges to gain ground...Lindsay, as usual, ploughed through the opposing line for consistent gains, and when it was absolutely necessary that Tennessee gain a certain number of yards 'Russ' was sure to be called upon." Lee Tolley starred for Sewanee, which had been coached to break-up the forward pass.
Kentucky
The Kentucky Wildcats were outweighed 15 pounds to the man and beaten 23–6. Graham Vowell scored three touchdowns.
The starting lineup was Carroll (left end), Bayer (left tackle), Kerr (left guard), McLean (center), Taylor (right guard), Kelly (right tackle), G. Vowell (right end), May (quarterback), Thomason (left halfback), Rainey (right halfback), Lindsay (fullback).
Personnel
Depth chart
The following chart provides a visual depiction of Tennessee's lineup during the 1914 season with games started at the position reflected in parentheses. The chart mimics a T Formation.
Roster
Line
Backfield
Unlisted
Postseason
Championships
The Birmingham Newspaper Club awarded Tennessee the Southern championship cup.
Awards and honors
Alonzo Carroll, Farmer Kelly, Mush Kerr, and Rus Lindsay made All-Southern.
References
Additional sources
Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteers football seasons
College football undefeated seasons
Tennessee Volunteers football |
Caledon Township, Ontario was a historic incorporated township and is a present-day geographic township in the modern Region of Peel, Ontario, Canada. The township forms the northwest section of Caledon, Ontario.
Caledon Township was likely named by settlers, like Edward Ellis or by public voting. Many settlers had come from the area around Caledon, County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. In 1845, the population of the Township was 1,920. There were three grist-mills and a saw-mill.
See also
List of townships in Ontario
References
Former municipalities in Ontario
Caledon, Ontario
Former townships in Ontario |
Hydrochloric acid regeneration or HCl regeneration is a chemical process for the reclamation of bound and unbound HCl from metal chloride solutions such as hydrochloric acid.
Field of application
The commercially most relevant field of application for HCl regeneration processes is the recovery of HCl from waste pickle liquors from carbon-steel pickling lines. Other applications include the production of metal oxides such as, but not limited, to Al2O3 and MgO, as well as rare-earth oxides, by pyrohydrolysis of aqueous metal chloride or rare-earth chloride solutions.
A number of different process routes are available. The most widely used is based on pyrohydrolysis and adiabatic absorption of hydrogen chloride in water, a process invented in the 1960s. However tightening environmental standards and stringent air permit policies render it increasingly difficult to establish new pyrohydrolysis-based acid regeneration plants.
Known processes
The following processes for the regeneration of HCl from spent pickle liquors have been adopted by the ferrous metals processing industry:
Regeneration
Pyrohydrolysis
Spray roaster pyrohydrolysis
Fluidised bed pyrohydrolysis
Hydrothermal regeneration
Electrolytic Fe precipitation
Recovery of free HCl
Retardation
Dialysis
Ion exchange
Transformation of FeCl2 to FeCl3
Electrolytic oxidation
Chemical oxidation
Hydrothermal regeneration
Hydrothermal hydrolysis of hydrochloric SPL from carbon-steel pickling lines is a hydrometallurgical reaction, which takes place according to the following chemical formula:
Step 1: oxidation
12 FeCl2 + 3 O2 → 8 FeCl3 + 2 Fe2O3
Step 2: hydrolysis
2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O → 6 HCl + Fe2O3
Today hydrothermal hydrolysis, which operates at very low temperatures, consumes only a fraction of the energy other processes demand and produces virtually no emissions, is considered the most effective way to regenerate any given quantity of spent pickle liquor.
Advantages
low energy consumption (about 1300 kJ per litre waste acid)
no gaseous emissions
wide operating range (10 to 100% of nominal capacity)
high-value byproduct (>20 m3/g BET specific surface; >2 kg/L specific weight; <0.05% water-soluble chlorides)
theoretically unlimited operating capacity
Known implementations
Known implementations of the hydrothermal HCl regeneration processes include the PORI process (1974 for J&L Steel, dismantled) and the optimized SMS Demag wet process (2008 for ThyssenKrupp Steel, under construction).
Pyrohydrolysis of spent pickle liquor
Pyrohydrolysis of hydrochloric spent pickle liquor from carbon steel pickling lines is a hydrometallurgical reaction which takes place according to the following chemical formulae:
4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O + O2 = 8 HCl + 2 Fe2O3
2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O = 6 HCl + Fe2O3
The process is an inversion of the chemical descaling (pickling) process.
Main differences between different implementations of pyrohydrolytic acid regeneration
Furnace Type (spray roaster, fluidised bed or combined furnace)
Physical Properties of Iron Oxide By-Product (ferric oxide powder or pellets)
Purity and commercial value of Iron Oxide By-Product
Cl content
SiO2 content (typically 40 to 1000 ppm)
other impurities
specific weight (typically 0.3 to 4 kg per litre)
specific surface (typically 0.01 to 8 m2/g)
Energy Consumption (between 600 and 1200 kcal/L)
Fuel type
Concentration of regenerated acid (typically approx. 18% wt/wt)
Purity of regenerated acid (remaining Fe content, Cl content)
Recovery efficiency (typically 99%)
Rinse water utilization
Stack emissions (HCl, Cl2, Dust, CO, NOx)
Liquid effluents (composition, amount)
Basic process flow diagram of spray roaster hydrochloric acid regeneration plant
Process description of spray roaster hydrochloric acid regeneration plant
Preconcentration
The metal chloride solution (in the most common case waste pickle liquor from a carbon steel pickling line) is fed to the venturi evaporator (III), where direct mass and heat exchange with the hot roast gas from the roaster (reactor/cyclone) takes place. The separator (IV) separates the gas and liquid phase of the venturi evaporator product. The liquid phase is re-circulated back to the venturi evaporator to increase mass and heat exchange performance.
approx. 25 to 30% of the waste acid (H2O, HCl) are evaporated
roast gas is cooled down to approx. 92 to 96 °C
dust particles are removed from the roast gas
Roasting
Preconcentrated waste acid from the preconcentrator (III / IV) is injected into the reactor (I) by means of one or more spray booms (VIII) bearing one or more injection nozzles each. Injection takes place at reactor top at a pressure between 4 and 10 bar. The reactor is directly fired by tangentially mounted burners that create a hot swirl. Temperatures inside the reactor vary between 700 °C (burner level) and 370 °C (roast gas exit duct).
In the reactor the conversion of droplets of preconcentrated waste acid into iron oxide powder and hydrogen chloride gas takes place. Hydrogen Chloride leaves the reactor through the top, while iron oxide powder is removed from the reactor bottom by means of mechanical extraction devices. A cyclone (II) in the roast gas duct ensures separation and feed back of larger oxide particles carried by the roast gas.
Absorption
In the absorption column (V) the hydrogen chloride compound of the saturated roast gas leaving the preconcentrator is adiabatically absorbed in water (which in many cases is acid rinse water from a carbon steel pickling line). Regenerated acid (typical strength: 18% wt/wt) is collected at absorption column bottom.
Exhaust gas treatment
The roast gas is conveyed through the system by means of an exhaust gas fan (VI). Fans in plants provide pressure increases of approx. 200 mbar and are feedback-controlled to maintain a relative pressure of -3 mbar between reactor and atmosphere to avoid any overpressure-related leakage of acid gas.
To rinse the impeller and cool the gas as well as to remove remaining traces of HCl from the roast gas, the exhaust gas fan is commonly supplied with quenching water, which is separated from the exhaust gas stream by means of a mist eliminator (VII) at the pressure side of the fan.
In a final scrubber, commonly consisting of a combination of wet scrubbers such as venturi scrubbers (IX) and scrubber columns (X), remaining traces of HCl and dust are removed.
In some plant, absorption chemicals such as NaOH and Na2S2O3 are used to bind HCl and Cl2 (which is created under certain circumstances in several, but not all spray roasting reactors).
Environmental impact
Pyrohydrolysis based acid regeneration processes produce a considerable amount of stack emissions containing HCl, particles and chlorine, which has led to numerous violations of the U.S. clean air act in the past.
Notes
External links
Minimizing Fuel Cost during Regeneration of the HCl Lixiviant (by Hatch)
3D Animation of Spray Roaster Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
3D Animation of Fluidized Bed Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
3D Animation of Hydrothermal Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
Inorganic reactions
Chemical processes |
Lintu is a Finnish language surname from the Finnish word for bird. Notable people with the name include:
Hannu Lintu (1967), Finnish conductor
Pekka Lintu (1947), Finnish diplomat
References
Finnish-language surnames
Surnames from nicknames |
"Long and Wasted Years" is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan that appears as the fourth track on his 2012 studio album Tempest and was anthologized on the 2016 reissue of The Essential Bob Dylan. Like much of Dylan's 21st-century output, he produced the song himself using the pseudonym Jack Frost.
Composition and recording
Unusually for a Dylan song, "Long and Wasted Years" has no musical chorus or bridge and there is no lyrical refrain. Dylan recites 10 four-line verses over a "descending chord progression that becomes relentlessly more intense" as it repeats for nearly four minutes. In their book Bob Dylan All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track, authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon synopsize the song as describing the "twilight of a couple's contentious relationship" and raise the possibility that it may be "an allusion to the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden as described in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost". They note that Dylan's "singing is strong, half-sarcastic, half-ferocious".
Musicologist and Dylan scholar Eyolf Ostrem called it Dylan's "craziest song in many years" and compared it to "Idiot Wind" as a "fabulous post-break up song". It is performed in the key of G major.
Critical reception
Music journalist Patrick Doyle, writing in a 2020 Rolling Stone article where the song ranked 14th on a list of "The 25 Best Bob Dylan Songs of the 21st Century", compared the song's themes to Martin Scorsese's film The Irishman, observing that both feature a narrator looking back and surveying "the wreckage of a messy life". Doyle praised the "small details" that make the song, "like when Dylan says, 'I ain’t seen my family in 20 years/That ain’t easy to understand, they may be dead by now/I lost track of ’em after they lost their land'”.
Greil Marcus has cited "Long and Wasted Years" as the song that got him "into this record [Tempest]", adding: "I just love it. I have to tell you I haven’t listened to the words at all. I have no idea what story is being told. I love the way he speechifies through the song. He sounds like Luke the Drifter, Hank Williams’s religious alter-ego. He sounds like Elmer Gantry. He is a preacher, a con man; he is lying through his teeth. And he believes every word he’s saying. For me this is just a declamatory voice, and it breaks the mold of this record".
Spectrum Culture included the song on a list of "Bob Dylan's 20 Best Songs of the '10s and Beyond". In an article accompanying the list, critic Ian Maxton write that "The song might be seen as an early sketch for 'Murder Most Foul' – the invocation of 'Twist and Shout' stands out in the song’s unraveling of the past".
The Big Issue placed it at #54 on a list of the "80 best Bob Dylan songs - that aren't the greatest hits".
A 2021 WhatCulture article on the "10 Most Underrated Bob Dylan Songs" placed "Long and Wasted Years" at #4, noting that it "doesn’t sound like much if anything else in his canon, and his continued musical invention at the ripe old age of (then) 71 is beyond impressive. It’s a quietly devastating tune in a collection that tends to go for quantity and gusto".
Live performances
Between 2013 and 2019, Dylan performed the song live 359 times on the Never Ending Tour. The live debut occurred at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway on October 10, 2013 and the last performance (to date) took place at the University of California, Irvine in Irvine, California on October 11, 2019.
References
External links
Lyrics at Bob Dylan's official site
Chords at Dylanchords
2012 songs
Bob Dylan songs
Songs written by Bob Dylan
Song recordings produced by Bob Dylan |
UT Health East Texas (UTHET) is a for-profit hospital system based in Tyler, Texas. The system is jointly-owned by the University of Texas System (30%) and Ardent Health Services (70%), and was formed following a merger of the East Texas Medical Center and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler.
UTHET operates ten hospitals, 50 physician's clinics, 13 rehabilitations centers, and six Olympic fitness centers. UTHET also operates the only accredited EMS service in East Texas with 45 ambulances, AIR 1 with 4 helicopters, and HealthFirst Companies which includes a third-party administrator, proprietary East Texas network across 9 counties, medical management company, and a CVO, Centralized Credentialing Services.
References
Hospital networks in the United States
University of Texas at Tyler
Hospitals in Texas |
Gimte is a village in the municipality of Hann. Münden, Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population of 2150 (as of December 2007) and an area of 5.01 km². The local mayor (Ortsbürgermeister) of Gimte is Peter Kazwinkel (SPD).
Location
Gimte is located to the right of the Weser stream in the Weser Valley, between Bramwald in the east and Reinhardswald in the west. The monastery area of is part of the area.
The village of Gimte can be reached by the highway B3 in the direction of Hann. Münden, Kassel and Göttingen, or by the highway L561 in the direction of Hemeln and Oberweser. The bicycle route passes through the village.
The village of Gimte includes a hotel, a restaurant, a kiosk, a driving school, a bakery and a grocery.
History
Gimte was founded in 970 as Gemmet and was the site of the Hilwartshausen monastery. The Marien-Kirche church, founded in 1006, celebrated its 1000th anniversary in 2007. Until the 1960s, timber rafting and fishing on the Weser was a major source of income in Gimte. Further sources of income include wood industry and processing of linen.
Culture
Gimte is a twin community of Sannois, in Paris, France.
Sport
There are two sports teams in the village: TuSpo "Weser" Gimte and 1. FC Gimte. TuSpo was founded in 1919 and 1. FC in 1994. TuSpo has activities in football, badminton, table tennis, children's sports, gymnastics and various free-time sports activities. 1. FC is active in football, ESDO and volleyball.
External links
Official site (in German)
References
Villages in Lower Saxony
Bramwald |
Thorn Castle is a children's fantasy novel by Australian author Ian Irvine. It is the first of The Sorcerer's Tower series. The Sorcerer's Tower was a finalist for the 2008 Aurealis Award for best children's (8–12 years) illustrated work/picture book.
Thorn Castle has been reviewed by The Courier Mail and Reading Time.
Plot summary
Tamly is the only person in Meadowhythe who cannot do magic. He wishes he knew why, and longs to learn magic. But it is precisely his lack of magic which makes him ideal for the dangerous challenge of rescuing the Book of Spells from the evil sorcerer Lord Harshax. Together with his magically gifted friend Kym, he sets out to steal the book and save his village.
References
2008 Australian novels
2008 children's books
Australian fantasy novels
Australian children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Novels by Ian Irvine
Omnibus Books books |
State Records of South Australia (SRSA) is the archives and records management authority for the Government of South Australia. It is responsible for storing, managing, protecting and providing access to the official records of the South Australian Government, as well as providing South Australian state and local government agencies with advice about records management, freedom of information and information privacy. State Records was established under the State Records Act 1997
Historical background
The need for a South Australian government archives was identified earliest by historian Henry Hussey whilst seeking access to government records in 1862 for the purpose of compiling a history of the early days of the colony. In 1915, George Cockburn Henderson put forward a proposal, and in October 1918 the South Australian Parliament granted 700 pounds to the Public Library Board to adapt the former Armoury building on North Terrace, Adelaide, as the Government Store for archives. The archive was officially established in 1919, and on 1 July 1919 the first archivist, George Henry Pitt was appointed. South Australia's State Archives Department was the first state archives in Australia.
In 1925, destruction of South Australian Government records was prohibited without the approval of the Libraries Board of South Australia. The Board was empowered to take records into its custody and recover government documents from the hands of 'unauthorised persons'.
In 1939, the Archives Department was incorporated into the Public Library of South Australia. Although originally established as a department in its own right, effective control of the Archives Department passed to the Public Library of South Australia in 1961. This situation was further consolidated in 1967 when the Archives, which incorporated both public and private records, moved to the basement of the building of what by 1967 was called the State Library of South Australia on North Terrace.
In 1973 the South Australian government adopted, via a Cabinet decision, a general rule of providing access to government records after 30 years.
Another major change occurred on 1 October 1985, when the South Australian Archives separated its government record holdings and private collections. The government archives became the Public Record Office of South Australia (PROSA). The archival records of private individuals, churches, societies and businesses held by the South Australian Archives were combined with published material from the South Australian Collection of the State Library to establish the Mortlock Library of South Australiana.
Progressively from December 1987, the Public Record Office staff and collection left the State Library basement. On 7 July 1987, a purpose-built archival repository at Gepps Cross was officially opened and operated as a shared facility with the Australian Archives (later the National Archives of Australia – the first such arrangement between an Australian state archive and the Commonwealth Government archival agency). The Public Reading Room was operated from the Norwich Centre building, King William Road, North Adelaide from December 1987.
The Public Record Office of South Australia became State Records of South Australia in 1990, following a departmental restructure. Around this time, State Records began administering the Information Privacy Principles and the Freedom of Information Act, 1991.
In 1995, the Norwich Centre Reading Room was closed and a new Public Reading Room was opened at Netley Commercial Park. The National Archives of Australia also began to reduce its holdings at the Gepps Cross Repository and by 1999 only the State Records collection was stored at the Gepps Cross site.
The State Records Act 1997 commenced on 31 October 1997. The Act established the State Records Council who took over responsibility for disposal determinations on Government records from the Libraries Board.
In January 2004, the Netley Reading Room was closed and, after redevelopment of the site, a Research Centre at the Gepps Cross site was opened to the public on 19 April 2004. The Gepps Cross Repository storage capacity was increased to 75000 linear metres. The collection was consolidated at the Gepps Cross Repository, and was barcoded for the first time. The on-line catalogue, ArchivesSearch, was also launched, enabling online searching and ordering functionality.
The City Research Centre, in the heritage listed Bickford North Building in Leigh Street, Adelaide, opened to the public on 26 October 2004. The City Research Centre included public research facilities, training rooms and an exhibition space.
In March 2011 the Adelaide office of National Archives of Australia moved into the building in Leigh Street, with the joint public research facilities becoming known as the South Australian Archives Centre. In December 2011 it was announced that repository space had been secured at the former Australian Archives facility at Collinswood, increasing repository capacity by approximately 30000 linear metres.
In August 2014, State Records of South Australia relocated its Research Centre facilities from Leigh Street and Gepps Cross to the Somerville Reading Room within the State Library of South Australia, as part of a co-location arrangement with the State Library of South Australia and the National Archives of Australia, Adelaide Office. This saw the closure of the South Australian Archives Centre in Leigh Street, Adelaide. In December 2015 records viewing at the Somerville Reading Room was ceased and in January 2016 the State Records Research Centre was re-opened at Gepps Cross.
Legislative history
The Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery and Institutes Act 1925 prohibited the destruction of South Australian Government records without the approval of the Libraries Board of South Australia. The legislation empowered the Board to take records into its custody and provided for the recovery of government documents in the hands of 'unauthorised persons'. The power to make disposal decisions remained with the Board, or its sub-committees, until the passage of the State Records Act 1997.
Local Government Act 1934
Libraries Act 1982
South Australia’s Information Privacy Principles, a Cabinet decision, were introduced in July 1989, and regulate the way South Australian Public Sector agencies collect, use, store and disclose personal information. The role of the Privacy Committee of South Australia is to oversee the application of the IPPs by State Government agencies, reports to the responsible Minister and provide advice on privacy issues. State Records provides executive support to the Privacy Committee.
The Freedom of Information Act, 1991 promotes openness and accountability in government and facilitates more effective participation by members of the public in the processes involved in the making and administration of laws and policies. State Records provides support to the Minister responsible for the administration of the FOI Act by providing advice to government and the public.
State Records Act 1997 has the objectives of establishing the office of State Records for preserving permanent value official records of the Government of South Australia; promoting the observance of recordkeeping best practice in government agencies; ensuring ready access by the public to official records in State Records' custody; and establishing the State Records Council, formalising some of the roles previously held by the Libraries Board.
Archival arrangement
Until 1982 the South Australian Archives used a Record Group system of classification. In 1983 the South Australian Archives (later PROSA, later SRSA) began using the Australian Series System to arrange the records in the collection. Records transferred prior to this change in the system of arrangement retain the historical arrangement and archival reference, i.e. GRG (Government Record Group) or MRG (Municipal Record Group) numbers.
References
External links
State Records of South Australia
Archives in Australia
Government agencies of South Australia
History of South Australia |
The George Baldwin House is a historic house at 530 Foxon Road, State Route 80, North Branford, New Haven County, Connecticut. Probably built in the 1830s, its distinctive Greek Revival design has been attributed to architect Ithiel Town. Documentation of the house was compiled after 1933. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.
Description and history
The George Baldwin House stands in western North Branford, on the north side of Foxon Road (Connecticut Route 80) near its junction with Arthur Road. It is a modest single-story wood-frame structure, covered with a truncated hip roof and wooden clapboard siding. It is nearly square in plan, with a projecting entrance bay at the center of the street-facing facade. It has two Doric columns set in antis in front of the entrance, which has flanking sidelights and a transom window. The building is encircled by a broad entablature. Windows are rectangular sash, with lightly moulded framing. The interior is arranged in a central hall plan with four flanking rooms, but has little of its original decorative elements.
The construction date of this house is not known with certainty, owing to disagreements among documentary and oral history records. Based on its stylistic appearance, it was probably built in 1830s. Its attribution to New Haven architect Ithiel Town is also uncertain, but is plausible based on the building's design, which includes academically correct proportions for its Greek Revival elements. It is also rendered plausible by the possible association of Town with Micah Baldwin, a New York City merchant who was the uncle and financial benefactor of George Baldwin, a farmer of modest means.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven County, Connecticut
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven County, Connecticut
Greek Revival architecture in Connecticut
North Branford, Connecticut |
The psychological impact of discrimination on health refers to the cognitive pathways through which discrimination impacts mental and physical health in members of marginalized, subordinate, and low-status groups (e.g. racial and sexual minorities). Research on the relation between discrimination and health became a topic of interest in the 1990s, when researchers proposed that persisting racial/ethnic disparities in health outcomes could potentially be explained by racial/ethnic differences in experiences with discrimination. Although the bulk of the research tend to focus on the interactions between interpersonal discrimination and health, researchers studying discrimination and health in the United States have proposed that institutional discrimination and cultural racism also give rise to conditions that contribute to persisting racial and economic health disparities.
A stress and coping framework is often applied to investigate how discrimination influences health outcomes in racial, gender, and sexual minorities, as well as on immigrants and indigenous populations. Findings indicate that experiences of discrimination tend to translate into worse physical and mental health and lead to increased participation in unhealthy behaviors. Evidence of the inverse link between discrimination and health has been consistent across multiple population groups and various cultural and national contexts.
From discrimination to health: two pathways
Stress response
Research conceptualizes instances of discrimination as situations which are likely to cause stress and have downstream consequences on mental and physical health, as well as health behaviors. In experimental studies, stress in response to discrimination has been measured using a range of both psychological (e.g. perceived stress) and physiological (e.g. cardiovascular reactivity) measures, and evidence indicates that this heightened stress response is associated with poorer mental and physical health and impaired decision-making when it comes to health-related behaviors such as substance use or visits to the emergency department.
Some researchers also argue that everyday experiences with discrimination can cause chronic and cumulative stress that contributes to the “wear and tear” of the body. Instances of discrimination also tend to be ambiguous and unpredictable, which research linking stress and health indicate could be particularly harmful. Evidence from this line of research shows that anticipating discrimination, experiencing stress as a result of hypervigilance and worry, and ruminating over the experience of discrimination can aggravate and prolong the adverse impacts of discrimination on health.
The impact of discrimination-related stress can also be longitudinal, as shown by a study on Black adolescents that found perceived discrimination between age 16-18 to predict stress hormone levels, blood pressure, inflammation, and BMI at age 20.
Health behaviors
Discrimination also impacts health by inducing negative emotions and lowering self-control, which in turn increases participation in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, alcohol and substance use, reduced physical activity, and overeating. Research also finds evidence that discrimination lowers participation in preventative care behaviors, such as cancer screening, diabetes management, and condom use, that could help maintain good health. A meta-analysis of 138 studies shows consistent evidence of the relationship between discrimination and health behaviors.
Interpersonal discrimination
Measurement
Studies assessing the link between interpersonal discrimination and health have been both experimental and observational in nature. Experiments investigating the link between discrimination and health have manipulated perceptions of discrimination in a number of ways, including exposing participants to racist film clips, asking them to write about their prior experiences with discrimination, and providing them with articles detailing discrimination against their ingroup. Observational studies make use of large datasets such as the National Survey of Black Americans and the New Zealand Health Survey to make deductions about the relationship between discrimination and health.
In most cases, perceived discrimination is measured by asking participants to self-report on the frequency with which they experience discrimination daily (chronic); the number of times that they’ve been the target of severe discrimination (acute); the amount of discrimination experience over their lifetime (lifetime); or whether they had recently experienced discrimination (recent). Several scales have been developed to capture different types of discrimination, with over 90% of scales designed by researchers in the U.S. Racism, for example, is most often measured using the Perceived Racism Scale, the Schedule of Racists Events, the Index of Race Related Stress, and the Racism and Life Experiences Scale.
Across all studies, we find the strongest and most consistent evidence for the negative impact of discrimination on mental health and health-related behaviors, but a meta-analysis of 134 samples also shows evidence of an inverse link between discrimination and physical health. Comparisons between the impact of chronic, lifetime, and recent experiences of discrimination on mental health shows recent discrimination to have a stronger negative impact than lifetime discrimination; differences in impact based on type of discrimination measured were absent for physical health.
Mental health
A meta-analysis of over 300 articles published between 1983 and 2013 finds evidence of a strong association between discrimination and poor mental health. Specifically, perceived discrimination has been linked to a range of mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, positive and negative affect, and general well-being. Beyond contributing to distress and well-being, self-reported discrimination has also been linked to DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) psychological disorders such as psychosis, paranoia, and eating disorders. Some studies suggest that the relationship between perceived discrimination and clinical mental illness becomes stronger as perceptions of discrimination and instances of experienced discrimination increases. In a 2009 meta-analysis, the impacts of discrimination and mental health were found to be a general phenomenon, such that targets of discrimination experience poorer mental health irrespective of their ethnicity or gender. However, a more recent meta-analysis, whose samples were primarily U.S. based, finds evidence of a moderating effect of ethnicity, such that the link between discrimination and mental health appears to be stronger in Asian Americans and Latino Americans, as compared to Black Americans.
Physical health
Multiple meta-analyses reveal that perceived discrimination is associated with a range of negative physical health outcomes such as heart disease, obesity, hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure, breast cancer, diabetes, and respiratory problems. Perceived discrimination also shows association with indicators of forthcoming health problems, such as increased allostatic load, shorter telomere length, inflammation, cortisol dysregulation, and coronary artery calcification. Some studies indicate that perceived discrimination could contribute to increased cardiovascular risk as a result of experiencing higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the day and higher ambulatory blood pressure at night in response to discrimination. Although the association between discrimination and blood pressure has been found in multiple studies, a 2012 analysis of 22 studies by Couto and colleagues only found evidence of this link in 30% of the analyzed studies.
Institutional racism in the United States
Institutional (or structural) racism refers to the policies and practices embedded in the legal, economic, social, and political systems of society that creates differential access to resources, opportunities, and services based on race. In the U.S., connections between institutional racism and health have been investigated through epidemiological studies that examine the link between institutional racism– in the form of residential segregation and environmental racism– and health-related outcomes.
Residential segregation
Segregation in the U.S. was made possible through federal policies and government-supported private policies, such as redlining, zoning, and restrictive covenants, which sought to prevent Black-White cohabitation in the same neighborhoods. Despite the fact that residential segregation was made illegal in 1968 through the Fair Housing Act, White Americans still tend to live in separate neighborhoods from people of color, with Black Americans experiencing the highest rate of segregation as compared to Hispanics and Asian Americans. The historical segregation of Black Americans has been identified as a fundamental contributor to persisting Black-White disparities in adverse birth outcomes, health behaviors, and chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes, and hypertension. Thus the bulk of the research linking structural racism to health tends to focus on identifying the multiple mechanisms through which segregation impact Black American’s health.
Segregation contributes to health disparities by creating physical and social conditions that increase exposure to environmental pollutants, contribute to the prevalence of chronic and acute psychosocial stressors, and make it harder for residents to practice healthy behaviors. For example, Landrine and Corral (2009) identified three potential pathways through which racial segregation contributes to disparities: Black neighborhoods, relative to White neighborhoods, are equipped with inferior healthcare facilities and less competent physicians; exposed to higher levels of pollution and toxins in the environment; and provided greater access to fast foods but lower access to recreational facilities and supermarkets. Other researchers argue that segregation leads to the creation of neighborhoods with high levels of poverty and lower quality education that receive less government support. As such, segregation is a critical determinant of socioeconomic status, which in turn is a strong predictor of health outcomes.
Multiple review papers and meta-analyses reveal that segregation is associated with poorer overall health. More specifically, residents of segregated neighborhoods have been found to be at increased risk for tuberculosis, intentional harm, and later-stage breast and lung cancer diagnosis. Segregation has also been associated with nefarious health consequences for Black women, such as increased risk for obesity, low birth weight, preterm birth, and stillbirths.
Environmental racism
There is extant research showing that people of color, low-income communities, ethnic minorities, and indigenous populations are more likely to be exposed to pollution, toxins, and chemicals as a result of their proximity to industrial and military activity and consumer practices. For example, research conducted in Warren Country, NC shows that 75% of their hazardous waste landfills are located in Black communities, despite the fact that Black Americans only make up 20% of the county’s population. This pattern is present in most parts of the U.S., such that 40% of the country’s landfills are located in Black communities. A 1987 survey of the country’s landfills shows that 53% of the Hispanic population also lived in communities with one or more uncontrolled toxic-waste sites. Communities of color not only live close to landfills, but they are also more likely than their white counterparts to live near medical waste incinerators, diesel bus depots, and Superfund sites. Research shows that living in proximity with sources of air, water, and soil pollution is associated with asthma, eczema, cancer, chemical poisoning, heart disease, and neurological disorders in Black Americans.
Black communities have also been exposed to lead, DDT, and a handful of other noxious chemicals as a result of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s failure to enforce safety regulations (for examples, see Flint Michigan Water Crisis; Altgeld Gardens Homes; Dickinson County, TN toxic wells; North Birmingham, AL coke plants). Lead contamination is known to be particularly harmful to children and pregnant women as it can lead to anemia, kidney failure, brain damage, fetal death, and premature delivery. A 1984 study by the Illinois Public Health Sector also found that exposure to toxins at the Altgeld Gardens Home led to higher rates of prostate, bladder, and lung cancer, as well as higher rates of child brain tumors, asthma, ringworm, and congenital anomaly.
Impact of discrimination on various social groups
U.S. racial minorities
Racial minorities in the U.S. include Black Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and Native Americans. Members belonging to these racial minority groups often face discrimination in daily interactions and situations, such as when applying for a job or getting pulled over by the police. These repeated experiences with discrimination has been shown to lead to heightened stress responses in racial minorities, which translates to poorer mental and physical health, and increased participation in harmful health-behaviors.
Black Americans
Black Americans report experiencing the most discrimination out of all racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. They also tend to fare worse, compared to other racial/ethnic groups, when it comes to physical illnesses such as heart disease and cancer incidence. Black Americans report experiencing discrimination in a range of situations (e.g. healthcare visits, job applications and interviews, interactions with the police) and through microaggressions and racial slurs. Perceptions of racial discrimination has been linked with psychological distress, hypertension, depression, harmful health behaviors (e.g. alcohol abuse), and a range of chronic illnesses in Black Americans. A meta-analyses of 19 studies published between 2003 and 2013 on the link between perceived discrimination and the health of Black women finds that perceptions of discrimination is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.
See section on institutional racism in the United States for additional health consequences of discrimination on Black Americans.
Asian Americans
In a 2007 survey of over 2000 Asian Americans, 56% of the respondents reported experiencing discrimination because of their race, skin color, or nationality. A meta-analysis of 14 studies published between 1980 and 2011 shows that perceptions of discrimination are associated with depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, respiratory problems, obesity, and diabetes in Asian Americans. A review of 62 studies also found that Asian Americans who report experiencing discrimination tend to suffer from poor mental and physical health and participate in harmful health behaviors.
Latino Americans
Latinos living in the U.S. report experiencing discrimination because of their language, accent, skin color, facial feature and appearance. There does not seem to be a meta-analysis of studies investigating the connection between discrimination and health, but a review of 33 studies on the topic reveals that perceived discrimination is associated to poorer mental health and health-related decisions in Latinos residing in the U.S. However, the review did not find evidence of a robust relationship between perceived discrimination and physical health.
Research shows that Latino college students are more likely to be accused of theft, cheating, or breaking the law, which causes them to experience more stress. Perceived racial discrimination in those instances have been associated with poorer mental health, including experiencing psychological distress, suicidal ideations, anxiety, and depression.
Native Americans
The colonization of the United States constituted systemic efforts to destroy Native American culture and societies, including religious persecution, the implementation of boarding schools that sought to eradicate their languages and customs, and the mass adoption of Native children by non-Native families. These experiences of discrimination, unique to indigenous populations, are thought to be transmitted generationally and influence health outcomes in individuals with Native American ancestry. Thus, perceptions of discrimination in Native Americans tend to be measured in terms of historical trauma, which is the extent to which Indigenous people experience discrimination as a result of the collective history of violence perpetrated against Native Americans during the colonization process. Historical trauma is measured using the Historical Loss Scale, which captures the frequency at which indigenous individuals think about the loss of, for example, their land, language, and culture; and it is usually followed by the Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale, which captures how indigenous individuals feel about these losses. Studies examining the relationship between historical trauma and health in Native Americans find that perceptions of discrimination are associated with increased participation in unhealthy behaviors (e.g. alcohol abuse), a range of chronic diseases, PTSD, and psychological distress. Studies investigating the relationship in Indigenous adolescents finds that perceptions of discrimination is associated with early substance use, suicidal ideation, anger, and aggression.
Sexual minorities (LGBTQ+)
LGBTQ+ individuals tend to be victims of bullying, harassment, and family rejection. Bullying and harassment in school on the basis of sexual orientation has been linked to negative mental health (increased depression and lower self-esteem) and education-related outcomes (increased school absences and lower performance). Family rejection has also been linked to poorer mental health outcomes, including increases in depression and suicidal attempts, and negative health behaviors, such as substance use and risky sex behavior. Some researchers also argue that the higher prevalence of clinical mental disorders in the LGBTQ population can be understood as a consequence of the discrimination experienced in their daily environments and interactions.
LGBTQ people of color tend to be targets of both racism and heterosexism, which independently predicts depression, but associations between discrimination and suicidal ideation has only been found in relation to heterosexism. This population report experiencing discrimination during job searches and interactions with the police.
Societal rejection of the LGBTQ community also tend to manifest in the form of internalized homophobia, which arises in LGBTQ individuals as a result of socialization into the belief that homosexuality is immoral and wrong. Multiple meta-analyses find that internalized homophobia is associated with demoralization, guilt, suicidal ideation and attempts, sexual identity development, self-esteem, depression, psychological distress, physical health, adherence to traditional gender roles, issues with sexual intimacy, and difficulties coming out. Although stigma and discrimination also show association with the aforementioned psychological and psychosocial issues, internalized homophobia has been found to be the most reliable predictor of mental and physical health issues in LGBTQ communities.
Research on the impact of sexual assault on health in women populations find that targets of sexual harassment experience a range of mental health outcomes– including depression, anxiety, fear, guilt, shame, anger, and PTSD– and physical health problems such as headaches, digestive system issues, and sleep disorders. Research relating assault to health in women populations offers a glimpse as to the potential impact of assault on sexual minorities, who are more likely to be victims of physical and sexual assault relative to non-sexual minorities.
Elderly population
Discrimination against the elderly population has been document in healthcare and employment settings, where elderly individuals tend to devalued and the targets of ageist stereotypes. For example, doctors tend to prescribe milder treatments for elderly individuals whom they are likely to perceive as physically and psychologically frail. Elderly populations in the UK also experience discrimination in the form of neglect and financial exploitation. A meta-analysis of U.S.- and UK-based studies on the impact of ageism found associations with poorer mental health, well-being, physical and cognitive functioning, and survival chances. Research also finds that exposure to ageist stereotypes reduces memory performance, self-efficacy, and willingness to live and increases cardiovascular reactivity.
Coping mechanisms
Research identifies a few potential moderators of the impact of discrimination on health such as strength of ethnic identity, social network, and coping strategies.
Social network
Research shows that having a social network to rely on during difficult times could translate to increased accessibility to resources such as health care, medicine, and high-nutrient food. The benefits of having a social network is exemplified through research showing that having conversations about discrimination experiences with closed ones is associated with decreased likelihood of risky sex behavior in gay Latino men. Seeking social support following discrimination experiences has also been associated with lower levels of depressions. However, a meta-analysis of 15 studies on the potential for social support to reduce the influence of discrimination on mental health, physical health, and detrimental health behaviors reveals that social support does not necessarily moderate the relationship between discrimination and health.
Racial/ethnic identity
Social identity theory suggests that individuals are social beings who derive benefits from group identification and belonging, which could act as a buffer against the discrimination. Evidence of the potential for racial/ethnic identification to moderate the relationship between discrimination and health comes from research on large samples of Latino and Filipino American samples, in which it was found that the relationship between discrimination and mental health was weaker for individuals higher in racial/ethnic identification.
On the other hand, self-categorization theory indicates that higher levels of identification may lead to increased awareness and anticipation of discrimination, which consequently elicit negative emotions. Research in support of this relationship was found in samples of Asian American college students who report lower levels of positive emotions after being asked to imagine an incident of racial discrimination. A meta-analysis of 51 studies and a review of the literature investigating the potential moderating effect of racial/ethnic identity reveals that the association between discrimination and physical health is weaker in individuals who are committed to their racial/ethnic identity. They also find that, in individuals who are still exploring their racial/ethnic identity, associations between discrimination and poorer mental health and risky health behaviors was stronger.
Coping strategies
Responses to discrimination can vary from anger suppression, avoidance, and confrontation to advocacy, seeking social support, and making changes to the self. Research sorts coping strategies into two categories: problem-focused coping, which are strategies that take a direct approach to tackling the experience of discrimination (e.g. cognitive reframing or support seeking), and emotion-focused coping, which are strategies that seek to reduce psychological distress experienced from discrimination (e.g. avoidance or distraction). The literature on coping strategies indicates that individuals usually use a combination of both problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies, but that problem-focused coping tends to be more effective and adaptive.
Studies exploring the moderating effects of problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies on the relationship between discrimination and health finds mixed evidence. Research on samples of Mexican adolescents and Asian international students indicate that problem-focused coping weakens the relationship between discrimination and self-esteem while emotion-focused coping strengthens the association between discrimination and depression. Similarly, research on Black Americans finds emotion-focused coping, in the form of anger suppression, to be associated with elevated blood pressure levels in Black Americans. However, research on samples of African American college students, Mexican adolescents, and Southeast Asians finds the reverse association: emotion-focused coping was found to weaken the negative impact of discrimination on self-esteem and life-satisfaction in African Americans, on mental health and health-behaviors in Mexican youths, and on depression in Southeast Asians.
Coping strategies can also be adaptive (e.g. positive reframing, acceptance, planning) or maladaptive (e.g. denial, self-blame, distraction). In a population of college students, research finds that adaptive coping is associated with decreased tendency to overeat in response to discrimination experiences while maladaptive coping is associated with an increased tendency to overeat. Research also finds evidence of the benefits of adaptive coping strategies in a sample of Black female college students in which they found active coping to be associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A meta-analysis of 9 studies investigating the relationship between coping strategies and health suggests that problem-focused and adaptive coping strategies are more likely to buffer the impact of discrimination on health than emotion-focused and maladaptive strategies.
References
Psychology articles needing attention
Discrimination
Sociology
Health |
The 1974 All-Pacific-8 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific-8 Conference teams for the 1974 NCAA Division I football season.
Offensive selections
Quarterbacks
Steve Bartkowski, California
Running backs
Anthony Davis, USC
Chuck Muncie, California
Wide receivers
Steve Rivera, California
Norm Andersen, UCLA
Tight ends
Jim Obradovich, USC
Tackles
Jeff Hart, Oregon State
Marvin Powell, USC
Guards
Steve Ostermann, Washington State
Bill Bain, USC
Centers
Geoff Reece, Washington State
Defensive selections
Linemen
Gary Jeter, USC
Art Riley, USC
Pat Donovan, Stanford
Linebackers
Gary Larsen, Washington State
Ed Powell, USC
Gordon Riegel, Stanford
Richard Wood, USC
Defensive backs
Marvin Cobb, USC
Steve Donnelly, Oregon
Charles Phillips, USC
Danny Reece, USC
Special teams
Placekicker
Chris Limahelu, USC
Punter
Skip Boyd, Washington
Key
See also
1974 College Football All-America Team
References
All-Pacific-8 Conference Football Team
All-Pac-12 Conference football teams |
Ashley Prange (born November 24, 1981) is a professional golfer and winner of the reality television program The Big Break V: Hawaii.
College and amateur career
Prange was born in Newport Beach, California. She graduated from the University of North Carolina in 2004 with a degree in Marketing and Advertising. She won three events and recorded 15 top-10 finishes during her career at UNC. She was a 2003 NCAA All-America Honorable Mention and 2004 NCAA First-Team All-American.
Professional career
Prange won the Golf Channel's The Big Break V: Hawaii in 2006. She won two Futures Tour events in 2006. In 2007, she became a non-exempt member of the LPGA Tour and competed that year on both the LPGA Tour and the Futures Tour. She failed to perform well enough to retain her LPGA Tour playing privileges and in 2008 was back playing on the Futures Tour full-time. She last played the Futures Tour in 2011.
College coaching career
Prange was an assistant coach at Stetson University from 2009 to 2011. In October 2011, Prange was hired as the coach of the women's golf team at Jacksonville University. After coaching the team for one year, she accepted an assistant coaching position at University of Central Florida.
Personal life
Prange credits her father Bob Prange, who has been her "main influence, backbone and rock," as the individual most influencing her career.
Prange became engaged in July 2008 to Brian Snyder, a professional baseball player for the San Diego Padres.
Professional wins (2)
Futures Tour (2)
References
Further reading
Mistake-Free Golf. p. 28.
"Golfers catch 'Break' on TV". The Daytona Beach News-Journal. (view both pages)
American female golfers
North Carolina Tar Heels women's golfers
Golfers from California
Golfers from Indiana
Jacksonville Dolphins coaches
Sportspeople from Newport Beach, California
People from Noblesville, Indiana
1981 births
Living people |
Sophus Michaëlis (1865–1932) was a Danish poet, novelist and playwright. His works were translated, published, and performed in England, France, Germany, and Sweden during his lifetime, in addition to his native Denmark.
Personal life
Michaëlis was born in Odense on May 14, 1865, as Sophus August Berthel Michaëlis to Hedevig Greve and Johan August Michaëlis, a tailor. He studied in Odense and received a cand.mag. degree in 1891. In the course of his studies, he was taught by Georg Brandes and Julius Lange.
He was married to Karin Michaëlis, whom he had met while she was training in Copenhagen as a piano teacher. The couple were married in 1895 and initially earned their living predominantly through theater reviews. Their marriage was terminated in 1911. In November 1911, Michaëlis married Astrid Nyström, with whom he divorced in 1921. He was married a third time to Louise Luci Charlotte Peschardt in December 1921.
Michaëlis died on January 28, 1932, in Copenhagen, and is buried at Vestre Cemetery.
Career
Michaëlis contributed to several operas and theatrical works over the course of his career. he wrote the libretto for August Enna's opera Aucasin og Nicolette, which was performed at the Royal Danish Theatre. In 1898 he wrote the libretto for an opera titled Portia in collaboration with Carl Nielsen, which was based on William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. It became much delayed on Nielsen's end, and was ultimately never produced. Despite this, Nielsen went on to compose the music to five of Michaëlis' other productions.
As a reporter in Copenhagen, Michaëlis wrote reviews on literature, fine art, and performances. In particular, he wrote a variety of theater reviews on performances in Copenhagen. One of the publications he contributed during this period was Taarnet published between 1893 and 1894. He was an editor for the newspaper Tidens Krav from 1896 to 1898, and was later an editor for the magazine Kunst from 1900 until 1906.
Over the course of his career, Michaëlis published a number of Danish translations of other authors' poetry. He published a translation of Gustave Flaubert's Salammbô in 1902, and The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Danish: Den hellige Antonios Fristelser) in 1904. In 1917 he authored a translation of Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival. Between 1924 and 1928 he released a translation of Goethe's Faust.
In addition to his work as a translator, reviewer, and lyricist, Michaëlis authored several original novels. His 1912 novel, The Eternal Sleep (Danish: Den evige søvn) described Napoleon's march into Russia and his eventual defeat there. The novel, though popular elsewhere, garnered strict criticism in Russia.
Michaëlis became a member of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1919 and was further awarded the Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn in 1929. He was the chairman of the Danish Authors' Society (Danish: Dansk forfatterforening) from 1915 until his death. The Society founded a scholarship in his memory in 1937.
Bibliography
Digte, 1889
Synd, 1891
Vanemennesker, 1892
Solblomster, 1893
Æbelø, 1895
Aucassin og Nicolette, 1896 (lyrics)
Sirener, 1898
Dødedansen, 1900
Livets Fest, 1900
Giovanna, 1901
Palmerne, 1904
Billedhuggeren Jens Adolph Jerichau, 1906
Revolutionsbryllup, 1906
Lægen, 1906
St. Helena, 1910
Den evige søvn, 1912
Blaaregn, 1913
Hellener og Barbar, 1914
Træbukken, 1918
Vilhelm Hammershøi, 1918
Dommeren, 1921
Himmelskibet, 1921
Romersk Foraar, 1921
References
External links
1865 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Danish novelists
19th-century Danish poets
19th-century male writers
20th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Danish novelists
20th-century Danish poets
Danish male dramatists and playwrights
Danish male novelists
Danish male poets |
Merlin Abdoulaye Tandjigora (born 6 April 1990) is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for S.C. Vila Real.
Career
Born in Port-Gentil, Tandjigora was a player of the national football school located in his hometown. On 9 July 2010, he became the first player from the academy to sign a professional contract with a European club after signing a one-year contract with Metz.
Tandjigora arrived at Metz in 2009 and joined the club's Championnat de France amateur 2 team for the 2009–10 season. He played in 21 matches and scored two goals as the reserve team of Metz were crowned champions of the league finishing with 107 points. After the season, Tandjigora signed his first professional contract and was, subsequently, promoted to the senior team and assigned the number 12 shirt by new manager Dominique Bijotat. He made his professional debut on 30 July 2010 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Clermont. Tandjigora started the match and played 76 minutes in a 3–1 defeat. He made his league debut a week later in a 2–0 defeat to Évian.
Tandjigora was formerly a Gabonese youth international having earned caps with the nation's under-20 team in qualification for the 2009 African Youth Championship. On 30 September 2010, he was called up to the senior team for the first time by coach Gernot Rohr for matches against Oman and Saudi Arabia. He competed for Gabon at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
On 13 December 2019 it was confirmed, that Tandjigore had joined S.C. Vila Real.
Honours
Club
Stade Mandji
Gabon Championnat National D1: 2009
References
External links
Merlin Tandjigora profile at fcmetz.com
1990 births
Living people
People from Ogooué-Maritime Province
Men's association football midfielders
Gabonese men's footballers
Gabonese expatriate men's footballers
Ligue 2 players
Liga Portugal 2 players
China League One players
Primeira Liga players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 2 players
AS Stade Mandji players
FC Metz players
USJA Carquefou players
FC Istres players
Leixões S.C. players
Meizhou Hakka F.C. players
C.F. Os Belenenses players
B-SAD players
S.C. Vila Real players
Olympic footballers for Gabon
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in France
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in China
Gabon men's international footballers
21st-century Gabonese people |
Victor is the second studio album by American rapper Vic Mensa. It was released on September 15, 2023, through Roc Nation.
Background and singles
The album was produced mainly by the rapper himself, along with executive production by BongoByTheWay. He shared an album trailer and announced the record on August 21. The clip shows Mensa sitting shirtless in the center of an art gallery while artists around him paint and closes out with a portrait of him that one of the artists painted. A few days later, Mensa revealed more details on the project. He explained that the album stems from the "rubble of a bad crash, literally and metaphorically" and follows his "journey into spirituality" as well as a return to Chicago, Ghana and to himself.
The lead single "Strawberry Louis Vuitton" was released on January 27 and features Thundercat and Maeta. An accompanying music video was inspired by the late fashion designer Virgil Abloh. On August 25, he released a single called "Blue Eyes", an "emotional" track that see Mensa talking about "heartbreaking admissions" and "damage inflicted by racism". The final single preceding the album "Lvln Up", a "raw" and "reflective" song, was released on September 11 and was inspired by trip from Accra to Keta "through the Ghanian countryside".
Track listing
Notes
signifies a co-producer.
signifies an additional producer.
"Swish" is stylized as "$wish".
"Southside Story" is stylized as "$outside Story".
"Blessing" is stylized as "Ble$$ings".
Personnel
Musicians
Vic Mensa – vocals
Lekan – additional vocals (tracks 1, 16)
Omari Hardwick – additional vocals (1)
Elpadardo Allah – additional vocals (5)
Johan Lenox – additional vocals (5, 9)
Thundercat – additional vocals (9)
BongoByTheWay – additional vocals (10)
Aesha Dominguez – additional vocals (10)
Lonnie Lynn – additional vocals (10)
Brandon Mahone – additional vocals (10)
Malik Yusef – additional vocals (10)
Demibby – background vocals, guitar, piano (13)
Subroza – bass, guitar (13)
Anthony Clemons Jr. – additional vocals (16)
Benjamin McIldowie – additional vocals (17)
Technical
DJ Riggins – mastering, mixing
Aesha Dominguez – recording (1–12, 14–17)
Vic Mensa – recording (2–5, 7–11, 18)
Rafe Noonan – recording (9)
Rapsody – recording (13)
Tyrone Griffin, Jr. – recording (18)
References
2023 albums
Roc Nation albums
Vic Mensa albums |
Chom Thong () may refer to:
Chom Thong District, Bangkok, a district () in Bangkok
Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai, a district () in Chiang Mai Province
Chom Thong Subdistrict, Bangkok, a subdistrict () in Chom Thong District, Bangkok
Chom Thong (Phitsanulok), a subdistrict () in Mueang Phitsanulok District
Districts of Thailand |
Church Creek is a town in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States, part of the state's Eastern Shore. The population was 125 at the 2010 census. Church Creek is located approximately six miles south of Cambridge.
Old Trinity Church is located here. An Anglican (now Episcopal) brick church built in 1675, it is the oldest church building in the US in continuous ecclesiastical use.
Geography
Church Creek is located at (38.505300, −76.154367). The town is located at the head of the Church Creek river, a tributary of the Little Choptank River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Church Creek has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 125 people, 59 households, and 37 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 67 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 89.6% White, 6.4% African American, 0.8% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population.
There were 59 households, of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.65.
The median age in the town was 47.8 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 32% were from 45 to 64; and 22.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 44.8% male and 55.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 85 people, 41 households, and 25 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 45 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White.
There were 41 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 1.2% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $25,750, and the median income for a family was $26,875. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,700. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.
History
The exact origins of Church Creek remain unclear. Popular tradition maintains that Church Creek predates Cambridge, Maryland as the earliest settlement in Dorchester County, and was first established at some point before 1684 under the name Dorchester Town and then White Haven. This has been disputed by historian Elias Jones, who found no indication of land sales in the area before 1700 in County Land Records.
Both the town and river of Church Creek derive their name from the nearby Episcopal church, now known as Old Trinity Church, built c. 1675. In 1867, Church Creek officially became the forty-second Incorporated town in Maryland, and remains one of the 123 such towns today. In 1975, the town adopted its first municipal tax in order to qualify for state tax grants and federal revenue-sharing.
Economy
The first major industry in Church Creek was shipbuilding, established at some point before 1767, which took advantage of surrounding forests plentiful with white oak and pine. As a result, the population of the town grew during the 18th and 19th centuries. The 1860 census recorded 218 families and 1,103, of which 51 percent were occupied as "laborers" and 26 percent occupied as "farmers".
Toward the end of the 19th century, regional deforestation resulted in a downturn in the wooden shipbuilding industry. This adversely affected the industrial prosperity of Church Creek, and the population subsequently declined. The economy of Church Creek has historically benefited from human traffic due to the town's location at the crossroads of Taylor's Island Road (Route 16) and Church Creek-Golden Hill Road (Route 335). During the first half of the twentieth century, the residents of Church Creek maintained eight or nine general stores. But during the second half of the 20th century, the town's economy and population continued to decline. According to the United States Census Records, the town contained 187 people in 1950, down to 115 in 1990.
African-American education during Reconstruction
Following the American Civil War, Church Creek was an early site for education of African Americans. The state passed the Public Instruction Act of 1865 to earmark public funds for the education of African-American students. But white-dominated Maryland county and city school boards refused to distribute the allocated money for the building and maintenance of African-American schools in the segregated system.
Instead, private organizations, such as the northern American Missionary Association, spearheaded the raising and allocation of money throughout Maryland. The fifth African-American county school was established in Church Creek on September 27, 1865 under the care of Mary S. Osbourne, with a total enrollment of thirty-two students. The County schools were quickly opposed by local residents, sometimes violently. In October and November 1865, arsonists destroyed African-American schools in Millington, Edesville, and Kent County.
Though the school at Church Creek was not attacked, it did encounter local antagonism. In December 1865, a group of Church Creek residents held an "indignation meeting" to organize and communicate their opposition to the African-American school and its teacher, Mary S. Osbourne. The Church Creek school for African-American students operated successfully throughout the 1865–66 school year. As teacher Mary S. Osbourne reported: "One class of six knew the alphabet but could not read at all; now they read well, as far as First Step No. 12 on the Chart. … A class of seven read well in the First Reader, and are to commence Arithmetic at once. Another … [is] using the Third Reader and studying Geography." From 1861 to 1876 more than one-third of teachers in southern colored schools were African Americans, so it is likely that Osbourne was replaced by a southern African American teacher even during Reconstruction. In addition, one of every six teachers from the North were African American.
References
Towns in Dorchester County, Maryland
Maryland populated places on the Chesapeake Bay |
Vieno Johannes Sukselainen's first cabinet was the 41st government of Republic of Finland. Cabinet's time period was from April 27, 1957, to November 29, 1957. It was Minority government.
Sukselainen, 1
1957 establishments in Finland
1957 disestablishments in Finland
Cabinets established in 1957
Cabinets disestablished in 1957 |
Elvira Presents Monster Hits is the second of three Halloween compilation albums presented by Elvira, Mistress of the Dark. It was released in September 1994, following Elvira Presents Haunted Hits, and followed by Elvira Presents Revenge Of the Monster Hits.
Tracklisting
Introduction - Elvira
"Monsta' Rap" - Elvira
"Little Demon" - Screamin' Jay Hawkins
"Feed My Frankenstein" - Alice Cooper
"Monster Mash" - Bobby 'Boris' Pickett (re-recording)
"Nightmare On My Street" - D.J. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince
"The Addams Family Theme" - Joey Gaynor
"Here Comes the Bride (the Bride of Frankenstein)" - Elvira
Outro - Elvira
External links
Artist Direct
Halloween albums
1994 compilation albums
Elvira, Mistress of the Dark |
Villamartín de Campos is a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 134.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Palencia |
A list of films produced in Finland ordered by year of release. For an alphabetical list of Finnish films see :Category:Finnish films
The numbers in the Notes column refer to the numbering used by Suomen kansallisfilmografia. These numbers are given to all full-length films which have been shown in public theaters as a headlining or co-headlining film. Suomen kansallisfilmografia uses the minimum length of 37 minutes to qualify for a film to be listed, however the earliest films may be shorter than this (as 37 minutes was not even technically possible).
External links
Finnish film at the Internet Movie Database
1900
Films
Finland
Films
Finland |
Valtournenche (local Valdôtain: ) is a town and comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy, above the sea level. It is named after and covers most of the Valtournenche, a valley on the left side of the Dora Baltea, from Châtillon to the Matterhorn. Valtournenche is close to Cervinia and in winter the two towns are connected also with the ski slopes. In fact, they are part of the same ski resort with also Zermatt, Switzerland.
History
Notable people
Jean-Antoine Carrel (1829–1890), mountain climber
Jean-Joseph Maquignaz (1829–1890), mountain climber
Georges Carrel (1800–1870), canon, mountain climber and botanist
Luigi Carrel (1901–1983), mountain climber
Piero Maquignaz, skier and mountain climber
References
Cities and towns in Aosta Valley |