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"Yaroslav Svorak\n\nYaroslav Svorak (; born 7 February 1989 in Ternopil, Ukrainian SSR) is a professional Ukrainian football forward.",
"\n\nCareer \nHe is a product of the Volyn Lutsk School System, and began his career in the Ukrainian Premier League with FC Volyn Lutsk.",
"In 2007, he signed with FC Karpaty Lviv, and played in the Ukrainian Second League with FC Karpaty-2 Lviv.",
"He was loaned to the Belarusian Premier League in 2011 to play with FC Dnepr Mogilev.",
"For the remainder of the season he played in the Ukrainian First League with FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne.",
"He returned to Belarus in 2012 to sign with FC Slavia Mozyr, and later with Nyva Ternopil. ",
"In 2017, he went overseas to play in the Canadian Soccer League with FC Vorkuta.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile on Football Squads\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ukrainian footballers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Ukrainian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Belarus\nCategory:Expatriate soccer players in Canada\nCategory:FC Volyn Lutsk players\nCategory:FC Karpaty Lviv players\nCategory:FC Karpaty-2 Lviv players\nCategory:FC Dnepr Mogilev players\nCategory:FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne players\nCategory:FC Slavia Mozyr players\nCategory:FC Nyva Ternopil players\nCategory:FC Vorkuta players\nCategory:Ukrainian Premier League players\nCategory:Belarusian Premier League players\nCategory:Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players\nCategory:Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Canada"
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"Leinster are set to sign Fijian-born former Australian international wing Lote Tuqiri on a three month contract. ",
"He is due to arrive as cover for Springbok Zane Kirchner whose current involvement in the Rugby Championship with South Africa has put back his arrival date in Ireland until October.",
"\n\nThe dual code international, who will be 34 in a fortnight, is expected to arrive in Dublin over the weekend and will link up again with Leinster coach Matt O’Connor for a second time. ",
"Tuqiri spent a season (2009-2010) at the Leicester Tigers where O’Connor previously coached.",
"\n\nThe six foot three inch Tuqiri won 67 caps for Australia between 2003 and 2009 scoring 30 tries before switching back in 2010 to rugby league and a contract with the Wests Tigers in the NRL. ",
"He suffered broken arms in both the 2011 and 2012 campaigns.",
"\n\nThe unfortunate injury that befell Eoin O’Malley forcing him to retire from the game meant that Leinster are looking, not for another centre as they feel they have adequate cover in that area, but a back three player. ",
"Tuqiri though is here to cover Kirchner’s absence.",
"\n\nTuqiri offers a huge physical presence and at his best was one of the most devastating try scorers in world rugby.",
"\n\nHe initially started in league with the Brisbane Broncos (1999-2002) and played for the Kangaroos - Australian national side in league - both before and after his career in union.",
"\n\nMeanwhile Leinster confirmed that Luke Fitzgerald felt tightness in his groin during the second half of the province’s impressive bonus point win over the Scarlets in the RaboDirect Pro12 at the weekend and was withdrawn as a precaution.",
"\n\nTighthead prop Martin Moore, the opening try scorer in the victory, received treatment for a cut on his nose which required stitches. ",
"It is hoped that both players will be available ahead of Friday’s midday team announcement.",
"\n\nFergus McFadden was a late withdrawal from the game at Parc y Scarlets with a tight hamstring, but it is expected that he will be in the frame this week and he could be joined by Ian Madigan. ",
"Sean O’Brien continues to make positive strides on his arm injury and is expected to return over the coming weeks.",
"\n\nMichael Bent (neck), however, is still unavailable while Quinn Roux rolled his ankle in training and is a doubt for Saturday’s game.",
"\n\nThree players made their Leinster debut against the Scarlets, St Mary’s College winger Darragh Fanning, outhalf Jimmy Gopperth who scored 22 points and Ireland secondrow Mike McCarthy."
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"/*\n * YAFFS: Yet Another Flash File System. ",
"A NAND-flash specific file system.",
"\n *\n * Copyright (C) 2002-2011 Aleph One Ltd.\n * for Toby Churchill Ltd and Brightstar Engineering\n *\n * Created by Charles Manning <charles@aleph1.co.uk>\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation.",
"\n */\n\n#include \"yportenv.h\"\n#include \"yaffs_guts.h\"\n\n\n#include \"yaffs_nandif.h\"\n#include \"yaffs_packedtags2.h\"\n\n#include \"yramsim.h\"\n\n#include \"yaffs_trace.h\"\n#include \"yaffsfs.h\"\n\n\n/* NB For use with inband tags....\n * We assume that the data buffer is of size totalBytersPerChunk so that\n * we can also use it to load the tags.",
"\n */\nint ynandif_WriteChunkWithTagsToNAND(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int nand_chunk,\n\t\t\t\t const u8 *data,\n\t\t\t\t const struct yaffs_ext_tags *tags)\n{\n\n\tint retval = 0;\n\tstruct yaffs_packed_tags2 pt;\n\tvoid *spare;\n\tunsigned spareSize = 0;\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\tyaffs_trace(YAFFS_TRACE_MTD,\n\t\t\"nandmtd2_WriteChunkWithTagsToNAND chunk %d data %p tags %p\",\n\t\tnand_chunk, data, tags);\n\n\n\t/* For yaffs2 writing there must be both data and tags.",
"\n\t * If we're using inband tags, then the tags are stuffed into\n\t * the end of the data buffer.",
"\n\t */\n\n\tif (dev->param.inband_tags) {\n\t\tstruct yaffs_packed_tags2_tags_only *pt2tp;\n\n\t\tpt2tp = (struct yaffs_packed_tags2_tags_only *)\n\t\t\t(data + dev->data_bytes_per_chunk);\n\t\tyaffs_pack_tags2_tags_only(pt2tp, tags);\n\t\tspare = NULL;\n\t\tspareSize = 0;\n\t} else {\n\t\tyaffs_pack_tags2(&pt, tags, !",
"dev->param.no_tags_ecc);\n\t\tspare = &pt;\n\t\tspareSize = sizeof(struct yaffs_packed_tags2);\n\t}\n\n\tretval = geometry->writeChunk(dev, nand_chunk,\n\t\t\t\tdata, dev->param.total_bytes_per_chunk,\n\t\t\t\tspare, spareSize);\n\n\treturn retval;\n}\n\nint ynandif_ReadChunkWithTagsFromNAND(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int nand_chunk,\n\t\t\t\t u8 *data, struct yaffs_ext_tags *tags)\n{\n\tstruct yaffs_packed_tags2 pt;\n\tint localData = 0;\n\tvoid *spare = NULL;\n\tunsigned spareSize;\n\tint retval = 0;\n\tint eccStatus; /* 0 = ok, 1 = fixed, -1 = unfixed */\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\tyaffs_trace(YAFFS_TRACE_MTD,\n\t\t\"nandmtd2_ReadChunkWithTagsFromNAND chunk %d data %p tags %p\",\n\t\tnand_chunk, data, tags);\n\n\tif (!",
"tags) {\n\t\tspare = NULL;\n\t\tspareSize = 0;\n\t} else if (dev->param.inband_tags) {\n\n\t\tif (!",
"data) {\n\t\t\tlocalData = 1;\n\t\t\tdata = yaffs_get_temp_buffer(dev);\n\t\t}\n\t\tspare = NULL;\n\t\tspareSize = 0;\n\t} else {\n\t\tspare = &pt;\n\t\tspareSize = sizeof(struct yaffs_packed_tags2);\n\t}\n\n\tretval = geometry->readChunk(dev, nand_chunk,\n\t\t\t\t data,\n\t\t\t\t data ? ",
"dev->param.total_bytes_per_chunk : 0,\n\t\t\t\t spare, spareSize,\n\t\t\t\t &eccStatus);\n\n\tif (dev->param.inband_tags) {\n\t\tif (tags) {\n\t\t\tstruct yaffs_packed_tags2_tags_only *pt2tp;\n\t\t\tpt2tp = (struct yaffs_packed_tags2_tags_only *)\n\t\t\t\t\t&data[dev->data_bytes_per_chunk];\n\t\t\tyaffs_unpack_tags2_tags_only(tags, pt2tp);\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tif (tags)\n\t\t\tyaffs_unpack_tags2(tags, &pt, !",
"dev->param.no_tags_ecc);\n\t}\n\n\tif (tags && tags->chunk_used) {\n\t\tif (eccStatus < 0 ||\n\t\t tags->ecc_result == YAFFS_ECC_RESULT_UNFIXED)\n\t\t\ttags->ecc_result = YAFFS_ECC_RESULT_UNFIXED;\n\t\telse if (eccStatus > 0 ||\n\t\t\t tags->ecc_result == YAFFS_ECC_RESULT_FIXED)\n\t\t\ttags->ecc_result = YAFFS_ECC_RESULT_FIXED;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\ttags->ecc_result = YAFFS_ECC_RESULT_NO_ERROR;\n\t}\n\n\tif (localData)\n\t\tyaffs_release_temp_buffer(dev, data);\n\n\treturn retval;\n}\n\nint ynandif_MarkNANDBlockBad(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int blockId)\n{\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\treturn geometry->markBlockBad(dev, blockId);\n}\n\nint ynandif_EraseBlockInNAND(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int blockId)\n{\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\treturn geometry->eraseBlock(dev, blockId);\n\n}\n\n\nstatic int ynandif_IsBlockOk(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int blockId)\n{\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\treturn geometry->checkBlockOk(dev, blockId);\n}\n\nint ynandif_QueryNANDBlock(struct yaffs_dev *dev, int blockId,\n\t\tenum yaffs_block_state *state, u32 *seq_number)\n{\n\tunsigned chunkNo;\n\tstruct yaffs_ext_tags tags;\n\n\t*seq_number = 0;\n\n\tchunkNo = blockId * dev->param.chunks_per_block;\n\n\tif (!",
"ynandif_IsBlockOk(dev, blockId)) {\n\t\t*state = YAFFS_BLOCK_STATE_DEAD;\n\t} else {\n\t\tynandif_ReadChunkWithTagsFromNAND(dev, chunkNo, NULL, &tags);\n\n\t\tif (!",
"tags.chunk_used) {\n\t\t\t*state = YAFFS_BLOCK_STATE_EMPTY;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t*state = YAFFS_BLOCK_STATE_NEEDS_SCAN;\n\t\t\t*seq_number = tags.seq_number;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn YAFFS_OK;\n}\n\n\nint ynandif_InitialiseNAND(struct yaffs_dev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\tgeometry->initialise(dev);\n\n\treturn YAFFS_OK;\n}\n\nint ynandif_Deinitialise_flash_fn(struct yaffs_dev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ynandif_Geometry *geometry = (struct ynandif_Geometry *)(dev->driver_context);\n\n\tgeometry->deinitialise(dev);\n\n\treturn YAFFS_OK;\n}\n\n\nstruct yaffs_dev *\n\tyaffs_add_dev_from_geometry(const YCHAR *name,\n\t\t\t\t\tconst struct ynandif_Geometry *geometry)\n{\n\tYCHAR *clonedName = malloc(sizeof(YCHAR) *\n\t\t\t\t(strnlen(name, YAFFS_MAX_NAME_LENGTH)+1));\n\tstruct yaffs_dev *dev = malloc(sizeof(struct yaffs_dev));\n\tstruct yaffs_param *param;\n\n\tif (dev && clonedName) {\n\t\tmemset(dev, 0, sizeof(struct yaffs_dev));\n\t\tstrcpy(clonedName, name);\n\n\t\tparam = &dev->param;\n\n\t\tparam->name = clonedName;\n\t\tparam->write_chunk_tags_fn = ynandif_WriteChunkWithTagsToNAND;\n\t\tparam->read_chunk_tags_fn = ynandif_ReadChunkWithTagsFromNAND;\n\t\tparam->erase_fn = ynandif_EraseBlockInNAND;\n\t\tparam->initialise_flash_fn = ynandif_InitialiseNAND;\n\t\tparam->query_block_fn = ynandif_QueryNANDBlock;\n\t\tparam->bad_block_fn = ynandif_MarkNANDBlockBad;\n\t\tparam->n_caches = 20;\n\t\tparam->start_block = geometry->start_block;\n\t\tparam->end_block = geometry->end_block;\n\t\tparam->total_bytes_per_chunk = geometry->dataSize;\n\t\tparam->spare_bytes_per_chunk = geometry->spareSize;\n\t\tparam->inband_tags\t\t = geometry->inband_tags;\n\t\tparam->chunks_per_block\t = geometry->pagesPerBlock;\n\t\tparam->use_nand_ecc\t\t = geometry->hasECC;\n\t\tparam->is_yaffs2\t\t = geometry->useYaffs2;\n\t\tparam->n_reserved_blocks\t = 5;\n\t\tdev->driver_context\t\t = (void *)geometry;\n\n\t\tyaffs_add_device(dev);\n\n\t\treturn dev;\n\t}\n\n\tfree(dev);\n\tfree(clonedName);\n\n\treturn NULL;\n}\n"
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"Q:\n\nCreate a menu like on youtube in android studio\n\nI want to make a menu like on youtube account fragment in my app. ",
"When I search about menus I just get answers \"How to make a ActionBar Menu\". ",
"Do you know what kind of element this is and how I can create this kind of menu?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe stuff you've highlighted is probably either a ListView or RecyclerView that has a good material design.",
"\nHere is the Google documentation on RecyclerView's:\nhttps://developer.android.com/training/material/lists-cards.html\nAnd here is an example tutorial I have previously followed:\nhttp://www.androidwarriors.com/2015/11/android-recyclerview-example.html?m=1\n\n"
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"A number is 20 less than its square. ",
"Find all answers.",
"\n\nThe first step to solving this little algebra word problem is to create an equation out of it. ",
"Look for some words that indicate what type of actions you need to perform to solve this algebra problem.",
"\n\nThe word is indicates the equals sign, and less than indicates subtraction. ",
"So the problem can be rewritten like this:\n\na number = its square – 20\n\nIf you choose the variable x to represent a number, then you end up with this equation:\n\nx = x2 – 20\n\nSo you have a regular number, a variable, and that same variable squared. ",
"Hopefully, these numbers ring a bell. ",
"With just a little rearranging, you have a quadratic equation!",
"\n\nx2 – 20 = x\n\nNow, just subtract x from both sides, and you're left with this:\n\nx2 – x – 20 = 0\n\nThere are numerous ways to solve for a quadratic equation. ",
"The simplest way is probably solving by factoring. ",
"Begin the equation by creating two elements in parentheses and making x the first number in each element:\n\n(x )(x ) = 0\n\nBecause the last operation in the quadratic equation is subtraction, you know that one of the elements must be addition, and the other must be subtraction, so that when you multiply the two last numbers, you get a negative number.",
"\n\n(x – )(x + ) = 0\n\nFinally, you need to find two numbers whose product is –20 and whose sum is –1 (because –x is really –1x). ",
"The numbers 4 and 5 seem to fit the bill:\n\n(x – 5)(x + 4) = 0\n\nThis is a good point to stop and quickly check your work. ",
"Use the FOIL method (First, Outer, Inner, Last) to multiply the two elements together and see if you get back to where you started. ",
"It looks like this:\n\nFirst:x x x = x2\n\nOuter:x x 4 = 4x\n\nInner: –5 x x = –5x\n\nLast: –5 x 4 = –20\n\nAdd all those together and you get x2 + 4x – 5x – 20, or x2 –(1)x – 20 = 0, right back where you started!",
"\n\nBack to work! ",
"In order for (x – 5)(x + 4) to equal 0, one of the elements — either (x – 5) or (x + 4) — must equal zero. ",
"Set each of these equal to 0 and you'll have your answer:"
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"Mexico says will focus on arms smuggling at U.S. meeting on migrant flows\n\nreuters.com 10 Sep 2019 at 14:46\n\nWorld\n\nMEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Mexico said it would press the United States to halt arms smuggling across its border with Mexico at a pivotal meeting in Washington on Tuesday called to review progress in efforts to curb a recent surge in Central American migrant flows.",
"\n\nMembers of the Mexican National Guard patrol the border with the United States, as seen from Anapra neighborhood, on the outskirts of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, July 24, 2019. ",
"REUTERS/Jose Luis Gonzalez\n\nFollowing threats by U.S. President Donald Trump to impose tariffs on all its goods, Mexico on June 7 pledged to take a series of steps to contain migrants, and the two governments agreed to review that effort after 90 days.",
"\n\nForeign Minister Marcelo Ebrard was leading the delegation meeting U.S. officials in Washington on Tuesday. ",
"He said on Twitter that while the Trump administration would focus on migration in the talks, curbing illicit arms flows south would be Mexico’s priority.",
"\n\nSuccessive Mexican governments have argued that illicit arms sales and gun-running from the United States into Mexico have fueled turf wars between drug gangs and clashes with security forces, exacerbating social problems and adding to migratory pressures.",
"\n\nMore than 200,000 people have been killed in gang-fueled violence, and over 40,000 have disappeared since former President Felipe Calderon sent in the armed forces to tackle Mexico’s powerful drug cartels at the end of 2006.",
"\n\nPresident Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, a leftist who took office in December, has vowed to end the lawlessness, but 2019 is on track to be the country’s most violent year on record.",
"\n\nMexico deployed thousands of security forces to its borders in response to Trump’s tariff threat, and has taken in more migrants while their asylum claims are processed in U.S. courts.",
"\n\nThis month, Trump and U.S. officials have praised Mexico and Central American countries for helping cut U.S. border arrests by nearly 60% from earlier this year. ",
"But the issue remains fraught in the run-up to the 2020 U.S. presidential election.",
"\n\nTrump campaigned for office in 2015-16 pledging to halt the flow of illegal immigrants and drugs from Mexico. ",
"The Mexican government has persistently argued that disputes over U.S.-Mexico border security are a shared responsibility.",
"\n\nLopez Obrador has been at pains to avoid antagonizing Trump over trade and migration, mindful of the fact that Mexico sends around 80% of its exports to the United States.",
"\n\nStill, his government has sought to draw some of the focus in bilateral relations away from migration by putting pressure on Washington to do more to tackle racially-motivated violence like the mass shooting in El Paso early in August.",
"\n\nEight Mexican citizens were killed in the attack in the U.S. border city, and Ebrard last month urged the United States to declare the attack an act of terrorism against Mexicans.",
"\n\nWASHINGTON Reuters Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard said after a White House meeting on Tuesday that there has been a “significant decrease” in U.S. bound immigration through Mexico, especially from Central...\n\nThe selection and placement of stories on this page were determined automatically by a computer program.",
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"All Final Fantasy Titles on Switch, Ranked\n\nHere at Steelseries, we are obsessed with the audio experience in games, and few games have such a memorable, emotional and memorable musical experience than the Final Fantasy series of JRPGs.",
"\n\nNow that the Nintendo Switch is quickly becoming the go-to Final Fantasy handheld machine for you, let’s give a ranking to EVERY Final Fantasy game available on the Nintendo Switch! ",
"From worst to best:\n\n8. ",
"Final Fantasy XV: Pocket Edition\n\nThere exists an extremely abridged alternate version of FFXV that came out last year on mobile devices. ",
"If you so choose, you can now experience it on your Switch in all its questionable glory.",
"\n\nI say if you want to experience a flawed (but ultimately good) story, stick with the complete version for consoles or PC and at least see the incredible art and character models as it was intended.",
"\n\n7. ",
"Chocobo’s Mystery Dungeon Every Buddy!",
"\n\nPart of the Chocobo Mystery Dungeon series, a spinoff franchise within Chunsoft’s Fugishi no Dungeon style games, Every Buddy! ",
"is a remaster of Final Fantasy Fables: Chocobo’s Dungeon for the Nintendo Wii, a lightweight dungeon crawling RPG.",
"\n\nThe most niche title on this list, it’s worth checking out only if you ever played the other Mystery Dungeon titles (such as Pokémon Mystery Dungeon for DS) or have an intimate nostalgia for chibi chocobos.",
"\n\n6. ",
"Final Fantasy Adventure (from Collection of Mana)\n\nReleased in Japan as Seiken Densetsu: Final Fantasy Gaiden, FFA is a spinoff Zelda-like action adventure game originally released on the original Game Boy with a loosely inspired Final Fantasy skin that simultaneously became the precursor to Seiken Densetsu 2 and was released in the West as Secret of Mana.",
"\n\nIt’s an interesting game to experience for historical purposes, both for its connections to Final Fantasy as well as the root for the Mana series. ",
"Is it incredible? ",
"No, but its not bad, and if you enjoy old Zelda, you’ll have a fun time. ",
"Plus I’m a sucker for original Gameboy graphics.",
"\n\n5. ",
"World of Final Fantasy: Maxima\n\nAnother spin off title on this list, Maxima is a turn-based RPG squarely centered at dedicated fans of the franchise featuring a new, strange multiverse original story and chibi-fied versions of characters, enemies, and summons from all the mainline games.",
"\n\nI mean, how can you not love Chibi Terra and Vivi, not to mention a cute pet Ifrit or Ramuh? ",
"Ultimately, it is worth experiencing only if you have prior nostalgic feelings for multiple titles in the series, such as VI, VII, or IX.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Final Fantasy VII\n\nThe most iconic and widespread Final Fantasy in the West, FFVII is a fantastic game and worth playing in 2019, even if it is does take the (unfair) spotlight over other games in the series.",
"\n\nNobuo Uematsu’s score is hauntingly beautiful, and the transition to taking full advantage of the PSX sound chip shows. ",
"Tetsuya Nomura was lead character designer, and took the industrial leaning look of FFVI to the extreme, incorporating the now-famous spiky hair along with a world firmly rooted in a semi 20th century skin, motorcycle chases, machine guns and all.",
"\n\nThe Nintendo switch version has some notable improvements: added speed toggles for easier grinding and built in optional chests, but also feature annoying text smoothing common with emulating pixelated text. ",
"Textures also don’t age well in HD - it is the ugliest PSX Final Fantasy despite its great story. ",
"The introduction of Final Fantasy into a 3D plane did bring gorgeous CG backgrounds (although they would be improved upon in VIII and IX). ",
"The story also came to define the direction of the series with a finer focus on singular character arcs, wrought with teenage angst and personal introspection instead of grand fantasy.",
"\n\nSephiroth is still as good a villain as ever, and if you haven’t caught up with the zeitgeist that is this game, it’s never too late.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Final Fantasy X/X2\n\nFFX is the game that thoroughly cemented the modern tropes of Final Fantasy and JRPGS of the PS2 era.",
"\n\nThe game is an ethereal, absurdly beautiful tropical dreamscape concocted from the mind wild mind of Nomura, replete with outfits bearing more skin than makes practical sense (for both genders), hair physics that defy gravity, and zippers haphazardly strewn across outfits like a Picasso painting. ",
"It’s divisively beautiful in its dedication to its tropical style, and paired with meticulously fully rendered 3D backgrounds for the first time in the series, blends together to create a wonderful experience that is noticeably influenced by Japanese heritage as a seafaring island nation.",
"\n\nFFX also scraps the active time battle system for a swap in/swap out system and explicit turn order, and also marks the first time the series featured voice acting (which is notoriously rough in its English performance and pacing due to game engine limitations). ",
"The story crafts a wonderfully realized world - Spira is a fascinating land governed by theocratic rule, and the plot weaves together deep questions about religion, morality, dogma, ethics, and power structures in society.",
"\n\nX2 continues the story of X with an altered cast of characters featuring a revamped, more action-based combat system and multiple endings. ",
"The HD remaster is the definitive way to experience this important JRPG.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Final Fantasy IX\n\nFirst, a warning: the Nintendo Switch version of Final Fantasy 9 is sub-optimal. ",
"The best is still the authentic experience of FFIX on the PSX, playing on a CRT TV with scan line blurring that truly lets the wonderfully detailed character renders and backgrounds shine as artistically intended.",
"\n\nThe Nintendo Switch HD version is the same as PS4, PC, and mobile, which includes a few (perhaps unforgivable) pitfalls: backgrounds are low-resolution and jarring, and the new UI and font is truly atrocious and near-unforgivable. ",
"If I haven’t lost you yet, and you are able to overlook this, FFIX is still one of the highest points of the series, and some argue the highest peak of the series, which has been on a steady decline ever since.",
"\n\nHistorical context is important in this regard, as FFIX came as a deliberate pushback against the way Final Fantasy (and JRPGs in general) were headed. ",
"Crafted as a passion project of nostalgic love for the now gone days of medieval high fantasy in JRPGs, FFIX was crafted simultaneously with FF8, with one team marking the future of the series (and genre), and the other creating a farewell to their youth both as a company, as a series, and as fans of the genre.",
"\n\nThe passion shows - Uematsu’s soundtrack is sublime, hauntingly beautiful, channeling sounds of midi pan flutes and harpsichord. ",
"Shockingly prescient in its themes, FFIX marks the definitive end of the fairy tale nature of the series. ",
"The plot is almost self aware in the grand story of the characters fighting to save a world slowly dying, culture and history being erased, and conflict escalates to emotionally intense conclusions for this idyllic fairy tale.",
"\n\nThe characters are delicately wonderful, empathetic, and lovingly crafted with bittersweet romance, lighthearted humor, and Shakespearean tragedy. ",
"A relic of a time long since past in gaming, Final Fantasy IX is absolutely worth experiencing in its glory on Nintendo Switch.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Final Fantasy XII: The Zodiac Age (FFXII: TZA)\n\nDepending on who you are, Final Fantasy XII is either complete garbage and a stain on the series or it is a blissfully perfect experience, a rare game where systems, story, characters, plot, and music blend together to create something incredible.",
"\n\nInitial shock sets in when you realize FFXII completely ditches the concept of turn-based battles, opting for a completely real time combat system where the game seemingly ‘plays itself’ while you sit back. ",
"This is an illusion, however - when you learn the nuances of the systems at play, you realize it is just an extension of Active Time Battle and as a player, instead of menu selection nonsense, your job becomes a meta-strategic responsibility in crafting the systems by which your party interacts with the world with programming-like commands and an intensely detailed class Job system.",
"\n\nUnlike some other entries on this list, this is the definite way to experience FFXII.FFXII: TZA is a rather heavy remake of FFXII, originally only released in Japan and only now seeing the light of day in the West. ",
"Objectively better than the base game in every regard, TZA is more than a mere re-release - it completely guts the core of the systems that were in place on the PS2 version, and bringing back the class systems at play with early NES/SNES titles, presenting the player with an insane level of customization and character building depth.",
"\n\nI literally spent over 15 hours theorycrafting builds before ever touching TZA, making characters who were originally simple healers into game-breaking, time-bending heavily armored knights or black magic wielding, nimble ninjas. ",
"TZA is a game for the min/maxer, a player who dives into the stats of an RPG and who gets satisfaction out of time investment.",
"\n\nThe story is a Game-of-Thrones-like political tale of warring nations and the innocent people caught in between international conflict, suffering from the displacement and loss caused by war, and eventually reaching points that question the true nature of God, creation, and the free will of humanity. ",
"It is arguable that there is not even a tangible ‘bad guy’ present - characters from all sides are explored in realistic depth and given believable motivations.",
"\n\nIt is an ensemble cast with no single main character, and although Vaan is marketed as the ‘main’ character, Basch, Ashe, and Balthier all are arguably the center of which the entire story revolves, and share significant more screen time. ",
"Don’t forget the wonderful score, too, which is re-recorded with a full studio orchestra.",
"\n\nEveryone: play this game. ",
"Now.",
"\n\nLast, honorable mentions:\n\nFinal Fantasy VIII\n\nWhen I was a kid, I played Final Fantasy VIII on a demo disc that came with a Pizza Hut large Pepperoni Pizza combo and it was the first time I experienced turn based combat in a game. ",
"It was wonderful.",
"\n\nFor years, I thought I had actually played FFVII and Squall was actually this Cloud guy people kept talking about. ",
"Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater and Crash Bandicoot were also on that disc. ",
"I miss demo discs. ",
"Keep an eye out, this is (FINALLY) a proper remaster of VIII, with full character retextures.",
"\n\nFinal Fantasy Crystal Chronicles\n\nRemember when your older sibling and their friends bullied you into carrying the crystal while they got to experience one of the most fun co-op action RPG’s of the GameCube era? ",
"You’re in luck: get ready to feel shamed into carrying the crystal again this fall of 2019!",
"\n\n...and that’s it for now! ",
"Hopefully in the future, we’ll be able to get proper ports of the NES/SNES FF games, an era often forgot about now for anyone under the age of 30. ",
"Until then, check out some of these great landmarks of JRPG history! ",
"For more, check out this list of overlooked JRPG titles for Nintendo Switch.",
"\n\nAbout John Davidson\n\nJohn is a Backend Software Engineer at SteelSeries, obsessed with Python and making great Web services that supports the best gaming peripherial company out there. ",
"He's an avid gamer of all genres, but especially loves MMOs and RPGS of all shapes and sizes. ",
"When he isn't programming or gaming he's trying to train his newborn kid's APM to get him into an Esports league combine by the age of 4. ",
"We'll see if his wife agrees with this plan."
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"A magic square has been defined in the literature as an array of numerals arranged in the form of a square so that the sums of the numerals in each row, each column and the two main diagonals are equal in value known as the square's constant. ",
"The number of rows and columns must be greater than two. ",
"The literature suggests that this number is commonly three or four although up to nine rows and columns are discussed in books such as New Recreations With Magic Squares by Benson and Jacoby, 1976, Dover Publications, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. ",
"74-28909 and Magic Square by Fults, 1974, The Open Court Publishing Company with reference No. ",
"73-23041.",
"\nIn many magic squares, the numerals are consecutive numbers each used once. ",
"When the consecutive numbers start with the integer 1, the square is called a pure, or traditional, magic square. ",
"The digits in a pure magic square of the third-order can be arranged in eight ways by rotations and reflections. ",
"But a magic square which does not start with the integer 1 allows for a larger number of different arrangements, and when non-consecutive numbers are allowed, a massive number of possible arrangements exist. ",
"The literature suggests that for fourth-order magic squares exactly 880 magic square arrangements exist and that over 549,000 different orders have been found for a fifth-order magic square, although several million are believed possible."
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"Introduction\n============\n\nL-Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that functions in a number of physiological processes vital to normal neonatal growth and development \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"With transition to extrauterine life the carbohydrate rich, low-fat umbilical blood supply is replaced by the high fat, low glucose diet of the breast milk. ",
"This switch in nutrition source requires rapid physiological adaptations in the newborn to enhance gluconeogenic processes and fatty acid oxidation pathways to meet the energy demands of developing neonate. ",
"L-Carnitine plays an important role in the enhancement of fatty acid utilization during this adaptive period and throughout postnatal development \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"By regulating the movement of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria and making them available for β-oxidation, L-carnitine has an obligatory function in cellular energy production. ",
"Furthermore, L-carnitine has a role in the removal of toxic fatty acyl-CoA metabolites from the mitochondria to maintain an appropriate balance between free carnitine and its acylated forms \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"This vital role in cellular metabolism identifies L-carnitine as essential to the maintenance of normal mitochondrial function and in the prevention of disease \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"Any disruption in the L-carnitine homeostatic processes during postnatal maturation might adversely impact the developing and growing neonate \\[[@B3]\\].",
"\n\nL-Carnitine homeostasis represents a balance between 1) *de novo* biosynthesis, 2) intestinal absorption from dietary sources, 3) uptake and release by the tissues, and 4) renal reabsorption \\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"In early postnatal life, L-carnitine biosynthesis is limited as a result of immature γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity (Bbh) (approximately 10-12 % adult levels), the enzyme that mediates the last step in L-carnitine biosynthesis \\[[@B5]-[@B7]\\], but not trimethyllysine hydroxylase (Tmlh) activity, the first enzyme in L-carnitine biosynthesis \\[[@B6]\\]. ",
"The activity of Bbh increases with age and reaches adult values later in postnatal development \\[[@B6],[@B8]\\]. ",
"Delayed Bbh maturation suggests a reliance on dietary L-carnitine sources particularly during the immediate postnatal period.",
"\n\nDietary L-carnitine is absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa by active transport systems at the luminal enterocytic membrane \\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"Membrane transporters, in particular the organic cation/carnitine transporters (Octn1, Octn2, and Octn3), also mediate the tissue distribution and renal reabsorption of L-carnitine and thus play a critical role in L-carnitine homeostasis \\[[@B9]-[@B11]\\]. ",
"Of these Octn transporters, Octn2 is the major high affinity sodium-dependent L-carnitine transporter \\[[@B12],[@B13]\\] that plays a major role in regulating plasma and tissue pools of L-carnitine. ",
"Octn transporters might undergo changes in expression with postnatal maturation, but limited data are available on their ontogeny in different tissues \\[[@B12],[@B14],[@B15]\\].",
"\n\nAs major components of the L-carnitine shuttle system, L-carnitine acyltransferase enzyme (Cpt) systems play important roles in fatty acid metabolism and energy production and maintaining an appropriate balance between free and acylated fatty acids \\[[@B16]\\]. ",
"Cpt1 on the mitochondrial outer membrane catalyses the first step of mitochondrial import of long chain fatty acids by converting them from fatty acyl-CoA to acylcarnitines \\[[@B17]\\]. ",
"On the inner mitochondrial membrane Cpt2 reconverts the acylcarnitines to the respective CoA esters releasing free L-carnitine and making fatty acids available for β-oxidation \\[[@B18]\\]. ",
"Limited information is also available on the ontogeny of Cpt enzymes.",
"\n\nGiven our limited understanding of the ontogenesis of L-carnitine homeostasis pathways, we conducted a systematic evaluation of the developmental changes in tissue L-carnitine levels, tissue Octn mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry, liver Bbh expression and activity, heart Cpt1b and Cpt2 expression and activity, and heart high energy phosphate compounds at different postnatal ages with consideration of the known maturation of L-carnitine biosynthesis for the rat \\[[@B19]\\]. ",
"At each postnatal age, these evaluations were conducted in tissues sampled from the same animal to avoid the expected interindividual variability and replicated such that the sample size was four animals per postnatal age group. ",
"Such a systematic evaluation is important for investigations into environmental and pathophysiological factors that might impact the normal maturation of these processes and the long-term impact on health and risk for chronic disease, which is a principal objective of our laboratory.",
"\n\nMaterial and Methods\n====================\n\nAnimals and Chemicals\n---------------------\n\nFemale Sprague--Dawley rats ordered at different gestation stages were obtained from Charles River Canada (St. Constant, PQ) and were housed singly in a temperature and humidity controlled facility (22 °C ± 2 °C) on a 12-hour light:dark cycle (0700 h -- 1900 h). ",
"All rats were allowed a 7-day acclimatization period and had free access to food (Prolab® RMH 3000, Purina, Inc., Richmond, IN) and water throughout the study. ",
"The dams were closely monitored near parturition to identify the exact time of birth. ",
"At birth, the litter size was equalized to 10 pups per dam. ",
"The dam was considered the experimental unit (n = 6) and blood and tissues were pooled from 5 pups from each dam to carry out the various analyses. ",
"Rat pups at postnatal day (PD) 4, 8, 11 and 20 were anaesthetized with isoflurane, and blood (200 -- 500 μL depending on age) was collected by intracardiac puncture. ",
"The rats were immediately sacrificed and heart, intestine, kidney, and liver were rapidly excised and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen with storage at −80 °C until analysis. ",
"All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council of Animal Care guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Board of the University of Saskatchewan.",
"\n\nRNeasy Midi kits were obtained from Qiagen Inc. (Mississauga, ON). ",
"The QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR kit was from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). ",
"The Advanced Protein Assay kit was obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). ",
"L-Carnitine and other chemicals not otherwise specified were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and were the highest purity grade available.",
"\n\nL-Carnitine Analysis in Serum and Heart\n---------------------------------------\n\nSerum and heart L-carnitine was quantified by HPLC-UV with pre-column derivatization according to Feng et al. ",
"\\[[@B20]\\]. ",
"Briefly, the pooled heart samples were homogenized with phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4) in a ratio of 50 mg tissue:250 μL buffer. ",
"The homogenate was centrifuged at 2500 × *g* for 10 min at 4 °C. ",
"The supernatant or serum (20 μL) sample was precipitated using acetonitrile and methanol (9:1 v/v). ",
"A 300 mg mixture of Na~2~HPO4 and Ag~2~O (9:1 wt/wt) and 300 mg of KH~2~PO4 were added followed by a 1 h vortex mixing. ",
"Derivatization reagent (40 mg/mL ρ-bromophenacyl bromide with 50 μL 40 % tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution) was added into the organic extract. ",
"The reaction mixture was incubated at 60 °C for 2 h followed by centrifugation at 12,000 × *g* for 15 min. ",
"L-Carnitine was analyzed using a Hewlett Packard 1050 HPLC system with Diode Array Detector, Quaternary Pump and Autosampler. ",
"Samples (10 μL) were injected onto a CN (cyano) column (HyperClone 5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) with detection wavelength set at 260 nm. ",
"The mobile phase (90 % acetonitrile/10 mM citric-phosphate buffer, pH 3) was delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. ",
"The standard curve range was linear (r^2^ \\>0.99) between 2.5-40 μmol/L. Intra- and interassay accuracy and precision ranged from 6 %-14 %.",
"\n\nHeart Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (Cpt) Enzyme Activities\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHeart Cpt enzyme activities were measured using the spectrophotometric method described by Bieber et al. ",
"\\[[@B21]\\]. ",
"Briefly, frozen heart tissue was homogenized in 10 % (wt/v) homogenization buffer (20 mM HEPES, 140 mM KCl, 10 mM EDTA and 5 mM MgCl~2~, pH 7.4) supplemented with 3 mg nagarse using Polytron homogenizer (Brinkmann Instruments, Rexdale, Canada). ",
"The homogenate was then centrifuged at 500×*g* for 10 min at 4 °C. ",
"The supernatant was collected in new tubes and centrifuged at 9000×*g* for 35 min at 4 °C. ",
"The pellet was then washed with the homogenization buffer without nagarse and centrifuged at 9000×*g* for 35 min at 4 °C. ",
"The washed pellet was resuspended in 200 μL homogenization buffer without nagarse. ",
"Protein concentrations were measured using the Advanced Protein Assay kit with bovine serum albumin as standard. ",
"The optimal protein concentration and reaction time to give linear product formation were initially determined. ",
"To determine total Cpt activity 20 μg protein was assayed in 200 μL mL reaction buffer containing 20 mM HEPES, 1 mM EGTA, 220 mM sucrose, 40 mM KCl, 0.1 mM 5,5'-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1.3 mg/mL BSA, and 40 μM palmitoyl-CoA, pH 7.4. ",
"The reactions were initiated by adding 1 mM L-carnitine and read at 412 nm after 5 min incubation at 37 °C using Synergy HT Multi-Mode Microplate Reader (Biotek instrument, USA). ",
"Cpt2 activity was determined using the same reaction conditions as total Cpt except 10 μL (0.2 mM) Cpt1 inhibitor, malonyl-CoA, was added into 200 μL of the reaction mixtures to obtain a final concentration of 10 μM. Cpt1 activity was calculated by subtracting the Cpt2 activity from the total Cpt activity. ",
"The Cpt activity was calculated as amount of CoASH released per min per mg protein, which is based on the 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate formation from CoASH-DNTB reaction. ",
"The extinction coefficient for 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate was 13.6 mM/cm and was used to calculate enzyme activity \\[[@B22]\\].",
"\n\nLiver γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase (Bbh) Enzyme Activity\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe liver tissue was homogenized in homogenization buffer consisting of 300 mM sucrose, 1 mM EGTA, and 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5 using 1:4 mass to volume ratio. ",
"The homogenate was then centrifuged at 13,000×*g* for 30 min at 4 °C. ",
"The supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 1 h at 4 °C. ",
"300 μL of the supernatant representing the cytosolic fraction containing Bbh was then transferred into a dialysis tubing cellulose membrane (molecular weight cutoff of 12,000 Da, D9777, Sigma, USA), and submerged in 5 L dialysis buffer (75 mM KCl, 0.1 mM DTT and 0.5 mM EDTA in sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) overnight at 4 °C. ",
"The dialyzed sample (20 μL) was tested for L-carnitine residue and the remaining dialysate was stored at −80 °C for Bbh testing. ",
"The optimal protein concentration, substrate concentration and reaction time to give linear product formation was determined for each age group. ",
"For determination of Bbh activity in rat pup liver, 1 mL reaction buffer consisting of 0.2 mM γ-butyrobetaine, 20 mM potassium chloride, 3 mM 2-oxoglutarate, 10 mM sodium ascorbate, 0.4 mg/mL catalase in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was prepared. ",
"The reaction was initiated by adding 2 μL ferrous ammonium sulfate \\[[@B23]\\] (final concentration: 0.25 mM) and 20 μL dialyzed enzyme into 78 μL reaction buffer and incubated for 25 min at 37 °C using a Boekel/Grant Orbital and Reciprocating Water Bath (Model ORS200, Expotech, USA). ",
"The reaction was then terminated by adding 10 times the volume of acetonitrile:methanol (9:1). ",
"The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000×*g* for 2 min and the supernatant was used for L-carnitine analysis by HPLC.",
"\n\nTotal mRNA Isolation and Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal mRNA was extracted from different tissues using Qiagen RNeasy Midi Kits according to manufacturer instructions. ",
"RNA purity and quantity were determined spectrophotometrically by measurement at 260 nm and the OD~260~/OD~280~ ratio, respectively, with a Synergy HT Multi-Mode Microplate Reader (Biotek instrument, USA). ",
"Total RNA was stored at −80 °C until analysis. ",
"Gene sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GeneBank and specific primers were designed using Primer3 software (Whitehead Institute for Medical Research. ",
"Primer 3: <http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/>) (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis was carried out using a QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR kit and an Applied Biosystems 7300 Real-Time PCR system. ",
"The QRT-PCR protocol was carried out according to manufacturer's instructions. ",
"The protocol consisted of reverse transcription (1 cycle at 48 °C, 30 minutes), PCR initial activation step (1 cycle at 95 °C, 15 minutes), three-step thermal-cycling (40 cycles; denaturing at 94 °C, 15 seconds, annealing at 60 °C, 30 seconds, and primer extension at 60 °C for 30 seconds), and a melt curve analysis from 65 °C-95 °C at 0.5 °C/second.",
"\n\n###### \n\nPrimer sequences for quantitative RT-PCR of rat enzymes and transporters involved in L-carnitine homeostasis\n\n **Gene** **Accession Number** **Primers** \n ---------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------\n β-actin NM_031144 agcgtggctacagcttcacc tgccacaggattccataccc\n Octn1 NM_022270 catggctgtgcagactgg gcaccatgtagccgatgg\n Octn2 NM_019269 ggcgcaaccacagtatcc ggggctttccagtcatcc\n Octn3 NM_019723 gacaccgtgaacctgagc ccatccaggcagttctcc\n Cpt1b NM_013200 cagccatgccaccaagatc aagggccgcacagaatcc\n Cpt2 NM_012930 gctccgaggcgtttctca tggccgttgccagatagc\n Bbh NM_022629 acgatggggcagagtcc ctggcctcctgagaaaagc\n Tmlh NM_133387 aatgtccctcccactcagg tcggtatggcgatctaggg\n\nOctn, organic cation/carnitine transporter; Cpt, carnitine palmitoyltransferase; Bbh, γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase; Tmlh, trimethyllysine hydroxylase.",
"\n\nValidation of Primers\n---------------------\n\nQuantitative RT-PCR assays were initially optimized to give PCR efficiency between 1.9-2.1 (as determined by a 3-point standard curving using serial dilutions of control RNA with a slope range of −2.9 to −3.5) and a single melt-peak corresponding to the appropriate PCR product as verified by 2 % agarose gel electrophoresis. ",
"In addition, the amplification efficiency of each target and β-actin was determined by constructing a standard curve from the crossing point (C~T~) value and RNA concentration. ",
"The target genes and β-actin were then amplified using the same diluted samples. ",
"The ΔC~T~ values were calculated (i.e. the difference between the target gene C~T~ and β-actin C~T~). ",
"The slope from log RNA concentration versus ΔC~T~ was close to zero (\\<0.1). ",
"Only primers giving PCR amplification close to 100 % and relative efficiencies between the target and β-actin that were approximately equal were used in our experiment.",
"\n\nHeart High Energy Phosphate Substrate Determination\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe heart high energy phosphate substrate levels including creatine (Cr), creatine phosphate (CrP), ATP, ADP and AMP were measured with HPLC-UV method as described by Olkowski et al. ",
"\\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"The heart samples were homogenized in 0.7 M ice-cold perchloric acid (MW 100.46 D) with a final concentration 100 mg/mL. The homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. ",
"The supernatant was collected and neutralized with 2 M potassium hydroxide to bring pH near to 7.0. ",
"The supernatant was then filtered through a 0.45 μm filter (Nonsterile Syringe Filter Nylon, Chromatographic Specialties Inc. Brockville, Ontario, Canada) and 10 μL was injected onto a 3 μm Luna C18 (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) column using gradient flow conditions. ",
"Two mobile phase components used included 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 100 % methanol. ",
"The gradient was 100 % phosphate buffer from 0--6.5 min, 100 % methanol from 6.5--12.5 min, and 100 % phosphate buffer from 12.5 to 25 min for column re-equilibration, which was sufficient to achieve stable baseline conditions. ",
"The high-energy phosphate substrates including CrP, Cr, ATP, ADP and AMP were monitored at 210 nm. ",
"The standard curve range was from 6.25-100 μg/mL and the limit of detection was 0.078 μg/mL for ATP and 0.312 μg/mL for ADP and AMP. ",
"Intra- and interassay accuracy and precision ranged from 4.2 % to 14.5 %.",
"\n\n### Immunohistochemistry\n\nIntestine and kidney from neonatal rat pups were rapidly harvested and fixed by immersion in 4 % paraformaldehyde. ",
"Paraffin imbedded sections (5 μm) were prepared by standard procedures and sections were incubated with Octn antibodies (1:100) (Alpha Diagnostic International) for 1 h followed by (H + L)-peroxidase-conjugated affinity-pure goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:500) for 30 min. ",
"Immunoreactions were visualized by using VIP Substrate kit for peroxidase (Vector Laboratories) according to manufacturer instructions. ",
"Non-specific binding was tested by using premixed control peptide with the respective Octn antibodies. ",
"For negative controls, only secondary antibody was applied to the slides.",
"\n\nStatistical Analysis\n--------------------\n\nAll data are reported as mean ± SEM. ",
"One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used for the comparisons between ages. ",
"A *P* \\< 0.05 was chosen as the level of statistical significance. ",
"Pearson\\'s correlation coefficients were computed to quantify the association between heart L-carnitine concentration and heart Octn2 mRNA expression levels as well as serum L-carnitine concentration and kidney Octn2 mRNA expression.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nTo examine the ontogenesis of critical components of the L-carnitine homeostasis pathway we conducted an mRNA expression and activity analysis of various components of the homeostasis pathway in different tissues of rat pups of different postnatal ages. ",
"Serum free L-carnitine concentrations (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) increased significantly between postnatal day (PD) 4 and PD11 (PD11 L-carnitine concentrations were approximately 20 % higher than PD4) and stayed reasonably stable after PD11. ",
"Heart free L-carnitine concentrations (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were relatively similar at PD4, PD8 and PD11, but a significant increase was observed between PD11 and PD20 (heart L-carnitine concentrations were approximately 50 % greater at PD20 relative to PD4).",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nmRNA expression of key L-carnitine transporters, the Octns, were evaluated in the heart, kidney, and intestine by QRT-PCR. ",
"Generally, heart Octn1 mRNA expression (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) remained constant, except at PD8, where expression was statistically higher than all other PD age groups. ",
"Heart Octn2 expression (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) increased postnatally (approximately 100 % increase in expression at PD11 relative to PD4), although increases in expression after PD11 were not statistically significant. ",
"Although not statistically significant, heart Octn3 mRNA expression (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was lowest at PD4 while expression was approximately 200 % higher at PD8 and remained relatively constant thereafter. ",
"A strong (r = 0.823) and significant correlation (*P* \\< 0.05) (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was observed between heart free L-carnitine concentrations and heart Octn2 mRNA expression in rat pups at different postnatal age groups.",
"\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\nIn the kidney, Octn1 and Octn3 mRNA expression (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was relative stable throughout postnatal development, although PD11 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in expression relative to all other PD age groups. ",
"This consistent result between Octn1 and Octn3 likely has limited importance as it probably results from expected interindividual variation and the use of a destructive sampling strategy. ",
"Kidney Octn2 expression (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) increased in the postnatal period, although increases in expression after PD11 were not statistically significant. ",
"Serum free L-carnitine concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.462) to kidney Octn2 mRNA expression (*P* \\< 0.05) (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in rat pups at different postnatal age groups.",
"\n\nIn the intestine, Octn1 mRNA expression (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was low at PD4 but demonstrated a statistically significant increase (approximately 200 %) at PD8. ",
"Expression at PD20 was similar to PD8, although PD11 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in expression relative to PD8 and PD20. ",
"Relative to Octn1 mRNA expression, intestinal Octn2 and Octn3 mRNA expression (Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was high in the early postnatal period. ",
"Expression of Octn2 and Octn3 remained relatively constant through the remaining postnatal period.",
"\n\nThe postnatal increase in liver Bbh mRNA expression generally mirrored the increase in Bbh activity (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Although not statistically significant, Bbh mRNA expression (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) increased approximately 50 % between PD4 and PD8 with a statistically significant increase (more than 100 %) between PD8 and PD20. ",
"An approximately 400 % increase in liver Bbh activity (Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was observed between PD4 and PD11 and activity remained relatively constant thereafter.",
"\n\n{#F4}\n\nHeart Cpt1b and Cpt2 and liver Tmlh mRNA expression (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) remained constant in the early postnatal period with significant increases in expression (approximately 50 %) occurring only between PD11 and PD20 for Cpt enzymes, while no change in Tmlh mRNA expression was observed with postnatal age. ",
"Despite this increase in Cpt mRNA expression in the late postnatal period, no significant differences in Cpt enzyme activity (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were found at all examined postnatal ages. ",
"In addition, heart high energy phosphate concentrations (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) remained relatively constant through postnatal development. ",
"The heart concentrations of creatine (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) increased significantly during postnatal development. ",
"An almost 250 % increase in heart creatine concentrations was observed between PD4 and PD8 and a more than100% increase between PD8 and PD20. ",
"Creatine phosphate levels in postnatal cardiac tissue (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) remained relatively constant at all postnatal age groups.",
"\n\n{#F5}\n\n![**",
"Mean ± SEM heart carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (Cpt1b) (light grey bar) carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Cpt2) (dark grey bar) activity in rat pups at postnatal day 4, 8, 11, and 20 (n = 6).** ",
"Heart Cpt enzyme activities were measured using the spectrophotometric method described by Bieber et al. ",
"\\[[@B21]\\]. ",
"One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used for the comparisons between ages and bars with the same symbol (Cpt1) or same letters (Cpt2) indicate no significant difference, *P* \\< 0.05](1743-7075-9-66-6){#F6}\n\n![**",
"Mean ± SEM heart high-energy phosphate substrate concentration in rat pups at postnatal day 4, 8, 11, and 20 (n = 6).** ",
"The heart high energy phosphate substrate levels including creatine (Cr), creatine phosphate (CrP), ATP, ADP and AMP were measured with HPLC-UV method as described by Olkowski et al. ",
"\\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used for the comparisons between ages and bars with the same symbol indicate no significant difference, *P* \\< 0.05. (",
"Cr -- creatine; CrP -- creatine phosphate).](1743-7075-9-66-7){#F7}\n\nImmunohistochemical staining with Octn antibodies was performed to determine Octn expression in kidney, intestine and heart *in situ*,. ",
"However, staining for Octn transporters in PD11 could not be distinguished from control and no further evaluations were conducted.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nDuring postnatal development, a number of nutrient homeostasis pathways undergo ontogenesis to satisfy the nutrient requirements for growth and development. ",
"Although many of the developmental changes in these nutrient homeostasis pathways are genetically programmed, exogenous factors such as dietary components, environmental compounds and therapeutic drugs might affect their maturation. ",
"Our laboratory is interested in the developmental outcomes of interactions between drugs and nutrients that share the same absorption and/or disposition (i.e. distribution, elimination mechanisms) mechanisms. ",
"Our investigations began with L-carnitine homeostasis pathways and we systemically evaluated the ontogeny of key L-carnitine homeostasis pathways in the rat. ",
"Such information can help us to further understand the impact of exogenous factors on the maturation of nutrient homeostasis processes and the possible long-term consequences of drug-nutrient interactions during ontogeny.",
"\n\nIn mammals, fatty acid oxidation becomes the main source of energy for many tissues with transition to extrauterine life \\[[@B25]\\]. ",
"Mitochondrial fatty acid utilization, though, requires a sufficient supply of L-carnitine to shuttle long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane making them available for β-oxidation \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"The maternal circulation supplies L-carnitine to the developing fetus. ",
"During late gestation, L-carnitine concentrations significantly increase in fetal tissues and this storage of L-carnitine assures adequate levels in the immediate postpartum period \\[[@B9],[@B26]\\]. ",
"These tissue stores quickly become depleted due to the immaturity of many of the L-carnitine homeostasis mechanisms and maintenance of L-carnitine concentrations requires an exogenous source (i.e. milk) of L-carnitine \\[[@B9]\\]. ",
"In our study, postnatal increases in serum free L-carnitine were consistent with levels reported in the literature \\[[@B27]\\] and these increases correlated with maturation of a number of enzymes and transporter systems that critically determine L-carnitine levels in the body.",
"\n\nLower serum free L-carnitine levels in the early postnatal period is, in part, due to the limited capacity for endogenous biosynthesis by the young neonate \\[[@B5],[@B19]\\]. ",
"As noted in other studies, TLMH mRNA expression remained constant with postnatal development \\[[@B6]\\] and in agreement with other studies we found that hepatic γ-Bbh mRNA expression and activity was significantly lower at early postnatal development in rat pups \\[[@B19],[@B28]\\]. ",
"Young neonates are highly dependent on exogenous sources of L-carnitine, which is usually supplied in sufficient amounts by the breast milk during nursing \\[[@B29]\\]. ",
"Interestingly, L-carnitine levels in the milk of nursing rat dams decrease significantly by mid-lactation \\[[@B30],[@B31]\\]. ",
"Despite the reduced exogenous L-carnitine, serum free L-carnitine levels in rat pups increase with advancing age \\[[@B27]\\]. ",
"The maturation of hepatic γ-Bbh contributes to the postnatal increase in L-carnitine levels in the body. ",
"However, our study also suggests that maturation of other processes, namely gastrointestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of L-carnitine additionally contributed to the postnatal rise in serum L-carnitine.",
"\n\nAbsorption of dietary sources of L-carnitine requires the function of several transporter systems expressed at the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier \\[[@B25]\\]. ",
"In our study expression of small intestinal Octn2 and Octn3 did not change with postnatal development, while Octn1 expression increased significantly between PD4 to PD8 remaining relatively constant after PD8. ",
"A previous study, which examined the postnatal maturation of the intestinal uptake L-carnitine, noted that Na^+^-dependent and Na^+^-independent intestinal uptake of L-carnitine was high in late gestation and in the newborn and significantly decreased between PD1 and PD15 \\[[@B32]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, mRNA expression of Octn2 demonstrated only a 20 % decrease between PD1 and PD15 in the jejunum, while ileal expression demonstrated a 100 % decrease between these two postnatal age groups \\[[@B32]\\]. ",
"In our study Octn2 mRNA expression was evaluated in the jejunum, and the constant expression of Octn2 and Octn3 is consistent with these findings. ",
"Octn2 and Octn3 mediates the Na^+^-dependent uptake of L-carnitine at the small intestine \\[[@B11],[@B33]\\], and although not statistically significant, our data demonstrates that Octn2 expression did decrease at PD11 and PD20 and Octn3 at PD20, which might suggest a reduced ability to absorb L-carnitine with advancing postnatal age as previously reported \\[[@B32]\\].",
"\n\nRenal reabsorption of L-carnitine from the urinary filtrate plays a significant role in maintenance of L-carnitine levels in the body. ",
"Almost 95 % of the excreted L-carnitine is reabsorbed by transporters expressed in the proximal tubules of the kidney with Octn2 as the principal transporter involved in this process \\[[@B12]\\]. ",
"In our study renal Octn2 expression increased during postnatal development in the rat, which is consistent with the literature \\[[@B12],[@B14],[@B34]\\]. ",
"The increase in renal Octn2 expression correlated strongly with increases in serum L-carnitine levels suggesting that renal Octn2 plays a significant role in the postnatal pattern of serum L-carnitine development. ",
"Overall our data suggest the developmental changes in hepatic γ-Bbh expression, intestinal Octn1 expression, and renal Octn2 expression might systemically contribute to the postnatal increase in serum L-carnitine levels. ",
"However, the precise interconnections of these pathways and their overall contribution to L-carnitine homeostasis during development is not known and further studies are required to clarify their contributions.",
"\n\nThe distribution of L-carnitine in the body is organ dependent with the highest concentration of L-carnitine in the heart \\[[@B35]\\]. ",
"In our study, heart L-carnitine levels increased during postnatal development and these increases were correlated with increased expression of Octn2 in the heart. ",
"L-Carnitine has a significant function in energy production in neonatal cardiac tissue due to its role in fatty oxidation and the reliance of neonatal hearts on fatty acids as the primary energy substrate \\[[@B36]\\]. ",
"The dramatic increase in fatty acid oxidation rates in early heart development after birth has been attributed to an increase in L-carnitine levels \\[[@B36]\\]. ",
"Although we observed a significant increase in L-carnitine levels in the heart with advancing age of the neonate, cardiac ATP levels remained constant through postnatal development. ",
"Interestingly, we found that creatine and ADP levels were ontogenically regulated during postnatal development. ",
"The significance of such developmental changes is not clear and requires investigation.",
"\n\nWe also evaluated heart Cpt enzyme expression and activity due to the pivotal role of these enzymes in heart energy production. ",
"The postnatal increase in both Cpt1b and Cpt2 mRNA expression at postnatal day 20 are paralleled by the increases in heart L-carnitine concentrations. ",
"Indeed, Cpt1a and Cpt2 mRNA levels were increased by carnitine administration in cell culture systems \\[[@B37]\\]. ",
"Thus, the significant increase in heart L-carnitine levels at postnatal day 20 might account for the transcriptional enhancement of both Cpt1b and Cpt2. ",
"Despite these transcriptional increases in Cpt enzymes, we observed no significant changes in heart Cpt enzyme activity. ",
"Cpt enzyme activities have been reported to increase with increasing mitochondrial L-carnitine levels \\[[@B38]-[@B40]\\]. ",
"Unfortunately, L-carnitine levels in the whole heart tissue rather than in the mitochondria were measured in our study.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, several L-carnitine homeostasis pathways underwent significant ontogenesis during postnatal development in the rat. ",
"However, the exact relationship between these pathways and their contribution to L-carnitine homeostasis during development is not completely known and further studies are required to clarify their contributions. ",
"Such a clarification is necessary to understand the impact of exogenous and endogenous factors on L-carnitine status during development. ",
"Nonetheless, this systematic evaluation of key pathways in the L-carnitine homeostasis pathway provides a basis from which we can conduct further evaluations regarding the effects of exogenous (i.e. drug) and endogenous factors (i.e. disease) on L-carnitine status during postnatal development and possible long-term consequences of any disturbance in the normal ontogeny of these pathways.",
"\n\nAbbreviations\n=============\n\nBbh, γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (Bbh); Cpt, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase; Tmlh, Trimethyllysine hydroxylase; Octn, Organic cation/carnitine transporter; QRT-PCR, Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, DTNB, 5,5'-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB); PD, Postnatal day; Cr, Creatine (Cr); CrP, Creatine phosphate; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; ADP, Adenosine diphosphate; AMP, Adenosine monophosphate.",
"\n\nCompeting interesting\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interest.",
"\n\nAuthor's contributions\n======================\n\nAll authors contributed substantially to the body of work and have read and approved the final submitted manuscript.",
"\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nThis study was funded by a Rexall Research Trust Fund Grant, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Thursday, June 12, 2008\n\nBug off!",
"\n\nI was reading a blog post yesterday about those inevitable rude questions that newlyweds face about when they're going to have kids, and I wish I could remember whose blog it was so I could link to it, but I don't, so if it was you, please say so in the comments.",
"\n\nAnyway, it got me thinking about OTHER rude comments people make that are totally thoughtless, and while I'm sure I could write a whole book on the subject, and everyone else probably could too, I'm going to restrict myself to talking about getting married.",
"\n\nI was struck by this the other day in a group setting when some people were discussing who in the group might be the next to get married after me. ",
"People were listing mostly women when one person suggested that it might be a guy who is very serious with his girlfriend. ",
"Immediately, a married man in the group said to the guy in question, \"Don't do it! ",
"Hold out for as long as you can!\"",
"\n\nI hear this shit ALL THE TIME. \"",
"Is your fiancé ready to jump off a bridge every time you talk about the wedding?\" \"",
"The wedding is coming up--your fiancé must be savoring his last few months of freedom!\" \"",
"You got engaged after only a year together? ",
"What did you slip in his drink to get him to propose?\" ",
"Hardy har fucking har. ",
"How about the next time you find out that someone you know is engaged, you limit your commentary to something along the lines of, \"Congratulations. ",
"When's the wedding?\"",
"\n\nThis is SUCH a male thing. ",
"It is always assumed that I was some overzealous bridezilla type who pressured my fiancé into proposing, then whipped out my wedding binder and planned an over-the-top affair without any input from him. ",
"It is always assumed that he is trapped in this situation because he doesn't know better, and he should take it from someone who knows--this marriage thing isn't all it's cracked up to be! ",
"In ten years you'll have a beer belly and your wife will be a nag! ",
"Your life is over the second you say I do!",
"\n\nI used to try to answer back. ",
"I would say, \"Actually, he wanted to propose earlier, but I didn't feel ready yet.\" \"",
"Actually, he told me that he can't wait for the wedding because he's really looking forward to being married. ",
"He's excited to get to wear a wedding ring.\" \"",
"Actually, he has very strong ideas about a lot of aspects of the wedding--and no, not just the food and the music.\" \"",
"Actually, SCREW YOU.\"",
"\n\nBut when I say things that are, in my mind, a defense of Torsten's attitude toward our marriage, the morons who make these comments in the first place look incredulous--and also slightly disgusted. ",
"Like, what kind of guy WANTS to be married? ",
"What kind of guy DOESN'T like to talk shit about his future wife? ",
"What the hell is WRONG with this guy, right?",
"\n\nListen, I'm sorry that my fiancé actually wants to marry me. ",
"Too bad for you that your marriage sucks and you are looking at your past through rose-colored lenses, as though you could ever really GET all those girls that you're dreaming of now. ",
"I know that married life isn't perfect for anyone. ",
"But with Torsten, it's going to be pretty damn great. ",
"And we are both looking forward to it. ",
"So please, buddy, keep your marital issues to yourself, and stop taking them out on us.",
"\n\nSo, what inappropriate comments from acquaintances are irking YOU these days?",
"\n\n77 comments:\n\nI really wish people would learn to mind their own business. ",
"When I was faced with such rude people before I got married I'd just say something snarky and they'd get the \"oh shit I offended you look\" and I'd automatically call them out and say \"Yes, you did offend me, mind your own damn business.\"",
"\n\nI just found you today via Swistle and it was a perfect day for me to read your blog! ",
"I am recently engaged and even more recently chose a date for my wedding - more then a year and a half away. ",
"Every single person I have told my date too has said \"woooooooow, that's far\" or \"ooh long long engagement\" or \"you're going to be so sick of your wedding by the time you get married\" ... how RUDE! ",
"I just wish one person would say something nice about the date we chose!",
"\n\nA coworker gave me a couple good responses to people when asked \"Why are you waiting so long??!\" -- ",
"1) \"That's just the date we're telling people we dont want to invite.\" ",
"or 2) \"I just wanted to give myself enough time in case I wanted to back out.\"",
"\n\nThat sucks! ",
"I think you should give one of your answers, then it will teach them to mind their own business. ",
"Inappropriate comments? ",
"I have a friend who is unable to have kids right now and she's been married 4 years which is apparently fodder for every to ask, \"Why don't you have kids yet?\" ",
"Its just rude!",
"\n\nWe heard it ALL ... and most of the things that you heard in reference to Conrad and a few comments about how expensive the wedding was probably going to be and how expensive *I* was going to be ...\n\nBut Conrad always handled them. ",
"He always quickly answered with the wedding plan and a HINT as to how much is cost (CHEAP!) ",
"and talked about how beautiful our house is - decorated in garage sale and flea market finds. ",
"That usually shut them up and made them a little bit jealous!",
"\n\nWe got something similar about having kids afer we got married. ",
"A bunch of BR's work buddies were teasing him, all \"So, is your wife riding your ass about having kids already?\". ",
"And he kept saying, \"No, actually, *I* am the one pressuring HER about kids\".",
"\n\n\"Wow. ",
"you must be hot.\" -- ",
"since it's been in the high 80s here. ",
"thanks for stating the obvious.",
"\n\n\"do you have any names picked out?\" -- ",
"yes and we're not sharing. ",
"so stop asking.",
"\n\nthe one i got before i was married/as a newlywed was \"when are you going to have kids?\" ",
"i got so annoyed with this one -- like that's the reason you get married -- i always answered \"When we're ready.\"",
"\n\nUgh, it really is so true. ",
"Now that i am rapidly approaching my date people are doing the \"OHH ITS GETTING CLOSE\" stuff, and I hate that. ",
"I hate unwarranted opinions. ",
"I am not looking forward to coming back from my honeymoon and people prodding about babies. ",
"OH lordy\n\nWell said, hon! ",
"I heard a lot of those things too, as Jon and I got engaged after 15 months of dating. ",
"Now that we've been married for almost 2 years, we are totally getting the baby hints. ",
"Both mothers love to mention how we'll have built in babysitters if we live near them. ",
"Gee, thanks!",
"\n\nWe've been married three years and plan to have kids in the next couple of years, which we're both really excited for (although not excited enough to have a kid right this very moment) and I'm totally sick of people saying things like \"TREASURE THIS TIME YOU HAVE NOW\" and \"Come over and watch my kids - it'll be great birth control.\"",
"\n\nGuess what? ",
"I like kids. ",
"That's why I want some. ",
"And I know to \"treasure this time\" because, hello, that's why we didn't get pregnant the moment we got married.",
"\n\nIt's frankly even more annoying to me than the people who are all pushy about when we're going to have kids (my mother-in-law said that up to five years was too long to wait to have kids, but fortunately she's never said anything again since we've been married, which I appreciate).",
"\n\nSometimes, of course, people are just kind of innocently clueless or genuinely well intentioned, but don't know your sensitivities (like when they ask pregnant women about names--it seems like a safe topic!), ",
"but joking about how your fiance must be dreading the wedding? ",
"That's stupid, rude, and suggests sad things about their own relationships. ",
"They're the ones with problems.",
"\n\nPeople ask us when we're going to get engaged \"already\" all the time!!! ",
"It's like PEOPLE - we've been dating a year and a half (this past tuesday), and living together for 3 months. ",
"Give me a break!! ",
"It'll happen when it happens!!!",
"\n\nYou tell em'. ",
"I can feel the angry heat coming off of this post. ",
"I don't know why people can't just be and let be. ",
"Not all things are ideal for all people. ",
"Not all situations are handled the same by everyone. ",
"We are not a cookie cutter society.",
"\n\nGAH. ",
"I got this ALL THE TIME when we were engaged. ",
"Unfortunately, it never stops. ",
"People always feel the need to make stereotype based commentary about whatever is going on in your life. ",
"It drives me nuts, especially since Aaron is the more mushy sentimental one in our relationship. ",
"We get the baby stuff all the time, even though it is WELL DOCUMENTED how I feel about having kids. ",
"I also get stuff about being a kept woman because Aaron makes so much more money than I do. ",
"HELLO. ",
"I am also an attorney, maybe for the government, but I don't sit on my ass eating candy and watching Oprah all day. ",
"And if I wanted to and Aaron was okay with that, it's really our problem, isn't it????!!!!!?!?!?!?!?",
"\n\nI feel sorry for the women these assholes are married to. ",
"Maybe they think they are \"supposed\" to act that way but really, if I heard my husband/fiance/boyfriend say such things I would consider why I wanted to be serious with him in the first place.",
"\n\nThe thing that irked me yesterday was when my boss asked, \"What are you doing on Saturday?\"",
"\n\nThat answer to that question is always: \"Oh I am so busy!\" ",
"Because I do NOT want to work on the weekend.",
"\n\nWith the recent supreme court decision in California people who barely qualify as acquaintances (ok, a few of my honey's co-workers) have taken to asking when we are going to California to get married. ",
"What, you know of one lesbian couple, and since we are both women we must both be dying to get married so much that we'll fly down to CA just to get a marriage license & have a ceremony that won't actually provide us with any of the legal rights provided by marriage unless we move to California. ",
"I don't walk into their workplace and ask them when their boyfriends are going to be popping the question, so stop asking about if and when we are going to get married simply for the sake of having a ceremony. ",
"If you are really interested in the issue, start working on behalf of marriage equality in the state we all actually live in.",
"\n\nSorry, that was a really long-winded way of saying that my response to that is \"nosy much?\"",
"\n\nor maybe when they're like \"OOOH you must have FORCED him to propose!\" ",
"just stop and look genuinely confused, and go \"well... no... he actually LOVES me...?\" ",
"to imply that maybe they should have married someone THEY loved too.",
"\n\nWhat's sad is I actually know a few women who have helped to perpetuate those sort of stereotypes... women who pressured their man into engagement or marriage and nag them relentlessly there on out. ",
"I don't know any men who've done the same. ",
"Stereotypes come from *somewhere*, obviously, but it's sad that more people don't recognize it's not entirely the norm.",
"\n\nAdd to that annoyance all the women I overhear at work or in the gym locker room complaining about their no-good husbands. ",
"Is he really so awful? ",
"I doubt it. ",
"It's like complaining about men is just an accepted formulaic small talk topic, on par with mindless commenting about the weather or expressing the relief that it is Friday, etc.",
"\n\nMan, some people just suck at life. ",
"I think most single guys, even though the rarely admit it, want a steady relationship with a girl who will always be by their side. ",
"It's nice to have someone to come home to and to not have to worry about \"chasing tail\" at the bar all the time.",
"\n\nAnd the married guy at your office obviously made the wrong decision if he is so unhappy. ",
"Or maybe he just sucks and his wife dislikes him because of his crappy attitude.",
"\n\nThe comments about Torsten would piss me off, big time. ",
"But, honestly, I think I've probably made similar comments during my years of wedding planning. ",
"It's true, very rarely are grooms involved and interested in their wedding. ",
"It is sad.",
"\n\nThe questions... I try to remind myself that the person is trying to be conversational an interested and they aren't trying to be jerks. ",
"Sometimes it's really hard to keep myself from smacking people. ",
"For me, I think it's because I'm super sensitive about not being in a relationship. ",
"When people ask me if there's someone special or if I'm going to be getting married soon, it hits a little too close to home.",
"\n\nWe are getting a lot of baby hints. ",
"And a couple of not so subtle comments, like (with a concerned cluck and shake of the head,) \"oh, are you one of those who is going to try to put your career first? ",
"Because you're not that young, you don't want to wait too long...\"\n\nWe were at the Farm Market and my BF got in line to pay. ",
"I said, are you sure that is the back of the line? [",
"tons of people were milling about, so I wasn't sure]He looked around and said he was pretty sure. ",
"Then a middle-aged d-bag said, \"I thought men moved away from home to get away from their mothers.\"",
"\n\nAfter being together a while, I answered the \"so when are you getting married?\" ",
"questions with \"never, that way people won't start asking the rude, 'so when are you having kids?' ",
"question.\" ",
"Then we actually got engaged and moved in together, and his mother started saying how we should be having kids already.",
"\n\nWhen she found out we were pregnant after five years, she said, \"It's about time!\" ",
"Like we were holding off just to spite her. ",
"What she didn't know was that we started trying after 3 years, so for 2 years I wanted to do very bad things to her every time she brought it up. ",
"Come to think of it, I still want to do bad things to her every time we talk about babies. ",
"She's still rude.",
"\n\nI hear you! ",
"Our line is \"Babies are not in the 5 year plan.\" ",
"That shuts people up.",
"\n\nWhen we went to the courthouse to get our marriage license, the screener said \"Oh MAN, you're getting MARRIED\" like it was the worst thing in the world, and the cleaner who pressed my dress also said something rude as well. ",
"SO SORRY if you have a miserable relationship, but WE DON'T. I have never been more in love than I am now that we are married. ",
"Come up with some rude retort, like \"I'm sorry you have to be jealous of people who are happy and love each other, that must be hard for you.\"",
"\n\nEven if other people are pissy, I'M happy for you :) Marriage is fantastic!",
"\n\nAs you know, AS and I are not engaged, but we are very committed to and open about a future together. ",
"So, once in a while, we'll be with friends and I'll say something like, \"Well, we hope that AS will be able to move to Chicago because that's where we'd like to end up.\"",
"\n\nPeople (mostly guys) like to respond, \"Whoa, AS, she's really putting the pressure on to get engaged.\" ",
"AS always laughs it off, but I'm like -No. ",
"Shockingly, AS is totally committed to me and our future OF HIS OWN FREE WILL. ",
"Just because we have plans for the future does not mean the \"pressure is on.\" ",
"Ugh.",
"\n\n'Oh my gosh! ",
"What!? ",
"You're daughter is about to turn one and you're STILL breastfeeding?! ",
"Aren't you sick of it already?'Argh! ",
"Yes I AM and yes, I AM but I *gasp* love my daughter so I'm trying to do what's best for her.",
"I try to be gracious though...sometimes people are just trying to make conversation....and sometimes they suck at it. :)",
"\n\nThis is one of the things that annoys me most about our society. ",
"While people are finally starting to understand that sometimes women don't want to get married as soon as they graduate from high school, the social standard is still to encourage women to get married as soon as possible while at the same time telling men that they are better off never getting married and to hold out for as long as they can. ",
"How the hell is this fair?",
"\n\nFor some reason we were mostly spared the annoying marraige questions - I think mostly because TM doesn't have many male friends (he moved a lot as a kid and never had a chance to develope strong bonds with any of his peers). ",
"BUT, our upstairs neightbor refused to refer to him as anything but my \"friend\" until we were married and that drove me CRAZY.",
"\n\nOooooh, girl, I echo you 100% on this one. ",
"Sweets proposed after a year, which isn't such a huge deal given we're in our 30's (which means, we must be in a rush to marry so we can start making babies - bad assumption, people!).",
"\n\nSweets has come to every single meeting I've had with vendors. ",
"And every single vendor says something along the lines of, he's a pretty great guy for coming along for the ride. ",
"Insinuating I made him. ",
"Um, excuse me, but he actually wants to be here. ",
"I give him an out every time if he doesn't want to go. ",
"But, here he is.",
"\n\nI think it's less of a reflexion of me or Sweets or our relationship and more a reflection of that person's experiences. ",
"So, I take it in stride knowing we're a fun-loving couple when others clearly aren't!",
"\n\nThis parallels a conversation I had with my husband a few weeks ago. ",
"We were married less than 6 months after we met face to face. ",
"Yes, a whirlwind courtship! ",
"Someone had asked him if I pressured him into marriage and he told them \"I would have married her 15 minutes after I met her if I thought she would have done it!\"",
"\n\nAnyhow, I don't think people are being purposely rude - most of the time they're just thoughtless and don't realize the ramifications of what just slipped out of their mouth. ",
"And frankly, I don't think most of them even mean it - they think they're supposed to do/say/act certain ways and things, you know, the \"good ol' boys club\" type stuff.",
"\n\nMy friend has a great way of handling things of this sort. ",
"When someone says something rude she asks them \"Does it hurt much?\" ",
"And when they ask \"Does what hurt?\" ",
"she responds with \"Being that small-minded. ",
"Does it hurt much?\" ",
"ALWAYS stops them in their tracks.",
"\n\nOh my goodness, Yes! ",
"All the time. ",
"Tony and I were actually dating for well over two years before we got engaged and that was in October and we still haven't really planned a damned thing, but that's my fault. ",
"He has already set a date or whereabouts (September or October 2009), has decided he would prefer to get married on a boat with a semi-casual wedding, and wants a live four piece band, OH and would prefer to be married by a captain, because he is insane. ",
"Mostly I don't care, I just want to wait until I figure out where I'm going to work since I'm unemployed in September, so I know how much we can actually do and afford.",
"\n\nThat isn't to say we don't joke about it, and he plays along just fine with the whole ball and chain routine, but it is so clear to everyone who asks us when we're both together who is the driving force behind the actual wedding part of the eventual marriage. ",
"And that isn't me. ",
"In fact, if it were just me, we would just head on down to City Hall, but it's important to him and therefore also important to me.",
"\n\ni totally agree with you. ",
"we went to a club for my bachelorette party, and i had guys coming up to me all night saying, \"don't get married! ",
"marriage is awful!\" ",
"it really pissed me off and ruined the mood for my party.",
"\n\nAmen, sista. ",
"Amen. ",
"I HATE the negativity about marriage. ",
"It's not the end of anything, but more the beginning of a new chapter together. ",
"Committing to a lifetime is a huge deal, so freakin' beautiful, it makes me want to cry sometimes.",
"\n\nThere's a car in my condo complex with a relatively new bumper sticker that says \"The #1 cause of divorce is MARRIAGE\" I want to key that car. ",
"But won't. ",
"Instead I'll twirl around the parking lot with my husband, laughing and holding hands and maybe playing a little ass grab too.",
"\n\nThat's not just these days though. ",
"I have pretty dark circles around my eyes, just genetically I guess. ",
"I hate when people as if I got enough sleep. ",
"It's like saying \"you look bad, did you know?\" ",
"especially because I sleep WAY more than most people.",
"\n\nI think in this, there are two groups of men - the men who think being married is a ball and chain, and the men that want/like being married but feel they need to make stupid comments in order to fit into the married man stereo type (you know, oh what a horrible thing it is to be married) It's almost like a defense machinism for men, which I find riduclous.",
"\n\nOf course I'm sure there are men out there that don't fit into either of these categories, I'm just pointing it out as a majority.",
"\n\nThese sorts of comments are so insulting, they may as well come out and say \"well, why would he want to marry you?\" ",
"I mean, wtf! ",
"FUCK YOU ASSHOLE! ",
"I'm so angry for you!",
"\n\nRidiculous questions I hate in regards to married is being un-engaged, going to a wedding and being asked \"So when are you two getting married?\" ",
"Oh yeqah, thanks buddy! ",
"Way to scare my boyfriend off even more! ",
"Yeah, how about you pressure him, yeah go on, I'm not pressuring him, so you fucken might as well so there will be absolutely no possibility of me ever getting married! ",
"GAH!!!!!!",
"\n\nThe fact that guys make so many comments like this is proof of how lucky you are to have Torsten. ",
"He is obviously mature enough to speak his true feelings and not care what others think or cave to societal pressure of what the (immature) man is \"supposed\" to say. ",
"I wish as a society we could get past this crap and just speak our minds and all be ok with it. ",
"Seriously, grow up folks!",
"\n\njesus people, calm the f down. ",
"things like this only annoy you if you let them. ",
"sometimes yes, people are idiots-- this is not news. ",
"let them be. ",
"other times, people are interested in your life and just dont know how to show is appropriately, so they ask about possibly baby names before you're ready to talk about it. ",
"that's not rude-- it might be a little to personal, but its well-intentioned. ",
"chill a little.",
"\n\nOMG, I got a lot of that. ",
"A LOT. ",
"And you know, now, as a married person, I am oddly compelled to dispense advice only in the form of, \"Congratulations! ",
"Marriage is great, and you're going to love it!\"",
"\n\nAlso, to Kristen, I would say that I often ask expecting couples if they have any names picked out as a way to make conversation. ",
"I'm not asking so they'll tell me -- quite frankly, I totally understand that they won't.",
"\n\nI mean, let's be honest: questions are good. ",
"It shows that people are interested in you, and they're trying to relate and talk to you about it. ",
"Same to the person who said they were irked by, \"If you guys decide to have kids... but if you don't that's okay!\" ",
"I mean, what else would you have people say?",
"\n\nEh. ",
"It's funny, reading this I was struck by how things I may have asked out of mere politeness would be taken as rudeness by others. ",
"I think making sweeping generalizations and rude comments is one thing, asking polite questions and TRYING to do the right thing is another.",
"\n\nI think Ryan got the ribbing about getting married...hey he CHOSE to propose to me and we already knew we were together for the long haul long before that.",
"\n\nThe moment we got married people started asking us about having babies and I'd just say to them, \"Given that having children is going to be difficult for us, I find it really uncomfortable when people ask when we are having children\" and that person and any mutual friends never asked us again. ",
"I think it was my way of reflecting my discomfort at being asked back onto them for asking if that makes sense? ",
"We've been married two years and now that we havent popped kids out, the message is finally getting through!",
"\n\nthis was a great rant. ",
"i could hear your voice just zinging across the screen!",
"\n\ni hate HATE hate teasing comments from people at work asking if i asked MY MOTHER to go out, or stay late, etc etc. ",
"UMMMM just because I LIVE at home and listen to my parents DOESN'T MEAN I have to ask their PERMISSION to do shit!!!",
"\n\nMy favorite--and I'm beginning to think this is unique just to GLBT folks is--\"Oh, are you still together?\" ",
"That irks me to no end. ",
"More than that, it's a sad social commentary on people's attitudes about the sticking power of \"alternative\" (another term I hate) relationships.",
"\n\nMy partner and I have been together for nearly seven years. ",
"It hasn't always been easy or rose-colored, but we've got sticking power and, yes, morons, we're still together!",
"\n\nAmen, my dear.",
"I hate hate hate how guys call even their friends live in girlfriends \"the old ball and chain\".",
"\n\nA few months ago, I told my boss about the fact that the woman we were going to rent an apartment from decided to sell at the last minute instead. ",
"He said \"Are you sure your boyfriend didn't call her and tell her to back out of the deal?\"(because we were just moving in together)\n\nI think \"men\" do this as some sort of machismo-ridden defense. ",
"Because masculinity is defined in the negative, (i.e. masculine = not feminine) I think \"men\" do this to appear manly. ",
"Because women are supposed to be interested in weddings and being married, then men have to automatically NOT be interested in such things or their manhood gets called into question. ",
"Dorks. ",
"Funny how that doesn't mesh with real life, eh?",
"\n\nHey, I didn't make the rules. ",
"Boys who say stupid stuff like this are jerks with a lack of brain cells. ",
"Thus endeth my feminist take on the mean comments. ",
"The end.",
"\n\nAck! ",
"I'm single and those kinds of comments make me want to poke someone in the eye. ",
"To me it's up there with the jokes about men tricking wives/girlfriends into having sex or women coming up with excuses to avoid the deed. ",
"I know a lot more women than men who feel like they don't get it often enough and am sick to death of the stereotype.",
"\n\nWorst question ever came from a family member more than a decade ago: \"So BS, your girl cousin is going to Princeton and your boy cousin is going to Cornell. ",
"Which Ivy will you be attending?\"",
"\n\nI'm having a caesarean on Thursday for some very specific and necessary medical reasons and if I hear my next door neighbour say one more time that she gave birth naturally \"so why can't [I]?\" (",
"because, you know, surely every birth story must be either identical to hers or WRONG, after all) or that it's the \"lazy option\" I will f*cking kill her.",
"\n\nHope the comments re Torsten ease up, I can only imagine how annoying they must be.",
"Heather-in-Australia :)\n\nAmen. ",
"This is one of the biggest stereotypes that I hate - that all married men are unhappy. ",
"I don't think it's true at all. ",
"Why is it okay for men to talk shit and bitch about their wives? ",
"My husband tells me his friends do at work. ",
"Of course, I ask if he does as well, and he says no (\"you work and aren't lazy, why would I complain?\") ",
"but I know how easy it is to pitch in when everyone is complaining about something!",
"\n\nI hated the way I felt that I had to avoid the subject of when and how my fiance proposed to me.",
"\n\nWe had actually only known each other six weeks when he proposed and we got married ten months after that.",
"\n\nI loved being married to him for all of the 17 years that we were and count my marriage a success, regardless of the eventual outcome. ",
"He would actually say that too, so to hell with the all of the time counters and analysers. ",
"You know, or you think you know, from early on and you should make the most of every damn minute."
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[
"Revealing mistake: Xander has a XXX tattoo on the back of his neck. ",
"There are several scenes where you get a clear shot of the back of the stunt double's neck and there's no tattoo at all. ",
"Most noticeably in the scenes during the attack on the cocaine farm.",
"\n\nFactual error: Xander puts a load of those sticky bombs on a line of motorbikes outside the bad guy's house. ",
"These bombs had a detonator switch, which Xander has. ",
"When he eventually sets them off, the motorbikes blow up in the order that he put the bombs on. ",
"These bombs didn't have timers or anything on them, so why would they blow up one by one and not all at the same time?",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When XXX steals the Corvette, we see he breaks one of the side view mirrors. ",
"On the following shot we can quickly see that one side view mirror is broken and the other one is not. ",
"Then when XXX starts talking we see that both mirrors are broken.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When XXX is snowboarding down the mountain in front of the avalanche his goggles change from round to rectangular back to round again. ",
"The snowboard also changes repeatedly - from red to blue - throughout the entire run. ",
"The tops and bottoms of the boards - when high or low angles are shown - are different for both boards, so you see 4 different colors.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Xander throws grenades to make an avalanche he unzips his coat. ",
"He fixes his goggles and jumps. ",
"In next scene his coat is already zipped up. ",
"Clearly he didn't have time to zip it.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Triple X is brought to the diner, he has no jacket on. ",
"Later on in the plane, he's got a jacket on. ",
"When he's on that farm, the jacket is gone again, but when the raid is going on, he has got his jacket back. ",
"I don't know where he's always hiding his jacket, but it must be a really clever place to hide it.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When X ejects the roof of the car towards the end of the scene, you can see that there are no windows attached, however, after the roof is ejected, the windows of the car disappear.",
"\n\nFactual error: When XXX is chatting with the CIA agent sent with the package, the agent mentions that he graduated MIT 'summa cum laude'. ",
"This is impossible, as MIT does not award academic honors to graduates.",
"\n\nRevealing mistake: After X has put the bandaid explosives onto the motorbikes out the front of the compound, and is making an escape, he removes the bandaid off his bike and does a large jump over the castle wall. ",
"One of the bad guys is chasing him on another bike, and jumps the wall like X. As he is \"flying\" through the air, his long black trench coat remains hanging straight down. ",
"It should be flailing out behind him from his motion and the wind.",
"\n\nRevealing mistake: When Xander is standing on Ahab he is going about 80 miles per hour - that would make it like going through very strong winds. ",
"Yet he has no trouble standing on Ahab and the wind has no effect on him or his clothes.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Yelena and X are on the roof of the building he's staying at and Yelena tells him \"Remember what I said, after you kissed me? ",
"Never again. ",
"I lied.\", ",
"the shot just before he kisses her she is wearing bright red lipstick, but the next shot it's clearly gone. ",
"Likely to spare X from red lipstick all over his face.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Xander is snowboarding down the mountain to take out the communications tower, there is one point where the avalanche clearly bumps Xander and moves him ahead by about 12 feet. ",
"It appears to be a correction in the graphics so that it doesn't appear that the avalanche will outrun him down the mountain, however, poorly edited.",
"\n\nVisible crew/equipment: In the fifth shot of the amazing bridge stunt, an Arriflex camera with yellow cords hanging down from the camera is visible, off to the left of the screen. ",
"Also, in the same shot at the beginning of this shot (in the upper lefthand corner) you can see a guiding ramp setting the car to go off the bridge.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When XXX arrives at Yorgi's mansion, there are girls in the water fountain out front. ",
"If you watch Yorgi's large bodyguard, the one that sports 5 or so earrings and a large beard, you will notice that he takes a girl out of the fountain. ",
"A split second later the shot changes onto XXX and in the background the large bodyguard is seen taking the same girl out of the fountain again.",
"\n\nFactual error: When Ahab is entering Prague on the river, an aerial shot shows it passing Palackého Square and the Slovanech Cloister, which would mean that it's coming from the South. ",
"Yet in the final approach to the bridge when XXX is riding it, it's coming in from the North, with the hill at Letenske Sady in the background. ",
"This is all a moot point anyway, since the Vltava river has at least 3 small, man-made falls along its path through Prague, complete with intricate and time-consuming lock systems for river traffic, so unless the Ahab could fly there was no way it could even get anywhere close to town.",
"\n\nDeliberate mistake: When XXX is taken to meet Samuel L. Jackson at the Opera in Prague he is driven to the front of the Rudolfinum Concert Hall, yet he meets Jackson at either the National Theatre or the State Opera House (it's definitely one of the two), which are across town. ",
"Also, the Rudolfinum doesn't produce operas, they are only a concert venue and have a big pipe organ behind their stage.",
"\n\nFactual error: When Xander is snowboarding in front of the avalanche he reaches up and grabs that bar to stop himself. ",
"At the speed he is supposed to be traveling he would have been unable to hold on with his mittens on and even if he could, his arms would have been ripped off.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: In the opening scene at the rave, Yorgi instructs Kirill to shoot the man in the suit. ",
"In the initial shot of Yorgi telling him, Kirill puts the cigarette behind his ear. ",
"In the following shot, he puts it there again.",
"\n\nFactual error: Near the end when all the police cars (the ones with blue writing as opposed to green) show up at the castle, some of them are 'Mestska Policie' which means city police or district police in Czech. ",
"In Prague these policemen are only responsible for keeping the peace, ie handing out tickets, preventing bar fights, etc. ",
"They would not have been at such an important and dangerous raid.",
"\n\nVisible crew/equipment: When X jumps the Senators Vette off the bridge, he uses a parked trailer to jump over the side. ",
"When the shot cuts to the angle from underneath the bridge, you can clearly see the ramp spanning both lanes of the bridge.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Xander Cage is hung up by his arms in the barn, he is hit by a man with his left hand holding a large knife in his right hand. ",
"When the man hits him again it is with his right hand, which should have the knife still in it, but it doesn't. ",
"There is no camera shot of the knife at all when the man hits Cage with his right hand, so where did it go?",
"\n\nFactual error: When agent Shaver shows Xander the bandage explosive for the first time he tells Xander to stand behind the wall then detonates the explosive while he is standing next to it. ",
"Agent shaver states that the explosive is powerful enough to blow a hole in a steel safe or vaporize a human. ",
"The explosive doesn't appear to be a shape charge, so the explosive force should have gone in all directions and hurt or killed agent Shaver.",
"\n\nPlot hole: When Xander is driving onto the bridge, chased by the police cars, we see that there are police cars also blocking the end of the bridge to stop him getting away. ",
"How come none of them noticed the ruddy great ramp sitting alone in the middle of the bridge and moved it? ",
"It wouldn't take a genius to work out what he might do.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Xander is snowboarding down the mountain to take out the communications tower, he snowboards goofy (right foot in front) to regular (left foot in front) many times. ",
"That either means the stuntman is regular footed, or he would have to do a lot of 180's spins, which is impossible to do when there is a giant wave of snow chasing you.",
"\n\nCharacter mistake: When Asia Argento reveals that she is a Russian agent, she says that she works for the FSB, the Russian CIA. ",
"This is wrong, however, the Russian equivalent to the CIA is the SVR, the FSB is more like the FBI.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When the Navigator is shot by the helicopters you see it fly up, but while the ugly dude is in it. ",
"But when Xander drives off it to get over the Cocaine shack you can obviously can tell that he is not in the car.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: The first time you see Samuel L. Jackson, his eye on the burnt side is a real pale brown, but throughout the movie his eye changes to a normal brown and then light, then back to dark.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Xander is chasing the sub, he is driving on a road to the left of the river, yet when he comes onto the bridge, the car does a left turn onto the bridge, which indicates that the car was driving down a road to the right of the river.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: In the scene just after the senator calls the cops, you see XXX round a corner in the Corvette, look closely and you will see both mirrors still intact, but in the next scene, they are gone again.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When XXX is hanging by his arms in the shed, just before he tells the bad guy he is short, the bad guy is holding onto XXX's shirt. ",
"In the next shot of the bad guy, he is isn't holding the shirt, yet in the next shot of XXX, the bad guy's hand is holding the shirt as before.",
"\n\nVisible crew/equipment: When Xander is jumping from the plane with the snowboard attached to his feet he does some aerial moves. ",
"When he is finished and about to pull his parachute cord you get a shot from up above. ",
"On the ground you can see the shadow of the helicopter that is there to film the aerial shots of the scene.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When XXX first gets on top of the AHAB submarine, he lands on it with a smash and you can clearly see his arm hitting the bubble covering the harddrive, which then is very loose and even opens up for a few centimeters. ",
"Next shot we see XXX opening up the bubble by releasing some security handles.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: When Vin Diesel and the Corvette are falling off the bridge, watch the Corvette. ",
"It changes position between shots (nose up, nose down, level). ",
"There is not sufficient time in between shots for it to tumble into its new positions.",
"\n\nAudio problem: In the mountain battle scene when Xander is in the airplane, he says: \"Get me along that tower.\" ",
"His lips don't match with what he says, indicating this line was added during post-production.",
"\n\nFactual error: When Xander is snowboarding down the mountain, trying to outrun the avalanche, he is also at one point being chased by the gang on snowmobiles. ",
"According to the USSA World Speed Trials at Boonville, NY, the top clocked speed for a Ski-Doo down hill was 127.3mph, and in Marienville, PA, the fastest time for a Ski-Doo on a straight half-mile oval track was 87.0mph. ",
"However, the fastest recorded skiing speed was at The Super G Alpine Ski Competition, which was 85mph (men). ",
"Therefore, it would have been impossible for Xander to outrun an avalanche, practically with ease, yet have it catch up to the gang on snowmobiles in minutes, even seconds.",
"\n\nFactual error: In the beginning of the movie where Xander Cage (Vin Diesel) takes the senator's automatic transmission Corvette, he hops in and immediately pulls the shifter as far back as it will go. ",
"The shift pattern goes P R N D 3 2 1. ",
"If you pull the shifter as far back as it will go you would be in first gear going forward, but he lit up the tires in reverse. ",
"It's definitely an automatic - in slow motion you can see there are only two pedals.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: During the test when they infiltrate the drug lord's camp and X escapes. ",
"In one scene before he leaves the barn/building to go outside and get the bike you see him get up and lean against the door twice. ",
"Once to get up and look outside to see one of the copters blow up a truck then it cuts to a reverse angle and you see him get up again to lean against the door.",
"\n\nFactual error: When Xander uses the x-ray binoculars, it is impossible for that to work. ",
"First it would have to have every single bit of each layer of what he is looking at pre-programmed in it, or it would have to determine what to see through and what to be able to see.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: After the Prague cop shoots at Vin Diesel and Yorgi, when they are in the garage, they chase him in the GTO. ",
"You see Diesel skid the car to a stop to shoot the cop, but when the camera pulls away, you see the car skid another couple of inches after it had clearly stopped before.",
"\n\nFactual error: When X uses the tray to \"skateboard\" down on the rails of the stairs, how could that tray possibly take his weight? ",
"The tray would have either bent in half or snapped in half and would have had X fall crotch first onto the railing.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: In the beginning, when Xander steals the corvette, he goes into a reverse 180. ",
"When the camera angle is switched to camera 2, he's clearly coming out of a power slide (i.e. fishtail).",
"\n\nPlot hole: When Xander Cage is just about to try and get into the basement, two scientists walk out. ",
"One of the scientists says 'We are finished now - what about you?' ",
"The other scientist replies 'We will be done tomorrow' - yet just a few scenes later Yorgi uses the rocket to gas the whole room of scientists. ",
"How were they supposed to finish off their job?",
"\n\nFactual error: When Xander is riding down the rooftop of the barn in Colombia, he lands perfectly smooth without a sound. ",
"Now with a jump of at least 10 feet and at that speed, the motorcycle would at least bounce a bit.",
"\n\nFactual error: When XXX is first driving his GTO, looking for the cop, he lines up the blood splatter dart so it is in the barrel, the hammer is not cocked back. ",
"The next shot should be the bullet after the dart, not the dart as it is in the movie.",
"\n\nContinuity mistake: Just after X gets his new GTO and the cop knocks the window of the warehouse out, X and the bad guy jump back into the GTO. ",
"They drive out of the warehouse and the car is dirty on the bottom. ",
"If the car was spotless in the previous shot indoors, how did the car get so dirty so fast?",
"\n\nIn the party scene at XXX's house after he pulls the stunt with the Corvette, Joshua Todd, the ex-lead singer of Buckcherry, makes a cameo appearance - he never turns around, but you can see the suicide king of hearts tattoo on his back."
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"\n\nAD\n\nBut others are worried that any effort to help the Kurds directly could create a much more problematic backlash from Baghdad — despite the Kurdish Peshmerga forces’ vital role in taking back territory from ISIS.",
"\n\nAD\n\n“In all of these things, one has to make a decision: are you doing something that’s helping the cause, or are you doing something that’s increasing the likelihood of Iraq breaking apart,” said Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker (R-Tenn.).",
"\n\nCorker said Graham and McCain had not yet approached him about an aid package, but noted that Kurdish representatives he met with in Washington last month were “lobbying heavily” for financial assistance.",
"\n\nAD\n\n“It’s the same issue I had with arming the Kurds some time ago,” Corker added. “",
"When you begin doing that, you have to take into account you could be encouraging the breaking apart of the country.”",
"\n\nPresently, any assistance the United States sends to the Kurds goes through Baghdad. ",
"Various measures to arm the Kurds directly have been pending in Congress, but the administration’s policy has been to send all weapons through Baghdad, where they are stored in warehouses and then transferred to the Kurdish region in the north of Iraq.",
"\n\nAD\n\nBaghdad is also responsible for giving the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) 17 percent of the national budget, which depends in large part on oil revenues.",
"\n\nAD\n\nBut the Kurds say those payments haven’t been coming for several months. ",
"And even though the KRG recently started exporting oil directly to global markets — over the protestations of the Iraqi government that such moves were illegal — the price of oil has tanked so dramatically that they cannot make up the shortfall.",
"\n\nIn an interview with the Associated Press last month, Kurdish foreign minister Falah Mustafa Bakir said it would cost about $2 billion a year to continue to pay salaries to the Kurdish fighters. ",
"He was asking the Pentagon for help.",
"\n\nThe low price of oil is one of the reasons Graham is pursuing an economic aid package, he said. ",
"But while he didn’t specify just how much money he wants to send to the Kurds, Graham doubted that it would be as much as $2 billion.",
"\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nGraham and McCain are two of the more hawkish members of Congress when it comes to the fight against the Islamic State, calling for everything from thousands of U.S. ground troops to more resources for the Kurdish fighters. ",
"Both have called for arming the Kurds directly — an effort that has failed to pass Congress, as many members are concerned about the implications of circumventing Baghdad.",
"\n\nBut McCain suggested that sending money to the Kurds wouldn’t be a tough sell.",
"\n\n“Emergency appropriations — you can pass an appropriations bill,” McCain added. “",
"After the Israelis used up Iron Dome? ",
"Lindsey Graham and I went to the floor, $150 million, unanimous consent.”",
"\n\nAD\n\nThe Kurds, despite their close relationship with the United States in the fight against ISIS, do not have as historically strong a relationship with Congress as Israel. ",
"Regardless, Graham and McCain want to get a measure together to help them quickly."
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"3. ",
"Other fluoroalkanesulfonamido diaryl systems.",
"\nA series of isosteres of 3-benzoyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilide involving alternatives to the carbonyl linking group was synthesized and screened for antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan rat paw edema test. ",
"The systems examined were of the type m-CF3SO2NH-C6H4-X-C6H5, where X was -CROH-, -CHR-, -CH(OH)CH2-, -COCH2-, -CH2CO-, greater than C equal to CR2, -CR equal to CH, -C identical to C-, -CH2CH2-, CONH-, -NR-, -O-, -S(O)n- (n equal to 0,1,2), and carbon-carbon single bond. ",
"Many ortho and para derivatives were also tested. ",
"Several of these new trifluoromethanesulfonanilides proved equipotent with phenylbutazone. ",
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"\n\n\"The marketplace has provided us with an opportunity to bring back the Yamasaki name to its roots,\" Szantner said in the release.",
"\n\n\"Detroit is about to grow in every way, including vertical. ",
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[
"---\nabstract: 'A solvable model of noise effects on globally coupled limit cycle oscillators is proposed. ",
"The oscillators are under the influence of independent and additive white Gaussian noise. ",
"The averaged motion equation of the system with infinitely coupled oscillators is derived without any approximation through an analysis based on the nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation. ",
"Chaotic synchronization associated with the appearance of macroscopic chaotic behavior is shown by investigating the changes in averaged motion with increasing noise intensity.'",
"\nauthor:\n- Keiji Okumura\n- Akihisa Ichiki\ntitle: Chaotic synchronization induced by external noise in coupled limit cycle oscillators\n---\n\nThe discovery of the synchronization phenomena of chaos was a remarkable one since it seems at first glance to conflict with the definition of chaos. ",
"The stability of complete synchronization in coupled chaotic systems was studied [@Fujisaka_Stability_1983]. ",
"It was also shown that chaotic synchronization emerges in unidirectionally coupled oscillators in a model and an electronic circuit [@Pecora_Synchronization_1990]. ",
"In such a drive–response system, a functional relation was captured as generalized synchronization in refinement [@Rulkov_Generalized_1995]. ",
"The comprehensive understanding of synchronization transitions among complete, phase, and lag synchronizations was achieved using chaotic systems with a slight parameter mismatch [@Rosenblum_Phase_1996; @Rosenblum_From_1997]. ",
"Recently, relationships among various types of chaotic synchronization were studied in a system of indirectly coupled oscillators with a common environment [@Resmi_Synchronized_2010].",
"\n\nSometimes, noise plays a counterintuitive role; in the case of uncoupled chaotic oscillators, it is widely known that common noise inputs can induce chaotic synchronization [@Toral_Analytical_2001]. ",
"However, much discussion was held at the time of the discovery of noise-induced chaotic synchronization (NICS) [@Maritan_Chaos_1994]. ",
"Some of these discussions were based on the following views: (i) NICS was a numerical artifact since the results were dependent on calculation accuracy [@Pikovsky_Comment_1994], and (ii) the nonzero mean property of noise, which affected the system as a constant, would cause NICS [@Herzel_Chaos_1995]. ",
"Cumulative evidence associated with NICS clarified these issues [@Boccaletti_The_2002]. ",
"Once NICS was confirmed to be a reality, the relation between critical noise strengths and the size of the attractors [@He_Noise_2003], NICS in phase [@Zhou_Noise_2002a], effects of noise on generalized synchronization [@Guan_Effect_2006; @Moskalenko_Effect_2011], and NICS by colored noise were reported [@Yoshimura_Synchronization_2007].",
"\n\nThe effects of noise on synchronization have also been studied in coupled oscillatory systems.",
" While noise can “enhance” the degree of chaotic synchronization constructively [@Zhou_Noise_2002b; @Kiss_Noise_2003], few studies reported chaotic synchronization purely “induced” by external noise in coupled oscillatory systems. ",
"Therefore, it is quite natural to ask whether NICS exists in coupled oscillators or not. ",
"To answer this fundamental academic question, in this letter, a solvable model for independent external noise is proposed to reveal the occurrence of NICS in mean-field coupled oscillatory systems, as shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Fig\\_schematic\\]. ",
"It is worth noting that the study of NICS observed in coupled oscillatory systems solvable for external noise would contribute to resolving the complicated aspects mentioned before.",
"\n\n![",
"Schematic illustration of our system. []{",
"data-label=\"fig:Fig_schematic\"}](Fig_schematic_system_arXiv.eps){width=\"5.5cm\"}\n\nA potential approach to identify the occurrence of NICS in coupled oscillators would be related to the emergence of macroscopic chaotic behavior as an average. ",
"Let us suppose that collective motions described by an order parameter system show limit cycle oscillation under the presence of noise. ",
"In such cases, the oscillators exhibit roughly synchronous behavior to realize the limit cycle oscillation as an average though they are disturbed by noise. ",
"It would correspond to complete synchronization under the influence of noise [@Pikovsky_Synchronization_2001]. ",
"In the same way, if an order parameter behaves chaotically, it is suggestive of chaotic synchronization under the existence of noise. ",
"Thus, the occurrence of chaotic behavior in the order parameter system owing to the external noise, which is nonchaotic in the deterministic limit, would correspond to NICS.",
"\n\nTo reveal the existence of NICS in globally coupled limit cycle oscillators, let us introduce the following form of the Langevin equations, which is solvable for external noise [@Shiino_Chaos_2001; @Ichiki_Chaos_2007; @Okumura_Stochastic_2010]. ",
"For site $i$ $(i =1,...,N)$, it is given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{x}_{i} &=& \n- a^{(x)}x_{i} + \\displaystyle \\frac{J^{(x)}}{N}\\sum_{j=1}^{N}F^{(x)}(b^{(x)}x_{j} + c^{(x)}y_{j} + d^{(x)}z_{j}) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\mbox{} + \\eta_{i}^{(x)}(t), \n\\label{eq:3D_x}\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot{y}_{i} &=& \n- a^{(y)}y_{i} + \\displaystyle \\frac{J^{(y)}}{N}\\sum_{j=1}^{N}F^{(y)}(b^{(y)}x_{j} + c^{(y)}y_{j} + d^{(y)}z_{j}) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\mbox{} + \\eta_{i}^{(y)}(t), \n\\label{eq:3D_y}\\\\\n%\n\\dot{z}_{i} &=& \n- a^{(z)}z_{i} + \\displaystyle \\frac{J^{(z)}}{N}\\sum_{j=1}^{N}F^{(z)}(b^{(z)}x_{j} + c^{(z)}y_{j} + d^{(z)}z_{j}) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\mbox{} + \\eta_{i}^{(z)}(t), \n\\label{eq:3D_z}\\end{aligned}$$ where $x_{i}$, $y_{i}$, and $z_{i}$ are the dynamical variables of a three-dimensional oscillator. ",
"The coupling strength is denoted as $J^{(\\mu)}$ $(\\mu = x,y,z)$. The function $F^{(\\mu)}(\\cdot)$ is a coupling function to other oscillators, which also specifies the nonlinearity of a single oscillator. ",
"The coefficients $a^{(\\mu)}>0$, $b^{(\\mu)}$, $c^{(\\mu)}$, and $d^{(\\mu)}$ are constants. ",
"The Langevin noise $\\eta_{i}^{(\\mu)}(t)$ is assumed to be white Gaussian noise, as follows: $\\langle \\eta_{i}^{(\\mu)}(t) \\rangle =0$ and $\\langle \\eta^{(\\mu)}_{i}(t)\\eta^{(\\nu)}_{j}(t^{\\prime})\\rangle=2D^{(\\mu)}\\delta_{ij}\\delta_{\\mu\\nu}\\delta(t-t^{\\prime})$, where $D^{(\\mu)}>0$. If noise is absent, Eqs. (",
"\\[eq:3D\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:3D\\_z\\]) with $N=1$ recover single-body deterministic dynamics. ",
"Here, we take the function $F^{(\\mu)}$ in the form of $$\\begin{aligned}\nF^{(x)}(p) &=& F^{(y)}(p) = p, \\label{eq:F_xy}\\\\\nF^{(z)}(p) &=& p\\displaystyle \\exp\\left(-\\frac{p^{2}}{2}\\right), \n\\label{eq:F_z}\\end{aligned}$$ which enables us to analytically calculate $\\langle F^{(\\mu)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}$ described later. ",
"A limit cycle attractor can be obtained with the appropriately chosen parameter values. ",
"In this paper, we consider the situation that (i) $z_{1}$-nullcline takes the Z-curve, which contributes to bistability, (ii) the dynamical variables $x_{1}$ and $y_{1}$ are slow whereas $z_{1}$ is fast, (iii) unstable foci are relevantly observed in the ($x_{1}$, $y_{1}$) plane under singular perturbation [@Rssler_Chaotic_1976; @Jackson_Perspectives_1990]. ",
"The parameter values are close enough to exhibit chaotic behavior, as shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:Fig\\_3D\\_dG\\_DS\\_BDL\\].",
"\n\n![(",
"Color online) Dynamical behavior of the single limit cycle oscillator without noise. ",
"The trajectory for sufficiently large times is depicted. ",
"The red and blue planes and the green curve correspond to the $x_{1}$-, $y_{1}$-, and $z_{1}$-nullclines, respectively. ",
"The parameter values are $a^{(x)}=1.0$, $b^{(x)}=1.1$, $c^{(x)}=d^{(x)}=1.0$, $J^{(x)}=1.0$, $a^{(y)}=1.0$, $b^{(y)}=-1.0$, $c^{(y)}=1.1$, $d^{(y)}=-1.9$, $J^{(y)}=1.0$, $a^{(z)}=100.0$, $b^{(z)}=-0.1$, $c^{(z)}=0.01$, $d^{(z)}=1.0$, and $J^{(z)}=200.0$. []{data-label=\"fig:Fig_3D_dG_DS_BDL\"}](Fig_PRL_NICS_3D_dG_DS_BDL_v2_modified.eps){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nOur stochastic model is proposed such that the collective motions of the system can be derived as closed ordinary differential equations through analysis by the nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation (NFPE) [@Frank_Nonlinear_2005]. ",
"These consist of the order parameters, which include the noise strength as a parameter value of the deterministic nonlinear dynamical system. ",
"Thus, investigating the nonlinear aspects of order parameters in terms of the noise strength dependency allows us to study the occurrence of NICS.",
"\n\nLet us suppose the macroscopic behavior of the system. ",
"In the thermodynamic limit ($N \\rightarrow \\infty$), the mean-field coupling terms of Eqs.",
" (\\[eq:3D\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:3D\\_z\\]) converge owing to the law of large numbers, which attributes to the self-averaging property. ",
"Using the empirical probability density $P(t, \\textrm{\\boldmath $u$})$, these terms are written as $$\\displaystyle \\Fm \\equiv \n\\int \\textrm{d} \\bmu F^{(\\mu)}(b^{(\\mu)}u^{(x)} + c^{(\\mu)}u^{(y)} + d^{(\\mu)}u^{(z)})P(t, \\bmu), \n\\label{eq:MFCoupling1}$$ where $\\langle \\cdot \\rangle$ denotes the ensemble average. ",
"and $\\bmu^{T}=(u^{(x)}, u^{(y)}, u^{(z)})=(x, y, z)$. Based on the self-averaging, Eqs.",
" (\\[eq:3D\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:3D\\_z\\]) are reduced to a single oscillator written as $$\\displaystyle \\dot{u}^{(\\mu)} = -a^{(\\mu)}u^{(\\mu)} + \\displaystyle J^{(\\mu)} \\Fm + \\eta'^{(\\mu)}(t), \n\\label{eq:3D_ReducedLangevinEq}$$ where $\\eta'^{(\\mu)}(t)$ is the white Gaussian noise given by $\\langle \\eta'^{(\\mu)}(t) \\rangle = 0$ and $\\langle \\eta'^{(\\mu)}(t)\\eta'^{(\\nu)}(t^{\\prime}) \\rangle = 2D^{(\\mu)}\\delta_{\\mu\\nu}\\delta(t-t^{\\prime})$. Here, the coupling term is replaced by Eq.",
" (\\[eq:MFCoupling1\\]), which is time dependent. ",
"Every oscillator follows Eq.",
" (\\[eq:3D\\_ReducedLangevinEq\\]) with different initial conditions and $\\eta'^{(\\mu)}(t)$. The NFPE corresponding to Eq.",
" (\\[eq:3D\\_ReducedLangevinEq\\]) is obtained as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\displaystyle \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}P(t, \\textrm{\\boldmath $u$})\n&=& - \\displaystyle \\sum_{\\mu=x,y,z}\\left[ \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial u^{(\\mu)}} ( - a^{(\\mu)}u^{(\\mu)} + J^{(\\mu)}\\Fm \\right. ",
"\\nonumber \\\\\n&&\\mbox{} \\left. ",
"\\displaystyle - D^{(\\mu)}\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial u^{(\\mu) 2}}\\right]P. \n\\label{eq:NFPE}\\end{aligned}$$ The Gaussian probability density is a special solution for the NFPE.",
"\n\nFor sufficiently large times, the H theorem [@Shiino_Chaos_2001] ensures that the probability density of Eq.",
" (\\[eq:NFPE\\]) converges to the Gaussian form described as $P_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}(t,\\bmu)=\\exp\\left[-\\frac{1}{2}\\bms^{T}C^{-1}(t)\\bms\\right]/\\sqrt{(2\\pi)^3\\det C(t)}$, where $\\bms=\\bmu-\\langle \\bmu \\rangle$ and $C_{\\mu\\nu}(t)=\\langle s^{(\\mu)}s^{(\\nu)}\\rangle$. Owing to the characteristics of the Gaussian probability density, Eq.",
" (\\[eq:MFCoupling1\\]) is written in terms of the first and second moments. ",
"Hence, one can derive the time evolution of the moments from Eq.",
" (\\[eq:NFPE\\]), which is a closed ordinary differential equation. ",
"For the mean, it takes $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dxm &=& -a^{(x)}\\xm + J^{(x)}\\fmx,\n\\label{eq:3D_MomentEq_mean_x} \\\\\n\\dym &=& -a^{(y)}\\ym + J^{(y)}\\fmy,\n\\label{eq:3D_MomentEq_mean_y} \\\\\n\\dzm &=& -a^{(z)}\\zm + J^{(z)}\\fmz,\n\\label{eq:3D_MomentEq_mean_z} \\end{aligned}$$ and for the variance and covariance, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dvm &=&\n- 2 a^{(\\mu)}\\vm + 2D^{(\\mu)}, \n\\label{eq:3D_MomentEq_var} \\\\\n\\dwmn &=&\n- ( a^{(\\mu)} + a^{(\\nu)} )\\wmn, \n\\label{eq:3D_MomentEq_cov}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\langle \\cdot \\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}$ is expectation over $P_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}$, $v^{(\\mu)} = (u^{(\\mu)}\\!-\\!\\umu)^2$, and $w^{(\\mu\\nu)}=(u^{(\\mu)}-\\umu)(u^{(\\nu)}-\\unu)$ ($\\mu \\neq \\nu$). ",
"Note that $\\vm \\rightarrow D^{(\\mu)}/a^{(\\mu)}$ and $\\wmn \\rightarrow 0$ for sufficiently large times, which suggests the existence of three effective dimensions for the order parameters. ",
"In addition, the expectation of the coupling function is calculated as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\langle F^{(x)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}} &=& m^{(x)}, \n\\label{eq:3D_SelfAveraging_FdG_x}\\\\\n\\langle F^{(y)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}} &=& m^{(y)}, \n\\label{eq:3D_SelfAveraging_FdG_y}\\\\\n\\langle F^{(z)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}} &=& \\frac{m^{(z)}}{(\\sigma^{2}+1)^{3/2}}\\exp\\left[-\\frac{m^{(z)^{2}}}{2(\\sigma^{2}+1)}\\right], \n\\label{eq:3D_SelfAveraging_FdG_z}\\end{aligned}$$ where $m^{(\\mu)}=b^{(\\mu)}\\xg+c^{(\\mu)}\\yg+d^{(\\mu)}\\zg$ and $\\sigma^{2}=b^{(z)^{2}}\\langle v^{(x)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}+c^{(z)^{2}}\\langle v^{(y)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}+d^{(z)^{2}}\\langle v^{(z)}\\rangle_{\\tiny \\textrm{G}}$. The reduced equations (\\[eq:3D\\_MomentEq\\_mean\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:3D\\_MomentEq\\_cov\\]) reflect an aspect of the system as order parameters.",
"\n\n![(",
"Color online) Effects of the Langevin noise intensity on the order parameter system. (",
"upper panel) The first and second Lyapunov exponents ($\\lambda_1$ and $\\lambda_2$). ",
"The regions of (i) $\\lambda_1>0$, (ii) $\\lambda_1=0$ and $\\lambda_2<0$, and (iii) $\\lambda_1<0$ correspond to chaos, the limit cycles, and the fixed points, respectively. (",
"lower panel) Poincaré section. ",
"The section is taken as $\\xm = 1.38$ and $\\zm < 0$. The parameter values are $D^{(x)}=D^{(y)}=D^{(z)}=D$, in addition to those of Fig.",
" \\[fig:Fig\\_3D\\_dG\\_DS\\_BDL\\]. []{",
"data-label=\"fig:Fig_3D_dG_LN_LE\"}](Fig_PRL_NICS_3D_dG_LN_case1_LE2_Poincare_D_inset_DY-1pt9_v2_epslatex_Inkscape600dpi.eps){width=\"8.6cm\"}\n\nAs described before, the occurrence of NICS is associated with the occurrence of the macroscopic behavior of chaos in the order parameter system. ",
"To capture the dependence of attractor types on the Langevin noise intensity, the Lyapunov exponents [@Shimada_A_1979] for the system of Eqs.",
" (\\[eq:3D\\_MomentEq\\_mean\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:3D\\_SelfAveraging\\_FdG\\_z\\]) were numerically estimated (Fig.",
" \\[fig:Fig\\_3D\\_dG\\_LN\\_LE\\]). ",
"Note that the Lyapunov exponents were measured not for the stochastic differential equations of the oscillators but for the deterministic ordinary differential equations of the order parameters. ",
"In the deterministic limit ($D \\rightarrow 0$), the system exhibits the limit cycle attractor as well as the single body deterministic case (Fig.",
" \\[fig:Fig\\_3D\\_dG\\_DS\\_BDL\\]). ",
"With increasing noise levels, the attractor become strange, which means the occurrence of NICS in the coupled oscillators. ",
"The fixed point attractor appears if the noise level is strong enough, which corresponds to the destruction of the system by noise.",
"\n\nTo access the picture of NICS, a numerical simulation for the original stochastic differential equations (\\[eq:3D\\_x\\])–(\\[eq:F\\_z\\]) was accomplished. ",
"The Heun method was applied [@Kloeden_Numerical_1992]. ",
"As shown in Fig.",
" \\[fig:NICSexample\\], noise could control the dynamical property of the system, which gave rise to the synchronization transition from periodic to chaotic with increasing noise intensity.",
"\n\n{width=\"17.2cm\"}\n\nSo far, a solvable model for noise effects on mean-field coupled limit cycle oscillators has been proposed. ",
"One characteristic of this model is that in the thermodynamic limit, the probability density of the system is constrained to the Gaussian form for sufficiently large times due to the independent noise. ",
"This enables us to analytically derive the time evolution of the order parameters. ",
"Note that the coupling and noise strengths are not limited to weak values in our study. ",
"The macroscopic chaotic behavior of the order parameters could imply chaotic synchronization under the noise. ",
"Since the noise intensity is one of the control parameters for the time evolution of the order parameter, the noise could induce the chaotic synchronization when the deterministic single oscillator settles near the chaotic parameter values. ",
"It should be emphasized again that a solvable model for independent external noise, which describes the occurrence of NICS in coupled limit cycle oscillators, could contribute to resolving the complicated questions that arose after the discovery of NICS in uncoupled oscillators.",
"\n\nOur model would be treated as comprising damped oscillators with the feedback represented by the coupling terms regardless of the microscopic states of the oscillators. ",
"It should be noted that we could arbitrarily design the shape of the coupling function, which may yield a rich variety of dynamical behavior. ",
"The feedback might correspond to the common environment [@Resmi_Synchronized_2010].",
"\n\nAnother aspect of the relationships between chaos and noise effects was studied using solvable models [@Shiino_Chaos_2001; @Ichiki_Chaos_2007]. ",
"These studies focused on the generation of chaotic behavior purely induced by independent noise in globally coupled limit cycle oscillators. ",
"It was shown that colored noise and coupling noise can actually induce chaotic behavior in order parameter systems whose effective dimensions include variances. ",
"Further investigation into this relationship will be conducted in the future.",
"\n\nSome problems continue to remain unresolved. ",
"One of these involves phase. ",
"If the famous Rössler type attractor [@Rssler_An_1976] is obtained by changing the parameter values in our model, one can easily define the phase in the systems of both a single oscillator and order parameters. ",
"Since synchronization induced by common noise in uncoupled limit cycle oscillators is already theoretically established from the viewpoint of phase [@Teramae_Robustness_2004; @Nakao_Noise_2007], a study on NICS in coupled limit cycle oscillators in terms of phase would facilitate systematic understanding of noise-induced synchronization. ",
"Another open problem involves system symmetry. ",
"For instance, the manner of symmetric coupling plays an important role in deterministic chaotic synchronization in coupled oscillators [@Pikovsky_Synchronization_2001]. ",
"It is expected that symmetric coupling is also the main factor for NICS in our study. ",
"These issues will be reported elsewhere.",
"\n\nThe authors would like to thank Dr. Shiino for valuable discussions. ",
"This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19K20360, JP17H06469.",
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"A human jawbone found in a cave on the Tibetan plateau has revealed new details about the appearance and lifestyle of a mysterious ancient species called Denisovans.",
"\n\nThe 160,000-year-old fossil, comprising a powerful jaw and unusually large teeth, suggests these early relatives would have looked something like the most primitive of the Neanderthals. ",
"The discovery also shows that Denisovans lived at extremely high altitude and, through interbreeding, may have passed on gene adaptations for this lifestyle to modern-day Sherpas in the region.",
"\n\nOffspring of Neanderthal and Denisovan identified for first time Read more\n\nJean-Jacques Hublin, the director of the department of human evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig and senior author of the find, described this element as “spectacular”. ",
"He said: “Until today, nobody imagined that archaic humans could be able to dwell in such an environment.”",
"\n\nQuick guide Who were the Denisovans? ",
"Show Hide Denisovans are a sister species to Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, but far less has been known about them, including what they might have looked like. ",
"Their existence was revealed by a DNA analysis of a finger bone found in the Denisova cave in Siberia. ",
"This showed that the fossil belonged to a new species that, along with the Neanderthals, split from our own lineage about 700,000 years ago. ",
"Soon after this split, the Denisovans and Neanderthals went their separate ways – although not definitively. ",
"There is clear evidence of interbreeding between the two extinct species as well as with modern humans. ",
"About 3% to 5% of the DNA of Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians and about 6% in Papuans appears to derive from Denisovans. ",
"These genetic comparisons suggest that Denisovans must once have been widespread. ",
"Since the Siberian fossils amount to just a few chunks of bone and teeth, a crucial piece of the puzzle has been trying to match up DNA evidence with more complete fossils found at other site, including in China, to get a better picture of what our ancient cousins looked like and how they lived.",
"\n\nThe dating of the mandible suggests temperatures on the plateau would have been even harsher than today, when temperatures can plunge to -30C (-22F). “",
"It’s a time period colder than now which … blows my mind,” said Hublin. “",
"If you find it a challenging environment today, I recommend you try it [then].”",
"\n\nPreviously, the only known Denisovan fossils came from a cave in Siberia, and amounted to a finger fragment, some teeth and a few jagged pieces of bone. ",
"Crucially, scientists were able to extract DNA from inside the bone and by comparing this with other ancient DNA and present-day populations they learned that the species must once have been widespread across Europe and Asia.",
"\n\nThe latest fossil represents a crucial link between the Siberian specimens and other Chinese fossils, from which scientists had previously failed to extract DNA, but which show remarkable anatomical similarities to the Tibetan specimen.",
"\n\nProf Chris Stringer, the head of human origins research at the Natural History Museum who was not involved in the research, described it as a landmark paper.",
"\n\nThe fossil was discovered by a monk in Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan plateau in China’s Gansu province. ",
"After finding the jaw in the 1980s, the monk passed it on to a living Buddha, who passed it to one of the scientists behind the latest analysis.",
"\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest The Baishiya Karst Cave above the Jiangla riverbed, where the Denisovan jawbone was found. ",
"Photograph: Dongju Zhang/AP\n\nThe scientists were not able to obtain DNA from the sample, but managed to extract proteins from one of the molars. ",
"Proteins, like DNA, could be sequenced and the analysis placed the fossil firmly on the Denisovan branch of the evolutionary tree.",
"\n\nThe discovery indicates that Denisovans adapted to high-altitude, low-oxygen environments much earlier than the regional arrival of modern humans about 40,000 years ago.",
"\n\nIt also helps explain how present-day Sherpas and some Tibetan populations came to carry a gene of Denisovan origin – presumably acquired through ancient interbreeding – that allows these populations to cope with hypoxia. “",
"This has been quite puzzling because the [Siberian] cave was not at high altitude,” said Hublin.",
"\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest The cave in which the bone was found is in a rugged valley on the mountainous Tibetan plateau. ",
"Photograph: Dongju Zhang/AP\n\nPreviously scientists had assumed the gene most probably served a different purpose in Denisovans, such as helping them cope with intense physical activity, and that it was later coopted for a different purpose. ",
"Stringer said: “Now it seems more likely that it originated in high altitude-adapted Denisovans, and could have been passed on directly in the region.” ",
"Scientists could not be certain of this, though, because they were unable to extract a genome from the new specimen.",
"\n\nThe paper, published in Nature, is one of the first to use protein analysis to determine an ancient human species and the technique is seen as hugely promising because protein tends to be preserved better than DNA. ",
"The team said they were hopeful that further fossils in China would be able to be tested using the method."
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"But I have a problem with some legend items. ",
"Here is my code:\nθ = 0.30853753872598694`;\nc[x_] := CDF[NormalDistribution[0, 1], x];\ncc[x_] := InverseCDF[NormalDistribution[0, 1], x];\nc1[x_] := (θ/(1 - θ))*(1 - x)\nc2[x_] := (-x + θ + x θ)/θ\nc3[x_] := 2*θ - x\nc4[x_] := θ*DiracDelta[θ - x]\nd[x_] := c[cc[1 - x] - 1];\n\np1 = \n Plot[{d[x], c1[x], c2[x], c3[x]}, {x, 0, 1}, \n GridLines -> Automatic, \n GridLinesStyle -> LightGray, \n PerformanceGoal -> \"Quality\", \n PlotLegends -> \n Placed[\n LineLegend[{\n Style[Subscript[P, M], FontSize -> 21], \n Style[Subscript[l, 1], FontSize -> 21], \n Style[Subscript[l, 2], FontSize -> 21], \n Style[Subscript[l, 3], FontSize -> 21]}, \n LegendFunction -> (Framed[#, RoundingRadius -> 2, FrameStyle -> LightGray] &), \n BaseStyle -> 18], \n {Right, Top}], \n Filling -> {2 -> {3}}, \n FillingStyle -> LightOrange, \n PlotStyle -> {Blue, Directive[Dashed, Black], Directive[Dashed, Black], Red}, \n PlotRange -> {0, 1}, \n AxesLabel -> \n {Style[Subscript[P, F], FontSize -> 21], Style[Subscript[P, M], FontSize -> 21]}, \n BaseStyle -> 18, \n AxesStyle -> Arrowheads[0.03], \n AspectRatio -> .7];\n\nShow[p1, Graphics[{PointSize[0.02], Black, Point[{θ, θ}]}]]\n\nWhat I couldn't do:\n\nThe intersection of the butterfly area and the area below the red line should be dotted on the light orange color. ",
"Namely the area below the red line and the intersection of this area with the butterfly area needs to be dotted and on light orange.",
"\nI want to put the butterfly area as $\\mathcal{B}_{\\theta}$ into the legend. ",
"Like a square area dvided into two equal areas with light orange and dotted light orange \nI want to put $\\mathcal{S}_{\\theta}$, which is just the dotted area into the legend as well. ",
"A square area with dotted lightorange.",
"\nI want to put the black point in the figure into the legend as $(\\theta,\\theta)$\n\nI dont know how to do these things, although I spent time on it, and therefore I need help.",
"\n\nThe final version:\n\nA:\n\nFirst, a function to produce dots to be used as filling:\ndotsF[n_: {50, 50}, sz_: Medium, clr_: LightGray] := \n With[{g = Tuples[{Range[n[[1]]], Range[n[[2]]]}]}, Graphics[{clr, PointSize[sz], Point@g},\n ImagePadding -> 0, PlotRangeClipping -> False, PlotRangePadding -> 0, AspectRatio -> 1]]\ndotsF[{10, 10}, .1, Green]\n\nIt will be more convenient to render the pieces separately so that we can generate legend icons for various components:\npltc3 = Plot[c3[u], {u, 0, 1}, PlotStyle -> Directive[Thick, Opacity[1], Red], Axes -> False, \n Frame -> False, AspectRatio -> 1];\npltd = Plot[d[u], {u, 0, 1}, PlotStyle -> Directive[Thick, Opacity[1], Blue], Axes -> False, \n Frame -> False, AspectRatio -> 1];\npltc1c2 = Plot[{c1[u], c2[u]}, {u, 0, 1}, \n PlotStyle -> Directive[Thick, Dashed, Black], Mesh -> {{\\[Theta]}},\n MeshStyle -> PointSize[.03], Axes -> False, Frame -> False, AspectRatio -> 1];\n\nParametricPlot with dotted filling:\nprmplt = ParametricPlot[{{u, (1 - v) Min[c1[u], c2[u]] + v c3[u]}, \n {u, (1 - v) Max[c1[u], c2[u]] + v c3[u]}}, {u, 0, 1}, {v, 0, 1}, \n Mesh -> None, PlotRange -> {{0, 1}, {0, 1}},\n AspectRatio -> 1, BoundaryStyle -> Opacity[0], Axes -> False, \n Frame -> False, AspectRatio -> (ar = .7),\n PlotStyle -> {Directive[{Opacity[.7], \n Texture[ImageMultiply[dotsF[{120, 120}, Tiny, Red], Orange]]}], \n Directive[Opacity[.7], Orange]}, \n TextureCoordinateFunction -> ({#, ar #2} &), \n TextureCoordinateScaling -> False];\n\nshow = Show[prmplt, pltd, pltc3, pltc1c2, PlotRange -> {{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, \n Axes -> True, Frame -> False, BaseStyle -> 18, AspectRatio -> .7, \n AxesStyle -> Arrowheads[0.03`], GridLines -> Automatic, GridLinesStyle -> GrayLevel[0.85`], \n AxesLabel -> {Style[Subscript[P, F], 21], Style[Subscript[P, M], 21]}, ImageSize -> 600]\n\nLegend icons and labels:\nlabels = Style[#, 20, Bold] & /@ {Subscript[\"P\", \"M\"], Subscript[\"\\[ScriptL]\", \"3\"], \n Subscript[\"\\[ScriptCapitalB]\", \"\\[Theta]\"], \n Subscript[\"\\[ScriptCapitalS]\", \"\\[Theta]\"], \n Subscript[\"\\[ScriptL]\", \"1|2\"], \"{\\[Theta],\\[Theta]}\"};\n\nicons = {pltd /. Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.05], pltc3 /. Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.05], \n prmplt , ImageMultiply[dotsF[{7, 7}, .075, Orange], Orange], \n pltc1c2 /. {Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.02], \n Dashing[_] :> Dashing[.1], PointSize[_] :> PointSize[0]}, \n pltc1c2 /. {Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.01], PointSize[_] :> PointSize[.2]}};\n\nlegends = Labeled[#, #2, Right] & @@@ Transpose[{Thumbnail[#, 32] & /@ icons, labels}];\n\nAll together:\nLegended[show, Placed[Panel@Column[legends, Spacings -> 1], {0.85, 0.6}]]\n\nUpdate: New requirements from the comments:\n\nI want to add this : LegendFunction -> (Framed[#, RoundingRadius -> 2, FrameStyle -> LightGray] &)\n... make the box roundings a bit different and the legend transparent? ",
"so that the figure (and gridlines) staying at the background can be seen from the legend\n\nprmplt2 = ParametricPlot[{{u, (1 - v) Min[c1[u], c2[u]] + v c3[u]}, \n {u, (1 - v) Max[c1[u], c2[u]] + v c3[u]}}, {u, 0, 1}, {v, 0, 1},\n Mesh -> None, \n PlotRange -> {{0.2, c2[.2]}, {.2, c2[.2]}}, AspectRatio -> 1, \n BoundaryStyle -> Opacity[0], Axes -> False, Frame -> False, \n AspectRatio -> (ar = .7), \n PlotStyle -> {Directive[{Opacity[.7], \n Texture[ImageMultiply[dotsF[{40, 40}, Medium, Darker@Red], \n Orange]]}], Directive[Opacity[.7], Orange]}, \n TextureCoordinateFunction -> ({#, ar #2} &), \n TextureCoordinateScaling -> False, PlotPoints -> 100];\n\nicons = {Show[pltd, Background -> Transparent] /. \n Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.05], \n Show[pltc3, Background -> Transparent] /. \n Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.05], \n Show[prmplt2, Background -> Transparent], \n ImageMultiply[dotsF[{7, 7}, .075, Orange], Orange], \n Show[pltc1c2, \n Background -> Transparent] /. {Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.02], \n Dashing[_] :> Dashing[.1], PointSize[_] :> PointSize[0]}, \n Show[pltc1c2, \n Background -> Transparent] /. {Thickness[_] :> Thickness[.01], \n PointSize[_] :> PointSize[.2]}};\n\nlegends = \n Labeled[#, #2, Right] & @@@ \n Transpose[{Thumbnail[#, 32] & /@ icons, labels}];\n\nLegended[show, \n Placed[Framed[Column[legends, Spacings -> .75], RoundingRadius -> 2, \n FrameStyle -> LightGray], {0.85, 0.6}]]\n\n... if one could make (one of the icons) a bit bigger:\n\nlegends2 = Labeled[#, #2, Right] & @@@ \n Transpose[{ReplacePart[Show[#, ImageSize -> 30] & /@ icons, {3} -> \n Show[icons[[3]], ImageSize -> 50]], labels}];\nLegended[show, \n Placed[Framed[Column[legends2, Spacings -> .75], RoundingRadius -> 2,\n FrameStyle -> LightGray], {0.85, 0.6}]]\n\nA:\n\nI post for illustrative purposes only. ",
"I also suggest looking at LegendFunction documentation.",
"\nrp = RegionPlot[0 < y < Exp[-x^2] && x > 1, {x, -2, 2}, {y, 0, 1}, \n BoundaryStyle -> None, PlotStyle -> LightBlue, PlotPoints -> 40];\np = Plot[Exp[-x^2], {x, -2, 2}, Epilog -> Point[{1, Exp[-1]}]];\nLegended[Show[p, rp], \n Placed[Column[{LineLegend[{Blue}, {e^-z^2}], \n SwatchLegend[{LightBlue}, {HoldForm[\\!\\(\n\\*SubsuperscriptBox[\\(\\[Integral]\\), \\(1\\), \\(\\[Infinity]\\)]\\(\n\\*SuperscriptBox[\\(e\\), \\(-\n\\*SuperscriptBox[\\(z\\), \\(2\\)]\\)] \\[DifferentialD]z\\)\\)]}], \n PointLegend[{Black}, \\\n{\"(1,\\!\\(\\*SuperscriptBox[\\(\\[ExponentialE]\\), \\(-1\\)]\\))\"}]}, \n Frame -> True], {0.85, 0.7}]]\n\n"
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"Despite recent trade truce between the US and China, their relations will remain contentious says Moody's\n\nDespite a temporary de-escalation of hostilities following the G-20 summit, the relationship between the US and China will remain contentious, says Moody’s Investors Service in a new report.",
"\n\nNarrow agreements and modest concessions in the ongoing trade dispute will not bridge the wide gulf in their respective economic, political and strategic interests.",
"\n\nAt the G-20 meetings that concluded on December 1, the US and China agreed to continue trade negotiations, during which the US will suspend for 90 days the planned increase in tariffs targeted for January 2019, and China will increase imports from the US.",
"\n\nDespite this temporary de-escalation of hostilities, Moody’s expect the relationship between the world’s two largest economies to remain contentious.",
"\n\n“The US and China have differences that are deep and multi-faceted, leading to diverging national and commercial interests,” says Moody’s Managing Director Atsi Sheth. “",
"As China increases its influence in global economics and politics and the US retrenches its international engagement, the relationship between the two powers has entered a new, tense and uncertain phase.”",
"\n\nThe rating agency says relations between the two countries will swing between conflict and compromise.",
"\n\nThe impact of US-China tensions on credit conditions will be felt at the global, country, sector and company level. ",
"A worsening of tensions would disrupt global trade, erode the effectiveness of the international multilateral trade regime and dampen growth. ",
"Financial market volatility will affect valuations and borrowing costs for many debt issuers."
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"Tułodziad\n\nTułodziad () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dąbrówno, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. ",
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"FPL, Entergy Merge in $7 Billion Deal \nNEW YORK (Reuters) - FPL Group Inc., the parent of Florida Power & Light Co., \nsaid on Monday it would merge with Entergy Corp. in a stock deal worth $7 \nbillion to create the largest U.S. power generating company. ",
"\nThe combined company would have a total enterprise value of more than $27 \nbillion, consisting of $16.4 billion in equity market capitalization and \n$10.7 billion in debt and preferred stock, the companies said. ",
"\nThe merger is expected to immediately boost earnings for both companies. ",
"\nUnder the terms of the agreement, FPL shareholders would receive one share of \na new holding company for each FPL share held. ",
"Entergy shareholders would get \n0.585 of a share of the new holding company for each Entergy share. ",
"\nBased on the companies' closing stock prices, the deal would value Entergy at \nits market value of $7 billion, or about $30.89 per share. ",
"FPL shares closed \nFriday at 52-13/16, off a year high of 56-5/8 but up from a low of 36-3/8. ",
"\nEntergy stock ended at 30-5/16, off a high of 31-3/16 but up from a low of \n15-15/16. ",
"\nSHAREHOLDERS' APPROVAL REQUIRED \nThe combination must be cleared by shareholders as well as federal \nregulators. ",
"FPL and Entergy said they hope to complete the transaction within \n15 months. ",
"\n``The merger combines two strategically aligned, financially healthy \ncompanies into an organization that has no equal in the industry,'' said J. \nWayne Leonard, Entergy chief executive. ",
"\nLeonard will serve as president and chief executive of the combined company \nwhile FPL's chief executive, James Broadhead, will serve as chairman. ",
"\nThe deal was billed as a merger of equals but gives FPL shareholders 57 \npercent of the combined company and eight of 15 seats on the board of \ndirectors, the companies said. ",
"\nOnce combined, the new company is expected to see annual cost savings of $110 \nmillion to $150 million in its regulated businesses derived from eliminating \nduplicate corporate and administrative positions and programs. ",
"\nCompetitive businesses should see annual cost savings and revenue \nenhancements of $40 million to $125 million and capital expenditure savings \nof $50 million to $100 million, the companies said. ",
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"###### Strengths and limitations of this study\n\n- This is the first population-based retrospective cohort study to examine the risk of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",
"\n\n- The study cohorts were large enough to observe the risk variations among subgroups.",
"\n\n- We adjusted for multiple confounding factors, namely, age, sex, urbanisation level, parental occupation, follow-up period and the presence of other atopic disorders in our study.",
"\n\n- We are unable to obtain detailed clinical information (including laboratory data, experimental tests and pathology results) from the National Health Insurance programme.",
"\n\n- This study included only patients in Taiwan; as such, the present results may not be applicable to other populations.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nThe incidence rate of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which are common chronic diseases in children and young adults, has been increasing in the last few decades.[@R1] Approximately 6%--30% of the general population has been diagnosed with AC,[@R3] which represents more than 90% of all ocular allergies.[@R4] AC, which is a type of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity of the conjunctiva to allergens such as pollen, animal dander and other environmental antigens,[@R5] exhibits a similar pathophysiology to that of other atopic diseases and is believed to be associated with the T helper type 2 (Th2) response. ",
"In contrast, T1DM is an autoimmune disease caused by cell-mediated immunity against pancreatic islet beta cells, and is viewed mainly as a T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated disorder.[@R6] The Th2-associated cytokines, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13, inhibit the Th1 response; conversely, interferon-γ, which is associated with Th1, downregulates the Th2 response. ",
"According to the traditional Th1/Th2 paradigm, AC and T1DM are theoretically inversely related.",
"\n\nHowever, the results of recent studies investigating the association between the two diseases are controversial.[@R7] These conflicting results may be due to differences in the study design, patient characteristics and geographic location (which leads to variations in allergen exposure) as well as the influence of IL-17 producing T cells (Th17 cells), T regulatory cells (Tregs) and B lymphocytes in both disorders. ",
"Although the pathophysiology of the atopic diseases was similar, the correlation between T1DM and each atopic disease in an identical study population appeared to differ. ",
"Furthermore, most previous studies have included allergic rhinitis and AC in the same group (rhinoconjunctivitis); as such, studies that specifically focus on the association between AC and T1DM are rare.",
" Therefore, in order to investigate the association between AC and T1DM, we conducted a population-based cohort study using the database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) programme.",
"\n\nMaterials and methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nData source {#s2a}\n-----------\n\nThe NHI programme, which is operated by the National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA), is a single-payer programme, launched on 1 March 1995, that covers approximately 99% of the 23.74 million residents of Taiwan. ",
"The NHIA has authorised the National Health Research Institutes to construct and maintain the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) for researchers. ",
"The diagnostic codes were in the format of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).",
"\n\nEthics statement {#s2b}\n-----------------\n\nThe encrypts patient\\'s personal information to protect privacy and provides researchers with anonymous identification numbers associated with relevant claims information, including sex, date of birth, medical services received and prescriptions. ",
"Therefore, patient consent is not required to access the NHIRD. ",
"This study was found to fulfil the conditions for exemption by the institutional review board (IRB) of the authors' institution. ",
"The IRB also specifically waived the consent requirement. ",
"The Research Ethics Committee has recommended the approval of studies using claims data from NHI (Protocol title: studies using claims data from NHI, Research Institute: China Medical University Hospital, Protocol No. ",
"CMUH104-REC-2-115(CR-1)).",
"\n\nPatients {#s2c}\n--------\n\nThe T1DM cohort included patients aged 1--30 years who had been newly diagnosed with T1DM (ICD-9-CM codes 250.x1 and 250.x3) between 1998 and 2011. ",
"The date of T1DM diagnosis was defined as the index date. ",
"We excluded patients older than 30 years, diagnosed with AC (ICD-9-CM codes 372.05, 372.10 and 372.14) at baseline, with type 2 diabetes (ICD-9-CM code 250), gestational diabetes (ICD-9-CM code 648.83), atopic dermatitis (ICD-9-CM code 691.8), vernal conjunctivitis (ICD-9-CM code 372.13), asthma (ICD-9-CM code 493), keratoconus (ICD-9-CM code 371.6), gynaecomastia (ICD-9-CM code 611.1), polycystic ovary syndrome (ICD-9-CM code 256.4), mammary fibroadenoma (ICD-9-CM code 217), adipogenital dystrophy (ICD-9-CM code 272.6), autoimmune thyroid disease (ICD-9-CM codes 242, 244.9 and 245.2), systemic lupus erythematosus (ICD-9-CM codes 710.0 and 695.4), rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-9-CM code 714), or *Sjögren syndrome* (710.0), or for whom age or sex information was missing. ",
"For each patient with T1DM, four non-T1DM controls were matched by sex. ",
"The patients in both cohorts were followed-up from the index date to the date of AC occurrence or censoring because of loss to follow-up or withdrawal from the NHI programme, or until the end of 2011.",
"\n\nVariables of interest {#s2d}\n---------------------\n\nThe sociodemographic variables used in this study were sex, age, urbanisation level and parental occupation. ",
"White-collar workers were defined as people with occupations characterised by long indoor work hours such as institutional workers and business and industrial administration personnel. ",
"Blue-collar workers were defined as people with occupations characterised by long outdoor work hours, such as fishermen, farmers and industrial labourers. ",
"Other occupations included primarily retired, unemployed or low-income populations. ",
"The level of urbanisation was divided into four levels based on the NHRI report. (",
"Level 1 was the highest level of urbanisation and level 7 was the lowest. ",
"Because few people lived in areas classified as levels 5--7, we grouped the least urbanised populations into level 5.) ",
"We identified potential risk factors such as rhinitis (ICD-9-CM codes 472.0 and 477) and urticaria (ICD-9-CM code 708) at baseline. ",
"In addition, we evaluated diabetic severity by referring to the Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI).[@R12] The progression of diabetes was defined as a yearly increase in aDCSI score from the date of diagnosis to the end of follow-up; the four progression groups were defined as those with a yearly score increase of \\<0.51, 0.51--1.00, 1.01--2.00 and \\>2.0.",
"\n\nStatistical analysis {#s2e}\n--------------------\n\nWe conducted χ^2^ tests to compare the distribution of the sociodemographic variables and comorbidities between the cohorts with and without T1DM. ",
"We assessed the cumulative incidence of AC between the T1DM and non-T1DM cohorts using the Kaplan-Meier method, and determined the differences via a log-rank test. ",
"The incidence densities of AC (per 1000 person-years) were estimated for both cohorts by sex, age, urbanisation level, parental occupation, comorbidity and follow-up time. ",
"Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% CIs for AC development. ",
"The multivariate model was adjusted for sex, age, urbanisation level and parental occupation, in addition to comorbidities of rhinitis and urticaria. ",
"The Cox proportional hazard model assumption was also examined using a test of scaled Schoenfeld residuals. ",
"The model evaluating AC risk throughout the follow-up period revealed a significant relationship between Schoenfeld residuals for T1DM and follow-up time, suggesting that the proportionality assumption was violated (p=0.001). ",
"In the subsequent analyses, we stratified the follow-up years to address the violation of the proportional hazard assumption. ",
"In order to evaluate the risk of T1DM progression from the date of diagnosis to the end of follow-up (four progression groups (yearly increase in aDCSI scores): \\<0.51, 0.51--1.00, 1.01--2.00 and \\>2.0), further analysis was performed to examine whether the progression could be used to predict AC risk. ",
"All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS statistical package (V.9.3 for Windows; SAS Institute). ",
"Statistical significance was defined at p\\<0.05.",
"\n\nResults and discussion {#s3}\n======================\n\nResults {#s3a}\n-------\n\n[Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} lists the sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities of the two cohorts. ",
"In both cohorts, 53.1% of the patients were female and 47.0% were male. ",
"On average, the patients with T1DM were significantly younger than the controls (mean age: 15.6 years, SD: 7.76 vs mean age: 18.0 years, SD: 7.85, p\\<0.001). ",
"Most patients in the T1DM group were younger than 18 years of age (60.8%), and most patients in the control group were aged 18 years or older (54.2%). ",
"The mean follow-up duration was longer in the controls than in the cases (6.57 years, SD: 3.99 vs 6.28 years, SD: 4.04, p\\<0.001). ",
"Both cohorts tended to reside in urbanised areas (T1DM cohort: 60.0%, non-T1DM cohort: 57.1%); however, patients with T1DM were significantly more urbanised than the controls (p=0.003). ",
"Approximately half of the patients were classified as being in white-collar employment, with a somewhat higher rate of white-collar employment in the controls (T1DM cohort: 53.4%, non-T1DM cohort: 58.2%; p\\<0.001). ",
"The comorbidities were similar between the groups; a history of rhinitis was noted in 28.8% of the patients with T1DM and in 28.9% of the controls, and the proportion of individuals with urticaria in the T1DM and control groups was 10.2% and 10.6%, respectively.",
"\n\n###### \n\nComparison of demographic characteristics and comorbidities between patients with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus\n\n Controls Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus p Value\n ---------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------\n Sex 0.99\n Female 8828 (53.1) 2207 (53.1) \n Male 7812 (47.0) 1953 (47.0) \n Age, years, mean (SD)\\* 18.0 (7.85) 15.6 (7.76) \\<0.001\n Stratified by age \\<0.001\n \\<18 7622 (45.8) 2527 (60.8) \n ≥18 9018 (54.2) 1633 (39.3) \n Follow-up duration, years (SD)\\* 6.57 (3.99) 6.28 (4.04) \\<0.001\n Urbanisation level^†^ 0.003\n 1 (Very high) 4590 (27.6) 1181 (28.4) \n 2 (High) 4907 (29.5) 1316 (31.6) \n 3 (Moderate) 3363 (20.2) 725 (17.4) \n 4 (Low) 3780 (22.7) 938 (22.6) \n Parental occupation \\<0.001\n White collar 9678 (58.2) 2222 (53.4) \n Blue collar 4891 (29.4) 1339 (32.2) \n Others^‡^ 2071 (12.5) 599 (14.4) \n Comorbidity \n Rhinitis 4389 (26.4) 1049 (25.2) 0.13\n Urticaria 1645 (9.89) 388 (9.33) 0.44\n\n\\*Student\\'s t-test, χ^2^ test.",
"\n\n†The urbanisation level was categorised by the population density of the residential area into four levels, with level 1 as the most urbanised and level 4 as the least urbanised.",
"\n\n‡Other occupations included primarily retired, unemployed or low-income populations.",
"\n\n[Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that the overall incidence of AC was 23.0 per 1000 person-years in the T1DM cohort, which was 1.71-fold higher than in the non-T1DM cohort (13.5 per 1000 person-years), with an adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.59 (95% CI 1.47 to 1.71). ",
"Further, 96% of diagnoses of AC were performed by an ophthalmologist (see online [supplementary table 1](#SP1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, which shows the specialties of the physicians who performed diagnoses of AC). ",
"We compared the AC risk between the T1DM cohort and the non-T1DM cohort by considering several variables such as sex, age, urbanisation level, parental occupation, the presence or absence of comorbidities, and the follow-up period. ",
"The risk of AC in patients diagnosed with T1DM, regardless of stratification, was higher than in the non-T1DM cohort.",
"\n\n10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015795.supp1\n\n###### Supplementary data\n\n###### \n\nComparison of incidence densities of AC and HR between patients with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus by demographic characteristics and comorbidity\n\n Controls Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus IRR (95% CI) Adjusted IRR^‡^ (95% CI) \n ----------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------------- -------- ------ --------------------------- -----------------------------\n All 1470 109 298 13.5 601 26 122 23.0 1.71 (1.58 to 1.85)\\*\\*\\* 1.59 (1.47 to 1.71)\\*\\*\\*\n Sex \n Male 909 57 662 15.8 394 13 375 29.5 1.87 (1.69 to 2.07)\\*\\*\\* 1.76 (1.59 to 1.94)\\*\\*\\*\n Female 561 51 637 10.9 207 12 747 16.2 1.49 (1.32 to 1.69)\\*\\*\\* 1.32 (1.17 to 1.49)\\*\\*\\*\n Stratification by age \n \\<18 1001 54 591 18.3 413 15 915 26.0 1.41 (1.27 to 1.58)\\*\\*\\* 1.44 (1.30 to 1.60)\\*\\*\\*\n ≥18 469 54 707 8.57 188 10 207 18.4 2.15 (1.91 to 2.41)\\*\\*\\* 2.16 (1.92 to 2.42)\\*\\*\\*\n Urbanisation^‡^ \n 1 (Very high) 473 30 591 15.5 191 7386 25.9 1.67 (1.45 to 1.94)\\*\\*\\* 1.56 (1.35 to 1.80)\\*\\*\\*\n 2 (High) 446 32 252 13.8 204 8304 24.6 1.78 (1.54 to 2.04)\\*\\*\\* 1.62 (1.41 to 1.86)\\*\\*\\*\n 3 (Moderate) 271 22 061 12.3 103 4633 22.2 1.81 (1.52 to 2.16)\\*\\*\\* 1.66 (1.39\\* to 1.97)\\*\\*\\*\n 4 (Low) 280 24 395 11.5 103 5799 17.8 1.55 (1.30 to 1.84)\\*\\*\\* 1.51 (1.28 to 1.80)\\*\\*\\*\n Parental occupation \n White collar 911 64 428 14.1 345 14 054 24.6 1.74 (1.56 to 1.93)\\*\\*\\* 1.52 (1.37 to 1.69)\\*\\*\\*\n Blue collar 406 30 827 13.2 169 8701 19.4 1.47 (1.28 to 1.70)\\*\\*\\* 1.48 (1.28 to 1.70)\\*\\*\\*\n Others 153 14 044 10.9 87 3367 25.8 2.37 (1.92 to 2.92)\\*\\*\\* 2.22 (1.80 to 2.73)\\*\\*\\*\n Comorbidity§ \n No 871 71 020 12.3 377 17 209 21.9 1.79 (1.62 to 1.97)\\*\\*\\* 1.68 (1.52 to 1.85)\\*\\*\\*\n Yes 599 38 279 15.7 224 8912 25.1 1.61 (1.41 to 1.83)\\*\\*\\* 1.43 (1.26 to 1.63)\\*\\*\\*\n Follow-up time \n 1 year 258 15 881 16.3 157 3942 39.8 2.45 (2.25 to 2.68)\\*\\*\\* 1.54 (1.42 to 1.68)\\*\\*\\*\n \\>1 year 1212 93 417 13.0 444 22 180 20.0 2.15 (1.97 to 2.34)\\*\\*\\* 1.44 (1.33 to 1.57)\\*\\*\\*\n\n\\*p\\<0.05, \\*\\*\\*p\\<0.001.",
"\n\n†Rate, incidence rate, per 1000 person-years.",
"\n\n‡Adjusted IRR: multivariable analysis including sex, age, urbanisation level, parental occupation, and comorbidities of rhinitis and urticaria.",
"\n\n§Comorbidity: patients with any one of the comorbidities (rhinitis or urticaria) were classified under the comorbidity group.",
"\n\nAC, allergic conjunctivitis; IRR, incidence rate ratio.",
"\n\n[Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that a higher DCS1(aDCSI) score was associated with an increased risk of AC. ",
"Compared with patients diagnosed with mildly progressive diabetes, which was defined by an aDCSI score increase of \\<0.51 per year, the aIRRs increased with the progression of diabetes (aIRR=1.68, 3.78 and 18.8 with a yearly increase in aDCSI score of 0.51 to 1.00, 1.01 to 2.00, and \\>2.00 vs \\<0.51, respectively). ",
"The trend of increasing AC risk with T1DM progression was significant (p for trend \\<0.001).",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nIncidence and IRR of aDCSI change for allergic conjunctivitis in the type 1 diabetes mellitus cohort\n\n Change in aDCSI score per year N Number of events Rate\\* Crude IRR 95% CI Adjusted IRR^†^ 95% CI\n -------------------------------- ------ ------------------ -------- ----------- ---------------------- ----------------- ----------------------\n Type 1 diabetes mellitus \n 0--0.50 3357 399 18.7 1 (Reference) 1 (Reference)\n 0.51--1.00 443 81 26.2 1.40 (1.12 to 1.76)\\*\\*\\* 1.68 (1.34 to 2.10)\\*\\*\\*\n 1.01--2.00 244 64 48.2 2.58 (2.01 to 3.31)\\*\\*\\* 3.78 (2.92 to 4.88)\\*\\*\\*\n \\>2.00 116 57 183.1 9.81 (7.56 to 12.7)\\*\\*\\* 18.8 (14.2. ",
"24.7)\\*\\*\\*\n p for trend \\<0.001 \\<0.001 \n\n\\*Rate, per 1000 person-years, \\*\\*\\* p\\<0.001.",
"\n\n†Adjusted IRR: multivariable analysis including sex, age, urbanisation, parental occupation, and comorbidities of rhinitis and urticaria.",
"\n\naDCSI, adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index; IRR, incidence rate ratio.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#s3b}\n----------\n\nOur findings revealed that patients with T1DM are at a significantly higher risk of developing AC than non-diabetics. ",
"In addition, AC risk was found to increase with T1DM progression. ",
"This finding suggests that the traditional Th1/Th2 hypothesis, as an explanation for the association between AC and T1DM, may represent an oversimplification of the relationship between the two conditions.",
"\n\nAccording to the traditional Th1/Th2 paradigm, AC and T1DM are theoretically inversely related.",
" However, the results of recent studies investigating the association between the two diseases are controversial.[@R7]In 2011, Thomsen *et al* examined the association between T1DM and atopic diseases in a twin population registered in the Danish Twin Registry.[@R7] They found that the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted risk of atopic dermatitis was lower in patients with T1DM than in non-diabetics, whereas asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were non-significantly associated with T1DM. ",
"In addition, Wahlberg *et al* evaluated the association between early symptoms and known environmental risk factors for atopic diseases with the occurrence of T1DM-related β-cell autoantibodies at the age of 2.5 years.[@R8] They reported that, at least during the first years of life, there is a positive association between the occurrence of atopic dermatitis or rhinoconjunctivitis and the development of T1DM-related autoimmunity. ",
"The authors additionally suggested that similar factors may trigger β-cell autoimmunity and atopic symptoms. ",
"In 2012, Fsadni *et al* compared the reported national incidence of T1DM with the prevalence of atopic diseases, and found a positive correlation between T1DM and atopic eczema; however, no correlation was observed between the incidence of T1DM and that of rhinoconjunctivitis.[@R9] In 2015, Klamt *et al* designed a prospective case--control study to investigate the association between the prevalence of T1DM and IgE-mediated allergies.[@R10] The results implied that T1DM is associated with an increased risk of self-reported IgE-mediated allergies. ",
"However, in a large prospective study involving 14 849 individuals from five study populations, including 834 cases with autoimmune disease,[@R11] Skaaby *et al* did not find a statistically significant association between atopy and the development of any autoimmune disease, including T1DM.",
"\n\nAC is a type of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity that encompasses seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). ",
"However, the clinical and pathophysiological features of AKC and VKC differ significantly from those of SAC and PAC.[@R13] The pathomechanism of AKC involves both IgE-mediated chronic degranulation of mast cells as well as immune mechanisms mediated by Th1-lymphocyte-derived and Th2-lymphocyte-derived cytokines.[@R13] In order to avoid including patients with AKC, we excluded individuals with atopic dermatitis, as evidence of the latter must be present for a diagnosis of AKC to be made.[@R13] VKC is a chronic allergic inflammation of the ocular surface; autoimmune diseases have been reported in 2% of patients with VKC.[@R14] Recent data have suggested that patients with VKC may have a higher frequency of a family history of autoimmune disorders, antinuclear antibodies and autoimmune thyroid disease.[@R14] In addition, VKC is more common in the tropics than in northern climates. ",
"However, although VKC is a common disorder, particularly in Asia, most Asian patients with AC are diagnosed as having SAC and PAC.[@R3] Skin tests and/or serum IgE antibody tests for common allergens often return negative results in patients with VKC; therefore, VKC diagnosis is mostly based on clinical findings.[@R18] In addition to excluding patients diagnosed with vernal conjunctivitis based on the ICD-9 code, we excluded disorders commonly associated with VKC, including such as asthma, keratoconus, gynaecomastia, polycystic ovary syndrome, mammary fibroadenoma, adipogenital dystrophy, autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and *Sjögren syndrome*.[@R18] After the exclusion of patients with AKC and VKC who may have been at higher risk of developing an autoimmune disease, our study revealed that individuals with T1DM are at a significantly higher risk of developing AC than individuals who do not suffer from diabetes. ",
"Several potential explanations must be considered.",
"\n\nFirst, early-life events that trigger AC and T1DM may be identical.[@R8] The marked increase in the incidence of both diseases in the last few decades implies that this rise is attributable to environmental or lifestyle factors, because the genetic pool could not have altered sufficiently to account for such a dramatic increase in this short period. ",
"According to the hygiene hypothesis, exposure, or the lack thereof, to certain infectious agents and other homeostatic factors at an early age may increase the risk of abnormal immune responses, potentially precipitating the onset of allergic diseases and T1DM.[@R19] Various gene--environment interactions, with the possible involvement of multiple microorganisms, air pollution and dietary factors, including the composition of the gut microbiome with consequent diverse effects on immune response and tolerance,[@R20] may operate in the aetiology of these two conditions.[@R21] In general, urbanisation is highly likely to represent a strong contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of AC and T1DM. ",
"Furthermore, socioeconomic indices may be used to explain the differences in the prevalence of immunological diseases.[@R19] Therefore, we adjusted for multiple variables, including parental occupation and urbanisation level, when analysing the association between AC and T1DM. ",
"We found that the risk of AC in patients diagnosed with T1DM, regardless of stratification of parental occupation and urbanisation level, was higher than in patients without T1DM. ",
"These results indicate that, in addition to environmental factors, other mechanisms may underlie the predisposition to both diseases in the same patients.",
"\n\nThe dichotomy between Th1 and Th2 responses is a useful framework for describing pathologies; however, in recent years, this paradigm has been considered an incomplete model as Th1 responses have been described as characteristic of atopic disease and Th2 responses of autoimmunity. ",
"One recent study has explored the coexistence of several Th1-Th17-Th2-immune mediated disorders, concluding that both Th1 and Th2 responses could exist in the same subjects.[@R24] Therefore, in addition to the potentially identical early triggers of AC and T1DM, the poor control of immune responses, caused by the aberrant development of regulatory mechanisms, may represent an explanation for the elevated risk of AC in patients with T1DM. ",
"Additional insights into the roles of Tregs and B lymphocytes in both disorders are required.[@R25] The control of ocular allergies has been suggested to involve a balance between Tregs and pathogenic T cells, and changes in Treg frequencies have been reported in patients with AC. ",
"One study showed that, upon challenge with the *Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus* allergen, patients with PAC exhibited a higher frequency of CD4+CD25+ cells than healthy controls.[@R28] These cells, however, exhibited reduced Foxp3 expression or were Foxp3−, suggesting that patients with PAC have higher levels of activated effector CD4+ T cells and reduced levels of Tregs. ",
"Ferraro *et al* compared peripheral lymph node (PLN)-derived Tregs from patients with T1DM and controls, and found that PLN-derived Treg functions were impaired in the former.[@R29] In addition, Willcox *et al* analysed postmortem pancreatic samples from patients with T1DM, and found that the lack of Treg cells may be an influential factor in autoimmune pathogenesis in these patients.[@R30] B-lymphocytes may additionally play a critical role in the development of both atopic disease and T1DM by acting as antigen-presenting cells, thereby advancing the initial stages of the immune response and activating effector T cells. ",
"These cells also differentiate into plasma cells, producing both specific autoantibodies as well as allergen-specific IgE antibodies, which are found in numerous atopic diseases. ",
"Moreover, the presence of IgE antibodies is not exclusive to atopic diseases, but is also observed in autoimmunity, for example, the occurrence of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies in T1DM.[@R31] Overall, recent findings have shown that the traditional Th1/Th2 theory is too simplistic to explain the immune responses involved in AC and T1DM. ",
"The complexities of the crosstalk between Th1, Th2, Tregs and B lymphocytes warrant further exploration.",
"\n\nThe relationship between the severity of diabetes and atopic disease is unclear. ",
"A recent study found that Th17 may play an independent role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy, and that the modulation of IL-17 represents a potential immunologic therapeutic strategy.[@R32] A significant upregulation of IL-17 has been demonstrated in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis, and an increase in Th17 cells (both circulating and skin residing) was correlated with disease severity.[@R33] Increased IL-17 serum levels may be considered a marker of allergy severity in patients with allergic rhinitis.[@R34] However, the role of Th17 in ocular allergy is poorly understood.[@R27] We hypothesised that the progression of T1DM, which was defined in this study as a yearly increase in aDCSI score, is positively correlated with the risk of AC development. ",
"We found a significant trend in increase of AC risk with the progression of T1DM (p for trend \\<0.001). ",
"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nationwide retrospective cohort study to investigate the association between T1DM progression and AC risk. ",
"However, additional studies are warranted to validate this finding.",
"\n\nOur study had several strengths. ",
"First, the use of the administrative database prevented the under-reporting of medical visits.[@R35] Second, the nationwide population-based study design was highly representative of the general population, and prevented selection bias. ",
"Third, we adjusted for multiple confounding factors, namely, age, sex, urbanisation level, parental occupation, follow-up period and the presence of other atopic disorders in our study.",
"\n\nHowever, this study was still subject to several limitations. ",
"First, the diagnosis of AC was based on ICD-9-CM codes provided by ophthalmologists; however, we were unable to obtain detailed clinical information (including laboratory data, experimental tests and pathology results) from the NHI programme. ",
"Although the NHI programme regularly conducts expert reviews of patient charts to randomly confirm claims from all hospitals, bias may arise from miscoding and misclassification. ",
"Second, several potential confounding factors that may be associated with AC, such as body mass index, smoking status, education level and food habits, were not included in the database; however, the relationships between these factors and AC remain uncertain. ",
"Third, the aDCSI, which was used to evaluate the severity of diabetes in our study, was based on clinical findings without laboratory data; moreover, the aDCSI was an unweighted index that did not independently test adverse outcomes associated with each complication.[@R36] Finally, the study included only patients in Taiwan; as such, the present results may not be applicable to other populations.",
"\n\nConclusions {#s4}\n===========\n\nIn conclusion, patients with T1DM are at an elevated risk of developing AC. ",
"The risk of AC was found to increase with the progression of T1DM. ",
"The traditional Th1/Th2 hypothesis is an overly simplistic explanation for this association. ",
"Further elucidation of potential environmental or lifestyle factors, as well as the roles of Th17 cells, Tregs and B lymphocytes, in relation to the development of both diseases, is required.",
"\n\n10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015795.supp2\n\n###### Supplementary data\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Reviewer comments\n\n###### Author\\'s manuscript\n\n**Contributors:** YHC: wrote the manuscript.",
"\n\nCLL: data analysis and interpretation.",
"\n\nDTB: critical discussion.",
"\n\nYCH: study design, wrote the manuscript, data interpretation, revised and approved the manuscript.",
"\n\n**Competing interests:** None declared.",
"\n\n**Patient consent:** This study was found to fulfil the conditions for exemption by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of China Medical University (CMUH-104-REC2-115). ",
"The IRB also specifically waived the consent requirement.",
"\n\n**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.",
"\n\n**Data sharing statement:** There were no additional unpublished data from this study.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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"Shares\n\nNovember 4, 2011 11:17PM (UTC)\n\nRachel Maddow spent a lot of time Thursday night on what is potentially the most damaging Herman Cain scandal: charges that his campaign manager, Smokin' Mark Block, used corporate money donated to Prosperity USA to pay Cain campaign expenses. ",
"Prosperity USA is affiliated with Americans for Prosperity, the conservative corporate advocacy group funded by Charles and David Koch.",
"\n\nCain, of course, strenuously denies the allegations of sexual harassment against him, but when it comes to charges that he's too close to the rapacious Kochs, he pleads guilty. “",
"I am the Koch brothers' brother from another mother,” Cain told an Americans for Prosperity summit Friday, insisting he was “very proud” to know the right-wing Kochs, who run oil and gas behemoth Koch Industries.",
"\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nBut now Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics is asking for a probe of the ties between Americans for Prosperity and the Cain campaign. ",
"The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel reported this week that Block used Prosperity USA funds to pay for Cain's travel and other campaign expenses. ",
"Block headed Prosperity USA before he joined Cain, and before that he was with Americans for Prosperity. ",
"Back before that, of course, he ran a Wisconsin judicial campaign that went so afoul of campaign law Block found himself barred from politics in Wisconsin for three years.",
"\n\nMaddow raised questions Thursday night about whether Americans for Prosperity might be functioning as a shadow Cain campaign, which would account for the former Godfather CEO's failure to assemble anything that looks like an actual presidential organization. ",
"Rather than running from that kind of speculation, Cain seems happy to encourage it. ",
"Slate's Dave Weigel reports that he entered the AFP event Friday to a thundering standing ovation, and immediately mentioned a New York Times story about the shadowy and possibly illegal connections between his campaign and AFP.",
"\n\n\"The article tries to make a case of how close the Koch brothers and I are,\" said Cain.",
"\n\nThe audience started chuckling.",
"\n\n\"I'm proud to know the Koch brothers,\" said Cain. \"",
"I'm very proud to know the Koch brothers. ",
"They make it sound like we've had time to go fishing together, hunting together, skiing together, golfing together. ",
"But just so I can clarify this for the media?\"",
"\n\nChuckling louder now.",
"\n\n\"This may be a breaking news announcement for the media.\"",
"\n\nHere it comes.",
"\n\n\"I am the Koch brothers' brother from another mother!\"",
"\n\nThe room burst into applause. ",
"Koch stood up, and the titantron cameras found him, guffawing along with the front rows.",
"\n\n\"I'm their brother from another mother,\" repeated Cain. \"",
"And proud of it! ",
"You see, the reason that I'm running for president, folks, is that I want to unite the United States of America, not divide the United States of America.\"",
"\n\nHow the country is more united by knowing Cain is the third Koch brother isn't quite clear. ",
"The black candidate's happy use of the joke \"brother from another mother\" is just another weird racial wrinkle in the Cain saga, in which the horrifying Ann Coulter boasts \"our blacks are better than their blacks,\" presumably talking about liberal African-Americans, and Cain just smiles at the condescending support from right-wing whites. ",
"There was something deeply creepy about his appearance before AFP today, which felt more like entertainment than electoral politics. ",
"I flinched when the writer Touré called Cain's behavior \"minstrelsy\" this week, but I flinched even more watching Cain flatter and entertain the Kochs and AFP today. ",
"Touré has more to back up his argument after this performance.",
"\n\nThe lawyer for one of the women who accused Cain of sexual harassment is set to make another statement Friday afternoon, and trust the media to pay more attention to the sex scandal than the campaign finance charges. ",
"Cain's ties to the Kochs, however, are proven and verified by the candidate. ",
"I don't expect GOP primary voters to care much about that, but the media should."
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"140961 Compartir Compartir Tweet Suscribite GRATIS y recibí nuestras investigaciones en tu correo Name*\n\nEmail*\n\n\n\nLo adelantamos en 2018: la gobernadora Vidal realizó pagos millonarios a la productora de Intratables, Animales Sueltos y Desayuno Americano. ",
"Luego de la reunión del Juez Ramos Padilla en el Congreso, trascendió que en una de las carpetas secuestradas en la casa de Marcelo D’Alessio se habría encontrado información proveniente de espionaje ilegal en la que, de acuerdo a lo publicado por LPO, se sostiene -sin ningún dato concreto- que Vidal “participó de alguna manera” en la compra de acciones de América 2 que pertenecerían al hermano de Daniel Vila, uno de sus dueños.",
"\n\n\n\nEsta semana, el Juez Ramos Padilla, que investiga la posible extorsión realizada por el super agente del recontra espionaje vernáculo Marcelo D’Alessio hacia el empresario de los kiwis Pedro Etchebest, fue invitado a una sesión de la Comisión Bicameral de Fiscalización de los Organismos y Actividades de Inteligencia presidida por el Senador Marino. ",
"Si bien el contenido de estas reuniones es de carácter “secreto”, dada la cantidad de gente presente y el tipo de información dada a conocer, las filtraciones a la prensa fueron inevitables. ",
"De esa forma, se conoció que D’Alessio informó a RB (quien sería el detenido ex comisario Ricardo Bogoliuk, reconocido por la AFI como agente inorgánico) respecto al programa de TV “Animales Sueltos” en base a información que habría sido provista por el periodista Santoro.",
"\n\nTambién se menciona la posibilidad de que la gobernadora Vidal haya realizado erogaciones millonarias desde la provincia como parte de un acuerdo de compra del paquete accionario de América que obraba en manos de Alfredo Vila Santander, hermano de Daniel y cuñado de Pamela “si vuelve CFK me voy del país” David.",
"\n\nEsta información respecto a los millonarios pagos realizados desde la gobernación de Buenos Aires a la productora de Animales Sueltos que circula en modo condicional desde el viernes en diversos medios, fue publicada en exclusiva por El Disenso, hace más de un año!",
"\n\nFútbol, medios y política\n\nGabriel Hochbaum es quien oficia de RRPP entre el grupo de multimedios, la política y el fútbol. ",
"Si bien en los papeles figura como miembro del directorio, Director de Relaciones Institucionales y líder del nuevo Comité Ejecutivo de Grupo América, también fue el encargado de casar a través de una ceremonia budista laica a María Noel, una de las hijas mayores de Daniel Vila. ",
"Acostumbrado a tender puentes entre diferentes personalidades, en abril de 2018 Hochbaum inauguró junto al presidente de River, Rodolfo D’Onofrio, un emprendimiento de comida japonesa llamado Dashi House, situación que sirvió para juntar al empresario Marcelo Tinelli con Daniel Vila, y con la rama larretista del Pro. ",
"Por esta razón no sorprende encontrar a D’Onofrio recorriendo la provincia junto al doctor Manes, al tiempo que Tinelli desembarca en la política. ",
"Es que el socio de D’Onofrio también forma parte de la comisión directiva de San Lorenzo.",
"\n\nEl 27 de mayo de 2017, desde El Disenso en la publicación “El Boliche de Majul”, te contamos como el gobierno oculta el total de las contrataciones realizadas al periodista y solo reconoce 24 millones. ",
"Tras investigar a diferentes organismos, encontramos que este dinero era apenas la punta del iceberg.",
"\n\nAl Margen Producciones es una de las empresas de Majul en la que su accionista es Facundo Belocopitt, el hijo de Claudio Belocopitt, presidente de Swiss Medical Group procesado en 2011 en el marco de la quiebra de Ferrocarril Oeste y quien le compró el 40% del paquete accionario en Grupo América a Francisco de Nárvaez gracias al DNU con el que Macri aggiornó la ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual 26.522 que originalmente (en su artículo 41) impedía la transferencia total o parcial de licencias. ",
"Hoy el empresario es miembro del directorio del Grupo América, que incluye a América TV, A24, Radio La Red, la web de noticias Primicias Ya y Canal 10 de Junín. ",
"Al momento de convertirse en accionista de la productora de Majul, el hijo de Belocopitt tenía apenas 20 abriles.",
"\n\nGrupo América es el semillero de operaciones políticas, donde desde la pantalla de programas como La Cornisa o Animales Sueltos salen al ruedo las mas bizarras operetas mediáticas como fue el escándalo del INCAA.",
"\n\nLa (constante) presencia de Vidal en diferentes programas pertenecientes a Grupo América nos motivó a buscar los pagos realizados desde la Provincia de Buenos Aires hacia las diferentes productoras de los principales referentes mediáticos del grupo. ",
"La gobernadora evita la publicación de la pauta erogada y no contesta los pedidos de informes, por lo que desde que asumió “Mariu”, no se sabe cuanto dinero le pagó la Provincia a medios, productoras y periodistas. ",
"El hermetismo no fue impedimento para que El Disenso accediera a una parte de los pagos realizados por la Tesorería de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y el Instituto de Loterías y Casinos hacia las productoras de los principales programas de tv. ",
"Llamativamente, los depósitos parecen coincidir con la visita de la gobernadora a los programas beneficiados.",
"\n\nJotax Producciones, la productora creada bajo la razón social JXA SRL el 14 de noviembre de 2008 por Juan Cruz Avila y su entonces pareja, Cecilia Soledad Oubiña, recibió entre el 11 de septiembre de 2017 y el 11 de febrero de 2018, 22 pagos de parte de la provincia gobernada por Vidal. ",
"Seis de ellos provenientes del Instituto Provincial de Loterías y Casinos, cada uno por $227,533.88. ",
"El resto de las erogaciones, fueron enviadas directamente desde la Tesoreria de provincia y consistieron en 7 pagos de $208,389.26 y 8 con montos que van de los $198,389.26 a los $25,661.16.",
"\n\nEn apenas 5 meses, ingresaron a las arcas de Jotax Producciones $3.828.947,77.",
"\n\nEl incremento en los pagos coincide con el cambio de autoridades en la productora, originalmente a cargo de Juan Cruz Avila. ",
"Luego del fallido nombramiento de Avila como “Coordinador de Hospitales Universitarios”, puesto consignado por el entonces Ministro de Educación Esteban Bullrich que fuera aceptado y declinado en apenas 48 horas, el productor se asoció con “Grupo América”, quedando la hija de Daniel Vila, María Noel, como gerenta titular de la sociedad junto a Avila y Sergio Ceroi.",
"\n\nApenas un mes después de este cambio societario, Grupo América intentó quedarse el año pasado con C5N y CN23, una operación que finalmente no logró concretarse luego de que el Due Dilligence arrojara los $1500 millones de pasivo que arrastran las empresas de Cristobal López.",
"\n\nDe 2017 a 2018, el Presupuesto de la Provincia de Buenos Aires se vio incrementado a la par de la deuda que Vidal fue tomando a diestra y siniestra. ",
"Solo en Loterías y Casinos, el presupuesto para publicidad oficial pasó de 310 millones en 2017 a 510 millones para 2018. ",
"En la provincia, el presupuesto para Publicidad Oficial de la Subsecretaría de Coordinación de Medios es de $521.549.989\n\nEl 28 de febrero de este mismo año, desde El Disenso, en nuestra investigación exclusiva: ¿Cuantos millones pagó el gobierno de Vidal para la cobertura en vivo de la detención de De Vido? ",
"expusimos como en pleno proceso electoral, el gobierno de Vidal le pagó a la productora del marido de Mariana Fabbiani más de 5 millones y medio en apenas 70 días.",
"\n\nEntre el 4 de octubre y el 13 de diciembre de 2017, el gobierno de Vidal le pagó a la productora More Televisión SA – CUIT 30-71400757-9 la suma de $5.567.830,86. ",
"Un pago fue realizado desde la Tesorería de la Gobernación el día 4 de octubre de 2017 por la suma de $512.755,50 mientras que los cuatro pagos restantes se realizaron desde el Instituto Provincial de Lotería y Casinos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires los días 5 y 13 de octubre, 10 de noviembre y 13 de diciembre del mismo año, cada uno de ellos por $1.263.768,84, lo que en ese momento equivalía exactamente a 70 mil dolares.",
"\n\nEn esta oportunidad, los pagos también coinciden con visitas de Vidal. ",
"El 18 de Octubre de 2017, la gobernadora llevó al entonces candidato a Senador Esteban Bullrich al programa conducido por Pamela David. ",
"Un día después, la escena volvió a repetirse en el programa conducido por Alejandro Fantino, quien en agosto de 2016 aseguró “Nunca tuve un mango de pauta oficial“. ",
"Exactamente una semana después, cinco pagos fueron girados desde la Provincia de Buenos Aires a la productora de ambos programas. ",
"Los pagos totalizaban $ 869,010.71.",
"\n\nQue Larreta y Vidal conforman un frente opuesto a Macri y Peña adentro de Cambiemos no es novedad, pero que se realice inteligencia ilegal a la gobernadora a través de un inorgánico de la AFI y así se descubran pagos multimillonarios hacia una productora manejada por la hija del dueño de Grupo América, el bastión comunicacional de Cambiemos que le hace frente a Magnetto, eso ya tiene otro color.",
"\n\nEn el marco de la investigación que lleva adelante el Juez Ramos Padilla, y que esta semana recibió el apoyo de la CSJ, tal vez ahora la gobernadora se vea en la obligación de blanquear cuantos millones le pagó la provincia desde diciembre de 2015 a la fecha a estas productoras, y en que concepto.",
"\n\nNuestras investigaciones sobre la pauta de Vidal en provincia:\n\n? ",
"Triangulaciones: La Tesorería de Vidal depositó $2.721.349,95 más en la cuenta de la productora de Animales Sueltos\n\n? ",
"Majul entrevista a Vidal: su productora cobró casi 1,5 millones de la provincia\n\n? ",
"Vidal le pagó casi 4 millones a la productora de dos importantes programas de tv\n\n? ¿",
"Cuantos millones pagó el gobierno de Vidal para la cobertura en vivo de la detención de De Vido?",
"\n\n? ",
"Novaresio: Más de un millón de razones para ser oficialista\n\n**Si vas a levantar esta nota en tu medio, por favor respetá nuestro trabajo y citá la fuente. ",
"Gracias!**"
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"Kay Unger\n\nKay Unger is an American fashion designer. ",
"Until July 2012 she was the creative head and public face of Phoebe Company LLC and its brands; Kay Unger New York, Phoebe Couture, Unger by Kay Unger and Kay J's by Kay Unger.",
"\n\nBiography \n\nUnger was born in Chicago, IL and first studied painting in the Fine Arts Program at Washington University (Missouri) before switching to design at Parsons The New School for Design in New York City.",
"\n\nUpon graduation from Parsons in the late 1960s, she worked as one of three apprentices for Geoffrey Beene. ",
"After a year, she decided to develop her own line, and, in 1972, along with her two business partners, Howard Bloom and Jon Levy, she founded The Gillian Group to produce dinner dresses. . ",
"The dresses were sold under the Gillian label, and the group and its many divisions quickly became one of the largest suppliers of women's apparel in America, growing to a $125 million company.",
"\n\nCompany/Brand History \n\nFifteen days after closing the Gillian Group, Unger founded Phoebe Company LLC., ",
" where she established the line bearing her name, Kay Unger New York. ",
"She began by offering women colorful alternatives to the little black dress and other predictable fashion staples, drawing inspiration from both Jackie O. and Audrey Hepburn among others.",
"\n\nIn 1999, she was inducted as a Leading Woman Entrepreneur of the WorldTM. ",
"In 2005 the company launched Kay J's, a whimsical print pajama brand. ",
"In 2007, they launched Phoebe Couture, a more youthful and edgier line of dresses for day and evening. ",
" Later that same year, they began opening Kay Unger and Phoebe Couture boutiques in China through a licensing agreement with the JT Group of Hong Kong. ",
"In September 2008 Kay Unger New York Eyewear and Phoebe Couture Eyewear were launched. ",
" \n \nThe $40 million company's dresses, suits, and eyewear are currently sold in more than 24 countries including the U.K., Turkey, Brazil, Australia, and Spain.",
"\n\nKay is an active member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA). ",
"Additionally, she is on the Board of Directors as well as a Trustee at her alma mater, Parsons/The New School for Design, as well as a participant in their education program in the Dominican Republic, where she has traveled as a guest instructor.",
"\n\nKay Unger Design \nAfter leaving her company, Unger founded Kay Unger Design LLC., ",
" a multidimensional company whose products range from clothing and shoes to home products. ",
" . ",
"As the CEO, Unger lectures on design and entrepreneurship. ",
" Under the Kay Unger Design rubric, Unger has sold high-fashion sketches around the world.",
"\n\nPhilanthropy \n\nUnger os the founder of the Kay Unger Family Foundation, a group that has raised funds for cancer research and arts education. ",
"She has been a longtime member of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, where she was the first woman board member. ",
"She is a founding member and board member of The Committee of 200, an organization that advances women's leadership in business, and the Women's Campaign Fund. ",
"A cancer survivor herself, Kay has a personal interest in funding cancer research and raised over $250,000 for cancer research while she served as the president of the Fashion Group International. ",
" She works with Stand Up To Cancer, an initiative dedicated to accelerating cancer research and bringing new therapies to patients more quickly, by raising funds and awareness in the fashion industry. ",
"On May 4, 2009, Kay Unger was recognized by City of Hope as a \"Spirit of Life Award\" recipient who has made notable contributions to her profession, her community, and her charitable causes.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nThe Kay Unger Design website\n\nCategory:1945 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American fashion designers\nCategory:American fashion businesspeople\nCategory:Cancer survivors\nCategory:High fashion brands\nCategory:Parsons School of Design alumni\nCategory:Philanthropists from New York (state)\nCategory:American women in business"
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"PASSINGS: M. Caldwell Butler\n\nM. Caldwell Butler, former congressman who was key in drafting Nixon impeachment articles, dies at 89\n\nM. Caldwell Butler\n\nKey in drafting Nixon impeachment articles\n\nM. Caldwell Butler, 89, a five-term Republican congressman from Virginia who helped draft the impeachment articles for President Nixon, died Tuesday at Roanoke Memorial Hospital, according to Oakey's Funeral Service in Roanoke, Va. The cause was not given.",
"\n\nButler represented Virginia's 6th Congressional District in the U.S. House from 1972 to 1982, a span that included the Watergate scandal. ",
"He helped the Judiciary Committee draft the impeachment articles and later voted for them, admitting it took a toll on his political career. ",
"Nixon resigned in August 1974 before the full House debated his impeachment.",
"\n\nIn a 1998 interview with the Associated Press, Butler said he was convinced he did the right thing.",
"\n\n\"I never had any reservation then or now that it was an appropriate vote,\" he said.",
"\n\nNotable Deaths\n\nPhotos of leaders, stars and other notable figures who died in 2014.",
"\n\nButler said the pressure to toe the party line was intense, with most of it coming from Republicans outside of Washington.",
"\n\nThe stack of letters he received after the vote were supportive, Butler said. ",
"One of them, from his mother, a GOP loyalist, wasn't.",
"\n\nShe wrote that his future \"will go down the drain if you do not stand with your party at this critical time.\"",
"\n\n\"Dear Mother,\" he wrote back. \"",
"You are probably right. ",
"However, I feel that my loyalty to the Republican Party does not relieve me of the obligation which I have.\"",
"\n\nButler, a lawyer, was reelected four times. ",
"He kept his Judiciary Committee seat but was denied other major committee assignments he sought. ",
"He considered running for governor in 1985, but GOP conservatives foiled his bid.",
"\n\nManley Caldwell Butler was born June 2, 1925, in Roanoke. ",
"After serving stateside in the Navy during World War II, he received a bachelor's degree from Richmond College in 1948 and a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1950. ",
"He practiced law and served in the Virginia legislature before being elected to Congress."
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"TOKYO -- Beijing's political nerve center has been abuzz since last week with rumors of a bombshell whose implications could reach deep into the 2030s.",
"\n\nFor the first time in months, perhaps years, the fate of China's future leaders has become the hot political topic. \"",
"The idea of appointing Chen Min'er as China's president and Hu Chunhua as the country's premier was supposed to have fizzled out,\" said a source who keeps up with the hubbub in the Zhongnanhai area, which houses the offices of China's leaders. \"",
"But it remains intact.\"",
"\n\nAnother Zhongnanhai source was equally shocked. \"",
"This is the biggest riddle President Xi Jinping has thrown at us to date. ",
"It will take three years to solve.\"",
"\n\nSpeculation over future Chinese leaders was reignited in the middle of this month by Xi's high-profile inspection tour of Chongqing, one of four municipalities directly controlled by the central government. ",
"Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are the other three. ",
"Chen Min'er is the city's top official.",
"\n\nChen is a leading figure in the \"Zhejiang faction,\" a tight-knit group of officials who worked with Xi in the eastern province, home to the World Heritage West Lake, in the early years of this century. ",
"Chen was once tipped as the most likely candidate to succeed Xi as China's top leader.",
"\n\nIn this respect, Xi's inspection tour of Chongqing was not surprising. ",
"It looked like a reward for a close and loyal aide.",
"\n\nThe bombshell was the presence of Vice Premier Hu Chunhua, 56, at Xi's side during the inspection tour. ",
"While Hu is technically in charge of poverty eradication, the main objective of the tour, the Chongqing location and the images of Xi flanked by Chen and Hu sent shock waves.",
"\n\nXi's bag carriers were the usual bunch. ",
"Vice Premier Liu He, 67, ditched his duties as chief negotiator in the U.S.-China trade talks to be with the boss, alongside Ding Xuexiang, 56, the director of the Chinese Communist Party's General Office, or more specifically Xi's personal secretary.",
"\n\nSurrounded by die-hard loyalists, Hu looked like a guest invited into the Xi faction's team-bonding retreat.",
"\n\nHu is the best and brightest of the Communist Youth League, a massive organization that Xi has seen as the stronghold of his adversaries. ",
"It currently boasts nearly 90 million members.",
"\n\nThe league is the power base of former President Hu Jintao, 76, as well as his de facto disciple and current Premier Li Keqiang, 63.",
"\n\nContrary to tradition, an official who took the helm of the league as its first secretary recently missed out on a big promotion. ",
"This was likely due to Xi, a shrewd politician who pulls no punches.",
"\n\nHu Chunhua has similarly suffered. ",
"While assuming the prestigious post of vice premier, Hu has not been assigned many high-profile tasks.",
"\n\nOfficially, Hu oversees part of China's economic policy. ",
"But he has taken a back seat to fellow Vice Premier Liu He, the trade negotiator. ",
"After years of being in the spotlight, the onetime influential figure can no longer attract the gaze of China's state-run media.",
"\n\nWhy then would Xi put Chen and Hu on the same stage?",
"\n\nBack in March 2018, Xi revised the Chinese constitution, which had limited a president to serving two five-year terms. ",
"By striking the limit, Xi allowed himself, in effect, to stay in office for the rest of his life.",
"\n\nBut Xi's highhandedness generated a strong backlash within the party, especially among elders who remember the 1966-1976 Cultural Revolution, which led to Mao Zedong's calamitous dictatorship.",
"\n\nXi has significantly consolidated power with a blistering anti-corruption campaign. ",
"But criticism of his \"dictatorial ways\" within the party has a politically debilitating impact; it hits him like a body blow.",
"\n\nXi is now taking another blow, from the U.S., which is damaging his economic management reputation. ",
"The situation is serious enough that it could eventually cause Xi to lose his political stamina and erode his unrivaled power.",
"\n\nHemmed in, Xi served up the succession riddle. ",
"But it is likely more of a political tool than riddle, one Xi is wielding as the party begins to anticipate its next national congress, in 2022.",
"\n\n(Click here for a guide to China’s leadership hierarchy)\n\nA turning point of Xi Jinping's strategy to become a \"retired emperor\" with real power came at the party's 19th National Congress in Beijing in 2017. ",
"© Reuters\n\nThe vast majority of party members have no doubt Xi will remain China's de facto leader, up to and beyond 2022. ",
"But how will he foster the leaders who will follow him? ",
"There are at least three possible scenarios.",
"\n\nIn one, Xi, 65, keeps the current system and stays on as China's president, or head of state, and as the party's general secretary, or No. ",
"1 in the party hierarchy.",
"\n\nIn another, Xi restores the post of party chairman, which was held by Mao, and assumes the post while ceding the presidency and general secretary title to younger leaders.",
"\n\nIn a third scenario, Xi retires as both Chinese president and as party general secretary and hands over real power to younger leaders.",
"\n\nFew people, if any, believe the third scenario to play out, and there are strong party objections to the first scenario. ",
"So is it time to prepare for Chairman Xi?",
"\n\nIf Xi is to become a \"retired emperor\" with real power and continue to rule China, he will have to choose a new premier as well as a new president-cum-general secretary.",
"\n\nA turning point came in the fall of 2017, when the party held its last national congress. ",
"During the event, a proposal was rumored to have been made, calling for the future appointments of Chen Min'er as China's president and party general secretary as well as Hu Chunhua as China's premier. ",
"The proposal apparently also called for Chen and Hu to be promoted to the seven-member Politburo Standing Committee, the party's top decision-making body, led by Xi.",
"\n\nThe combination of Chen and Hu resembles the combination of China's current top two leaders, President Xi and Premier Li.",
"\n\nAfter laying low for a couple years, Vice Premier Hu Chunhua, left, and Chen Miner, secretary of the Chongqing Municipal Party Committee and a member of the 18th Central Committee, are back in the spotlight. (",
"Photo by Kosaku Mimura)\n\nLi had long been seen as the most likely candidate to succeed Hu Jintao as China's president and party general secretary. ",
"But Xi, an elder dark-horse candidate, came from behind to win the race.",
"\n\nHu Chunhua is currently serving a second term as a Politburo member. ",
"The Politburo has 25 members, including the seven Politburo Standing Committee members. ",
"Meanwhile, Chen is serving out a first term as a Politburo member. ",
"Chen, 58, is two years older than Hu.",
"\n\nBut Chen and Hu were not appointed to the standing committee. ",
"Hu assumed the post of vice premier while remaining a Politburo member. ",
"Chen moved from Guizhou Province to Chongqing to become the municipality's top official. ",
"He was promoted to the Politburo.",
"\n\nChen, who at one point was frequently in the news, has attracted considerably less attention during the past two years. ",
"In fact, fewer domestic and foreign journalists last month covered the Chongqing subcommittee meeting during the annual session of the National People's Congress, China's parliament, than did a year earlier.",
"\n\nAs for Chongqing, the crucial city's economy has been performing poorly.",
"\n\nHu has also been attracting less attention.",
"\n\nThe prevailing view has been that Xi will retain his positions but Chen, Hu and other \"sixth generation\" leaders -- those mostly born in the 1960s -- will miss out on top posts.",
"\n\nAt the next party congress, Chinese President Xi Jinping will be 68 and reach the traditional retirement age, but Premier Li Keqiang, two years younger than Xi, will not. ",
"© Reuters\n\nIn a new twist, however, Xi's tour of Chongqing has cast the spotlight on the Chen-Hu duo once more. ",
"Many Zhongnanhai sources now wonder if the proposal to appoint Chen as president and party general secretary and Hu as premier has survived.",
"\n\nThe party mood soured after Xi pushed through his president-for-life constitutional revision. ",
"Xi responded by treading lightly, an apparent attempt to quiet criticism of him as a dictator who does not bother to foster future leaders.",
"\n\nIf Xi remains China's de facto top leader and taps Hu as premier, that in itself could be a curveball. ",
"It would mean the end for the current Premier Li Keqiang.",
"\n\nTo Xi's disadvantage, Li is two years younger and unlike Xi, will not have reached the customary retirement age of 68 at the party congress in 2022. ",
"It may be difficult for Xi to force Li to retire due to age. ",
"It also seems that Xi is encouraging Hu to pledge loyalty to him by dangling a carrot.",
"\n\n\"We will see a partial outcome of the battle next year,\" a Chinese political source said. ",
"This will foreshadow the personnel changes to the Politburo Standing Committee due in 2022, at the party congress.",
"\n\nXi seems to know that with his political momentum showing signs of a slight decline, next year will be crucial for him.",
"\n\nKatsuji Nakazawa is a Tokyo-based senior staff writer and editorial writer at Nikkei. ",
"He has spent seven years in China as a correspondent and later as China bureau chief. ",
"He is the 2014 recipient of the Vaughn-Ueda International Journalist prize for international reporting."
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[
"Thursday, January 13, 2011\n\nChelmsford Earth Fair\n\nToday I am starting to call possible vendors for Chelmsford, MA's Earth Fair. ",
"It will be on Saturday, May 14th from 12 - 3 at the Senior Center. ",
"If you live in or near Chelmsford, MA. ",
"and want to have a table at the fair, please let me know. ",
"You can contact me through my website (look for \"email me\" on the \"about me\" page). ",
"Here is a link to my blog post on last year's Earth Fair. ",
"So far I have a few confirmed vendors, a couple of maybes, and several more that I need to call. ",
"A new addition to the fair this year is food and drinks. ",
"I'm hoping that this year's fair will be bigger and better than last year's (which was a lot of fun).",
"\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nAbout Me\n\nI have a BA in Textiles and several units in Early Childhood Education. ",
"I am a freelance arts and crafts teacher, a weaver and loom repairer at a textile museum, a crochet teacher at my local yarn shop, and am very active in my community. ",
"Since June 2009, I have been filming my own local access t.v. ",
"show on being environmental. ",
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"\n\nEU daily updates: other developments - 06/11/07\n\nThe European Commission is expected to make public a recommendation that, as one of the conditions to joining the EU, Turkey should change the section in its penal code which makes it a crime to insult Turkish national identity (FT, November 6, 2007, p. 1; WSJE, November 6, 2007, p. 9)\n\nThe EU has given “cautious backing” to Italy’s emergency legislation on expelling EU citizens but underlined that strict conditions need to apply in such cases and cautioned against discrimination against Romanians (FT, November 6, 2007, p. 3)\n\nOn November 5, 2007, the European Commission published its Competitiveness report 2007 which showed that overall European competitiveness improved in 2006 (Europolitics, November 6, 2007, p. 4)\n\nThe European Ombudsman has criticized the European Commission for its failure to publish a 2005 annual report on access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents in 2006 as it is required to do by law. ",
"The 2005 annual report was eventually published in September 2007 following a complaint in February 2007 from the non-governmental organization Statewatch (RAPID, November 6, 2007)\n\nCompare jurisdictions:Insurance & Reinsurance\n\nIn common with many in-house lawyers, I have limited access to (and a limited budget for) resources and rely on receiving know-how from friends and contacts in private practice. ",
"Lexology is great as it provides a daily email with the headlines in all the areas of law that I am interested in (which are all relevant to me, as I was able to choose which areas I was interested in at registration), with links to articles from a wide variety of sources.",
"\n\nI tend to scroll through the daily email when I am having my lunch, reading the headlines and descriptions of the articles, and click on any items that are of interest to me - that way, I feel like I am kept 'in the loop' with legal developments.",
"\n\nIn addition to the daily email, I find the articles themselves very helpful - they set out the legal principle but most importantly, they 'boil it down' to the practical implications. ",
"When I am doing legal research, I also find the archive search function very helpful.",
"\n\nI have recommended the service to quite a few friends who have also found it very helpful.\""
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"Obama Still Thinks He’s President… Attending World Leader Summit\n\nDouglas MacArthur, in his farewell speech, told America that “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” ",
"Were we that lucky with old presidents.",
"\n\nDuring President Donald Trump’s first trip abroad, the recently-departed tenant at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue will also be taking heading across the Atlantic — this time to Berlin, where he’ll be teaming up with his old pal, German Chancellor Angela Merkel.",
"\n\nAccording to The Washington Times, Merkel and Obama (quite a step down from Laurel and Hardy, if you ask me) will be appearing together Thursday at a forum called “Being Involved in Democracy: Taking on Responsibility Locally and Globally.”",
"\n\nWhile that sounds like the kind of book that Noam Chomsky would write the forward to, it’s actually part of an event by the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag (German Protestant Church Conference) to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. ",
"The event is being sponsored by the Obama Foundation.",
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"\n\n“The churches form a global civil society network of over two billion Christians. ",
"Together, as people of faith, we live from the firm hope for a better world. ",
"Anyone who is pious also has to be politically minded. ",
"I am looking forward to enthusiastic debates during the Reformation Summer 2017.”",
"\n\nThis is somewhat ironic when you consider the fact that the president wasn’t exactly too keen on protecting the rights of Christians at home or abroad during his presidency.",
"\n\nAlso ironic is the location of the event — Berlin’s iconic Brandenberg Gate. ",
"Back in 2008, then-Sen. Obama wished to speak there while he was on the campaign trail, but Merkel vetoed it, feeling it was unseemly for an individual to give a campaign speech in front of one of Germany’s most hallowed landmark.",
"\n\nWhat, pray tell, does Merkel think that the former president is doing now? ",
"This is a man who seems utterly thunderstruck that Americans decided not to take his endorsement of Hillary Clinton and pleas to vote Democrat last November as a sort of pronouncement from the chair.",
"\n\nSo, instead of embracing tradition and fading into the background to give his successor room, he jets around the world telling us all how we really, really should have listened to him — even as our actual, elected president embarks on his first major world tour."
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"The structure of expanded PTFE (“ePTFE”) is well known to be characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils, as taught in U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,953,566 and 4,187,390, to Gore, and which patents have been the foundation for a significant body of work directed to ePTFE materials. ",
"The node and fibril character of the ePTFE structure has been modified in many ways since it was first described in these patents. ",
"For example, highly expanded materials, as in the case of high strength fibers, can exhibit exceedingly long fibrils and relatively small nodes. ",
"Other process conditions can yield articles, for example, with nodes that extend through the thickness of the article.",
"\nSurface treatment of ePTFE structure has also been carried out by a variety of techniques in order to modify the ePTFE structure. ",
"Okita (U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,2308,745) teaches exposing the outer surface of an ePTFE tube, specifically a vascular prosthesis, to a more severe (i.e., higher) thermal treatment than the inner surface in order to effect a finer structure on the inside than on the outside of the tube. ",
"One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that Okita's process is consistent with prior art amorphous locking processes, the only difference being preferential exposure of the outer surface of the ePTFE structure to greater thermal energy.",
"\nZukowski (U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,462,781) teaches employing plasma treatment to effect removal of fibrils from the surface of porous ePTFE in order to achieve a structure with freestanding nodes on the surface which are not interconnected by fibrils. ",
"No further treatment after the plasma treatment is disclosed or contemplated in the teachings.",
"\nMartakos et al. (",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"6,573,311) teach plasma glow discharge treatment, which includes plasma etching, of polymer articles at various stages during the polymer resin processing. ",
"Martakos et al. ",
"distinguish over conventional processes by noting that the prior art techniques operate on finished, fabricated and/or finally processed materials, which are “ineffective at modifying bulk substrate properties, such as porosity and permeability.” ",
"Martakos et al. ",
"teach plasma treating at six possible polymer resin process steps; however, no such treatment with or subsequent to amorphous locking is described or suggested. ",
"Again, the focus of Martakos et al. ",
"is to affect bulk properties such as porosity and/or chemistry quality in the finished articles.",
"\nOther means of creating new surfaces on porous PTFE and treating the surface of porous PTFE abound in the prior art. ",
"Butters (U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,296,292) teaches a fishing flyline consisting of a core with a porous PTFE cover that can be modified to improve abrasion resistance. ",
"Abrasion resistance of the flyline is improved by modifying the outer cover either through adding a coating of abrasion resistant material to it or by densifying the porous PTFE cover.",
"\nIn a further example, Campbell et al (U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,747,128) teach a means of creating regions of high and low bulk density throughout a porous PTFE article. ",
"Additionally, Kowligi et al. (",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,466,509) teach impressing a pattern onto an ePTFE surface, and Seiler et al. (",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,647,416) teach the scoring PTFE tubes during fabrication in order to create external ribs.",
"\nHowever, none of the prior art references teach applicants' unique combination of processing to create a unique surface on PTFE which has heretofore not been seen."
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"The present invention concerns a new agent for sizing in the paper industry, more particularly of paper and cartons, consisting of a cationic diurethane dispersed in an aqueous medium in the form of latex, and the process of preparation thereof and of sizing paper therewith.",
"\nCationic urethanes, utilized as sizing agents for the paper industry, are already the object of patents. ",
"We are always dealing with cationic polyurethanes or oligourethanes. ",
"It is, for instance, known to prepare a quaternary ammonium compound, from a prepolymer with an NCO end group, obtained by the addition of a polyisocyanate to an aliphatic monomer dihydroxylated compound, extended by an aliphatic diol containing a salifiable and/or quaternizable tertiary nitrogen atom. ",
"This is the case, for instance, in French Patent No. ",
"2,256,937.",
"\nDescribed in French Patent No. ",
"2,322,236 are cationic polyurethanes that are reaction products of polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane series containing C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 N-alkyldialkanolamines with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl chain and possibly with reactive groups serving as chain breaker, and polyurethanes carrying protonized and/or quaternized ammonium groups, in solution in water and used for paper sizing. ",
"These products, having a low molecular weight and although hydrophilic, are recognized by their inventors as being effective, as compared to the previously known cationic products for paper sizing."
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"Q:\n\nSOQL - UserLogin relationship from User\n\nI am trying to check if a user is frozen but i can't figure out the relationship query. ",
"It seems like one doesn't exist even though there is a lookup. ",
" This older post hints at it but I can't figure out how to form my query. ",
"\nSOQL error with relationship\nTried all of these:\nList<User> Users = new list<User>([\n SELECT Id,FirstName,LastName, (Select isFrozen FROM UserLogin)\n FROM User\n WHere LastLoginDate >= :SixtyDaysAgo\n ]);\n\n List<UserLogin> uLogins = new list<UserLogin>([\n Select Id, UserId, UserId.",
"FirstName, UserId.",
"LastName\n FROM UserLogin\n WHERE IsFrozen = FALSE\n AND LastLoginDate >= :SixtyDaysAgo\n ])\n\n List<UserLogin> uLogins = new list<UserLogin>([\n Select Id, UserId, (Select FirstName, LastName FROM User WHERE LastLoginDate >= :SixtyDaysAgo)\n FROM UserLogin\n WHERE IsFrozen = FALSE\n ])\n\nA:\n\nTry a Left Inner Join:\nSELECT FirstName, LastName FROM User\nWHERE Id IN (SELECT UserId FROM UserLogin WHERE IsFrozen = true)\n\nAlso note that the query syntax returns a List<User>, and you are being excessively verbose. ",
"No need to do new List<User>([/*query*/]) where [/*query*/] will suffice.",
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"Feasibility and agreement of a novel combined echocardiographic method to measure global longitudinal strain and strain rate compared to speckle tracking and tissue Doppler imaging.",
"\nCurrently, two echocardiographic techniques are used to measure deformation: tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). ",
"Recently, a technique combining STE and TDI (on TDI overlay images) has become available, allowing derivation of STE/TDI results from a single acquisition/reading (combined-STE/combined-TDI). ",
"We tested the feasibility and agreement of this novel technique to measure left ventricular deformation in the general population compared to STE and TDI. ",
"We examined a subsample of 106 consecutive subjects of the Asklepios Study, a population-based random sample of male/female volunteers without overt clinical disease (mean age: 55.9 years). ",
"Left ventricular deformation measurements were assessed with transthoracic echocardiography using the combined method, STE and TDI. ",
"Almost all deformation parameters significantly differed between all methods. ",
"Global systolic longitudinal strain (GS) and strain rate (GSRs) values measured by combined-TDI were significantly higher (GS -17.2% ± 3.0, GSRs -0.9 s-1 ± 0.2) compared to TDI (GS -21.1% ± 2.2, GSRs -1.3 s-1 ± 0.2). ",
"Measurements by combined-STE were significantly lower (GS -19.1% ± 2.9, GSRs -1.0 s-1 ± 0.2) compared to STE (GS -18.2% ± 3.0, GSRs -0.9 s-1 ± 0.1). ",
"Overall, the smallest differences and highest agreement were observed between STE and combined-STE (GS r = 0.84, p < .001; GSRs r = 0.70, p < .001). ",
"The comparison of methods showed different values and poor agreement between the echocardiographic modalities. ",
"Regrettably, the combined method does not make it possible to obtain in a single image/measurement results that are comparable to STE and TDI data in the general population."
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"On Thursday, October 17, 2013, the President signed into law:\n\nH.R. 2775, the \"Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014,\" which provides fiscal year 2014 appropriations for projects and activities of the Federal Government through Wednesday, January 15, 2014. ",
"The effective time for the continuing resolution begins on October 1, 2013. ",
"H.R. 2775 also extends the Nation's debt limit through February 7, 2014."
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"Q:\n\nPostgres aggregrate function for calculating vector average of wind speed (vector magnitude) and wind direction (vector direction)\n\nI have a table with two columns wind_speed and wind_direction. ",
"I want to have a custom aggregrate function that would return average wind_speed and wind_direction. ",
"wind_speed and wind_direction in combination defines a vector where wind_speed is the magnitude of the vector and wind_direction is the direction of the vector. ",
"avg_wind_direction function should return average wind_speed as magnitude and wind_direction as direction of the average vector.",
"\nSELECT avg_wind_direction(wind_speed, wind_direction)\nFROM sometable\nGROUP BY location;\n\nRelated question: Custom PostgreSQL aggregate for circular average\n\nA:\n\nSo I have been able to create an aggregrate function that does the vector averaging. ",
"It makes the assumption that the vector is in polar co-ordinates and the angle is in degrees, as opposed to radian.",
"\nDROP AGGREGATE IF EXISTS vector_avg(float, float) CASCADE;\nDROP TYPE IF EXISTS vector_sum CASCADE;\nDROP TYPE IF EXISTS avg_vector CASCADE;\n\nCREATE TYPE vector_sum AS (x float, y float, count int);\nCREATE TYPE avg_vector AS (magnitude float, direction float);\n\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sum_vector (vectors vector_sum, magnitude float, direction float)\n RETURNS vector_sum LANGUAGE sql STRICT AS\n'SELECT vectors.x + (magnitude * cos(direction * (pi() / 180))), vectors.y + (magnitude * sin(direction * (pi() / 180))), vectors.count + 1';\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION avg_vector_finalfunc(vectors vector_sum) RETURNS avg_vector AS\n$$\nDECLARE\n x float;\n y float;\n maybe_neg_angle numeric;\n angle numeric;\n\n v_state TEXT;\n v_msg TEXT;\n v_detail TEXT;\n v_hint TEXT;\n v_context TEXT;\nBEGIN\n BEGIN\n IF vectors.count = 0 THEN\n RETURN (NULL, NULL)::avg_vector;\n END IF;\n\n x := (vectors.x/vectors.count); \n y := (vectors.y/vectors.count);\n\n -- This means the vector is null vector\n -- Please see: https://math.stackexchange.com/a/3682/10842\n IF x = 0 OR y = 0 THEN\n RAISE NOTICE 'X or Y component is 0. ",
"Returning NULL vector';\n RETURN (0.0, 0.0)::avg_vector;\n END IF;\n\n maybe_neg_angle := atan2(CAST(y AS NUMERIC), CAST(x AS NUMERIC)) * (180.0 / pi());\n angle := MOD(CAST((maybe_neg_angle + 360.0) AS NUMERIC), CAST(360.0 AS NUMERIC));\n\n RETURN (sqrt(power(x, 2) + power(y, 2)), angle)::avg_vector;\n\n EXCEPTION WHEN others THEN\n RAISE NOTICE 'Exception was raised. ",
"Returning just NULL';\n RETURN (NULL, NULL)::avg_vector;\n END;\nEND;\n$$\nLANGUAGE 'plpgsql'\nRETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT;\n\nCREATE AGGREGATE vector_avg (float, float) (\n sfunc = sum_vector\n , stype = vector_sum\n , finalfunc = avg_vector_finalfunc\n , initcond = '(0.0, 0.0, 0)'\n);\n\nTest:\nDROP TABLE t;\nCREATE TEMP TABLE t(speed float, direction float);\nINSERT INTO t VALUES (23, 334), (20, 3), (340, 67);\n\nTest: \nSELECT (vector_avg(speed, direction)).magnitude AS speed, (vector_avg(speed, direction)).direction AS direction FROM t;\n\nResult:\n+-----------------+-------------------+\n| speed | direction |\n+=================+===================+\n| 108.44241888507 | 0.972468335643555 |\n+-----------------+-------------------+\n\nRemoving all the rows:\nDELETE FROM t;\nSELECT (vector_avg(speed, direction)).magnitude AS speed, (vector_avg(speed, direction)).direction AS direction FROM t;\n\nResult:\n+---------+-------------+\n| speed | direction |\n+=========+=============+\n| <null> | <null> |\n+---------+-------------+\n\n"
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"Hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and stomach cancer: is the salt hypothesis true?",
"\n1. ",
"Analysis of age-adjusted death rates from 21 countries over a 20-year period identified the presence of a strong positive association between recorded mortality from stroke, hypertension and stomach cancer. ",
"However, the slopes of regression lines for secular trends analyses varied considerably from country to country, suggesting an inconsistency in the pattern of the relationship. ",
"2. ",
"A death certificate study of diagnostic concordance correctly identified previously known disease associations but failed to recognise any special relationship between stroke and stomach cancer or hypertension and stomach cancer. ",
"3. ",
"Our results fail to confirm the presence of a unique relationship between stroke and stomach cancer. ",
"On the basis of these observations, the hypothesis that exposure to salt increases an individual's risk of developing both stroke and stomach cancer seems unlikely."
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"Cloud-to-ground lightning is a high-energy phenomenon that transfers electric charge, either positive or negative, between the atmosphere and the surface. ",
"Voltages associated with lightning strikes may exceed 10^8^ V, and the total energy of a strike may reach 10^9^J, heating the air to temperatures exceeding 30,000 K[@b1]. ",
"This phenomenon is associated with several detrimental effects including human fatalities, forest fires, and property damage, and a few positive effects such as natural nitrogen fixation[@b2] and production of reduced oxidation state phosphorus compounds that may improve the solubility of phosphorus in soil[@b3].",
"\n\nWhen cloud-to-ground lightning strikes an appropriate target material such as sand, soil, rock, or clay, the current flows through the target, heating the material to temperatures that exceed its vaporization point, followed by rapid cooling that results in quenching to form a hollow cylinder of glass known as a fulgurite ([Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The morphology of fulgurites is strongly dependent on material composition[@b4][@b5][@b6], and for natural fulgurites, the thickness of the glass is inversely related to fraction of material composed of SiO~2~. Lightning is a ubiquitous phenomenon on Earth, with a global flash rate of about 45 times per second[@b7], a majority (75--90%) of which occur over continental landmass[@b8]. ",
"About a quarter of these strikes occur from a cloud to the ground[@b9], and hence the number of potential fulgurite-forming events is significant, with up to 10 fulgurites formed globally per second. ",
"This estimate depends on the efficiency of fulgurite formation by lightning, which is highest when striking barren sand, soil, or rock[@b10]. ",
"Lightning striking forested areas may not necessarily form a fulgurite, though fulgurites are known to form when lightning strikes trees[@b11]. ",
"Fulgurites have also been known to form associated with human-made objects such as steel pylons, where the metallic structure may actually induce lightning to travel along its length[@b12].",
"\n\nFulgurites that are formed in a homogenous target may preserve the probability distribution of a key lightning parameter---the energy of a strike---in their morphology. ",
"To this end, we determined the relationship between numerical frequency and energy of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes by studying a set of 266 fulgurites from two quartz sand mines in Polk County, Florida, USA ([Fig. ",
"2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"We then compared these results to predicted distributions calculated using simulated energy and length parameters, coupled to a simple fracture model. ",
"Our motivating hypothesis within this work is that fulgurites might also follow a lognormal distribution with respect to energy, as many other lightning parameters follow lognormal distributions.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe fulgurites were arranged according to decreasing diameter. ",
"Each fulgurite was given a number corresponding to the number of fulgurites equal to or larger than its diameter. ",
"Correspondingly, the frequency distribution of the fulgurites may be calculated by ordering the fulgurites in terms of energy per length (MJ/m) and then from 1) the length of each fragment with cumulative length becoming the dependent variable, or 2) by using total number as the dependent variable. ",
"Alternatively, the distribution of total energy (MJ/m × length) to total number can also be used to provide a distribution. ",
"These frequency diagrams are given as [Fig. ",
"3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"All three methods generate linear relationships between the log of energy (MJ/m or total MJ) vs. frequency (number of occurrences, or cumulative length).",
"\n\nWe also prepared simulations of fulgurite distributions that might arise from specific energy distributions. ",
"We find that lognormal distributions of energy per length with a normal distribution or constant length of each fulgurite are most consistent with the natural fulgurite distributions (see supporting information). ",
"These simulations help to provide some confidence in the approaches taken below.",
"\n\nThree approaches (energy per meter vs. cumulative length, energy per meter vs. cumulative number, total energy vs. cumulative number) were chosen to allow for multiple approaches to the estimating lightning energy distributions. ",
"Cumulative length is used as it allows for a direct comparison to frequency of events for a fractured material in which all parts may not be recovered. ",
"There is little change in fulgurite diameter across the length of a fulgurite[@b1], even if the fulgurite has a total length greater than one meter. ",
"Hence, two fragments of the same fulgurite should have the same diameter. ",
"To this end, comparing energy to cumulative length helps eliminate the possibility of double-counting two fragments of a single strike. ",
"For comparison, the longest documented fulgurite yet discovered has a length of 5 meters[@b1], and hence this single individual is about a third of the total length of all of the fulgurites recovered in the present study. ",
"The median length of the fulgurites from these sand mines in the present collection is about 5 cm, with no significant variations in diameter across these lengths. ",
"As a result, the systematic collection of fulgurites might yield distributions where length is proportional to the abundance of each fulgurite of a specific width.",
"\n\nAlternatively, if we treat each fulgurite as a separate event, then there exists the possibility that a single event may be counted multiple times if the fulgurite fragmented before collection. ",
"However, if multiple events have the same energy, then counting by numerical frequency considers this multiplicity. ",
"Regardless, both approaches give very similar slopes between log E (MJ/m) and frequency/cumulative length ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}), and the median (50%) energy associated with fulgurite formation in both cases is about 1.4 MJ/m, and the standard deviation is ×/÷ 3.",
"\n\nThe total energy recorded within the fulgurite tube can also be approximated by multiplying the energy per unit length by the length of a given fulgurite. ",
"Such a calculation assumes that breakage of the glass was minimal since formation. ",
"This scenario is presented for the sake of completeness, but given the fragile nature of fulgurites, is likely inaccurate. ",
"However, since most of the fulgurite fragments have similar lengths, the energy distribution is also lognormal, like the energy per unit length distributions. ",
"The regression line fit to the lognormal total energy vs. frequency distribution is the strongest of these calculations (R^2^ = 0.9852), though the slope differs from the prior two approaches.",
"\n\nComparison between the fulgurite distributions and between the simulations (SI) suggests that, as long as the fulgurite fragments are collected without bias, and as long as the fulgurites have experienced roughly the same fracturing history, then the fulgurite distributions are most consistent with being lognormal with respect to energy per length. ",
"Consequently, the resulting distribution of total energy should also be lognormal even when fractured, as is borne out by the above data.",
"\n\nThe density of a subset of the fulgurites subset is found to be 1.8 ± 0.1 g/cm^3^ (1**σ**). ",
"The density of the accompanying sand is 1.7 g/cm^3^, and of the individual quartz grains that make up the sand 2.6 g/cm^3^.\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe relationship between the energy *E* per unit length of a given lightning strike and frequency of that given strike having energy *E* or more follows a lognormal distribution. ",
"Many lightning parameters follow a log-normal distribution with respect to the frequency of that parameter occurring, including flash duration, voltage, charge transferred, stroke interval, current duration and action integral[@b13][@b14][@b15]. ",
"The slopes of the log E (MJ/m) plots vs. frequency or cumulative length (normalized to probability 1) are both close to −0.6. ",
"Intriguingly, the slope of frequency vs. charge or impulse peak current measured by Pichler *et al*.[@b14] also bear slopes of −0.6, nearly identical to these fulgurite morphology slopes[@b14].",
"\n\nFor a poorly conductive target material that does not vary significantly in composition in aerial extent, the electric field must exceed the breakdown field strength of the material to propagate a spark. ",
"For sand, this strength is less than 8 MV/m, the breakdown strength of quartz. ",
"Air has a lower breakdown strength (\\~1 MV/m at 1 sea level)[@b16], hence the breakdown strength of sand should be less than quartz alone. ",
"Thus the energy per unit length deposited by lightning into the sand should be a function of the number of electrons that propagate through the sand as the insulating capability of the sand fails, in addition to the amount of thermal energy transferred by the column of heated plasma adjacent to the fulgurite. ",
"The amount of charge transferred by lightning is known to follow a lognormal distribution function[@b14], and hence the energy deposited by lightning might be expected to follow the same. ",
"The lognormal nature of charge transferred may hence be the source of lognormal distribution of fulgurite energy per unit length, though other parameters may also play a role.",
"\n\nAccuracy of \"fossilization\" of energy per unit length in fulgurites\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe density of the fulgurites appears to have not changed substantially from the quartz sand during heating. ",
"This implies that there was little movement of the molten silica during the lightning strike. ",
"If the column of heated air had pushed the molten glass radially outward by the expansion of gas, the glass would have increased in density to arrive at a value closer to the density of silica glass (\\~2.6 g/cm^3^) as air was displaced from pore spaces. ",
"Instead, the similarity in density between sand and glass suggests the glass is as porous as the sand. ",
"The increase of about 0.1 g/cm^3^ may be attributed to the presence of unmelted grains of quartz captured on the exterior of the fulgurite. ",
"These grains, when frozen onto the surface of the fulgurite, will increase the density of the fulgurite, especially if the size of the sand grains is not significantly smaller than the size of the fulgurite wall. ",
"Given the sand grains range from 0.1 to 0.5 mm, and the fulgurite glass walls are commonly about 1 mm thick, the embedding of quartz grains alone would give an increase in density from sand. ",
"Thus, we conclude that the fulgurites capture the original energy of the lightning without significant modification or post-lightning fluid movement.",
"\n\nDistribution residuals\n----------------------\n\nWe postulate that the energy vs. frequency reported in [Fig. ",
"3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} may record up to four separate phenomena. ",
"The data residuals with respect to the calculated regression line demonstrate three points where discontinuities occur ([Fig. ",
"4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These deviations occur for all three lognormal plots. ",
"One of these occurs at the high-energy regime (6 MJ/m and larger, or 0.2 MJ total energy). ",
"This group constitutes about 3--4% of all fulgurites, and we speculate that this discontinuity occurs when the lightning that forms the fulgurites becomes positive. ",
"Positive lightning strikes have a higher mean energy than negative lightning strikes, and are known to comprise about 4% of all strikes annually[@b17][@b18]. ",
"The lower energy per unit length (\\<6 MJ/m) likely represents fulgurites formed by negative lightning strikes, by far the most common type of cloud-to-ground lightning event. ",
"The discontinuity in frequency that occurs from 1 to 6 MJ/m (0.08 to 0.2 MJ) may hence be due to a mixing of two different lightning types with differing distributions in lognormal space: a high energy variety that is tapering off as the energy decreases, and a low energy variety that becomes more important at lower energies. ",
"Alternatively, these deviations are also demonstrated in the fulgurite distribution simulations, and result from the stronger nature of thicker fulgurite fragments. ",
"If bigger fulgurites don't fragment as easily as smaller fulgurites, then these changes to slope are expected. ",
"From 1 MJ/m to below 0.3 MJ/m (or 0.005 to 0.08 MJ total energy), the residuals are roughly constant, implying a match to the calculated regression slope in lognormal space. ",
"Finally, below 0.3 MJ/m (0.005 MJ total energy) are the lowest energy fulgurites. ",
"These probably deviate from the trend as fulgurites that are very thin are also more fragile, are smaller, and are more difficult to recover, hence the accurate collection of fulgurites within this size range is difficult. ",
"Proof of any of these points would require characterization of specific lightning strikes followed by observation of the morphology of fulgurites formed.",
"\n\nEnergy dissipated to form fulgurites\n------------------------------------\n\nThe average energy required to form these fulgurites in quartz sand is about 1.4 MJ/m, with a standard deviation of ×/ ÷ 3. ",
"In contrast, the energy per unit length of lightning traveling through air is between 10^3^ and 10^4^ J/m[@b19]. ",
"If the total energies along these lengths are considered, a 5 km lightning strike through air dissipates about 5 MJ, and a corresponding 10 cm fulgurite dissipates only about 0.1 MJ. ",
"The energy estimates[@b20] of Maggio *et al*. ",
"also suggest lightning strike energies of 10^8^--10^9^ J, implying 1% or less of the energy of lightning is captured in fulgurite formation. ",
"However, within the ground material in which a fulgurite forms, the energy per unit length is much higher than the energy per unit length in the atmosphere by about a factor of 100--1000. ",
"This is likely a result of the higher density of the target material (1700 kg/m^3^) compared to the atmosphere (\\~1 kg/m^3^), which also vary by a factor of 1000. ",
"Thus the energy dissipation by lightning is a function of the density of the material through which it travels.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nWe have reported here the first attempt to determine the lightning energy distribution from fulgurites, and one of the first datasets of cloud-to-ground lightning energy delivery measured as a function of damage to the solid earth surface. ",
"The frequency distribution of the energy required to form a fulgurite follows a lognormal relationship, consistent with many lightning phenomena. ",
"Lognormal relationships are a natural consequence of the multiplication of normal probabilistic distributions and imply the energy transferred to the ground, like other lightning phenomena, is skewed towards high energy events with higher frequency than a typical normal distribution.",
"\n\nThe current work presents a new approach to determining lightning parameters. ",
"Measurements of these lightning parameters are typically done either by analyzing lightning initiated by launching rockets[@b21] or by analysis of strikes to towers and tall buildings[@b22]. ",
"These methods have provided most of the parameters of lightning as it relates to these discharges striking a conductive target. ",
"The work here provides a means of directly determining energy as a lightning parameter in cloud-to-ground strikes on an insulating material (fine quartz sand). ",
"With an average energy of 1.4 MJ/m in conductive materials, and a peak of \\>20 MJ/m, this data may be of use in anticipating lightning damage from cloud-to-ground strikes. ",
"If fulgurites occurring in other materials, such as clays or rock, could be investigated in a fashion similar to the present study, better resolution on the energy of lightning may be possible as clay and rock fulgurites are usually better at preserving the thermal effects resulting from lightning[@b6].",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nLocality\n--------\n\nFulgurites from two sand mines, Pit \\#1 and Pit \\#4 operated by C. C. Calhoun, Inc., in central peninsular Polk County, Florida (USA) were chosen for this analysis ([Fig. ",
"2](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These mines are located along, and near, the crest of the Lake Wales Ridge, in Polk County, Florida. ",
"Up to 20 meters of siliciclastic sediments, mapped by Campbell as the Cypresshead Formation[@b23][@b24][@b25], are exposed in the pits. ",
"These sands consist of at least 98% SiO~2~ with the remainder clay and oxide minerals, and have similar grain size distributions. ",
"Materials from the Cypresshead Formation were transported from Georgia into Florida by longshore currents[@b26] and deposited in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene[@b27]. ",
"Depositional environments have been interpreted as nearshore marine to brackish[@b26][@b28][@b29].",
"\n\nFulgurites found at these mines, and others in the region are most abundant in clean, white, fine-to-medium-grained quartz sand (\\~30--35% porosity). ",
"We suspect the white sand unit to be aeolian (wind-deposited) in origin: at Pit \\#1 the unit consists of a single set of large-scale, high-angle, cross-beds measuring about 10 meters thick. ",
"The unit is somewhat thinner (about 7 m) at Pit \\#4; and bedding is massive, exhibiting little sedimentary depositional features. ",
"These characteristics suggest that sand was deposited as a dune and has been above sea level for a long time. ",
"A total of 266 fulgurites were collected from these mines, for a cumulative length of over 14 meters ([Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Note that fulgurites with incomplete cylinders are not considered in this study, as it is difficult to estimate the diameter and correct length of broken fulgurites. ",
"No branching fulgurites---fulgurites with bifurcations---were collected amongst these fulgurites; fulgurites forming in sand usually are unbranched[@b6]. ",
"Fulgurites, when found *in situ*, were oriented vertically, and had no indication of radial outward development. ",
"Every fulgurite we observed within the field area (\\~0.02 km^2^) was collected, and the internal void diameters (measured four times, twice at the top of each fulgurite and again at the bottom) and total fulgurite lengths were measured and recorded in centimeters. ",
"Since complete fulgurites are difficult to collect as these objects are prone to fracturing, for most of these fulgurites we do not have the full length. ",
"Additionally, the sand mines are still actively producing sand as a construction material hence heavy equipment crushes and distributes fulgurite fragments across the surface of the mine.",
"\n\nThe process of mining inhibits the collection of complete fulgurites as the glasses are frequently cleaved during excavation. ",
"Fulgurites that are excavated during mining are separated from the sand and usually end up in waste spoil piles; fulgurites from these locations were not collected. ",
"The remainder of the fulgurites exposed to the surface erode out, frequently fracturing and becoming further distributed to the surface. ",
"Although it would be ideal to collect and excavate all of the complete fulgurites within a sand mine, this is not feasible financially. ",
"However, mining typically cuts through sand in \\~1 m high layers (the height of the excavator). ",
"To this end, fulgurites that are cleaved and erode out represent a cross-section of the lightning that has struck over about a 1 m region in height within these dunes as the mining proceeds through the sand.",
"\n\nSand and Fulgurite Composition\n------------------------------\n\nThe sand mines here are characterized by being composed of almost exclusively quartz sand, and similar mines in the region are over 99.2% SiO~2~[@b30]. ",
"Quartz is the only mineral identified in X-ray diffractograms of powdered samples of the sand, and Raman analysis of the sand also only shows quartz (see SI). ",
"Raman data from a subset of five of these fulgurites only detected SiO~2~ phases, principally quartz and lechatelierite glass (SI)[@b4]. ",
"Additionally, a single ICP-MS analysis of a fulgurite had \\~99% SiO~2~ (SI). ",
"Consequently, the calculations done here assume the mineralogy of the sand consists exclusively of quartz.",
"\n\nThese findings are consistent with prior work done on sand fulgurites. ",
"The fulgurites found here would be considered to be type I fulgurites according to the scheme of Pasek *et al*. (",
"2012)[@b6]. ",
"Other studies of type I fulgurites have shown that these objects are typically composed of \\>98% SiO~2~[@b6][@b31][@b32].",
"\n\nCalculations\n------------\n\nThe energy required to vaporize quartz as SiO~2~ from room temperature is calculated using HSC Chemistry, a thermodynamic equilibrium modeling code that has been previously used to determine the Solar system chemistry of sulfur[@b33], the composition of Europa's subsurface ocean[@b34], and fulgurite formation processes[@b6]. ",
"This model determines the energy at one bar of pressure required to promote the reactions:\n\nwhere the vaporization of SiO~2~ is accompanied by the decomposition of this material to SiO~2~, SiO and O~2~ gases. ",
"The code determined the vaporization of SiO~2~ approximately 0.94 MJ per mole (\\~15.7 MJ/kg,). ",
"Correspondingly, the relationship between fulgurite internal diameter and energy per unit length (*E*) required to vaporize the material to make a fulgurite is equal to:\n\nwhere *ρ*~*S*~ is the density of sand (here at \\~1.65 g/cm^3^), Δ*H*~*vap*~ is the energy required to vaporize SiO~2~ from room temperature (the above 0.94 MJ/mole), *MW* is the molecular weight of SiO~2~ (60.08 g/mole), and *d* is the internal diameter of the fulgurite in centimeters. ",
"We do not consider further energy transfer in the formation of the glass wall (e.g., the melting of the sand to form the fulgurite, and heating of adjacent sand) that may store up to 20% of the energy of a lightning strike, and the heating and ionization of the gas column within the fulgurite is not considered. ",
"These data cannot be readily determined from the fulgurites collected. ",
"These energy estimates are necessarily minima, and the actual energy transfer may be more than 25% of our calculated values.",
"\n\nWe also omit the enthalpy of vaporization of water from these calculations (40 kJ/mol). ",
"This omission is based on two factors: 1) given that the geologic setting of these sand dunes is consistent with being above sea level since their deposition[@b35], it is reasonable to assume that the conducting subsurface aquifer is suitably distant from the surface of the sand dunes such that the fulgurites occurring within the sand were not saturated with water. ",
"Water saturation requires about 2.5 cm of rainfall to saturate 5 cm of sand, and 5 cm being the median fulgurite fragment length found here. ",
"While a rainfall of 2.5 cm in a single storm event is not uncommon in Florida, most lightning precedes the heaviest rainfall[@b36]. ",
"2) The sand has a porosity that allows about one mole of water per mole of sand, and the exclusion of 40 kJ/mol (vs. 940 kJ/mol) from these calculations should not introduce significant error (about 0.02 log units in MJ/m). ",
"However, the surfaces of individual fulgurites range from smooth to wrinkled to covered in fractal-like branching patterns ([Fig. ",
"1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"These differences are likely attributable to differences in the physical conditions at the time of formation, including water content. ",
"Additionally, differences in fulgurite glass thickness may be partially attributed to sand water content, as wetter sand should transfer heat more readily than dry sand. ",
"Thus, thicker-walled fulgurites may be more common in wet sand.",
"\n\nIn addition to measuring the shape of fulgurite cylinders, we also determined the density of a subset (n = 12) of the glasses in fulgurites using Archimedes' displacement of water technique to determine volume. ",
"The fulgurites chosen were completely open tubes, so that a measurement of the density of the glass could be performed without also measuring gas that might have been pinched in by the collapse of the tube. ",
"The density of the accompanying sand was also measured by both a mass per unit volume technique, and by the Archimedes displacement principle. ",
"The latter was used specifically to estimate the bulk density of the quartz grains.",
"\n\nModel Distributions\n-------------------\n\nSince we do not presume to have the complete length of most of the fulgurites within our collection as nearly all were discovered exposed on the sand surface, we performed a set of calculations to determine how the measured collection compares to a simulated distribution.",
"\n\nWe modeled the distribution of fulgurite fragments as a function of energy per meter vs. cumulative length and vs. cumulative number, and total energy vs. cumulative number to determine the resulting distributions (see SI). ",
"These models tested six scenarios: energy per length distributions that were normal or lognormal, and length distributions that were constant across all energy per length distributions (in other words, one meter fulgurites were formed at the lowest energy per unit length and at the highest energy), or length distributions that were normal or lognormal. ",
"Each fulgurite was assigned a specific energy, and a specific length.",
"\n\nTo these distributions we applied a \"fracture event\" that broke each simulated fulgurite into smaller, equal parts. ",
"This fracture event assumed the following: since the weakest point of a fulgurite will be at the midpoint of its length, each fulgurite was assumed to fracture in half, and the fragments may then fracture subsequently in half. ",
"A fulgurite will fracture as many times as possible until it reaches a specific length, which we establish empirically (SI). ",
"The diameter of the fulgurites is weakly correlated with length (R = 0.38), which establishes the maximum length allowed in the simulation. ",
"Thicker fulgurites should be expected to be somewhat stronger, and hence produce longer lengths. ",
"From these fragments and energy per unit length distributions, we compare our simulated distributions with those from the actual suite of fulgurites.",
"\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Pasek, M. A. and Hurst, M. A Fossilized Energy Distribution of Lightning. *",
"Sci. ",
"Rep*. **",
"6**, 30586; doi: 10.1038/srep30586 (2016).",
"\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nThis work was funded by a grant from NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology (NNX14AN96G). ",
"The authors thank C.C. Calhoun, Inc. for allowing access to the two sand mines, Martin Uman and Brian Jackson for assistance with understanding lightning energy deposition, and Virginia Pasek, Danny Lindsay and Jakob Centlivre for assistance in working with the fulgurites.",
"\n\n**Author Contributions** M.A.P. and M.H. jointly collected fulgurites. ",
"M.A.P. performed the research and M.A.P. and M.H. wrote the paper.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n). ",
"County boundaries were modified from the Florida Geographic Data Library ([www.fgdl.org](http://www.fgdl.org)) after the United State Census Bureau, 1999, Florida County Boundaries -- Statewide ([www.census.gov](http://www.census.gov)). ",
"City information was modified from the Florida Geographic Data Library ([www.fgdl.org](http://www.fgdl.org)) after the National Atlas of the United States, 2004, Cities and Towns of Florida ([www.nationalatlas.gov](http://www.nationalatlas.gov)).](srep30586-f2){#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n###### Linear regression line slope and y-intercept for lightning energy frequencies.",
"\n\n X Y m b R^2^ Value at 50%\n -------------- ---------------------- --------- --------- -------- --------------\n Log E (MJ/m) f (total = 1) −0.5877 0.5211 0.9496 1.3 MJ/m\n Log E (MJ/m) length (1466 cm = 1) −0.6174 0.5731 0.9438 1.6 MJ/m\n Log E (MJ) f (total = 1) −0.4986 −0.1435 0.9852 0.051 MJ\n"
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"Zequinha (footballer, born 1949)\n\nJosé Márcio Pereira da Silva (born 17 November 1948), better known in the United States as Zequinha is a retired Brazilian footballer, who played in Brazil and the United States.",
"\n\nBiography\nBorn in Leopoldina, Minas Gerais, Zequinha started his career in 1967 at Flamengo and he left to play for Botafogo two years later. ",
"After six season there, he then made the transfer to Grêmio in 1975 and stayed on for three years, before moving to São Paulo FC for one season.",
"\n\nWith the popularity of the North American Soccer League at its zenith, Zequinha moved to the U.S. and joined the Dallas Tornado in 1979. ",
"Rather than go home during the off-season, he chose to play indoor soccer in the MISL for the Detroit Lightning. ",
"He played two more years in Dallas before the team was merged with the Tampa Bay Rowdies after the 1981 season. ",
"After one season with the Rowdies he joined the Tulsa Roughnecks and was a member of their Soccer Bowl winning side in 1983. ",
"From there he moved back to MISL, playing indoors for the Tacoma Stars. ",
"He finished out his career in the USL, first with the Dallas Americans in 1984, then with the Tulsa Tornados in 1985. ",
"It was in the indoor game that he had his greatest success while in the U.S.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n NASLjerseys.com\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1948 births\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States\nCategory:Brazil international footballers\nCategory:Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players\nCategory:Clube de Regatas do Flamengo footballers\nCategory:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players\nCategory:São Paulo FC players\nCategory:Dallas Americans players\nCategory:Dallas Tornado players\nCategory:Detroit Lightning players\nCategory:Expatriate soccer players in the United States\nCategory:Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players\nCategory:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players\nCategory:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players\nCategory:Tacoma Stars players\nCategory:Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players\nCategory:Tulsa Roughnecks (1978–1984) players\nCategory:Tulsa Tornados players\nCategory:United Soccer League (1984–85) players"
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"\nIt is presently unclear how gender, aging, and physical activity status interact to determine the magnitude of the rise in cardiac output (Qc) during dynamic exercise. ",
"To clarify this issue, the present study examined the Qc-O2 uptake (Vo2) relationship during graded leg cycle ergometry in 30 chronically endurance-trained subjects from four groups (n = 6-8/group): younger men (20-30 yr), older men (56-72 yr), younger women (24-31 yr), and older women (51-72 yr). ",
"Qc (acetylene rebreathing), stroke volume (Qc/heart rate), and whole body Vo2 were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise intensities (40, 70, and approximately 90% of peak Vo2). ",
"Baseline resting levels of Qc were 0.6-1.2 l/min less in the older groups. ",
"However, the slopes of the Qc-Vo2 relationship across submaximal levels of cycling were similar among all four groups (5.4-5.9 l/l). ",
"The absolute Qc associated with a given Vo2 (1.0-2.0 l/min) was also similar among groups. ",
"Resting and exercise stroke volumes (ml/beat) were lower in women than in men but did not differ among age groups. ",
"However, older men and women showed a reduced ability, relative to their younger counterparts, to maintain stroke volume at exercise intensities above 70% of peak Vo2. ",
"This latter effect was most prominent in the oldest women. ",
"These findings suggest that neither age nor gender has a significant impact on the Qc-Vo2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry among chronically endurance-trained individuals."
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"During the course of the study, the reactor was able to biodegrade the contaminants in the incoming recycled paper mill wastewater in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), adsorbable organic halides (AOX; specifically 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) removal efficiencies at varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1-3 days, aeration rates (ARs) of 2.1-3.4 m3/min and influent feed concentration of 40-950 mg COD/l. Percentages of COD, 2,4-DCP and NH3-N removals increased with increasing HRT, resulting in more than 90% COD, 2,4-DCP and NH3-N removals at HRT values above two days. ",
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"Q:\n\ncalculation of age based on any preveous time\n\nIs there a way to find the solution of problem like this;\nif my age on 10/jan/2010 was 2 year how much will be the age on 10/April/2012. ",
"\nkind regards\n\nA:\n\nSimply use difftime() to calculate the difference and then add the age. ",
"Something like this:\nearlier_age <- 2\ndiff <- as.numeric(difftime(latest_date, earlier_date), units=\"years\") \n#make sure that dates are actually date objects (using as.",
"Date())\nnew_age <- diff + earlier_age\n\n#So for your example:\nlatest_date <- as.",
"Date(\"10/April/2012\", format = \"%d/%B/%Y\")\nearlier_date <- as.",
"Date(\"10/jan/2010\", format = \"%d/%b/%Y\")\nearlier_age <- 2\n\ndiff <- as.numeric(difftime(latest_date, earlier_date), units=\"days\")/365.25\nnew_age <- diff + earlier_age\n\nYou can change the units to weeks, hours and so on as per your requirement\n\n"
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"The invention relates to a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, and an internal combustion engine having such a fuel injection system.",
"\nIn gasoline engines with direct fuel injection, the aim is to achieve the best possible distribution of the fuel in the combustion chamber and efficient, low-emission combustion of the fuel-air mixture in a so-called homogeneous operation of the internal combustion engine by means of the injection nozzles. ",
"For this purpose, in conventional fuel injection systems, injectors in the form of injection nozzles are usually used which open inwardly and generate a conical spray. ",
"Such injection nozzles customarily have five to seven injection orifices. ",
"To achieve good atomization of the fuel, the fuel may be injected into the combustion chamber with a fuel pressure of up to 20 MPa by way of the injection nozzle. ",
"However, wetting of the walls of the combustion chamber and the surfaces of the cylinder head and piston of the internal combustion engine, but also of the intake valves, with liquid fuel may result in undesirable increased pollutant emissions of the internal combustion engine, and therefore should be avoided to the greatest extent possible.",
"\nTo avoid such undesirable wetting, it is important to control the interaction of the injected fuel spray with the internal flow of the air mass which is introduced into the cylinder. ",
"For example, internal combustion engines which are supercharged by means of an exhaust gas turbocharger often have a higher air mass motion in the form of a so-called “tumble flow,” thus increasing the influence of the distribution of the injected fuel. ",
"For internal combustion engines having a centered arrangement of the injection nozzle on the cylinder, the air mass motion guides the injected fuel to an exhaust side of the combustion chamber, as the result of which increased fuel concentrations may develop at that location, and undesirable wetting of the walls of the combustion chamber by fuel may occur.",
"\nDE 10 2009 046 001 A1 discloses a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine having a combustion chamber with at least one intake valve on an intake side and with at least one exhaust valve on an exhaust side and with a central injection nozzle for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber. ",
"The injection nozzle has six injection orifices, a first partial quantity of fuel being injectable at the intake side by means of two first injection orifices and a second partial quantity of fuel being injectable at the exhaust side by means of four second injection orifices. ",
"Flow channels to the injection orifices have a respectively different design, so that the flow channels of the two first injection orifices have a higher flow resistance than the flow channels of the four second injection orifices. ",
"Contact of the cylinder walls with fuel may thus be reduced due to a shortened length of the injection jets of the two first injection orifices. ",
"However, contact of the cylinder walls with fuel by the injection jets of the four second injection orifices cannot be excluded.",
"\nDE 198 04 463 A1 describes a fuel injection system for gasoline engines, having an injection nozzle which injects fuel into a combustion chamber that is formed by a piston-cylinder structure. ",
"The combustion chamber has a spark plug which protrudes into the combustion chamber. ",
"The injection nozzle is situated in the central area of the combustion chamber, and is provided with at least one row of injection orifices which are distributed over the periphery of the injection nozzle, so that, by means of a targeted injection of fuel through the injection orifices, a spray-guided combustion process may be achieved by forming a mixture cloud. ",
"According to this combustion process, at least one fuel jet is generated, which for the ignition is directed at least approximately in the direction of the spark plug and controlled in such a way that only vaporized fuel is present in the area of contact with the spark plug. ",
"Together with additional fuel jets, at least one approximately closed and/or cohesive mixture cloud is formed, wherein no significant contact of the other jets with the piston or the cylinder wall of the internal combustion engine occurs.",
"\nIt is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved design for a fuel injection system in which the above-mentioned disadvantages are eliminated or at least reduced."
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"By the Daily Post staff\n\nSome Palo Altans are alarmed by a school district plan to put large solar panels in front of Palo Alto High School, which would block views of the 100-year-old campus.",
"\n\n“The Tower Building, the arches, the Haymarket theater and the new Performing Arts Center is a complex of which all of Palo Alto should be proud. ",
"It cannot be hidden by solar panels,” said Edith Miller in an email to school board members. ",
"She was the first of three generations who attended the school, was a staff member at Paly for 20 years, and is the founder and chair of Alumni and Friends of Palo Alto High School.",
"\n\n“This proposal needs to (be) cancelled and the placement of the panels needs to be reconsidered,” Miller wrote.",
"\n\n“As Palo Alto grows and changes, historical facades such as the Campanile and front office become even more essential to safeguard,” Keith Paugh, Paly Class of 1996, wrote in an email to the district. “",
"A city without its aesthetic history and character rapidly becomes a soul-less one.”",
"\n\nThe school board approved a contract Nov. 14 to install solar systems at six schools including Paly. ",
"A consultant estimated the systems would save the district a total of $1.2 million in electric costs over 25 years.",
"\n\nAt Paly, the solar panels would be mounted on a canopy that would cover the parking lots facing El Camino Real. ",
"Cars would park under the canopy.",
"\n\nThe other schools that will get solar panels are JLS, Terman, Nixon, Escondido and Ohlone.",
"\n\nRon Ellis, manager of maintenance, operations and transportation for the school district, called the solar systems a “super structure” at the Nov. 14 board meeting.",
"\n\n“One of the things we’re finding is that the sheer robustness of this super structure can be somewhat off-putting,” Ellis told the board.",
"\n\nHis comment drew laughter at the board meeting.",
"\n\n“When we spoke to a few principals, I was looking out at the vista and saying this is really beautiful. ",
"But how would it look if there was this super structure there? ",
"So we tried to paint it and put butterflies on it but (we) just couldn’t get away from what I’m going to be looking at. ",
"So that’s going to be a huge challenge for us,” Ellis said.",
"\n\nAt the Nov. 14 board meeting, none of the board members or district employees talked about Paly specifically, and there were no members of the public who went to the microphone to talk about the solar installation.",
"\n\nBut Nixon Principal Mary Pat O’Connell said she was concerned about getting the opinions of neighbors before the panels are installed.",
"\n\n“At some of the schools, the location of the solar panels is perhaps (going to be) in parking lots and in places where everybody says, ‘That’s a great idea. ",
"Why didn’t we think of that,’” O’Connell told the board Nov. 14.",
"\n\nBut she said at Nixon, the parking lots weren’t a good location for the panels so they will be placed near the school’s recreational fields.",
"\n\n“I’m concerned that we do take reasonable steps to inform the neighbors whose properties are adjacent to that portion of the schools so they have an opportunity to give input,” O’Connell said. “",
"I don’t imagine that they are negatively impacted in any way but I do think that’s part of our usual procedures to try and let people know so they can provide input.”",
"\n\nEllis said the district would reach out to the six school site councils to let them know about the solar panels, and ask them to post something on their websites.",
"\n\nBut Trustee Melissa Baten Caswell said the district needed to do more than post information on a website. ",
"She suggested community meetings.",
"\n\nThose who wrote to the school board over the past few days were taken by surprise by the plan to install solar panels, describing the district’s plans as “secret” and “hasty.”",
"\n\nMany said they were suspicious because the board waived its normal two meeting rule to approve an amended contract with the solar panel supplier on Feb. 27. ",
"Normally, a school board action is voted upon at two consecutive board meetings, giving the public two opportunities to be heard. ",
"But the board voted unanimously to waive the rule and approve the amended contract that evening because it wanted to lock in a price for solar panels. ",
"Due to a tariff the Trump administration has imposed on imported solar panels, there’s a fear prices will be increasing dramatically.",
"\n\nThe board on Feb. 27 amended the contract it had approved in November.",
"\n\nBaten Caswell remarked at the November meeting that it has taken the district awhile to install solar systems. ",
"She recalled a meeting in 2009 with Palo Alto officials.",
"\n\n“The city folks asked us when are you going to look at solar on your school sites,” Baten Caswell said. “",
"At that point (school district bond program manager) Bob (Golton) said, ‘It’s just the cost-benefit’s not there.’ ",
"And they said, ‘Isn’t it what you want to represent?’ ‘",
"Isn’t it the example you want to set?’ ",
"And I’m just delighted we’re at a place where the cost-benefit is there. ",
"Took a while.”",
"\n\nThe concerns about blocking the view of Paly come as the school is celebrating its 100th anniversary at El Camino and Embarcadero Road. ",
"The Palo Alto Stanford Heritage website says the school was dedicated on Dec. 24, 1918 with a grand march of students and faculty from the first city high school at the corner of Channing Avenue and Webster Street to Paly’s location today.",
"\n\n“The general stylistic image is Italian Renaissance Revival with Byzantine and Romanesque touches,” the organization’s website said. “",
"Where the roof of the theater crosses that of the auditorium, there is an octagonal cupola. ",
"The designers received a medal award for their plans from the Southern California Chapter, American Institute of Architects.”"
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"HMAS Newcastle and HMAS Canberra will have 800 officers and sailors on board during their visit from May 7 to 10.",
"\n\nThe Australian crews will have exchanges with the Vietnamese navy and meet students in the resort town of Nha Trang for a mini English course.",
"\n\nThe trip is part of the Australian Navy’s annual Indo-Pacific Endeavour, which seeks to promote defense cooperation in Australia's waters and establish multilateral and bilateral partnerships with other countries.",
"\n\nHMAS Newcastle is a long-range escort vessel, capable of air defense, surface and undersea warfare, surveillance, reconnaissance, and interdiction.",
"\n\nHMAS Canberra is the lead ship of the Canberra-class landing helicopter dock. ",
"At a length of 757 feet and a beam of 105 feet, it is the largest ship ever built for the Australian Navy. ",
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"Melanin is an omnibus term that describes a large family of natural and synthetic phenolic-quinonoid pigments of diverse origin and chemical nature. ",
"Natural melanins are generally differentiated by their origin, for example, bovine eye melanin, melanoma melanin, and sepia melanin. ",
"They usually occur in the form of granular particles and are secretory products of pigment-producing cells, the melanocytes. ",
"Synthetic melanins are named after the compound from which they were prepared via chemical or enzymatic oxidation (e.g., d,l-dopa., ",
"or 5,6-dihydroxyindole catechol melanin). ",
"In addition, melanins are classified according to their chemical structures into the insoluble black eumelanins (poly-5,6-indole quinones) and the alkali soluble red phaeomelanins (polydihydrobenzothiazines).",
"\nThe study of melanins has led to the discovery of a number of biosynthetic pathways. ",
"For example, melanins can be produced by the oxidation of its precursors such as 1-dopa or tyrosine by a melanin-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosinase. ",
"Alternatively, melanin can be prepared chemically by auto-oxidation of 1-dopa or other substrates to melanin in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. ",
"Wilczok et al., ",
"Arch Biochem. ",
"Biophys. ",
"23:257 (1984). ",
"Additionally, melanin can be prepared by a variety of electrochemical and photochemical methods from which individual steps of the melanization processes are identified and characterized. ",
"See, Crippa, et al. (",
"1989), supra.",
"\nWhen melanin shows a characteristic UV absorption spectrum at a particular range of wavelengths, it is assumed that the melanin may exert a protective effect by absorbing or diminishing the energy generated by the correspondent wavelengths. ",
"In general, sunlight contains three types of ultraviolet wave lengths which may cause skin damage. ",
"UV A has the longest wave length and the lowest energy. ",
"Its wavelengths fall within the range of 320-400 nm, and such wavelengths can indirectly damage DNA by activating intracellular flavins or porphyrins in the formation of active oxygen species, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, oxygen radicals, etc. ",
"UV B falls within the range of 290-320 nm. ",
"It damages DNA both directly and indirectly. ",
"This type is probably the major causative factor in skin cancer. ",
"UV C has wavelengths between 200-290 nm. ",
"Its major effect is directly related to damage of cellular DNA.",
"\nCharacteristics of light relevant here fall into two major categories: (1) luminous flux which is the effectiveness of light evoking brightness; (2) chromaticity which is referred to both the dominant wavelength that contributes to the actual color (i.e., hue) and the purity that establishes the saturation of color. ",
"The spectrum colors and their wavelengths are further categorized as the follows: violet (400 nm), blue (450 nm), green (500 nm), yellow (550 nm), orange (600 nm) and red (650 nm).",
"\nThe enzymatic synthesis of melanin has been an area of extensive research due to its close resemblance to natural melanogenesis. ",
"The enzymes, tyrosinases, are widely distributed in nature and highly purified preparations have been obtained from mushrooms, (Lerch, K., Met. ",
"Ions. ",
"Biol. ",
"Syst., ",
"13:144 (1981)), Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, potato tubers, broad beans, insect hemolymph and mammalian melanoma tumors. ",
"Lerch, K. and L. Ettlinger, Eur. ",
"J. Biochem. ",
"31:427-437 (1972). ",
"It is generally agreed that these enzymes catalyze two types of reactions: the orthohydroxylation of monophenols to catechols, which is referred to as cresolase activity, and the dehydrogenation of catechols to o-quinones, designated as catecholase activity. ",
"Molecular oxygen is used for the hydroxylation reaction. ",
"For this reason, tyrosinase acting on a monophenol is referred to as a \"mixed function oxidase\". ",
"Hayaishi, O. in \"Biological Oxidation\" (Singer, T. P., ed.) ",
"p.581, Interscience Publishers, New York (1968).",
"\nNumerous investigations have revealed that the production of tyrosinase by a microorganism in a growth medium is regulated by such factors as the genetics of the microorganism, the composition of the medium, the growth temperature, the presence of biosynthetic inhibitors, the density of tyrosinase-producing cells and the presence of enzyme inducers. ",
"Katz, E. and A. Betancourt, Can J. Microbiol. ",
"34:1297-1303 (1988). ",
"Some microorganisms are capable of producing extracellular tyrosinases which are synthesized intracellularly prior to their transport and secretion into the growth medium. ",
"Baumann, R., et al., ",
"Actinomycetes \"The Boundary Microorganisms\", pp.55-63, (Arai, T. ed), Tokyo Joppan Co. (1976).",
"\nThe discovery of extracellular tyrosinase makes industrial pigment production by fermentation feasible. ",
"However, the high instability of the extracellular tyrosinase in the broth limits the recovery of active tyrosinase in these processes and hence limits production of melanin. ",
"Bauman, R. et al., (",
"1976), supra. ",
"Moreover, the quantities and recovery of the secreted extracellular tyrosinases have been generally insufficient for a viable commercial process for the large-scale in vitro production of melanin. ",
"Loss of enzyme activity as a result of deactivation through the affects of oxygen, temperature and product intermediates has a severe affect on the yield of tyrosinase and, therefore, is responsible for the high instability and low yield of extracellular tyrosinase. ",
"Studies in Streptomyces antibioticus have shown that the kinetics of the loss of tyrosinase activity could be approximated by a first-order model, with a constant specific deactivation rate on the order of 0.1h.sup.-1. ",
"Proteolytic activity detected in stationary phase cultures suggested that proteolytic degradation of tyrosinase could be partly responsible for the loss of tyrosinase activity during this period of batch cultures, but tyrosinase deactivation was also observed during the growth phase when no proteolytic activity was detected. ",
"The specific deactivation rate was found to exhibit an Arrhenius dependence on temperature with an activation energy of approximately 20 kcal/mol. ",
"Growth of a culture using a two-temperature strategy along with an enriched growth medium resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the amount of tyrosinase obtained over control cultures. ",
"Gardner, A. R. and T. W. Cadman, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 36:243-251 (1990). ",
"Improved processes for making tyrosinase and melanin are disclosed in PCT publication W092/00373 dated Jan. 9, 1992, which claims priority from U.S. Ser. ",
"Nos. ",
"545,075, Jun. 29, 1990 and 607,119, Nov. 2, 1990, the disclosures of which are each incorporated by reference herein.",
"\nIn addition to growth manipulation and temperature optimization, several microorganisms may be genetically engineered to further enhance their abilities to produce tyrosinases. ",
"These microorganisms include, but are not limited to species of Streptomyces, Escherichia, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Vibrio. ",
"Many species of Streptomyces are capable of forming dark melanin pigments due to expression of tyrosinase from the mel gene locus. ",
"For example, the mel locus of S. antibioticus has been cloned and sequenced, Katz, E., et al., ",
"J. Gen. Microbiol. ",
"123: 2703 (1983); Bernan, V. et al., ",
"Gene 37:101 (1985) and shown to contain two open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a putative ORF438 protein (MW=14,754) and tyrosinase (MW=30,612). ",
"ORF438 and tyrosinase are thought to be transcribed from the same promoter in S. antibioticus, and both genes are required for melanin production. ",
"Bernan, V., et al., (",
"1985), supra. ",
"Based on genetic evidence, the ORF438 protein has been shown to function as a trans-activator of tyrosinase. ",
"Lee, Y.-H.W. et al., ",
"Gene 65:71 (1988). ",
"It has been suggested that the ORF438 protein is involved in tyrosinase secretion, or it may function as a metallothionein-like protein that delivers copper to apotyrosinase. ",
"Bernan, V.,et al., (",
"1985), supra; Lee Y.-H.W., et al., (",
"1988), supra.",
"\nThe oxidation of a variety of N-terminal, C-terminal, and internal tyrosine peptides of melanin in the presence of mushroom tyrosinase has been studied spectrophotometrically. ",
"The spectroscopic patterns of these oxidations fall into three types: a dopachrome sequence, a dopa-quinone sequence, and a protein sequence. ",
"The dopachrome pattern is characterized by the formation of an intermediate oxidation product with absorption maxima at 305 nm and 480 nm. ",
"This absorption spectrum is exhibited by compounds of the aminochrome class, especially by dopachrome itself. ",
"The final oxidation product shows a maximum at 325 nm. ",
"This is very similar to the maximum at 319 nm exhibited by derivatives of 2-carboxy-5,6-dihydroxyindole, which is an intermediate in the enzymatic oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine under conditions in which decarboxylation does not take place. ",
"Compounds which show the dopachrome pattern upon oxidation have blocked carboxyl groups and cannot undergo decarboxylation. ",
"It is accordingly probable that the development of the 325 nm absorption band is due to the accumulation of a derivative of 2-carboxy-5,6-dihydroxyindole. ",
"The dopaquinone pattern is characterized by the formation of an intermediate oxidation product with an absorption maximum at 390 nm. ",
"The protein pattern of oxidation, which is observed with a polypeptide which contains tyrosine may vary, depending upon the particular substrate. ",
"The distinctive absorption patterns, therefore, may be used to evaluate the positions of tyrosine in the peptide chains. ",
"Yasunobu, K. T., et al., ",
"J. Biol Chem. ",
"234:3291-3205 (1959).",
"\nSimilar spectrophotometrical studies have been conducted on melanin for the enzymatic oxidation of a single amino acid in the presence of tyrosinase. ",
"The process was observed to proceed in three chromophoric phases, the first corresponding to the formation of the red pigment, the second to an intermediate purple pigment, and the third to the formation of melanin. ",
"By comparison of the observed spectra of these products with those of known substances, it is possible to identify the intermediates during the process of melanin formation. ",
"Mason, H. S., J. Biol. ",
"Chem., ",
"168:433 (1947); Raper, H. S., Biochem. ",
"J., 21:89-96 (1927).",
"\nRecently it has been shown that a number of enzymes can express their activity in reaction media where most of the water has been replaced by an organic solvent. ",
"Kibanov, A. M. Chemtech June., ",
"354-359 (1986). ",
"For example, laccase purified from Trametes versicolor can oxidize 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and syringaldazine in hydrophobic solvents presaturated with water. ",
"Milstein et al., ",
"Appl. ",
"Microbiol. ",
"Biotechnol 31:70-74 (1989). ",
"In addition, the ortho-hydroxylation of aromatic compounds by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase such as tyrosinase suspended in organic solvents has also been found to be efficient. ",
"Doddema, H. J. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32:716-718 (1988). ",
"However, some of the reported prior art methods require the enzymes to be immobilized on an inert surface or carrier prior to enzymatic reaction conducted in organic solvents.",
"\nIn addition to tyrosinase, a number of other enzymes possessing a peroxidizing activity such as horseradish peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, milk peroxidase, cytochrome C peroxidase and microperoxidase have also been used to produce melanin in vitro. ",
"These methods generally require the inclusion of hydrogen peroxide as a substrate in the reaction mixture and, in some instances, the immobilization of peroxidase prior to the oxidation reactions. ",
"European Patent Publication No. ",
"44 1, 689 A1. ",
"However, the in vitro synthesis of melanin under such harsh conditions has not been described or suggested when tyrosinases are used as the enzyme sources.",
"\nIn light of the foregoing, there is a need for an improved method for the production of stable and highly active extracellular tyrosinase in commercially acceptable quantities. ",
"There is a further need to develop an improved in vitro process for the synthesis of melanins (hereafter polyphenolic polymers or \"PPPs\") generally and chemically modified PPPs specifically in the absence of a fermentation medium and microorganisms. ",
"This need is driven by the advantages that such an in vitro process would provide, i.e. eliminating the concern about using precursers in the reaction which would be toxic if used in vivo., ",
"and the avoidance of complications arising from the presence of cellular metabolites and debris."
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"Dismissed and Memorandum Opinion filed May 31, 2018.",
"\n\n\n\n\n In The\n\n Fourteenth Court of Appeals\n\n NO. ",
"14-18-00163-CV\n\n VERANDA NATION, INC., ",
"Appellant\n V.\n PRESTON JULIAN, Appellee\n\n On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. ",
"1\n Harris County, Texas\n Trial Court Cause No. ",
"1102232\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n\n This is an appeal from a judgment signed February 8, 2018. ",
"The notice of\nappeal was filed January 29, 2018. ",
"To date, our records show that appellant has not\npaid the appellate filing fee. ",
"See Tex. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 5 (requiring payment of fees in civil\ncases unless party is excused by statute or by appellate rules from paying costs). ",
"Tex.",
"\nGov’t Code Ann. § ",
"51.207 (West 2013).",
"\n\f On April 3, 2018, this court ordered appellant to pay the appellate filing fee\non or before April 18, 2018, or the appeal would be dismissed. ",
"Appellant has not\npaid the appellate filing fee or otherwise responded to the court’s order. ",
"Accordingly,\nthe appeal is ordered dismissed. ",
"See Tex. ",
"R. App. ",
"P. 42.3(c) (allowing involuntary\ndismissal of case because appellant has failed to comply with notice from clerk\nrequiring response or other action within specified time).",
"\n\n\n PER CURIAM\n\nPanel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Donovan and Brown.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f"
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"Just over a year ago, a hacker penetrated the corporate servers at Valve, the game company behind the popular first-person shooter Half-Life. ",
"He came away with a beta version of Half-Life 2. \"",
"We heard about it,\" says 23-year-old Frank, a well-connected media pirate. \"",
"Everyone thought it would get bootlegged in Europe.\" ",
"Instead, the hacker gave the source code to Frank - it turned out that he was a friend of a friend - so that Frank could give Half-Life 2 to the world. \"",
"I was like, 'Let's do this thing, yo!'\" ",
"he says. \"",
"I put it on Anathema. ",
"After that, it was all over.\"",
"\n\nAnathema is a so-called topsite, one of 30 or so underground, highly secretive servers where nearly all of the unlicensed music, movies, and videogames available on the Internet originate. ",
"Outside of a pirate elite and the Feds who track them, few know that topsites exist. ",
"Even fewer can log in.",
"\n\nWithin minutes of appearing on Anathema, Half-Life 2 spread. ",
"One file became 30 files became 3,000 files became 300,000 files as Valve stood helplessly by watching its big Christmas blockbuster turn into a lump of coal. ",
"The damage was irreversible - the horse was out of the barn, the county, and the state. ",
"The original Half-Life has sold more than 10 million games and expansion packs since its late 1998 release. ",
"Half-Life 2's official release finally happened in November, after almost a year of reprogramming.",
"\n\nWhen Frank (who, like all the pirates interviewed for this article, is identified by a pseudonym) posted the Half-Life 2 code to Anathema, he tapped an international network of people dedicated to propagating stolen files as widely and quickly as possible.",
"\n\nIt's all a big game and, to hear Frank and others talk about \"the scene,\" fantastic fun. ",
"Whoever transfers the most files to the most sites in the least amount of time wins. ",
"There are elaborate rules, with prizes in the offing and reputations at stake. ",
"Topsites like Anathema are at the apex. ",
"Once a file is posted to a topsite, it starts a rapid descent through wider and wider levels of an invisible network, multiplying exponentially along the way. ",
"At each step, more and more pirates pitch in to keep the avalanche tumbling downward. ",
"Finally, thousands, perhaps millions, of copies - all the progeny of that original file - spill into the public peer-to-peer networks: Kazaa, LimeWire, Morpheus. ",
"Without this duplication and distribution structure providing content, the P2P networks would run dry. (",
"BitTorrent, a faster and more efficient type of P2P file-sharing, is an exception. ",
"But at present there are far fewer BitTorrent users.)",
"\n\nIt's a commonly held belief that P2P is about sharing files. ",
"It's an appealing, democratic notion: Consumers rip the movies and music they buy and post them online. ",
"But that's not quite how it works.",
"\n\nIn reality, the number of files on the Net ripped from store-bought CDs, DVDs, and videogames is statistically negligible. ",
"People don't share what they buy; they share what is already being shared - the countless descendants of a single \"Adam and Eve\" file. ",
"Even this is probably stolen; pirates have infiltrated the entertainment industry and usually obtain and rip content long before the public ever has a chance to buy it.",
"\n\nThe whole shebang - the topsites, the pyramid, and the P2P networks girding it all together - is not about trading or sharing at all. ",
"It's a broadcast system. ",
"It takes a signal, the new U2 single, say, and broadcasts it around the world. ",
"The pirate pyramid is a perfect amplifier. ",
"The signal becomes more robust at every descending level, until it gets down to the P2P networks, by which time it can be received by anyone capable of typing \"U2\" into a search engine.",
"\n\nThis should be good news for law enforcement. ",
"Lop off the head (the topsites), and the body (the worldwide trade in unlicensed media) falls lifeless to the ground. ",
"Sounds easy, but what if you can't find the head? ",
"As in any criminal conspiracy, it takes years of undercover work to get inside. ",
"An interview subject warned me against even mentioning Anathema in this article: \"You do not need some 350-pound hit man with a Glock at your front door.\"",
"\n\nThe upper reaches of the network are a \"darknet,\" hidden behind layers of security. ",
"The sites use a \"bounce\" to hide their IP address, and members can log in only from trusted IP addresses already on file. ",
"Most transmissions between sites use heavy-duty encryption. ",
"Finally, they continually change the usernames and passwords required to log in. ",
"Estimates say this media darknet distributes more than half a million movies every day. ",
"It's also, by any reading of the law, a vast criminal enterprise engaged in wholesale copyright infringement.",
"\n\nBut the Feds are getting smarter. ",
"Last spring, the FBI and US Department of Justice launched a series of raids codenamed Fastlink. ",
"Working with cops in Sweden, the Netherlands, and eight other countries, the operation seized more than 200 computers. ",
"One confiscated server alone contained 65,000 pirated titles. ",
"Fastlink rubbed out a few topsites, but new ones filled the void. ",
"The flow of illicit games and movies slowed briefly, then resumed. ",
"In April, federal agents interrogated Frank and impounded all his computer equipment. ",
"So far, no charges have been filed. \"",
"But the Feds had no idea about Half-Life,\" he boasts. \"",
"I was never connected to that shit. ",
"If they found out, I'd be in jail.\"",
"\n\nBruce Forest, a self-described \"elder statesman\" in the piracy scene, started ripping and trading in the ancient days of the late '80s. ",
"While he no longer actively traffics in bootlegged media, he maintains contacts that give him access to the most exclusive topsites. ",
"What the topsites don't know is that three years ago, Forest came in from the cold. \"",
"Basically, I'm a double agent,\" he concedes. \"",
"Though I don't fink anyone out. ",
"I'm not a cop.\"",
"\n\nAs a consultant for one of the world's largest entertainment companies, Forest notifies his bosses whenever one of their movies appears on a topsite. ",
"Thanks to his unparalleled access, he enjoys a bird's-eye view of the scene. ",
"And because he's ostensibly on the right side of the law, he's uncommonly open with information. ",
"This makes him an anomaly within the paranoid byways of the media darknet.",
"\n\nForest runs his business from the first floor of his rural Connecticut home. ",
"He's in his mid-40s but moves with jerky, adolescent energy. ",
"His brown hair is in perpetual disarray, and he pads around his office with bare feet, dressed in cargo shorts and a faded polo. ",
"Gold and platinum albums from his days as a producer at Island Records, MCA, and Arista line one wall. ",
"A baroque array of computer equipment fills the next, including 13 CPUs and 16 external hard drives (for a total of 3 terabytes of storage). ",
"His desk runs the length of the room and supports five full-size LCD displays. ",
"I hear a soft ping. \"",
"That tells me a movie just made its first appearance on a topsite.\" ",
"He points to a window on the monitor. ",
"It shows an innocent-looking list of files from an FTP site. ",
"The uppermost file says, \"Hellboy.",
"SCREENER.Proper.",
"READ NFO PRE VCD.\" ",
"Translation: The DVD of one of the year's biggest box office hits has been pirated two months before its intended release date. \"",
"The FBI would kill to be sitting here looking at this,\" he says.",
"\n\nEven first-run movies get ripped. \"",
"Remember what happened to The Hulk?\" ",
"he asks. ",
"On June 6, two weeks before its official release, a near-final version of The Hulk showed up online. ",
"To hear studio executives tell it, the bootleg went straight to the P2P networks and spread like a contagion.",
"\n\n\"Bullshit,\" says Forest. \"",
"Trying to distribute The Hulk through the P2Ps would take months, not hours.\" ",
"That's because files on the public file-sharing networks, where no single node is much more powerful than the next, spread at a glacial pace. ",
"Furthermore, when users connect to a P2P network - FastTrack, for example - they connect only to a small proportion of the number of other users connected at the same time. ",
"So unless a topsite seeds a file across the P2P network, the odds are slim that someone searching for a copy will actually find it.",
"\n\nForest pushes a hand through his hair, leaving it standing on end, and rotates in his Aeron to look me in the eye. \"",
"Here's what actually happened: Universal gave the workprint to its Manhattan ad agency. ",
"Then the print got to SMF. ",
"And bam!\" ",
"SMF, Forest explains, is a piracy group that specializes in acquiring movies in theatrical release.",
"\n\nBefore the folks at SMF could release the movie to a topsite, they had to compress it - from roughly 9 Gbytes to 700 Mbytes, small enough to fit on a single CD. ",
"Now the film drops. ",
"Forest won't say to which topsite SMF first posted The Hulk, only that \"SMF had affiliations with certain sites, so it must have been one of those.\"",
"\n\nWithin an hour, word had spread that The Hulk had appeared on the topsites, and the \"races\" began - copying and distributing the files to as many other servers as possible, as quickly as possible. \"",
"The races are over like that,\" says Forest, snapping his fingers. \"",
"It's amazing.\"",
"\n\nSoon, The Hulk was working its way down the pyramid onto slightly less exclusive sites called dumps. \"",
"These sites are a little slower, and they aren't getting stuff first,\" explains Forest. \"",
"On the other hand, they're getting a lot more traffic.\" ",
"With as much as several terabytes of data storage, the dumps are the workhorses of the distribution process, storing hundreds of thousands of media files filtered down from the topsites and rolling them to the next layer of the pyramid, the distribution channels.",
"\n\nIn 24 hours, SMF's single version of The Hulk had metastasized into at least 50,000 copies. ",
"Within 72 hours, the movie was all over the most popular P2P networks. ",
"Before it reached even a single shared file folder on Kazaa, Forest estimates there were already several hundred thousand copies in circulation, guaranteeing that casual computer users would be able to find and download it easily.",
"\n\nOne of Forest's computers pipes up again. ",
"Another bootleg has just started its race down the pyramid.",
"\n\nMovie pirates get their booty from one of three sources: industry insiders, projectionists, or agents placed inside disc-stamping plants and retail outlets. \"",
"Half the kids in the scene work at Best Buy or Blockbuster to get their hands on stuff they can release,\" says Frank. \"",
"At the factory, maybe 15 percent of CDs and DVDs are defective,\" says Forest, \"usually just because the label is off a little bit.\" ",
"They're dumped into a rubbish bin, ripe for the picking.",
"\n\nRelease groups break down broadly by medium - videogame, film, music, television - and then often into genre. ",
"One release group, for instance, specializes in obscure Japanese anime. ",
"Another works exclusively in Xbox games. ",
"Every release group has the same ultimate goal: Beat the street date of a big-name album, videogame, or movie by as much time as possible.",
"\n\nIn 2003, Frank and his friends started a release group devoted to first-run movies. ",
"They placed an online ad, and a projectionist in Maryland responded. ",
"The projectionist, who never told Frank his name, proposed to send them the movies shown in his theater in exchange for free downloads from the topsites. ",
"Frank's posse wanted to test the guy first - standard procedure for a release group. \"",
"We had to know he wasn't a narc,\" says Frank, \"and that he could get us quality product on a regular basis.\"",
"\n\nFrank's projectionist passed this test by providing the group with a high-quality copy of Spy Kids 3D: Game Over. ",
"The bootleg was posted the day after it hit theaters. ",
"Theaters get movies several days in advance so that exhibitors can check for defects in the reels. \"",
"Our dude would just run the film before anyone got to work, and record it from the booth,\" he says. ",
"Frank and his friends christened their group \"MaTinE.\" Because their supplier - the projectionist - could get them high-quality recordings, MaTinE got noticed. \"",
"Eventually, we were putting our movies on one of the best topsites in the world,\" says Frank. ",
"He won't tell me the name of the site, noting it got busted by the FBI. \"",
"I can't have them thinking I put the heat on them, know what I mean?\"",
"\n\nThe quality of bootlegged films varies, depending on the technology used to capture the original reel. ",
"The best are produced using expensive TV studio equipment that can convert film to video. ",
"The next best are \"telesyncs,\" copies of a movie in which the visuals have been captured by camcorder but the audio comes directly from a patch into the projector. \"",
"The top telesync groups, like Centropy, VideoCD, and TCF, are using $10,000 camcorders they get directly from Japan, cams you can't find in the US,\" says Frank. ",
"The least desirable releases are \"cams,\" made by an audience member with a camcorder.",
"\n\nI ask Frank how his group could afford such exotic toys. \"",
"People buy them for us,\" he says, as if this explains everything. \"",
"Usually, these people were in the scene at one time, and now they just want free downloads without having to contribute.\" ",
"As it turns out, much of the extensive hardware - from superfast processors to servers with terabytes of storage - are donated by these well-heeled patrons. \"",
"Does Bruce Forest do that?\" ",
"I ask. \"",
"I don't know,\" Frank says, laughing. \"",
"What did Bruce tell you?\"",
"\n\nIn fact, Forest freely admits to being a supplier. \"",
"I have bought everything from hard drives to complete computers for various people in the scene. ",
"I've probably bought 15 camcorders alone.\" ",
"He says he considers it a business expense, and writes it off on his taxes.",
"\n\nWhatever the original source - stamping plant, movie theater, or local Blockbuster - the film has to be properly prepared for distribution over the networks. ",
"Converting analog to digital is a difficult, time-consuming process. ",
"And getting it into a form that can be easily compressed into a digital box many times smaller than its original size is an even bigger undertaking. ",
"If it isn't done well, a topsite will reject the file. \"",
"Quality control is the number one job of the release groups,\" says Forest. \"",
"Topsites will only take a file that fits a long list of specifications. ",
"It basically has to be perfect.\"",
"\n\nTo make sure it is, release groups rely on highly skilled technicians responsible for compressing and packaging the media file. ",
"As Forest and I watch the ripped copy of Hellboy, he pauses the movie. \"",
"Look at this,\" he says. ",
"A massive fight has just taken place, and Hellboy is perched on a bridge overlooking a devastated cityscape. ",
"It's been raining, and the havoc is reflected in a puddle, into which he stares deeply. \"",
"Oh my God. ",
"Look at that reflection. ",
"Do you have any idea how hard that is to capture?\"",
"\n\nDifferent scenes require different treatments. \"",
"It's almost like using a paintbrush,\" says Forest. \"",
"A good ripper will know exactly how to apply the codec properly.\" ",
"A codec, or compression-decompression algorithm, is a method of reducing file size to ease its transfer over the Internet. ",
"Video is normally compressed using variations of MPEG codecs. ",
"A serious ripper will adjust the bitrate of compression in every scene of a movie to account for changing hue and lighting.",
"\n\nToby is a master ripper. ",
"At 22, he's got a big man's frame but looks malnourished, like he doesn't get enough vegetables. ",
"He spends most of his time preparing movies for the Netflix Project. ",
"Started by an anonymous donor - again, an angel investor willing to devote money but not time to media piracy - the Netflix Project aims to archive every film offered by the subscription service. \"",
"Netflix offers about 25,000 movies,\" says Toby. \"",
"We've got maybe half of them.\" ",
"Each time Toby finishes condensing and packaging a movie, it gets placed on a central server. ",
"The archive is free for members who score a password and can get through the encryption. (",
"Asked for comment, Netflix politely declined.)",
"\n\nI'd been told Toby would be cagey, but I find him funny and sweet. ",
"In 2000, he moved to Atlanta to attend college, but after spending a year and a half holed up in his dorm room ripping and burning, he flunked out. \"",
"Computer science is impossible,\" he says. \"",
"But I didn't really go to class, so part of it might be my fault, sort of.\"",
"\n\nTwo weeks before the release of A Perfect Circle's new album, Thirteenth Step, Kevin races home after high school each day, goes down to his basement, and checks various release sites to see if someone has posted it. ",
"Kevin resides a few levels down the pyramid from the topsite operators; he's a courier for a couple release groups dealing in emo and hardcore rips, and A Perfect Circle is the file du jour.",
"\n\nUsually such a sought-after property first appears on sites far more exclusive and glamorous than the ones Kevin has access to, but he's hopeful a copy will show up soon. ",
"Couriers like Kevin are the grunts of the system, but without the \"curries\" transferring and duplicating files, the massive distribution network would break down.",
"\n\nFinally Kevin checks a site telling him that a rip of Thirteenth Step has just been uploaded to a secure FTP site - a week before it hits the stores. ",
"He curses under his breath. ",
"More than two minutes have elapsed since the file first appeared. ",
"The race is on, and Kevin is already at the back of the pack. ",
"He opens FlashFXP - a program that allows him to directly transfer files - and begins copying the CD to as many sites as he can. ",
"Then he sits back to watch the race. ",
"Everything now depends on the whimsy of Internet traffic and the speed of the server farms whose bandwidth he is pirating.",
"\n\nWith his quick, eager intelligence and, more important, a high degree of focus, Kevin spends hours at a stretch performing the minute tasks of copying and transferring files, usually to networks in the middle levels of the pyramid. ",
"It's through grunts like him that a song proliferates from 10,000 copies to 1 million. ",
"The night A Perfect Circle's CD was posted, Kevin stayed up late spreading the file around the Net. ",
"The curries competing against him must have gotten stuck behind some double-wide trailer of a packet, because Kevin's credits poured in.",
"\n\nCredits are how the curries - and most everyone else - get paid. ",
"Back in the early days of the scene, when there were maybe 100 dedicated geeks trading copies of The Last Ninja over their Commodore 64s, the rule was established that site members had to upload one unit (kilobytes at first, now megs or even gigs) for every three they download. ",
"The rule creates an incentive to obtain and release, and it's this odd form of greed that drives the scene. ",
"It's true, as Forest likes to point out, that no one gets paid (unless they strike up relations with for-profit Chinese bootleggers, which is considered bad form). ",
"But they do get a lot of free stuff - movies, music, games, and software - without having to deal with the spyware, phony files, and traffic jams that plague the public P2P networks.",
"\n\nIn fact, pretty much everyone joins the races from time to time. ",
"It's how the pirates while away their idle hours - the release group operator waiting for a new movie to be delivered, the ripper biding time while his gigabyte-sized files compress. ",
"Yet the best racers aren't even downloading all the pirate media they have access to. ",
"They have credits to burn, but that's not all that drives them. \"",
"It's about being the fastest,\" Frank says.",
"\n\nThe kids in the scene aren't trying to bomb the system. ",
"They don't care a whit whether major labels suffer more from file-sharing than indie labels, or if a ban on prerelease DVDs affects Miramax's chances at the Academy Awards. ",
"They do this because it feels mildly rebellious, like smoking a doobie behind the local Kroger or setting off the school fire alarm - and because it's fun.",
"\n\nLike ants, curries are monomaniacal about tiny tasks - they copy and move files from place to place - but together they form a force so powerful that it threatens to displace the traditional forms of media distribution. ",
"In fact, Forest believes the scene will eventually go legit, and he's even started a company, called Jun Group, that uses the topsites to promote movies, musicians, and TV shows. \"",
"The topsites don't care where their files come from, as long as no one else has them,\" he says. ",
"Last summer Jun Group dropped a collection of live videos and MP3s from Steve Winwood on the topsites. \"",
"We got 2.9 million downloads,\" says Forest, \"and album sales took off.\"",
"\n\nBehind the Scene\n\nCall it trickle-down file-sharing. ",
"The goods - a game, movie, song, or other piece of copyrighted media fall into an insider's hands. ",
"Then it's only a matter of hours before a drop becomes a tidal wave.",
"\n\n- Erik Malinowski\n\n1. ",
"THE INSIDER\n\nIndustry and theater employees run their own straight-to-video operations. ",
"Hackers looking for prerelease videogames target company servers. ",
"And before that long-awaited CD hits Amazon.com, moles inside disc-stamping plants have already got a copy.",
"\n\n2. ",
"THE PACKAGER\n\nThe pirated goods are passed on to a release group. ",
"These groups take multi-gigabyte movie files and squeeze them down for easy online trading.",
"\n\n3. ",
"THE DISTRIBUTOR\n\nRelease groups are known to have exclusive relationships with certain so-called topsites. ",
"These are the highly secretive sites at the top of the distribution pyramid. ",
"When a topsite operator drops a file, the avalanche begins.",
"\n\n4. ",
"THE COURIERS\n\nAlerted by release groups, worker bees spring into action, copying and transferring files from the topsites to lower-level dump sites, and then from there to P2P networks like Kazaa and Morpheus. ",
"For the couriers, the payoff is props from their peers and credits redeemable for goods on upper levels of the pyramid.",
"\n\n5. ",
"THE PUBLIC\n\nAfter the file is copied thousands of times the P2P networks saturate, allowing casual file-traders easy access to the newest movies, music, and videogames.",
"\n\nContributing editor Jeff Howe (jeffhowe@wiredmag.com) wrote about desalination in issue 12.11.",
"\n\ncredit blanddesigns.co.uk\n\nFeature:\n\n>\n\nThe Shadow Internet\n\nPlus:\n\n>\n\nBehind the Scene"
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"Qatar and Bahrain have voiced support for Mr Bashir, who in recent years has improved ties with Arabian Peninsula states. ",
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"During manometric studies, administration of an anxiolytic agent is often required to make insertion of the catheter acceptable for the patient. ",
"The anxiolytic should not affect the results of the measurements. ",
"This study evaluates the effects of two different doses of propofol on the pressures in the oesophageal sphincters. ",
"The effect of increased abdominal pressure was also studied. ",
"Twenty healthy volunteers, 10 young (mean age 25 years) and 10 elderly (mean age 71 years), were recruited. ",
"The effects of a low dose of propofol [0.3 mg kg(-1) intravenously (i.v.)] ",
"and a high dose of propofol (young group 0.9 mg kg(-1) i.v. ",
"and elderly group 0.6 mg kg(-1) i.v.) ",
"were studied with and without external abdominal pressure. ",
"There were no statistically significant changes in lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure after the low dose of propofol. ",
"After the high dose, there was an increase in LOS pressure, which was statistically significant in the young group (P < 0.05). ",
"The upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) pressure decreased after both doses of propofol (P < 0.01 for the higher dose and P < 0.05 for the lower dose). ",
"A low dose of propofol (0.3 mg kg(-1) i.v.) ",
"leaves the LOS unaffected in young and elderly volunteers and can be used safely as an anxiolytic agent during studies of the LOS without influencing the results. ",
"However, the UOS is more sensitive to the effects of propofol and we do not recommend the use of propofol as an anxiolytic agent during manometric studies of the UOS."
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"Swedish Net University Agency\n\nThe Swedish Net University Agency (Myndigheten för Sveriges Nätuniversitet) is a Swedish government agency coordinating IT supported higher education distance learning courses, offered by 35 different universities and university colleges in Sweden, in a project called the Swedish Net University.",
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"The agency simply offers a database of courses and programmes available. ",
"Most of the courses are taught in Swedish, but there are also courses available in English. ",
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"\n\nThe agency also supports the development of distance learning courses, and promotes the exchange of experiences in the field.",
"\n\nThe office of the Swedish Net University Agency is located in Härnösand in northern Sweden.",
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to the field of integrated circuit (IC) design. ",
"More specifically, the present invention relates to the application of optical and process pre-compensations to an IC mask layout.",
"\n2. ",
"Background Information\nOver the years, because of the ever increasing complexity of IC designs, IC designers have become more and more reliant on electronic design automation (EDA) tools to assist them in designing ICs. ",
"These tools span the entire design process, from synthesis, placement, routing, to layout verification.",
"\nIn the case of sub-micron ICs, designers are increasingly reliant on EDA tools to make the necessary pre-compensations (also referred to as corrections) to the edges of various geometries of an IC mask layout, to achieve the desired sub-micron IC images, as the xe2x80x9ccritical dimensionxe2x80x9d of the line-width becomes smaller than the wavelength of the light source. (",
"The term mask as used herein is intended to include reticle also.) ",
"The various techniques for automatically making these corrections are commonly referred to as optical proximity corrections or optical and process corrections. ",
"In the later case, pre-compensations are made for process as well as optical distortions. ",
"Whether it is just for optical distortions only or for both types of distortions, hereinafter, all pre-compensations will be generically referred to as OPC.",
"\nGenerally speaking, OPC techniques can be classified as rule-based techniques or model-based techniques. ",
"Under rule-based techniques, certain predetermined corrections are made if certain pre-specified conditions are detected, e.g. when certain geometric features are employed in the presence of certain other features within certain critical distances. ",
"Under model-based techniques, the corrections are calculated through computer simulations employing various models, e.g. optical models. ",
"Thus, generally speaking, rule-based techniques are less accurate, but they are less computational intensive. ",
"On the other hand, model-based techniques are more accurate, but they are more computationally intensive. ",
"Furthermore, for certain large ICs, some model-based techniques border on impractical, as they require very powerful computing systems. ",
"Therefore, designers of complex ICs are often faced with this difficult choice of accuracy versus computational efficiency.",
"\nThus, a more streamlined model-based OPC technique that offers the desired improved accuracy but with less of the computational burden is desired.",
"\nAn EDA tool is provided with an OPC module that performs optical and/or process pre-compensations on an IC mask layout in a streamlined manner, reusing determined corrections for a first area on a second area, when the second area is determined to be equivalent to the first area for OPC purposes. ",
"The OPC module performs the correction on the IC mask layout on an area-by-area basis, and the corrections are determined iteratively using model-based simulations, which in one embodiment, include resist model-based simulations as well as optical model-based simulations."
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"There are two options for prescription requests. ",
"Either telephone us (between 10am and 2pm) or email (as above). ",
"You could also arrange with your current pharmacy to request medications for your. ",
"Please nominate a pharmacy for your prescription to be sent to and arrange your own medication delivery direct with the pharmacy - we are not able to do this.",
"\n\nIf you have an appointment please knock and wait at the door, one of the receptionists will come and get you. ",
"We need to be extra cautious to protect our vulnerable patients who may still need to come for an appointment.",
"\n\nThank you for your assistance at this very difficult and challenging time.",
"\n\nDomestic Abuse information\n\nThe Home Office are currently running a campaign regarding domestic abuse, raising awareness of the support and advice currently available. ",
"Please see www.gov.uk/domestic-abuse for further details\n\nPatient Access software problem\n\nPLEASE NOTE: There is a software error with the Patient Access system and it has affected the ability for all patients to be able to view their documents at the moment. ",
"The software company are still working on this which is proving very difficult to solve (Updated 22 May 2020)\n\nThe Patient Participation Group\n\nis looking for a secretary and assistant secretary. ",
"Please see attached form. ",
"Latest minutes available under the Patient Group tab. ",
"Next meeting was due to be held on Wednesday, 1st April 2020 butthis has now been postponed until Covid-19 restrictions are lifted.",
"\n\nPlease note that ALL calls made by you to the surgery and from the surgery to you, are recorded.",
"\n\n8am to 8pm appointments available\n\nSee link for further information on our 8am to 8pm appointments\n\nGood or bad, your comments are really important and will help improve the service for you and others so please leave feedback for Northdown Surgery using one of the three methods below. ",
"We can them monitor feedback and respond accordingly.",
"\n\nInappropriate Social Media usage\n\nIt has come to our attention that some people are leaving unofficial reviews on various social media sites (e.g. facebook etc), including the use of extremely inappropriate language and personal attacks on members of staff. ",
"This is not acceptable and may result in action being taken by the surgery (and other public bodies). ",
"These sites are not anything to do with Northdown Surgery - we have no editing or control rights and no responses will be made to these comments. ",
"In order to have your review/feedback/complaint responded to in the appropriate way, please use the correct channels as above."
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"\n\nThe backbench MP has said she would reappoint the former shadow home secretary Yvette Cooper and former shadow work and pensions secretary Rachel Reeves, who both left their positions under Jeremy Corbyn, to her shadow cabinet.",
"\n\nPhillips said the pair, who now chair select committees, had enormous intellect and experience and would be an asset to her leadership team. ",
"The former chair of the women’s parliamentary Labour party is pledging to create a shadow cabinet that is “at least 50% women” if she wins.",
"\n\nShe made the comments at an event at the Lowry in Salford with the broadcaster Iain Dale after it was confirmed she has secured the 22 nominations from MPs to go on to the next stage of the Labour leadership contest.",
"\n\nLisa Nandy, MP for Wigan, Keir Starmer, the shadow Brexit secretary, and Rebecca Long-Bailey, the shadow business secretary, also made it through to the first round of the election process, with nominations closing at 2.30pm on Monday.",
"\n\nLouise Haigh, the shadow policing minister, would also be offered a role, Phillips told the audience. “",
"Any time Lou stands up in the House of Commons to speak, I listen, because she is always right,” she said.",
"\n\nLong-Bailey could also be offered a job on Phillips’s frontbench. ",
"The leadership rivals are perceived to be the furthest apart ideologically, with Phillips a well-known Corbyn critic who has won nominations from those considered to be on the right of the party, while Long-Bailey, a socialist, has been described as the Corbyn “continuity candidate”.",
"\n\nThose with 22 nominations must now try and seek the support of either 5% of all constituency Labour parties or three Labour affiliates – of which at least two must be trade unions.",
"\n\nA YouGov poll in late December among members placed Phillips in third behind Starmer and Long-Bailey.",
"\n\nPart of Phillips’s pitch as leader is a forward-thinking childcare policy. ",
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"\n\nThis would be for three- and four-year-olds, then extended to two-year-olds. ",
"She said it would replace a series of “baffling rebates, vouchers, tax incentives and entitlements that vary from town to town”. ",
"It would not distinguish between working and non-working parents.",
"\n\nCurrently, two-year-olds from disadvantaged families get 15 hours of free childcare but as soon as their parents go back to work they are no longer eligible. ",
"For those in work with three- and four-year-olds they can access 30 hours of free childcare.",
"\n\nLike Corbyn, Phillips said she would want to revive Sure Start services after the closure of 1,000 centres since 2010. ",
"Labour’s 2019 manifesto pledged to support families by providing two- to four-year-olds with 30 hours of free pre-school education per week, eventually incorporating one-year-olds, with additional hours at subsidised rates.",
"\n\nPhillips said: “Nothing is more important than making sure our kids have a better life than we did. ",
"But we’re going backwards and people are losing hope. ",
"After the war, the 1945 Labour government created the NHS. ",
"It was a simple idea that none of us can imagine living without: nobody should be ill because they can’t afford medical care.",
"\n\n“In the years ahead I want people to look back and ask: how did we ever manage before there was national universal childcare?”"
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"These phones are in a very, very damaged condition, which will make exploiting them very hard,” he said.",
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"Credit... Yves Malenfer/French Interior Ministry\n\nAn official involved in the investigation said that the recorder’s protective case did not appear to have been significantly damaged, raising hopes that the data contained on its flash memory card would be successfully retrieved and synchronized with the voice recorder recovered soon after the crash. ",
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" UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ",
"17-4095\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\n v.\n\nLONNIE CECIL BUCHANAN, JR.,",
"\n\n Defendant - Appellant.",
"\n\n\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina,\nat Charlotte. ",
"Robert J. Conrad, Jr., District Judge. (",
"3:12-cr-00117-RJC-1)\n\n\nSubmitted: September 26, 2017 Decided: October 6, 2017\n\n\nBefore NIEMEYER, KEENAN, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n\nAffirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.",
"\n\n\nEric J. Foster, Asheville, North Carolina, for Appellant. ",
"Jill Westmoreland Rose, United\nStates Attorney, Anthony J. Enright, Assistant United States Attorney, Charlotte, North\nCarolina, for Appellee.",
"\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.",
"\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Lonnie Cecil Buchanan, Jr., appeals his convictions for conspiracy to commit\n\nkidnapping, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, using and carrying a firearm\n\nduring a crime of violence, and two counts of witness tampering. ",
"Buchanan claims that\n\nthe district court erred in denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. ",
"We affirm.",
"\n\n We review the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea for abuse of discretion.",
"\n\nUnited States v. Bowman, 348 F.3d 408, 413 (4th Cir. ",
"2003). ",
"The Government suggests\n\nhere that Buchanan did not adequately preserve his claim of ineffective counsel as\n\ngrounds for the motion in the district court, and our review should be for plain error. ",
"See\n\nUnited States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 63 (2002) (holding failure to raise claim of Fed. ",
"R.\n\nCrim. ",
"P. 11 error in district court results in plain error review on appeal). ",
"We need not\n\nresolve the question of whether plain error review applies in this case, because\n\nBuchanan’s claim fails under either standard.",
"\n\n “A defendant has no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea, and the district court\n\nhas discretion to decide whether a fair and just reason exists upon which to grant a\n\nwithdrawal.” ",
"Bowman, 348 F.3d at 413 (internal quotation marks omitted). ",
"Buchanan\n\nargues on appeal that he was constructively denied the assistance of counsel when he\n\nentered his plea. ",
"The entry of a guilty plea is a critical stage of the criminal proceedings,\n\nLee v. United States, 137 S. Ct. ",
"1958, 1964 (2017), and the constructive denial of counsel\n\nat this stage constitutes a Sixth Amendment violation and will render a plea involuntary\n\nand, thus, invalid. ",
"See United States v. Smith, 640 F.3d 580, 592-93 (4th Cir. ",
"2011).",
"\n\n“Such a constructive denial of counsel results from circumstances where the performance\n\n 2\n\fof counsel is so inadequate that, in effect, no assistance of counsel is provided at all.”",
"\n\nUnited States v. Moussaoui, 591 F.3d 263, 289 (4th Cir. ",
"2010) (alteration and internal\n\nquotation marks omitted).",
"\n\n Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that Buchanan’s initial counsel\n\nperformed well above this standard. ",
"We also reject Buchanan’s argument that the district\n\ncourt failed to conduct a sufficient inquiry into the state of his relationship with counsel\n\nbefore accepting Buchanan’s guilty plea. ",
"Buchanan did not request new counsel before\n\nentering his plea, and nothing in the record suggests that any breakdown in the attorney-\n\nclient relationship prevented the ability to mount an adequate defense. ",
"Cf. ",
"Smith, 640\n\nF.3d at 589-90, 594-95. ",
"We therefore hold that the district court did not abuse its\n\ndiscretion in denying Buchanan’s motion to withdraw his plea.",
"\n\n Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court. ",
"We dispense with oral\n\nargument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the\n\nmaterials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.",
"\n\n\n\n AFFIRMED\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f"
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"\nThe dictionary looks like so:\nGLOBAL_MRD_VOCAB = {\n 'fiscal_year': _('Fiscal Year'),\n 'region': _('Region / Focal Area'),\n 'prepared_by': _('Preparer Name'),\n 'review_cycle':_('Review Period'),\n ... snip ...\n}\n\nIn the code to produce the PDF, I have:\nfy = dashboard_v.fiscal_year\nfy_label = GLOBAL_MRD_VOCAB['fiscal_year']\n\nrg = dashboard_v.dashboard.region\nrg_label = GLOBAL_MRD_VOCAB['region']\n\nrc = dashboard_v.review_cycle\nrc_label = GLOBAL_MRD_VOCAB['review_cycle']\n\npb = dashboard_v.prepared_by\npb_label = GLOBAL_MRD_VOCAB['prepared_by']\n\nNow, when the PDF is produced, in the PDF, I don't see these labels but rather, I see:\n<django.utils.functional.__proxy__ object at 0x10106fdd0>\n\nCan somebody help me with this? ",
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"The goal of our research is to elucidate the role of atrial natriuretic pep de (ANP) and ANP receptors in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. ",
"The gen al hypothesis of the current proposal is that ANP gene expression is enhanced, nd ANP clearance receptor (ANP-CR) gene expression in lung is suppressed, by exposure to hypoxia and that ANP has a protective effect against the develo ent of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. ",
"Our studies during the first five years f this project have shown that ANP gene expression and ANP secretion in card c myocytes in culture, as well as the sensitivity of the pulmonary vasculatur to both endogenous and exogenous ANP in hypoxia-adapted rats are enhanced duri hypoxic exposure. ",
"We have also demonstrated that ANP-CR gene expression is suppressed in lung of hypoxia adapted rats and in cultured human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells during hypoxic exposure. ",
"These data define a le for ANP as a modulator hormone that protects against acute hypoxic pulmonar vasoconstriction and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. ",
"Studies descr ed in the current application will focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms the hypoxia induced alterations of ANP and ANP receptor gene expression. ",
"Speci c Aims are: 1) To determine the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) of hypox - induced ANP gene expression in cultured atrial myocytes. ",
"We will define an characteristics the cis-regulatory element(s) and transacting factors invol d in amplifying transcription of the ANP gene in atrial myocytes in response hypoxia. ",
"2) To determine the cellular basis of selectivity of the hypoxic response of the ANP-CR gene for lung. ",
"3) To determine the molecular and ce ular mechanism(s) of hypoxia-induced down regulation of ANP-CR gene expression i lung. ",
"Atrial myocytes transfected with fragments of ANP genomic DNA contai ng putative hypoxia response element will be studied in Specific Aim 1. ",
"Sprag - Dawley rats exposed to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2 at 1 atm) will be studied n Specific Aim 2. ",
"Vascular smooth muscle cells derived from human pulmonary tery and aorta will be studied in Specific Aim 2 and 3."
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"JAG (band)\n\nJAG was a Christian rock band that recorded during the early 1990s. ",
" The band's name is an acronym for the band's founder and lead singer, John Allen Garies.",
"\n\nJohn \"Johnny\" Allen Garies, Jr. (November 11, 1952 – August 5, 2007) was born in Houston, Texas to John A. \"Oscar\" Garies, Sr. ",
"and Shirley A. (Gray) Garies, one of three children (Michael and Wendy, his two siblings). ",
" Garies started playing drums at age 10 and taught himself to play guitar and piano. ",
"Graduating in 1971 from Channelview High School in Harris County, Texas, John attended Texas A&M University. ",
"He married his wife, Ricka Cox around 1973, with whom he had two children, John Joel and Annie Grace.",
"\n\nBuilding on his passion for music, Garies formed JAG in the late 1980s. ",
"JAG's original lineup for their 1990 debut, The Longest Road included guitarist J. Paul Brittain, guitarist and keyboardist Joel McCreight, bassist Tim Hall, drummer Chuck Connor, and Garies on lead vocals. ",
"Their 1991 follow up The Only World in Town traded McCreight for Michael Lusk and featured additional help from drummer Chris McHugh and guitarists, Jim Williams, Dale Oliver (originally of Geoff Moore's band) and Giant's Dann Huff. ",
"Produced by frequent CCM-session keyboardist Blair Masters, JAG's final album, Fire in the Temple, featured songs written by Garies, and the likes of Billy Smiley and Mark Gersmehl and performed by players Gordon Kennedy, Chris McHugh and Tommy Sims, all of whom were current or former members of the group Whiteheart, a band's sound to which JAG is oft-compared.",
"\n\nBeyond life as a recording artist and songwriter, Garies once owned Garies Enterprises and a franchise of Precision Tune Shops in North Carolina and South Carolina. ",
"Upon his death from liver disease on August 5, 2007, Garies worked for Coach USA.",
"\n\nDiscography\n1992: Fire in the Temple (Benson)\n1991: On the Edge: The Cutting Edge of Christian Music Compilation\n1991: The Only World In Town \n1990: The Longest Road (Wave)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMusicMight: JAG\n\nCategory:American Christian rock groups\nCategory:Musical groups established in the 1990s"
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"Q:\n\nSuggestions for parsing these data and rounding numbers\n\nI have some data here in a text file which I have use regular expression to parse the data\nfrom the file and store the number and index in two variables. ",
"I would like to rounded the numbers to same decimal place and write it into a new file (with it's index A,B,C)\nThis set of data is all in 3 decimal place\nA 11,000.233\nB 4.000\nC 14,798.241\nAnother set of data is in 2 decimal place\nA 11,000.23\nB 4.00\nC 14,798.24\nThey are all in string format initially when I read them using readlines()\nBut when I convert the string in the first set of data to float and then round it from 3 decimal place to 2 decimal place by using str(round(float(number),2))\nI have encountered two problems\n\nIt will give me an ValueError for A (11,000.233) and C (14,798.241)\nI understand it is caused by the , in 11,000.23. ",
"But I don't know how to deal with it.",
"Could anyone give me some suggestion on how to deal with it?",
"\n\nFor B, when I try to convert the numbers with the same method, it give me 4.0 instead of 4.00. ",
"Is there anyway that can output 4.00 instead of 4.0?",
"\n\nA:\n\nsplit the string at \",\" and use \"\".join():\nIn [32]: strs=\"11,000.233\"\n\nIn [33]: float(\"\".join(strs.split(\",\")))\nOut[33]: 11000.233\n\nIn [34]: strs=\"14,798.24\"\n\nIn [35]: float(\"\".join(strs.split(\",\")))\nOut[35]: 14798.24\n\nyou can use string formatting to get 4.00:\nIn [36]: strs=\"4.00\"\n\nIn [37]: float(strs)\nOut[37]: 4.0\n\nIn [39]: format(float(strs),\".2f\")\nOut[39]: '4.00'\n\nIn [40]: \"{0:.2f}\".format(float(strs))\nOut[40]: '4.00'\n\n"
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"The stage is set for the 2019 PFL playoffs.",
"\n\nOfficials revealed the lineups for a trio of league events this October, which will decide who advances to the finals on New Year’s Eve where they will compete for a championship and a $1,000,000 prize. ",
"All three playoff shows will take place at Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas.",
"\n\nIntroduced this season, the women’s lightweight playoffs is only comprised of a four-woman semifinal round, while all other playoffs feature an eight-man field. ",
"Participants in the eight-man fields will compete twice in one night, with two-round bouts in the quarter-finals and traditional three-round bouts in the semifinals.",
"\n\nFirst, on Oct. 11, the welterweight will be whittled down to four competitors, while the women’s lightweight field will be cut to two. ",
"Currently leading the standings are Glaico Franca at 170 pounds and Sarah Kaufman at 155 pounds. ",
"Last year’s welterweight champion Magomed Magomedkerimov and rising lightweight star Kayla Harrison will also be in action in their respective tournaments.",
"\n\nHere is the lineup for PFL 7 (final bout order to be determined by results, seeding in parentheses):\n\nLightweight\n\nSarah Kaufman (1) vs. Larissa Pacheco (4)\n\nKayla Harrison (2) vs. Genah Fabian (3)\n\nWelterweight\n\nGlaico Franca (1) vs. Andre Fialho (8)\n\nMagomed Magomedkerimov (2) vs. Chris Curtis (7)\n\nSadibou Sy (3) vs. Ray Cooper III (6)\n\nJohn Howard (4) vs. David Michaud (5)\n\nA pair of “new fighter showcase” bouts featuring competitors outside of the tournament are also expected to be added to the card.",
"\n\nPFL 7 begins at 8 p.m. ET on ESPN+, and continues on ESPN2 at 10 p.m. ET.",
"\n\nOn Oct. 17, the featherweight and men’s lightweight finalists will be determined. ",
"Returning champions Lance Palmer and Natan Schulte enter as the top seeds in their respective divisions.",
"\n\nHere is the lineup for PFL 8 (final bout order to be determined by results, seeding in parentheses):\n\nFeatherweight\n\nLance Palmer (1) vs. Gadzhi Rabadanov (8)\n\nMovlid Khaybulaev (2) vs. Daniel Pineda (7)\n\nLuis Rafael Laurentino (3) vs. Jeremy Kennedy (6)\n\nAlex Gilpin (4) vs. Andre Harrison (5)\n\nLightweight\n\nNatan Schulte (1) vs. Ramsey Nijem (8)\n\nIslam Mamedov (2) vs. Loik Radzhabov (7)\n\nChris Wade (3) vs. Nate Andrews (6)\n\nAkhmed Aliev (4) vs. Rashid Magomedov (5)\n\nPFL 8 begins at 8 p.m. ET on ESPN2, and continues on ESPN+ at 10:30 p.m. ET.",
"\n\nLastly, on Oct. 31, the playoffs for the light heavyweight and heavyweight tournaments will go down. ",
"Currently owning No. ",
"1 seeds are Emiliano Sordi and Denis Goltsov.",
"\n\nHere is the lineup for PFL 9 (final bout order to be determined by results, seeding in parentheses):\n\nLight Heavyweight\n\nEmiliano Sordi (1) vs. Sigi Pesaleli (8)\n\nMaxim Grishin (2) vs. Jordan Johnson (7)\n\nVinny Magalhaes (3) vs. Rashid Yusupov (6)\n\nBozigit Ataev (4) vs. Viktor Nemkov (5)\n\nHeavyweight\n\nDenis Goltsov (1) vs. Satoshi Ishii (8)\n\nMuhammed DeReese (2) vs. Jared Rosholt (7)\n\nAlex Nicholson (3) vs. Francimar Barroso (6)\n\nKelvin Tiller (4) vs. Ali Isaev (5)\n\nPFL 9 begins at 5 p.m. ET on ESPN+, and continues on ESPN2 at 8 p.m. ET.",
"\n\nThe finals of the 2019 PFL season will take place on Dec. 31 in New York City."
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"Was once a podcast with Elwood D. Pennypacker (@oldtimeelwood on the Twitter) that went by the old expression \"Punk Isn't Dead, It Just Goes to Bed at a More Reasonable Hour\".",
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"And it was in this very venue. ",
"They were still hot from Veni, Vidi, Vicious, and Tyrannosaurus Hives had extended their relevance to both the the populists and tastemakers alike. ",
"The concert was so explosive, so rapid fire, so immense and intense, it etched me as a fan for life, even if later records were a little too slick for the sound on the LP. ",
"All the better then that this Swedish monstrosity has never broken up and never had a line-up change. ",
"They remain a pure, authentic demonstration of rock n' roll at its finest: loud, raw, nasty but at the same time sweetly melodic and joyful. ",
"And the fact that their leader, Howlin' Pelle Almqvist is a positive egomaniac of the highest order, only ensconces and enshrines the band in rock n' roll amber as legendary, even iconic. ",
"Yeah that's right - you read that. ",
"Deal with it, learn to love it.",
"\n\nThis old hack had the privilege of being at a pre-show meet&greet/soundcheck for the show (and it featured an exclusive performance of \"Two Timing Touch...\"). ",
"There was a time where I would have had a heart attack over such a premise. ",
"I'd have been at my gimmicky best (worst?), ",
"ready to hype up this sham of a site, and if I had been doing my Internet radio-style music show during said-once-upon-a-time, I'd have been itching to somehow get the event recorded as an exclusive. ",
"Instead I met ol' HPA and co. with just a hello hows-ya-do nice top hat chief, have fun tonight, 5 seconds of socializing. ",
"That works for me these days. ",
"Let the Hives carry on this madness, I'll just be on the receiving end thank you very much.",
"\n\nHowever, had I girded myself for what was coming with the opening act, the Livids, I might have made something of an old time press...something. ",
"In about 25 minutes of insanity, Eric Davidson - as in THEE Eric Davidson of the New Bomb Turks, suckas! - ",
"transported me back to a time of Maxwell's, killing my ears in the amp, and...other things maybe best left unwritten. ",
"The Douglas Adams of rock n' roll, no one is faster on the draw both in sound and presence than Eric D. If anyone else is having as much fun on stage as him, I'd like to meet this person. ",
"It might be Pelle, so who knows. ",
"Of course they did a cover of \"You Made Me Love You\", as in Jolson. ",
"Of course they did. ",
"Eric Davidson is so...Eric Davidson...it almost makes me wish my name was Eric.",
"\n\nSide note: One of his badass bandmembers wore a \"Eat Shit & Die\" t-shirt. ",
"I am fairly certain my mother coined that phrase. ",
"Assuming she copyrighted it, I can sue the shirtmaker, correct? ",
"After all, this sentiment was my mother's life lesson to me, the one maxim she told me to carry with me since the world in which we live requires this notion to be dispatched at a moment's notice. ",
"Maybe this is why I like the rock n' roll music that I do, music such as the Hives and the Livids. ",
"Which is ironic because I grew up in a household of \"The Hustle\" and some Neil Sedaka."
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"If it's present I will wrap around the span node to do the highlighting. ",
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"\nI need to search the DOM for the words irrespective of case. ",
"For example if my search word is the, it should highlight the words The, THE, the.",
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"Rubus obsessus\n\nRubus obsessus is a rare North American species of flowering plants in the rose family. ",
"It is found only in the States of New York and Connecticut in the northeastern United States.",
"\n\nThe genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. ",
"There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. ",
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"icked without replacement from {x: 1, j: 1, c: 1, y: 1, l: 1, q: 2}?",
"\n0\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ffffrypfffyfyfffpnr. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 y and 1 p?",
"\n2/57\nThree letters picked without replacement from {o: 9, b: 9}. ",
"Give prob of picking 3 b.\n7/68\nFour letters picked without replacement from {e: 8, m: 5, r: 1, x: 2}. ",
"What is prob of picking 3 m and 1 r?",
"\n1/182\nFour letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, d: 3}. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 g and 2 d?",
"\n3/5\nWhat is prob of picking 1 p and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 3, p: 3, e: 1, l: 5}?",
"\n1/22\nFour letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, d: 1, u: 1, f: 2}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 u, 1 t, and 2 f.\n1/5\nThree letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, p: 1, z: 1, s: 1, y: 1}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 s, 1 y, and 1 e.\n1/10\nThree letters picked without replacement from nxzzzznzzzzxnzz. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 x and 1 z.\n2/91\nWhat is prob of picking 2 s when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 11, s: 2}?",
"\n1/78\nCalculate prob of picking 3 z and 1 u when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, z: 5, k: 2, n: 1, u: 10}.",
"\n20/969\nCalculate prob of picking 1 w and 1 y when two letters picked without replacement from yywybbybybywbhyybb.",
"\n16/153\nWhat is prob of picking 1 k and 2 g when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 12, g: 7, k: 1}?",
"\n7/380\nCalculate prob of picking 4 q when four letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, g: 3, q: 5}.",
"\n1/42\nWhat is prob of picking 2 k and 2 t when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, t: 12}?",
"\n66/455\nFour letters picked without replacement from uktuuuuukuukuuu. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 u and 2 k?",
"\n11/91\nCalculate prob of picking 2 o when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, o: 2, f: 1, z: 2, r: 1}.",
"\n1/45\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, a: 2, x: 1, o: 1, u: 1, s: 2}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 s and 1 u.\n1/14\nCalculate prob of picking 1 m and 2 p when three letters picked without replacement from {p: 5, l: 4, m: 1}.",
"\n1/12\nThree letters picked without replacement from {u: 3, r: 1, b: 3}. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 b and 1 u.\n9/35\nWhat is prob of picking 1 p and 2 s when three letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, k: 1, b: 3, t: 2, s: 4, p: 1}?",
"\n6/455\nFour letters picked without replacement from {d: 7, j: 8, r: 5}. ",
"Give prob of picking 4 j.\n14/969\nTwo letters picked without replacement from iniiiiihnhih. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 h and 1 n?",
"\n1/11\nThree letters picked without replacement from sssssssslsllll. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 l and 2 s.\n45/91\nWhat is prob of picking 1 h and 1 v when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, i: 2, x: 1, h: 4, v: 8, g: 4}?",
"\n16/95\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {h: 5, s: 4, x: 3, y: 3, d: 3}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 h and 1 s.\n20/153\nThree letters picked without replacement from {n: 2, e: 1, b: 7, o: 2}. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 o and 1 e.\n1/220\nFour letters picked without replacement from bbbbnbbbnpbzbbnp. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 p and 3 n.\n1/910\nFour letters picked without replacement from {c: 5, o: 2, h: 2, p: 8}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 p, 2 o, and 1 c?",
"\n2/119\nWhat is prob of picking 2 r when two letters picked without replacement from rrfrfr?",
"\n2/5\nFour letters picked without replacement from hxhyhxuxyyuxu. ",
"What is prob of picking 3 x and 1 h?",
"\n12/715\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {b: 3, c: 1, r: 4, q: 6, f: 3, h: 1}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 h and 1 f.\n1/51\nWhat is prob of picking 1 e and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from esezdma?",
"\n2/21\nWhat is prob of picking 2 j when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, j: 2, h: 7}?",
"\n1/66\nCalculate prob of picking 3 e and 1 m when four letters picked without replacement from eeeeeeeemeemmmemeeee.",
"\n455/969\nWhat is prob of picking 1 i and 3 v when four letters picked without replacement from eeiivvivvviveeeeeee?",
"\n20/969\nThree letters picked without replacement from wggggwgwgggwwwwg. ",
"Give prob of picking 3 g.\n3/20\nWhat is prob of picking 3 u and 1 a when four letters picked without replacement from {a: 4, u: 6}?",
"\n8/21\nFour letters picked without replacement from sssyyyssysssssyssys. ",
"Give prob of picking 4 y.\n5/1292\nCalculate prob of picking 1 s and 1 i when two letters picked without replacement from shuljjlisuusjilllll.",
"\n2/57\nThree letters picked without replacement from {r: 8, m: 6, x: 2, y: 3}. ",
"Give prob of picking 3 m.\n20/969\nThree letters picked without replacement from vvvlluulluiuuullvvlv. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 l, 1 u, and 1 v?",
"\n21/95\nThree letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, m: 10}. ",
"What is prob of picking 2 l and 1 m?",
"\n1/22\nThree letters picked without replacement from qnqrrwm. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 q, 1 m, and 1 r.\n4/35\nWhat is prob of picking 2 d when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, c: 1, f: 1, x: 3, d: 2, m: 1}?",
"\n1/66\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ohhhhhochcohchohccc. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 h.\n4/19\nThree letters picked without replacement from qglfflrflljg. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 j, 1 f, and 1 r.\n3/220\nThree letters picked without replacement from cxxcknknckvkknkkkk. ",
"Give prob of picking 2 n and 1 x.\n1/136\nWhat is prob of picking 2 w and 2 d when four letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, w: 3, d: 3}?",
"\n9/70\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, y: 2, c: 1, p: 1, o: 2, q: 1}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 o and 1 q.\n1/18\nCalculate prob of picking 4 n when four letters picked without replacement from opnoopnpoonono.",
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"What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 q?",
"\n13/40\nWhat is prob of picking 4 a when four letters picked without replacement from {a: 9}?",
"\n1\nCalculate prob of picking 2 z and 1 x when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 10, x: 4}.",
"\n45/91\nThree letters picked without replacement from wxxxukwxuruxxxrwwu. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 u, 1 r, and 1 x?",
"\n7/102\nWhat is prob of picking 1 f and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 6, f: 12}?",
"\n8/17\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, w: 6}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 w and 1 u?",
"\n3/7\nThree letters picked without replacement from ppfp. ",
"Give prob of picking 3 p.\n1/4\nWhat is prob of picking 2 f and 1 h when three letters picked without replacement from {f: 5, c: 3, h: 5}?",
"\n25/143\nWhat is prob of picking 1 c and 1 m when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 12, l: 3, c: 3}?",
"\n4/17\nTwo letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, i: 3, c: 1, n: 3, h: 1}. ",
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"\n1/45\nTwo letters picked without replacement from ddlulluultjal. ",
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"\n3/28\nWhat is prob of picking 3 v when three letters picked without replacement from vvvvvv?",
"\n1\nFour letters picked without replacement from zqzzzzqzqcqzq. ",
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"\n21/143\nTwo letters picked without replacement from hheehhrpesphsgprhh. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 h and 1 p?",
"\n7/51\nCalculate prob of picking 1 o and 3 f when four letters picked without replacement from aaooafaffafoa.",
"\n12/715\nCalculate prob of picking 1 e and 2 f when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 7, f: 2}.",
"\n1/12\nThree letters picked without replacement from {q: 2, h: 7, o: 3, a: 1, j: 2, s: 5}. ",
"Give prob of picking 1 q, 1 h, and 1 a.\n7/570\nCalculate prob of picking 2 z and 2 u when four letters picked without replacement from cccccuzccuzecuzccu.",
"\n1/170\nThree letters picked without replacement from jlljlllljlj. ",
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"\n28/55\nCalculate prob of picking 1 q, 1 i, and 1 l when three letters picked without replacement from lpqepllzziz.",
"\n1/55\nThree letters picked without replacement from {l: 3, x: 1, s: 2, c: 3, j: 3, y: 4}. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 x, 1 j, and 1 c?",
"\n9/560\nFour letters picked without replacement from mllmllmmlmlm. ",
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"Give prob of picking 2 p.\n7/34\nTwo letters picked without replacement from tttwtttottttt. ",
"What is prob of picking 1 w and 1 t?",
"\n11/78\nThree lett"
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"Q:\n\nPredicting Values with k-Means Clustering Algorithm\n\nI'm messing around with machine learning, and I've written a K Means algorithm implementation in Python. ",
"It takes a two dimensional data and organises them into clusters. ",
"Each data point also has a class value of either a 0 or a 1.",
"\nWhat confuses me about the algorithm is how I can then use it to predict some values for another set of two dimensional data that doesn't have a 0 or a 1, but instead is unknown. ",
"For each cluster, should I average the points within it to either a 0 or a 1, and if an unknown point is closest to that cluster, then that unknown point takes on the averaged value? ",
"Or is there a smarter method?",
"\nCheers!",
"\n\nA:\n\nTo assign a new data point to one of a set of clusters created by k-means, you just find the centroid nearest to that point.",
"\nIn other words, the same steps you used for the iterative assignment of each point in your original data set to one of k clusters. ",
"The only difference here is that the centroids you are using for this computation is the final set--i.e., the values for the centroids at the last iteration.",
"\nHere's one implementation in python (w/ NumPy): \n>>> import numpy as NP\n>>> # just made up values--based on your spec (2D data + 2 clusters)\n>>> centroids\n array([[54, 85],\n [99, 78]])\n\n>>> # randomly generate a new data point within the problem domain:\n>>> new_data = NP.array([67, 78])\n\n>>> # to assign a new data point to a cluster ID,\n>>> # find its closest centroid:\n>>> diff = centroids - new_data[0,:] # NumPy broadcasting\n>>> diff\n array([[-13, 7],\n [ 32, 0]])\n\n>>> dist = NP.sqrt(NP.sum(diff**2, axis=-1)) # Euclidean distance\n>>> dist\n array([ 14.76, 32. ",
" ])\n\n>>> closest_centroid = centroids[NP.argmin(dist),]\n>>> closest_centroid\n array([54, 85])\n\nA:\n\nIf you are considering assigning a value based on the average value within the nearest cluster, you are talking about some form of \"soft decoder\", which estimates not only the correct value of the coordinate but your level of confidence in the estimate. ",
" The alternative would be a \"hard decoder\" where only values of 0 and 1 are legal (occur in the training data set), and the new coordinate would get the median of the values within the nearest cluster. ",
" My guess is that you should always assign only a known-valid class value (0 or 1) to each coordinate, and averaging class values is not a valid approach.",
"\n\n"
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"/***********************************************************************\n Freeciv - Copyright (C) 1996 - A Kjeldberg, L Gregersen, P Unold\n This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)\n any later version.",
"\n\n This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n***********************************************************************/\n\n#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H\n#include <fc_config.h>\n#endif\n\n#include <gtk/gtk.h>\n\n/* utility */\n#include \"fcintl.h\"\n\n/* common */\n#include \"game.h\"\n\n/* client */\n#include \"audio.h\"\n#include \"client_main.h\"\n\n/* client/gui-gtk-3.0 */\n#include \"gui_main.h\"\n#include \"gui_stuff.h\"\n\n#include \"dialogs_g.h\"\n\nstatic void soundset_suggestion_callback(GtkWidget *dlg, gint arg);\nstatic void musicset_suggestion_callback(GtkWidget *dlg, gint arg);\n\n/************************************************************************//**\n Callback either loading suggested soundset or doing nothing\n****************************************************************************/\nstatic void soundset_suggestion_callback(GtkWidget *dlg, gint arg)\n{\n if (arg == GTK_RESPONSE_YES) {\n /* User accepted soundset loading */\n audio_restart(game.control.preferred_soundset,\n music_set_name);\n }\n}\n\n/************************************************************************//**\n Popup dialog asking if ruleset suggested soundset should be\n used.",
"\n****************************************************************************/\nvoid popup_soundset_suggestion_dialog(void)\n{\n GtkWidget *dialog, *label;\n char buf[1024];\n\n dialog = gtk_dialog_new_with_buttons(_(\"Preferred soundset\"),\n NULL,\n 0,\n _(\"_Load soundset\"),\n GTK_RESPONSE_YES,\n _(\"_Keep current soundset\"),\n GTK_RESPONSE_NO,\n NULL);\n setup_dialog(dialog, toplevel);\n gtk_dialog_set_default_response(GTK_DIALOG(dialog), GTK_RESPONSE_YES);\n gtk_window_set_destroy_with_parent(GTK_WINDOW(dialog), TRUE);\n\n fc_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),\n _(\"Modpack suggests using %s soundset.\\n\"\n \"It might not work with other soundsets.\\n\"\n \"You are currently using soundset %s.\"),\n game.control.preferred_soundset, sound_set_name);\n\n label = gtk_label_new(buf);\n gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(gtk_dialog_get_content_area(GTK_DIALOG(dialog))), label);\n gtk_label_set_justify(GTK_LABEL(label), GTK_JUSTIFY_CENTER);\n gtk_widget_show(label);\n\n g_signal_connect(dialog, \"response\",\n G_CALLBACK(soundset_suggestion_callback), NULL);\n\n /* In case incoming rulesets are incompatible with current soundset\n * we need to block their receive before user has accepted loading\n * of the correct soundset. */",
"\n gtk_dialog_run(GTK_DIALOG(dialog));\n\n gtk_widget_destroy(dialog);\n}\n\n/************************************************************************//**\n Callback either loading suggested musicset or doing nothing\n****************************************************************************/\nstatic void musicset_suggestion_callback(GtkWidget *dlg, gint arg)\n{\n if (arg == GTK_RESPONSE_YES) {\n /* User accepted musicset loading */\n audio_restart(sound_set_name, game.control.preferred_musicset);\n }\n}\n\n/************************************************************************//**\n Popup dialog asking if ruleset suggested musicset should be\n used.",
"\n****************************************************************************/\nvoid popup_musicset_suggestion_dialog(void)\n{\n GtkWidget *dialog, *label;\n char buf[1024];\n\n dialog = gtk_dialog_new_with_buttons(_(\"Preferred musicset\"),\n NULL,\n 0,\n _(\"_Load musicset\"),\n GTK_RESPONSE_YES,\n _(\"_Keep current musicset\"),\n GTK_RESPONSE_NO,\n NULL);\n gtk_dialog_set_default_response(GTK_DIALOG(dialog), GTK_RESPONSE_YES);\n gtk_window_set_destroy_with_parent(GTK_WINDOW(dialog), TRUE);\n\n fc_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),\n _(\"Modpack suggests using %s musicset.\\n\"\n \"It might not work with other musicsets.\\n\"\n \"You are currently using musicset %s.\"),\n game.control.preferred_musicset, music_set_name);\n\n label = gtk_label_new(buf);\n gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(gtk_dialog_get_content_area(GTK_DIALOG(dialog))), label);\n gtk_label_set_justify(GTK_LABEL(label), GTK_JUSTIFY_CENTER);\n gtk_widget_show(label);\n\n g_signal_connect(dialog, \"response\",\n G_CALLBACK(musicset_suggestion_callback), NULL);\n\n /* In case incoming rulesets are incompatible with current musicset\n * we need to block their receive before user has accepted loading\n * of the correct soundset. */",
"\n gtk_dialog_run(GTK_DIALOG(dialog));\n\n gtk_widget_destroy(dialog);\n}\n"
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"Experimental autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss.",
"\nAlterations in host immunity result in a number of disorders affecting multiple organ systems, including the inner ear. ",
"The mechanism of injury is poorly understood; as such, this study investigated whether an experimental model of autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) could be established. ",
"Animals were immunized with heterologous inner ear antigen and then evaluated for evidence of evolving inner ear autoimmunity. ",
"These animals uniformly developed antibodies to inner ear antigen in their sera and perilymph and 12 of 38 ears showed significant increases in action potential thresholds. ",
"Histopathological lesions consisted of loss of cochlear neurons, perivascular plasma cell infiltrates, edema, and extravasation of erythrocytes. ",
"These findings are characteristic of autoimmune injury and suggest the establishment of an experimental model of ASNHL in which to further investigate this clinical disorder."
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"David W. King\n\nDavid W. King (born June 28, 1946) is an American politician from New Mexico. ",
"Beginning his career as a member of the Democratic Party, he changed affiliation to the Republican Party in 1995. ",
"He was the nephew of Bruce King, a three-time Governor of New Mexico.",
"\n\nCareer\nIn 1980, incumbent Democratic Congressman Harold L. Runnels of New Mexico's 2nd district died of cancer, three months before the general election. ",
"The state Democratic committee chose King to replace him on the ballot over Dorothy Runnels, the late Congressman's widow. ",
"King, however, had only moved his voter registration into the district ten days after Runnels' death. ",
"In protest, Dorothy Runnels waged a write-in campaign, as did Republican Joe Skeen, who was denied ballot access after taking his case to the state Supreme Court. ",
"On election day, Skeen won with 38% of the vote, with King and Runnels finishing with 34% and 28%, respectively.",
"\n\nKing served in the administrations of New Mexico Governors Bruce King and Toney Anaya in various positions, including director of state planning (1971–1975), secretary of finance and administration (1979–1981), and secretary of general services (1983–1986). ",
"In addition, on the federal level, he was state director for the Farmers Home Administration from 1977 to 1978. ",
"In 1986, he was appointed deputy state treasurer under Treasurer James B. Lewis before he was elected to succeed Lewis in 1990. ",
"He ran for re-election in 1994, but lost to Michael A. Montoya in the Democratic primary.",
"\n\nIn the private sector, King co-founded a real estate brokerage and was chief financial officer of New Mexico State University's Alamogordo branch. ",
"He was village administrator of Angel Fire, New Mexico before he was ousted by Mayor Barbara Cottam, who claimed he failed to meet the demands of the job. ",
"He was a board member of South Central Colfax County Special Hospital District and the New Mexico Osteopathic Foundation.",
"\n\nIn 2002, King ran for New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner from the 2nd district, defeating incumbent Rory McMinn, appointed to the commission by Governor Gary Johnson to fill a vacancy, 53-47% in the Republican primary, and winning the general election unopposed. ",
"He was re-elected in 2006 over his Democratic opponent and was chosen to be vice chairman of the Commission in 2009.",
"\n\nSexual harassment lawsuits\nIn 2007, a jury awarded a former PRC employee $841,842 in damages in response to a suit accusing King of sexual harassment and other PRC officials of retaliating against her for complaining about King's behavior. ",
"The state also settled claims from three women who filed sexual harassment suits when he was state treasurer, totaling $305,000.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1946 births\nCategory:American real estate brokers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:New Mexico Democrats\nCategory:New Mexico Republicans\nCategory:New Mexico State University alumni\nCategory:New Mexico State University faculty\nCategory:State cabinet secretaries of New Mexico\nCategory:State treasurers of New Mexico"
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"A scientific collaboration that compares hydrogen atoms with their antimatter equivalents has successfully measured the magnetism of a single antiproton to a precision that is 680 times higher than has been possible with earlier methods.",
"\n\nThe improvement, reported today in Physical Review Letters,could help scientists uncover why there's a tremendous imbalance between matter and antimatter in the universe.",
"\n\n\"A puzzling question about our universe is why it is dominated by matter and there is hardly any antimatter,\" said Siu Au Lee, physics program director in the National Science Foundation's Mathematical and Physical Sciences directorate, which funded the research. \"",
"One way to find out the reason is to probe possible differences between the properties of particles and antiparticles.\"",
"\n\n\"Being able to measure the antiproton's magnetic charge nearly a thousand times more precisely would allow us to see much smaller differences between the size of the antiproton and proton than previously had been possible,\" added Gerald Gabrielse, the Leverett Professor of Physics at Harvard University, who led the research team.",
"\n\nTo accomplish the task, the Antihydrogen trap research team, or ATRAP Collaboration, suspended a single antiproton within a Penning trap at the CERN particle physics laboratory just outside Geneva, Switzerland. ",
"The Penning trap used a magnet and a battery to hold the antiproton in a vacuum and sufficiently distant from any matter wall that would cause it to annihilate.",
"\n\nThis enabled researchers to see clear evidence that the antiproton was changing the direction of its internal spin when the proton was forced to listen to a radio signal at just the right frequency. ",
"The oscillating signal caused the antiproton's internal spin to flip its direction back and forth and allowed researchers to determine the strength of the antiproton's magnetism.",
"\n\nThe higher the radio frequency needed to cause the \"spin flips,\" the stronger the antiproton's internal magnet.",
"\n\nThe method allowed researchers to compare the strength of the antiproton's magnetism to a proton's magnetism. ",
"According to the Standard Model of particle physics--the most fundamental physics theory--the antiparticle (antiproton) and the particle (proton) should have exactly opposite magnets. ",
"They should be the same strength, but point in opposite directions with respect to the particle's spin.",
"\n\nIn this case, that's precisely what the researchers found-- the antiproton and proton magnets were \"exactly opposite\" as predicted, even at the new level of precision.",
"\n\n\"Precise comparisons of matter and antimatter particles are intriguing in part because the fundamental cause of the asymmetry between antimatter and matter in the universe has yet to be discovered,\" said Gabrielse. \"",
"How does a universe created from equal amounts of antimatter and matter generated in a big bang survive the cooling during which the antimatter and matter would collide and annihilate?\"",
"\n\nThis is a striking confirmation of one of the more precise predictions of our most fundamental theoretical model, said Gabrielse. \"",
"It would have been more fun and given more clues about the universe imbalance if we had observed that the two magnets had had different strengths.\"",
"\n\nThe team believes that the addition of quantum methods will allow even more precise tests in the future.",
"\n\nAssisting Gabrielse with the research were NSF-supported Harvard graduate students Jack DiSciacca, Mason Marshall, Katherine Marable and Rita Kalra, along with postdocs S. Ettenauer and E. Tardiff. ",
"Important contributions came from York collaborators Eric Hessels, Cody Storry, Dan Fitzakerley, Matt George and Matt Weel. ",
"Jülich Research Center collaborators were Dieter Grzonka, Walter Oelert and Thomas Sefzick.",
"\n\nThe National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. ",
"In fiscal year (FY) 2015, its budget is $7.3 billion. ",
"NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. ",
"Each year, NSF receives about 48,000 competitive proposals for funding, and makes about 11,000 new funding awards. ",
"NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly."
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"Government spending and taxes during recession.",
"\n\nGovernment spending and taxes during recession.",
"\n\nDuring a recession, the private sector spending drops for a\nvariety of reasons.",
"\n\nDemand for goods and services drop. ",
"Private investors tend\nto restrict their investments. ",
"Factories tend to drop production and lay off\nworkers.",
"\n\nEventually more and more businesses will continue to lay off\nmore because less and less people have the money to spend.",
"\n\nRevenues of government, state and local communities will\nalso fall. ",
"These revenues usually come from taxes, which is a portion of\nindividual and corporate incomes.",
"\n\nLocal communities will be forced to cut back on many\nessential services like law enforcement, emergency services, education, and the\nmaintenance of infrastructure.",
"\n\nAll this will lead to higher unemployment, bankruptcies,\nhunger, homelessness, desperation, and crime. ",
"In addition, there will be social\nissues such as loss of personal dignity and in extreme situations we have seen\npolitical revolutions. ",
"If this downward spiral continues we can expect serious\nconsequences for everyone including corporations, the rich, the middle class,\nand the poor. ",
"In extreme situations, faith in capitalism can erode and there\ncan be considerable social pressure to move away from capitalism.",
"\n\nWe all know that in every business transaction for goods and\nservices there must be a buyer who will spend. ",
"Without a buyer or a spender\nthere will not be any economic activity.",
"\n\nTo prevent the downward spiral there has to be spending. ",
"If\nthe ailing private sector cannot provide enough spending, we will need someone\nelse to resuscitate the economy during a recession.",
"\n\nEconomists recommend injecting government funds into the\neconomy without increasing taxes. ",
"Recession may be one of the few exceptions in\nwhich economists can justify deficit financing.",
"\n\nIn order to do this right the spending should be big enough\nto make an impact. ",
"Ideally, spending\nshould be in labor-intensive projects that would benefit the community and\nbusinesses.",
"\n\nIt can include spending in construction, education,\ncommunication networks, massive power-generation, and other major\ninfrastructure projects. ",
"For example during the Great depression of the 1930s,\nthe TVA was created. ",
"This not only created jobs, but it also helped us come out\nof the economic depression. ",
"It also improved the quality of life by providing\ncheap and clean electricity for millions. ",
"Industries who were heavily dependant\non large amounts of energy thrived. ",
"TVA also helped the US during the Second\nWorld War by providing a huge amount of electricity needed to build the atomic\nbomb that stopped the war with Japan.",
"\n\nWith an effective stimulus package, such job creation will\nstart very quickly. ",
"With workers now having money, they will be able to create\na demand for goods and services. ",
"Businesses with capital will now begin to\ninvest in goods and services. ",
"This in turn creates more jobs and more demand\nfor good and services. ",
"More small business such as retail shops and restaurants\nwill sprout within many communities. ",
"There will be ample opportunities for the\nmasses to rise above subsistence. ",
"Self-esteem and consumer confidence of the\nmasses will improve. ",
"Human hardships, homelessness, crime and other social\nissues will decrease.",
"\n\nEventually, as the positive ripple effect continues, the tax\nrevenues naturally will go up and government’s deficit financing will not be\nneeded at some point. ",
"Eventually tax revenues will automatically rise due to\nhigher economic activity. ",
"This rise in revenues should now be used to reduce\nthe budget deficit. ",
"The justification for a budget deficit will not be there\nanymore after the recession. ",
"Then taxes, fiscal policies, and interest-rates\nshould be adjusted to maintain the health of the economy and keep government\nbudgets balanced.",
"\n\nIt has been argued that lowering taxes can help the economy.",
"\nIt does up to some point.",
"\n\nThe poor usually don’t pay much in taxes. ",
"Even though the\npoor are likely to spend all they have, the relative small tax breaks will not\nbe significant enough to improve demand in goods and services. ",
"However, tax\nbreaks for them can still be justified due to human hardship.",
"\n\nDuring this time, with low consumer confidence, the middle\nclass may tend to hold back spending received from tax breaks. ",
"Some of them may\ndecide to spend more. ",
"Therefore, it is difficult to see if these tax breaks\nalone to the middle class can be a significant factor in pulling the whole\neconomy out of recession.",
"\n\nDuring a recession tax breaks for huge corporations many not\nbe very helpful either.",
"\n\nA CEO once reported that even with corporate tax breaks there\nis no incentive for his corporation to invest on adding jobs or increasing\nproduction. ",
"This is because there is very little demand for his goods from the\nmasses during a recession.",
"\n\nFor rich individuals, who make millions of dollars a year, a\ntax break of $20,000 will not significantly change their spending habits\neither. ",
"It is unlikely that Bill Gates or Warren Buffett would change his\npersonal spending habits just because of a $50,000 tax break. ",
"And since\nmillionaires are not as common as the rank and file these tax breaks will not\nhave the desired impact on the economy. ",
"To make things worse such tax breaks\nwould take a bigger toll on the federal budget. ",
"So the tax breaks for the rich\nduring recession puts the government in a deeper deficit with less positive\nimpact to the economy. ",
"Therefore, tax breaks for the rich are not likely to get\nus out of recession.",
"\n\nShould the government spend more in areas such as\nunemployment benefits by raising them or extending them during a recession, the\nimpact of every dollar would be quite significant. ",
"This segment of the\npopulation is living near or below subsistence.",
"\n\nThey are likely to spend all their benefits to make ends\nmeet. ",
"Even then, a good portion of them\nwill not have enough to pay for all basic needs such as rent, mortgage, auto\nrepairs, and insurance premiums. ",
"Since they are likely to spend all they get,\nevery dollar spent on these entitlements has a good impact on the economy. ",
"These entitlements also have a big impact in\nreducing human hardships and stabilizing the community while the unemployed are\nseeking employment opportunities that can provide a better income to maintain a\nmore desirable lifestyle.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, it should be understood that deficit\nfinancing by the government is appropriate when it comes when the economy is in\nrecession or depression. ",
"This is also considered to be a textbook solution by\nmany economists. ",
"It has been practiced in many countries including China, Japan\nand parts of Europe and Asia. ",
"Deficit financing should not be abused just for\njust tax reductions during normal times. ",
"Japan was one of the first nations to\nsuccessfully use deficit financing to reduce the impact of the economic\ndepression during the 1930s. ",
"It was so effective that they were out of that\ndepression as early as 1933.",
"\n\nDeficit spending by the government is advocated here in the\ncontext of recession or depression. ",
"It\nis not applicable for individuals and corporations. ",
"They should exercise\ncaution when getting into debts.",
"\n\nMost of us are aware that there are good debts and bad\ndebts. ",
"There are two important conditions for a good debt. ",
"The first is that it\nis needed for something critical and necessary or is a good investment. ",
"For\nindividuals it could be a primary residence, an automobile for basic\ntransportation to go to work, or a life- sustaining medical procedure. ",
"A good\ninvestment can be funds for college or capital for a business. ",
"The second\ncritical condition for a good debt is that the borrower has the capacity or has\na reliable plan to repay the debt.",
"\n\nDeficit government spending during recession is a good debt.",
"\nIt meets all conditions of a good debt. ",
"There is a vital need to get out of\nrecession. ",
"The resulting debt can be repaid by successful individuals and\ncorporations through taxes with relatively less pain because income and profits\nand risen considerably. ",
"Increases in tax rates may not be necessary.",
"\n\nHowever, the government should not give in to pressures to\nreduce taxes to cause deficits when there is no recession. ",
"This is a bad and an\nunnecessary debt and would make the government less capable of reacting to an\nimpending recession.",
"\n\nThis was amazing and cool to read!!! ",
"Who ever made this they must of have put in a lot of effort and I liked it!!!!!!!!!! #",
"AMAZING\n\nStan 2 years ago\n\nnice\n\nAuthor\n\nThesource 4 years ago\n\nThank you knowingispower.",
"\n\nIt is time people realize that blind spending cuts during recession is counterproductive to the economy. ",
"Spending cuts are often the mantra of certain politicians who claim they are doing it for the interest of the economy. ",
"Please think again if you believe them.",
"\n\nTax breaks for the poor and the middle class => Bigger economic growth.",
"\n\nt20cook 6 years ago\n\na very good point of view.",
"\n\nblueorpurple 6 years ago\n\nnice hub. ",
"carry it .....\n\nAuthor\n\nThesource 6 years ago\n\nThank you Johnny Bridges for your input. ",
"Essential services such as transportation or trucking would be less sensitive to recession. ",
"However, shipment of luxury goods, toys, building materials, clothing, electronic products and other discretionary items are likely to drop. ",
"This may affect truckers or the delivery business to some degree.",
"\n\nJohnny Bridges 6 years ago\n\nThank you for this write-up on the recession. ",
"One career which is almost recession-proof is trucking. ",
"There are always products that have to be delivered, and truck driving jobs will be in demand. ",
"Just a thought...\n\nAuthor\n\nThesource 6 years ago\n\nThank you for your input Fay Paxton. ",
"We have always been told by our parents, teachers and elders to cut back on spending and be thrifty. ",
"I have often advised my children to do the same. ",
"However, spending and borrowing are not always bad when there are justifications. ",
"We have to spend money on food, basic clothing, college tuition, shelter, and medicine. ",
"In bad times we try to cut-back and sometimes in extreme situations we may justify borrowing to survive or overcome a disaster. ",
"This is wise in context of personal finance. ",
"In the case of government spending during recession, the government needs to spend more or invest more to create jobs. ",
"They could do this by increasing spending on labor intensive jobs like infrastructure, education, law enforcement, scientific research and so forth. ",
"This is one of the only few situations where the government is justified in deficit financing, if necessary. ",
"The other case could be defense of the nation in a wartime situation. ",
"Once recession is over they should move away from deficit and have a balanced budget. ",
"Then we should naturally move out of deficit due to the growth in the economy. ",
"Government could then fine tune to balance the budget by re-adjusting spending, adjusting taxes and fiscal polices.",
"\n\nFay Paxton 6 years ago\n\nThe government needs to inject money into the economy for the purpose of creating jobs. ",
"Employment creates tax revenue and a demand for goods. ",
"Businesses experience demand for goods, rehire and the economy grows. ",
"Spending needs to be cut, but people still need to go to work!!!",
"\n\nup/useful\n\nAuthor\n\nThesource 6 years ago\n\nHi there, weholdthesetruth!",
"\n\nNice to hear from you again.",
"\n\nI understand and respect this as your own opinion.",
"\n\nweholdthesetruths 6 years agofrom Western Flyover Country\n\nThis hub demonstrates a 100% ignorance of economics.",
"\n\nAuthor\n\nThesource 6 years ago\n\nThanks, Roychoudhury for your comments.",
"\n\nIn recession, generally it is not wise to increase taxes even when there is a deficit. ",
"This creates a situation call deficit financing which is appropriate. ",
"However, under normal situations when there is no recession, taxes should be adjusted to balance the budget and to prevent deficit. ",
"In such conditions, it is not wise to reduce taxes and cause a deficit. ",
"This is what happened during the Bush era in the US. ",
"The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan further compounded the budget deficit.",
"\n\nH P Roychoudhury 6 years agofrom Guwahati, India\n\nThe hub is outlining a path how a country should behave at the time of recession."
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"Photo : Elise Amendola ( AP )\n\nFacebook is paying British newspaper the Daily Telegraph to run a series of sponsored articles called “Being human in the information age” defending it against claims it is encouraging the spread of misinformation, aiding in the spread of hate speech, violating privacy, and generally ruining society in myriad other ways, Business Insider reported on Wednesday.",
"\n\n\n\n\nThe partnership has resulted in over two dozen articles in the past month, mostly parroting public relations-style claims that Facebook is working hard to rein all of this in. ",
"Per Business Insider:\n\nThe series — called “Being human in the information age” — has published 26 stories over the last month, to run in print and online, and is produced by Telegraph Spark, the newspaper’s sponsored content unit. “",
"Fake news, cyberbullying, artificial intelligence — it seems like life in the internet age can be a scary place,” the articles say. “",
"That’s why Telegraph Spark and Facebook have teamed up to show how Facebook and other social media platforms are harnessing the power of the internet to protect your personal data.”",
"\n\n\nRunning sponsored content is not unusual for a company of Facebook’s size, and many news operations do have independent arms that generate paid content for clients. ",
"The series is also clearly marked as “Brought to you by Facebook.”",
"\n\nHowever, as Business Insider noted, some of the content run by the Telegraph is a bit on the nose. ",
"One article from March 6, 2019 titled “Tackling hate speech and terrorism on social media” was light on details, but touted how Facebook is “using AI to proactively identify content and investing in larger review teams to monitor and remove content that could inflame and inspire violence.” ",
"Another dated March 13, 2019 was titled “What action is Facebook taking to tackle terrorist content?” ",
"That was two days before a white supremacist gunman live-streamed a massacre of 50 worshipers at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, that left scores more wounded. ",
"Facebook removed at least 1.5 million copies of the video over the next 24 hours, but the damage was already done.",
"\n\nIt wasn’t until about three weeks after the first article (and well after the shooting) that Facebook finally determined white nationalism should be banned under its existing policies against white separatism and supremacy. ",
"As Business Insider noted, this week Facebook appeared to be hesitant in enforcing that policy against videos of Canadian far-right activist Faith Goldy perpetuating a conspiracy theory asserting the forcible “replacement” of whites in Western countries by people of color and Jews.",
"\n\n\nOther Facebook-sponsored posts included ones claiming Facebook is an industry leader in fighting cyberbullying, as well as a faux-historical overview of the legacy of “technofear.” ",
"It concludes:\n\nWe are a technological species, and always have been. ",
"Maybe the speed of change feels overwhelming, and what is normal to our children is scary for us. ",
"But that is the same as it ever was.",
"\n\n\nAlso in the mix: A post touting how the internet era is favorable to libertarian ideals of “crypto-anarchism,” comparing the age of the internet to the invention of the printing press:\n\nIn the 15th century, the printing press pulled the monopoly on “information” away from the church and state, giving common people a chance to receive and promote different ideas. ",
"Political and religious principles were soon displayed against each other like goods in a bazaar and, within decades, hundreds of small printers across Europe would crank out a deluge of views to create the Reformation and the Enlightenment. ",
"To varying degrees, states then and since have tried to control freedom of speech.",
"\n\n\nAccording to Business Insider, it is “not clear how much Facebook is paying the Daily Telegraph for the articles, or who comes up with the initial story ideas,” with both the company and the Telegraph declining comment.",
"\n\n\nFacebook has come under unprecedented scrutiny in the past few years amid a long series of privacy scandals, accusations it is easily gamed by hoax news sites and malicious political actors, and of failing to act even after repeated warnings its platform was promoting pro-genocide propaganda in Myanmar. (",
"United Nations official Christopher Sidoti recently told Gizmodo the company is still not doing enough to clean up racist posts in Myanmar, saying it was “as though the approach was apologize after the fact rather than try to prevent it in the first place.”) ",
"On Wednesday, the Washington Post reported that House Democrats were planning on hammering Facebook and fellow tech giant Google about the proliferation of far-right propaganda online at a hearing next week.",
"\n\nFacebook and other tech giants have also faced major backlash in Europe more broadly, where European Union legislators passed the sweeping General Data Protection Regulation, which took effect last year. ",
"Politicians in Australia have been notably even more critical, with reports indicating they plan to pass a world-first law that could impose jail time on social media executives who fail to promptly remove “abhorrent violent material” from their platforms.",
"\n\n\nThat the sponsored content series is running in the British press may have something to do with its hostile reception by members of Parliament after a data-sharing scandal involving political firm Cambridge Analytica, which was based in the UK. ",
"They have yet to really sort that mess out.",
"\n\nThe company has at times fired back; CEO Mark Zuckerberg reportedly told executives last year the company was at war with its critics, while Facebook hired a lobbying firm then accused of promoting conspiracy theories about billionaire philanthropist, Holocaust survivor, and Facebook critic George Soros. ",
"This is certainly a more milquetoast form of defending itself. ",
"But please do remember not to take anything labeled “Brought to you by Facebook” with less than a spoonful of salt.",
"\n\n\n[Business Insider]"
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"Q:\n\nDo unrelated designations make any difference while looking for a new job?",
"\n\nI have been working on the development of a platform for the past 2 years. ",
"But my team (Tools/Development) is a small team within a large QC (Quality Control) team. ",
"Unfortunately my job title has to be kept like \"Software Engineer - QC\" only. ",
"The company policies don't allow it to be changed to \"Software Developer\" or anything else related to development.",
"\nNow I am looking for a new job. ",
"I am very confused whether my current designation is going to lessen my chances in getting opportunities in software development. ",
"How can I let potential hirers and headhunters know that I have been actually doing software development? ",
"How should I approach headhunters and interviewers about this?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWith your job title, you put some of your activities and achievements. ",
" Those will show that you've done development, not just QC work. ",
" Companies understand that titles don't always reflect the job done, nor are they consistant from company to company. ",
" What you did at that job is always more important than your title, and your resume should be clear in showcasing what you did.",
"\nAcme, Inc (Software Engineer - QC) - June 2009 to present\nOn a team of 8, developed software in C# with a SQL Server backend, also using\nJava, SSIS, and a bit of C++. ",
" Worked with users developing new software.",
"\nImplemented a process that reduced bug reports by 10%, and led the process\nchanging from standard waterfall to agile.",
"\n\n"
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"Petrol and diesel could be replaced by a fuel developed from a bacteria found in the human gut, scientists claim.",
"\n\nResearchers have found a way to use the gut bacteria E.coli - often behind attacks of diarrhoea - to help generate propane gas - a part of petroleum gas.",
"\n\nThe results could one day lead to a new type of fuel that uses solar energy to convert it into a useable form.",
"\n\nScientists have found a way to use the gut bacteria E.coli (pictured) - often behind attacks of diarrhoea - to help generate propane gas - a part of petroleum gas used in everything from cars to camping stoves\n\nResearchers added three enzymes to the bacteria, thioesterase, CAR and aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase.",
"\n\nThis allowed them to extract butyric acid, a foul smelling compound essential for propane production.",
"\n\nDr Patrick Jones, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial College London, said: 'Although this research is at a very early stage, our proof of concept study provides a method for renewable production of a fuel that previously was only accessible from fossil reserves.",
"\n\n'Although we have only produced tiny amounts so far, the fuel we have produced is ready to be used in an engine straight away.",
"\n\nThe results, published in the journal Nature Communications, could one day lead to a new type of fuel for cars that uses solar energy to convert it into a useable form\n\n'This opens up possibilities for future sustainable production of renewable fuels that at first could complement, and thereafter replace fossil fuels like diesel, petrol, natural gas and jet fuel.'",
"\n\nCOULD HOUSES SOMEDAY BE POWERED BY URINE? ",
"The notion that homes could be fuelled by human waste, might not be an appealing, but it could transform people's lives in developing countries. ",
"British scientists have already proved they can charge a phone by using urine to feed microbial fuel cells. ",
"And they aim to scale up their innovation to provide much needed electricity and sanitation in the form of a clever bathroom system designed to be used in remote and poor areas of the world. ",
"The research is backed by the Melinda and Bill Gates Foundation, as the Microsoft billionaire is keen to help to create a fully-functional system that could be installed in bathrooms to collect urine, which would be used to light and heat a house as well as power gadgets.",
"\n\n\n'Fossil fuels are a finite resource and as our population continues to grow we are going to have to come up with new ways to meet increasing energy demands.",
"\n\n'It is a substantial challenge, however, to develop a renewable process that is low-cost and economically sustainable.",
"\n\n'At the moment algae can be used to make biodiesel, but it is not commercially viable as harvesting and processing requires a lot of energy and money. '",
"\n\nAt present scientists believe that they need to find a way to make their process 1000 per cent more efficient.",
"\n\nDr Jones added: 'We chose propane because it can be separated from the natural process with minimal energy and it will be compatible with the existing infrastructure for easy use.",
"\n\n'At the moment, we don't have a full grasp of exactly how the fuel molecules are made, so we are now trying to find out exactly how this process unfolds.",
"\n\n'I hope that over the next five to 10 years we will be able to achieve commercially viable processes that will sustainably fuel our energy demands.'"
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"Norton revs up with apparel deal\n\nSHARE THIS ARTICLE\n\nThe licensing programme for Norton Motorcycles is gearing up for a strong 2010, having signed fashion deals in Europe, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore for branded clothing.",
"\n\nThe deal includes the appointment of a UK licensee to produce a distinctive range of clothing, with the aim being to extend its reach beyond biker fashion into younger, more mainstream markets.",
"\n\nThe spring/summer 2010 collection will include printed and embroidered polo shirts and tees, lightweight and foil print sweats, plaid and striped laundered shirts and a mid-weight moto jacket.",
"\n\n\"The addition of a new clothing range into the Norton portfolio is extremely significant and exciting,\" said Tony Norton, chairman of Norton Global Brands, which manages the worldwide licensing rights for Norton Motorcycles. \"",
"This allows a company with the heritage and credibility of Norton Motorcycles to reach new markets and create a new generation of Norton brand advocates.\"",
"\n\nGift and collectables are already available for the brand, while Majorette has recently renewed its programme for die-cast products across Europe.",
"\n\nThe Sharpe Company and Newman International are also on board as international agents.",
"\n\nABOUT LICENSING.BIZ\n\nLicensing.biz delivers priceless trade information to the global licensing industry. ",
"Reaching all corners of the business - from licensors and licensees, through to retailers and supporting service companies - Licensing.biz is uniquely positioned to offer daily news, interviews, opinions, brand profiles, analysis and data to the industry."
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"\n1\nSuppose -5*p + 3*p + 2 = 0. ",
"Suppose x - p = -3*o - 5, x = -o + 2. ",
"Suppose 4*d - 2*s - 2*s - 36 = 0, x*s = 2*d - 30. ",
"What is the units digit of d?",
"\n5\nSuppose 3*f = f + 6. ",
"Let k = f - -2. ",
"Let d = k - -6. ",
"What is the tens digit of d?",
"\n1\nLet n(j) = -14*j + 1 + j - 2*j. ",
"Let r(l) = -l - 6. ",
"Let y be r(-5). ",
"What is the tens digit of n(y)?",
"\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 163/7 + (-18)/63?",
"\n3\nLet y(s) = -3*s - 13. ",
"Let a be y(-13). ",
"Let v = a + -6. ",
"What is the tens digit of v?",
"\n2\nSuppose -3*n + 7 = 4*p - 9, 0 = -5*p - 2*n + 13. ",
"What is the units digit of p?",
"\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 3/(3 + 0)*13?",
"\n1\nSuppose 5*q = 0, 2*c + 2*c - 4*q = -24. ",
"Let o(d) = -d**3 - 6*d**2 - 4*d - 15. ",
"What is the units digit of o(c)?",
"\n9\nSuppose g + n = -3*g + 81, -5*g - 5*n + 105 = 0. ",
"Suppose 5*h = -0*h + g. What is the units digit of h?",
"\n4\nLet r = 19 - -39. ",
"What is the units digit of r?",
"\n8\nLet o be 4/6*(8 - 5). ",
"Let u(q) = 11*q**2 + q - 1. ",
"What is the tens digit of u(o)?",
"\n4\nLet q be (-3 + 7)/2 - 4. ",
"What is the tens digit of 4/(q - (-11)/5)?",
"\n2\nLet j = 11 + -4. ",
"Let n = 12 - j. What is the units digit of (-3)/((-2)/(n + -3))?",
"\n3\nLet f(u) = u - 10. ",
"Let j be f(4). ",
"What is the units digit of j/(1 - (-69)/(-60))?",
"\n0\nLet c = -6 + 3. ",
"Let q = c + 8. ",
"Suppose -3*n + 27 = 2*z + 7, 4*z + 4 = q*n. ",
"What is the units digit of n?",
"\n4\nLet r be 2 + 4 - (2 - 2). ",
"Let z(p) = -p**3 - 8*p**2 + 10*p + 9. ",
"Let a be z(-9). ",
"Suppose b + q - r = a, -10 = -3*q - 1. ",
"What is the units digit of b?",
"\n3\nLet a(z) = z**3 - z**2 - 2. ",
"Let y be a(2). ",
"Suppose -2*w - 60 = y*w. ",
"What is the units digit of (-36)/w - 2/5?",
"\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 2*11 - 3/((-9)/(-3))?",
"\n2\nSuppose 4*c = -0*c - 24. ",
"What is the units digit of 0/2 - (c + 2)?",
"\n4\nLet s = 812 - 427. ",
"What is the hundreds digit of s?",
"\n3\nSuppose 3*f - 3*n - 86 = n, -4*n + 64 = 2*f. ",
"What is the units digit of f?",
"\n0\nSuppose 5*r + 15 = 0, -h - 2*r + 614 = h. What is the units digit of h?",
"\n0\nLet n(s) = -5*s + 2*s - 5*s + 10*s**2 - s**3 + 2. ",
"Let f be n(9). ",
"Let z = 16 - f. What is the units digit of z?",
"\n5\nLet b(s) = -s**3 + 13*s**2 + 8*s - 2. ",
"Let w be b(7). ",
"Suppose 9*i - w = 3*i. ",
"What is the tens digit of i?",
"\n5\nSuppose -z + 2 = -2. ",
"Let a = 9 + z. What is the tens digit of a?",
"\n1\nLet o(v) = -11*v**2 - 28*v - 27. ",
"Let f(y) = -7*y**2 - 19*y - 18. ",
"Let i(h) = 8*f(h) - 5*o(h). ",
"What is the units digit of i(-9)?",
"\n8\nLet d(l) = l**2 + 9*l + 10. ",
"Let a(x) = -5*x + 2. ",
"Let j be a(2). ",
"Let m be d(j). ",
"Suppose -5*h = 4*i - 7, 20 = -2*h - m*h. ",
"What is the units digit of i?",
"\n8\nLet t = -102 - -166. ",
"What is the tens digit of t?",
"\n6\nSuppose c = q - 65, 5*q + 5*c - 53 = 4*q. ",
"What is the units digit of q?",
"\n3\nLet l = 13 + -6. ",
"What is the units digit of l?",
"\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 12*34*1/3?",
"\n3\nLet d be 3/(-1)*(8 + -5). ",
"What is the units digit of (-6)/(-8) - d/4?",
"\n3\nLet b = 148 - 78. ",
"Let h = 119 - b. What is the tens digit of h?",
"\n4\nLet h(y) = 107*y**2 - 2. ",
"What is the hundreds digit of h(-1)?",
"\n1\nSuppose 0 = -q - 10*q + 330. ",
"What is the units digit of q?",
"\n0\nLet z = 2 + 1. ",
"Let s = 11 - z. What is the units digit of s?",
"\n8\nLet f be 20/6*(-18)/(-15). ",
"Suppose -f*g - 42 = -122. ",
"What is the tens digit of g?",
"\n2\nSuppose 0 = -2*x - 2*z - 3*z + 57, 3*x - 4*z - 51 = 0. ",
"Suppose 2*s + s = 2*j + 13, -s + 4*j = -x. ",
"Suppose s = -b + 5. ",
"What is the units digit of b?",
"\n4\nSuppose -612 = 4*g - 13*g. ",
"What is the tens digit of g?",
"\n6\nLet p(h) = -8*h**3 - 3*h**2 - 4*h - 2. ",
"What is the units digit of p(-1)?",
"\n7\nLet u be (1 + 2)/3 + -2. ",
"What is the units digit of (-1 + u)*(2 + -5)?",
"\n6\nLet u(k) = -2*k - 2. ",
"Let r be u(-2). ",
"Suppose -w + r = -3. ",
"What is the units digit of (-2)/(-10) - (-34)/w?",
"\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 97/((4 - 6)/(-2))?",
"\n9\nLet x(q) = -q - 20. ",
"Let j be x(0). ",
"What is the tens digit of (j/25)/(4/(-50))?",
"\n1\nLet v = 14 + -17. ",
"What is the units digit of (-1 - 2) + (-108)/v?",
"\n3\nSuppose j + 3*b - 19 = 0, 8 = -3*j + b + 3*b. ",
"Suppose 5*h = t + 9, -3*t + 0*t - j*h + 68 = 0. ",
"What is the tens digit of t?",
"\n1\nSuppose -4 = 2*m, m - 90 = s - 370. ",
"What is the units digit of s?",
"\n8\nLet q(x) = -x**2 + 16*x + 11. ",
"What is the units digit of q(16)?",
"\n1\nLet h = 90 + -54. ",
"Suppose c = -c - 5*b + 82, -c + h = 5*b. ",
"What is the units digit of c?",
"\n6\nSuppose -5*r + 2*q = -24, r = -4*q - 2 - 2. ",
"Suppose l + 23 = 2*a, r*a - 32 = a + 2*l. ",
"What is the tens digit of a?",
"\n1\nLet w(y) = -y**2 - 11*y - 8. ",
"Let j be w(-9). ",
"Let d be 5*((-2)/j + 2). ",
"What is the units digit of 115/9 + 2/d?",
"\n3\nSuppose 98 = -7*q + 8*q. ",
"What is the tens digit of q?",
"\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of (-21)/49 + 1532/14?",
"\n0\nSuppose n - l - 133 = 3*l, 160 = n + 5*l. ",
"What is the tens digit of n?",
"\n4\nSuppose 0 = -s - s - 4. ",
"Let a(c) be the first derivative of -4*c**2 - 3*c + 5. ",
"What is the units digit of a(s)?",
"\n3\nSuppose -197 + 8 = -3*g. ",
"What is the units digit of g?",
"\n3\nSuppose -3*x = -4*u - 48 - 76, -4*u = 4*x - 212. ",
"Suppose -2*w = w - x. What is the tens digit of w?",
"\n1\nLet m(r) be the third derivative of -11*r**6/120 + r**5/30 - r**3/6 + 2*r**2. ",
"Let q be m(1). ",
"What is the units digit of q/(-3)*27/6?",
"\n5\nLet p be (1*(-15 + -1))/1. ",
"Let a be (3/2)/(3/p). ",
"Let f = 14 + a. What is the units digit of f?",
"\n6\nLet f = 6 - 1. ",
"Suppose -q - 6 = 4*h, -f*q - 7*h = -2*h. ",
"What is the units digit of 1 + 0 + q + 2?",
"\n5\nLet m(y) be the third derivative of -5*y**4/24 + y**3/3 - 2*y**2. ",
"Let i be m(-6). ",
"Let w = i + -16. ",
"What is the units digit of w?",
"\n6\nSuppose -4*j + 10 - 2 = 0. ",
"Let o(f) = 0*f**3 + f**3 + 2 - 2*f**2 + 4*f - 5. ",
"What is the units digit of o(j)?",
"\n5\nLet t(u) = u**2 - 5*u - 4. ",
"Let q(d) = -d**2 - 5*d + 7. ",
"Let i be q(-5). ",
"Let v be t(i). ",
"Suppose 4*o - v = -o. ",
"What is the units digit of o?",
"\n2\nLet o be (-3)/(-2 - (-15)/12). ",
"Suppose 0*r + 14 = r + o*b, -3*r = -3*b - 57. ",
"What is the tens digit of r?",
"\n1\nSuppose -t + 4 + 0 = 0. ",
"Suppose -2*k = k - 2*s - 25, -32 = -4*k + t*s. ",
"What is the units digit of k?",
"\n9\nWhat is the units digit of (-15)/5 + (0 - -42)?",
"\n9\nSuppose -35*t = -28*t - 1827. ",
"What is the tens digit of t?",
"\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 11*2 + (-3 - -5)?",
"\n2\nLet p(i) = i**2 + 7*i + 6. ",
"Let x be p(-4). ",
"Let b = x + 2. ",
"Let d = 12 + b. What is the units digit of d?",
"\n8\nWhat is the units digit of (1/2)/((-1)/(-110))?",
"\n5\nLet h(s) = -4*s**2 - 2*s + 1. ",
"Let p be h(-2). ",
"Let g = 6 + p. What is the units digit of g/(-2) + 2/4?",
"\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 223 + (4/(-8))/((-1)/6)?",
"\n2\nLet i = 143 - 101. ",
"What is the tens digit of i?",
"\n4\nSuppose 0 = -7*u + 4*u. ",
"Suppose 2*d + 0*d - 20 = u. What is the tens digit of d?",
"\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of -2 + 47 + -3 + 0?",
"\n4\nSuppose 2*m - k - 2 + 14 = 0, m + 2*k + 6 = 0. ",
"Let s be 6*((-20)/6)/2. ",
"Let h = m - s. What is the units digit of h?",
"\n4\nSuppose 0 = -l + 244 + 111. ",
"What is the tens digit of l?",
"\n5\nLet v = -18 - -17. ",
"Suppose 3*i = -3*o - 27, 0 = -2*o + 4*i - 5*i - 21. ",
"What is the units digit of o/(-6*v/(-8))?",
"\n6\nLet k be 3/9 + 89/3. ",
"Let z = -16 + k. What is the tens digit of z?",
"\n1\nLet u = -47 - -3. ",
"Let i = -22 - u. What is the tens digit of i?",
"\n2\nSuppose f + 27 = 4*f. ",
"Suppose f + 10 = s. What is the tens digit of s?",
"\n1\nLet h(j) = -j**3 - j**2 + j - 2. ",
"Let l be h(0). ",
"What is the units digit of (-1 + l)*(-1)/3?",
"\n1\nSuppose 0*s = -s + 3. ",
"What is the units digit of (-6 - -7)/(1/s)?",
"\n3\nLet z(v) = v**3 + v + 1. ",
"Let m be z(0). ",
"Let n be m*6/(1*-3). ",
"What is the units digit of (n - (1 + 1))/(-2)?",
"\n2\nLet t = 10 - 7. ",
"Suppose -t*k + 25 = -11. ",
"What is the tens digit of ((-3)/2)/(k/(-80))?",
"\n1\nLet t be 2/5 + 54/15. ",
"Suppose 0 = -5*m - 5*f + 50, 0 = t*m - 2*f - f - 61. ",
"What is the units digit of m?",
"\n3\nSuppose 5*n - n - h = 717, -2*n + 353 = 5*h. ",
"What is the hundreds digit of n?",
"\n1\nLet n(m) = -m**3 - 5*m**2 + 2*m. ",
"Let v be n(-6). ",
"Suppose -4 = -2*d + v. What is the units digit of d?",
"\n4\nLet u(x) = x**2 - 2*x + 4. ",
"Let v be u(3). ",
"What is the units digit of (-2)/v + 23/7?",
"\n3\nSuppose -v = -5*v + 12. ",
"Let y be (4/v)/((-12)/(-54)). ",
"Suppose -3*m = -27 - y. What is the tens digit of m?",
"\n1\nLet i(b) = -b + 16. ",
"Let a be i(0). ",
"What is the tens digit of 9/(-2*(-6)/a)?",
"\n1\nSuppose -3*i = 2*y - 2, -5*y = 4*i - 3*i + 21. ",
"Suppose -4*r + i = -5*h, -5*r + 38 + 8 = 4*h. ",
"What is the units digit of r?",
"\n6\nLet w(l) = -l**3 - l**2 + 2. ",
"Let h be w(0). ",
"What is the units digit of (-14)/6*(h + -5)?",
"\n7\nLet f be (0/3)/(1 - -1). ",
"Let v be f/(-2) + (-2)/(-1). ",
"Suppose -v = -5*o + 18. ",
"What is the units digit of o?",
"\n4\nSuppose q = 3*p - 320, 2*q - 5*q + 120 = p. What is the units digit of p?",
"\n8\nLet q = 12 + 17. ",
"What is the te"
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"India sees US as an important defence partner: Sitharaman\n\nWashington, Dec 4 (PTI) Commencing her five-day official visit to the United States, Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman Monday asserted that New Delhi sees the US as an important partner in the field of defence.",
"\n\nIn her remarks at the start of her bilateral talks with the US Defence Secretary James Mattis at the Pentagon, Sitharaman said mutual trust and confidence in defence partnership between the two countries were growing.",
"\n\nThe defence minister added that she was encouraged by the importance attached to the India-US defence relationship in the new US National Security Strategy.",
"\n\n“A strong foundation has been laid for the India-US defence relationship over the years. ",
"India sees the US as an important partner in defence,” Sitharaman said, adding that the two countries have good military to military cooperation, defence consultations, scientific collaborations and co-production and co-development and industry collaboration.",
"\n\nExuding confidence that the bilateral talks would accord greater momentum to the dialogue and partnership between the two countries, she said the relationship continued to be very strong.",
"\n\nThe recent meetings between the two countries, Sitharaman said, have underscored their mutual desire to move positively. ",
"The high-level exchanges are an indication of the depth and the quality of bilateral ties as well as their mutual desire to work closely on a range of regional and global issues, she added.",
"\n\nSitharaman appreciated the responsiveness of the Trump Administration to India’s sensitivities.",
"\n\nAt the same time, it is also indicative of the desire and the effort to have an even more robust relationship than before, she said.",
"\n\n“Especially over the past three to four years, we have made considerable progress. ",
"Our relations, based on common democratic values, enjoy strong political and popular support in both countries. ",
"There’s a growing mutual trust and also the confidence in defence partnership, which augurs very well for the future,” Sitharaman said."
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"Zero tolerance policies unfairly punish black girls\n\n(Photo : Michigan State University) 'We cannot afford to have more black girls' identities snuffed out by disciplinary policies and ultimately the educational and criminal justice systems,' education scholars Dorinda Carter and Dorothy Hines-Datiri argue in a new paper.",
"\nCREDIT\n\nBlack girls are disproportionately punished in American schools - an \"overlooked crisis\" that is populating the school-to-prison pipeline at rising rates, two education scholars argue in a new paper.",
"\n\nDorinda Carter Andrews, associate professor at Michigan State University, and Dorothy Hines-Datiri, assistant professor at the University of Kansas and former doctoral student at MSU, cite various examples of black girls in elementary school being handcuffed and taken away in police cars for classroom disruptions such as temper tantrums.",
"\n\nThese zero tolerance policies unfairly target students of color and should be abolished, Carter Andrews said. ",
"But while a wealth of research and public discussion has focused on black male students, little attention has been paid to the mistreatment of black girls in U.S. classrooms, she said.",
"\n\nAdvertisement\n\n\"Zero tolerance constructs these young girls as criminals,\" Carter Andrews said. \"",
"It's a criminalization of their childhood, and it's a very prison-type mentality for schools to take.\"",
"\n\nThe paper, which appears online in the journal Urban Education, notes that zero tolerance is defined as a form of school discipline that imposes removal from school for an array of violations, from violence to truancy to dress code violations. ",
"Black students are two to three times more likely to be suspended than white students and are overrepresented in office referrals, expulsions and corporal punishment, the paper says.",
"\n\nBlack female students in the United States receive out-of-school suspensions at higher rates (12 percent) than female students across all other racial and ethnic categories, according to the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. ",
"Only black boys (20 percent) and American Indian/Alaska native boys (13 percent) have higher suspension rates than black girls.",
"\n\nBlack girls are also more likely to receive harsher discipline than their white peers for minor offenses, such as talking back to the teacher, Carter Andrews said.",
"\n\n\"The research shows that teachers and other adults may give a pass to certain students for the ways in which they talk back,\" she said. \"",
"Teachers may view some girls, particularly African-American girls, as attitudinal or aggressive, even though they may be using the same talk-back language as a white female student.\"",
"\n\nIn addition to the abolishment of zero tolerance policies, the researchers call for the establishment of culturally responsive professional-development training for educators that would raise their awareness of the experiences of girls of color.",
"\n\n\"We cannot afford to have more black girls' identities snuffed out by disciplinary policies and ultimately the educational and criminal justice systems,\" the study says."
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"Evidence for up-regulation of purinergic receptor genes associating with TRPV1 receptors and neurotrophic factors in the inflamed human esophagus.",
"\nPurinergic receptors are implicated in nociceptive signaling in small primary afferents via activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ",
"ATP appears to mediate HCl-induced transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) activation in esophageal mucosa. ",
"Up-regulation of TRPV1 expression in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with increased nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). ",
"This study aims to genetically determine the expression of purinergic receptors in severe inflamed human esophagus. ",
"Distal esophageal biopsies from the subjects with erosive GERD, asymptomatic patients (AP) and healthy ones were examined. ",
"Using real-time qPCR for detecting purinergic receptors (P2X2, P2X3, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6 and P2Y12), TRPV1, TRPV4, NGF, and GDNF was done in this study. ",
"Both P2X3 and P2X7 mRNA expressions in GERD patients significantly increased than those in healthy controls (P < 0.001) and AP (P < 0.001), but P2X2, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y12 or P2Y12 had no difference within the control, AP or GERD subjects. ",
"The well correlated expression in P2X3 gene with TRPV1 (r = 0.46, P = 0.002), NGF (r = 0.54, P = 0.0002), and GDNF (r = 0.64, P = 0.0001) was found. ",
"The P2X7 gene expressions also well correlated with TRPV1 (r = 0.47, P = 0.002), NGF (r = 0.32, P = 0.037), and GDNF (r = 0.42, P = 0.005). ",
"These results suggest that chronic esophagitis increases mRNA expressions of P2X3 and P2X7 receptors accompanied by up-regulation of TRPV1 and neurotrophic factors (NGF and GDNF). ",
"These genetical alterations in esophageal mucosa might mediate sensitization of inflamed human esophagus."
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"Nicolas Alexander Otto\n\nLandscape & Urbanscape Photography\n\nBridge to Nowhere\n\nKranhäuser, Cologne, Germany (Winter 2015)\n\nSometimes perspective matters most. ",
"Walking along this bridge might give you what you desire but it may as well lead to your demise. ",
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"/*\n\n Broadcom B43 wireless driver\n IEEE 802.11a/g LP-PHY driver\n\n Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Michael Buesch <mb@bu3sch.de>\n Copyright (c) 2009 Gábor Stefanik <netrolller.3d@gmail.com>\n\n This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or\n (at your option) any later version.",
"\n\n This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n along with this program; see the file COPYING. ",
" If not, write to\n the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Steet, Fifth Floor,\n Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.",
"\n\n*/\n\n#include \"b43.h\"\n#include \"main.h\"\n#include \"phy_lp.h\"\n#include \"phy_common.h\"\n#include \"tables_lpphy.h\"\n\n\nstatic inline u16 channel2freq_lp(u8 channel)\n{\n\tif (channel < 14)\n\t\treturn (2407 + 5 * channel);\n\telse if (channel == 14)\n\t\treturn 2484;\n\telse if (channel < 184)\n\t\treturn (5000 + 5 * channel);\n\telse\n\t\treturn (4000 + 5 * channel);\n}\n\nstatic unsigned int b43_lpphy_op_get_default_chan(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ)\n\t\treturn 1;\n\treturn 36;\n}\n\nstatic int b43_lpphy_op_allocate(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy;\n\n\tlpphy = kzalloc(sizeof(*lpphy), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!",
"lpphy)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\tdev->phy.lp = lpphy;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_prepare_structs(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy *phy = &dev->phy;\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = phy->lp;\n\n\tmemset(lpphy, 0, sizeof(*lpphy));\n\n\t//TODO\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_free(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tkfree(lpphy);\n\tdev->phy.lp = NULL;\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_read_band_sprom(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tu16 cckpo, maxpwr;\n\tu32 ofdmpo;\n\tint i;\n\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\tlpphy->tx_isolation_med_band = bus->sprom.tri2g;\n\t\tlpphy->bx_arch = bus->sprom.bxa2g;\n\t\tlpphy->rx_pwr_offset = bus->sprom.rxpo2g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_vf = bus->sprom.rssismf2g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_vc = bus->sprom.rssismc2g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_gs = bus->sprom.rssisav2g;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[0] = bus->sprom.pa0b0;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[1] = bus->sprom.pa0b1;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[2] = bus->sprom.pa0b2;\n\t\tmaxpwr = bus->sprom.maxpwr_bg;\n\t\tlpphy->max_tx_pwr_med_band = maxpwr;\n\t\tcckpo = bus->sprom.cck2gpo;\n\t\tofdmpo = bus->sprom.ofdm2gpo;\n\t\tif (cckpo) {\n\t\t\tfor (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {\n\t\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rate[i] =\n\t\t\t\t\tmaxpwr - (ofdmpo & 0xF) * 2;\n\t\t\t\tofdmpo >>= 4;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tofdmpo = bus->sprom.ofdm2gpo;\n\t\t\tfor (i = 4; i < 15; i++) {\n\t\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rate[i] =\n\t\t\t\t\tmaxpwr - (ofdmpo & 0xF) * 2;\n\t\t\t\tofdmpo >>= 4;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tofdmpo &= 0xFF;\n\t\t\tfor (i = 0; i < 4; i++)\n\t\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rate[i] = maxpwr;\n\t\t\tfor (i = 4; i < 15; i++)\n\t\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rate[i] = maxpwr - ofdmpo;\n\t\t}\n\t} else { /* 5GHz */\n\t\tlpphy->tx_isolation_low_band = bus->sprom.tri5gl;\n\t\tlpphy->tx_isolation_med_band = bus->sprom.tri5g;\n\t\tlpphy->tx_isolation_hi_band = bus->sprom.tri5gh;\n\t\tlpphy->bx_arch = bus->sprom.bxa5g;\n\t\tlpphy->rx_pwr_offset = bus->sprom.rxpo5g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_vf = bus->sprom.rssismf5g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_vc = bus->sprom.rssismc5g;\n\t\tlpphy->rssi_gs = bus->sprom.rssisav5g;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[0] = bus->sprom.pa1b0;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[1] = bus->sprom.pa1b1;\n\t\tlpphy->txpa[2] = bus->sprom.pa1b2;\n\t\tlpphy->txpal[0] = bus->sprom.pa1lob0;\n\t\tlpphy->txpal[1] = bus->sprom.pa1lob1;\n\t\tlpphy->txpal[2] = bus->sprom.pa1lob2;\n\t\tlpphy->txpah[0] = bus->sprom.pa1hib0;\n\t\tlpphy->txpah[1] = bus->sprom.pa1hib1;\n\t\tlpphy->txpah[2] = bus->sprom.pa1hib2;\n\t\tmaxpwr = bus->sprom.maxpwr_al;\n\t\tofdmpo = bus->sprom.ofdm5glpo;\n\t\tlpphy->max_tx_pwr_low_band = maxpwr;\n\t\tfor (i = 4; i < 12; i++) {\n\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_ratel[i] = maxpwr - (ofdmpo & 0xF) * 2;\n\t\t\tofdmpo >>= 4;\n\t\t}\n\t\tmaxpwr = bus->sprom.maxpwr_a;\n\t\tofdmpo = bus->sprom.ofdm5gpo;\n\t\tlpphy->max_tx_pwr_med_band = maxpwr;\n\t\tfor (i = 4; i < 12; i++) {\n\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rate[i] = maxpwr - (ofdmpo & 0xF) * 2;\n\t\t\tofdmpo >>= 4;\n\t\t}\n\t\tmaxpwr = bus->sprom.maxpwr_ah;\n\t\tofdmpo = bus->sprom.ofdm5ghpo;\n\t\tlpphy->max_tx_pwr_hi_band = maxpwr;\n\t\tfor (i = 4; i < 12; i++) {\n\t\t\tlpphy->tx_max_rateh[i] = maxpwr - (ofdmpo & 0xF) * 2;\n\t\t\tofdmpo >>= 4;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_adjust_gain_table(struct b43_wldev *dev, u32 freq)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu16 temp[3];\n\tu16 isolation;\n\n\tB43_WARN_ON(dev->phy.rev >= 2);\n\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ)\n\t\tisolation = lpphy->tx_isolation_med_band;\n\telse if (freq <= 5320)\n\t\tisolation = lpphy->tx_isolation_low_band;\n\telse if (freq <= 5700)\n\t\tisolation = lpphy->tx_isolation_med_band;\n\telse\n\t\tisolation = lpphy->tx_isolation_hi_band;\n\n\ttemp[0] = ((isolation - 26) / 12) << 12;\n\ttemp[1] = temp[0] + 0x1000;\n\ttemp[2] = temp[0] + 0x2000;\n\n\tb43_lptab_write_bulk(dev, B43_LPTAB16(13, 0), 3, temp);\n\tb43_lptab_write_bulk(dev, B43_LPTAB16(12, 0), 3, temp);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_table_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tu32 freq = channel2freq_lp(b43_lpphy_op_get_default_chan(dev));\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2)\n\t\tlpphy_rev0_1_table_init(dev);\n\telse\n\t\tlpphy_rev2plus_table_init(dev);\n\n\tlpphy_init_tx_gain_table(dev);\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2)\n\t\tlpphy_adjust_gain_table(dev, freq);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_baseband_rev0_1_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu16 tmp, tmp2;\n\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL, 0xF7FF);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL, 0x0004);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_OFDMSYNCTHRESH0, 0xFF00, 0x0078);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0x83FF, 0x5800);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_ADC_COMPENSATION_CTL, 0x0016);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_ADC_CTL_0, 0xFFF8, 0x0004);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x5400);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_HIGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x2400);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LOWGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x2100);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB, 0xFF00, 0x0006);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RX_RADIO_CTL, 0xFFFE);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0xFFE0, 0x0005);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0xFC1F, 0x0180);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0x83FF, 0x3C00);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINDIRECTMISMATCH, 0xFFF0, 0x0005);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAIN_MISMATCH_LIMIT, 0xFFC0, 0x001A);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRS_ED_THRESH, 0xFF00, 0x00B3);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRS_ED_THRESH, 0x00FF, 0xAD00);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_INPUT_PWRDB,\n\t\t\t0xFF00, lpphy->rx_pwr_offset);\n\tif ((bus->sprom.boardflags_lo & B43_BFL_FEM) &&\n\t ((b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_5GHZ) ||\n\t (bus->sprom.boardflags_hi & B43_BFH_PAREF))) {\n\t\tssb_pmu_set_ldo_voltage(&bus->chipco, LDO_PAREF, 0x28);\n\t\tssb_pmu_set_ldo_paref(&bus->chipco, true);\n\t\tif (dev->phy.rev == 0) {\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_RF_SIGNAL_LUT,\n\t\t\t\t\t0xFFCF, 0x0010);\n\t\t}\n\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(11, 7), 60);\n\t} else {\n\t\tssb_pmu_set_ldo_paref(&bus->chipco, false);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_RF_SIGNAL_LUT,\n\t\t\t\t0xFFCF, 0x0020);\n\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(11, 7), 100);\n\t}\n\ttmp = lpphy->rssi_vf | lpphy->rssi_vc << 4 | 0xA000;\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_RSSI_CTL_0, tmp);\n\tif (bus->sprom.boardflags_hi & B43_BFH_RSSIINV)\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_RSSI_CTL_1, 0xF000, 0x0AAA);\n\telse\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_RSSI_CTL_1, 0xF000, 0x02AA);\n\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(11, 1), 24);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RX_RADIO_CTL,\n\t\t\t0xFFF9, (lpphy->bx_arch << 1));\n\tif (dev->phy.rev == 1 &&\n\t (bus->sprom.boardflags_hi & B43_BFH_FEM_BT)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0x3F00, 0x0900);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xC0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xC0FF, 0x0400);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xC0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_5, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_5, 0xC0FF, 0x0900);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_6, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_6, 0xC0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_7, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_7, 0xC0FF, 0x0900);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_8, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_8, 0xC0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t} else if (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_5GHZ ||\n\t\t (bus->boardinfo.type == 0x048A) || ((dev->phy.rev == 0) &&\n\t\t (bus->sprom.boardflags_lo & B43_BFL_FEM))) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xFFC0, 0x0001);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xC0FF, 0x0400);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xFFC0, 0x0001);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xC0FF, 0x0500);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xFFC0, 0x0002);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xC0FF, 0x0800);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xFFC0, 0x0002);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xC0FF, 0x0A00);\n\t} else if (dev->phy.rev == 1 ||\n\t\t (bus->sprom.boardflags_lo & B43_BFL_FEM)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xFFC0, 0x0004);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xC0FF, 0x0800);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xFFC0, 0x0004);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xC0FF, 0x0C00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xFFC0, 0x0002);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xC0FF, 0x0100);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xFFC0, 0x0002);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xC0FF, 0x0300);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0xC0FF, 0x0900);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xFFC0, 0x000A);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2, 0xC0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xFFC0, 0x0006);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3, 0xC0FF, 0x0500);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xFFC0, 0x0006);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4, 0xC0FF, 0x0700);\n\t}\n\tif (dev->phy.rev == 1 && (bus->sprom.boardflags_hi & B43_BFH_PAREF)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_copy(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_5, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1);\n\t\tb43_phy_copy(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_6, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_2);\n\t\tb43_phy_copy(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_7, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_3);\n\t\tb43_phy_copy(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_8, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_4);\n\t}\n\tif ((bus->sprom.boardflags_hi & B43_BFH_FEM_BT) &&\n\t (bus->chip_id == 0x5354) &&\n\t (bus->chip_package == SSB_CHIPPACK_BCM4712S)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0x0006);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_GPIO_SELECT, 0x0005);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_GPIO_OUTEN, 0xFFFF);\n\t\t//FIXME the Broadcom driver caches & delays this HF write!",
"\n\t\tb43_hf_write(dev, b43_hf_read(dev) | B43_HF_PR45960W);\n\t}\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0x8000);\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0x0040);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_MINPWR_LEVEL, 0x00FF, 0xA400);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xF0FF, 0x0B00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_SYNCPEAKCNT, 0xFFF8, 0x0007);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_DSSS_CONFIRM_CNT, 0xFFF8, 0x0003);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_DSSS_CONFIRM_CNT, 0xFFC7, 0x0020);\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_IDLEAFTERPKTRXTO, 0x00FF);\n\t} else { /* 5GHz */\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0x7FFF);\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xFFBF);\n\t}\n\tif (dev->phy.rev == 1) {\n\t\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH);\n\t\ttmp2 = (tmp & 0x03E0) >> 5;\n\t\ttmp2 |= tmp2 << 5;\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_4C3, tmp2);\n\t\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINDIRECTMISMATCH);\n\t\ttmp2 = (tmp & 0x1F00) >> 8;\n\t\ttmp2 |= tmp2 << 5;\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_4C4, tmp2);\n\t\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB);\n\t\ttmp2 = tmp & 0x00FF;\n\t\ttmp2 |= tmp << 8;\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_4C5, tmp2);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_save_dig_flt_state(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstatic const u16 addr[] = {\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC1),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC2),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC3),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC4),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC5),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC6),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC7),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC8),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xCF),\n\t};\n\n\tstatic const u16 coefs[] = {\n\t\t0xDE5E, 0xE832, 0xE331, 0x4D26,\n\t\t0x0026, 0x1420, 0x0020, 0xFE08,\n\t\t0x0008,\n\t};\n\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tint i;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(addr); i++) {\n\t\tlpphy->dig_flt_state[i] = b43_phy_read(dev, addr[i]);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, addr[i], coefs[i]);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void __used lpphy_restore_dig_flt_state(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstatic const u16 addr[] = {\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC1),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC2),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC3),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC4),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC5),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC6),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC7),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xC8),\n\t\tB43_PHY_OFDM(0xCF),\n\t};\n\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tint i;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(addr); i++)\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, addr[i], lpphy->dig_flt_state[i]);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_baseband_rev2plus_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL, 0x50);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL, 0x8800);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xF9), 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_TR_LOOKUP_1, 0);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_ADC_COMPENSATION_CTL, 0x10);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_OFDMSYNCTHRESH0, 0xFF00, 0xB4);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_DCOFFSETTRANSIENT, 0xF8FF, 0x200);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_DCOFFSETTRANSIENT, 0xFF00, 0x7F);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINDIRECTMISMATCH, 0xFF0F, 0x40);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_PREAMBLECONFIRMTO, 0xFF00, 0x2);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, ~0x4000);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, ~0x2000);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x10A), 0x1);\n\tif (bus->boardinfo.rev >= 0x18) {\n\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB32(17, 65), 0xEC);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x10A), 0xFF01, 0x14);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x10A), 0xFF01, 0x10);\n\t}\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xDF), 0xFF00, 0xF4);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xDF), 0x00FF, 0xF100);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPTHRESH, 0x48);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_HIGAINDB, 0xFF00, 0x46);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xE4), 0xFF00, 0x10);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_PWR_THRESH1, 0xFFF0, 0x9);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINDIRECTMISMATCH, ~0xF);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x5500);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0xFC1F, 0xA0);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINDIRECTMISMATCH, 0xE0FF, 0x300);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_HIGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x2A00);\n\tif ((bus->chip_id == 0x4325) && (bus->chip_rev == 0)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LOWGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x2100);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB, 0xFF00, 0xA);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LOWGAINDB, 0x00FF, 0x1E00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_VERYLOWGAINDB, 0xFF00, 0xD);\n\t}\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFE), 0xFFE0, 0x1F);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFF), 0xFFE0, 0xC);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x100), 0xFF00, 0x19);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFF), 0x03FF, 0x3C00);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFE), 0xFC1F, 0x3E0);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFF), 0xFFE0, 0xC);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x100), 0x00FF, 0x1900);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0x83FF, 0x5800);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CLIPCTRTHRESH, 0xFFE0, 0x12);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_GAINMISMATCH, 0x0FFF, 0x9000);\n\n\tif ((bus->chip_id == 0x4325) && (bus->chip_rev == 0)) {\n\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(0x08, 0x14), 0);\n\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(0x08, 0x12), 0x40);\n\t}\n\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0x40);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xF0FF, 0xB00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_SYNCPEAKCNT, 0xFFF8, 0x6);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_MINPWR_LEVEL, 0x00FF, 0x9D00);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_MINPWR_LEVEL, 0xFF00, 0xA1);\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_IDLEAFTERPKTRXTO, 0x00FF);\n\t} else /* 5GHz */\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, ~0x40);\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRS_ED_THRESH, 0xFF00, 0xB3);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRS_ED_THRESH, 0x00FF, 0xAD00);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_INPUT_PWRDB, 0xFF00, lpphy->rx_pwr_offset);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RESET_CTL, 0x44);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RESET_CTL, 0x80);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_RSSI_CTL_0, 0xA954);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_RSSI_CTL_1,\n\t\t 0x2000 | ((u16)lpphy->rssi_gs << 10) |\n\t\t ((u16)lpphy->rssi_vc << 4) | lpphy->rssi_vf);\n\n\tif ((bus->chip_id == 0x4325) && (bus->chip_rev == 0)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_ADC_CTL_0, 0x1C);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL, 0x00FF, 0x8800);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_ADC_CTL_1, 0xFC3C, 0x0400);\n\t}\n\n\tlpphy_save_dig_flt_state(dev);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_baseband_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tlpphy_table_init(dev);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2)\n\t\tlpphy_baseband_rev2plus_init(dev);\n\telse\n\t\tlpphy_baseband_rev0_1_init(dev);\n}\n\nstruct b2062_freqdata {\n\tu16 freq;\n\tu8 data[6];\n};\n\n/* Initialize the 2062 radio. */",
"\nstatic void lpphy_2062_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tu32 crystalfreq, tmp, ref;\n\tunsigned int i;\n\tconst struct b2062_freqdata *fd = NULL;\n\n\tstatic const struct b2062_freqdata freqdata_tab[] = {\n\t\t{ .freq = 12000, .data[0] = 6, .data[1] = 6, .data[2] = 6,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 6, .data[4] = 10, .data[5] = 6, },\n\t\t{ .freq = 13000, .data[0] = 4, .data[1] = 4, .data[2] = 4,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 4, .data[4] = 11, .data[5] = 7, },\n\t\t{ .freq = 14400, .data[0] = 3, .data[1] = 3, .data[2] = 3,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 3, .data[4] = 12, .data[5] = 7, },\n\t\t{ .freq = 16200, .data[0] = 3, .data[1] = 3, .data[2] = 3,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 3, .data[4] = 13, .data[5] = 8, },\n\t\t{ .freq = 18000, .data[0] = 2, .data[1] = 2, .data[2] = 2,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 2, .data[4] = 14, .data[5] = 8, },\n\t\t{ .freq = 19200, .data[0] = 1, .data[1] = 1, .data[2] = 1,\n\t\t\t\t .data[3] = 1, .data[4] = 14, .data[5] = 9, },\n\t};\n\n\tb2062_upload_init_table(dev);\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL3, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL4, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL5, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL6, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_PDN_CTL0, 0x40);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_PDN_CTL0, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_CALIB_TS, 0x10);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_CALIB_TS, 0);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev > 0) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_BG_CTL1,\n\t\t\t(b43_radio_read(dev, B2062_N_COMM2) >> 1) | 0x80);\n\t}\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ)\n\t\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2062_N_TSSI_CTL0, 0x1);\n\telse\n\t\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2062_N_TSSI_CTL0, ~0x1);\n\n\t/* Get the crystal freq, in Hz. */",
"\n\tcrystalfreq = bus->chipco.pmu.crystalfreq * 1000;\n\n\tB43_WARN_ON(!(bus->chipco.capabilities & SSB_CHIPCO_CAP_PMU));\n\tB43_WARN_ON(crystalfreq == 0);\n\n\tif (crystalfreq <= 30000000) {\n\t\tlpphy->pdiv = 1;\n\t\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL1, 0xFFFB);\n\t} else {\n\t\tlpphy->pdiv = 2;\n\t\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL1, 0x4);\n\t}\n\n\ttmp = (((800000000 * lpphy->pdiv + crystalfreq) /\n\t (2 * crystalfreq)) - 8) & 0xFF;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL7, tmp);\n\n\ttmp = (((100 * crystalfreq + 16000000 * lpphy->pdiv) /\n\t (32000000 * lpphy->pdiv)) - 1) & 0xFF;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL18, tmp);\n\n\ttmp = (((2 * crystalfreq + 1000000 * lpphy->pdiv) /\n\t (2000000 * lpphy->pdiv)) - 1) & 0xFF;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL19, tmp);\n\n\tref = (1000 * lpphy->pdiv + 2 * crystalfreq) / (2000 * lpphy->pdiv);\n\tref &= 0xFFFF;\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(freqdata_tab); i++) {\n\t\tif (ref < freqdata_tab[i].freq) {\n\t\t\tfd = &freqdata_tab[i];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (!",
"fd)\n\t\tfd = &freqdata_tab[ARRAY_SIZE(freqdata_tab) - 1];\n\tb43dbg(dev->wl, \"b2062: Using crystal tab entry %u kHz.\\n\",\n\t fd->freq); /* FIXME: Keep this printk until the code is fully debugged. */",
"\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL8,\n\t\t\t((u16)(fd->data[1]) << 4) | fd->data[0]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL9,\n\t\t\t((u16)(fd->data[3]) << 4) | fd->data[2]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL10, fd->data[4]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL11, fd->data[5]);\n}\n\n/* Initialize the 2063 radio. */",
"\nstatic void lpphy_2063_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb2063_upload_init_table(dev);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_LOGEN_SP5, 0);\n\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_COMM8, 0x38);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_REG_SP1, 0x56);\n\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_RX_BB_CTL2, ~0x2);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP7, 0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_RF_SP6, 0x20);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_RF_SP9, 0x40);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev == 2) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP3, 0xa0);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP4, 0xa0);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP2, 0x18);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP3, 0x20);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP2, 0x20);\n\t}\n}\n\nstruct lpphy_stx_table_entry {\n\tu16 phy_offset;\n\tu16 phy_shift;\n\tu16 rf_addr;\n\tu16 rf_shift;\n\tu16 mask;\n};\n\nstatic const struct lpphy_stx_table_entry lpphy_stx_table[] = {\n\t{ .phy_offset = 2, .phy_shift = 6, .rf_addr = 0x3d, .rf_shift = 3, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 1, .phy_shift = 12, .rf_addr = 0x4c, .rf_shift = 1, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 1, .phy_shift = 8, .rf_addr = 0x50, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x7f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 0, .phy_shift = 8, .rf_addr = 0x44, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0xff, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 1, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x4a, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0xff, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 0, .phy_shift = 4, .rf_addr = 0x4d, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0xff, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 1, .phy_shift = 4, .rf_addr = 0x4e, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0xff, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 0, .phy_shift = 12, .rf_addr = 0x4f, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 1, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x4f, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 3, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x49, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 3, .rf_addr = 0x46, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 3, .phy_shift = 15, .rf_addr = 0x46, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x46, .rf_shift = 1, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 3, .phy_shift = 8, .rf_addr = 0x48, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 3, .phy_shift = 11, .rf_addr = 0x48, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 3, .phy_shift = 4, .rf_addr = 0x49, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 2, .phy_shift = 15, .rf_addr = 0x45, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 5, .phy_shift = 13, .rf_addr = 0x52, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 6, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x52, .rf_shift = 7, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 5, .phy_shift = 3, .rf_addr = 0x41, .rf_shift = 5, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 5, .phy_shift = 6, .rf_addr = 0x41, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 5, .phy_shift = 10, .rf_addr = 0x42, .rf_shift = 5, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 15, .rf_addr = 0x42, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 5, .phy_shift = 0, .rf_addr = 0x42, .rf_shift = 1, .mask = 0x07, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 11, .rf_addr = 0x43, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 7, .rf_addr = 0x43, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 4, .phy_shift = 6, .rf_addr = 0x45, .rf_shift = 1, .mask = 0x01, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 2, .phy_shift = 7, .rf_addr = 0x40, .rf_shift = 4, .mask = 0x0f, },\n\t{ .phy_offset = 2, .phy_shift = 11, .rf_addr = 0x40, .rf_shift = 0, .mask = 0x0f, },\n};\n\nstatic void lpphy_sync_stx(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tconst struct lpphy_stx_table_entry *e;\n\tunsigned int i;\n\tu16 tmp;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(lpphy_stx_table); i++) {\n\t\te = &lpphy_stx_table[i];\n\t\ttmp = b43_radio_read(dev, e->rf_addr);\n\t\ttmp >>= e->rf_shift;\n\t\ttmp <<= e->phy_shift;\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xF2 + e->phy_offset),\n\t\t\t\t~(e->mask << e->phy_shift), tmp);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_radio_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\t/* The radio is attached through the 4wire bus. */",
"\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_FOURWIRE_CTL, 0x2);\n\tudelay(1);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_FOURWIRE_CTL, 0xFFFD);\n\tudelay(1);\n\n\tif (dev->phy.radio_ver == 0x2062) {\n\t\tlpphy_2062_init(dev);\n\t} else {\n\t\tlpphy_2063_init(dev);\n\t\tlpphy_sync_stx(dev);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xF0), 0x5F80);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xF1), 0);\n\t\tif (dev->dev->bus->chip_id == 0x4325) {\n\t\t\t// TODO SSB PMU recalibration\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nstruct lpphy_iq_est { u32 iq_prod, i_pwr, q_pwr; };\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_rc_cap(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tu8 rc_cap = (lpphy->rc_cap & 0x1F) >> 1;\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev == 1) //FIXME check channel 14!",
"\n\t\trc_cap = min_t(u8, rc_cap + 5, 15);\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_RXBB_CALIB2,\n\t\t\tmax_t(u8, lpphy->rc_cap - 4, 0x80));\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL_A, rc_cap | 0x80);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RXG_CNT16,\n\t\t\t((lpphy->rc_cap & 0x1F) >> 2) | 0x80);\n}\n\nstatic u8 lpphy_get_bb_mult(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\treturn (b43_lptab_read(dev, B43_LPTAB16(0, 87)) & 0xFF00) >> 8;\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_bb_mult(struct b43_wldev *dev, u8 bb_mult)\n{\n\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB16(0, 87), (u16)bb_mult << 8);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_deaf(struct b43_wldev *dev, bool user)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tif (user)\n\t\tlpphy->crs_usr_disable = 1;\n\telse\n\t\tlpphy->crs_sys_disable = 1;\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xFF1F, 0x80);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_clear_deaf(struct b43_wldev *dev, bool user)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tif (user)\n\t\tlpphy->crs_usr_disable = 0;\n\telse\n\t\tlpphy->crs_sys_disable = 0;\n\n\tif (!",
"lpphy->crs_usr_disable && !",
"lpphy->crs_sys_disable) {\n\t\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ)\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL,\n\t\t\t\t\t0xFF1F, 0x60);\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL,\n\t\t\t\t\t0xFF1F, 0x20);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_disable_crs(struct b43_wldev *dev, bool user)\n{\n\tlpphy_set_deaf(dev, user);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFFC, 0x1);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x3);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFFB);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x4);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFF7);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x8);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0x10);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x10);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFDF);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x20);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFBF);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x40);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0x7);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0x38);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFF3F);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0x100);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFDFF);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_PS_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL0, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_PS_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL1, 1);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_PS_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL2, 0x20);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFBFF);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xF7FF);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL, 0);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL, 0x45AF);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0x3FF);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_restore_crs(struct b43_wldev *dev, bool user)\n{\n\tlpphy_clear_deaf(dev, user);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xFF80);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFC00);\n}\n\nstruct lpphy_tx_gains { u16 gm, pga, pad, dac; };\n\nstatic struct lpphy_tx_gains lpphy_get_tx_gains(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct lpphy_tx_gains gains;\n\tu16 tmp;\n\n\tgains.dac = (b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL) & 0x380) >> 7;\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev,\n\t\t\t\t B43_LPPHY_TX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL) & 0x7FF;\n\t\tgains.gm = tmp & 0x0007;\n\t\tgains.pga = (tmp & 0x0078) >> 3;\n\t\tgains.pad = (tmp & 0x780) >> 7;\n\t} else {\n\t\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL);\n\t\tgains.pad = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFB)) & 0xFF;\n\t\tgains.gm = tmp & 0xFF;\n\t\tgains.pga = (tmp >> 8) & 0xFF;\n\t}\n\n\treturn gains;\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_dac_gain(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 dac)\n{\n\tu16 ctl = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL) & 0xC7F;\n\tctl |= dac << 7;\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DAC_CTL, 0xF000, ctl);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_tx_gains(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t struct lpphy_tx_gains gains)\n{\n\tu16 rf_gain, pa_gain;\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\trf_gain = (gains.pad << 7) | (gains.pga << 3) | gains.gm;\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL,\n\t\t\t\t0xF800, rf_gain);\n\t} else {\n\t\tpa_gain = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFB)) & 0x1FC0;\n\t\tpa_gain <<= 2;\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL,\n\t\t\t (gains.pga << 8) | gains.gm);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFB),\n\t\t\t\t0x8000, gains.pad | pa_gain);\n\t\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFC),\n\t\t\t (gains.pga << 8) | gains.gm);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xFD),\n\t\t\t\t0x8000, gains.pad | pa_gain);\n\t}\n\tlpphy_set_dac_gain(dev, gains.dac);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFEFF, 1 << 8);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFF7F, 1 << 7);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xBFFF, 1 << 14);\n\t}\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 0xFFBF, 1 << 6);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_rev0_1_set_rx_gain(struct b43_wldev *dev, u32 gain)\n{\n\tu16 trsw = gain & 0x1;\n\tu16 lna = (gain & 0xFFFC) | ((gain & 0xC) >> 2);\n\tu16 ext_lna = (gain & 2) >> 1;\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFFE, trsw);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL,\n\t\t\t0xFBFF, ext_lna << 10);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL,\n\t\t\t0xF7FF, ext_lna << 11);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL, lna);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_rev2plus_set_rx_gain(struct b43_wldev *dev, u32 gain)\n{\n\tu16 low_gain = gain & 0xFFFF;\n\tu16 high_gain = (gain >> 16) & 0xF;\n\tu16 ext_lna = (gain >> 21) & 0x1;\n\tu16 trsw = ~(gain >> 20) & 0x1;\n\tu16 tmp;\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFFE, trsw);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL,\n\t\t\t0xFDFF, ext_lna << 9);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL,\n\t\t\t0xFBFF, ext_lna << 10);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RX_GAIN_CTL_OVERRIDE_VAL, low_gain);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFFF0, high_gain);\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\ttmp = (gain >> 2) & 0x3;\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL,\n\t\t\t\t0xE7FF, tmp<<11);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xE6), 0xFFE7, tmp << 3);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void __used lpphy_disable_rx_gain_override(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xFFFE);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xFFEF);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xFFBF);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2) {\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFEFF);\n\t\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFBFF);\n\t\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xE5), 0xFFF7);\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0xFDFF);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_enable_rx_gain_override(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x1);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x10);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x40);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0x100);\n\t\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0x400);\n\t\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xE5), 0x8);\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, 0x200);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_rx_gain(struct b43_wldev *dev, u32 gain)\n{\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2)\n\t\tlpphy_rev0_1_set_rx_gain(dev, gain);\n\telse\n\t\tlpphy_rev2plus_set_rx_gain(dev, gain);\n\tlpphy_enable_rx_gain_override(dev);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_rx_gain_by_index(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 idx)\n{\n\tu32 gain = b43_lptab_read(dev, B43_LPTAB16(12, idx));\n\tlpphy_set_rx_gain(dev, gain);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_stop_ddfs(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFFFD);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0xFFDF);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_run_ddfs(struct b43_wldev *dev, int i_on, int q_on,\n\t\t\t int incr1, int incr2, int scale_idx)\n{\n\tlpphy_stop_ddfs(dev);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS_POINTER_INIT, 0xFF80);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS_POINTER_INIT, 0x80FF);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS_INCR_INIT, 0xFF80, incr1);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS_INCR_INIT, 0x80FF, incr2 << 8);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFFF7, i_on << 3);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFFEF, q_on << 4);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFF9F, scale_idx << 5);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0xFFFB);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_DDFS, 0x2);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0x20);\n}\n\nstatic bool lpphy_rx_iq_est(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 samples, u8 time,\n\t\t\t struct lpphy_iq_est *iq_est)\n{\n\tint i;\n\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xFFF7);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_NUM_SMPLS_ADDR, samples);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ENABLE_WAIT_TIME_ADDR, 0xFF00, time);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ENABLE_WAIT_TIME_ADDR, 0xFEFF);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ENABLE_WAIT_TIME_ADDR, 0x200);\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 500; i++) {\n\t\tif (!(",
"b43_phy_read(dev,\n\t\t\t\tB43_LPPHY_IQ_ENABLE_WAIT_TIME_ADDR) & 0x200))\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tmsleep(1);\n\t}\n\n\tif ((b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ENABLE_WAIT_TIME_ADDR) & 0x200)) {\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0x8);\n\t\treturn false;\n\t}\n\n\tiq_est->iq_prod = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ACC_HI_ADDR);\n\tiq_est->iq_prod <<= 16;\n\tiq_est->iq_prod |= b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_ACC_LO_ADDR);\n\n\tiq_est->i_pwr = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_I_PWR_ACC_HI_ADDR);\n\tiq_est->i_pwr <<= 16;\n\tiq_est->i_pwr |= b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_I_PWR_ACC_LO_ADDR);\n\n\tiq_est->q_pwr = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_Q_PWR_ACC_HI_ADDR);\n\tiq_est->q_pwr <<= 16;\n\tiq_est->q_pwr |= b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_IQ_Q_PWR_ACC_LO_ADDR);\n\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0x8);\n\treturn true;\n}\n\nstatic int lpphy_loopback(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct lpphy_iq_est iq_est;\n\tint i, index = -1;\n\tu32 tmp;\n\n\tmemset(&iq_est, 0, sizeof(iq_est));\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xFFFC, 0x3);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x3);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 1);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL, 0xFFFE);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x800);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0x800);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x8);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0x8);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_CTL_A, 0x80);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0x80);\n\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0x80);\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {\n\t\tlpphy_set_rx_gain_by_index(dev, i);\n\t\tlpphy_run_ddfs(dev, 1, 1, 5, 5, 0);\n\t\tif (!(",
"lpphy_rx_iq_est(dev, 1000, 32, &iq_est)))\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\ttmp = (iq_est.i_pwr + iq_est.q_pwr) / 1000;\n\t\tif ((tmp > 4000) && (tmp < 10000)) {\n\t\t\tindex = i;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tlpphy_stop_ddfs(dev);\n\treturn index;\n}\n\n/* Fixed-point division algorithm using only integer math. */",
"\nstatic u32 lpphy_qdiv_roundup(u32 dividend, u32 divisor, u8 precision)\n{\n\tu32 quotient, remainder;\n\n\tif (divisor == 0)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tquotient = dividend / divisor;\n\tremainder = dividend % divisor;\n\n\twhile (precision > 0) {\n\t\tquotient <<= 1;\n\t\tif (remainder << 1 >= divisor) {\n\t\t\tquotient++;\n\t\t\tremainder = (remainder << 1) - divisor;\n\t\t}\n\t\tprecision--;\n\t}\n\n\tif (remainder << 1 >= divisor)\n\t\tquotient++;\n\n\treturn quotient;\n}\n\n/* Read the TX power control mode from hardware. */",
"\nstatic void lpphy_read_tx_pctl_mode_from_hardware(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu16 ctl;\n\n\tctl = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD);\n\tswitch (ctl & B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE) {\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_OFF:\n\t\tlpphy->txpctl_mode = B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_SW:\n\t\tlpphy->txpctl_mode = B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_SW;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_HW:\n\t\tlpphy->txpctl_mode = B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_HW;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tlpphy->txpctl_mode = B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_UNKNOWN;\n\t\tB43_WARN_ON(1);\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n}\n\n/* Set the TX power control mode in hardware. */",
"\nstatic void lpphy_write_tx_pctl_mode_to_hardware(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu16 ctl;\n\n\tswitch (lpphy->txpctl_mode) {\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF:\n\t\tctl = B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_OFF;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_HW:\n\t\tctl = B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_HW;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_SW:\n\t\tctl = B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_SW;\n\t\tbreak;\n\tdefault:\n\t\tctl = 0;\n\t\tB43_WARN_ON(1);\n\t}\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD,\n\t\t\t(u16)~B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE, ctl);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_tx_power_control(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t\t enum b43_lpphy_txpctl_mode mode)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tenum b43_lpphy_txpctl_mode oldmode;\n\n\tlpphy_read_tx_pctl_mode_from_hardware(dev);\n\toldmode = lpphy->txpctl_mode;\n\tif (oldmode == mode)\n\t\treturn;\n\tlpphy->txpctl_mode = mode;\n\n\tif (oldmode == B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_HW) {\n\t\t//TODO Update TX Power NPT\n\t\t//TODO Clear all TX Power offsets\n\t} else {\n\t\tif (mode == B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_HW) {\n\t\t\t//TODO Recalculate target TX power\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t0xFF80, lpphy->tssi_idx);\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_NNUM,\n\t\t\t\t\t0x8FFF, ((u16)lpphy->tssi_npt << 16));\n\t\t\t//TODO Set \"TSSI Transmit Count\" variable to total transmitted frame count\n\t\t\t//TODO Disable TX gain override\n\t\t\tlpphy->tx_pwr_idx_over = -1;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2) {\n\t\tif (mode == B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_HW)\n\t\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xD0), 0x2);\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xD0), 0xFFFD);\n\t}\n\tlpphy_write_tx_pctl_mode_to_hardware(dev);\n}\n\nstatic int b43_lpphy_op_switch_channel(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t\t unsigned int new_channel);\n\nstatic void lpphy_rev0_1_rc_calib(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tstruct lpphy_iq_est iq_est;\n\tstruct lpphy_tx_gains tx_gains;\n\tstatic const u32 ideal_pwr_table[21] = {\n\t\t0x10000, 0x10557, 0x10e2d, 0x113e0, 0x10f22, 0x0ff64,\n\t\t0x0eda2, 0x0e5d4, 0x0efd1, 0x0fbe8, 0x0b7b8, 0x04b35,\n\t\t0x01a5e, 0x00a0b, 0x00444, 0x001fd, 0x000ff, 0x00088,\n\t\t0x0004c, 0x0002c, 0x0001a,\n\t};\n\tbool old_txg_ovr;\n\tu8 old_bbmult;\n\tu16 old_rf_ovr, old_rf_ovrval, old_afe_ovr, old_afe_ovrval,\n\t old_rf2_ovr, old_rf2_ovrval, old_phy_ctl;\n\tenum b43_lpphy_txpctl_mode old_txpctl;\n\tu32 normal_pwr, ideal_pwr, mean_sq_pwr, tmp = 0, mean_sq_pwr_min = 0;\n\tint loopback, i, j, inner_sum, err;\n\n\tmemset(&iq_est, 0, sizeof(iq_est));\n\n\terr = b43_lpphy_op_switch_channel(dev, 7);\n\tif (err) {\n\t\tb43dbg(dev->wl,\n\t\t \"RC calib: Failed to switch to channel 7, error = %d\\n\",\n\t\t err);\n\t}\n\told_txg_ovr = !!(",
"b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR) & 0x40);\n\told_bbmult = lpphy_get_bb_mult(dev);\n\tif (old_txg_ovr)\n\t\ttx_gains = lpphy_get_tx_gains(dev);\n\told_rf_ovr = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0);\n\told_rf_ovrval = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0);\n\told_afe_ovr = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR);\n\told_afe_ovrval = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL);\n\told_rf2_ovr = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2);\n\told_rf2_ovrval = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL);\n\told_phy_ctl = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL);\n\tlpphy_read_tx_pctl_mode_from_hardware(dev);\n\told_txpctl = lpphy->txpctl_mode;\n\n\tlpphy_set_tx_power_control(dev, B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF);\n\tlpphy_disable_crs(dev, true);\n\tloopback = lpphy_loopback(dev);\n\tif (loopback == -1)\n\t\tgoto finish;\n\tlpphy_set_rx_gain_by_index(dev, loopback);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0xFFBF, 0x40);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFFF8, 0x1);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFFC7, 0x8);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, 0xFF3F, 0xC0);\n\tfor (i = 128; i <= 159; i++) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_RXBB_CALIB2, i);\n\t\tinner_sum = 0;\n\t\tfor (j = 5; j <= 25; j++) {\n\t\t\tlpphy_run_ddfs(dev, 1, 1, j, j, 0);\n\t\t\tif (!(",
"lpphy_rx_iq_est(dev, 1000, 32, &iq_est)))\n\t\t\t\tgoto finish;\n\t\t\tmean_sq_pwr = iq_est.i_pwr + iq_est.q_pwr;\n\t\t\tif (j == 5)\n\t\t\t\ttmp = mean_sq_pwr;\n\t\t\tideal_pwr = ((ideal_pwr_table[j-5] >> 3) + 1) >> 1;\n\t\t\tnormal_pwr = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(mean_sq_pwr, tmp, 12);\n\t\t\tmean_sq_pwr = ideal_pwr - normal_pwr;\n\t\t\tmean_sq_pwr *= mean_sq_pwr;\n\t\t\tinner_sum += mean_sq_pwr;\n\t\t\tif ((i == 128) || (inner_sum < mean_sq_pwr_min)) {\n\t\t\t\tlpphy->rc_cap = i;\n\t\t\t\tmean_sq_pwr_min = inner_sum;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tlpphy_stop_ddfs(dev);\n\nfinish:\n\tlpphy_restore_crs(dev, true);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, old_rf_ovrval);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, old_rf_ovr);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL, old_afe_ovrval);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, old_afe_ovr);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2_VAL, old_rf2_ovrval);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_2, old_rf2_ovr);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, old_phy_ctl);\n\n\tlpphy_set_bb_mult(dev, old_bbmult);\n\tif (old_txg_ovr) {\n\t\t/*\n\t\t * SPEC FIXME: The specs say \"get_tx_gains\" here, which is\n\t\t * illogical. ",
"According to lwfinger, vendor driver v4.150.10.5\n\t\t * has a Set here, while v4.174.64.19 has a Get - regression in\n\t\t * the vendor driver? ",
"This should be tested this once the code\n\t\t * is testable.",
"\n\t\t */\n\t\tlpphy_set_tx_gains(dev, tx_gains);\n\t}\n\tlpphy_set_tx_power_control(dev, old_txpctl);\n\tif (lpphy->rc_cap)\n\t\tlpphy_set_rc_cap(dev);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_rev2plus_rc_calib(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tu32 crystal_freq = bus->chipco.pmu.crystalfreq * 1000;\n\tu8 tmp = b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_RX_BB_SP8) & 0xFF;\n\tint i;\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RX_BB_SP8, 0x0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7E);\n\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PLL_SP1, 0xF7);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7C);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL2, 0x15);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL3, 0x70);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL4, 0x52);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL5, 0x1);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7D);\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {\n\t\tif (b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL6) & 0x2)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tmsleep(1);\n\t}\n\n\tif (!(",
"b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL6) & 0x2))\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RX_BB_SP8, tmp);\n\n\ttmp = b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_TX_BB_SP3) & 0xFF;\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_BB_SP3, 0x0);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7E);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7C);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL2, 0x55);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL3, 0x76);\n\n\tif (crystal_freq == 24000000) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL4, 0xFC);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL5, 0x0);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL4, 0x13);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL5, 0x1);\n\t}\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_SP7, 0x7D);\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {\n\t\tif (b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL6) & 0x2)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\tmsleep(1);\n\t}\n\n\tif (!(",
"b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL6) & 0x2))\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_BB_SP3, tmp);\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_RC_CALIB_CTL1, 0x7E);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_calibrate_rc(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2) {\n\t\tlpphy_rev2plus_rc_calib(dev);\n\t} else if (!",
"lpphy->rc_cap) {\n\t\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ)\n\t\t\tlpphy_rev0_1_rc_calib(dev);\n\t} else {\n\t\tlpphy_set_rc_cap(dev);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_tx_power_by_index(struct b43_wldev *dev, u8 index)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\n\tlpphy->tx_pwr_idx_over = index;\n\tif (lpphy->txpctl_mode !",
"= B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF)\n\t\tlpphy_set_tx_power_control(dev, B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_SW);\n\n\t//TODO\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_btcoex_override(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_BTCOEX_CTL, 0x3);\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_BTCOEX_TXCTL, 0xFF);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_pr41573_workaround(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu32 *saved_tab;\n\tconst unsigned int saved_tab_size = 256;\n\tenum b43_lpphy_txpctl_mode txpctl_mode;\n\ts8 tx_pwr_idx_over;\n\tu16 tssi_npt, tssi_idx;\n\n\tsaved_tab = kcalloc(saved_tab_size, sizeof(saved_tab[0]), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!",
"saved_tab) {\n\t\tb43err(dev->wl, \"PR41573 failed. ",
"Out of memory!\\n\");\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\n\tlpphy_read_tx_pctl_mode_from_hardware(dev);\n\ttxpctl_mode = lpphy->txpctl_mode;\n\ttx_pwr_idx_over = lpphy->tx_pwr_idx_over;\n\ttssi_npt = lpphy->tssi_npt;\n\ttssi_idx = lpphy->tssi_idx;\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\tb43_lptab_read_bulk(dev, B43_LPTAB32(10, 0x140),\n\t\t\t\t saved_tab_size, saved_tab);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_lptab_read_bulk(dev, B43_LPTAB32(7, 0x140),\n\t\t\t\t saved_tab_size, saved_tab);\n\t}\n\t//TODO\n\n\tkfree(saved_tab);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_calibration(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tenum b43_lpphy_txpctl_mode saved_pctl_mode;\n\n\tb43_mac_suspend(dev);\n\n\tlpphy_btcoex_override(dev);\n\tlpphy_read_tx_pctl_mode_from_hardware(dev);\n\tsaved_pctl_mode = lpphy->txpctl_mode;\n\tlpphy_set_tx_power_control(dev, B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF);\n\t//TODO Perform transmit power table I/Q LO calibration\n\tif ((dev->phy.rev == 0) && (saved_pctl_mode !",
"= B43_LPPHY_TXPCTL_OFF))\n\t\tlpphy_pr41573_workaround(dev);\n\t//TODO If a full calibration has not been performed on this channel yet, perform PAPD TX-power calibration\n\tlpphy_set_tx_power_control(dev, saved_pctl_mode);\n\t//TODO Perform I/Q calibration with a single control value set\n\n\tb43_mac_enable(dev);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_set_tssi_mux(struct b43_wldev *dev, enum tssi_mux_mode mode)\n{\n\tif (mode !",
"= TSSI_MUX_EXT) {\n\t\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_PA_SP1, 0x2);\n\t\tb43_phy_set(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0xF3), 0x1000);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_CTL10, 0x51);\n\t\tif (mode == TSSI_MUX_POSTPA) {\n\t\t\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PA_SP1, 0xFFFE);\n\t\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL, 0xFFC7);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PA_SP1, 0xFFFE, 0x1);\n\t\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL,\n\t\t\t\t\t0xFFC7, 0x20);\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tB43_WARN_ON(1);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_tx_pctl_init_hw(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tu16 tmp;\n\tint i;\n\n\t//SPEC TODO Call LP PHY Clear TX Power offsets\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {\n\t\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2)\n\t\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB32(7, i + 1), i);\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tb43_lptab_write(dev, B43_LPTAB32(10, i + 1), i);\n\t}\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_NNUM, 0xFF00, 0xFF);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_NNUM, 0x8FFF, 0x5000);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_IDLETSSI, 0xFFC0, 0x1F);\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0xEFFF);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0xDFFF, 0x2000);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x103), 0xFFFE);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x103), 0xFFFB, 0x4);\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_PHY_OFDM(0x103), 0xFFEF, 0x10);\n\t\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_IQ_CALIB_CTL2, 0xF3, 0x1);\n\t\tlpphy_set_tssi_mux(dev, TSSI_MUX_POSTPA);\n\t}\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_IDLETSSI, 0x7FFF, 0x8000);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_DELTAPWR_LIMIT, 0xFF);\n\tb43_phy_write(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_DELTAPWR_LIMIT, 0xA);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD,\n\t\t\t(u16)~B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE,\n\t\t\tB43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_OFF);\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_NNUM, 0xF8FF);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD,\n\t\t\t(u16)~B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE,\n\t\t\tB43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_CMD_MODE_SW);\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xEFFF, 0x1000);\n\t\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_VAL_0, 0xEFFF);\n\t} else {\n\t\tlpphy_set_tx_power_by_index(dev, 0x7F);\n\t}\n\n\tb43_dummy_transmission(dev, true, true);\n\n\ttmp = b43_phy_read(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_STAT);\n\tif (tmp & 0x8000) {\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_TX_PWR_CTL_IDLETSSI,\n\t\t\t\t0xFFC0, (tmp & 0xFF) - 32);\n\t}\n\n\tb43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_RF_OVERRIDE_0, 0xEFFF);\n\n\t// (SPEC?) ",
"TODO Set \"Target TX frequency\" variable to 0\n\t// SPEC FIXME \"Set BB Multiplier to 0xE000\" impossible - bb_mult is u8!",
"\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_tx_pctl_init_sw(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct lpphy_tx_gains gains;\n\n\tif (b43_current_band(dev->wl) == IEEE80211_BAND_2GHZ) {\n\t\tgains.gm = 4;\n\t\tgains.pad = 12;\n\t\tgains.pga = 12;\n\t\tgains.dac = 0;\n\t} else {\n\t\tgains.gm = 7;\n\t\tgains.pad = 14;\n\t\tgains.pga = 15;\n\t\tgains.dac = 0;\n\t}\n\tlpphy_set_tx_gains(dev, gains);\n\tlpphy_set_bb_mult(dev, 150);\n}\n\n/* Initialize TX power control */\nstatic void lpphy_tx_pctl_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tif (0/*FIXME HWPCTL capable */) {\n\t\tlpphy_tx_pctl_init_hw(dev);\n\t} else { /* This device is only software TX power control capable. */",
"\n\t\tlpphy_tx_pctl_init_sw(dev);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic u16 b43_lpphy_op_read(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 reg)\n{\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_CONTROL, reg);\n\treturn b43_read16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_DATA);\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_write(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 reg, u16 value)\n{\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_CONTROL, reg);\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_DATA, value);\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_maskset(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 reg, u16 mask,\n\t\t\t\t u16 set)\n{\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_CONTROL, reg);\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_DATA,\n\t\t (b43_read16(dev, B43_MMIO_PHY_DATA) & mask) | set);\n}\n\nstatic u16 b43_lpphy_op_radio_read(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 reg)\n{\n\t/* Register 1 is a 32-bit register. */",
"\n\tB43_WARN_ON(reg == 1);\n\t/* LP-PHY needs a special bit set for read access */\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) {\n\t\tif (reg !",
"= 0x4001)\n\t\t\treg |= 0x100;\n\t} else\n\t\treg |= 0x200;\n\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_RADIO_CONTROL, reg);\n\treturn b43_read16(dev, B43_MMIO_RADIO_DATA_LOW);\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_radio_write(struct b43_wldev *dev, u16 reg, u16 value)\n{\n\t/* Register 1 is a 32-bit register. */",
"\n\tB43_WARN_ON(reg == 1);\n\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_RADIO_CONTROL, reg);\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_RADIO_DATA_LOW, value);\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_software_rfkill(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t\t\t bool blocked)\n{\n\t//TODO\n}\n\nstruct b206x_channel {\n\tu8 channel;\n\tu16 freq;\n\tu8 data[12];\n};\n\nstatic const struct b206x_channel b2062_chantbl[] = {\n\t{ .channel = 1, .freq = 2412, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 2, .freq = 2417, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 3, .freq = 2422, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 4, .freq = 2427, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 5, .freq = 2432, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 6, .freq = 2437, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 7, .freq = 2442, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 8, .freq = 2447, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 9, .freq = 2452, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 10, .freq = 2457, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 11, .freq = 2462, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 12, .freq = 2467, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 13, .freq = 2472, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 14, .freq = 2484, .data[0] = 0xFF, .data[1] = 0xFF,\n\t .data[2] = 0xB5, .data[3] = 0x1B, .data[4] = 0x24, .data[5] = 0x32,\n\t .data[6] = 0x32, .data[7] = 0x88, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 34, .freq = 5170, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x22,\n\t .data[2] = 0x20, .data[3] = 0x84, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 38, .freq = 5190, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x11,\n\t .data[2] = 0x10, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 42, .freq = 5210, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x11,\n\t .data[2] = 0x10, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 46, .freq = 5230, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 36, .freq = 5180, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x11,\n\t .data[2] = 0x20, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 40, .freq = 5200, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x11,\n\t .data[2] = 0x10, .data[3] = 0x84, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 44, .freq = 5220, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x11,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 48, .freq = 5240, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 52, .freq = 5260, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 56, .freq = 5280, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x83, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 60, .freq = 5300, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x63, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 64, .freq = 5320, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x62, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 100, .freq = 5500, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x30, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 104, .freq = 5520, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x20, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 108, .freq = 5540, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x20, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 112, .freq = 5560, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x20, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 116, .freq = 5580, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x10, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 120, .freq = 5600, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 124, .freq = 5620, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 128, .freq = 5640, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 132, .freq = 5660, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 136, .freq = 5680, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 140, .freq = 5700, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 149, .freq = 5745, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 153, .freq = 5765, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 157, .freq = 5785, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 161, .freq = 5805, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 165, .freq = 5825, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x00,\n\t .data[2] = 0x00, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x37, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 184, .freq = 4920, .data[0] = 0x55, .data[1] = 0x77,\n\t .data[2] = 0x90, .data[3] = 0xF7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 188, .freq = 4940, .data[0] = 0x44, .data[1] = 0x77,\n\t .data[2] = 0x80, .data[3] = 0xE7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 192, .freq = 4960, .data[0] = 0x44, .data[1] = 0x66,\n\t .data[2] = 0x80, .data[3] = 0xE7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 196, .freq = 4980, .data[0] = 0x33, .data[1] = 0x66,\n\t .data[2] = 0x70, .data[3] = 0xC7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 200, .freq = 5000, .data[0] = 0x22, .data[1] = 0x55,\n\t .data[2] = 0x60, .data[3] = 0xD7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 204, .freq = 5020, .data[0] = 0x22, .data[1] = 0x55,\n\t .data[2] = 0x60, .data[3] = 0xC7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 208, .freq = 5040, .data[0] = 0x22, .data[1] = 0x44,\n\t .data[2] = 0x50, .data[3] = 0xC7, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0xFF, },\n\t{ .channel = 212, .freq = 5060, .data[0] = 0x11, .data[1] = 0x44,\n\t .data[2] = 0x50, .data[3] = 0xA5, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n\t{ .channel = 216, .freq = 5080, .data[0] = 0x00, .data[1] = 0x44,\n\t .data[2] = 0x40, .data[3] = 0xB6, .data[4] = 0x3C, .data[5] = 0x77,\n\t .data[6] = 0x35, .data[7] = 0xFF, .data[8] = 0x88, },\n};\n\nstatic const struct b206x_channel b2063_chantbl[] = {\n\t{ .channel = 1, .freq = 2412, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x3C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x3C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 2, .freq = 2417, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x3C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x3C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 3, .freq = 2422, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x3C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x3C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 4, .freq = 2427, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x2C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x2C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 5, .freq = 2432, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x2C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x2C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 6, .freq = 2437, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x2C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x2C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 7, .freq = 2442, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x2C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x2C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 8, .freq = 2447, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x2C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x2C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 9, .freq = 2452, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x1C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x1C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 10, .freq = 2457, .data[0] = 0x6F, .data[1] = 0x1C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x1C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 11, .freq = 2462, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x1C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x1C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 12, .freq = 2467, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x1C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x1C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 13, .freq = 2472, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x1C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x1C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 14, .freq = 2484, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x04, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x05, .data[7] = 0x05, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x80, .data[11] = 0x70, },\n\t{ .channel = 34, .freq = 5170, .data[0] = 0x6A, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x02, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0D, .data[7] = 0x0D, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 36, .freq = 5180, .data[0] = 0x6A, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x01, .data[5] = 0x05,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0D, .data[7] = 0x0C, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 38, .freq = 5190, .data[0] = 0x6A, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x01, .data[5] = 0x04,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0C, .data[7] = 0x0C, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x80,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 40, .freq = 5200, .data[0] = 0x69, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x01, .data[5] = 0x04,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0C, .data[7] = 0x0C, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x70,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 42, .freq = 5210, .data[0] = 0x69, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x01, .data[5] = 0x04,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0B, .data[7] = 0x0C, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x70,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 44, .freq = 5220, .data[0] = 0x69, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x04,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0B, .data[7] = 0x0B, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x60,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 46, .freq = 5230, .data[0] = 0x69, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x03,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0A, .data[7] = 0x0B, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x60,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 48, .freq = 5240, .data[0] = 0x69, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x03,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0A, .data[7] = 0x0A, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x60,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 52, .freq = 5260, .data[0] = 0x68, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x02,\n\t .data[6] = 0x09, .data[7] = 0x09, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x60,\n\t .data[10] = 0x20, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 56, .freq = 5280, .data[0] = 0x68, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x01,\n\t .data[6] = 0x08, .data[7] = 0x08, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x50,\n\t .data[10] = 0x10, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 60, .freq = 5300, .data[0] = 0x68, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x01,\n\t .data[6] = 0x08, .data[7] = 0x08, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x50,\n\t .data[10] = 0x10, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 64, .freq = 5320, .data[0] = 0x67, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x08, .data[7] = 0x08, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x50,\n\t .data[10] = 0x10, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 100, .freq = 5500, .data[0] = 0x64, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x02, .data[7] = 0x01, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x20,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 104, .freq = 5520, .data[0] = 0x64, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x01, .data[7] = 0x01, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x20,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 108, .freq = 5540, .data[0] = 0x63, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x01, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x10,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 112, .freq = 5560, .data[0] = 0x63, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x10,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 116, .freq = 5580, .data[0] = 0x62, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x10,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 120, .freq = 5600, .data[0] = 0x62, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 124, .freq = 5620, .data[0] = 0x62, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 128, .freq = 5640, .data[0] = 0x61, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 132, .freq = 5660, .data[0] = 0x61, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 136, .freq = 5680, .data[0] = 0x61, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 140, .freq = 5700, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 149, .freq = 5745, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 153, .freq = 5765, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 157, .freq = 5785, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 161, .freq = 5805, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 165, .freq = 5825, .data[0] = 0x60, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x00, .data[5] = 0x00,\n\t .data[6] = 0x00, .data[7] = 0x00, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x00,\n\t .data[10] = 0x00, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 184, .freq = 4920, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x09, .data[5] = 0x0E,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xC0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x50, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 188, .freq = 4940, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x09, .data[5] = 0x0D,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xB0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x50, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 192, .freq = 4960, .data[0] = 0x6E, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x08, .data[5] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xB0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x50, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 196, .freq = 4980, .data[0] = 0x6D, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x08, .data[5] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xA0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 200, .freq = 5000, .data[0] = 0x6D, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x08, .data[5] = 0x0B,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xA0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 204, .freq = 5020, .data[0] = 0x6D, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x08, .data[5] = 0x0A,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0xA0,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 208, .freq = 5040, .data[0] = 0x6C, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x07, .data[5] = 0x09,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x90,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 212, .freq = 5060, .data[0] = 0x6C, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x06, .data[5] = 0x08,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x90,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n\t{ .channel = 216, .freq = 5080, .data[0] = 0x6C, .data[1] = 0x0C,\n\t .data[2] = 0x0C, .data[3] = 0x00, .data[4] = 0x05, .data[5] = 0x08,\n\t .data[6] = 0x0F, .data[7] = 0x0F, .data[8] = 0x77, .data[9] = 0x90,\n\t .data[10] = 0x40, .data[11] = 0x00, },\n};\n\nstatic void lpphy_b2062_reset_pll_bias(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL2, 0xFF);\n\tudelay(20);\n\tif (bus->chip_id == 0x5354) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_COMM1, 4);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL2, 4);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL2, 0);\n\t}\n\tudelay(5);\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_b2062_vco_calib(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL21, 0x42);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL21, 0x62);\n\tudelay(200);\n}\n\nstatic int lpphy_b2062_tune(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t unsigned int channel)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\tconst struct b206x_channel *chandata = NULL;\n\tu32 crystal_freq = bus->chipco.pmu.crystalfreq * 1000;\n\tu32 tmp1, tmp2, tmp3, tmp4, tmp5, tmp6, tmp7, tmp8, tmp9;\n\tint i, err = 0;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(b2062_chantbl); i++) {\n\t\tif (b2062_chantbl[i].channel == channel) {\n\t\t\tchandata = &b2062_chantbl[i];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tif (B43_WARN_ON(!chandata))\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL14, 0x04);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_LGENA_TUNE0, chandata->data[0]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_LGENA_TUNE2, chandata->data[1]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_LGENA_TUNE3, chandata->data[2]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_TUNE, chandata->data[3]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_LGENG_CTL1, chandata->data[4]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_LGENA_CTL5, chandata->data[5]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_LGENA_CTL6, chandata->data[6]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_PGA, chandata->data[7]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_N_TX_PAD, chandata->data[8]);\n\n\ttmp1 = crystal_freq / 1000;\n\ttmp2 = lpphy->pdiv * 1000;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL33, 0xCC);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL34, 0x07);\n\tlpphy_b2062_reset_pll_bias(dev);\n\ttmp3 = tmp2 * channel2freq_lp(channel);\n\tif (channel2freq_lp(channel) < 4000)\n\t\ttmp3 *= 2;\n\ttmp4 = 48 * tmp1;\n\ttmp6 = tmp3 / tmp4;\n\ttmp7 = tmp3 % tmp4;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL26, tmp6);\n\ttmp5 = tmp7 * 0x100;\n\ttmp6 = tmp5 / tmp4;\n\ttmp7 = tmp5 % tmp4;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL27, tmp6);\n\ttmp5 = tmp7 * 0x100;\n\ttmp6 = tmp5 / tmp4;\n\ttmp7 = tmp5 % tmp4;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL28, tmp6);\n\ttmp5 = tmp7 * 0x100;\n\ttmp6 = tmp5 / tmp4;\n\ttmp7 = tmp5 % tmp4;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL29, tmp6 + ((2 * tmp7) / tmp4));\n\ttmp8 = b43_radio_read(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL19);\n\ttmp9 = ((2 * tmp3 * (tmp8 + 1)) + (3 * tmp1)) / (6 * tmp1);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL23, (tmp9 >> 8) + 16);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL24, tmp9 & 0xFF);\n\n\tlpphy_b2062_vco_calib(dev);\n\tif (b43_radio_read(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL3) & 0x10) {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL33, 0xFC);\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL34, 0);\n\t\tlpphy_b2062_reset_pll_bias(dev);\n\t\tlpphy_b2062_vco_calib(dev);\n\t\tif (b43_radio_read(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL3) & 0x10)\n\t\t\terr = -EIO;\n\t}\n\n\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2062_S_RFPLL_CTL14, ~0x04);\n\treturn err;\n}\n\n\n/* This was previously called lpphy_japan_filter */\nstatic void lpphy_set_analog_filter(struct b43_wldev *dev, int channel)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tu16 tmp = (channel == 14); //SPEC FIXME check japanwidefilter!",
"\n\n\tif (dev->phy.rev < 2) { //SPEC FIXME Isn't this rev0/1-specific?",
"\n\t\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_LP_PHY_CTL, 0xFCFF, tmp << 9);\n\t\tif ((dev->phy.rev == 1) && (lpphy->rc_cap))\n\t\t\tlpphy_set_rc_cap(dev);\n\t} else {\n\t\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_BB_SP3, 0x3F);\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void lpphy_b2063_vco_calib(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tu16 tmp;\n\n\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PLL_SP1, ~0x40);\n\ttmp = b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_CALNRST) & 0xF8;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_CALNRST, tmp);\n\tudelay(1);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_CALNRST, tmp | 0x4);\n\tudelay(1);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_CALNRST, tmp | 0x6);\n\tudelay(1);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_CALNRST, tmp | 0x7);\n\tudelay(300);\n\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_PLL_SP1, 0x40);\n}\n\nstatic int lpphy_b2063_tune(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t unsigned int channel)\n{\n\tstruct ssb_bus *bus = dev->dev->bus;\n\n\tstatic const struct b206x_channel *chandata = NULL;\n\tu32 crystal_freq = bus->chipco.pmu.crystalfreq * 1000;\n\tu32 freqref, vco_freq, val1, val2, val3, timeout, timeoutref, count;\n\tu16 old_comm15, scale;\n\tu32 tmp1, tmp2, tmp3, tmp4, tmp5, tmp6;\n\tint i, div = (crystal_freq <= 26000000 ? ",
"1 : 2);\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(b2063_chantbl); i++) {\n\t\tif (b2063_chantbl[i].channel == channel) {\n\t\t\tchandata = &b2063_chantbl[i];\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tif (B43_WARN_ON(!chandata))\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_LOGEN_VCOBUF1, chandata->data[0]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_LOGEN_MIXER2, chandata->data[1]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_LOGEN_BUF2, chandata->data[2]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_LOGEN_RCCR1, chandata->data[3]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_A_RX_1ST3, chandata->data[4]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_A_RX_2ND1, chandata->data[5]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_A_RX_2ND4, chandata->data[6]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_A_RX_2ND7, chandata->data[7]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_A_RX_PS6, chandata->data[8]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_RF_CTL2, chandata->data[9]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_TX_RF_CTL5, chandata->data[10]);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PA_CTL11, chandata->data[11]);\n\n\told_comm15 = b43_radio_read(dev, B2063_COMM15);\n\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_COMM15, 0x1E);\n\n\tif (chandata->freq > 4000) /* spec says 2484, but 4000 is safer */\n\t\tvco_freq = chandata->freq << 1;\n\telse\n\t\tvco_freq = chandata->freq << 2;\n\n\tfreqref = crystal_freq * 3;\n\tval1 = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(crystal_freq, 1000000, 16);\n\tval2 = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(crystal_freq, 1000000 * div, 16);\n\tval3 = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(vco_freq, 3, 16);\n\ttimeout = ((((8 * crystal_freq) / (div * 5000000)) + 1) >> 1) - 1;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB3, 0x2);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB6,\n\t\t\t 0xFFF8, timeout >> 2);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB7,\n\t\t\t 0xFF9F,timeout << 5);\n\n\ttimeoutref = ((((8 * crystal_freq) / (div * (timeout + 1))) +\n\t\t\t\t\t\t999999) / 1000000) + 1;\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB5, timeoutref);\n\n\tcount = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(val3, val2 + 16, 16);\n\tcount *= (timeout + 1) * (timeoutref + 1);\n\tcount--;\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB7,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t0xF0, count >> 8);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO_CALIB8, count & 0xFF);\n\n\ttmp1 = ((val3 * 62500) / freqref) << 4;\n\ttmp2 = ((val3 * 62500) % freqref) << 4;\n\twhile (tmp2 >= freqref) {\n\t\ttmp1++;\n\t\ttmp2 -= freqref;\n\t}\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_SG1, 0xFFE0, tmp1 >> 4);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_SG2, 0xFE0F, tmp1 << 4);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_SG2, 0xFFF0, tmp1 >> 16);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_SG3, (tmp2 >> 8) & 0xFF);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_SG4, tmp2 & 0xFF);\n\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_LF1, 0xB9);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_LF2, 0x88);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_LF3, 0x28);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_LF4, 0x63);\n\n\ttmp3 = ((41 * (val3 - 3000)) /1200) + 27;\n\ttmp4 = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(132000 * tmp1, 8451, 16);\n\n\tif ((tmp4 + tmp3 - 1) / tmp3 > 60) {\n\t\tscale = 1;\n\t\ttmp5 = ((tmp4 + tmp3) / (tmp3 << 1)) - 8;\n\t} else {\n\t\tscale = 0;\n\t\ttmp5 = ((tmp4 + (tmp3 >> 1)) / tmp3) - 8;\n\t}\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_CP2, 0xFFC0, tmp5);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_CP2, 0xFFBF, scale << 6);\n\n\ttmp6 = lpphy_qdiv_roundup(100 * val1, val3, 16);\n\ttmp6 *= (tmp5 * 8) * (scale + 1);\n\tif (tmp6 > 150)\n\t\ttmp6 = 0;\n\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_CP3, 0xFFE0, tmp6);\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_CP3, 0xFFDF, scale << 5);\n\n\tb43_radio_maskset(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_XTAL_12, 0xFFFB, 0x4);\n\tif (crystal_freq > 26000000)\n\t\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_XTAL_12, 0x2);\n\telse\n\t\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_XTAL_12, 0xFD);\n\n\tif (val1 == 45)\n\t\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO1, 0x2);\n\telse\n\t\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PLL_JTAG_PLL_VCO1, 0xFD);\n\n\tb43_radio_set(dev, B2063_PLL_SP2, 0x3);\n\tudelay(1);\n\tb43_radio_mask(dev, B2063_PLL_SP2, 0xFFFC);\n\tlpphy_b2063_vco_calib(dev);\n\tb43_radio_write(dev, B2063_COMM15, old_comm15);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int b43_lpphy_op_switch_channel(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t\t unsigned int new_channel)\n{\n\tstruct b43_phy_lp *lpphy = dev->phy.lp;\n\tint err;\n\n\tif (dev->phy.radio_ver == 0x2063) {\n\t\terr = lpphy_b2063_tune(dev, new_channel);\n\t\tif (err)\n\t\t\treturn err;\n\t} else {\n\t\terr = lpphy_b2062_tune(dev, new_channel);\n\t\tif (err)\n\t\t\treturn err;\n\t\tlpphy_set_analog_filter(dev, new_channel);\n\t\tlpphy_adjust_gain_table(dev, channel2freq_lp(new_channel));\n\t}\n\n\tlpphy->channel = new_channel;\n\tb43_write16(dev, B43_MMIO_CHANNEL, new_channel);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int b43_lpphy_op_init(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\tint err;\n\n\tlpphy_read_band_sprom(dev); //FIXME should this be in prepare_structs?",
"\n\tlpphy_baseband_init(dev);\n\tlpphy_radio_init(dev);\n\tlpphy_calibrate_rc(dev);\n\terr = b43_lpphy_op_switch_channel(dev, 7);\n\tif (err) {\n\t\tb43dbg(dev->wl, \"Switch to channel 7 failed, error = %d.\\n\",\n\t\t err);\n\t}\n\tlpphy_tx_pctl_init(dev);\n\tlpphy_calibration(dev);\n\t//TODO ACI init\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_set_rx_antenna(struct b43_wldev *dev, int antenna)\n{\n\tif (dev->phy.rev >= 2)\n\t\treturn; // rev2+ doesn't support antenna diversity\n\n\tif (B43_WARN_ON(antenna > B43_ANTENNA_AUTO1))\n\t\treturn;\n\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xFFFD, antenna & 0x2);\n\tb43_phy_maskset(dev, B43_LPPHY_CRSGAIN_CTL, 0xFFFE, antenna & 0x1);\n}\n\nstatic void b43_lpphy_op_adjust_txpower(struct b43_wldev *dev)\n{\n\t//TODO\n}\n\nstatic enum b43_txpwr_result b43_lpphy_op_recalc_txpower(struct b43_wldev *dev,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t bool ignore_tssi)\n{\n\t//TODO\n\treturn B43_TXPWR_RES_DONE;\n}\n\nvoid b43_lpphy_op_switch_analog(struct b43_wldev *dev, bool on)\n{\n if (on) {\n b43_phy_mask(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 0xfff8);\n } else {\n b43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVRVAL, 0x0007);\n b43_phy_set(dev, B43_LPPHY_AFE_CTL_OVR, 0x0007);\n }\n}\n\nconst struct b43_phy_operations b43_phyops_lp = {\n\t.allocate\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_allocate,\n\t.free\t\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_free,\n\t.prepare_structs\t= b43_lpphy_op_prepare_structs,\n\t.init\t\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_init,\n\t.phy_read\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_read,\n\t.phy_write\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_write,\n\t.phy_maskset\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_maskset,\n\t.radio_read\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_radio_read,\n\t.radio_write\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_radio_write,\n\t.software_rfkill\t= b43_lpphy_op_software_rfkill,\n\t.switch_analog\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_switch_analog,\n\t.switch_channel\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_switch_channel,\n\t.get_default_chan\t= b43_lpphy_op_get_default_chan,\n\t.set_rx_antenna\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_set_rx_antenna,\n\t.recalc_txpower\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_recalc_txpower,\n\t.adjust_txpower\t\t= b43_lpphy_op_adjust_txpower,\n};\n"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to eye examining and testing instruments and, more particularly, to an apparatus for measuring the torsional rotation of an eyeball about the visual axis by means of an afterimage.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nMedical and scientific studies have shown that measurements of torsional rotation of an eyeball about the visual axis are useful in identifying the source of certain sensori-neural problems and physical dysfunctions. ",
"However, measurements of ocular torsion are not currently utilized in medical applications due to the difficulty of observing ocular torsion and the inapplicability of techniques currently used to determine other types of eyeball motion. ",
"No apparatus has been devised which is sufficiently accurate, convenient, and economical for widespread routine clinical application.",
"\nApproaches to the measurement of ocular torsion are generally classified as either objective or behavioral. ",
"Objective methods utilize the natural or artificial landmarks on the surface of the eyeball in conjunction with an external referent to quantify changes in eyeball position. ",
"Reliable objective measurements have been obtained by the use of photographic records of natural landmarks; however, that technique is too time-consuming and costly for widespread routine clinical application. ",
"Behavioral methods generally measure ocular torsion by means of an afterimage: the phenomenon that when a person stares at an object for a period of time or sees a bright flash of light, an image of the object or flash of light can be seen afterwards. ",
"In afterimage testing, the retina is first imprinted with a line or a cross, a new stimulus condition is then set, and the patient is asked to report the orientation of the afterimage.",
"\nTypical of the prior art measurement techniques is the afterimage technique of Jongkees and Groen published in the Journal of Laringology and Otology, vol. ",
"64, pages 135-140, 1950. ",
"A patient was instructed to focus on a line of vertical light for one minute to create an afterimage. ",
"Then, the patient's head was rotated about the dorsoventral axis by means of a special rotatable chair and the patient was asked to assist the tester to indicate the position of the afterimage on a separate white target screen. ",
"The tester held a ruler in front of the screen and rotated it according to the patient's instructions until the patient stated that the ruler was aligned with the afterimage. ",
"A similar technique was utilized by applicant Milburn in 1970 wherein reflected light from a flashbulb was substituted to imprint the afterimage.",
"\nBoth the objective and behavioral techniques of the prior art have been too costly, inaccurate, or inconvenient for anything except very limited experimental use. ",
"It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for accurately and conveniently measuring ocular torsion and which is suitable for routine clinical application."
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"As Marge Schott-impersonator Donald Sterling and honorary professor of Afro-American Studies Cliven Bundy could tell you, nothing writes you out of polite society more quickly than being outed as a racist.",
"\n\nWhich may be one of the reasons that politically savvy Democrats are never slow to equate advocates of limiting the size, scope, and spending of the federal government with racism, slavery, and white supremacy. ",
"Who can blame them, really? ",
"Even after the “success” of Obamacare, the president somehow has managed to chalk up his lowest approval ratings ever, and things don’t look so good for the Donkey Party in the fall’s midterm elections, either.",
"\n\nSalon’s Joan Walsh is quick to cry racism in the face of arguments or developments she doesn’t like, as are MSNBC hosts Chris Matthews, Lawrence O’Donnell, and Ed Schultz. ",
"Jimmy Carter, who himself stooped to race-baiting during his 1970 campaign for governor of Georgia, has chalked up “an overwhelming portion” of negativity toward Barack Obama to the fact that “he is a black man.”",
"\n\nThen there’s New York magazine’s Jonathan Chait, who recently averred that “America’s unique brand of ideological anti-statism is historically inseparable…from the legacy of slavery.” ",
"Unlike many of his liberal-progressive confrères, Chait recognizes that “advocating tax cuts is not in any meaningful sense racist” and that even if small-government conservatives and libertarians were really secretly bent on moving the nation’s capital to Stone Mountain, that doesn’t mean particular policy proposals can simply be written off: “Individual arguments need and deserve to be assessed on their own terms, not as the visible tip of a submerged agenda; ideas can’t be defined solely by their past associations and uses.”",
"\n\nThere’s no question that some of the past associations are ugly. ",
"To the extent that many Republicans, conservatives, and libertarians look back kindly on Barry Goldwater’s 1964 shellacking at the hands of Lyndon Johnson, they have to acknowledge that opportunistic segregationists came along for the ride (as did a young Hillary Clinton, who was hardly a racist). ",
"As Glenn Garvin writes: “Nothing was more problematic than the civil rights issue—particularly the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed most forms of racial discrimination. ",
"Goldwater was no racist; early in his career as a Phoenix city council member, he aggressively supported local civil rights ordinances…Goldwater was privately appalled to discover that his opposition to the Civil Rights Act rallied to his side not only libertarians but racists who detested and feared not state power but black people. ",
"He was horrified when Alabama’s racist Gov. George Wallace offered to switch parties and run as his vice president.”",
"\n\nCharacters such as Wallace and South Carolina Sen. Strom Thurmond, a longtime Democrat who migrated to the Republican Party in the civil rights era, were hardly limited-government types. ",
"While decrying virtually all federal spending not directly tied to defense, Thurmond—certainly one of the most disgusting American politicians of the second half of the 20th century—also pushed pork-barrel projects and protectionist politics for the Palmetto State, its textile industry, and even historically black colleges. ",
"You can’t be a segregationist and believe in a minimal government, really: Policing the color line is an exhausting job that requires a vast, expensive apparatus.",
"\n\nTo Goldwater’s discredit, however, he didn’t confront the contradictions among his followers. ",
"As left-wing biographer Rick Perlstein grants, Goldwater was a man of color-blind temperament, conviction, and personal action. ",
"His family integrated its department store long before it was common, and he founded the Arizona Air National Guard “as an integrated unit.”) ",
"But it’s equally clear that “Mr. Conservative”’s statement of principles wasn’t fully up to addressing the challenges of a still-segregated America: “Our aim, as I understand it, is neither to establish a segregated society nor to establish an integrated society,” Goldwater said. “",
"It is to preserve a free society.” ",
"Had Goldwater followed that sort of statement with full-throated invocations of a truly inclusive America, he might have garnered even fewer votes than he managed against LBJ. ",
"But he also would have helped to keep calls for a smaller federal government from being seen as a backdoor attempt at Jim Crow.",
"\n\nBut contra William Faulkner, there are signs that the past is finally becoming past. ",
"Certainly there’s no credible way to mistake the contemporary libertarian agenda for the second coming of Thurmond. ",
"That’s true even after the 2008 revelation by James Kirchick of newsletters published under Ron Paul’s name in the 1980s and ’90s that were filled with racist and homophobic material. ",
"Paul, who served decades in Congress as a libertarian-leaning Republican and ran for president in 1988 on the Libertarian Party ticket, is without question the politician most responsible for the boom in limited-government and libertarian rhetoric. ",
"There is no defending the risible publications (whose authors Paul has refused to identify), which claimed, among other things, that Martin Luther King Jr. “seduced underage girls and boys” and that AIDS sufferers “enjoy the attention and pity that comes with being sick.”",
"\n\nIt’s equally clear that the reason Paul topped The New York Times’ best-seller list; pulled plaudits from Andrew Sullivan, Jake Tapper, George Will, Vince Vaughn, and others; and packed college campuses had absolutely nothing to do with such idiotic and offensive statements, which even most movement libertarians knew nothing about until 2008. ",
"Rather, his appeal proceeded (and still proceeds) from a radical message of individual autonomy and decentralized political power. ",
"In 2008, my Reason colleague Brian Doherty noted, Paul wrapped up his typical stump speech with: “I don’t want to run your life. ",
"We all have different values. ",
"I wouldn’t know how to do it, I don’t have the authority under the Constitution, and I don’t have the moral right...I don’t want to run the economy. ",
"People run the economy in a free society...“I don’t want to run the world…We don’t need to be imposing ourselves around the world.”",
"\n\nThe fixations of small “l” libertarians include ending the drug war, mandatory minimum sentence and other prison reforms, and pushing a maximalist version of school choice, all of which would directly benefit minorities more than non-minorities. ",
"Libertarian public-interest law firms such as the Institute for Justice spend much of their time fighting occupational licensing laws that disproportionately stymie inner-city entrepreneurs who have little to no political or economic capital. ",
"IJ’s first case, dating back to 1991, attacked Washington, D.C.’s absurd laws against African hair-braiding without expensive and irrelevant cosmetology licenses.",
"\n\nSimilarly, there’s no way to confuse libertarian obsessions with Fourth Amendment rights, ending stop-and-frisk policies, and reversing “the rise of warrior cops” with anything related to white supremacy. ",
"The same goes for the libertarian insistence against an interventionist foreign policy, whether through boots on the ground or via drone strikes and bombing runs. ",
"As with any group, there are differences, but libertarians have long been in the forefront of pushing for legalized abortion and gay marriage. (",
"Reason magazine, like the Libertarian Party, was calling for the legalization of same-sex marriage in the early 1970s, when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders still considered homosexuality a form of mental illness that should be “cured.”)",
"\n\nFor libertarians, these things are all of a piece: Limit the size, scope, and spending of government at all levels, and increase the ability of individuals and groups to run as many “experiments in living” (as John Stuart Mill would say) as possible. ",
"An increasing number of Americans are grokking libertarian fears about growing federal power, with a record-high 72 percent agreeing that “big government” represents a bigger threat to the future of the country than “big labor” (5 percent) or “big business” (21 percent).",
"\n\nMany—maybe most—Americans hoped that the election (and reelection) of Obama would put an end to racial division and enmity in a country that has never lived up to its stated promises of equality and individual rights. ",
"That surely hasn’t happened. ",
"But if the broad-based reactions to Donald Sterling and Cliven Bundy tell us anything, it’s that these old men—combined, they are over 140 years old—remind us of where America was, not where it is today. ",
"And so too do efforts by one of the GOP’s leading presidential candidates, Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) to reach out to black and minority audiences. ",
"Paul, the son of Ron who has had his own problems related to race, is leading the charge to end mandatory minimums, do sentencing reforms, restore voting rights for felons, and more.",
"\n\nIn a political context, appeals to racial solidarity and racial division will never disappear, but they will become less and less meaningful, especially in an America that is cohering around the idea that we’re all in this together—against a government that threatens us all."
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"WOW Gospel 2011\n\nWOW Gospel 2011 is a gospel music compilation album from the award-winning WOW series. ",
" Released on February 1, 2011 (which made it the first annual WOW Gospel album in the history of the series not released in January), the double CD album features thirty contemporary gospel hits. ",
" The album cover pays tribute to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ",
" The album debuted straight at number one on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart, and peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 in 2011.",
"\n\nFive songs featured on WOW Gospel 2011 have reached number one on Gospel Songs chart: The Best In Me, I Believe, God In Me, He Wants It All and Nobody Greater.",
"\n\nTrack listing\n\nDisc One\nAwesome God - Fred Hammond\nResting On His Promise - Youthful Praise featuring J.J. Hairston\nThe Best In Me - Marvin Sapp\nI Believe - James Fortune & FIYA featuring Shawn McLemore & Zacardi Cortez\nGod In Me - Mary Mary featuring Kierra \"Kiki\" Sheard\nPrayed Up - Karen Clark Sheard featuring Mary J. Blige & Junior Asparagus\nHide Me - Kirk Franklin\nRebuild (Remix) - J. Moss\nHe Wants It All - Forever Jones\nNo One Else - Smokie Norful\nGod Favored Me - Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Choir featuring Marvin Sapp & D. J. Rogers\nThere Is A King In You - Donald Lawrence & Company\nEverywhere That I Go - Israel Houghton\nBackground - Lecrae featuring C-Lite\nGood - Tye Tribbett\n\nDisc Two\nLiving On The Top - DeWayne Woods\nJoy Of The Lord - Tamela Mann\nNobody Greater - VaShawn Mitchell\nSpeak - Myron Butler & Levi\nLove Like Crazy - Kierra \"Kiki\" Sheard\nJust Love - Brian Courtney Wilson\nThe Great I Am - Donnie McClurkin\nHow I Got Over - Vickie Winans\nI'll Be Up There - Mighty Clouds Of Joy\nSo Good To Me - Lee Williams & The Spiritual QC's)\nI Can't Hold It - Byron Cage\nHelp - Vanessa Bell Armstrong\nI Give Myself Away - William McDowell\nJesus Is Love - Heather Headley and Smokie Norful\nFavor - Shirley Caesar\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2011 compilation albums\nCategory:WOW series albums\nCategory:Gospel compilation albums"
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"/*\n Copyright 2002-2004 MySQL AB, 2008 Sun Microsystems\n All rights reserved. ",
"Use is subject to license terms.",
"\n\n The MySQL Connector/J is licensed under the terms of the GPL,\n like most MySQL Connectors. ",
"There are special exceptions to the\n terms and conditions of the GPL as it is applied to this software,\n see the FLOSS License Exception available on mysql.com.",
"\n\n This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as\n published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the\n License.",
"\n\n This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, \n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n\n You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA\n 02110-1301 USA\n\n\n\n */\npackage com.mysql.jdbc;\n\n/**\n * Objects that want to be notified of lifecycle events on a\n * WatchableOutputStream should implement this interface, and register\n * themselves with setWatcher() on the WatchableOutputStream instance.",
"\n * \n * @author Mark Matthews\n */\ninterface OutputStreamWatcher {\n\t// ~ Methods\n\t// ----------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\t/**\n\t * Called when the OutputStream being watched has .close() called\n\t */\n\tvoid streamClosed(WatchableOutputStream out);\n}\n"
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"We want housing, open space and other public options – we can’t afford to sell off public assets. ",
"Please sign the petition to the City Council:www.courthousegarage.org.",
"\n\n· Chuck Hinds, President, ECPT – a brief history of the sale of the Sullivan Courthouse\n\n· Louise Parker – the public campaign in opposition to leasing public parking spaces\n\n· Rep. Mike Connolly – what a good public process for the Courthouse would look like\n\n· Discussion\n\n2. ",
"Proposed Redevelopment of the Cambridgeside Galleria Mall (30 min)\n\nMore offices and labs in tall buildings in East Cambridge\n\nThe mall’s owners propose to demolish parts of the retail areas to build office/lab towers close to the old courthouse. ",
"They will seek significant zoning changes including heights to 185 feet.",
"\n\n· Chuck Hinds, President, ECPT -- What is being proposed by New England Development and the process going forward\n\n· Discussion\n\n3. ",
"Eversource Proposal to build a substation next to the K-Lo School (20 min)\n\nEversource plans a large transformer near the Kennedy-Longfellow School to service Kendall Square offices and labs.",
"\n\n· Ilan Levy, ECPT Board member – outline of the proposal and the community response"
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"Навігаційний перегляд пошуку\n\nНавігація\n\nПошук\n\nStep-By-Step Necessary Criteria In Shemale Cams\n\nActress Melissa McCarthy is one of the funniest women in Hollywood and he or she will not likely disappoint in their upcoming film 'Tammy,' which she stars in beside Susan Sarandon. ",
"In a job interview while using Advocate published on May 15, the Oscar-nominated star references finding acceptance inside gay community and the way gay men discovered her and influenced her career.",
"\n\nYou might require homework help free of these online sites at any juncture, in secondary school, college and for any professional course. ",
"You may understand the concepts but face difficulty in presenting them in a optimal way. ",
"The websites helping with homework have several essays, articles, research papers and projects uploaded for the ready reference. ",
"You can get easy accessibility to wide range of topics. ",
"The sites aim to provide free materials to students of diverse backgrounds. ",
"They also lend support to education charities from the income generated. ",
"They make every effort to spread the sunshine of education among children.",
"\n\nLondon Shemale Escorts can look after your every single needs and desires. ",
"They derives immense pleasure by offering you pleasure by availing their companionship, you may never feel alone or neglected. ",
"They will cause you to feel special and pamper you to the core. ",
"With their intimate services, they can drive your libido to soaring heights. ",
"As they are totally different from normal generic girls, you will spend some amazing moments of your life.",
"\n\nHowever, that being said -- her role being aware what she was doing, intentionally getting a part of a married person, and after that following up her actions by feeling satisfied with what she gets done now appears to be continuing to accomplish even within the circumstances [of finding out how much harm she caused to innocent Sandra and continues to cause as being a role model for both her very own children as well as the celebrity couples young kids] leaves her available to public critique and moral criticism.",
"\n\nPhoto swapping is vital for many who want to explore their fantasies or meet similar people. ",
"By joining internet websites, you are able to meet individuals with exactly the same aspirations and ideas in life. ",
"You can easily bond using this type of people and revel in one another by means of photo swapping. ",
"Sharing photos can capture attention on various social networking sites. ",
"Here are several ways how you can do nude photo swapping:\n\nIf you have any sort of concerns regarding where and the best ways to use shemale cams, you can contact us at the web site."
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"(1) Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a processing method for a silver halide color photographic material, in particular to a processing method which makes it possible to substantially reduce the amount of waste liquor and, in turn, the pollution of the environment. ",
"In addition, the invention also pertains to a processing method which permits a saving in running cost.",
"\n(2) Prior Art\nVarious kinds of processing solutions have been formulated for processing silver halide color photographic materials, and the processing solution has continuously or periodically been supplemented with replenishing solution during processing, while the overflow thereof has been recovered or discarded. ",
"However, in recent years the environment has been disrupted by an increase in effluent industrial waste liquors and the like and therefore, it is desirable to minimize the amount of waste liquor from the viewpoint of environmental protection. ",
"For this reason, various processing methods have been investigated. ",
"The most general of such methods comprises reducing the amount of processing solution to be supplemented, which is also economically advantageous. ",
"Studies have been made regarding the application of this method to a variety of processing solutions such as color developers, bleaching solutions, fixing solutions and bleaching-fixing solutions and it has already been put into practical use. ",
"Moreover, other processing methods have also been proposed and disclosed in, for instance, Japanese Patent Un-examined Publication Nos. ",
"57-8543; 57-132146; 58-18631 and 59-184343 wherein even the amount of washing water is substantially saved.",
"\nThe color developer, among others, has an extremely high biological oxygen demand (BOD.sub.5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are considered to be a measure of the degree of environmental pollution, and further has a buffering effect at a high pH region. ",
"Therefore, such color developer used cannot be discarded without treatment and there is no merit in recovering the used color developer, since it does not contain any valuable material such as silver. ",
"On the contrary, various studies have been conducted regarding recycling the used color developer, since the color developer per se is quite expensive and there have been proposed, for instance, a method utilizing the electrodialysis technique as is disclosed in Japanese Patent Un-examined Publication Nos. ",
"53-7234; 53-37015; 53-149331; 54-19741 and 54-37731; a method using an ion exchange resin as is disclosed in Japanese Patent Un-examined Publication Nos. ",
"52-146236; 53-50737 and 53-96831; West German Patent No. ",
"2,717,674 and the like. ",
"According to these methods, it becomes possible to reduce the amount of color developers discharged to some degree. ",
"However, these methods require the use of an expensive apparatus and considerable expertise for the maintenance thereof. ",
"Such being the case, these methods have been adopted only in a few major laboratories, while in most laboratories the recycling of the color developer has not yet been carried out."
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"Forintek-Baltija SIA is located in the center of the capital of the Republic of Latvia, Riga. ",
"To easily and without any problems find our office, please visit our contact page. ",
"Contacts >>\n\nForintek-Baltija SIA is part of the international holding FORINTEK which unites companies of the Baltic republics, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.",
"Members >>\n\nOfficial certificates issued by the company Forintek-Baltija SIA, confirm the exclusive distribution rights in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.",
"Certificates >>\n\nGet to know us better! ",
"View our photos and videos.",
"\n\nThe company Forintek-Baltija SIA actively participates in specialized international exhibitions in the Baltic republics, Russia and other nearby countries.",
"Exhibitions >>Our exhibitions are highly popular.",
"\n\nEveryday work in the company Forintek-Baltija SIA is always tense and interesting. ",
"A short photo report will allow you to better understand the work of our professional team.",
"\nPhotos >>\n\nPrint and apply systems ALX 73x\n\nWithin the wide and varied range of Print & Apply systems , the ALX 73x clearly comes out on top – as the fastest, highest\nperforming and most rugged, ready for the challenges in your industry.",
"\n\nThe ALX 73x at a glance:\n\n• reduces downtime in production – large label and\nribbon rolls, modular parts for quick maintenance,\neasy-to-use controls and user friendly features\n• enhances productivity with high print and\napply speed and output of up to 400 labels/min*\n• reduces consumable costs with a ribbon save\nfunction\n• highly reliable, 24/7: High quality parts ensure a\nlong lifetime and low maintenance. ",
"The proven firmware\nis sure to avoid downtime\n• very flexible – modular concept and standard interfaces\nfor easy integration in all types of network.",
"\nThe mounting options ensure a good fit\neven when space is limited\n\nThe ALX 73x offers high performance for demanding print and apply tasks in industrial environments and is\nhighly versatile.",
"\n\nForintek-Baltija SIA offers the state-of-the-art equipment for coding and marking of a wide variety of products.",
"\nOur industrial inkjet coders, thermal transfer printers and label marking systems apply high-quality identifying marks such as best before dates,\nbarcodes, logos, batch codes, etc., ",
"to almost any kind of material or surface.",
"\n\nSend us a message\n\nPlease complete the brief form below and we will get back to you soon to discuss your requirements."
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