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-5,271,989,736,436,989,000 | who has all died in grey's anatomy | Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) 24th episode of the sixth season of Grey 's Anatomy <Th_colspan="2"> `` Death and All His Friends '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Original air date May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) Running time 86 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Michael O'Neill as Gary Clarke Mandy Moore as Mary Portman Nora Zehetner as Reed Adamson Robert Baker as Charles Percy Sarah Drew as April Kepner Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Sanctuary '' Next → `` With You I 'm Born Again '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Death and All His Friends '' is the season finale of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 126th episode overall . It was written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second part of the two - hour season six finale , the first being Sanctuary , and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital . The original episode broadcast in the United States had an audience of 16.13 million viewers and opened up to universal acclaim . The episode centers a shooting spree at the hospital by a former patient 's husband Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) . The episode marked the last appearances for Nora Zehetner and Robert Baker as Dr. Reed Adamson and Dr. Charles Percy respectively as both the characters were killed in the shooting . In the episode Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) try to save the life of Chief Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) who was shot by Gary Clark in front of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) as she waits outside the OR with April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) tries to save Charles along with her patient Mary Portman ( Mandy Moore ) , while Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) tries to get into the hospital . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) are stuck on a floor with all the younger patients of the hospital , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) try to save the life of Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who was shot as well and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) try to get their patient to safety . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Broadcast 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis : a shooter is in the hospital , and there is a lockdown . Meanwhile , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) discovers that she is pregnant , and Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) must choose between Teddy and Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) . The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) and Mark ( Eric Dane ) find the latter and try to save him . Soon , it is revealed that the shooter , Gary Clark ( whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died ) , is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . At the end , he shoots Derek , which is witnessed by Meredith , Cristina , and April . With the crisis unfolding , each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations . Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek , who is seriously injured . Meanwhile , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) and her patient Mary drag resident Charles Percy , who has been shot , through the hallway but when they get to the elevators , they are off . Bailey freaks out for a moment , then gathers herself and sits with Charles . When he asks if he was dying , she said yes . She tells him she and Mary are going to stay with him and that he is n't alone , with Charles dying soon thereafter . The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek . Hunt shows up and Meredith tells him what was going on . He looks through the window and says she is doing fine but he 'd go in to see what he could do to help . When Hunt goes inside , the audience is shown that Mr. Clark is in the room with a gun to Cristina 's head , shouting at her to stop fixing Derek . Cristina and Avery refuse to stop working . Mr. Clark tells Hunt that he 'd shoot him first and then Cristina but he really only wanted to kill Derek . He believes this is retribution for his wife 's death , which he believes is on Derek 's hands . Meredith then comes into the room and tells Mr. Clark to shoot her . She explains that she is Lexie 's sister , she is the closest thing Webber has to a daughter , and she is Derek 's wife . He turns the gun toward Meredith , but Cristina says Meredith is pregnant . Hunt makes a move toward Mr. Clark and is shot , knocking him unconscious . Cristina and Avery then raise their hands and Avery tells Mr. Clark that Derek will die and he can watch it happen on the monitor . Derek flatlines and Meredith cries almost hysterically . Mr. Clark walks out . Clark later comes across Lexie , who is bringing supplies to help Alex , and when he attempts to shoot her , the recently arrived SWAT team wounds Clark . This gives time for Lexie to escape . Soon after , Webber walks through the halls of the hospital and finds several bodies . In a room , he finds Mr. Clark , who tells him he 'd bought the gun at a superstore and bought extra ammo because it was on sale . Mr. Clark tells Webber he has one bullet left . He reveals that he planned on shooting Webber , then himself . Eventually , after Webber convinces Clark that his wife would n't want the shooting and would rather be reunited with him , Clark commits suicide as the SWAT team is directly out the door . Meanwhile , in the operating room , Derek 's heartbeat returns to normal , and everyone is relieved . Outside the hospital , Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she does n't want to have a baby if it means she ca n't be with Arizona . Arizona agrees to have a baby because she says that she does n't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother . Mark and Lexie show up at the other hospital . Alex is out of surgery . Lexie goes to Alex . Mark watches Lexie take Alex 's hand . Meredith takes another look at her positive pregnancy test , and throws it out . Production ( edit ) Mandy Moore guest starred in the episode as a patient of Miranda Bailey . The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . In an interview , Rhimes told that the writing of the two - part season six finale caused her struggle . She elaborated on this : `` It hurt to write this finale . It literally hurt me . Because in order to write these episodes , I had to walk in the shoes of ( the shooter ) . I had to think like a shooter . A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles . A person who would shoot Derek . By the time I finished writing part one , I was sick . And depressed . Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying . Mer is screaming and he is dying . And , before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket , yes , I DO I know it 's only a TV show , I 'm not insane , but dude ... it felt too real . It felt WAY too real . '' TV Guide reported that Mandy Moore will check into Grey 's Anatomy 's two - hour season finale , adding , `` She 'll play a patient named Mary as part of an explosive -- and , of course , top secret -- cliffhanger. Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . '' The news was later confirmed by Entertainment Weekly which further reported , `` Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . She comes as part of a grand tradition of recognizable names as patients , usually quick , juicy roles like Sara Gilbert 's euthanized patient two weeks ago and Demi Lovato 's upcoming stretch as a schizophrenic . Moore did that other hospital show , Scrubs '' It was also reported a veteran actor Michael O'Neill would reprise his role as the grief - stricken widower Gary Clark . O'Neill later in an interview said , `` That role changed my career . It was probably the hardest job I 've ever done , hardest work I 've ever done . I had a tremendous resistance to it , and I almost turned the role down . I was so afraid of that being sensationalized , and I did n't want that in the world . I had n't worked with Shonda Rhimes , and so I did n't know . I certainly knew she was a brilliant writer , but I did n't know what the intent was . We had a conversation about it . I said , ' You know what ? Can I think about this and call you back tomorrow ? ' I called her back , and I said , ' Shonda , I just have to say it frightens me . It really frightens me . ' She said , ' Michael , it frightens me too . ' I thought , OK , we 're at least starting at the same place . Her writing was so good ... We saw the wound . We got to see the wound that drove him mad , and I think that was terribly important . It was important to show the fracture that brought this man to that desperate action . '' Reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Death And All His Friends was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second half of the two - hour season six finale , the other half being Sanctuary It had an audience in The United States of 16.13 million viewers ( 5.9 / 17 Nielsen rating in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot . Reviews ( edit ) Sandra Oh ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo ( right ) garnered enormous praise for their performances as Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey The episode opened up to universal acclaim with the television critics lauding the writing and performance of the entire cast as well . The performances of guest stars Mandy Moore and Michael O'Neill along with Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Chandra Wilson , Kevin McKidd , James Pickens , Jr. and Sarah Drew garnered most praise . Marsi from TVFanatic highly praised the episode and gave it five stars , and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series , adding , `` The writing and acting were absolutely stellar , and may lead to many Emmy nominations , but even more impressively , despite a killing spree , it remained distinctly Grey 's . Some of the back - and - forths between the characters were truly memorable , and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we do n't even know where to begin now . Seriously , the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything , a feeling we have n't had from Grey 's in years and rarely achieved by any program . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode , adding , `` ( It was ) two of the best hours of television all year . It was certainly the best Grey 's Anatomy has ever been , which is saying a lot since I 'd written the show off for the past few years . No show does a big traumatic event like Grey 's , and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours . It was emotional , expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale . '' PopSugar called it `` most intense episodes of Grey 's I have ever seen '' adding , `` What a whopper of an episode ! Can we talk about how gripping the scene is where Bailey and Percy are hiding from Mr. Clark ? Then he turns around and gets Karev right in the chest . Seriously , I have n't been so shocked by a one - two shooting spree since Michael shot Ana Lucia and Libby in rapid succession on Lost . Another review from BuddyTV called the finale `` Game - changing ! '' stating , `` The finale that changes everything ! You do n't want to miss it ! To her credit GA creator and writer - of - this - episode Shonda Rhimes pretty much delivered on her promise . I found myself with my heart in my mouth for the entire evening before finally being able to exhale as the credits rolled . '' The review lauded Ellen Pompeo and Sandra Oh adding , `` The Twisted Sisters really were the showcase of the entire finale . Meredith , sidelined for much of the season , took center stage '' even calling Oh 's Cristina Yang a `` rockstar '' . Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` You 're still pondering how Grey 's can still be so damn good sometimes , '' further hugely praising the episode , `` They did a bang - up job , it felt real in every way , thanks to some stellar performances and writing . And yet it maintained its Grey'sness thanks to some quieter moments and plenty of witty exchanges to boot . '' Regarding the Bailey - Mary - Charles sequence the site wrote , `` the action felt so real '' , but added , `` But the most intense action was culminating in the OR with Cristina , April and Meredith had a nice moment sitting on the ground together , April sniffling and Meredith stonefaced . Kevin McKidd did some stellar acting as he interacted with them . '' Talking about Meredith 's miscarriage the site added , `` She saved Owen , though she did it while having a miscarriage -- again , leave it to Grey 's to make this the least dramatic , most underplayed storyline of the night . ( Brilliantly so . ) '' Spoiler Junkie wrote highly of the episode Meredith Grey in particular saying , `` In the most heart - wrenching moment of the entire two - hour season finale , Meredith bursts into the room , asking Clark to kill her . Eye for an eye , she says . She 's Lexie 's sister . She 's like a daughter to Dr. Weber . She 's the Chief 's wife . '' and noted that `` This was an amazing season finale , one of the best in the six seasons of Grey 's Anatomy . The second hour of the Grey 's Anatomy Season 6 season finale , Death and All His Friends , is even more intense than the first . '' HitFix also lauded the episode and wrote , `` In every sense , these two episodes where Shonda Rhimes , directors Stephen Cragg and Rob Corn , and the entire cast and crew of the show `` Going For It '' . There was no opportunity for suspense , or tears , or anger , or horror , or some good old - fashioned monologuing left unexplored . Huge stakes , huge emotions , great performances from everybody Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh were particularly great , as was Michael O'Neill as shooter Gary Clark . This was about as good as I 've ever seen `` Grey 's . '' Episodes like these are what I point to when anyone asks me why I 'm still watching The site also lauded Ellen Pompeo 's character stating , `` Meredith would suffer a miscarriage in the middle of patching up Owen Hunt 's bullet wound - and be so hard - core , just as her best friend was next door in risking death to save Meredith 's man , that she would just keep working even as blood dripped down her legs . A moment like that works only if everyone involved is 100 % committed to the insanity of it , and here everyone was . They all went for it and came up with a riveting two hours of TV . At the completion of the eleventh season Wired named the episode in its must - watch list adding , `` The show reaches its dramatic apex in a multi-episode arc about a deadly spree shooter who visits the hospital with a vendetta . The repercussions of this incident will echo through most of Season 7 , and well into the future . '' The site also called Pompeo 's ' Shoot Me . I 'm Your Eye for an Eye . ' the best scene from the entire series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pompeo , Ellen ; Oh , Sandra ; Chambers , Justin ; Wilson , Chandra ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) , Death and All His Friends , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Moore to guest star on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale '' . EW.com. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Role Recall : Michael O'Neill Talks Saving Presidents on ' 24 ' and ' West Wing , ' His Unforgettable ' Grey 's ' Arc , and Messing With Halle Berry 's Mind on ' Extant ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : The Best Episode Yet ? '' . TV Fanatic. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Season 6 Finale Was the Best ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Ever '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Entertainment . `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown : Season Finale , `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' `` . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : The Game - Changing Finale '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale : Remember where it all began ... '' EW.com. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Recap : `` Sanctuary / Death and All His Friends '' `` . Spoiler Junkie. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/grey-s-anatomy-sanctuary-death-and-all-his-friends-first-person-shooter#Vx6rCTypJsVBmyri.99 '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` Death and All His Friends '' on IMDb `` Death and All His Friends '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Season 15 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_All_His_Friends_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=862969650 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2010 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 21 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Grey's Anatomy season 6 finale
2. Shooting spree at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital
3. Intense and emotional episode
4. Praise for the writing and performances
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-339,370,795,660,453,600 | who is the actor that plays thorin oakenshield | Richard Armitage ( actor ) - wikipedia Richard Armitage ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://davidastephenson.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/armitagefull.mp3 Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist <Th_colspan="2"> Richard Armitage <Td_colspan="2"> Armitage at WonderCon 2014 Richard Crispin Armitage ( 1971 - 08 - 22 ) 22 August 1971 ( age 46 ) Huncote , Leicestershire , England Nationality British Education London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Occupation Actor Years active 1988 -- present Richard Crispin Armitage ( born 22 August 1971 ) is an English film , television , theatre and voice actor . He received notice in the UK with his first leading role as John Thornton in the British television programme North & South ( 2004 ) . But it was his role as dwarf prince and leader Thorin Oakenshield in Peter Jackson 's film trilogy adaptation of The Hobbit that first brought him international recognition . Other notable roles include John Proctor in Yaël Farber 's stage production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible , Francis Dolarhyde in the American TV series Hannibal , Lucas North in the British TV drama Spooks , John Porter in the British TV drama Strike Back , and Guy of Gisborne in the British TV drama Robin Hood . He more recently voiced Trevor Belmont in the Netflix adaptation of Castlevania . After graduating from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) , Armitage initially sought theatre work and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) . He turned to film and television roles when he noticed that leading stage roles went to actors with name recognition who could bring in patrons to fill venues . After twelve years away and having earned that name recognition , Armitage returned to the stage in 2014 taking his first leading role in a major production . He played John Proctor in the highly successful and critically acclaimed production of The Crucible at The Old Vic , and earned an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actor . One of Armitage 's trademarks is his baritone voice , which he has employed as a voice actor since 2006 . While working on the TV series Robin Hood , he was asked to record audiobooks for the first season of that series . Since then , Armitage has recorded many notable audiobooks and has worked as a narrator on many TV and radio shows and adverts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 1988 -- 2003 : Early work 2.2 2004 -- 10 : Television success 2.3 2010 -- present : Film success and beyond 2.4 Narration 2.5 Richard III connection 3 Acting style 4 Credits 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre ( selection ) 4.4 Discography 4.5 Radio 4.6 Voice - over 4.7 Podcast shows 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Armitage was born in Leicester , England , the younger son of Margaret , a secretary , and John Armitage , an engineer . Richard has an older brother named Chris . He attended Huncote Community Primary School in Huncote , Blaby District , Leicestershire and began secondary school at the local comprehensive school , Brockington College in Enderby . At Brockington , Armitage pursued his interest in music - playing the cello in school and local orchestras , and learning how to play the flute . By fourteen , having secured a grant from the Leicestershire Authority , he successfully persuaded his mother to allow him to transfer to Pattison College in Coventry , an independent boarding school specialising in the Performing Arts so that he could focus on drama and dance . Armitage has expressed gratitude for the lessons and opportunities Pattison College provided , saying `` It ... instilled me with a discipline that has stood me in good stead - never to be late , to know your lines and to be professional . '' By the time he finished school , he had achieved A Levels in music and English , and acting experience in local amateur and professional productions such as Showboat , Half a Sixpence , Orpheus and the Underworld ( as Bacchus ) and The Hobbit ( as an elf ) at the New Alexandra Theatre ( aka `` The Alex '' ) , Birmingham . Career ( edit ) 1988 -- 2003 : early work ( edit ) After completing the programme at Pattison College in 1988 , Armitage joined the Nachtcircus in Budapest for six months to obtain his Equity Card , a requirement at the time for entertainment professionals to work in the UK . Returning to England , he pursued a career in musical theatre -- working as an assistant choreographer to Kenn Oldfield and performing in various productions , including the ensembles of 42nd Street , My One and Only , Nine , Annie Get Your Gun and as Admetus and Macavity in Cats . Armitage was also pursuing acting in dramatic theatre productions , including The Real Thing , Six Degrees of Separation and Death of a Salesman . By 1992 , he began to doubt if musical theatre was the right career path , so he enrolled at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) in 1993 to further study acting . `` I needed to do something a bit more truthful than musical theatre . For me it was a bit too theatrical and all about standing on stage and showing off . I was looking for something else , so that 's why I went back to drama school . '' After completing LAMDA 's three - year programme , he returned to the stage as a supporting player with the Royal Shakespeare Company 's productions of Macbeth and The Duchess of Malfi , as well as Hamlet and Four Alice Bakers with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre while taking a series of small roles in television and films . In 2002 he starred in the Charm Offensive 's production of Use Me As Your Cardigan . That same year Armitage appeared in his first major television role , as John Standring in the BBC drama Sparkhouse ( 2002 ) . `` It was the first time I went to an audition in character . It was a minor role but it was something I really got my teeth into ... I could n't go back . I knew I had to approach everything the same way . '' After this he took supporting roles in the TV productions of Between the Sheets , Cold Feet ( series 5 ) , and Ultimate Force ( series 2 ) . 2004 -- 10 : television success ( edit ) In Spring 2004 , Armitage landed his first leading role as textile mill owner John Thornton in the BBC adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell 's North & South . The director and producers took a chance casting a little - known actor for their leading man ( he was the first actor to audition for the role and the last person cast ) , but their instincts proved correct . North & South was an unexpected success and Armitage became an overnight sensation in the UK . The BBC message boards crashed shortly after the telecast as a result of chatter about him and he was hailed as the new `` Mr. Darcy '' ( referring to Colin Firth 's `` Mr Darcy '' whom many regard as the definitive romantic leading man ) . Armitage never perceived John Thornton as the ideal romantic leading man role and was surprised by the overwhelming response . Instead , he said that he felt personally drawn to the role , as his father 's family had been weavers . He cited Thornton 's dualism as drawing him to the character . `` The dichotomy between the powerful , almost monstrous , entrepreneur and this kind of vulnerable boy is exciting for me to look at . '' Richard Armitage at the 2010 BAFTA TV Awards In 2005 , he played Peter MacDuff in Macbeth in the BBC 's ShakespeaRe - Told series and appeared as a recovering gambling addict in one episode of Inspector Lynley Mysteries . He starred in The Impressionists , playing the young Claude Monet , and as Dr Alec Track in ITV 's The Golden Hour , a medical series based on the London Air Ambulance . His first substantial role in movies was in the independent film Frozen . In 2006 , Armitage was cast as Guy of Gisborne in the BBC series Robin Hood , which was filmed entirely in Hungary . `` In order to sustain the character of Guy , you have to find the conflict within him . He 's constantly pulled between good and evil , between who he wants to be and who he actually is . He could have been a good man , but he is forever dragged down by his fatal flaw -- that he wants glory at all costs . '' Approaching the third series , he said , `` I do love playing him , but with a character like Gisborne , if you give him what he needs , then in a way , it 's over . That character is only interesting when he is n't getting what he wants , whether it 's power , money or the girl . '' The third and final series of Robin Hood started on 28 March 2009 . Armitage appeared in a two - part 2006 / 07 Christmas / New Years special of The Vicar of Dibley , as Harry Kennedy , the vicar 's new love interest ( and eventual husband ) . He reprised the role in 2007 for Red Nose Day . On 8 April 2007 , he played biker Ricky Deeming in the detective drama George Gently with Martin Shaw and Lee Ingleby . On 9 May 2007 , he appeared in the BBC Four production of Miss Marie Lloyd -- Queen of The Music Hall playing Marie Lloyd 's first husband , Percy Courtenay . He also appeared in the Granada TV production of Agatha Christie 's novel Ordeal by Innocence as the character Philip Durrant . Armitage joined the cast of Spooks as the character Lucas North for series 7 , which began on 27 October 2008 in the UK . Armitage notes that the character , who spent eight years in a Russian prison , has a personable exterior , but is psychologically damaged . `` I love films with a combination of action and good characters . That 's why Lucas is interesting as I get to play someone with a complex psychology who goes out there and tries to save the world . '' During the filming of series 7 Armitage allowed himself to be subjected to waterboarding to film a flashback sequence . In July 2010 , Armitage completed filming of series 9 , his final series . In this last series , his character 's real name was revealed as John Bateman , who had murdered the real Lucas North shortly before North began employment with MI5 . Bateman had stolen North 's identity and taken his place . On 20 May 2009 , Armitage appeared in the BBC1 drama Moving On as John Mulligan . In May 2010 , Armitage starred as former S.A.S. trooper John Porter in Strike Back ( also known as Chris Ryan 's Strike Back ) for Sky1 . Filmed in South Africa , Armitage found the main challenge of the role was to show how the character resolved being a trained killer with having a family and home life . `` In the end it was the character I was attracted to , the story of a man who makes a decision under pressure and that decision has a knock - on effect on his whole life , '' he said . `` He goes in search of atonement still believing he did the right thing even though it cost the lives of three of his friends ... There 's anger and there 's injustice . It 's like , ' I did the right thing , with the wrong outcome . ' '' By the time Sky1 and Cinemax decided to commission a second series of Strike Back called Strike Back : Project Dawn , Armitage had already committed to The Hobbit and was unable to continue in the series . However , he appeared as a guest star in the first episode to resolve John Porter 's fate . Ironically , it was his role as John Porter that led to his casting in Captain America : The First Avenger . US casting agents noticed posters of him as John Porter all over London . Although unknown to them , they offered him the role of Nazi spy Heinz Kruger because he looked the part . Armitage accepted and shot his scenes in the autumn of 2010 , after filming wrapped on Spooks , series 9 . ( The film was released in July 2011 ) . 2010 -- present : film success and beyond ( edit ) On 21 October 2010 , Peter Jackson announced Armitage was cast as Thorin Oakenshield in the three - film production of The Hobbit . Principal photography in New Zealand ran from March 2011 to July 2012 ( broken into three filming blocks with breaks in - between ) and pick - ups were shot in the summer of 2013 . All three films were released in December , starting with The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey in 2012 , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug in 2013 and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies in 2014 . Armitage thought it was a wonderful opportunity , as he grew up reading the books . Coincidentally , one of his first stage roles was playing an elf in a production of The Hobbit at the `` Alex '' Theatre in Birmingham . He describes the character of Thorin as being complex and flawed , `` somebody that had doubts and that had fears , and there was a gentle side to him and a very perhaps lonely side to him . '' He notes the scene with Balin in Bag End shows the character 's inner sensitivity and fear of failure , `` failing where his father and his grandfather had failed as well . '' Immediately after filming wrapped on The Hobbit , Armitage flew to Detroit , Michigan to film Into the Storm from July to September 2012 . He starred as Gary Fuller , a high school Vice Principal with two teenage sons . The film from New Line was released in August 2014 . In March 2014 , Armitage began the eight - week shoot of an adaptation of Bernard Hare 's memoir Urban Grimshaw and the Shed Crew in Leeds , UK . He played `` Chop '' ( the author 's nickname ) , an ex-social worker , drunk and drug addict in Britain 's lowerclass who befriends the hardened young delinquent Urban . Armitage explained his attraction to this role : `` it ticks a few boxes for me : it 's based on a really interesting piece of literature , but also based on living people , who have been working with us on set . '' Urban and the Shed Crew premiered at the Leeds International Film Festival ( LIFF ) on 7 November 2015 . Armitage next appeared as John Proctor in The Old Vic 's production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible . Directed by Yaël Farber and performed in the round , the play ran from 21 June to 13 September 2014 . The production drew an unprecedented number of 5 - star reviews and was a commercial success . For his performance , Armitage was awarded Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play by Broadway World : UK Awards 2014 and a Best Actor nomination for an Olivier Award . Due to overwhelming worldwide demand to see the production , Digital Theatre captured the live performance to bring The Crucible to cinemas and for digital download . It was screened at cinemas on 4 and 7 December 2014 in the UK and Ireland , with further screenings in other selected territories in February and March 2015 . ( Copyright issues prevented the film from being screened at North American cinemas . ) Digital Theatre made the digital download available worldwide on 17 March 2015 . In a September 2014 interview , Armitage revealed he would film his cameo role of King Oleron in Alice Through the Looking Glass in London after The Crucible closed . The film was released in May 2016 . Armitage spent four weeks in October 2014 filming Sleepwalker in the greater Los Angeles area . In this psychological thriller , Armitage plays Dr. Scott White , a senior MD at a sleep research centre . No release date has been set . DeLaurentiis Company tweeted on 13 January 2015 that Armitage was cast as Francis Dolarhyde ( aka The Tooth Fairy ) in their acclaimed TV production of Hannibal , written and co-produced by Bryan Fuller . Dolarhyde is a serial killer , a character type which Armitage had expressed interest in portraying . He filmed the series in Toronto , Canada from January to April , and the series aired from 4 June to 29 August 2015 . Armitage appeared in the last six episodes of season 3 , earning high praise , wide acclaim and several award nominations , including two wins . Immediately after wrapping on Hannibal in late April 2015 , Armitage joined his fellow Pilgrimage castmates who had already begun filming in Connemara , Ireland two weeks prior . He plays Sir Raymond De Merville , a 13th - century French Norman who is intent on foiling a group of monks escorting a sacred relic from Ireland to Rome . The cast and crew later moved to the Ardennes region of Belgium to complete filming , with Armitage wrapping one week earlier than the official film wrap at the end of May . News broke on 13 May 2015 that Armitage would star in Clearance , the first English language film by Finnish director Aku Louhimies and set to film in South Africa in November 2015 . It is an action drama about a hardened mine expert named Ray ( Armitage ) and his pregnant partner ( Naomi Harris ) who are kidnapped in South Sudan . Sources differ on whether Ray is forced to cross a vast minefield to gain his freedom or if Ray and his partner make their escape across a vast minefield . In a June 2015 interview , Armitage mentioned his next projects included an Edith Wharton film and a true Irish tragic drama . Per agent David Higham , Bridget Cleary is likely the Irish drama . On 12 July 2015 , Armitage revealed he was about to start filming Brain on Fire in Vancouver , Canada . Subsequent news outlets provided more details about his role as `` Big Man '' Tom Cahalan , father of the protagonist in the true - life story of young journalist Susannah Cahalan 's sudden descent into inexplicable madness and the eleventh - hour diagnosis by one doctor . Filming began 13 July 2015 . Brain on Fire premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) on 14 September 2016 . Armitage landed the lead role of Daniel Miller in Berlin Station , an original spy series for Epix . His character , a cerebral analyst from Langley , is a newly anointed undercover CIA officer tasked with finding a mole in Berlin . Filmed in Berlin from November 2015 to April 2016 , with some additional filming in the Canary Islands , the series premiered on Epix in the fall of 2016 . On 13 July 2016 , Roundabout Theatre Company announced Armitage was cast as Kenneth in the American premiere of Love , Love , Love by playwright Mike Bartlett . Love , Love , Love also marks Armitage 's first leading role in a theatrical play on an American stage . The off - Broadway play ran from 22 September to 18 December 2016 at the intimate Laura Pels Theater in New York City . In January 2017 , Armitage joined the cast of Ocean 's 8 . Narration ( edit ) Armitage was first introduced to voice work while working on the TV drama Robin Hood in 2006 . The BBC was publishing novels of the first four episodes of series one and asked Armitage to record the audiobook versions . In recent years , Armitage has also performed a great deal of voice work , such as reading poetry for various radio programmes and starring as Robert Lovelace in BBC Radio 4 's production of Clarissa : A History of a Young Lady in April 2010 . He has recorded eleven audio books : six based on BBC 's Robin Hood , Bernard Cornwell 's The Lords of the North , three Georgette Heyer novels for Naxos AudioBooks ( Sylvester , or the Wicked Uncle , Venetia , and The Convenient Marriage ) and Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel . He has narrated television documentaries such as Homes from Hell , Empire 's Children , Too Poor for Posh School ? , The Great Sperm Race , Forest Elephants : Rumble in the Jungle , Surgery School , and Elsa : The Lioness That Changed the World . In 2011 , he provided the narration for a series about the Royal Navy flagship HMS Ark Royal , 125 Years of Wimbledon : You Cannot Be Serious , and Fraud Squad . He has also provided the voice - over for many TV and radio advertisements . Richard III connection ( edit ) Armitage was hoping to star in a drama based on Richard III . Armitage was born on the anniversary of the Battle of Bosworth Field , where Richard III was killed and has said `` I believe it is a great story , a socio - political thriller , a love story and a dynastic tragedy '' . He thinks the story has the potential to be told as a twenty - episode miniseries . A script has been in development since 2010 and `` a lot of people ... are interested ( in producing it ) , but there is no one that will step on the gas . '' Recently Armitage stated that he is still interested in the project , though he has reservations that he might be too tall and too old to play Richard III . Acting style ( edit ) Armitage has described himself as a method actor . `` Yeah , I suppose I am . In a way it 's slightly lazy because it means you do n't have to pretend -- you just have to believe . As much as it 's possible to be like that I suppose I kind of do step in and out , I 'm not one of these people that ca n't talk to other people because I 'm in my character , but I kind of do stay with the character , yeah . He 's always there . It 's like marinating something -- you 're sitting in a marinade the whole time . '' He has also spoken of dreaming in character while playing John Porter and Thorin Oakenshield . However , recently he rejected the label of `` method actor '' . `` I think I 'm a concentrating actor . So in order to do my work in the course of a day , particularly with a character like this I have to concentrate . So it 's about staying in the scene , staying with my head in the scene and attempting to keep the character with me . It does n't mean I ca n't have a conversation or go and make a cup of coffee . But I actually stay with the character for 18 months . '' He frequently speaks of developing and being drawn to dualism in his characters . `` If I 'm offered the role of the hero , I immediately look for the antihero within ! ... I see everything in terms of an outer skin and an inner skin . '' He creates `` character diaries '' with entire biographies for the characters he plays . `` It was important to me to put in a background for my character that would be useful for the whole journey . A lot of that is secret and no one gets to read that . It 's what is useful to me . If you are playing something long - running and a role that has a future ( beyond the initial series ) , it 's almost like you have to plant a garden which you will need to come back to at some point . If you do n't put in early , it can jar with you . '' Credits ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Naboo fighter pilot 1999 Staged Daryl Newman Short film 1999 This Year 's Love Smug Man at Party 2005 Frozen Steven 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Heinz Kruger 2012 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Thorin Oakenshield 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Thorin Oakenshield 2014 Into the Storm Gary Fuller 2014 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Thorin Oakenshield Win -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a film 2014 The Crucible John Proctor Film capturing live stage performance of the production at The Old Vic 2015 Urban and the Shed Crew Chop 2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass King Oleron 2016 Brain on Fire Tom Cahalan 2017 Sleepwalker Dr. Scott White 2017 Pilgrimage Sir Raymond De Merville 2018 Ocean 's 8 Claude Becker Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . Boon Man in pub Series 7 , Episode 6 : `` Message in a Bottle '' ; uncredited 1999 Cleopatra Epiphanes Television miniseries 2001 Macbeth Angus Television film 2001 Doctors Dr. Tom Steele Series 4 , Episodes 58 & 59 : `` Good Companions '' & `` Cat 's Out of the Bag '' 2001 Casualty Craig Parker Series 16 , Episode 17 : `` Playing with Fire '' 2002 Spooks Armed police officer Series 1 , Episode 4 : `` Traitor 's Gate '' 2002 Sparkhouse John Standring BBC drama , television film 2003 Cold Feet Lee Preston Series 5 , Episodes 1 -- 6 2003 Ultimate Force Capt . Ian Macalwain Series 2 , Episodes 2 -- 6 2003 Between the Sheets Paul Andrews ITV miniseries North & South John Thornton BBC miniseries 2005 The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Philip Turner Series 4 , Episode 1 : `` In Divine Proportion '' 2005 Malice Aforethought William Chatford ITV drama , television film 2005 The Golden Hour Dr. Alec Track Series 1 ( 4 episodes ) 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told Peter Macduff Episode 2 : `` Macbeth '' 2006 The Impressionists Young Claude Monet BBC docudrama , miniseries 2006 CBeebies : Bedtime Hour Himself / Storyteller BBC children 's series , 5 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Robin Hood Guy of Gisborne Series 1 , 2 & 3 ( 37 episodes ) 2006 -- 2007 The Vicar of Dibley Harry Kennedy Christmas Special : `` The Handsome Stranger '' Christmas Special : `` The Vicar in White '' Comic Relief Special : `` Wife Swap '' 2007 Inspector George Gently Ricky Deeming Pilot episode : `` Gently Go Man '' 2007 Miss Marie Lloyd -- Queen of The Music Hall Percy Courtenay BBC drama , television film 2007 Agatha Christie 's Marple Philip Durrant Series 3 , Episode 2 : `` Ordeal by Innocence '' 2008 -- 2010 Spooks Lucas North Series 7 -- 9 ( 25 episodes ) Chris Ryan 's Strike Back John Porter Series 1 ( 6 episodes ) 2009 Moving On John Mulligan Series 1 , Episode 3 : `` Drowning not Waving '' 2011 Strike Back : Project Dawn John Porter Series 2 , Episode 1 2015 Hannibal Francis Dolarhyde Season 3 , Episodes 8 -- 13 Win -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on a television series and Fangoria Chainsaw Awards for Best TV Supporting Actor 2016 -- present Berlin Station Daniel Miller Main role 2017 Castlevania Trevor Belmont Main role ; voice role Theatre ( selection ) ( edit ) Year Title Role Playwright Venue Notes Ref . 1995 The Long and the Short and the Tall Macliesh Willis Hall Actors ' Centre 's Tristram Bates Theatre 1995 The Real Thing Henry Tom Stoppard Old School Manchester 1995 Six Degrees of Separation Flan John Guare Old School Manchester 1995 Death of a Salesman Biff Arthur Miller Old School Manchester 1998 Hamlet Bernardo William Shakespeare Birmingham Repertory Theatre Opened on 22 September 1998 for three - week run . 1999 The Four Alice Bakers Young Richie Baker Fay Weldon Birmingham Repertory Theatre Ran from 23 February to 13 March 1999 . 1999 -- 2000 Macbeth Angus William Shakespeare Swan Theatre ( Stratford ) ; Theatre Royal , Brighton ; Theatre Royal , Bath ; The Globe Tokyo ; Young Vic ; Long Wharf Theatre Royal Shakespeare Company Opened 2 November 1999 in Stratford ; Brighton ( 24 - 29 Jan 2000 ) ; Bath ( 1 - 5 Feb 2000 ) ; Tokyo ( 24 March to 8 April 2000 ) ; London ( 10 April to 3 June 2000 ) ; New Haven , USA ( 15 -- 25 June 2000 ) . 2000 -- 2001 The Duchess of Malfi Delio John Webster Barbican Theatre ; various UK theatres ; Royal Shakespeare Theatre Royal Shakespeare Company Opened 10 November 2000 in London ; UK tour ; Stratford ( 6 February to 3 March 2001 ) . 2002 Use Me As Your Cardigan Jez Samantha Ellis Jacksons Lane Ran from 19 February to 9 March 2002 . The Twenty Four Hour Plays Celebrity Gala : The Third Wish Dennis / Himself Stephen Beresford The Old Vic Fundraising event . The first of six short plays performed on 21 November 2010 . 2014 Pinter / PROUST : Remembrance of Things Past Swann , Journalist , Brothel Patron Harold Pinter and Marcel Proust 92nd Street Y Unterberg Poetry Center Staged reading . Performed on 16 January 2014 as part of the centenary celebrations commemorating the publication of Swann 's Way . 2014 The Crucible John Proctor Arthur Miller The Old Vic Ran from 21 June to 13 September 2014 . Win -- Broadway World : UK Awards for Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play 2016 Love , Love , Love Kenneth Mike Bartlett Laura Pels Theater Ran from 22 September to 18 December 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Year Title Role Author Notes 2006 Robin Hood : Will You Tolerate This ? Narrator Kristy Neale First published 13 October 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Sheriff Got Your Tongue ? Narrator Kay Woodward First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Who Shot The Sheriff ? Narrator Jacqueline Rayner First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2006 Robin Hood : Parent Hood Narrator Mandy Archer First published 6 November 2006 by BBC Audiobooks 2007 The Lords of the North Narrator Bernard Cornwell First published July 2007 by Chivers Audiobooks 2009 Robin Hood : The Witch Finders Narrator Rebecca Levene First published April 2009 by Big Finish Productions 2009 Robin Hood : The Siege Narrator Simon Guerrier First published 30 June 2009 by Big Finish Productions 2009 Sylvester Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 1 July 2009 by Naxos Audiobooks Venetia Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 1 April 2010 by Naxos Audiobooks The Convenient Marriage Narrator Georgette Heyer First published 2 August 2010 by Naxos Audiobooks 2014 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Narrator A.J. Hartley and David Hewson First released 20 May 2014 by Audible.com Win -- Audible Award for Best Audiobook of the Year 2015 Classic Love Poems Narrator William Shakespeare , Edgar Allan Poe , Elizabeth Barrett Browning and more First released 9 February 2015 by Audible.com 2015 The Chimes Narrator Charles Dickens First released 11 December 2015 by Audible.com 2016 David Copperfield Narrator Charles Dickens First released 9 February 2016 by Audible.com 2016 Introduction to The Turn of the Screw Co-narrator Henry James First released 15 March 2016 by Audible.com 2016 Romeo and Juliet : A Novel Narrator David Hewson First released 6 December 2016 by Audible.com Radio ( edit ) 2007 : BBC Radio 4 : The Ted Hughes Letters , as Ted Hughes ( 29 October 2007 ) 2007 : BBC Radio 2 : A War Less Ordinary , narrator ( 10 November 2007 ) 2010 : BBC Radio 4 : Clarissa : The History of a Young Lady , as Robert Lovelace ( 14 March 2010 ) 2010 : BBC Radio 3 : Words and Music : Symphony of a City as narrator ( 12 September 2010 ) Voice - over ( edit ) 2007 : Channel 4 : Empire 's Children , as narrator ( 2 July 2007 ) 2009 : ITV1 : Homes from Hell , as narrator ( 3 March 2009 ) 2009 : Channel 4 : The Great Sperm Race , as narrator ( 23 March 2009 ) 2010 -- 11 : Voice - over for Santander TV and radio adverts 2010 : BBC 2 : The Natural World , Forest Elephants : Rumbles in the Jungle , as narrator 2010 -- 2011 : Voice - over for Sky Sports HD TV and radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for General Election 2010 Leaders ' Debates radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for BBC Winter Olympics TV and radio adverts 2010 : Voice - over for Alfa Romeo Mito TV advert 2010 : Voice - over for John Bull Jewelers radio adverts 2010 : ITV : Surgery School , as narrator 2010 : Voice - over for Hyundai ix20 TV advert 2010 : BBC : Lost Land of the Tiger , as narrator 2011 : BBC : Elsa : The Lioness That eChanged the World , as narrator 2010 : Voice - over for ActionAidUK TV advert 2011 : Voice - over for Pilsner Urquell TV advert 2011 : Discovery Channel UK : HMS Ark Royal , as narrator 2011 : Eden Channel : Trouble in Lemur Land : Phantoms of the Forest , as narrator 2011 : BBC2 : 125 Years of Wimbledon : You Cannot Be Serious , as narrator 2011 : Voice - over for LG Optimus 3D Smartphone TV advert 2011 : ITV : Fraud Squad , as narrator 2011 : National Geographic Wild : Leopards of Dead Tree island , as narrator 2012 : ITV : Fraud Squad , series two , as narrator Podcast shows ( edit ) Wolverine : The Long Night , series regular , as James `` Logan '' Howlett / Wolverine Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Work Award Result Ref . 2009 Spooks Golden Nymph Awards Outstanding Actor -- Drama Series Nominated 2009 Spooks TV Quick Awards Best Actor Nominated 2011 Venetia Audie Awards Best Audiobook Adaptation Nominated 2013 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey SFX Awards Best Actor Nominated 2014 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated 2014 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Audible Best of 2014 Audiobook of the Year Won 2014 The Crucible Broadway World : UK Awards Best Leading Actor in a New Production of a Play Won 2015 The Crucible What 's On Stage Awards Best Actor in a Play Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies SFX Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Empire Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Novel Audie Awards Best Solo Narration -- Male Nominated 2015 The Crucible Olivier Awards Best Actor Nominated 2015 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor in a film Won 2016 Hannibal Critics ' Choice Awards Best Guest Actor / Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2016 Hannibal Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Supporting Actor Won 2016 Classic Love Poems Audie Awards Best Male Narrator Nominated 2016 Hannibal Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on a television series Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shannon , Sarah ( 19 April 2006 ) . `` Richard Armitage : Ladies beware '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Jackson sets first names for ' The Hobbit ' '' . deadline.com. 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , Travis ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Star Richard Armitage to Play Toothy Killer on NBC 's ' Hannibal ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Serena ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Spooks : Richard Armitage '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage : from spy to SAS '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man on Fire : Richard Armitage 's explosive turn in The Crucible '' . theguardian.com. 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Kat ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Richard Armitage in The Crucible trailer '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olivier 2015 nominees for Best Actor '' . olivierawards.com . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage Biography '' . Buddytv.com. 22 August 1971 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wark , Penny ( 13 April 2005 ) . `` In a swoon over me ? Sure not '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gemma ( November 2009 ) . `` Our Very Own Action Hero '' . Leicestershire and Rutland Life . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former city drama student takes the spotlight '' . coventrytelegraph.net. 20 November 2004 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Coventry Evening Telegraph , 12 November 1999 ^ Jump up to : Anwar , Brett ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Northern Exposure '' . Vivid Magazine . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview on GMTV with Lorraine Kelly '' . GMTV. 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Marolachakis , Stefan . `` Force of Hobbit , '' Nylon magazine , January 2013 Jump up ^ https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-QmpVWgdnO1k/TXXjcyTu2QI/AAAAAAAAAmI/I5Bmr0heJXg/s1600/cats1994folr.jpg . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Patrica ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Move Over Darcey '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Louise . `` The TV script said I had a perfect six - pack ... so I had to work out '' , Sunday Mirror , 25 August 2002 ^ Jump up to : Hemley , Matthew . `` Tackling a Tough Shoot , '' The Stage , 6 May 2010 , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage '' . United Agents . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Me As Your Cardigan '' . Charm Offensive . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sparkhouse '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendry , Steve ( 24 October 2009 ) . `` I rarely turn down work after years of struggling , says Spooks star Richard Armitage '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Laws , Roz ( 23 November 2003 ) . `` I 'm a bed boy '' . Sunday Mercury . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cold Feet Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North & South '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jane ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` Stepping out of the shadows '' . icNewcastle . Archived from the original on 3 February 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashworth , Annea ( 22 December 2004 ) . `` A dashing object of desire '' . The Times . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clydesdale , Lindsay ( 7 December 2004 ) . `` Your Darcy 's out the window '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Banham , Rachel ( 5 February 2005 ) . `` Will Richard be the new Darcy ? '' . Eastern Daily Press . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the new Mr Darcy ? '' , TV Times , 18 March 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` The Inspector Lynley Mysteries : In Divine Proportion '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Press Pack : The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk. 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oddy , Jane ( 10 September 2005 ) . `` Incurable romantic '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frozen : The Cast '' . frozenfilm.com . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood arrows in for a second series ; Richard Armitage is Guy of Gisborne '' . BBC Press Office . 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( 16 September 2009 ) . `` No more Mr. Nice Guy when ' Robin Hood ' returns '' . TwinCities.com . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Cope , Samantha . `` I 'd Make a Rubbish Spy , '' Sunday People , 26 October 2008 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` BBC to Show Real Life Torture of Spooks Actor Who Endured Waterboarding for Authenticity '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` ' Spooks ' Peter Firth interview : ' They wo n't kill Harry off ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jane . `` Tough Act , '' Readers Digest , U.K. , May 2010 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Stephenson , David . `` Hero of a Special Force , '' Sunday Express , 2 May 2010 . p. # not listed . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` In Between the Terrorist Threats , Plenty of Time for Hanky - Panky '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woodfin , Josh `` World 's Tallest Dwarf '' Project Magazine , 15 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` Is Richard Armitage in the new Captain America film ? '' . hobbsy.com. 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage talks about his penchant for playing tough nuts , including his latest role as a Nazi in Captain America '' . telegraph.co.uk. 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hobbit ' Filming Finally Begins in New Zealand '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit media conference -- full video '' . 3 News . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Hobbit ' : Richard Armitage finds Thorin Oakenshield in ' Macbeth ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' star Richard Armitage lands major role in tornado thriller -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Blitchok , Dustin ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` ' Black Sky ' forming as tornado movie films around Oakland County '' . Oakland Press . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage talks Into The Storm '' . Collider. 30 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Found - Footage Tornado Pic ' Into the Storm ' to Hit Theaters August 2014 '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban and the Shed Crew '' . blenheimfilms.com . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting began today '' . Twitter.com. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For our last day of filming , a picture of Urban and Chop walking the streets of Leeds '' . Twitter.com. 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` News : Urban and the Shed Crew '' . michellesmithcastng.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE - Richard Armitage chats with TheOneRing.net '' . TheOneRing.net. 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban and the Shed Crew '' . leedsfilm.com . Nov 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crucible '' . Oldvictheatre.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWW : UK Awards 2014 '' . broadwayworld.com. 27 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North American screening is restricted '' . Twitter . 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Crucible will be released 17 March 2015 '' . DigitalTheatre.com. 6 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A cameo in a movie based on a well known novel by Lewis Caroll '' . Twitter . 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Role Does Richard Armitage Play in ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' ? '' . romper.com. 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage Takes The Lead Role in Elliott Lester 's Psychological Thriller , `` Sleepwalker '' `` . theanglophilechannel.com. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ahna O'Reilly , Richard Armitage Rise to Thriller ' Sleepwalker ' '' . deadline.com. 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` @ RCArmitage Welcome aboard '' . Twitter . 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Elle . `` Celeb Profile Richard Armitage '' . NewYorkMoves . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` @ RCArmitage demonstrates blood in the moonlight appears quite black '' . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrapped , to everyone at ' Hannibal ' thank you for having me '' . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hannibal episodes '' . nbc.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Hannibal Recruits The Hobbit Star Richard Armitage for Killer Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Hannibal : Richard Armitage cast as The Tooth Fairy Killer '' . IGN . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Akers , Laura ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Hannibal season 3 episode 8 review '' . denofgeek.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` TV performer of the week : Richard Armitage , Hannibal '' . collider.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Didelot , Patricia ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Richard Armitage shines in thrilling ' Hannibal ' episode '' . inquisitr.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Nominees '' . saturnawards.org . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results '' . fangoria.com. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Awards - Television Categories '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First day done '' . Twitter . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap on day 1 of Pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage joins Pilgrimage '' . Empire Online . 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage looks back on The Hobbit and forward to Hannibal '' . Digital Spy. 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Day 1 in Belgium Forests # pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrapped '' . Twitter . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last week on Pilgrimage '' . Twitter . 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Armitage , Naomi Harris get ' Clearance ' '' . Screen Daily . 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Umedia takes on ' Clearance ' with Richard Armitage , Naomi Harris '' . Hollywood Reporter. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage takes a stand against cyberbullying '' . Film Industry Network . 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne - Marie Casey '' . davidhigham.co.uk . Archived from the original on 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good bye San Diego ... Hello Vancouver '' . Twitter . 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Niall ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` Richard Armitage joins Gerard Barrett 's Brain On Fire as cameras roll in Vancouver '' . scannain.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brain on Fire World Premiere '' . tiff.net . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hannibal ' Alum Richard Armitage to Star in Epix Spy Series ' Berlin Station ' '' . Variety . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EPIX Announces Start of Production for Original Spy Series `` Berlin Station '' `` . The Futon Critic. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting for Love , Love , Love '' . roundabouttheatre.org. 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lodderhose , Diana ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Richard Armitage Joins ' Ocean 's Eight ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Ark Royal '' . 4 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Moira . `` In Conversation With : Richard Armitage , '' Vulpis Libris , 8 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Audio Recording of `` Hero of a Special Force '' Interview with Richard Armitage conducted by David Stephenson of the Sunday Express , `` Richard Armitage , Strike Back , Sky , '' 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Emily . `` Armitage Talks Strike Back , '' Screenrush , 29 April 2010 . Archived 4 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage : ' I was a beanpole with a nose I had n't grown into ' '' . Mirror Online . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dreaming of Thorin -- An Interview with Richard Armitage '' . Legendarium . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey -- Richard Armitage ( Thorin Okensheild ) DVD Q&A '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( 18 October 2008 ) . `` Richard Armitage joins the cast of Spooks '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ alicat . `` Richard Armitage in Star Wars : The Phantom Menace '' . www.richardarmitagenet.com . Jump up ^ `` Staged trailer starring Richard Armitage and Jennifer Lawrence '' . vimeo.com. 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Lisa - Marie ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` The Crucible On Screen Review : Epic , Emotional and Utterly Compelling '' . filmandtvnow.com . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors - Season 4 '' . tv.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spooks : Episode 4 Credits '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressionists '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Armitage reads Winnie in Winter '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . 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Richard Armitage on IMDb Richard Armitage at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Richard Armitage 's CV at United Agents <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. 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-5,677,352,666,753,701,000 | top box office movies of all time bollywood | List of highest - grossing Indian films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing Indian films Jump to : navigation , search This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources . There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India , and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates . Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century . As of 2003 , there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . During the first decade of the 21st century , there was a steady rise in the ticket price , a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released , which led to a large increase in the box office collections . The majority of highest - grossing Indian films are Bollywood ( Hindi ) films . As of 2014 , Bollywood represents 43 % of the net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . See List of highest - grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Global gross figures 2 Highest - grossing films by language 2.1 Bengali ( Tollywood ) 2.2 Bhojpuri 2.3 Gujarati 2.4 Hindi ( Bollywood ) 2.5 Kannada 2.6 Malayalam 2.7 Marathi 2.8 Punjabi 2.9 Tamil ( Kollywood ) 2.10 Telugu ( Tollywood ) 3 Highest - grossing films by year 4 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Global gross figures The following list shows India 's top 25 highest - grossing films , which include films from all the Indian languages . The figures are not adjusted for inflation . The following list of films is sorted in terms of Indian rupees . Currency conversions to US dollars are also given as reference points , but may not be consistent , as the dollar - rupee exchange rate has varied over time , from 48 rupees per dollar in 2009 to over 65 rupees per dollar in 2017 . * Denotes films still running in theatres Denotes films that ranked first when they were still playing Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Primary language Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Hindi 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 260 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions Hindi 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films Hindi 149 ! ₹ 957.05 crore ( US $149 million ) 5 PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Hindi 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 6 Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 100 ! ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) 7 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 8 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films Hindi 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 9 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Hindi 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 10 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 11 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Hindi 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 12 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj R. Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions Hindi 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) 13 Chennai Express 2013 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 072 ! ₹ 423 crore ( US $72 million ) 14 Dilwale 2015 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 064 ! ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $64 million ) 15 Kick 2014 Sajid Nadiadwala Nadiadwala Grandson Hindi 066 ! ₹ 402 crore ( US $66 million ) 16 Happy New Year 2014 Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 065 ! ₹ 397 crore ( US $65 million ) 17 Bajirao Mastani 2015 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Eros International Hindi 056 ! ₹ 356.2 crore ( US $55 million ) 18 Bang Bang ! 2014 Siddharth Anand Fox Star Studios Hindi 056 ! ₹ 340 crore ( US $56 million ) 19 Ek Tha Tiger 2012 Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films Hindi 060 ! ₹ 320 crore ( US $60 million ) 20 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani 2013 Ayan Mukerji Dharma Productions Hindi 054 ! ₹ 318 crore ( US $54 million ) 21 Golmaal Again 2017 Rohit Shetty Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 048 ! ₹ 309.45 crore ( US $47 million ) 22 Raees 2017 Rahul Dholakia Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 045 ! ₹ 308.88 crore ( US $47 million ) 23 Krrish 3 2013 Rakesh Roshan Filmkraft Productions Hindi 050 ! ₹ 291.52 crore ( US $50 million ) 24 Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures Tamil 063 ! ₹ 289 crore ( US $63 million ) 25 Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations Tamil 045 ! ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) Highest - grossing films by language Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s , and accounted for a quarter of India 's film output in the 1950s . Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India 's cinema halls in the 1940s . In 2009 , South India accounted for 75 % of film revenues in India . As of 2014 , Bollywood ( Hindi cinema ) represents 43 % of net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . Bengali ( Tollywood ) Main article : List of highest - grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Amazon Obhijaan * 2017 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 48.63 crore ( US $7.4 million ) Chander Pahar 2013 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 16.53 crore ( US $2.5 million ) Boss 2 : Back to Rule 2017 Baba Yadav Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Paglu 2011 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Surinder Films ₹ 9.92 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Saathi 2002 Haranath Chakraborty Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 9.78 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 6 Rangbaaz 2013 Raja Chanda Surinder Films ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) 7 Praktan 2016 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 8 Awara 2012 Rabi Kinagi Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 8.46 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 9 Khoka 420 2013 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Eskay Movies ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 10 Posto 2017 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) Bhojpuri The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language . It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar and Nepal . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sasura Bada Paisawala Ajay Sinha Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Gujarati The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra . The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya 1998 Govindbhai Patel GN films ₹ 22 crore ( US $3.4 million ) Chhello Divas 2015 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 18 crore ( US $2.8 million ) Gujjubhai the Great 2015 Ishaan Randeria Siddharth Randeria Productions ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) GujjuBhai - Most Wanted 2014 Ishaan Randeria Pen India , SRF ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Bey Yaar 2014 Abhishek Jain CineMan productions ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 6 Karsandas Pay & Use 2017 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 4 crore ( US $610,000 ) Hindi ( Bollywood ) See also : List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films The Hindi language film industry , based in Mumbai , India , is frequently known as Bollywood . Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 149 ! ₹ 957.05 crore ( US $149 million ) PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 5 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 6 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 7 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 8 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 9 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 10 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) Kannada Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema , films produced in the Kannada language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Sandalwood '' . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Raajakumara 2017 Santhosh Ananddram Hombale Productions ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Mungaru Male 2006 Yogaraj Bhat E.K. Entertainers ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Kirik Party 2016 Rishab Shetty Paramvah Studios ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari 2014 Santhosh Ananddram Jayanna Combines ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 5 Doddmane Hudga 2016 Duniya Soori Ajay Pictures ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna 2012 Naganna Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Uppi 2 2015 Upendra Upendra Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 8 Kotigobba 2 2016 K.S. Ravikumar Rambabu Productions ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) -- ₹ 38 crore ( US $5.8 million ) 9 Dandupalya 2012 Srinivas Raju Apple Blossom Creations ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Shivalinga 2016 P. Vasu Jayanna Films ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Malayalam Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Mollywood '' by certain media outlets . These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Pulimurugan 2016 Vysakh Mulakuppadam Films ₹ 152 crore ( US $23 million ) Drishyam 2013 Jeethu Joseph Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Oppam 2016 Priyadarshan Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) Premam 2015 Alphonse Puthren Anwar Rasheed Entertainments ₹ 60 crore ( US $9.2 million ) 5 Two Countries 2015 Shafi Rejaputhra Visual Media ₹ 55 crore ( US $8.4 million ) 6 Ennu Ninte Moideen 2015 R.S. Vimal Newton Movies ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ezra 2017 Jay K AVA Productions , E4 Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol 2017 Jibu Jacob Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) The Great Father 2017 Haneef Adeni August Cinema ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 10 Bangalore Days 2014 Anjali Menon Anwar Rasheed Entertainments , Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 49.5 crore ( US $7.6 million ) Marathi The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra , India . India 's first full - length film , Raja Harishchandra , was released in 1913 in Marathi . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` M - town '' by media . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sairat 2016 Nagraj Manjule Essel Vision Productions , Aatpat Production ₹ 110 crore ( US $17 million ) Sachin : A Billion Dreams 2017 James Erskine 200 NotOut Productions ₹ 76.86 crore ( US $12 million ) Natsamrat 2016 Mahesh Manjrekar Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Katyar Kaljat Ghusali 2015 Subodh Bhave Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Timepass 2 2015 Ravi Jadhav Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Lai Bhaari 2014 Nishikant Kamath Mumbai Film Company ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 7 Timepass 2014 Ravi Jadhav Zee Talkies ₹ 33 crore ( US $5.1 million ) 8 Duniyadari 2013 Sanjay Jadhav Dreaming 24 / 7 Productions ₹ 32 crore ( US $4.9 million ) 9 Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy 2009 Santosh Manjrekar Everest Entertainment ₹ 25.5 crore ( US $3.9 million ) 10 Ventilator 2016 Rajesh Mapuskar Purple Pebble Pictures ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.8 million ) Punjabi Punjabi cinema , producing films in the Punjabi language , is primarily based in the state of Punjab . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Chaar Sahibzaade 2014 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 70 crore ( US $11 million ) Sardaar Ji 2015 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ambarsariya 2016 Mandeep Kumar Tips Industries Limited ₹ 21.22 crore ( US $3.3 million ) Punjab 1984 2014 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 21 crore ( US $3.2 million ) 5 Jatt & Juliet 2 2013 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) 6 Sardaar Ji 2 2016 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 19 crore ( US $2.9 million ) 7 Angrej 2015 Simerjit Singh Dara Productions ₹ 12.45 crore ( US $1.9 million ) 8 Chaar Sahibzaade : Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur 2016 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Tamil ( Kollywood ) Tamil cinema , the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is sometimes colloquially known as `` Kollywood '' , a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . Worldwide gross figures ( including dubbed versions ) are given below . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio Worldwide gross Source Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures ₹ 289 crore ( US $44 million ) Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) 5 Mersal * 2017 Atlee Thenandal Studio Limited ₹ 250 crore ( US $38 million ) 6 2015 S. Shankar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 240 crore ( US $37 million ) 7 Vishwaroopam 2013 Kamal Haasan Raaj Kamal Films International ₹ 220 crore ( US $34 million ) # + 8 Dasavathaaram 2008 K.S. Ravikumar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) 9 Thuppakki 2012 AR Murugadoss Sri Saravanaa Creations ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) 10 Theri 2016 Atlee S. Dhanu ₹ 172 crore ( US $26 million ) Telugu ( Tollywood ) It has been suggested that List of highest - grossing Telugu films be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2016 . Main article : List of highest - grossing Telugu films Telugu cinema , also known by its nickname `` Tollywood '' is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language , in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Title Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Ref ( s ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Srimanthudu 2015 Koratala Siva G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) Khaidi No. 150 2017 V.V. Vinayak Konidela Production Company ₹ 164 crore ( US $25 million ) 5 Gabbar Singh 2012 Harish Shankar Parameswara Art Productions ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Magadheera 2009 S.S. Rajamouli Geetha Arts ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Spyder 2017 A.R. Murugadoss NVR Cinema ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) # + 8 Janatha Garage 2016 Koratala Siva Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 135 crore ( US $21 million ) 9 Attarintiki Daredi 2013 Trivikram Srinivas Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra ₹ 131 crore ( US $20 million ) -- ₹ 187 crore ( US $29 million ) 10 Jai Lava Kusa 2017 K.S. Ravindra N.T.R. Arts ₹ 129 crore ( US $20 million ) Highest - grossing films by year Year Title Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source 1940 Zindagi P.C. Barua New Theatres 0181 ! ₹ 55 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1941 Khazanchi Moti B. Gidwani Pancholi Art Pictures 0235 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $35 million in 2016 ) 1942 Basant Amiya Chakrabarty Bombay Talkies 0235 ! ₹ 80 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $36 million in 2016 ) 1943 Kismet Gyan Mukherjee Bombay Talkies 0309 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore or US $47 million in 2016 ) 1944 Rattan M. Sadiq Gemini Pictures 0275 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1945 Zeenat Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Eastern Pictures 0188 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $29 million in 2016 ) 1946 Anmol Ghadi Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0249 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 249 crore or US $38 million in 2016 ) 1947 Jugnu Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Shaukat Art Productions 0363 ! ₹ 50 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1948 Chandralekha S.S. Vasan Gemini Studios 0215 ! ₹ 1.55 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 215 crore or US $33 million in 2016 ) 1949 Barsaat Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0269 ! ₹ 2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 269 crore or US $41 million in 2016 ) 1950 Samadhi Ramesh Saigal N / A 0188 ! ₹ 1.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1951 Awaara Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0739 ! ₹ 5.75 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 739 crore or US $110 million in 2016 ) 1952 Aan Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0373 ! ₹ 3.57 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 373 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1953 Anarkali Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0296 ! ₹ 2.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1954 Nagin Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0363 ! ₹ 2.9 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1955 Shree 420 Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0618 ! ₹ 4.94 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 618 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1956 Jagte Raho Sombhu Mitra Amit Maitra R.K. Films 0477 ! ₹ 4.44 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 477 crore or US $72 million in 2016 ) 1957 Mother India Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0961 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 961 crore or US $146 million in 2016 ) 1958 Madhumati Bimal Roy Bimal Roy Productions 0478 ! ₹ 4 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 478 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1959 Char Dil Char Rahen Khwaja Ahmad Abbas Naya Sansar 0591 ! ₹ 5.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1960 Mughal - e-Azam K. Asif Sterling Investment Corporation 2000 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $310 million ) in 2017 ) 1961 Gunga Jumna Nitin Bose Citizen Films 1250 ! ₹ 11.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,250 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) 1962 Bees Saal Baad Biren Nag Geetanjali Pictures 0182 ! ₹ 3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 182 crore or US $28 million in 2017 ) 1963 Mere Mehboob H.S. Rawail Rahul Theatre 0665 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 665 crore or US $99 million in 2016 ) 1964 Sangam Raj Kapoor Mehboob Studio 0410 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 417 crore or US $64 million in 2017 ) 1965 Waqt Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0285 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 285 crore or US $44 million in 2017 ) 1966 Phool Aur Patthar O.P. Ralhan Ralhan Productions 0847 ! ₹ 17.17 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 847 crore or US $128 million in 2016 ) 1967 Hamraaz B.R. Chopra United Producers 0759 ! ₹ 13.33 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 759 crore or US $113 million in 2016 ) 1968 Ankhen Ramanand Sagar Sagar Art International 0239 ! ₹ 6.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 239 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) 1969 Aradhana Shakti Samanta United Producers 0805 ! ₹ 17.85 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 805 crore or US $121 million in 2016 ) 1970 Johny Mera Naam Vijay Anand Mehboob Studios 0276 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 281 crore or US $43 million in 2017 ) 1971 Haathi Mere Saathi M.A. Thirumugam Devar Films 0611 ! ₹ 16.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 611 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1972 Seeta Aur Geeta Ramesh Sippy Sippy Films 0692 ! ₹ 19.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 692 crore or US $103 million in 2016 ) 1973 Bobby Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 1155 ! ₹ 30.24 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,155 crore or US $172 million in 2016 ) Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Manoj Kumar Filmistan 0224 ! ₹ 10.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 224 crore or US $34 million in 2017 ) Sholay Ramesh Sippy United Producers 1500 ! ₹ 35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,700 crore or US $270 million in 2017 ) 1976 Barood Pramod Chakravorty Jugnu Enterprises 0591 ! ₹ 19.32 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1977 Amar Akbar Anthony Manmohan Desai Hirawat Jain & Co . 0485 ! ₹ 15.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 485 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1978 Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Prakash Mehra Prakash Mehra Productions 0631 ! ₹ 26.89 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 631 crore or US $94 million in 2016 ) 1979 Suhaag Manmohan Desai Sharma Cine Associates 0275 ! ₹ 10 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1980 Qurbani Feroz Khan F.K. International 0296 ! ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1981 Kranti Manoj Kumar V.I.P. Films 0410 ! ₹ 20 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 410 crore or US $62 million in 2016 ) 1982 Disco Dancer Babbar Subhash B. Subhash Movie Unit 1261 ! ₹ 100.7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,261 crore or US $189 million in 2016 ) Coolie Manmohan Desai Aasia Films 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 282 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) 1984 Jagir Pramod Chakravorty Pramod Films 0181 ! ₹ 15.79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1985 Ram Teri Ganga Maili Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0326 ! ₹ 19 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 326 crore ( US $50 million ) in 2016 ) 1986 Karma Subhash Ghai Mukta Arts 0241 ! ₹ 14 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 241 crore ( US $37 million ) in 2016 ) Hukumat Anil Sharma N / A 0189 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 189 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 ) 1988 Tezaab N. Chandra N / A 0275 ! ₹ 16 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 ) 1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0481 ! ₹ 28 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 481 crore ( US $74 million ) in 2016 ) 1990 Dil Indra Kumar Maruti International 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1991 Saajan Lawrence D'Souza Eros Entertainment 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1992 Beta Indra Kumar Maruti International 0404 ! ₹ 23.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 404 crore ( US $62 million ) in 2016 ) 1993 Aankhen David Dhawan Chiragdeep International 0434 ! ₹ 25.25 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 434 crore ( US $66 million ) in 2016 ) 1994 Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 1316 ! ₹ 135 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 ) 1995 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 1087 ! ₹ 126.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 ) Raja Hindustani Dharmesh Darshan Cineyug 0711 ! ₹ 87.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 1997 Dil To Pagal Hai Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0562 ! ₹ 71.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 ) 1998 Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0753 ! ₹ 106.74 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 ) 1999 Hum Saath Saath Hain Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0551 ! ₹ 81.71 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 ) 2000 Mohabbatein Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 0532 ! ₹ 90.01 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 ) 2001 Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0703 ! ₹ 135.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 2002 Devdas Sanjay Leela Bhansali Red Chillies Entertainment 0456 ! ₹ 99.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 ) 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho Nikhil Advani Dharma Productions 0284 ! ₹ 86.09 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) Veer - Zaara Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0288 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 ) 2005 No Entry Anees Bazmee SK Film Entertainment 0203 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 ) 2006 Dhoom 2 Sanjay Gadhvi Yash Raj Films 0340 ! ₹ 151.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 346 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2007 Om Shanti Om Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment 0319 ! ₹ 149.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 ) 2008 Ghajini A.R. Murugadoss Geetha Arts 0460 ! ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2009 3 Idiots Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0810 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 824 crore or US $130 million in 2017 ) Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures 0462 ! ₹ 289 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 462 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2011 Bodyguard Siddique Reel Life Productions 0338 ! ₹ 234.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 344 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2012 Ek Tha Tiger Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films 0422 ! ₹ 320 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 429 crore or US $66 million in 2017 ) 2013 Dhoom 3 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 0713 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 713 crore or US $110 million in 2017 ) 2014 PK Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0971 ! ₹ 854 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 971 crore or US $150 million in 2017 ) 2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan * Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 1000 ! ₹ 957.05 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 10 billion or US $160 million in 2017 ) 2016 Dangal * Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios 2200 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 22 billion or US $330 million in 2017 ) 2017 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works 1713.59 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) 2018 Padmaavat * Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 0585 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) Highest - grossing franchises and film series The Khiladi franchise was the first film franchise to gross over ₹ 100 crore , followed by the Krrish film series . Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 1,000 crore at the box office , and the only franchise where both its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crore worldwide . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 30 March 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Franchise / Series Total worldwide box office ( crore INR ) No. of films Average of films ( crore INR ) Highest - grossing film ( crore INR ) ( show ) Baahubali ₹ 2,363.59 ₹ 1,182 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( ₹ 1,710.68 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) ₹ 1,713.59 The Beginning ( 2015 ) ₹ 650 ( show ) Tiger ₹ 889 ₹ 445 Tiger Zinda Hai ( ₹ 569 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) ₹ 569 Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) ₹ 320 ( show ) Dhoom ₹ 813.09 ₹ 271 Dhoom 3 ( ₹ 585 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 589.2 Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) ₹ 151.39 Dhoom ( 2004 ) ₹ 72.5 ( show ) Singam ₹ 655 5 ₹ 131 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Singham ( Hindi ) ₹ 355 ₹ 178 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) Singham Returns ( 2014 ) ₹ 215 Singham ( 2011 ) ₹ 140 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Singam ( Tamil ) ₹ 300 ₹ 100 Singam II ( ₹ 125 ) Singam II ( 2013 ) ₹ 125 Si3 ( 2017 ) ₹ 110 Singam ( 2010 ) ₹ 65 5 ( show ) Golmaal ₹ 647.35 ₹ 162 Golmaal Again ( ₹ 309.45 ) Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) ₹ 309.45 Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) ₹ 160 Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) ₹ 108 Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) ₹ 69.9 6 ( show ) Krrish ₹ 511.52 ₹ 171 Krrish 3 ( ₹ 291.52 ) Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 291.52 Krrish ( 2006 ) ₹ 117 Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2003 ) ₹ 103 8 ( show ) Don ₹ 511.2 6 ₹ 85 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Don ( Hindi ) ₹ 335.2 ₹ 112 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) Don 2 ( 2011 ) ₹ 215 Don : The Chase Begins Again ( 2006 ) ₹ 113.2 Don ( 1978 ) ₹ 7 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Billa ( Tamil / Telugu ) ₹ 176 ₹ 59 Billa II ( ₹ 100 ) Billa II ( 2012 ) ₹ 100 Billa ( 2007 ) ₹ 50 Billa ( 2009 ) ₹ 26 7 ( show ) Housefull ₹ 500 ₹ 167 Housefull 3 ( ₹ 195 ) Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) ₹ 195 Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 186 Housefull ( 2010 ) ₹ 119 9 ( show ) Dabangg ₹ 470 ₹ 235 Dabangg 2 ( ₹ 250 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 250 Dabangg ( 2010 ) ₹ 220 10 ( show ) Dulhania ₹ 310.34 ₹ 155 Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( ₹ 200.34 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) ₹ 200.34 Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) ₹ 110 11 ( show ) Tanu Weds Manu ₹ 299 ₹ 150 Tanu Weds Manu : Returns ( ₹ 243 ) Returns ( 2015 ) ₹ 243 Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) ₹ 56 12 ( show ) Race ₹ 268 ₹ 134 Race 2 ( ₹ 162 ) Race 2 ( 2013 ) ₹ 162 Race ( 2008 ) ₹ 106 13 ( show ) Welcome ₹ 256 ₹ 128 Welcome Back ( ₹ 136 ) Welcome Back ( 2015 ) ₹ 136 Welcome ( 2007 ) ₹ 120 14 ( show ) Judwaa ₹ 251.79 ₹ 126 Judwaa 2 ( ₹ 227.51 ) Judwaa 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 227.51 Judwaa ( 1997 ) ₹ 24.28 15 ( show ) Gabbar Singh ₹ 250 ₹ 125 Gabbar Singh ( ₹ 150 ) Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) ₹ 150 Sardaar Gabbar Singh ( 2016 ) ₹ 100 16 ( show ) Jolly LLB ₹ 234.3 ₹ 117 Jolly LLB 2 ( ₹ 197.3 ) Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 197.3 Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) ₹ 37 17 ( show ) Raaz ₹ 210.6 ₹ 53 Raaz 3 ( ₹ 97 ) Raaz 3 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97 Reboot ( 2016 ) ₹ 42.1 Raaz ( 2002 ) ₹ 37 The Mystery Continues ( 2009 ) ₹ 34.5 18 ( show ) ABCD ₹ 206 ₹ 103 ABCD 2 ( ₹ 130 ) ABCD 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 130 Any Body Can Dance ( 2013 ) ₹ 76 19 ( show ) Muni ₹ 203.7 ₹ 68 Kanchana 2 ( ₹ 120 ) Kanchana 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 120 Muni 2 : Kanchana ( 2011 ) ₹ 68.7 Muni ( 2007 ) ₹ 15 20 ( show ) Baby ₹ 199.1 ₹ 100 Baby ( ₹ 143 ) Baby ( 2015 ) ₹ 143 Naam Shabana ( 2017 ) ₹ 56.1 21 ( show ) Khiladi ₹ 199 8 ₹ 25 Khiladi 786 ( ₹ 97.05 ) Khiladi 786 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97.05 Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi ( 1996 ) ₹ 25.16 Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi ( 1997 ) ₹ 16.75 International Khiladi ( 1999 ) ₹ 16.19 5 Sabse Bada Khiladi ( 1995 ) ₹ 16.06 6 Main Khiladi Tu Anari ( 1994 ) ₹ 13.84 7 Khiladi 420 ( 2000 ) ₹ 10.2 8 Khiladi ( 1992 ) ₹ 3.75 22 ( show ) Masti ₹ 187.8 ₹ 63 Grand Masti ( ₹ 142 ) Grand Masti ( 2013 ) ₹ 142 Masti ( 2004 ) ₹ 26.8 Great Grand Masti ( 2016 ) ₹ 19 23 ( show ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ₹ 186.2 ₹ 93 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( ₹ 94.5 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) ₹ 94.5 Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! ( 2013 ) ₹ 91.7 24 ( show ) Dhamaal ₹ 159.3 ₹ 80 Dhamaal ( ₹ 88.8 ) Dhamaal ( 2007 ) ₹ 88.8 Double Dhamaal ( 2011 ) ₹ 70.5 See also Bengali Cinema portal 100 Crore Club 500 Crore Club 1000 Crore Club List of highest - grossing films in India List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets List of highest - grossing films in China List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales List of most expensive Indian films Lists of Bollywood films Lists of highest - grossing films Notes ^ Jump up to : Dangal worldwide gross : ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) India -- ₹ 587 crore ( US $90 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 1,535.3 crore ( US $241.8 million ) Chinese markets -- ₹ 1,318.1 crore ( US $200 million ) China -- ₹ 1,254 crore ( US $190 million ) Taiwan -- ₹ 41 crore ( US $6.3 million ) Hong Kong -- ₹ 23.1 crore ( US $3.5 million ) Other territories -- US $31.8 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Baahubali 2 worldwide gross : ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) India -- ₹ 1,416.9 crore ( US $220 million ) Overseas -- US $44,189,409 ( ₹ 296.69 crore ) Japan -- US $1,000,000 ( ₹ 6.51 crore ) Russia -- US $89,409 ( ₹ 58 lakh ) Other territories -- ₹ 289.6 crore ( $43.1 million ) ^ Jump up to : Secret Superstar worldwide gross : ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) China : US $124.4 million ( ₹ 810 crore ) Other territories : ₹ 155 crore ( US $24 million ) ^ Jump up to : Bajrangi Bhaijaan worldwide gross -- ₹ 957.05 crore ( US $149 million ) India -- ₹ 433 crore ( US $ 67.41 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 524.05 crore ( US $82 million ) China -- US $48 million ( ₹ 313 crore ) Other territories -- US $30.9 million ( ₹ 211.05 crore ) ^ Jump up to : PK worldwide gross : ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) Domestic : ₹ 489 crore ( US $80.2 million ) Overseas : US $53.4 million ( ₹ 365 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Sultan worldwide gross : ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $90 million ) Domestic : ₹ 421.25 crore ( US $65 million ) Overseas : ₹ 168 crore ( US $26 million ) ^ Jump up to : Dhoom 3 worldwide gross : ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) Domestic gross : ₹ 372 crore Overseas gross : US $35.6 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : 3 Idiots worldwide gross : ₹ 459.962 crore ( US $87.55 million ) Domestic : ₹ 273.82 crore ( US $57.05 million ) Overseas : US $30.5 million ( ₹ 186.142 crore ) Jump up ^ Dilwale worldwide gross : ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $63 million ) Domestic : ₹ 214.15 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $30.2 million ( ₹ 194 crore ) Jump up ^ Happy New Year worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 295 crore ( US $48 million ) Overseas : US $16.71 million ( ₹ 102 crore ) Jump up ^ Raees worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 213 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $14.1 million ( ₹ 95.88 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Box office gross values of ₹ 600 -- 675 crore were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express , which were more than double the estimates made by other sources . International Business Times ( IBT ) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated , explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of `` pre-release business '' figures , such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹ 200 crore , being factored into the box office sales totals . Firstpost wrote , `` More conservative estimates put Kabali 's collections at around Rs 300 crores from worldwide ticket sales . '' IBT 's analysts in August 2016 estimated the film 's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹ 3.5 billion ( US $54 million ) . Figures given in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹ 215 crore and an international gross of ₹ 262 crore , which total ₹ 477 crore . A figure of USD $77 million given by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹ 493 -- 499 crore . According to International Business Times in October 2017 , Kabali 's final worldwide gross was around ₹ 286 crore ( US $44 million ) . Jump up ^ 3.4804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1940 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $3.83 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 55 lakh ( US $1.58 million ) in 1940 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.3077 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1941 and 1942 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $4.03 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1941 ( US $35 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 80 lakh ( US $2.42 million ) in 1942 ( US $36 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.3223 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1943 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.32 million ) in 1943 ( US $47 million or ₹ 309 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.302 Indian rupees per US dollar from in 1944 and 1945 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.03 million ) in 1944 ( US $42 million or ₹ 275 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1945 ( US $29 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.309 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1946 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.02 million ) in 1946 ( US $38 million or ₹ 249 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1 Indian rupee per US dollar in 1947 Jump up ^ ₹ 50 lakh ( US $5 million ) in 1947 ( US $55 million or ₹ 363 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950 Jump up ^ ₹ 1.55 crore ( US $3.24 million ) in 1948 ( US $33 million or ₹ 215 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2 crore ( US $4 million ) in 1949 ( US $41 million or ₹ 269 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 1.35 crore ( US $2.8 million ) in 1950 ( US $28 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.7619 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965 ^ Jump up to : 4 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1950 to 1960 Jump up ^ Awaara : ₹ 5.75 crore ( US $12.08 million ) in 1954 ( ₹ 739 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2.3 crore ( US $4.83 million ) in 1951 ( US $46 million ( ₹ 302 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 29 million SUR ( US $7.25 million , ₹ 3.45 crore ) in 1954 ( US $66 million ( ₹ 437 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aan worldwide gross : ₹ 3.5731 crore ( $6.04241 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 373.25 crore ( $54.7 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 2.8 crore ( $5.88 million ) , equivalent to $53.2 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 . Overseas gross : ₹ 773,060 ( $162,410 ) , equivalent to $1.5 million ( ₹ 10.25 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ ₹ 2.35 crore ( US $4.94 million ) in 1953 ( US $45 million ( ₹ 296 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2.9 crore ( US $6.09 million ) in 1954 ( US $55 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 35 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ Shree 420 : ₹ 4.94 crore ( US $10.38 million ) in 1956 ( ₹ 618 crore ( US $92 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.9 crore ( US $8.19 million ) in 1955 ( US $75 million ( ₹ 490 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.75 million SUR ( US $2.19 million , ₹ 1.04 crore ) in 1956 ( US $20 million ( ₹ 128 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 33.6 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Jagte Raho in Soviet Union : 8.4 million SUR ( US $9.33 million , ₹ 4.44 crore ) in 1965 ( US $72 million or ₹ 477 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1956 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was CID , which grossed ₹ 2.5 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mother India : ₹ 8 crore ( US $16.8 million ) in 1957 ( US $146 million ( ₹ 961 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 4 crore ( US $8.4 million ) in 1958 ( US $71 million ( ₹ 478 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 39.8 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ Char Dil Char Rahen in Soviet Union : 9.95 million SUR ( US $11.06 million , ₹ 5.27 crore ) in 1962 ( US $89 million or ₹ 591 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1959 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Anari , which grossed ₹ 3 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mughal - e-Azam domestic gross : ₹ 11 crore in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore in 2017 . Inflation rate of 200 times : ₹ 6 crore domestic nett in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 1,300 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2017 . Jump up ^ 32.1 million Soviet tickets sold in 1965 , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s Jump up ^ 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Gunga Jumna : ₹ 11.27 crore ( US $23.53 million ) in 1965 ( ₹ 1250 crore ( US $186 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 7 crore ( US $14.7 million ) in 1961 ( US $120 million or ₹ 793 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.03 million SUR ( US $8.92 million , ₹ 4.25 crore ) in 1965 ( US $69 million or ₹ 457 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mere Mehboob : ₹ 6 crore ( US $12.6 million ) in 1963 ( US $101 million or ₹ 665 crore in 2016 Jump up ^ 46.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 7.5 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1967 to 1970 Jump up ^ Phool Aur Patthar : India : ₹ 7.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 322 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 11.6 million SUR ( US $12.89 million , ₹ 9.67 crore ) in 1970 ( US $81 million or ₹ 531 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 42.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 7.4919 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1971 Jump up ^ Hamraaz : ₹ 13.33 crore ( US $17.78 million ) in 1967 ( ₹ 759 crore ( US $113 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 4.5 crore ( US $6 million ) in 1967 ( US $44 million or ₹ 289 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 10.6 million SUR ( US $11.78 million , ₹ 8.83 crore ) in 1971 ( US $71 million or ₹ 470 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 47.4 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.829 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1972 ^ Jump up to : 7.5945 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1972 Jump up ^ Aradhana : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 258 crore or US $40 million in 2017 ) in 1969 Soviet Union : 11.85 million SUR ( US $14.29 million , ₹ 10.85 crore ) in 1972 ( US $84 million ( ₹ 551 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 34.8 million Soviet tickets sold , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.7536 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ 8.1016 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ Haathi Mere Saathi : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 238 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 8.7 million SUR ( US $11.54 million , ₹ 9.35 crore ) in 1974 ( US $57 million or ₹ 376 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 55.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.758 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ Seeta Aur Geeta : ₹ 19.53 crore ( US $22.82 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.5 crore ( US $4.61 million ) in 1972 ( US $27 million or ₹ 175 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 13.8 million SUR ( US $18.21 million , ₹ 16.03 crore ) in 1976 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.742 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 62.6 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.73 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ 8.973 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Bobby : ₹ 30.24 crore ( US $35.65 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 11 crore ( US $14.21 million ) in 1973 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15.65 million SUR ( US $21.44 million , ₹ 19.24 crore ) in 1975 ( US $98 million ( ₹ 638 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 8.3759 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Sholay : ₹ 35 crore ( US $41.79 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 1,500 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 17 billion or US $260 million in 2017 ) in 2014 . Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 60 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.706 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ 8.15 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ Barood : ₹ 19.32 crore ( US $23.52 million ) in 1978 ( ₹ 591 crore ( US $88 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2 crore ( US $2.27 million ) in 1976 ( US $10 million ( ₹ 67 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15 million SUR ( US $21.25 million , ₹ 17.32 crore ) in 1978 ( US $97 million ( ₹ 524 crore ) in 2016 ) Note : The highest domestic grosser of 1973 , Dus Numbri , grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Amar Akbar Anthony domestic gross : ₹ 15.5 crore in 1977 , equivalent to $18.05 million ( ₹ 8.5858 per US dollar in 1977 ) , or $73 million ( ₹ 485 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 25.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : Disco Dancer : 60 million Soviet rubles in 1984 , 0.791 rubles per US dollar in 1984 ^ Jump up to : 12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984 Jump up ^ Muqaddar Ka Sikandar : India : ₹ 17 crore in 1978 , equivalent to $20.66 million ( ₹ 8.2267 per US dollar in 1978 ) , or $78 million ( ₹ 510 crore ) in 2016 . Soviet Union : 6.3 million SUR ( US $7.96 million , ₹ 9.89 crore ) in 1984 , equivalent to US $19 million ( ₹ 121 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.1258 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1979 Jump up ^ Suhaag domestic gross : ₹ 10 crore ( US $12.31 million ) in 1979 ( US $42 million or ₹ 242 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.8629 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1980 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 12 crore ( US $15.26 million ) in 1980 ( US $45 million or ₹ 296 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 1993 inflation rate of 17.18 times : Darr 's domestic nett of ₹ 10.73 crore in 1993 equivalent to ₹ 184.37 crore in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.6585 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1981 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 20 crore ( US $23.1 million ) in 1981 ( US $62 million or ₹ 410 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 9.79 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1982 Jump up ^ Disco Dancer : ₹ 100.68 crore in 1984 ( ₹ 1261 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) India : ₹ 6.4 crore ( US $ 6.54 million ) in 1982 ₹ 88 crore ( US $13 million ) in 2016 Soviet Union : US $75.85 million ( ₹ 94.28 crore ) in 1984 ( US $179 million ( ₹ 1176 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 38 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.7585 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ 12.6108 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ Jagir in Soviet Union : 9.5 million SUR ( US $12.52 million , ₹ 15.79 crore ) in 1986 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1984 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Tohfa , which grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Hum Aapke Hain Koun : ₹ 135 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 9.73 times : ₹ 72.47 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 705 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : ₹ 126.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 106.5 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 20 crore . Inflation rate of 8.59 times : ₹ 53.31 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 458 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Hindustani : ₹ 87.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 85 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 2.5 crore . Inflation rate of 8.13 times : ₹ 48 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 390 crore ( US $60 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dil To Pagal Hai : ₹ 71.87 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.82 times : ₹ 34.97 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 273.34 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai : ₹ 106.74 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.05 times : ₹ 46.87 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 330.26 crore ( US $51 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Hum Saath Saath Hain : ₹ 81.71 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 6.74 times : ₹ 39.18 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 264.13 crore ( US $40 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohabbatein : ₹ 90.01 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.91 times : ₹ 41.88 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 247.51 crore ( US $38 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : ₹ 135.53 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.19 times : ₹ 55.65 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 288.72 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Devdas : ₹ 99.87 crore worldwide gross , ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 4.57 times : ₹ 41.66 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 190.36 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kal Ho Naa Ho : ₹ 86.09 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 3.3 times : ₹ 38.55 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 127.2 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Veer - Zaara : ₹ 97.64 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.95 times : ₹ 41.86 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 123.68 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ No Entry : ₹ 74.14 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.74 times : ₹ 44.72 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 122.58 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Om Shanti Om : ₹ 149.87 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.13 times : ₹ 78.17 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 166.48 crore ( US $25 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghajini worldwide gross : ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) Domestic : ₹ 162 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 321 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Overseas : ₹ 70 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 139 crore or US $21 million in 2017 ) Jump up ^ Don : The Chase Begins Again worldwide gross : 113.2 crore Domestic : ₹ 77.5 crore Overseas : $7.88 million ( ₹ 35.7 crore ) References Jump up ^ Priya Gupta ( 23 Nov 2013 ) . `` Box Office column discontinued '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : * Burra , Rani Day & Rao , Maithili ( 2006 ) , `` Cinema '' , Encyclopedia of India ( vol. 1 ) , Thomson Gale , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31350 - 4 . Jump up ^ * Khanna , Amit ( 2003 ) , `` The Future of Hindi Film Business '' , Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : historical record , the business and its future , narrative forms , analysis of the medium , milestones , biographies , Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Private Limited , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . p 158 Jump up ^ Binoy Prabhakar ( 26 Aug 2012 ) . `` Business of Rs 100 - cr films : Who gets what and why '' . Indiatimes The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Journey of Indian rupee since independence , The Times of India . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 48 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's ' Secret Superstar ' Winds Down Its Domestic Run With ₹ 83 Cr. / $12.8 M Gross '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 25 November 2017 ) . `` How to tell whether ' Secret Superstar 's Taiwan numbers signal future success in China '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` ' Secret Superstar ' Tracking Well Against ' Dangal ' Taiwan Run With $285 K / ₹ 1.85 Cr . Through Day 6 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Continues Record Hong Kong Run To Cross ₹ 23 Cr. / $3.5 M '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Tops $300 Million , Becoming The 5th Highest - Grossing Non-English Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange Rates ( 68.3 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide '' . Statista . December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 ( Bahubali 2 ) box office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film mints Rs 1,706.50 cr in 140 days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Japan loves Baahubali The Conclusion and here 's proof . Watch video '' . Hindustan Times . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Box Office > China ( 02 / 18 / 2018 ) '' . Entgroup . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Karan ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar BEATS Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai to become the Biggest Worldwide Bollywood grosser of 2017 '' . Bollywood Life . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepika Padukone 's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan 's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office '' . Times Now . 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2015 : Top 6 highest grossing films '' . Daily News and Analysis . 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Box Office > China ( 04 / 01 / 2018 ) '' . EntGroup . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection : Rajamouli 's film beats Chennai Express , Kabali 's lifetime record in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood movies , Asianet News , 8 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 3 - day worldwide box - office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore ; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema ? '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sultan - Box Office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 58.512332 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies : Hindi Films '' . Bollywood Movie Review . 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61.01 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Padmaavat ' a very special film for Deepika , Ranveer and Shahid - Here 's why '' . Zee News . 16 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 61.03 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2013 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' Aims To Continue Movie Megastar 's Global Hit Streak '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 64.2 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2015 . Jump up ^ Mobhani , Suleman. ( 13 January 2015 ) , Box Office : Comparison of the Top Grossers of 2014 . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Worldwide Grossers All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Collection : ' Bang Bang ' Earns ₹ 340 cr Worldwide ; ' Super Nani ' Dull , ' Roar ' Steady '' . International Business Times . 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` New ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' Poster Brings Back The Salman Khan Fans Want To See '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 53.420806 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Golmaal Again '' . Bollywood Hungama. 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raees box office collection day 13 : Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India '' . The Indian Express . 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Saturday Box Office Collection : Baahubali Beats Endhiran 's Lifetime Record in 9 Days '' . Ibtimes.co.in. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 46 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kabali ' box office collection : Reports of Rajinikanth - starrer raking in Rs. 675 crore in 13 days are fake '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajinikanth 's Kabali has earned Rs 600 crore at the global box office . Or has it ? - Firstpost '' . 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' Box Office collection '' . International Business Times India . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth birthday today ; As superstar Rajni turns 65 , wishes pour in '' . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Armies Of Ajith Fans Mobilize To Blast ' Vivegam ' Teaser To Record Views '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Kabali , which starred blockbuster hero Rajinikanth , went on to gross nearly 5 billion rupees ( US $77 million ) worldwide , making it the 6th highest grossing Indian film in history at the time . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Mersal box office collection : A crowning - moment for Vijay as his film joins Rs 200 - crore club '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Bhaskar ( 2008 ) . `` The Melodramas of Globalization '' . Cultural Dynamics . 20 : 31 -- 51 ( 34 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 0921374007088054 . Jump up ^ `` Pather Panchali : Its history , the genius behind it , and Satyajit Rays style of working '' . Jump up ^ `` Southern movies account for over 75 % of film revenues '' . The Times of India . 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazon Obhijan ' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever '' . The Statesman. 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://padhonews.com/amazon-obhijaan-box-office-collection/ Jump up ^ `` বক্স অফিসের নতুন চুড়ায় চাঁদের পাহাড় '' . আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা. 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Tollywood delivers only five - six hits a year '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paglu Box Office Collection in India '' . Jump up ^ `` Saathi Box Office Collection in India '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 films that rocked the box office this year '' . Jump up ^ `` Out of the box : Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Best film of 2012 in Tollywood '' . Spicyonion.com . Jump up ^ http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=32352&boxid=15131326 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` posto 's success is special for us said jisshu sengupta and mimi chakraborty ( ' পোস্ত'র সাফল্যটা স্পেশ্যাল , বললেন মিমি - যিশু ) , ১৪ দিনের হিসাবে ৩. ৫ কোটির মত ব্যবসা করেছে ছবিটি '' . Jump up ^ `` Posto creates history , makes 1 crore in 4 days '' . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of things future - Himal Southasian '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gujarati films : Cheaper is not better '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Good shot '' . 22 June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Govt clerks arrested for leaking Chello Divas '' . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati Films to hit a century this year '' . 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Webdunia . `` ' ગુજ્જુભાઈ મોસ્ટ વોન્ટેડ ' પ્રથમ ફિલ્મ જેણે કર્યો , કમાણી 10 કરોડ પહોંચી '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hari Narayan ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Gujarati film industry , still a work in progress '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Karsandas Pay & Use ' week 1 box office collection : Mayur - Deeksha starrer turns big Gujarati money spinner of 2017 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterji , Saibal ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Pvt Ltd . pp. 10 -- 18 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pippa de Bruyn ; Niloufer Venkatraman ; Keith Bain ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's India . Frommer 's . p. 579 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 79434 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Janet ( 2003 ) . How Hollywood works . SAGE . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6814 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Jha ; Subhash ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . p. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` This man is the highly paid actor in Kannada film industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Mungaru Male sequel '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh all set for Mungaru Male 2 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakshit Shetty 's Kirik Party Telugu remake rights sold ; talks on for other language rights '' . International Business Times . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari enters 50 crore club '' . Jump up ^ `` Dodmane Hudga lifetime collection is over ₹ 40 crore '' . www.ibtimes.co.in . Jump up ^ `` Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ A Sharadhaa ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Sandalwood hits Rangitaranga and Uppi 2 Run to Full House in USA '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandalwood 2016 : Highest - grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya collected ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka and along with it 's Telugu dubbed version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . www.sify.com . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya said to have made ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka '' . m.timesofindia.com . `` Dubbed Telugu version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . m.indiaglitz.com . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 2016 Box Office Kings : Mohanlal is the only Malayalam actor among top 5 , Aamir Khan tops the list , followed by Akshay Kumar and Salman Khan '' . Catch News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ R. , Manoj Kumar ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Dangal rules Kerala box office , no new Malayalam releases this Friday '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DC ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Mohanlal 's Pulimurugan becomes first Malayalam film to gross over 100 crore rupees '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DNA Web Desk ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Kerala film awards : ' Premam ' snubbed says audience '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jha , Lata ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` The continued reign of Mohanlal '' . Mint . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ വാരിയർ , ഉണ്ണി കെ. ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` മോഹൻലാൽ ; 400 കോടീശ്വരൻ '' . Malayala Manorama ( in Malayalam ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onmanorama Staff ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Producers put their money on debutant directors '' . Malayala Manorama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` ' Endhiran 2 ' director Shankar praises Malayalam movie ' Premam ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Kaumudi Online ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Nivin 's hands are full '' . Kerala Kaumudi . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Srivatsan ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Naga Chaitanyas film earns Rs 20 crore in 5 days '' . India Today . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Vamsi , Krishna ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Chaitanya 's movie mints over Rs 15 crore '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kavirayani , Suresh ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Sunil to star in remake of Malayalam movie Two Countries '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom ( 2015 in Retrospect ) '' . Business Standard . Indo - Asian News Service . 19 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ezra : Prithviraj starrer emerges 8th Rs. 50 crore grosser of Malayalam cinema '' . Catch News . 13 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Kerala Box Office : Mohanlal 's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol completes 50 days , the actor 's fifth Rs. 50 crore blockbuster '' . Catch News . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Box Office : Mammootty 's The Great Father emerges as the actor 's first Rs 50 cr blockbuster '' . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly : Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films '' . International Business Times . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sairat , Chauthi Koot , Tithi : Apart from Visaranai , a list of films that could have made the Oscars cut '' . 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Bharathi ( Senior Journalist and Author ) ( 22 November 2016 ) . Show Business : How Ventilator won the battle against Demonetization ( Show Business with Actor Producer Viveck Vaswani ) ( Motion picture ) . India : Lehren TV . Event occurs at 6 : 46 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin -- A Billion Dreams - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sairat ' Is The Highest Grossing Marathi Film Ever , But Have You Heard About It Yet ? '' . indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` With Sairat , Marathi cinema flies high on box office , appreciation '' . The Indian Express . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ritesh Deshmukh And Nargis Fakhri Starrer Was Planned As A Marathi Film ? - Movie Talkies '' . Movie Talkies . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ N , Ganesh ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as popcorn - loving movie - goers prefer Hindi and English blockbusters '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Gayatri ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` After Duniyadari , will Lai Bhaari break Timepass ' record ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Ganesh N ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as the popcorn - loving movie - goer prefers Hindi and English blockbusters Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon '' . mid-day. 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Malvania , Urvi ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Harry Baweja 's Chaar Saahibzaade gives 250 % returns '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasmine ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` The turbaned prince '' . Spectrum . The Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Ambarsariya Continues Strong Run '' . Box Office India . 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` ' Ambarsariya ' continues to dominate ' Love Punjab , ' ' Ardaas ' at overseas box office '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chak De Pollywood - Namrata Joshi - Aug 04 , 2014 '' . outlookindia.com. 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Last heard , it had grossed Rs 21 crore worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Jatt and Juliet 2 makes a record collection at the box office '' . The Times of India . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . The film has made a box office collections nearing Rs. 20 crores approx ( All India ) Jump up ^ `` Box office collection : ' Udta Punjab ' and ' Raman Raghav 2.0 ' record a slow week ; ' Sardaarji 2 ' doing well worldwide '' . International Business Times . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . The worldwide box office collection of `` Sardaarji 2 '' stands at Rs. 19 crore . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` ' Angrej ' 17 - Day Box Office Collection : Amrinder Gill Film Pips ' Ramta Jogi ' in 3rd Weekend '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` Chaar Sahibzaade 2 overseas box office collection : Harry Baweja 's film remains undeterred by Dear Zindagi '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Don . `` Currency Withdrawals Short Change New Releases ' Rock On 2 ' And ' Chaar Sahibzaade ' 2 In India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Chaar Sahibzaade - Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur performs well ; Rock On ! ! 2 is a colossal disaster in overseas - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ilayathalapathy Vijay 's Mersal creates history ; breaches Rs 250 crore mark '' . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali to Ajith 's Vedalam : The Top 10 Highest grossing Tamil movies in 2015 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vishwaroopam ' Box Office Collection : Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹ 220 Crores '' . International Business Times . 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali to Thuppakki : Tamil Cinemas 100 Cr Films - NDTV Movies '' . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gopalan , Krishna ( 4 April 2009 ) . `` Nayagan '' . The Economic Times . p. 14 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Ghilli to Theri : 10 Ilayathalapathy Vijay action blockbusters one should know ! '' . CatchNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Year of success for tinsel town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1 year of Srimanthudu : 8 interesting facts about the Mahesh Babu - Shruti Haasan blockbuster '' . 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CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ A Taste for Indian Films : Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society , page 163 , Indiana University , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Moscow Prime Time : How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War , page 48 , Cornell University Press , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sergey Kudryavtsev ( 3 August 2008 ) . `` Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате ( Индия ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1956 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office 1957 , Box Office India , archived 22 September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1958 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1959 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . 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CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1985 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1986 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1989 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1990 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1991 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1992 '' . Box Office India . 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ISBN 9788132117889 . Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1996 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1996 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers : 1996 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1997 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Adjusted Nett Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1998 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2000 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2001 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2003 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . 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International Business Times . 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlyn Chopra sets temperatures soaring with her hot photoshoot '' . Movified. 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Birthdayspecial : Before the grand success of Baahubali , Prabhas delivered these hits '' . Times Now . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania - Movie - Box Office India '' . boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Judwaa 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judwaa '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Akshay Kumar 's Jolly LLB 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of ABCD - Any Body Can Dance - 2 - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kollywood 2015 : Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year '' . 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Total Box Office Collections in India , Overseas , Worldwide '' . Indicine.com. 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 786 '' . Box Office India . 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Retrieved 22 January 2012 . <Th_colspan="3"> Cinema of India Industries Assamese Bengal Chhattisgarhi Bhojpuri Dogri Gujarati Haryanvi Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Malayalam Meitei Marathi Oriya Punjabi Rajasthani Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Tulu Indian films Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Konkani Malayalam Meitei Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Tulu Urdu Other topics Actors Art Directors Awards Directors Choreographers Cinematographers Composers Costume designers Editors Festivals Lyricists Playback singers Producers Screenwriters Studios <Td_colspan="3"> List of Indian film series Science fiction films in India Highest - grossing films Most expensive films <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United States ( Records ) 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 China ( Hong Kong ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 India Indian overseas Bengali Hindi Telugu Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Taiwan <Td_colspan="2"> 2014 2016 2017 2018 Taipei 2016 2017 2018 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Greece ( Greek ) 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands <Td_colspan="2"> 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Highest - grossing Films animated hybrid non-English Country Bangladesh Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Related topics Box office Box office bomb list animated Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Sequels by improvement Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films&oldid=833787423 '' Categories : Lists of Indian films Cinema of India Lists of highest - grossing films by region Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Malayalam - language sources ( ml ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles to be merged from August 2016 All articles to be merged Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu नेपाली اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 12 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Highest-grossing Indian films
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-9,128,754,746,048,984,000 | who starred in the movie against all odds | Against All Odds ( 1984 film ) - wikipedia Against All Odds ( 1984 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Against All Odds <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Taylor Hackford Produced by William S. Gilmore Taylor Hackford Screenplay by Eric Hughes Based on Out of the Past by Daniel Mainwaring Starring Rachel Ward Jeff Bridges James Woods Alex Karras Jane Greer Richard Widmark Music by Larry Carlton Cinematography Donald E. Thorin Edited by Fredric Steinkamp William Steinkamp Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date March 2 , 1984 ( 1984 - 03 - 02 ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $21.7 million Against All Odds is a 1984 American romantic neo-noir thriller film . A remake of Out of the Past ( 1947 ) , the film that currently holds a `` Fresh '' score of 67 % on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes . Against All Odds was directed by Taylor Hackford and stars Rachel Ward , Jeff Bridges and James Woods alongside Jane Greer ( who had starred in Out of the Past ) , Alex Karras , Richard Widmark and Dorian Harewood . The film revolves around an aging American football star who is hired by a mobster to find his girlfriend . The film 's soundtrack , nominated for a Grammy Award , featured songs from Big Country , Kid Creole & the Coconuts , Stevie Nicks and Genesis breakout stars Mike Rutherford , Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins ; the latter performed the title song , which was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Original Song and for a Golden Globe Award as Best Original Song , being one of the top - selling singles of 1984 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production notes 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Professional football player Terry Brogan ( Jeff Bridges ) is released by his team . Aging , injured and in need of money , he is contacted by an old acquaintance , the shady gambler and nightclub owner Jake Wise ( James Woods ) , who wants Terry to find Jake 's girlfriend Jessie Wyler ( Rachel Ward ) , daughter of the Outlaws ' owner . Jake claims that Jessie assaulted him , stole money and fled . Terry is reluctant to take on the job , but needs the money and knows Wise is capable of blackmailing him . Terry gets in touch with Jessie 's mother ( Jane Greer ) , ostensibly to find out where Jessie can be found , but mainly to convince Mrs. Wyler and her business partner Ben Caxton ( Richard Widmark ) to reinstate him on the team . Mrs. Wyler makes clear that she has no interest in his football career . She 's willing to pay him more than Jake would if he will find Jessie for her . Beyond that , she has no use for him . Hank Sully ( Alex Karras ) , the team 's trainer , strongly advises Terry to stay away from Jake and offers to help Terry get a coaching job . Terry is convinced his days as a player are not over and instead decides to work for Jake to tide him over until the next season , when he can try to continue his playing career . Terry finds Jessie living in Cozumel . He makes multiple attempts to approach Jessie , but she rebuffs him , aware that he must have been sent by either Jake or her mother . Terry tires of pursuing a spoiled brat and packs to leave , but Jessie appreciates that he has n't revealed her whereabouts and invites him to see where she is staying . They become lovers . Terry confides the leverage Jake has over him is the knowledge that Terry once shaved points in an important game after he had fallen into debt . Terry and Jessie remain happily together for a few weeks , with Terry continuing to tell Jake he 's been unsuccessful in locating her . Sully is sent by Jake to investigate . He catches the lovers alone at the ruins of Chichen Itza . Wielding a gun , Sully demands that Terry turn over the girl and warns him she 's `` no good . '' He , too , has been involved in corruption with Jake 's sports syndicate . A struggle between the men ensues and Jessie fatally shoots Sully . She wants to flee , as the two will be unable to offer an explanation that will allow them to avoid jail . But when Terry refuses , insisting that the two can not just run away from the matter , Jessie abandons him . After disposing of Sully 's body , Terry returns to Los Angeles and finds to his astonishment that Jessie has returned to Jake . He is bitter toward her , but Jake maintains a hold over him with the point - shaving incident , as well as Sully 's sudden disappearance . Terry is sent to break into the office of Kirsch ( Saul Rubinek ) , the team 's corrupt lawyer , who is also involved in Jake 's gambling operation . Terry 's mission is to retrieve Kirsch 's files , which implicate everyone involved . Terry breaks into the office only to find Kirsch dead . A security guard has been hired to kill Terry and make it look like Terry committed the murder . Terry fights off the security guard , then hides Kirsch 's body . He finds a local bar frequented by Kirsch 's secretary , Edie ( Swoosie Kurtz ) , where he tells her what has happened and that she too is in danger . Edie tells him about a secret box that contains the information to bring down the entire syndicate and local politicians . They return to the office to retrieve the box , where a fight occurs with another two guards , but again Terry escapes , this time with Edie and the files . Jessie remains at Jake 's side but claims to be still in love with Terry . She knows that Jake is behind Kirsch 's murder and informs Caxton , telling him that Jake has been handling bets on his old football team using information he 's been given by Sully and Kirsch . What she does n't know is that Caxton is actually Jake 's boss at the syndicate . Caxton takes charge . He arranges to meet Terry at the site of a new construction project that he and Mrs. Wyler are backing . Terry is able to disarm Caxton 's armed henchman Tommy ( Dorian Harewood ) . He says his price for turning over the files is that Caxton must take down Jake . Caxton indicates he is receptive to that idea , whereupon Jake pulls his own gun and threatens to kill Jessie , forcing Terry to drop his weapon . While the men have their attention focused on each other , Jessie retrieves the dropped gun and shoots Jake . Having killed both Jake and Sully , she must agree to terms set by Caxton to avoid going to jail . Caxton 's terms include Jessie returning to her estranged mother 's side and ending her relationship with Terry . Months later , Terry stays in the background while attending a publicity function for Caxton 's and Mrs. Wyler 's construction project . He just wants a last look at Jessie before leaving Los Angeles to play for a team in Miami . Caxton reminds him that he is no longer a part of Jessie 's life . Terry acknowledges that this is true for the moment , but predicts that some day Jessie will break free of the hold that Caxton and Mrs. Wyler have on her . In the meantime , all Terry and Jessie can do is stare at one another from a distance . Cast ( edit ) Jeff Bridges as Terry Brogan Rachel Ward as Jessie Wyler James Woods as Jake Wise Alex Karras as Hank Sully Jane Greer as Mrs. Grace Wyler Richard Widmark as Ben Caxton Dorian Harewood as Tommy Swoosie Kurtz as Edie Saul Rubinek as Steve Kirsch Pat Corley as Ed Phillips Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Against All Odds ( soundtrack ) Production notes ( edit ) The film featured two cameo appearances by stars of Out of the Past on which the film is based . Jane Greer , who was the star of Out of the Past , plays Rachel Ward 's mother . Greer held the infant Jeff Bridges in 1951 's `` The Company She Keeps '' in a scene with his real life mom , Dorothy Bridges . Paul Valentine , who played hood Joe Stephanos in the first film , played a councilman in Against All Odds . Jeff Bridges ' age and appearance in this film is used as a reference to re-create a 35 - year - old version of him for the characters of Kevin Flynn and CLU in the film Tron : Legacy , released in December 2010 . Reception ( edit ) The film has a 67 % score on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine critic reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We used Jeff 's performance of CLU and remapped it onto a digital version of himself at 35 years old . I used the movie Against All Odds as a reference for CLU 's appearance . '' - Tron : Legacy Director Joseph Kosinski Forces of Geek : Celebrate Your Pop Culture Obsessions1 : FOG ! Chats With TRON : Evolution Director Joseph Kosinski Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/against_all_odds/ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Against All Odds Against All Odds on IMDb Against All Odds at Rotten Tomatoes Against All Odds at Box Office Mojo Against All Odds at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Taylor Hackford <Td_colspan="2"> Teenage Father ( 1978 ) The Idolmaker ( 1980 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) Against All Odds ( 1984 ) White Nights ( 1985 ) Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Everybody 's All - American ( 1988 ) Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) Ray ( 2004 ) Love Ranch ( 2010 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_All_Odds_(1984_film)&oldid=858540673 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films American film remakes 1980s thriller films American films American thriller films Neo-noir American romantic drama films 1980s crime films Films directed by Taylor Hackford Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Mexico Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Michel Colombier Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Fiji Hindi Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 22 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Against All Odds (1984 film)
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4,386,501,147,382,610,400 | when is olaf's frozen adventure coming out on dvd | Olaf 's Frozen Adventure - wikipedia Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Olaf 's Frozen Adventure <Td_colspan="2"> Film poster Directed by Kevin Deters Stevie Wermers Produced by Roy Conli Screenplay by Jac Schaeffer Starring Josh Gad Kristen Bell Idina Menzel Jonathan Groff Music by Christophe Beck Jeff Morrow Elyssa Samsel ( songs ) Kate Anderson ( songs ) Cinematography Alessandro Jacomini Cory Rocco Florimonte Edited by Jeremy Milton Jesse Averna Production company Walt Disney Animation Studios Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( with Coco ; United States ) Running time 21 minutes Country United States Language English Olaf 's Frozen Adventure is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated featurette , produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers , who previously directed the holiday - themed Prep and Landing shorts . The film features the voices of Josh Gad , Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , and Jonathan Groff reprising their roles from the original 2013 film Frozen . It premiered in 3D in theaters for a limited time engagement in front of Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 , and made its television debut on ABC on December 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception as pre-Coco short 5.2 Reception as Frozen TV special 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) It is the first Christmas season since the gates reopened and Anna and Elsa host a celebration for all of Arendelle . When the townspeople unexpectedly leave early to enjoy their individual holiday customs , the sisters realize they have no family traditions of their own . Elsa laments the fact that because she had isolated herself most of her life , she and Anna were unable to spend time with each other . Olaf decides to look for traditions with Sven 's help . Going through the town , Olaf encounters various family traditions relating to Christmas , Hanukkah and Winter solstice . After a visit to Oaken , Olaf , Sven and their sleigh full of traditions travel through the snowy tundra only for a coal ( from a portable sauna given to them by Oaken ) to set the sleigh on fire . They slide down a hill and Olaf and Sven end up separated by a chasm . With only a fruit cake , Olaf attempts to travel through the woods and is attacked by wolves . Meanwhile , Anna and Elsa discover some forgotten items in their attic where they find things from their past . Sven returns to Kristoff and informs him ( in vain ) , Anna , and Elsa of Olaf 's plight . They gather the residents of Arendelle to go look for Olaf . Elsewhere , Olaf manages to escape the wolves , but loses the fruit cake to a hawk and gives up by a tree not too far from the kingdom . Anna and Elsa find him and cheer him up by revealing that they do have a tradition : After Elsa had shut herself away for years , Anna began annually sliding cards and dolls of their snowman , Olaf , under her door . As they all celebrate the holidays , the hawk drops the fruit cake on Olaf . Upon getting the fruit cake back , Olaf declares it `` A Christmas miracle ! '' Cast ( edit ) Josh Gad as Olaf , a talking snowman who was magically created by Elsa in the first film . He serves as the titular protagonist of the short film . Kristen Bell as Anna , the younger of the two sisters , the Princess of Arendelle , and Kristoff 's girlfriend . Idina Menzel as Elsa , the elder of the two sisters and Queen of Arendelle . Eva Bella as Young Elsa Jonathan Groff as Kristoff , an ice seller and Anna 's boyfriend . Chris Williams as Oaken , the owner of Wandering Oaken 's Trading Post and Sauna . John de Lancie as Mr. Olsen Lauri Fraser as Mrs. Olsen Stevie Wermers as Candy Cane Mother Benjamin Deters as Candy Cane Kid Kate Anderson as Norwegian Cookie Lady & Cat Lady Elyssa Samsel as Kittens Production ( edit ) On February 9 , 2016 , the short film was announced as a television special , to be aired on ABC , produced by Roy Conli , and directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers . The title was revealed during the airing of The Making of Frozen : Return to Arendelle on ABC in 2016 , and it was announced that it would feature original songs by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson , the sister of Frozen songwriter Kristen Anderson - Lopez . However , in June 2017 , it was announced that the film would instead receive a limited time theatrical release in front of Disney Pixar 's Coco , as it was deemed too cinematic for television . The main original cast , Josh Gad , Kristen Bell , Idina Menzel , and Jonathan Groff , returned , and the story follows Olaf as he tries to find the best holiday traditions for Anna , Elsa , and Kristoff . The music was recorded by an 80 - piece orchestra in May 2017 . The short was the filmmakers ' first musical . They noted the requirement to keep the plot `` pretty simple '' , and commented that they removed anything that diverted too much from that story . The fruitcake jokes in the short are a continuing motif from the filmmakers ' previous project Prep & Landing . As they crafted the story , the Frozen team had barely started sketching out the plot of Frozen 2 . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Olaf 's Frozen Adventure <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 3 , 2017 Length 25 : 40 Label Walt Disney Records Producer Elyssa Samsel Kate Anderson Christophe Beck Jeff Morrow There are four original songs in the film , written by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson , titled `` Ring in the Season '' , `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' , `` That Time of Year '' and `` When We 're Together '' . Film 's score has been composed by Christophe Beck and Jeff Morrow . The full soundtrack was released on November 3 , 2017 by Walt Disney Records . <Th_colspan="4"> Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ring in the Season '' Kristen Bell Idina Menzel Josh Gad 1 : 58 2 . `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' Jonathan Groff 0 : 44 3 . `` Ring in the Season '' ( Reprise ) Idina Menzel 1 : 16 4 . `` That Time of Year '' Josh Gad Idina Menzel Kristen Bell Cast 3 : 03 5 . `` That Time of Year '' ( Reprise ) Josh Gad 0 : 52 6 . `` When We 're Together '' Idina Menzel Kristen Bell Josh Gad Jonathan Groff 2 : 50 7 . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure '' ( Score Suite ) Christophe Beck Jeff Morrow 4 : 27 8 . `` The Ballad of Flemmingrad '' ( Traditional Version ) Groff 3 : 06 9 . `` Ring in the Season '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Elyssa Samsel Kate Anderson 1 : 58 10 . `` That Time of Year '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Samsel Anderson 3 : 02 11 . `` When We 're Together '' ( Instrumental Karaoke Mix ) Samsel Anderson 2 : 49 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 25 : 40 Release ( edit ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure was released by Walt Disney Pictures in 3D in theaters as a limited time offering on November 22 , 2017 , preceding screenings of Pixar 's Coco . In the UK , it was shown before re-releases of Frozen on November 25 and 26 , and December 2 and 3 , 2017 . On November 23 , Disney announced the release of Olaf 's Frozen Adventure on Disney 's cable television channels in Latin America , along with Netflix , on December 8 , and later on Mexican channels Azteca 7 and 13 . Coco co-director Adrian Molina said that the short 's placement before Coco was an `` experiment '' due to its length . It ended its limited time run in US screenings on December 8 . Due to its brevity , the film was released as a matinee in Gibraltar , after which the 2013 film Frozen was also shown . Reception as pre-Coco short ( edit ) The week after Coco 's release in Mexico , local media noted audiences ' strong dislike for the length of the short film . A few days later , all cinemas in Mexico offered apologies for it , and removed the short film from exhibition . American audiences had a similar reaction . It was reported that some theaters put warning signs up about the length of the Frozen short ahead of Coco . The Disney Movies Review felt that the choice to put a franchise - expander in the short film slot prevented a Pixar animator from sharing their unique cultural and creative voice . The Washington Post argued that the `` emotionally complex work , '' of Pixar becomes jarring when paired with the `` truly silly jokes and big , showy production numbers '' of the short film . Mashable 's review focused on the placement of the short before Coco , and deemed it a `` horrendous waste of time '' . Reception as Frozen tv special ( edit ) The short made its television debut on ABC on December 14 , 2017 , as part of 25 Days of Christmas . It was viewed by 5.64 million viewers . Reviewers began to review the film as a television special rather than a pre-Coco short and had a favorable reception to it as part of the Frozen franchise . Simon Boyle of The Sun wrote that the short film `` does n't disappoint '' , adding it `` provides a perfect bridge to the hotly anticipated full sequel '' . Indiwire deemed the short a `` bridge '' and a `` setup '' to Frozen 2 , while The Mirror felt it would `` tide fans over '' until the next feature length installment of the franchise . Meanwhile , KSDK thought it was `` an ' Adventure ' worth taking , '' and Slashfilm wrote that `` When We 're Together '' had the potential to be 2017 's version of `` Let It Go '' . Slate noted the short film 's overt commercialism , and also thought it committed the well - trodden sin of turning a comedic side - character into the star , describing it as an `` increasingly desperate one - man show '' . However , the reviewer felt ultimately won over by the music , animation , and heartwarming conclusion . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best Animated Special Production Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Production Christopher Hendryx , Dan Lund , Mike Navarro , Hiroaki Narita , Steven Chitwood Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Elyssa Samsel , Kate Anderson , Christophe Beck Nominated Home media ( edit ) The film was made available in the digital format on December 19 , 2017 , while in the UK it was released as a Tesco - exclusive DVD on December 7 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck Scoring Disney 's Olaf 's Frozen Adventure '' . Film Music Reporter . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer Returns to the World of Frozen '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Makes Broadcast Television Debut on ABC , 12 / 14 '' . broadwayworld.com . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC to Air FROZEN Holiday Special in 2017 ; Idina Menzel , Kristen Bell & Josh Gad to Return ! '' . Broadway world . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Q&A : John Lasseter Debuts New ' Frozen ' First Look '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Directors Kevin Deters & Stevie Wermers - Skelton on Crafting the Featurette '' . Collider. 2017 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( Various Artists ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` OLAF 'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Soundtrack Out Today '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.milenio.com/hey/television/cortometraje-olaf-frozen-disney_channel-netflix-milenio-noticias_0_1072092922.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Olaf 's adventures gets Frozen out of Coco screenings this Christmas '' . Metro. 2017 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pddig , Carolyn ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Pulling Frozen Short Before Coco '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King 's Bastion Cinemas , Gibraltar , Europe Jump up ^ `` Espectadores molestos por el corto de Frozen previo a Coco '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Digital , Milenio ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Esto es lo peor de ' Coco ' según usuarios de redes sociales '' . Milenio.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barco , Uriel ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : El detalle que está enfureciendo a las personas que ven la película '' . DailyTrend.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Enelshow , Redacción ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Usuarios en redes molestos por el corto de ' Frozen ' que sale antes de ' Coco ' '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tras quejas , se verá `` Coco '' sin corto de `` Frozen '' `` . El Universal ( Mexico City ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cadenas de cines te escuchan : verás ' Coco ' sin el corto de Frozen '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Short Showing Before ' Coco ' Gets Cold Reception '' . newsmax.com. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporters , Telegraph ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) . `` New 21 - minute Olaf short angers Frozen fans at US Coco screenings '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Hurting Pixar 's Creativity ? - The Disney Movie Review '' . The Disney Movie Review . 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/comicriffs . `` Perspective Here 's why that irritating Olaf short film does n't work as a lead - in to ' Coco ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beckman , Brittany Levine . `` ' Frozen ' short ahead of ' Coco ' is a horrendous waste of time '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ CS ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure to Debut on ABC December 14 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` SNOW BUSINESS Olaf 's Frozen Adventure gives fans a perfect helping of Disney magic this Christmas '' . thesun.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill . `` Disney Short ' Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ' Is a Bridge to ' Frozen 2 ' IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Methven , Nicola ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Frozen mini film spin - off to tide Olaf fans over until sequel arrives '' . mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rest easy , ' Frozen ' fans : Disney 's Olaf - centric short is an ' Adventure ' worth taking '' . KSDK . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Video : Is This The New `` Let It Go '' ? `` . Slashfilm. 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Disney 's New Frozen Short , Or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Olaf the Snowman '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Plus 6 Disney Tales , Retrieved 12 - 19 - 17 Jump up ^ Digital Review : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure -- Includes 6 Disney Tales , Retrieved 12 - 19 - 17 Jump up ^ The Sun : Joy for Frozen fans as Disney confirms spin - off DVD that goes on sale tomorrow External links ( edit ) Official website Olaf 's Frozen Adventure on IMDb Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( Original Soundtrack ) on iTunes <Th_colspan="2"> Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' `` Monster ( Disney song ) '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Christmas films Theatrical shorts Empty Socks ( 1927 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) Broken Toys ( 1935 ) Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) Theatrical features Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Direct - to - video Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Made for TV Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice ( special , 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf%27s_Frozen_Adventure&oldid=834467526 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2017 computer - animated films American animated short films Animated comedy films American animated fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films Animated musical films American musical fantasy films American short films Frozen ( franchise ) Disney animated short films , 2010s Films set in a fictional Northern European country Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Olaf's Frozen Adventure
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-1,862,281,235,339,823,900 | when do you give someone mouth to mouth | Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation - wikipedia Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation Jump to : navigation , search artificial ventilation using exhaled air from the rescuer `` Mouth - to - mouth '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mouth to mouth . <Th_colspan="2"> Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation <Td_colspan="2"> Mouth - to - mouth insufflation ICD - 9 - CM 93.93 MeSH D012121 <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation , a form of artificial ventilation , is the act of assisting or stimulating respiration , a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body , where a rescuer presses his or her mouth against that of the victim and blows air into the person 's lungs . Assistance takes many forms , but generally entails providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on his / her own . It is used on a patient with a beating heart or as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) to achieve the internal respiration ) . Pulmonary anton ventilation ( and hence external parts of respiration ) is achieved through manual insufflation of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing into the patient 's lungs , or by using a mechanical device to do so . This method of insufflation has been proved more effective than methods which involve mechanical manipulation of the patient 's chest or arms , such as the Silvester method . It is also known as expired air resuscitation ( EAR ) , expired air ventilation ( EAV ) , rescue breathing or colloquially the kiss of life . It was introduced as a life saving measure in 1950 . Mouth - to - mouth resuscitation is a part of most protocols for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) making it an essential skill for first aid . In some situations , mouth - to - mouth resuscitation is also performed separately , for instance in near - drowning and opiate overdoses . The performance of mouth - to - mouth resuscitation on its own is now limited in most protocols to health professionals , whereas lay first aiders are advised to undertake full CPR in any case where the patient is not breathing sufficiently . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Insufflations 2.1 Adjuncts to insufflation 3 Efficiency of mouth - to - patient insufflation 4 Oxygen 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1773 , English physician William Hawes ( 1736 -- 1808 ) began publicising the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned . For a year he paid a reward out of his own pocket to any one bringing him a body rescued from the water within a reasonable time of immersion . Thomas Cogan , another English physician , who had become interested in the same subject during a stay at Amsterdam , where was instituted in 1767 a society for preservation of life from accidents in water , joined Hawes in his crusade . In the summer of 1774 Hawes and Cogan each brought fifteen friends to a meeting at the Chapter Coffee - house , St Paul 's Churchyard , where they founded the Royal Humane Society as a campaigning group for first aid and resuscitation . Gradually , branches of the Royal Humane Society were set up in other parts of the country , mainly in ports and coastal towns where the risk of drowning was high and by the end of the 19th century the society had upwards of 280 depots throughout the UK , supplied with life - saving apparatus . The earliest of these depots was the Receiving House in Hyde Park , on the north bank of the Serpentine , which was built in 1794 on a site granted by George III . Hyde Park was chosen because tens of thousands of people swam in the Serpentine in the summer and ice - skated in the winter . Boats and boatmen were kept to render aid to bathers , and in the winter ice - men were sent round to the different skating grounds in and around London . The society distributed money - rewards , medals , clasps and testimonials , to those who saved or attempted to save drowning people . It further recognized `` all cases of exceptional bravery in rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from asphyxia in mines , wells , blasting furnaces , or in sewers where foul gas may endanger life . '' Insufflations ( edit ) Typical view of resuscitation in progress with an Ambu bag in use ( `` bagging '' ) . Insufflation , also known as ' rescue breaths ' or ' ventilations ' , is the act of mechanically forcing air into a patient 's respiratory system . This can be achieved via a number of methods , which will depend on the situation and equipment available . All methods require good airway management to perform , which ensures that the method is effective . These methods include : Mouth - to - mouth - This involves the rescuer making a seal between his or her mouth and the patient 's mouth and ' blowing ' , to pass air into the patient 's body Mouth - to - nose - In some instances , the rescuer may need or wish to form a seal with the patient 's nose . Typical reasons for this include maxillofacial injuries , performing the procedure in water or the remains of vomit in the mouth Mouth - to - mouth and nose - Used on infants ( usually up to around 1 year old ) , as this forms the most effective seal Mouth - to - mask -- Most organisations recommend the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross infection risk . One popular type is the ' pocket mask ' . This may be able to provide higher tidal volumes than a Bag Valve Mask . Adjuncts to insufflation ( edit ) A CPR pocket mask , with carrying case Most training organisations recommend that in any of the methods involving mouth - to - patient , that a protective barrier is used , to minimise the possibility of cross infection ( in either direction ) . Barriers available include pocket masks and keyring - sized face shields . These barriers are an example of Personal Protective Equipment to guard the face against splashing , spraying or splattering of blood or other potentially infectious materials . These barriers should provide a one - way filter valve which lets the air from the rescuer deliver to the patient while any substances from the patient ( e.g. vomit , blood ) can not reach the rescuer . Many adjuncts are single use , though if they are multi use , after use of the adjunct , the mask must be cleaned and autoclaved and the filter replaced . It is very important for the mask to be replaced or cleaned because it can act as a transporter of various diseases . The CPR mask is the preferred method of ventilating a patient when only one rescuer is available . Many feature 18mm inlets to support supplemental oxygen , which increases the oxygen being delivered from the approximate 17 % available in the expired air of the rescuer to around 40 - 50 % . Efficiency of mouth - to - patient insufflation ( edit ) Normal atmospheric air contains approximately 21 % oxygen when inhaled in . After gaseous exchange has taken place in the lungs , with waste products ( notably carbon dioxide ) moved from the bloodstream to the lungs , the air being exhaled by humans normally contains around 17 % oxygen . This means that the human body utilises only around 19 % of the oxygen inhaled , leaving over 80 % of the oxygen available in the exhalatory breath . This means that there is more than enough residual oxygen to be used in the lungs of the patient , which then enters the blood . Oxygen ( edit ) The efficiency of artificial respiration can be greatly increased by the simultaneous use of oxygen therapy . The amount of oxygen available to the patient in mouth - to - mouth is around 16 % . If this is done through a pocket mask with an oxygen flow , this increases to 40 % oxygen . If either a bag valve mask or a mechanical ventilator is used with an oxygen supply , this rises to 99 % oxygen . The greater the oxygen concentration , the more efficient the gaseous exchange will be in the lungs . See also ( edit ) Mechanical ventilation - using mechanical devices to assist or replace spontaneous breathing Medical emergency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ merriam-webster.com , mouth - to - mouth resuscitation noun Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2006 ) . Principles of Anatomy and Physiology . John Wiley & Sons Inc . Jump up ^ `` Artificial Respiration '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial Respiration '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Stathis Avramidis , Facts , Legends and Myths on the Evolution of Resuscitation , page 27 Jump up ^ `` Decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation model information leafler '' . British Medical Association . July 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of CPR '' . American Heart Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dworkin , Gerald M ( Winter 1987 ) . `` Mouth - to - Mask rescue breathing and comparisons of personal resuscitation masks '' . Rescue Squad Quarterly . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Cardiovascular Care Revisions for the professional rescuer '' ( DOC ) . American Red Cross . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Handley , Anthony J. ; Becker , Lance B. ; Allen , Mervyn ; Drenth , Ank van ; Kramer , Efraim B. ; Montgomery , William H. ( 1997 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Single - Rescuer Adult Basic Life Support '' . Circulation. 95 ( 8 ) : 2174 -- 2179 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 95.8. 2174 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 9133531 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Intervention : Life Support ( Rescue Breathing ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 January 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : First Aid Expired Air Resuscitation Basic first aid advice from the Australian New South Wales ambulance service Two page pamphlet detailing EAR UK resuscitation council website - contains information on the latest approved guidelines <Th_colspan="2"> Tests , surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 21 -- 22 , 30 -- 34 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart -- lung transplant Chest wall , pleura , mediastinum , and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High - resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation / perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB - 65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management <Th_colspan="2"> Emergency medicine Emergency medicine Emergency department Emergency medical services Emergency nursing Emergency psychiatry Golden hour Medical emergency International emergency medicine Pediatric emergency medicine Pre-hospital emergency medicine Major trauma Trauma center Triage Equipment Bag valve mask ( BVM ) Chest tube Defibrillation ( AED ICD ) Electrocardiogram ( ECG / EKG ) Intraosseous infusion ( IO ) Intravenous therapy ( IV ) Tracheal intubation Laryngeal tube Combitube Nasopharyngeal airway ( NPA ) Oropharyngeal airway ( OPA ) Pocket mask Drugs Atropine Amiodarone Epinephrine / Adrenaline Magnesium sulfate Sodium bicarbonate Naloxone Organisations International Federation for Emergency Medicine ( International Conference on Emergency Medicine ) American College of Emergency Physicians Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Royal College of Emergency Medicine European Society of Emergency Medicine Asian Society for Emergency Medicine Courses / Life support Acute Care of at - Risk Newborns ( ACoRN ) Advanced cardiac life support ( ACLS ) Advanced trauma life support ( ATLS ) Basic life support ( BLS ) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient ( CCrISP ) First aid Neonatal Resuscitation Program ( NRP ) Pediatric Advanced Life Support ( PALS ) Scoring systems NACA score Injury Severity Score <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Emergency medicine Category : Emergency medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation&oldid=813560994 '' Categories : First aid Respiration Emergency medical procedures Hidden categories : Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
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4. Respiration assistance
5. Oxygen therapy |
1,122,251,943,250,092,300 | what does the area under the curve show | Area under the curve ( pharmacokinetics ) - wikipedia Area under the curve ( pharmacokinetics ) Jump to : navigation , search In the field of pharmacokinetics , the area under the curve ( AUC ) is the area under the curve ( mathematically known as the definite integral ) in a plot of drug concentration in blood plasma vs. time . In practice , the drug concentration is measured at certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretation and usefulness of AUC values 2 AUC and bioavailability 2.1 Absolute bioavailability 2.2 Relative bioavailability 3 See also 4 References Interpretation and usefulness of AUC values ( edit ) The AUC ( from zero to infinity ) represents the total drug exposure over time . Assuming linear pharmacodynamics with elimination rate constant K , one can show that AUC is proportional to the total amount of drug absorbed by the body . The proportionality constant is 1 / K . This is useful when trying to determine whether two formulations of the same dose ( for example a capsule and a tablet ) release the same dose of drug to the body . Another use is in the therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index . For example , gentamicin is an antibiotic that can be nephrotoxic ( kidney damaging ) and ototoxic ( hearing damaging ) ; measurement of gentamicin trough concentrations in a patient 's plasma and calculation of the AUC is used to guide the dosage of this drug . AUC becomes useful for knowing the average concentration over a time interval , AUC / t . Also , AUC is referenced when talking about elimination . The amount eliminated by the body ( mass ) = clearance ( volume / time ) * AUC ( mass * time / volume ) . AUC and bioavailability ( edit ) In pharmacokinetics , bioavailability generally refers to the fraction of drug absorbed systemically , and is thus available to produce a biological effect . This is often measured by quantifying the `` AUC '' . In order to determine the respective AUCs , the serum concentration vs. time plots are typically gathered using C - 14 labeled drugs and AMS ( accelerated mass spectroscopy ) . Bioavailability can be measured in terms of `` absolute bioavailablity '' or `` relative bioavailablity '' . Absolute bioavailability ( edit ) Absolute bioavailablity refers to the bioavailability of drug when administered via a non-intravenous ( non-IV ) dosage form ( i.e. oral tablet , suppository , subcutaneous , etc . ) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously ( IV ) . This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug administered intravenously . This fraction is normalized by multiplying by each dosage form 's respective dose . F a b s = ( A U C n o n − I V A U C I V ) × ( D o s e I V D o s e n o n − I V ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( abs ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( AUC_ ( non-IV ) ) ( AUC_ ( IV ) ) ) \ \ right ) \ times \ left ( ( \ frac ( Dose_ ( IV ) ) ( Dose_ ( non-IV ) ) ) \ \ right ) ) Relative bioavailability ( edit ) Relative bioavailability compares the bioavailability between two different dosage forms . Again , the relative AUCs are used to make this comparison and relative doses are used to normalize the calculation . F r e l = ( A U C d o s a g e A A U C d o s a g e B ) × ( D o s e B D o s e A ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( rel ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( AUC_ ( dosageA ) ) ( AUC_ ( dosageB ) ) ) \ \ right ) \ times \ left ( ( \ frac ( Dose_ ( B ) ) ( Dose_ ( A ) ) ) \ \ right ) ) See also ( edit ) Integral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lappin , Graham ; Rowland , Malcolm ; Garner , R Colin ( 2006 ) . ( 1 ) `` The use of isotopes in the determination of absolute bioavailability of drugs in humans '' . Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 2 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , V. Srini ( 2001 ) . ( 2 ) `` Bioavailability of Nutrients : A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin - Mineral Combination Products '' . The Journal of Nutrition 131 ( 4 Suppl ) : 1349S -- 1350S . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)&oldid=793848827 '' Categories : Pharmacokinetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Română Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 10 : 22 . About Wikipedia | 1. Area under the curve (AUC) in pharmacokinetics
2. Interpretation and usefulness of AUC values
3. AUC and bioavailability
4. Absolute bioavailability
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-2,925,093,022,958,596,600 | how many miles from corona ca to las vegas | Interstate 15 in California - wikipedia Interstate 15 in California Jump to : navigation , search For the original Sign Route 15 , see California State Route 15 ( 1934 - 1964 ) . This article is about the section of Interstate 15 in California . For the entire route , see Interstate 15 . <Th_colspan="2"> Interstate 15 and State Route 15 <Td_colspan="2"> SR 15 and I - 15 highlighted in red <Th_colspan="2"> Route information <Td_colspan="2"> Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 315 <Td_colspan="2"> Maintained by Caltrans Length : 293.64 mi ( 472.57 km ) Existed : 1957 -- present Component highways : SR 15 from 32nd Street in San Diego to I - 8 I - 15 from I - 8 to Nevada state line <Th_colspan="2"> Major junctions South end : I - 5 / 32nd Street / Norman Scott Road in San Diego I - 805 in San Diego I - 8 in San Diego I - 215 in Murrieta I - 10 in Ontario SR 210 in Rancho Cucamonga I - 215 in San Bernardino US 395 in Hesperia SR 58 in Barstow I - 40 in Barstow North end : I ‐ 15 at Nevada state line <Th_colspan="2"> Location Counties : San Diego , Riverside , San Bernardino <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Highway system <Td_colspan="2"> Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future State highways in California Interstate U.S. State Pre-1964 History Unconstructed Deleted Freeway Scenic ← SR 14 SR 16 → Route 15 , consisting of the contiguous segments of State Route 15 ( SR 15 ) joined by Interstate 15 ( I - 15 ) , is a major north -- south state highway in the U.S. state of California , connecting San Bernardino , Riverside , and San Diego Counties . The route consists of the southernmost 287.26 miles ( 462.30 km ) of I - 15 , a major Interstate Highway that extends north through Nevada , Arizona , Utah , Idaho , and Montana to the Canada -- US border . It is a major thoroughfare for traffic between San Diego and the Inland Empire , as well as between Southern California , Las Vegas , Nevada , and points beyond . South of its junction at Interstate 8 in San Diego , the highway becomes SR 15 , extending 5.59 miles ( 9.00 km ) to Interstate 5 , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) from the Mexican border . This segment was initially signed as a state route instead of an Interstate , but it is being upgraded to Interstate standards so it would become part of I - 15 in the future . Including this segment , the entire length of Route 15 is 293.64 miles ( 472.57 km ) . in California Interstate 15 has portions designated as the Escondido Freeway , Avocado Highway , Temecula Valley Freeway , Ontario Freeway , Barstow Freeway , CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff 's Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway , or Mojave Freeway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Express lanes 2 History 2.1 State Route 31 3 Future 4 Exit list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Works cited 8 External links Route description ( edit ) Looking south from the University Avenue overpass I - 15 and SR 15 are part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , and are part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are considered essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration . I - 15 from SR 76 to SR 91 and SR 58 to SR 127 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System , but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation . SR 15 begins south of I - 5 at 32nd Street near Harbor Drive . After this , SR 15 has an interchange with SR 94 , which has been cited as not being up to Interstate standards . The route interchanges with I - 805 ; however , one can only continue in the same direction that they were going at this interchange , since this is the interchange of two north -- south freeways , resulting in the overall shape of an `` X . '' Between the Polk Avenue and Orange Avenue overpasses , the freeway goes under a city park that was built on top of the freeway during construction in 2001 . Pedestrian bridges were also built at Monroe Avenue and Landis Street to reduce the effects of the freeway geographically dividing the community . Between I - 8 and I - 805 , SR 15 follows the former alignment of 40th Street , which was its former routing as a city street . It continues seamlessly into the southern terminus of I - 15 at I - 8 in San Diego . On the northbound conversion to I - 15 at I - 8 , there is no `` End SR 15 '' sign . There are various local names for the highway , such as the Escondido Freeway between San Diego and Escondido . I - 15 between SR 163 and Pomerado Road / Miramar Road is known as the Semper Fi Highway in recognition of the nearby Marine Corps Air Station Miramar . I - 15 between Scripps Poway Pkwy and Camino Del Norte is known as the Tony Gwynn Memorial Freeway in recognition of Tony Gwynn who played in the San Diego Padres , he was also known as Mr. Padre . North of the Escondido city limits it is known as the Avocado Highway , whose designation ends upon entering Temecula . There are other local names as noted below . Heading northward , I - 15 currently begins at I - 8 , at the same place that its continuation , SR 15 , begins its southward journey . I - 15 goes through Mission Valley and intersects with SR 52 , before merging with SR 163 . After traversing the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar , I - 15 comes into Rancho Peñasquitos , where it intersects with the end of SR 56 . Northward , the route crosses Lake Hodges inside the upper San Diego city limits . I - 15 continues north into Escondido , where it interchanges with SR 78 . Cat Dune sand ramp , Cronese Mountains , southwest of Baker , California . North of Escondido , I - 15 goes through hilly terrain and farmland , descending to the town of Fallbrook and intersecting SR 76 ( SR 76 ) , before it crosses the county line into Riverside County and descends to the Inland Empire . In Riverside County , SR 79 joins I - 15 and runs concurrently with the route for a 3.2 - mile ( 5 km ) portion in Temecula , before it splits away running north to Hemet . Then , I - 15 intersects with the southern end of I - 215 , which continues the designation of the Escondido Freeway . I - 15 continues north as the Temecula Valley Freeway . West of Baker , the freeway jogs north to pass Cave Mountain . In Murrieta , I - 15 splits from its first and only spur route in California , I - 215 , which runs through the two largest cities in the Inland Empire , San Bernardino and Riverside . I - 15 runs along the eastern edge of the Santa Ana Mountains , passing the city of Lake Elsinore . In the city of Lake Elsinore , I - 15 intersects SR 74 , an important surface route connecting the Coachella Valley with the communities of Idyllwild , Hemet , Perris , Lake Elsinore and San Juan Capistrano . It continues through the suburban areas in the western Inland Empire , passing Corona and Ontario , California . During this stretch of the highway , I - 15 intersects SR 91 , a major east - west highway , in Corona ; the oft - congested interchange serves as an important link from Southwest Riverside County to Riverside and Orange County . North of the SR 91 , I - 15 continues through the bedroom communities of Norco and Eastvale , while skirting the western edge of the city of Jurupa Valley . I - 15 enters San Bernardino County at its intersection with SR 60 , another major east - west highway , which connects I - 15 with the city of Ontario and the Chino Valley . I - 15 passes through the city of Ontario on its way to another major intersection with I - 10 , the main east - west artery though Southern California . North of I - 10 , I - 15 passes through the major suburban communities of Rancho Cucamonga and Fontana as the highway intersects SR 210 , an east - west highway skirting the San Bernardino Mountain Range . SR 210 connects I - 15 to major foothill communities , such as Pasadena , Rialto and San Bernardino . I - 15 also crosses old US Route 66 during this stretch of highway , which is signed as SR 66 , Foothill Blvd . At this juncture , I - 15 takes a strongly northeastern alignment as it moves to rejoin with its spur route , I - 215 , in Devore , north of the city of San Bernardino . The highway is then rejoined by I - 215 , before heading northwards and upward through the Cajon Pass , an important mountain pass that is the primary route between Southern California and points eastwards and northeastwards . Intersection of I - 10 and I - 15 . The portion of I - 15 that is located between its northern and southern junctions with I - 215 is also used by many local residents as the major north -- south route for the western portions of the San Bernardino - Riverside - Ontario metropolitan area . ( I - 215 serves a similar function in the eastern portion of the metropolitan area . These two highways are the only continuous north -- south freeways in the area . ) North of Limonite Avenue ( south of SR 60 ) , I - 15 is known as the Ontario Freeway . After its merger with I - 215 in Devore , I - 15 is called the Barstow Freeway or the Mojave Freeway . A short section between SR 138 and Oak Hill Road is also designated as the CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff 's Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway , named after two officers killed in the line of duty . On this stretch of highway , I - 15 northbound splits from I - 15 southbound , where the road ascends up a steep grade until it reaches Cajon Summit ( elevation 4190 feet ) just south of the High Desert community of Apple Valley . Tractor Trailer trucks headed southbound are advised to travel at 35 mph or less due to the steep downward grade . The southbound lanes provide runaway truck ramps as a safety feature . The two halves of the highway rejoin shortly before reaching Cajon Summit . Exit to Zzyzx . North of the Cajon Pass , I - 15 traverses the Mojave Desert towns of Hesperia and Victorville . I - 15 passes through desert for 30 miles ( 48 km ) before reaching Barstow , then continues past Zzyzx Road , before reaching the town of Baker . The sign for Zzyzx Road -- alphabetically the last place name in the world -- is a landmark of sorts on the drive between Los Angeles and Las Vegas . I - 15 enters Nevada near the casino town of Primm , formerly known as Stateline , Nevada . Southbound I - 15 inspection station Westbound coming down into Shadow Valley . Halloran Summit is on the skyline , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) away . I - 15 continues thereafter to Las Vegas , Salt Lake City , and on into Idaho and Montana , before ending at the Canada -- US border , where Alberta Highway 4 continues the ribbon of asphalt into Canada . Because it joins with the western end of I - 70 in Southwestern Utah , I - 15 also forms part of a major east -- west corridor connecting Southern California with Denver , St. Louis , and points east . The Mojave Freeway is fairly busy on weekdays , since it connects the rapidly growing exurbs of the Victor Valley with the Los Angeles area . On weekends and holidays , however , it can sometimes be jammed with Californians driving to Las Vegas for short vacations . Construction is currently underway to rehabilitate the pavement on I - 15 and to add truck lanes to separate autos from truck traffic . Express lanes ( edit ) There are high - occupancy toll lanes in the center of I - 15 from SR 163 to SR 78 ; solo drivers are required to pay a toll using a FasTrak transponder . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) History ( edit ) I - 15 replaced US 395 between San Diego and Temecula . The highway replaced US 66 between San Bernardino and Barstow . The route north of Barstow replaced US 91 . I - 15 was initially planned to run from I - 10 in San Bernardino along the current I - 215 alignment then up through the Cajon Pass and on to Las Vegas , with a distance of 186.24 miles ( 299.72 km ) within the state . California successfully argued the addition south to San Diego , suggesting that the freeway would connect the major military bases , the former March AFB ( now March ARB ) and the former NAS Miramar ( now MCAS Miramar ) . US 395 was then signed TEMP - 15 and the `` old '' I - 15 between Devore and San Bernardino became I - 215 . On January 24 , 1957 , the State Highway Commission defined the Escondido Freeway as what are now Routes 15 and 215 from Route 805 to Route 91 . This entire segment was previously U.S. Route - 395 when it was named . Since then , the definition was extended on Route 15 south to Route 8 by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 34 , Chapter 67 in 1979 . Meanwhile , the segment of Route 15 from the San Diego County Line to the I - 15 / I - 215 interchange was named the Temecula Valley Freeway in 1990 . The original definition for the Corona Freeway , as named by the State Highway Commission on July 23 , 1958 , stated that it was `` Routes 71 , 91 , and 15 from Route 10 West of Pomona to Route 215 '' . This legal definition has been amended twice : First in 1990 , the California Assembly passed Concurrent Resolution 125 , Chapter 78 , renaming I - 15 between the San Diego County Line ( which is further south from Interstate 215 ) and Bundy Canyon Road near Lake Elsinore as the Temecula Valley Freeway . Then in 1993 , the California Assembly passed legislation officially designating State Route 71 as a part of the Chino Valley Freeway . However , the name `` Corona Freeway '' is , confusingly , sometimes still applied to this portion of State Route 71 ; thus , despite the official change , guide signs on I - 10 eastbound and SR 57 southbound at the Kellogg Interchange in Pomona still refer to SR 71 as the `` Corona Freeway '' . Present SR 15 was signed after the creation of I - 15 in 1968 . Since I - 15 's terminus was at I - 8 , SR 15 was signed mostly along 40th Street and Wabash Boulevard in San Diego to its merge with I - 5 . The portion between Adams Avenue and Interstate 805 remained a city street for a long time , and this portion was not completed until January 2000 . For this reason , the freeway is often referred to as the 40th Street Freeway . Before the completion of the freeway , from 1968 to 1992 , the neighborhood was known for prostitution , drugs , drive - by shootings , and gangs . The indirect cause of all this was due to Caltrans ' plans to build a freeway in this area on land where houses were . Because families did not want to live in these houses since they would be soon torn down , they rented them to those who were only going to be in the area on a temporary basis ; many of these people were involved in illegal activities . Even though the freeway was officially added to the Caltrans proposals as early as 1968 , it was not until March 1992 that construction began . Many in the city opposed the building of this freeway , although some petitioned for the freeway to be built because of the poor conditions in the neighborhood . State Route 31 ( edit ) In 1933 , Interstate 15 was defined as Legislative Route 193 , running from pre-1964 Legislative Route 43 ( present State Route 91 ) in Corona to pre-1964 Legislative Route 9 ( now State Route 66 ) , and was extended north to pre-1964 Legislative Route 31 ( present I - 15 and I - 215 ) in 1935 . The piece south of U.S. Route 60 ( Mission Boulevard ) , running along North Main Street , Hamner Avenue and Milliken Avenue , was state - maintained by 1955 , but was not assigned a signed number . This was still the only existing piece in 1963 , and had a planned freeway replacement to the east . In the 1964 renumbering , the route was assigned as State Route 31 . It was added to the Interstate Highway System in February 1972 as a realignment of Interstate 15 ( the former alignment became Interstate 15E ) . Legislative changes were made in 1974 , eliminating SR 31 ( along with State Route 71 south of Corona ) in favor of I - 15 . However , SR 31 continued to be signed -- as temporary Interstate 15 - until present I - 15 was finished . ( A 1986 map shows state maintenance continuing north past SR 60 to Jurupa Street , where it turned east to I - 15 . ) Future ( edit ) The segment signed as California State Route 15 from Interstate 5 to Interstate 8 in San Diego will be re-designated as part of I - 15 once this segment is completely upgraded to Interstate standards . Most of Interstate 15 is undergoing major improvements from Devore to the Nevada State Line , beginning in 2002 and costing $349 million . This project will improve traffic flow on the heavily traveled highway for those going to and from Las Vegas . Most of the construction was completed by winter 2009 . Projects include adding 39 miles ( 63 km ) of truck lanes on hills at various locations , repaving 76 miles ( 122 km ) of I - 15 at various locations , adding exit numbers , renovating and rehabilitating the rest area between Baker and the Nevada State Line ( Valley Wells Rest Area ) , reconstructing bridges in Baker , and moving the agriculture inspection station from Yermo to the Nevada State Line and including a truck weigh station . As of March 2008 , construction is underway to add a northbound truck descending lane and to repave lanes between Bailey Road and Yates Well Road . Redesignation of SR - 15 as I - 15 will eventually occur when the freeway 's interchange with SR - 94 is upgraded to Interstate standards . The interchange currently has left - exits and blind merges , and is due to be updated with a long - awaited widening of both SR - 15 and SR - 94 by 2019 . At that time SR - 15 will be resigned as part of I - 15 . The remaining portion of SR - 15 conforms with Interstate standards . Exit List ( edit ) County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes San Diego San Diego <Td_colspan="1"> 32nd Street , Norman Scott Road to Harbor Drive South end of SR 15 / Escondido Freeway 0.00 0.00 1A <Td_colspan="1"> Main Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; south end of state maintenance 0.40 -- 0.59 0.64 -- 0.95 1B - C <Td_colspan="1"> I - 5 ( Montgomery Freeway ) -- National City , Chula Vista Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; left exit to I - 5 south ; signed as exits 1B ( north ) and 1C ( south ) ; I - 5 exit 13A 0.60 0.97 1D <Td_colspan="1"> Ocean View Boulevard , Imperial Avenue Signed as exit 1 northbound 1.85 2.98 2A <Td_colspan="1"> Market Street 2.23 3.59 2B - C <Td_colspan="1"> SR 94 ( M.L. King Jr . Freeway ) / Home Avenue Signed as exits 2B ( east ) and 2C ( west ) northbound ; southbound exit to SR 94 east is via exit 3 ; SR 94 east exits 2A and 2C , west exit 2 3.37 5.42 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 805 north ( Jacob Dekema Freeway ) -- Los Angeles Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; I - 805 south exit 14 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 805 south ( Jacob Dekema Freeway ) to SR 94 east Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; I - 805 north exit 14 4.66 7.50 5A <Td_colspan="1"> University Avenue -- City Heights Transit Plaza 5.07 8.16 5B <Td_colspan="1"> El Cajon Boulevard -- Boulevard Transit Plaza Former I - 8 Bus . 5.64 9.08 6A <Td_colspan="1"> Adams Avenue 6.13 9.87 6B <Td_colspan="1"> I - 8 / Camino del Rio South -- Beaches , El Centro North end of SR 15 ; south end of I - 15 ; I - 8 exits 7A - B 6.82 10.98 7 <Td_colspan="1"> Friars Road -- Qualcomm Stadium Signed as exits 7A ( east ) and 7B ( west ) northbound 8.37 13.47 8 <Td_colspan="1"> Aero Drive 9.24 14.87 9 <Td_colspan="1"> Balboa Avenue , Tierrasanta Boulevard Former SR 274 west 10.00 16.09 10 <Td_colspan="1"> Clairemont Mesa Boulevard Southbound exit is part of exit 11 10.58 17.03 11 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 52 SR 52 exit 7 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 15 Express Lanes South end of Express Lanes -- <Td_colspan="1"> SR 163 south Southbound exit and northbound entrance for Express Lanes only 12.12 19.51 12 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 163 south ( Cabrillo Freeway ) Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; former US 395 south 13.33 21.45 13 <Td_colspan="1"> Miramar Way Serves Marine Corps Air Station Miramar 14.29 23.00 14 <Td_colspan="1"> Miramar Road , Pomerado Road 15.00 24.14 15 <Td_colspan="1"> Carroll Canyon Road -- <Td_colspan="1"> Hillery Drive -- Mira Mesa Express Lanes access only 15.92 25.62 16 <Td_colspan="1"> Mira Mesa Boulevard 17.31 27.86 17 <Td_colspan="1"> Mercy Road , Scripps Poway Parkway 18.18 29.26 18 <Td_colspan="1"> Poway Road ( CR S4 ) , Rancho Peñasquitos Boulevard -- <Td_colspan="1"> SR 56 west / Ted Williams Parkway Northbound exit and southbound entrance for Express Lanes only -- <Td_colspan="1"> Sabre Springs - Peñasquitos Transit Station Express Lanes access only 19.47 31.33 19 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 56 west ( Ted Williams Freeway ) / Ted Williams Parkway SR 56 exit 9 20.57 33.10 21 <Td_colspan="1"> Carmel Mountain Road 21.92 35.28 22 <Td_colspan="1"> Camino del Norte 22.94 36.92 23 <Td_colspan="1"> Bernardo Center Drive -- <Td_colspan="1"> George Cooke Express Drive -- Rancho Bernardo Express Lanes access only 23.69 38.13 24 <Td_colspan="1"> Rancho Bernardo Road 26.03 41.89 26 <Td_colspan="1"> Pomerado Road ( CR S5 ) , West Bernardo Drive Escondido 26.97 43.40 27 <Td_colspan="1"> Via Rancho Parkway -- <Td_colspan="1"> Del Lago Boulevard , Beethoven Drive Express Lanes access only 27.65 44.50 28 <Td_colspan="1"> Centre City Parkway ( I - 15 Bus . north ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; former US 395 north 28.77 46.30 29 <Td_colspan="1"> Felicita Road , Citricado Parkway 30.09 48.43 30 <Td_colspan="1"> 9th Avenue , Auto Park Way 30.63 49.29 31 <Td_colspan="1"> Valley Parkway ( CR S6 ) -- Downtown Escondido -- <Td_colspan="1"> Hale Avenue Northbound exit and southbound entrance for Express Lanes only <Td_colspan="1"> I - 15 Express Lanes North end of Express Lanes 31.52 50.73 32 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 78 -- Oceanside , Ramona SR 78 west exit 17 , east exits 17A - B . 32.86 52.88 33 <Td_colspan="1"> El Norte Parkway 33.92 54.59 34 <Td_colspan="1"> Centre City Parkway ( I - 15 Bus . south ) Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; former US 395 south 36.64 58.97 37 <Td_colspan="1"> Deer Springs Road ( CR S12 ) , Mountain Meadow Road 40.84 65.73 41 <Td_colspan="1"> Gopher Canyon Road , Old Castle Road 43.28 69.65 43 <Td_colspan="1"> Old Highway 395 Former US 395 46.49 74.82 46 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 76 -- Pala , Oceanside 50.59 81.42 51 <Td_colspan="1"> Mission Road ( CR S13 ) -- Fallbrook 54.07 87.02 54 <Td_colspan="1"> Rainbow Valley Boulevard Riverside Temecula 57.70 92.86 58 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 79 south ( Temecula Parkway ) -- Temecula , Indio South end of SR 79 overlap ; former SR 71 south 59.24 95.34 59 <Td_colspan="1"> Rancho California Road , Old Town Front Street 60.88 97.98 61 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 79 north ( Winchester Road ) North end of SR 79 overlap 62 <Td_colspan="1"> French Valley Parkway Southbound exit only Murrieta 63.00 101.39 63 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 215 north ( Escondido Freeway north ) -- Riverside , San Bernardino Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; former I - 15E north / US 395 north 63.73 102.56 64 <Td_colspan="1"> To I - 215 north / Murrieta Hot Springs Road -- Riverside 64.85 104.37 65 <Td_colspan="1"> California Oaks Road , Kalmia Street Wildomar 67.90 109.27 68 <Td_colspan="1"> Clinton Keith Road 69.33 111.58 69 <Td_colspan="1"> Baxter Road 70.56 113.56 71 <Td_colspan="1"> Bundy Canyon Road Lake Elsinore 73.42 118.16 73 <Td_colspan="1"> Diamond Drive , Railroad Canyon Road 75.21 121.04 75 <Td_colspan="1"> Main Street ( I - 15 Bus . north ) 76.54 123.18 77 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 74 ( Central Avenue ) -- San Juan Capistrano , Perris 78.11 125.71 78 <Td_colspan="1"> Nichols Road 80.95 130.28 81 <Td_colspan="1"> Lake Street ( I - 15 Bus . south ) 84.66 136.25 85 <Td_colspan="1"> Indian Truck Trail 87.65 141.06 88 <Td_colspan="1"> Temescal Canyon Road Former SR 71 Corona 89.90 144.68 90 <Td_colspan="1"> Weirick Road , Dos Lagos Drive 91.07 146.56 91 <Td_colspan="1"> Cajalco Road 92.08 148.19 92 <Td_colspan="1"> El Cerrito Road 92.95 149.59 93 <Td_colspan="1"> Ontario Avenue Former SR 71 94.61 152.26 95 <Td_colspan="1"> Magnolia Avenue 95.76 154.11 96 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 91 ( Riverside Freeway ) -- Riverside , Beach Cities Signed as exits 96A ( east ) and 96B ( west ) southbound ; former US 91 ; SR 91 exit 51 Norco 97.14 156.33 97 <Td_colspan="1"> Hidden Valley Parkway 97.90 157.55 98 <Td_colspan="1"> Second Street ( I - 15 Bus . north ) 99.86 160.71 100 <Td_colspan="1"> Sixth Street ( I - 15 Bus . south ) Eastvale 102 <Td_colspan="1"> Schleisman Road Proposed interchange 102.52 164.99 103 <Td_colspan="1"> Limonite Avenue Jurupa Valley 104.19 167.68 105 <Td_colspan="1"> Cantu - Galleano Ranch Road 105.73 170.16 106 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 60 ( Pomona Freeway ) -- Los Angeles , Riverside Signed as exits 106A ( east ) and 106B ( west ) northbound ; SR 60 east exit 41 , west exit 41A San Bernardino Ontario 107.55 173.08 108 <Td_colspan="1"> Jurupa Street Former SR 31 south 108.93 175.31 109 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 10 ( San Bernardino Freeway ) -- Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Indio Signed as exits 109A ( west ) and 109B ( east ) southbound ; former US 99 ; I - 10 west exit 58 , east exits 58A - B Ontario -- Rancho Cucamonga line 109.59 176.37 110 <Td_colspan="1"> 4th Street Rancho Cucamonga 111.85 180.01 112 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 66 ( Foothill Boulevard ) Former US 66 113.32 182.37 113 <Td_colspan="1"> Baseline Road 114.63 -- 115.37 184.48 -- 185.67 115 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 210 ( Foothill Freeway ) -- Pasadena , San Bernardino , Redlands Signed as exits 115A ( east ) and 115B ( west ) northbound and exits 115A ( west ) and 115B ( east ) southbound ; SR 210 exit 64A Fontana 116.16 186.94 116 <Td_colspan="1"> Summit Avenue 117.91 189.76 118 <Td_colspan="1"> Duncan Canyon Road Opened on October 23 , 2015 for traffic and pedestrian use 119.38 192.12 119 <Td_colspan="1"> Sierra Avenue San Bernardino 122.19 196.65 122 <Td_colspan="1"> Glen Helen Parkway 122.91 197.80 123 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 215 south ( Barstow Freeway south ) -- San Bernardino , Riverside Former I - 15E south / US 66 west / US 91 south / US 395 south ; I - 215 exit 54B 124.09 199.70 124 <Td_colspan="1"> Kenwood Avenue Former US 66 east 129.14 207.83 129 <Td_colspan="1"> Cleghorn Road Former US 66 west 130.50 210.02 131 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 138 -- Palmdale , Silverwood Lake 137.75 221.69 138 <Td_colspan="1"> Oak Hill Road 140 <Td_colspan="1"> Ranchero Road Hesperia 141.45 227.64 141 <Td_colspan="1"> US 395 north -- Bishop , Adelanto Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; southern end of US 395 <Td_colspan="1"> To US 395 north / Joshua Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance 143.13 230.35 143 <Td_colspan="1"> Main Street -- Hesperia , Phelan Victorville 146.72 236.12 147 <Td_colspan="1"> Bear Valley Road -- Lucerne Valley 148 <Td_colspan="1"> La Mesa Road , Nisqualli Road 149.64 240.82 150 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 18 west ( Palmdale Road / I - 15 Bus . north ) South end of SR 18 overlap ; former US 66 east / US 91 north 150.56 242.30 151A <Td_colspan="1"> Roy Rogers Drive 151.16 243.27 151B <Td_colspan="1"> Mojave Drive 152.62 245.62 153A <Td_colspan="1"> SR 18 east ( I - 15 Bus . south / CR 66 ) -- Victorville , Apple Valley North end of SR 18 overlap ; former US 66 / US 91 152.75 245.83 153B <Td_colspan="1"> E Street 153.53 247.08 154 <Td_colspan="1"> Stoddard Wells Road 156.64 252.09 157 <Td_colspan="1"> Stoddard Wells Road -- Bell Mountain 160.96 259.04 161 <Td_colspan="1"> Dale Evans Parkway -- Apple Valley 164.82 265.25 165 <Td_colspan="1"> Wild Wash Road 169.29 272.45 169 <Td_colspan="1"> Hodge Road Barstow 174.97 281.59 175 <Td_colspan="1"> Outlet Center Drive 177.90 286.30 178 <Td_colspan="1"> Lenwood Road 179.46 288.81 179 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 58 west -- Bakersfield 180.78 290.94 181 <Td_colspan="1"> L Street / West Main Street ( I - 15 Bus . north / CR 66 ) 182.67 293.98 183 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 247 south ( Barstow Road ) 183.55 295.40 184A <Td_colspan="1"> I - 40 east -- Needles , Flagstaff Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; southbound access is via exit 184 184.08 296.25 184B <Td_colspan="1"> East Main Street ( I - 15 Bus . south / CR 66 ) Signed as exit 184 southbound ; former US 66 186.01 299.35 186 <Td_colspan="1"> Old Highway 58 west Former US 91 south / US 466 / SR 58 west 188.72 303.72 189 <Td_colspan="1"> Fort Irwin Road Serves Fort Irwin 190.96 307.32 191 <Td_colspan="1"> Ghost Town Road Serves the ghost town of Calico Yermo 193.77 311.84 194 <Td_colspan="1"> Calico Road -- Yermo 195.51 314.64 196 <Td_colspan="1"> Yermo Road -- Yermo 196.00 -- 196.50 315.43 -- 316.24 <Td_colspan="3"> Agricultural Inspection Station ( southbound only ) 197.62 318.04 198 <Td_colspan="1"> Minneola Road 205.54 330.78 206 <Td_colspan="1"> Harvard Road 212.76 342.40 213 <Td_colspan="1"> Field Road 216.53 348.47 <Td_colspan="3"> Clyde V. Kane Rest Area 220.72 355.21 221 <Td_colspan="1"> Afton Road 229.56 369.44 230 <Td_colspan="1"> Basin Road 233.37 375.57 233 <Td_colspan="1"> Rasor Road Zzyzx 239.31 385.13 239 <Td_colspan="1"> Zzyzx Road -- Zzyzx Baker 244.95 394.21 245 <Td_colspan="1"> Baker Boulevard ( I - 15 Bus . north ) -- Baker Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; former US 91 north / US 466 east 245.70 395.42 246 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 127 north / Kelbaker Road -- Death Valley 247.59 398.46 248 <Td_colspan="1"> Baker Boulevard ( I - 15 Bus . south ) -- Baker Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; former US 91 south / US 466 west Halloran Springs 258.74 416.40 259 <Td_colspan="1"> Halloran Springs Road 264.70 425.99 265 <Td_colspan="1"> Halloran Summit Road 270.29 434.99 <Td_colspan="3"> Valley Wells Rest Area Cima 271.86 437.52 272 <Td_colspan="1"> Cima Road 280.60 451.58 281 <Td_colspan="1"> Bailey Road 285.59 459.61 286 <Td_colspan="1"> Nipton Road <Td_colspan="1"> Joint Port of Entry ( southbound only ) Under construction . Will replace the Yermo Agricultural Inspection Station . 290.53 467.56 291 <Td_colspan="1"> Yates Well Road 295.37 475.35 <Td_colspan="1"> I ‐ 15 north -- Las Vegas Continuation into Nevada <Td_colspan="7"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ETC Incomplete access Route transition Unopened See also ( edit ) California Roads portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mileage is the entire route , including both SR 15 and I - 15 Jump up ^ The highway was featured on the television program Dangerous Drives ( Speed ) , which illustrated the difficulties of patrolling the highway due to excessive speed and congestion . The 45 - minute episode `` Dangerous Drives : Highway Patrol '' originally aired in January 2010 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : California Department of Transportation ( July 2007 ) . `` Log of Bridges on State Highways '' . Sacramento : California Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 31 , 2002 ) . `` Table 1 : Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31 , 2002 '' . Route Long and Finder List . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ California State Legislature . `` Section 250 -- 257 '' . Streets and Highways Code . Sacramento : California State Legislature . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( March 25 , 2015 ) . National Highway System : San Diego , CA ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Scale not given . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Federal Highway Administration ( March 25 , 2015 ) . National Highway System : California ( North ) ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Scale not given . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natzke , Stefan ; Neathery , Mike & Adderly , Kevin ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` What is the National Highway System ? '' . National Highway System . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California State Legislature . `` Section 260 -- 284 '' . Streets and Highways Code . Sacramento : California State Legislature . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways '' . Sacramento : California Department of Transportation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : California Road Atlas and Driver 's Guide ( Map ) . Thomas Brothers . 2000 . p. 214 , 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Highways : Routes 9 through 16 '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caltrans District 11 Fact Sheet for SR 15 Project Archived June 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` California 15 and Interstate 15 north from Interstate 5 to California 163 '' . California @ AARoads.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Faigin , Daniel P. ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Routes 9 through 16 '' . California Highways . Self - published . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California Road Atlas and Driver 's Guide ( Map ) . Thomas Brothers . 2000 . p . V , 99 , 106 . Jump up ^ `` ACR - 127 CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff 's Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway '' . California Legislative Information . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 15 Express Lanes '' . Sandag.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caltrans 2009 , p. 60 ^ Jump up to : Caltrans 2009 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Caltrans 2009 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Caltrans 2009 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Brooks , Jeanne F. ( January 9 , 2000 ) . `` A Neighborhood 's Rough Road : Mid City 's I - 15 Stretch to Open After Tortuous 40 - Year saga '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Copley News Service . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 -- via ProQuest . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Faigin , Daniel P. ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Routes 193 through 200 '' . California Highways . Self - published . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1955 Gousha Los Angeles district map ( Map ) . H.M. Gousha . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 1963 Caltrans Los Angeles and vicinity map ( Map ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faigin , Daniel P. ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Interstate Highway Types and the History of California 's Interstates '' . California Highways . Self - published . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Faigin , Daniel P. ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Routes 25 through 32 '' . California Highways . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1986 Caltrans Los Angeles and vicinity map ( Map ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Interstate 15 Major Improvements from Barstow to Nevada stateline ( PDF ) ( Map ) . California Department of Transportation . June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Warring , KS ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` Interstate 15 Freeway Interchanges '' ( PDF ) . California Numbered Exit Uniform System . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bender , Mary ( July 20 , 2005 ) . `` Country Road to Get New Course : Schleisman , Plans Are Under Way to Widen the Artery in the High - Growth Area , and Link it to I - 15 '' . City of Riverside . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Assessment for Interstate 15 Joint Port of Entry '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management - Needles Field Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) Caltrans ( January 2009 ) . 2008 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 15 in California . 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-4,551,616,223,806,053,400 | what type of war caused a stalemate on the western front | Western Front ( World War I ) - wikipedia Western Front ( World War I ) This article is about the West European theatre . For the 1915 -- 18 Russian military formation , see Western Front ( Russian Empire ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Western Front <Td_colspan="2"> Part of World War I <Td_colspan="2"> Mark II `` female '' tank advancing with Canadian infantry at Battle of Vimy Ridge , 1917 <Td_colspan="2"> Date 4 August 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 4 years , 3 months and 1 week ) Location Belgium , north - eastern France , Alsace - Lorraine , western Germany Result Decisive Allied Powers victory <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Allied Powers : France ( show ) French West Africa French Equatorial Africa French Indochina British Empire ( show ) Australia Bermuda Canada India Newfoundland New Zealand Southern Rhodesia South Africa United Kingdom Belgium from 1915 : ( show ) Italy from 1916 : Portugal Russia from 1917 : Siam United States Central Powers : German Empire Austria - Hungary <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Joseph Joffre Robert Nivelle Philippe Pétain Ferdinand Foch John French Douglas Haig Albert I of Belgium others : ( show ) Arthur Currie Fernando de Abreu Gomes da Costa John J. Pershing Helmuth von Moltke Erich von Falkenhayn Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Wilhelm Groener <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 7,935,000 5,399,563 2,200,000 267,000 55,000 44,292 1,284 13,250,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses Military casualties : 7,500,000 ( show ) 4,808,000 2,264,200 286,330 93,100 22,120 20,870 4,542 Civilian dead : 534,500 Military casualties : 5,500,000 ( show ) 5,490,300 17,300 Civilian dead : 424,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Western Front <Td_colspan="2"> 1914 Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1915 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois 1916 Verdun Somme 1917 Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai 1918 Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens <Th_colspan="2"> Theatres of World War I <Td_colspan="2"> European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War . Following the outbreak of war in August 1914 , the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium , then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France . The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne . Following the Race to the Sea , both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches , stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France , which changed little except during early 1917 and in 1918 . Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this front . The attacks employed massive artillery bombardments and massed infantry advances . Entrenchments , machine gun emplacements , barbed wire and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made . Among the most costly of these offensives were the Battle of Verdun , in 1916 , with a combined 700,000 casualties ( estimated ) , the Battle of the Somme , also in 1916 , with more than a million casualties ( estimated ) , and the Battle of Passchendaele ( Third Battle of Ypres ) , in 1917 , with 487,000 casualties ( estimated ) . To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front , both sides tried new military technology , including poison gas , aircraft and tanks . The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918 . The German Spring Offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that ended the war of the Central Powers against Russia and Romania on the Eastern Front . Using short , intense `` hurricane '' bombardments and infiltration tactics , the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres ( 60 miles ) to the west , the deepest advance by either side since 1914 , but the result was indecisive . The inexorable advance of the Allied armies during the second half of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable . The German government surrendered in the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , and the terms of peace were settled by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . Contents 1 1914 1.1 War plans -- Battle of the Frontiers 1.2 First Battle of the Marne 1.3 First Battle of Ypres 2 1915 2.1 Gas warfare 2.2 Air warfare 2.3 Spring offensive 2.4 Autumn offensive 3 1916 3.1 Battle of Verdun 3.2 Battle of the Somme 3.3 Hindenburg line 4 1917 4.1 Nivelle Offensive 4.2 American Expeditionary Force 4.3 Flanders offensive 4.4 Battle of Cambrai 5 1918 5.1 German spring offensives 5.2 Allied counter-offensives 6 Aftermath 6.1 Casualties 6.2 Economic costs 7 Notes 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 1914 ( edit ) War plans -- Battle of the Frontiers ( edit ) See also : Schlieffen Plan , Plan XVII , and Battle of the Frontiers Map of the Western Front and the Race to the Sea , 1914 French bayonet charge German infantry on the battlefield , 7 August 1914 At the outbreak of the First World War , the German Army , with seven field armies in the west and one in the east , executed a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan , moving quickly through neutral Belgium to attack France , and then turning southwards to encircle the French Army and trap it on the German border . The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe , the German and French armies , met and where the war was decided . Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the Treaty of London , 1839 ; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at 11 pm GMT on 4 August . Armies under German generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914 . Luxembourg had been occupied without opposition on 2 August . The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège , which lasted from 5 -- 16 August . Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance . German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days . Following the fall of Liège , most of the Belgian field army retreated to Antwerp , leaving the garrison of Namur isolated , with the Belgian capital , Brussels , falling to the Germans on 20 August . Although the German army bypassed Antwerp , it remained a threat to their flank . Another siege followed at Namur , lasting from about 20 -- 23 August . The French deployed five armies on the frontier . The French Plan XVII was intended to bring about the capture of Alsace - Lorraine . On 7 August , the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar . The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg - Morhange in Lorraine . In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan , the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French . The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the Saar River and attempted to capture Saarburg , attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed . The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement on 7 August but German reserve forces engaged them in the Battle of Mulhouse and forced a French retreat . The German Army swept through Belgium , executing civilians and razing villages . The application of `` collective responsibility '' against a civilian population further galvanised the allies . Newspapers condemned the German invasion , violence against civilians and destruction of property , which became known as the `` Rape of Belgium '' . After marching through Belgium , Luxembourg and the Ardennes , the Germans advanced into northern France in late August , where they met the French Army , under Joseph Joffre , and the divisions of the British Expeditionary Force under Field Marshal Sir John French . A series of engagements known as the Battle of the Frontiers ensued , which included the Battle of Charleroi and the Battle of Mons . In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day . A general Allied retreat followed , resulting in more clashes at the Battle of Le Cateau , the Siege of Maubeuge and the Battle of St. Quentin ( also called the First Battle of Guise ) . First Battle of the Marne ( edit ) Main article : First Battle of the Marne The German Army came within 70 km ( 43 mi ) of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne ( 6 -- 12 September ) , French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies , ending the German advance into France . The German Army retreated north of the Aisne River and dug in there , establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years . Following this German retirement , the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres , known as the Race for the Sea and quickly extended their trench systems from the Swiss frontier to the North Sea . The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French pig - iron production , 24 percent of its steel manufacturing and 40 percent of the coal industry -- dealing a serious blow to French industry . On the Entente side ( those countries opposing the German alliance ) , the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front . From the coast in the north , the primary forces were from Belgium , the British Empire and then France . Following the Battle of the Yser in October , the Belgian army controlled a 35 km ( 22 mi ) length of West Flanders along the coast , known as the Yser Front , along the Yser river and the Yperlee canal , from Nieuwpoort to Boesinghe . Meanwhile , the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) occupied a position on the flank , having previous occupied a more central position . First Battle of Ypres ( edit ) Main article : First Battle of Ypres From 19 October until 22 November , the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the First Battle of Ypres , which ended in a mutually - costly stalemate . After the battle , Erich von Falkenhayn judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution . The Chancellor , Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg , Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg , commanding Ober Ost ( Eastern Front high command ) , and Hindenburg 's deputy , Erich Ludendorff , continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles . During the Lodz offensive in Poland ( 11 -- 25 November ) , Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures . In his discussions with Bethmann - Hollweg , Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain . A peace with only a few annexations of territory also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements , Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal . Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect , after which Germany could finish off France and Britain . 1915 ( edit ) Map of the Western Front , 1915 -- 16 Between the coast and the Vosges was a westward bulge in the trench line , named the Noyon salient for the captured French town at the maximum point of advance near Compiègne . Joffre 's plan for 1915 was to attack the salient on both flanks to cut it off . The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 -- 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time . The Tenth Army formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain across a 16 - kilometre ( 9.9 mi ) front between Loos and Arras . On 10 March , as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region , the British Army fought the Battle of Neuve Chapelle to capture Aubers Ridge . The assault was made by four divisions along a 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) front . Preceded by a surprise bombardment lasting only 35 minutes , the initial assault made rapid progress and the village was captured within four hours . The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties . The Germans brought up reserves and counter-attacked , forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge . Since the British had used about one - third of their supply of artillery ammunition , General Sir John French blamed the failure on the shortage of ammunition , despite the early success . Gas warfare ( edit ) Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I All sides had signed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare . In 1914 , there had been small - scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various tear gases , which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective . The first use of more lethal chemical weapons was against the French near the Belgian town of Ypres . Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British , Albrecht , Duke of Württemberg , commander of the 4th Army planned an offensive at Ypres , site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914 . The Second Battle of Ypres , April 1915 , was intended to divert attention from offensives in the Eastern Front and disrupt Franco - British planning . After a two - day bombardment , the Germans released a cloud of 168 long tons ( 171 t ) of chlorine gas onto the battlefield . Though primarily a powerful irritant , it can asphyxiate in high concentrations or prolonged exposure . Being heavier than air , the gas crept across no man 's land and drifted into the French trenches . The green - yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in panic , creating an undefended 3.7 - mile ( 6 km ) gap in the Allied line . The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening . Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance . The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi ( 5 km ) withdrawal of the Franco - British line but the opportunity had been lost . The success of this attack would not be repeated , as the Allies countered by introducing gas masks and other countermeasures . An example of the success of these measures came a year later , on 27 April in the Gas attacks at Hulluch 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the south of Ypres , where the 16th ( Irish ) Division withstood several German gas attacks . The British retaliated , developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the Battle of Loos in September 1915 . Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German . French , British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war , developing the more deadly phosgene gas in 1915 , then the infamous mustard gas in 1917 , which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully . Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued . Air warfare ( edit ) Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915 . Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April , the French pilot Roland Garros became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine - gun that shot forward through the propeller blades . This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets . Several weeks later Garros force - landed behind German lines . His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch engineer Anthony Fokker , who soon produced a significant improvement , the interrupter gear , in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire . This advance was quickly ushered into service , in the Fokker E.I ( Eindecker , or monoplane , Mark 1 ) , the first single seat fighter aircraft to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament . Max Immelmann scored the first confirmed kill in an Eindecker on 1 August . Both sides developed improved weapons , engines , airframes and materials , until the end of the war . It also inaugurated the cult of the ace , the most famous being Manfred von Richthofen ( the Red Baron ) . Contrary to the myth , anti-aircraft fire claimed more kills than fighters . Spring offensive ( edit ) Ruins of Carency after it was recaptured by France The final Entente offensive of the spring was the Second Battle of Artois , an offensive to capture Vimy Ridge and advance into the Douai plain . The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six - day bombardment and advanced 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) to capture Vimy Ridge . German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back and the success of the attack had come as a surprise . By 15 May the advance had been stopped , although the fighting continued until 18 June . In May the German Army captured a French document at La Ville - aux - Bois describing a new system of defence . Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line , the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons . The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts , reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve . If a slope was available , troops were deployed along the rear side for protection . The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level . Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic defence in depth doctrine against Entente attacks . During the autumn of 1915 , the `` Fokker Scourge '' began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies . These reconnaissance planes were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters . However , the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines , rather than fighting over Allied held territory . Autumn offensive ( edit ) In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive , with the French Third Battle of Artois , Second Battle of Champagne and the British at Loos . The French had spent the summer preparing for this action , with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack . The bombardment , which had been carefully targeted by means of aerial photography , began on 22 September . The main French assault was launched on 25 September and , at first , made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts . Rather than retreating , the Germans adopted a new defence - in - depth scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km ( 5 mi ) . On 25 September , the British began the Battle of Loos , part of the Third Battle of Artois , which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack . The attack was preceded by a four - day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas . The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres . The British suffered heavy losses , especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells . A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better . In December , French was replaced by General Douglas Haig as commander of the British forces . 1916 ( edit ) German soldier on the Western Front in 1916 Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties . His new goal was to `` bleed France white '' . As such , he adopted two new strategies . The first was the use of unrestricted submarine warfare to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas . The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties ; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat , for reasons of strategy and national pride and thus trap the French . The town of Verdun was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold , surrounded by a ring of forts , that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris . Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to 5 -- 6 kilometres ( 3 -- 4 mi ) to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive . He also kept tight control of the main reserve , feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going . In preparation for their attack , the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress . In the opening phase , they swept the air space of French aircraft , which allowed German artillery - observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference . In May , the French countered by deploying escadrilles de chasse with superior Nieuport fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for air superiority . Battle of Verdun ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Verdun French soldiers observing enemy movements The Battle of Verdun began on 21 February 1916 after a nine - day delay due to snow and blizzards . After a massive eight - hour artillery bombardment , the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts . Sporadic French resistance was encountered . The Germans took Fort Douaumont and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February . The Germans turned their focus to Le Mort Homme on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements , from which the French fired across the river . After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign , the hill was taken by the Germans in late May . After a change in French command at Verdun from the defensive - minded Philippe Pétain to the offensive - minded Robert Nivelle , the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed . The Germans captured Fort Vaux on 7 June and with the aid of diphosgene gas , came within 1 kilometre ( 1,100 yd ) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June . Over the summer , the French slowly advanced . With the development of the rolling barrage , the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back 2.1 kilometres ( 1.3 mi ) from Fort Douaumont , in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle . The Battle of Verdun -- also known as the ' Mincing Machine of Verdun ' or ' Meuse Mill ' -- became a symbol of French determination and self - sacrifice . Battle of the Somme ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Somme British infantry advance near Ginchy . Photo by Ernest Brooks . In the spring , Allied commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun . The original plans for an attack around the River Somme were modified to let the British make the main effort . This would serve to relieve pressure on the French , as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses . On 1 July , after a week of heavy rain , British divisions in Picardy began the Battle of the Somme with the Battle of Albert , supported by five French divisions on their right flank . The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment . The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire , nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned . They suffered the greatest number of casualties ( killed , wounded and missing ) in a single day in the history of the British Army , about 57,000 . The Verdun lesson learnt , the Allies ' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September , German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme . The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat . After regrouping , the battle continued throughout July and August , with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines . By August , General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead , switched tactics to a series of small unit actions . The effect was to straighten out the front line , which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push . The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the tank on the battlefield . The Allies prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps . The attack made early progress , advancing 3,200 -- 4,100 metres ( 3,500 -- 4,500 yd ) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical unreliability . The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November , again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life . All told , the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) and failed to reach the original objectives . The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000 . It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000 , although this figure is controversial . The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics ; despite the terrible losses of 1 July , some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties . In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements , once the British war economy produced sufficient equipment and weapons , the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit , similar to the French and German armies . At the time of the Somme , British senior commanders insisted that the company ( 120 men ) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre ; less than a year later , the section of ten men would be so . Hindenburg line ( edit ) Main article : Hindenburg Line The Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt seen from the air . In August 1916 the German leadership along the western front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff . The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army . They decided that the German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917 , while the Central powers would attack elsewhere . During the Somme battle and through the winter months , the Germans created a fortification behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line , using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915 , including the use of Eingreif divisions . This was intended to shorten the German front , freeing 10 divisions for other duties . This line of fortifications ran from Arras south to St Quentin and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) . British long - range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916 . 1917 ( edit ) Main articles : Hindenburg Line and Tactical development on the Western Front in 1917 Map of the Western Front , 1917 The Hindenburg Line was built between 2 and 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) behind the German front line . On 25 February German forces began retreating to the line and the withdrawal was completed on 5 April , leaving behind a devastated territory to be occupied by the Allies . This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient , as it no longer existed . However , offensive advances by the British continued as the High Command claimed , with some justice , that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun , despite the Allies suffering greater losses . Meanwhile , on 6 April the United States declared war on Germany . In early 1915 , following the sinking of the Lusitania , Germany had stopped its unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict . With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages , however , the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 . They had calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months , while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front . The submarine and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system , bringing a large reduction in shipping losses . British Army on the Western Front ( August , 1917 ) By 1917 , the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two - thirds the total numbers in the French forces . In April 1917 the BEF began the Battle of Arras . The Canadian Corps and the 5th Division , attacked German lines at Vimy Ridge , capturing the heights and the First Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began . Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916 . British attacks were contained and , according to Gary Sheffield , a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in `` any other major battle '' . During the winter of 1916 -- 1917 , German air tactics had been improved , a fighter training school was opened at Valenciennes and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced . The result was near disastrous losses for Allied air power , particularly for the British , Portuguese , Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft , poor training and weak tactics . As a result , the Allied air successes over the Somme would not be repeated and heavy losses were inflicted by the Germans . During their attack at Arras , the British lost 316 air crews and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans . This became known to the Royal Flying Corps as Bloody April . Nivelle offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Arras ( 1917 ) and Nivelle Offensive The same month , the French Commander - in - Chief , General Robert Nivelle , ordered a new offensive against the German trenches , promising that it would end the war within 48 hours . The 16 April attack , dubbed the Nivelle Offensive ( also known as the Second Battle of the Aisne , after the area where the offensive took place ) , would be 1.2 million men strong , preceded by a week - long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks . The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops , with the help of two Russian brigades , had to negotiate rough , upward - sloping terrain in extremely bad weather . Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line . Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority , making reconnaissance difficult and in places , the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops . Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties . Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough , Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May . On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Lacking the means to punish an entire division , its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers . Mutinies occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted . Other Allied forces attacked but suffered massive casualties . Appeals to patriotism and duty followed , as did mass arrests and trials . The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action . On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command , replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive . The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command , while the British assumed greater responsibility . American Expeditionary Force ( edit ) On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France , forming the American Expeditionary Force . However , the American units did not enter the trenches in divisional strength until October . The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort , and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts . In spite of this , however , their presence provided a much - needed boost to Allied morale , with the promise of further reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the Allies . Flanders offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Messines ( 1917 ) and Third Battle of Ypres Two British soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers In June , the British launched an offensive in Flanders , in part to take pressure off the French armies on the Aisne , after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops began to mutiny . The offensive began on 7 June , with a British attack on Messines Ridge , south of Ypres , to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914 . Since 1915 specialist Royal Engineer tunnelling companies had been digging tunnels under the ridge , and about 500 t ( 490 long tons ) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences . Following several weeks of bombardment , the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated , killing up to 7,000 German troops . The infantry advance that followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day . German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation . On 11 July 1917 , during Unternehmen Strandfest ( Operation Beachparty ) at Nieuport on the coast , the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent Sulfur mustard ( Yellow Cross ) gas . The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets . Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days , denying it to the British , an additional demoralising factor . The Allies increased production of gas for chemical warfare but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas . From 31 July to 10 November the Third Battle of Ypres included the First Battle of Passchendaele and culminated in the Second Battle of Passchendaele . The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres . If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast . It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres , as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress . The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November , despite rain , mud and many casualties . The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance . In the drier periods , the British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October , the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes , which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat . Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive . The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter , whilst the Germans called Passchendaele `` the greatest martyrdom of the war '' . Battle of Cambrai ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Cambrai On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery - fire ( aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data ) at the Battle of Cambrai . The Allies attacked with 324 tanks ( with one - third held in reserve ) and twelve divisions , advancing behind a hurricane bombardment , against two German divisions . The machines carried fascines on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13 - foot - wide ( 4 m ) German tank traps . Special `` grapnel tanks '' towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire . The attack was a great success for the British , who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months , at a cost of only 4,000 British casualties . The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November , which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north . Despite the reversal , the attack was seen as a success by the Allies , proving that tanks could overcome trench defences . The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the Allies posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount . The battle had also seen the first mass use of German stosstruppen on the Western front in the attack , who used infantry infiltration tactics to penetrate British defences , bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear . 1918 ( edit ) Map of the final German offensives , 1918 German tank in Roye , 21 March 1918 Following the successful Allied attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai , Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring , before American manpower became overwhelming . On 3 March 1918 , the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was signed and Russia withdrew from the war . This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west . The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk as they did in the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment . The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 Allied divisions , which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as sturmtruppen ( 40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east ) . The Allies lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems , the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year , while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training , with just six complete divisions in the line . Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme , to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports . The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft , tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks . German spring offensives ( edit ) Main article : Spring Offensive Operation Michael , the first of the German Spring Offensives , very nearly succeeded in driving the Allied armies apart , advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914 . As a result of the battle , the Allies agreed on unity of command . General Ferdinand Foch was appointed commander of all Allied forces in France . The unified Allies were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition . In May , the American divisions also began to play an increasing role , winning their first victory in the Battle of Cantigny . By summer , between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month . A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end . The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces . Allied counter-offensives ( edit ) Main articles : Second Battle of the Marne , Hundred Days Offensive , and Armistice of 11 November 1918 In July , Foch began the Second Battle of the Marne , a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August . The Battle of Amiens began two days later , with Franco - British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops , along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft . Hindenburg named 8 August as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . The Italian 2nd Corps , commanded by General Alberico Albricci , also participated in the operations around Reims . German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain . The Allies fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions . The Hundred Days Offensive beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats , German troops began to surrender in large numbers . As the Allied forces advanced , Prince Maximilian of Baden was appointed as Chancellor of Germany in October to negotiate an armistice . Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden . The German retreat continued and the German Revolution put a new government in power . The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed , stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918 , later known as Armistice Day . The German Imperial Monarchy collapsed when General Groener , the successor to Ludendorff , backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under Friedrich Ebert , to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Aftermath of World War I Military Casualties Western Front 1914 -- 1918 Nationality Killed Wounded P.O.W. France 1,300,000 c . 3,000,000 508,000 UK 512,600 1,528,500 223,600 Belgium 38,200 44,700 10,200 Australia 48,900 130,900 -- Canada 56,400 149,700 -- New Zealand 12,900 34,800 -- South Africa 3,250 8,720 2,220 India 6,670 15,750 1,090 Portugal 1,690 13,750 6,680 USA 51,800 230,100 4,430 Italy ( Total 20,870 ) Allies 2,032,410 + 5,156,920 + -- Germany 1,493,000 3,116,000 774,000 Austria - Hungary 3,200 c . 10,000 4,100 Central Powers 1,496,200 3,216,000 778,100 Grand Total 3,258,610 8,372,920 -- The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere . As a result , the terms of the peace were dictated by France , Britain and the United States , during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The result was the Treaty of Versailles , signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government . The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power . The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France , thus limiting the coal required by German industry . The Saar , which formed the west bank of the Rhine , would be demilitarised and controlled by Britain and France , while the Kiel Canal opened to international traffic . The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe . It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and disallowing a navy or air force . The navy was sailed to Scapa Flow under the terms of surrender but was later scuttled , under the order of German admirals , as a reaction to the treaty . Casualties ( edit ) Main article : Casualties of World War I The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows . The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war , resulting later in an Allied reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward Adolf Hitler . Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 ( including 3,000 merchant sailors ) . The British lost 16,829 civilian dead , 1,260 civilians were killed in air and naval attacks , 908 civilians were killed at sea and there were 14,661 merchant marine deaths . Another 62,000 Belgian , 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war - related causes . Economic costs ( edit ) See also : French war planning 1920 -- 1940 Germany in 1919 was bankrupt , the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world . The Allies occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne , Koblenz and Mainz , with restoration dependent on payment of reparations . In Germany a Stab - in - the - back myth ( Dolchstoßlegende ) was propagated by Hindenburg , Ludendorff and other defeated generals , that the defeat was not the fault of the ' good core ' of the army but due to certain left - wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice ; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the Nazi party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the Weimar Republic in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933 . France lost more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north - east of the country was devastated by the war . The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output . Once it was clear that Germany was going to be defeated , Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and Belgium . His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany 's main European rival . To prevent similar German attacks in the future , France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the Maginot Line . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Brusilov , situated on the Austro - German border , of the General Staff , still managed to make available 4 special brigades to France , or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers . '' Jump up ^ `` The losses for the two Russian brigades totaled 70 officers and 4472 soldiers killed , wounded or missing in action . '' Jump up ^ 424,000 German civilians died due to war - related causes , ~ 1,000 in air raids . Jump up ^ A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the war crimes committed by the Germans during this period . Jump up ^ German casualties from `` Reichsarchiv 1918 '' . Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures ( per the Reichsarchiv ) as : 829,400 killed in action ; 300,000 died of wounds ; 364,000 missing reclassified as dead . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ILO 1925 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ SWO 1922 , p. 742 . Jump up ^ Ayres 1919 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Hosch 2010 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Maurel 2001 , § 1 . Jump up ^ Grebler & Winkler 1940 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Liddle 1997 , pp. 45 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1991 , pp. 361 -- 363 . Jump up ^ Hamilton & Herwig 2003 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2005 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Griffith 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 22 -- 24 , 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Hamilton & Herwig 2003 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 2003 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Smith , Audoin - Rouzeau & Becker 2003 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Horne & Kramer 2001 , pp. 1 -- 608 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman 2004 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Terraine 2002 , pp. 78 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , pp. 242 -- 262 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 31 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy 1989 , pp. 265 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Barton , Doyle & Vandewalle 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , pp. 273 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Foley 2005 , pp. 105 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Fuller 1992 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2008 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Lyons 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Fuller 1992 , pp. 166 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Richter 1994 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Doughty 2005 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Fuller 1992 , pp. 172 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2012 , pp. 81 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2012 , pp. 95 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Richter 1994 , pp. 69 -- 73 , 88 . Jump up ^ Richter 1994 , pp. 182 -- 183 , 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Spick 2002 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Wise 1981 , pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 2003 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Smith , Audoin - Rouzeau & Becker 2003 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Herwig 1997 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Lupfer 1981 , pp. 1 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1981 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1994 , pp. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2004 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1995 , pp. 168 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Palazzo 2000 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Hartesveldt 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Warner 2000 , pp. 4 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wiest 2005 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Lyons 2000 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Knox 2007 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hull 2005 , pp. 295 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Foley 2005 , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1964 , pp. 236 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1981 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lyons 2000 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Martin 2001 , pp. 28 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Jones & Hook 2007 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Foley 2005 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2001 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1981 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Rawson 2014 , pp. 140 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Miles 1992 , pp. 245 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Prior & Wilson 2005 , pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Watson 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Corkerry 2001 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Herwig 1997 , pp. 246 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Wynne 1976 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Dockrill & French 1996 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1964 , pp. 288 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2004 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 144 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2014 , Chapter 7 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1981 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Cockfield 1999 , pp. 91 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Uffindell 2015 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Lyons 2000 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1964 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2003 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bostyn 2002 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1991 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2007 , pp. 35 -- 36 , 39 . Jump up ^ Liddle 2013 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2002 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2007 , pp. vi , 316 . Jump up ^ Miles 1991 , pp. 13 -- 15 , 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Miles 1991 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Miles 1991 , pp. 176 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Herwig 1997 , pp. 393 -- 397,400 -- 401 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 139 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2006 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ Murphy 2005 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2006 , pp. 544 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1964 , pp. 353 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 141 -- 143 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1254 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2010 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , pp. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1994 , pp. 2 , 31 , 242 , 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1989 , pp. 266 -- 302 . ^ Jump up to : Herwig 1997 , pp. 426 -- 428 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1986 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Herwig 1997 , p. 446 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2001 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Churchill 1938 , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2006 , pp. 743 & 760 . Jump up ^ Massie 2004 , p. 787 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1989 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Grey 1991 , p. 292 . 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Retrieved 8 July 2018 . McCann , Frank D. ( 2004 ) . Soldiers of the Pátria : A History of the Brazilian Army , 1889 -- 1937 . Stanford University Press . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 804 - 73222 - 2 . OCLC 469729065 . Miles , W. ( 1992 ) ( 1938 ) . Military Operations France and Belgium , 1916 : 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II ( Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 901627 - 76 - 6 . Miles , W. ( 1991 ) ( 1991 ) . Military Operations France and Belgium 1917 : The Battle of Cambrai . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . III ( Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed . ) . HMSO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 162 - 6 . Murphy , Justin ( 2005 ) . Military Aircraft , Origins to 1918 : An illustrated History of their Impact . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 488 - 2 . Neiberg , Michael S. ( 2003 ) . Foch : Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War . Dulles : Potomac Books . ISBN 9781574885514 . Neiberg , Michael ( 2004 ) . Warfare and Society in Europe : 1898 to the Present . New York and London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 41532 - 718 - 3 . Neiberg , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Western Front 1914 -- 1916 : The History of World War I : From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme . London : Amber Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90662 - 612 - 9 . Palazzo , Albert ( 2000 ) . Seeking Victory on the Western Front : The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I. University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8774 - 7 . Prior , Robin ; Wilson , Trevor ( 2005 ) . The Somme . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10694 - 7 . Rawson , Andrw ( 2014 ) . The Somme Campaign . Barnsley : Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78303 - 051 - 4 . Richter , D. ( 1994 ) . Chemical Soldiers : British Gas Warfare in World War I. London : Leo Cooper . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 388 - 1 . Samuels , Martin ( 1995 ) . Command or Control ? Command , Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies , 1888 -- 1918 . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4570 - 4 . Sheffield , Gary ( 2002 ) ( 2001 ) . Forgotten Victory : The First World War : Myths and Realities ( Reprinted ed . ) . London : Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 7157 - 4 . Sheffield , Gary ( 2014 ) . Command and Morale : The British Army on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 ( eBook ed . ) . Barnsley , South Yorkshire : Praetorian Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47383 - 466 - 8 . Sheldon , J. ( 2007 ) . The German Army at Passchendaele . London : Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 564 - 4 . Sheldon , J. ( 2012 ) . The German Army on the Western Front 1915 . Barnsley : Pen and Sword Military . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 466 - 7 . Smith , Leonard V. ; Audoin - Rouzeau , Stéphane ; Becker , Annette ( 2003 ) . France and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . New Approaches to European History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66631 - 2 . Spick , Mike ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Directory of Fighters . Zenith Imprint . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1343 - 5 . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . London : HMSO. 1922 . OCLC 924169428 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Stevenson , D. ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) . 1914 1918 : The History of the First World War ( pbk . Penguin ed . ) . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026817 - 1 . Strachan , H. ( 2001 ) . The First World War : To Arms . I. Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926191 - 8 . Terraine , John ( 2002 ) . Mons : The Retreat to Victory . London : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 243 - 2 . Tucker , Spencer ; Wood , Laura M. ; Murphy , Justin D. ( 1999 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 783 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 815 - 33351 - 7 . OCLC 40417794 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Roberts , Priscilla Mary ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Uffindell , Andrew ( 2015 ) . The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917 : A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames . Barsnley : Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78303 - 034 - 7 . Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Military History . London : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 229 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew A. ( 2005 ) . Haig : The Evolution of a Commander . London : Brassey 's . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 684 - 9 . Watson , Alexander ( 2008 ) . Enduring the Great War : Combat , Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge military histories . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88101 - 2 . Wise , S.F. ( 1981 ) . Canadian Airmen and the First World War . The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force . I. Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2379 - 7 . Wynne , G.C. ( 1976 ) ( 1939 ) . If Germany Attacks : The Battle in Depth in the West ( Greenwood Press , NY ed . ) . London : Faber & Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 5029 - 1 . Zuckerman , Larry ( 2004 ) . The Rape of Belgium : The Untold Story of World War I. New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9704 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Gleason , Arthur ( 1917 ) . Our Part in the Great War . Burt : University of California . OCLC 12893987 . Skinner , H.T. ; Stacke , H. Fitz M. ( 1922 ) . Principal Events 1914 -- 1918 . History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence . London : HMSO . OCLC 17673086 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Journals Bailey , George ( 2005 ) . `` Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War '' . Management Decision. 43 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 71 . doi : 10.1108 / 00251740510572489 . Heller , Charles E. ( September 1984 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in World War I : The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 '' . Fort Leavenworth , KS : US Army Command and General Staff College . OCLC 463454950 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Western Front ( World War I ) Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Front theatre of World War I . Krause , Jonathan : Western Front , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . The Western Front Museum Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe ' That Contemptible Little Army ' by E. Alexander Powell . The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916 Watch clips from the Australian War Memorial 's collection of films made on the Western Front 1917 -- 1918 on the National Film and Sound Archive 's australianscreen online <Th_colspan="2"> World War I <Td_colspan="2"> Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - 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Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials In popular culture Centenary outbreak <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Front_(World_War_I)&oldid=856093218 '' Categories : Western Front ( World War I ) Austria - Hungary in World War I Military history of Belgium during World War I British Empire in World War I France in World War I German Empire in World War I Italy in World War I Portugal in World War I United Kingdom in World War I United States in World War I Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia World War I Campaigns and theatres of World War I Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2013 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Portuguese - 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8,769,725,602,732,388,000 | where was the movie book of eli filmed | The Book of Eli - wikipedia The Book of Eli Jump to : navigation , search For the 12th - century English chronicle , see Book of Ely . <Th_colspan="2"> The Book of Eli <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by The Hughes brothers Produced by Joel Silver Susan Downey Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Denzel Washington Written by Gary Whitta Starring Denzel Washington Gary Oldman Mila Kunis Ray Stevenson Jennifer Beals Music by Atticus Ross Leopold Ross Claudia Sarne Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Cindy Mollo Production company Alcon Entertainment Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $157,107,755 The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers , written by Gary Whitta , and starring Denzel Washington , Gary Oldman , Mila Kunis , Ray Stevenson , and Jennifer Beals . The story revolves around Eli , a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world , who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States . The history of the post-war world is explained along the way , as is the importance of Eli 's task . Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The film was released in theaters in January 2010 . Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures , while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States ; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reviews 5 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse , Eli ( Denzel Washington ) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States . Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills , hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him . Searching for water , he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie ( Gary Oldman ) . Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book . His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it , but to no avail . In town he barters with a store owner , the Engineer ( Tom Waits ) , to recharge the battery of his portable music player . While waiting , he goes across the street to the town bar , where a gang of bikers attack , but he quickly kills them all . Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself , Carnegie asks Eli to stay , making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable . After Carnegie 's blind mistress Claudia ( Jennifer Beals ) gives Eli some food and water , Carnegie orders Claudia 's daughter Solara ( Mila Kunis ) to seduce Eli , but he turns her down . While killing time , she finds his book . Unperturbed , Eli offers to share his food with her , and before they eat , he says grace . The following day , Solara repeats the prayer , but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara 's words relate to the book he has been seeking . He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book , and realizes Eli 's book is the one he wants -- a Bible . Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli , but the bullets seemingly just graze him , as if he is being protected . Eli shoots most of Carnegie 's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a shotgun blast . Solara , having left the town , leads Eli to a cave which is the town 's water supply , hoping she can accompany him on his travels . Eli traps her inside and continues on alone . Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her , but Eli reappears and kills them . As they continue on , Eli explains his mission to Solara . According to Eli , his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible , as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago . He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head , which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe . The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey . Eventually , Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house . They fall into a trap , but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents , George ( Michael Gambon ) and Martha ( Frances de la Tour ) , who invite them in for tea . When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals , they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive . In the ensuing shootout , George , Martha and many of Carnegie 's men are killed . Eli and Solara are captured . When Carnegie threatens to kill Solara , Eli surrenders the Bible , but Carnegie shoots him , and leaves him for dead . Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli . Rather than chase her , Carnegie returns to the town , since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel . Solara finds Eli , and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge , and then row to Alcatraz Island , where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music . Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible . Once inside , Eli , revealed to be blind , begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi ( Malcolm McDowell ) , the leader of the group . Meanwhile , back in the town , the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers , to his dismay , that it is in Braille , and orders Claudia to read it to him . She pretends that she can not remember how to read it , telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok . At the sanctuary , Eli has died , but not before he finished reciting the entire book . The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible , and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other . Solara , though offered sanctuary , chooses to return home , taking with her Eli 's sword and other possessions . Cast Denzel Washington as Eli Gary Oldman as Carnegie Mila Kunis as Solara Ray Stevenson as Redridge Jennifer Beals as Claudia Evan Jones as Martz Joe Pingue as Hoyt Frances de la Tour as Martha Michael Gambon as George Tom Waits as Engineer Chris Browning as Hijack Leader Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi ( uncredited ) Production In May 2007 , Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli , based on a script by Gary Whitta . ( The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell . ) Subsequently , Anthony Peckham rewrote the script , and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role . The following October , Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington . Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures . Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes , which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali . Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role . Reception Box Office The film was released in North America on January 15 , 2010 in 3,111 theaters . It took in $11,672,970 -- $3,752 per theater , its opening day . By the end of its opening four - day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553 -- $12,355 per theater . It ranked number two , behind Avatar . On its second weekend , it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493 -- $5,057 per theater . By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286 -- $2,897 per theater . The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada , and $62,256,659 in other markets , with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718 . Critical reviews The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` It 's certainly uneven , and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp , but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 0 -- 100 reviews from film critics , has a rating score of 53 based on 33 reviews . Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted `` this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington 's bigger grossers . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film : `` You wo n't be sorry you went . It grips your attention , and then at the end throws in several WTF ! moments , which are a bonus . '' Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club , Scott Tobias graded the film a B , and wrote `` At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios , the Hughes ' ashen , bombed - out future world looks a little too familiar , no matter how crisply they present it . But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film 's overt religiosity ... '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , calling it `` a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases , or The Road without humanity . Home Media The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on May 31 , 2010 in the UK and on June 15 , 2010 in the United States and Canada . The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week . It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine 's Rental Chart , the Nielsen VideoScan Blu - ray chart , and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart , where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin . See also Eli ( biblical figure ) References Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC Jump up ^ `` Movie projector : ' Book of Eli ' first major challenger to ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie , which stars Denzel Washington . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Interview , Part 1 : Gary Whitta on ' The Book of Eli ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 Aug 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakhshian , Sara ( January 2010 ) . `` ' The Book of Eli ' : Interview with Denzel Washington , Mila Kunis , and Gary Oldman '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hughes brothers set for ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Dave McNary ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Denzel Washington picks up ' Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Gary Oldman joins ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( February 2009 ) . `` Jack Black Rocks ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' and More First Looks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman joins Denzel on ' Eli ' '' . Reel Suave . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli -- Behind the Scenes : Stunts '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 15 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 15 -- 18 , 2010 ( 4 - day weekend ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 22 -- 24 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 29 -- 31 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli Review '' . ' Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . The AV Club . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts '' . wowcelebrities.us . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book of Eli The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog The Book of Eli on IMDb The Book of Eli at AllMovie The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes The Book of Eli at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes Together Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Dead Presidents ( 1995 ) American Pimp ( 1999 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) Allen only Knights of the South Bronx ( 2005 ) New York , I Love You ( 2008 ) Broken City ( 2013 ) Albert only Alpha ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Denzel Washington Director Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Producer Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) The Equalizer ( 2014 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Eli&oldid=799205321 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2043 in fiction Alcatraz Island in fiction Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American action thriller films American films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films about blind people Films directed by the Hughes brothers Films produced by Joel Silver Films set in the 2040s Films shot in New Mexico Post-apocalyptic films Silver Pictures films Cannibalism in fiction Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Bible in popular culture Film scores by Atticus Ross Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Book of Eli - post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film
2. Denzel Washington - stars as Eli, a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world
3. Gary Oldman - plays Carnegie, a man who wants to control people using a certain book
4. Mila Kunis - portrays Solara, Claudia's daughter who becomes involved with Eli
5. Mixed reviews - the film received both positive and negative feedback from critics |
954,913,698,509,941,900 | where does the president live in the white house | Executive Residence - wikipedia Executive Residence Jump to : navigation , search White House Ground Floor showing location of principal rooms White House State Floor showing location of principal rooms White House Second Floor showing location of principal rooms The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing . It is the most recognizable part of the complex , being the actual `` house '' part of the White House . This central building , first constructed from 1792 to 1800 , is home to the President of the United States and the First Family . The Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors : the Ground Floor , the State Floor , the Second Floor , and the Third Floor . A two - story sub-basement with mezzanine , created during the 1948 -- to - 1952 Truman reconstruction , is used for HVAC and mechanical systems , storage , and service areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sub-Basement and Sub-Basement Mezzanine 2 Ground Floor 2.1 Original kitchen and ancillary spaces 2.2 Library and ancillary spaces 2.3 Diplomatic Reception Room 2.4 Map Room 2.5 Vermeil Room 2.6 North Lawn extension 3 State Floor 3.1 Entrance Hall and Grand Staircase 3.2 East Room 3.3 Green , Blue , and Red Rooms 3.4 State Dining Room 3.5 Family Dining Room and Chief Usher 's Office 4 Second Floor 4.1 Center Hall , East Sitting Hall , and Grand Stair 4.2 Lincoln Bedroom and Sitting Room 4.3 Queens ' Bedroom and Sitting Room 4.4 Treaty Room 4.5 Yellow Oval Room 4.6 Presidential Bedroom Suite : The small bedroom / living room 4.7 Presidential Bedroom Suite : The large bedroom 4.8 Presidential Bedroom Suite : The dressing room 4.9 West Sitting Hall 4.10 Family Kitchen and President 's Dining Room 4.11 Cosmetology Room 4.12 West Room , North Hall , and East Room 5 Third Floor 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Sub-basement and sub-basement mezzanine ( edit ) This level was added during the 1948 - to - 1952 renovation , and contains the air conditioning and water softening equipment . The sub-basement and mezzanine also contain storage areas , the heating system , elevator machinery rooms , an incinerator , a medical clinic , a dentist 's office , the electrical control system , a laundry room , and flatware and dishware storage . Ground Floor ( edit ) Original kitchen and ancillary spaces ( edit ) The Ground Floor of the White House originally contained service rooms . The White House is built on a slight hill that slopes to the south . To provide access to the north side of the Ground Floor , the area around the north side of the mansion and its northeast and northwest corners was excavated to provide light and air to this half of the Ground Floor . Architect James Hoban designed the Ground Floor so that the kitchen was directly beneath the Entrance Hall , the door to the kitchen below the North Portico . Storerooms were east of the kitchen , while a toilet and dishwashing room were to the west . The kitchen was relocated into the two rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor by 1846 , while the old kitchen space as transformed into an informal sitting room / reception space . As of 2010 , this large central space originally occupied by the kitchen in the early 1800s had been subdivided into offices for the White House Curator and the United States Secret Service . The kitchen , too , continues to occupy the three rooms ( somewhat altered in size now ) in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor . The storeroom to the east of the kitchen became a pantry in 1809 , a meat locker in 1825 , and then a flight of stairs leading to the State Floor by 1946 . This area remains largely unchanged as of 2010 , with the exception of the narrowing of the stairs in 1952 to create an elevator shaft . Library and ancillary spaces ( edit ) The storeroom in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor remained in use as storage space only until 1809 , when it became a laundry . In 1902 , President Theodore Roosevelt hired the architectural firm of McKim , Mead & White to renovate the White House . They turned the room into a `` gentleman 's anteroom '' . This room became the White House Library in 1935 . First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy radically transformed the room in 1961 . Kennedy consulted initially with a group consisting of members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts , designers from the American Institute of Interior Designers ( AIID ) , and historians . The AIID agreed to take on the job of refurbishing the room , and Kennedy worked with decorator Jeanette Becker Lenygon of the AIID on the project . Lenygon designed an early American library room in the Federal style . Except for minor decorative changes , the White House Library remains the same as of 2010 . The toilet and laundry room west of the kitchen became general - use work areas by 1809 , and a pantry , small kitchen , and cook 's office by 1825 . By 1946 , these had become general workrooms , with a narrow , winding staircase inserted into the room closest to the former kitchen . The 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep , straight stairs and added an elevator in this space . As of 2010 , a pantry - sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space . Diplomatic reception room ( edit ) The Diplomatic Reception Room on the Ground Floor of the White House . The oval space beneath what is now the Blue Room was originally a Servants ' Hall , but was turned into a furnace room in 1837 . During the White House 's 1902 renovation , the room was turned into a sitting room . President Franklin D. Roosevelt used it for his `` fireside chat '' radio broadcasts in the 1930s . Rebuilt ( along with the rest of the gutted White House ) during the 1948 - to - 1952 renovation , the room became the Diplomatic Reception Room . It was only sparsely furnished until First Lady Mamie Eisenhower received a large donation of museum - quality antique furniture from the National Society of Interior Designers in 1960 . Except for decorative updating , it remains unchanged as of 2010 . Map room ( edit ) West of the Servants ' Hall , the Ground Floor originally contained a small bedroom and , in the two westernmost rooms , a Steward 's Office . The smaller , westernmost of the two rooms in the Steward 's Office became the White House vault . By 1825 , the Housekeeper 's Office had moved into the easternmost room of the Steward 's Office . The Steward 's Office and vault became general workrooms by 1946 , but the 1902 renovation had turned the Housekeeper 's Office into a ladies ' powder room . Less than a decade later , President Woodrow Wilson turned it into a billiards room . At the outbreak of World War II in December 1939 , President Franklin Roosevelt removed the billiards table and turned the room into a place where he could keep track of the war 's progress on a wide range of maps and store top - secret communications with world leaders . The Map Room ( as it was now called ) was heavily guarded , as highly secret U.S. and allied military information was constantly updated on the maps kept in this room . In the early 1960s , the Map Room was transformed into a ladies ' powder room again by Jacqueline Kennedy , and portraits of First Ladies were hung there . The Map Room continued to retain its name , but in 1970 was decorated in the Chippendale style and turned into a reception room . It retained its name and function as of 2010 . A small medical clinic and the office of the White House physician occupy the three rooms to the west of the Map Room as of 2010 . Vermeil room ( edit ) East of the original Servants ' Hall was the Housekeeper 's Office , and then a room for general work . The Housekeeper 's Office was turned into general workspace in 1809 , while the bedroom became a general - use servants ' room . All rooms east of the oval Servant 's Hall were turned into staff bedrooms by 1825 ( with the Housekeeper 's Office taking up a portion of the Steward 's Office ) . In 1837 , President Martin Van Buren made the bedroom that would become the China Room into quarters for a stoker , whose job was to keep the White House furnace fueled 24 hours a day , seven days a week ( with summers off ) . First Lady Edith Wilson turned this room into the China Room in 1917 to display the Executive Residence 's growing collection of White House china . Just east of the China Room , the 1902 renovation turned the staff bedroom into a sitting room known as the Social Room . It was briefly renamed the Billiard Room after the 1952 restoration , but became the Vermeil Room in 1957 after mining heiress Margaret Thompson Biddle bequeathed 1,575 pieces of vermeil silverware to the White House . It remained little changed as of 2010 . North Lawn extension ( edit ) During the 1948 - to - 1952 reconstruction of the White House , additional White House workspace was excavated under the North Lawn . Storage space had first been excavated here in the 1930s , but was greatly expanded and enhanced during the Truman renovation . The Trumans included a bowling alley in this space as well ( it is architecturally aligned with the entrance to the Diplomatic Reception Room on the other side of the White House ) . President Dwight Eisenhower had the bowling alley moved to the Executive Office Building west of the White House , but President Richard Nixon ( an avid bowler ) had it restored to its original spot in 1969 . As of 2010 , this space continues to house the bowling alley , as well as the White House chocolatier , the office and workspace of the White House Chief Floral Designer , a cold storage room for flowers and other perishable items , a carpentry shop , and general workrooms . State Floor ( edit ) The East Room after its last redecoration in 1995 . The Green Room in 1999 . The Red Room during the George W. Bush administration . The Blue Room after its 1995 redecoration . The Family Dining Room after its February 2015 redecoration . The State Floor was unfinished when President John Adams moved into the White House on November 1 , 1800 . Work continued through the four remaining months of his presidency and into the first term of Thomas Jefferson to make the Executive Residence habitable . There were no floors in the East Room , the Blue Room , or the western third of the Cross Hall ( which at that time extended all the way to the west , as the State Dining Room would not be extended all the way north until 1902 ) . There was also no grand staircase east of the Entrance Hall , and the only way to access the Second Floor was via temporary stairs on the exterior of the building which led up to the top of the South Portico . Entrance Hall and Grand staircase ( edit ) Until the North Portico was completed in 1829 , providing access from the North Lawn and carriageway , the Entrance Hall was used as space to exhibit items brought back by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . A glass screen was placed between the columns along the Entrance Hall 's south side in 1837 to reduce the hall 's draftiness , effectively reducing its apparent size . A more elaborate iron frame was added to the partition in 1853 . The ordinary glass and frame were replaced by a red , white , and blue colored glass screen designed by Tiffany & Co. in 1882 . The Tiffany screen was removed in the 1902 renovation . The area that now contains the Grand Staircase originally contained a much smaller , unadorned staircase to the Second Floor . The Grand Staircase was moved into this area during the 1902 renovation . East room ( edit ) Although architect James Hoban included space for the East Room in his 1792 plans for the White House , it was unclear what purpose the room should fulfill . The room 's floor was finished after President John Adams moved in , but the walls remained bare brick and First Lady Abigail Adams famously hung her laundry to dry in it . Thomas Jefferson furnished the room with some chairs during his administration , and had the room partitioned ( using canvas and sailcloth for walls ) and the southern end used for a bedroom and office for Meriwether Lewis and Lewis Harvie ( both Private Secretary to the President ) . But it was n't until 1807 that architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe gave the East Room its function as a site for public audiences and large social events . Rebuilt after the burning of the White House in 1814 , its walls remained bare brick and it was used as storage space . President James Monroe 's daughter was married in the East Room , at which time it was temporarily furnished , but it was not until the administration of John Quincy Adams that its walls were plastered and painted . The East Room was finally completed in 1829 under President Andrew Jackson . Major redecorations have occurred , but the room continues to serve its function as a site for large social events . Green , Blue , and Red rooms ( edit ) James Hoban designated what is today the Green Room as a Common Dining Room , and Thomas Jefferson 's family took their meals here . A rectangular ceiling frescoe with small circles and trapezoids , designed by Thomas Ustick Walter , was added in 1853 . In the 1902 renovation of the White House , a second door , south of the existing door , was cut from the Green Room to the Blue Room . At the same time , a new , southern door was cut from the Green Room to the East Room . Hoban 's original plans for the White House created an oval - shaped Drawing Room ( now the Blue Room ) in the center of the south part of the executive mansion . Since its inception , the Blue Room has remained the centerpiece of the Executive Residence , serving as the formal reception space for heads of state , ambassadors , and other important people . Since its creation in 1801 , it has been redecorated more times ( 18 ) than any other room in the White House . Originally , a door in the center of the western wall led to the Yellow Room . A fireplace was set in the eastern wall opposite the door . Originally , niches to either side of the door in the north wall mirrored the three windows in the south wall . The reconstruction of 1817 radically changed the Blue Room . Doors replaced the northern niches , and the western door to the Red Room was sealed . On the Red Room side of the wall , a false door was cut into the wall south of the now - sealed central door , and the false door north of the now - sealed door also concealed . An oval ceiling frescoe with curved trapezoids , designed Thomas Ustick Walter , was added in 1853 . A jib ( or disguised ) door was cut through the false door to the Red Room in 1891 , and a second jib door cut through to the Green Room south of the fireplace in 1902 . The ceiling medallion and cornice moldings were altered by architect Edward Vason Jones during the Nixon administration to more closely resemble early 1800s styles . To the east of this room was a President 's Antechamber ( later known as the Red Room ) . This room originally had two doors , set close together , leading into the Blue Room . ( The one on the north was false . ) Beginning in 1809 , it became the music room for the White House . During the 1817 rebuilding of the White House , the President 's Antechamber was turned into a Yellow Parlor . It was sometimes called the Washington Parlor , as the Gilbert Stuart painting of George Washington hung in this room after the Burning of Washington . At this time , the two doors were rebuilt further apart . ( Now the south door became a false door . ) In 1845 , the Yellow Parlor was redecorated in crimson , and took its current name as the Red Room . A rectangular ceiling frescoe with a small central circle , curved trapezoids , and half - moons , designed Thomas Ustick Walter , was added in 1853 . The false door was cut through in 1891 , and has remained open to the present . State Dining room ( edit ) The northern third of what is now the State Dining Room was originally the western part of the Cross Hall . Two flights of stairs ( one against the north wall , one against the south wall ) led from the State Floor to the Second Floor . A single , central stair then led up to the Third Floor . Not completed when the White House was occupied in 1800 , the Grand Stairs were probably finished by architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 or shortly thereafter . An extensive chimney breast was added to the fireplace in the room 's west wall when it was reconstructed in 1817 . A large greenhouse was added to the west side of the White House in 1857 , replacing one on the east side which had been torn down that year to make way for expansion of the Treasury Building . The greenhouse burned down in 1867 , and in 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant built a larger , higher greenhouse in its place . Later presidents expanded the greenhouse , until it occupied most of what is now the West Wing . Grant built a billiards room atop and to the south of the breezeway leading from the west end of the Ground Floor of the White House , but this became a Palm Court in 1877 during the Rutherford B. Hayes administration . Hayes authorized new doors cut through the stone of the mansion 's walls to provide access between the Palm Court and State Dining Room . In 1869 , President Ulysses S. Grant rebuilt the Grand Stair . Now , only a single staircase against the north wall led to the Second Floor , while a second stair on the south wall of the Second Floor led to the Third Floor . ( The new space created on the Second Floor became the West Sitting Hall . ) To the south of the Grand Stair was a smaller room , to be used as a Cabinet Room or President 's Library . The 1817 reconstruction of the White House saw the Cabinet Room / Presidential Library turned into the State Dining Room . The White House was extensively renovated in 1902 , during which the Grand Stair was demolished and a new Grand Staircase was built east of the Entrance Hall . The State Dining Room expanded northward into the space formerly occupied by the Grand Stair . The small fireplaces in the east and west walls of the State Dining Room were removed , and the northern door to the Palm Court sealed . ( Another door to the Palm Court , beneath the former Grand Stairs , was also sealed . ) Where the old Palm Court door existed , a new , massive stone fireplace and oversize mantel ( the famous `` Buffalo mantel '' ) were added , to match the enlarged room 's size and grandeur . The great Venetian window which formerly spanned the width of the Cross Hall in the mansion 's west wall was reduced in size to the width of a standard First Floor window . A French door in the lower half of this window now led to the breezeway . The room was paneled in English oak in a Renaissance Revival style , and the furnishings replaced to turn the room into a Beaux - Arts baronial hall ( complete with tapestries , cooking racks over the fireplace , and stuffed animal heads ) . During the 1948 - to - 1952 reconstruction of the White House , the State Dining Room was radically redecorated . The `` Buffalo mantel '' was not reused , and instead given to President Truman ( who had it installed it in his presidential library ) . The oak paneling , heavy damaged during its removal , was reinstalled and given a coat of bright celadon green to hide the flaws . ( Some of the frieze had to be recarved where it had been sanded down to accommodate the stuffed animal heads . ) The painting scheme proved too much . Jacqueline Kennedy had the room painted bone white in 1961 , but that proved too bright . The room was painted antique white in 1971 and again in 1981 , and then off - white with an umber glaze in 1985 . Family Dining room and Chief Usher 's office ( edit ) As originally constructed , north of the Cross Hall was a Public Dining Room , a Porter 's Lodge between the dining room and entrance hall , and a narrow , winding Private Stair . When the White House was rebuilt in 1817 , the Public Dining Room became the Private Dining Room . The room was partitioned to make it smaller , and the western third of the room turned into a pantry . President James Monroe gave State Dinners in the Private Dining Room from 1817 to 1825 , and subsequent presidents used it as a formal dining room for the First Family or as a space for official but small events . By 1849 it was used primarily as a ladies ' receiving room , a function it retained as late as 1865 . During the White House 's 1902 renovation , the pantry received a mezzanine to increase its utility . To the Family Dining Room were added a vaulted ceiling , faux paneling , and a frieze featuring Neoclassical designs . The frieze was broken by the high windows in the north wall , but the windows were lowered in 1961 and the frieze allowed to continue unbroken around the entire room . The faux paneling was also removed at this time , and the walls painted yellow . The Family Dining Room underwent its first significant renovation since the Kennedy years in 2015 . First Lady Michelle Obama had the room painted a light grey , and the decor , furniture , rug , and artwork now reflect a Mid-20th Century Modern look . The area immediately to the east of the Family Dining Room , tucked against the Entrance Hall , was originally service space . A porter 's `` lodge '' ( work and storage space ) occupied the northern two - thirds of the space , while a narrow , sharping winding back stairs allowed servants to access the Second Floor . By 1801 , the porter 's space had become a generic workroom . It was made into a porter 's lodge again in 1825 . It retained this use as late as 1865 . The renovation of 1902 moved the servants ' staircase into the center of this area , creating a corridor on the north and west sides and a small closet to the south . After the 1948 - to - 1952 gutting and restoration of the White House , the northern space became the Chief Usher 's office . It continued to retain this layout as of 2010 . Second Floor ( edit ) The Grand Staircase , leading up to the Second Floor . The Second Floor contains the private living apartments of the First Family , as well as a kitchen . Some of these rooms are used for official entertaining , but most are reserved for private use . Rooms found on the Second Floor include the Center Hall , East Sitting Hall , Lincoln Bedroom , Lincoln Sitting Room , President 's Dining Room , Queens ' Bedroom , Queens ' Sitting Room , Treaty Room , West Sitting Hall , and Yellow Oval Room . The Truman Balcony is accessed from this floor . The Second Floor contains only seven historic rooms : The Lincoln Bedroom , the Lincoln Sitting Room , Queens ' Bedroom , the Queens ' Sitting Room , the Treaty Room , the East Sitting Hall , and the Yellow Oval Room . The western half of the Second Floor contains family rooms , a kitchen , and the family dining room , all of which may be redecorated or undergo architectural revision at the whim of the president . When the White House was occupied in 1801 , the eastern half of the Second Floor remained unfinished . What would later be the Queens ' Suite , Lincoln Suite , East Sitting Hall , Grand Stair , and Grand Stair Landing did not exist . Also unfinished was the West Sitting Hall , which was not intended to be a sitting hall at all but rather a `` Grand Staircase '' leading up from the Ground Floor . The Second Floor was completed by 1809 . Before the Theodore Roosevelt renovation of 1902 , the executive offices of the President were located at the east end of the second floor and the public had full and free access to these areas . Center Hall , East Sitting Hall , and Grand Stair ( edit ) Originally known as the Great Passage , the Center Hall has always been part of the design of the White House . But it has not always had the same structural design . Today , load - bearing walls outside the Treaty Room define the western side of the Stair Landing . But these walls did not exist when the White House was occupied in 1801 . Today , the Center Hall , Stair Landing , and East Sitting Room are all on the same level . But in 1801 , three small steps just outside the Treaty Room led up from the Great Passage to the East Sitting Room . Additionally , there was no Grand Stair north of the Stair Landing . When the White House opened , a simple , narrow private stair led from the Ground Floor up to the Second Floor where the Grand Stair is today . The Center Hall has always been used as a large drawing room and a waiting area for guests about to be shown into the Yellow Oval Room . Except for the addition of the Stair Landing , little has changed in the Center Hall . Only minor decorative elements have been altered , such as the addition of a cornice molding and bookshelves during the 1952 reconstruction . The East Sitting Hall is one of the seven historic spaces on the Second Floor . In the first half of the 1800s , the White House was treated as a government office building rather than a residence , and members of the public expected nearly complete access to it . Anyone who wanted to see the President would ascend to the Second Floor using the private steps and wait in the East Sitting Hall . James Hoban , the original architect of the White House , planned and built a double - arched Venetian window here to provide as much light as possible to this area . After 1902 , the public no longer had access to the Second Floor , and the area has been used as a small parlor . The East Sitting Hall was more distinctively set off from the Center Hall by the 1952 reconstruction . The steps leading from the Center Hall to the East Hall Room were removed , and small storage spaces added on the north and south side of the passage . This roughly halved the width of the hall here , which created a more private East Sitting Room . A very narrow servants stair was added in the north storage area to provide additional access to the Third Floor . Access to the Center Hall was originally provided by a Grand Staircase on the west end of the building . On the east end , a narrower set of stairs with a single return gave access . These plain stairs were replaced by the modern Grand Staircase . Lincoln bedroom and Sitting room ( edit ) The Lincoln Bedroom . The Queens ' Bedroom in 2000 . The Treaty Room during the George W. Bush administration . The Yellow Oval Room , some time in the 2000s . The Presidential Bedroom Suite , after redecoration in 1981 . First Lady Laura Bush and Michelle Obama in the West Sitting Hall in 2008 . The Lincoln Bedroom and the Lincoln Sitting Room are located in the southeast corner of the Second Floor . As originally designed and completed in 1809 , this space contained two very narrow , north - south running bedchambers with a toilet room between them . By 1825 , the toilet had been removed and the space joined to the west bedchamber to form the President 's Office . This area was used for the President 's office over the next several decades . Abraham Lincoln used it as both an office and a Cabinet room , and signed the Emancipation Proclamation in the Lincoln Bedroom in 1863 . The Lincoln Sitting Room was used as an office for presidential aides , although President John Tyler used it as part of his office from 1841 to 1845 . The next major reconfiguration of this space occurred during the 1952 reconstruction of the White House , when a full bath and toilet were built in the northeast corner of the Lincoln Sitting Room . President Truman was the individual who conceived of dedicating the space to Lincoln . The desk in the bedroom was Lincoln 's , and the 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) long , 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) wide rosewood bed is probably the one Willie Lincoln died in . The portrait of President Andrew Jackson that hangs in the room is one which Abraham Lincoln admired , and the Lincoln Bedroom has the only known copy of the Gettysburg Address signed , dated , and titled by Lincoln himself . The sitting room furnishings were all purchased by First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln . They include four mahogany chairs , a chest in the late Empire style , and red and gold rugs and drapes . The small mahogany desk in the sitting room was constructed by James Hoban himself . The Lincoln Bedroom and Sitting Room were redecorated by First Lady Laura Bush , who changed the decor so it more accurately reflected tastes common during the American Civil War . The Lincoln Bedroom is usually used to house close friends of the President who are visiting the White House . Queens ' bedroom and Sitting room ( edit ) The Queens ' Bedroom and Queens ' Sitting Room occupy the northeast corner of the Second Floor . When this space was completed in 1809 , it was a mirror of the Lincoln Suite to the south : two very narrow bedrooms with a toilet between them . And like the Lincoln Suite , the toilet was removed by 1825 and the toilet space joined with the western bedchamber . Instead of office space , however , the western two - thirds of this space was partitioned to create storage areas . The remaining bedroom became known as the Rose Bedroom or Pink Bedroom , after the color of its decorating scheme . It was reserved as a guest bedroom , and was most frequently used by the president 's private secretaries -- all of whom were male , and many of them sons of presidents . By 1865 , the western storage space had been converted into a clerk 's office . The first woman to occupy the bedroom probably was Anna Roosevelt , who moved into the White House in 1944 . The 1952 White House reconstruction created a full bath and toilet in northeast corner of the sitting room . The name of the suite of rooms is taken from the number of women royalty who 've stayed in the room : Elizabeth , queen consort of King George VI of Canada ; Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ; Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands ; and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands . Treaty room ( edit ) The Treaty Room is located between the Lincoln Suite and the Yellow Oval Room , on the south side of the east wing of the Executive Residence . When completed in 1809 , it was intended to be a bedroom . By 1825 , its function had changed so that it was now an audience chamber where people could meet with the president ( whose office was next door to the east ) . By 1865 , the room had been partitioned . A passage taking up the southern third of the room was created , to permit individuals to pass unobserved from the President 's Office directly into the White House Library ( then occupying the Yellow Oval Room ) . What remained of the room was used for Cabinet meetings from 1865 to 1902 . The space was then used as a sitting room from 1902 to 1961 . The 1952 White House reconstruction removed the passage . A new door was opened in the southwest corner of the room so permit direct access to the Yellow Oval Room . The space became known as the Treaty Room after President John F. Kennedy signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the room in 1963 . It 's been used for important treaty signings ever since . President Richard Nixon signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in the room in 1972 , and President Jimmy Carter signed the Camp David Accords in the room in 1978 . The room has undergone some changes in the past 25 years . First Lady Barbara Bush converted it into a private sitting room for the president . President George W. Bush had the room 's historic paneling and its vibrant red , gold , and blue fabrics removed to alter it more to his own personal taste . President Barack Obama had the room redecorated in shades of beige , and continued its use as a private presidential study . A half - bathroom in the northwest corner of the Treaty Room remains as of 2015 almost untouched since its creation in 1952 . It has green and white floor tile in a checkerboard pattern , and the plumbing pipes are exposed . Yellow Oval room ( edit ) The Yellow Oval Room is the topmost of the Executive Residence 's three oval rooms . Not yet furnished when the White House was first occupied , President John Adams used it as a levée room for New Year 's Day celebrations on January 1 , 1801 . The room received its name after First Lady Dolley Madison decorated the room in yellow damask in 1809 . The room served as a ladies ' drawing room from 1809 to 1829 , when it was turned into a ladies ' toilet room under Andrew Jackson . It continued to be used as a ladies ' toilet until about 1845 . First Lady Abigail Fillmore turned it into a library about 1851 . By 1865 , the first major architectural change was made to the room when a doorway was cut into the room 's southeast corner to provide access to the passage leading behind the Treaty Room to the Presidential Office in the southeast corner of the Second Floor . The Yellow Oval Room was turned into a family room and private presidential study by Abraham Lincoln , and it remained that way until 1952 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Harry S. Truman referred to it informally as the `` oval study '' , and used it as an informal working and meeting space . The White House reconstruction of 1952 saw additional major architectural changes to the room . The 1865 passage was removed , but the door to the Treaty Room remained . To balance the door aesthetically , a closet was created in the northeast corner of the Yellow Oval Room and an identical door used to close it off . In the west wall of the room , a door cut to provide access to the presidential bedroom suite . President Dwight D. Eisenhower began the practice of using the Yellow Oval Room as a formal reception room . More recently , the space has served as a formal drawing room for First Family , and as a reception room where presidents greet dignitaries before lunches and dinners . Presidential bedroom Suite : the small bedroom / living room ( edit ) The non-historic rooms of the Second Floor constitute the First Family 's private residence . As non-historic space , they may be reconfigured and redecorated in any way . From east to west , leading away from the Yellow Oval Room on the south side , are a small bedroom ( with full bath ) , a large bedroom , and a dressing room ( with full bath ) . The small bedroom west of the Yellow Oval Room was originally used as an `` extra bedroom '' beginning with President James Madison and concluding with the administration of President Franklin Pierce . Abraham Lincoln slept in this room , and not the Lincoln Bedroom as is commonly assumed ( due to its name ) . Other occupants of the room included Mary Johnson Stover ( daughter of Andrew Jackson ) and her three children ; May and Jessie McElroy ( nieces of President Chester Arthur ) , Russell Harrison ( President Benjamin Harrison 's adult son ) ; Mary Harrison McKee ( adult daughter of President Benjamin Harrison ) and her two children ; Quentin and Archie Roosevelt ( sons of President Theodore Roosevelt ) ; President Woodrow Wilson and his second wife , Edith Wilson ; President Warren G. Harding ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt ; and President Harry S. Truman . During the 1952 renovation , a dressing room was built which straddled the wall between this room and the large bedroom to the west . This dressing room could only be accessed from the small bedroom . A full bath was also created in the northeast corner of the room . The space continued to be used as a bedroom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower ; President John F. Kennedy ; and President Richard Nixon -- all of whom slept in the room . The room was turned into a living room and study by President Gerald Ford , and it has remained a study and living room into 2013 . Presidential bedroom Suite : the large bedroom ( edit ) To the west of this space is the large bedroom , which has usually been used by the President and First Lady as their private bedroom . Sometimes a President and First Lady sleep in the same room , but often they do not due to the President 's early and late hours , and personal idiosyncrasies . When this room was completed in 1809 , it was intended to be used as the president 's bedroom . A tiny entry foyer was partitioned off at the north door , and the western part of the northern third of the room was occupied by a narrow hallway . This hallway connected to the north - south running dressing room on the western wall of the White House . A small toilet occupied the southern end of the dressing room . In this configuration , the large bedroom was occupied by President James Madison and his wife , Dolley ; President Thomas Jefferson ; President John Adams and his wife , Abigail ; and President James Monroe and his wife , Elizabeth . The entry foyer and north passage were removed by 1825 . The large bedroom was subsequently occupied by President John Quincy Adams and his wife , Louisa ; President Andrew Jackson ; President Van Buren ; President John Tyler and his wives Letitia Christian Tyler and Julia Gardiner Tyler ; and President James K. Polk and his wife , Sarah ; A full bath was added to the dressing room by 1849 . The large bedroom was then used by President Zachary Taylor and his wife , Margaret ; President Millard Fillmore and his wife , Abigail ; President Franklin Pierce and his wife , Jane ; President James Buchanan ; and First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln . The northern passage ( this time extending across the length of the room ) was restored by 1865 . An open doorframe in the south wall provided access to the bedroom to the south . The 1865 configuration was occupied by Senator David T. Patterson and his wife , Martha ( daughter of President Andrew Johnson ) ; President Ulysses S. Grant and his wife , Julia ; President Rutherford B. Hayes and his wife , Lucy ; President James Garfield and his wife , Lucretia ; Mary Arthur McElroy , sister of widowed President Chester Arthur ; Ruth , Esther , and Marion Cleveland , young daughters of President Grover Cleveland ; President Benjamin Harrison and his wife , Caroline ; President Theodore Roosevelt and his wife , Edith ; President William Howard Taft and his wife , Helen ; President Woodrow Wilson and his first wife , Ellen Axson Wilson ; President Warren G. Harding and his wife , Florence ; President Calvin Coolidge and his wife , Grace ; and President Herbert Hoover and his wife , Lou . It was used as a sitting room by First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt and Bess Truman . The room underwent a major architectural change in 1952 . The northeast corner of the room was intruded upon by a dressing room which extended from the small bedroom to the east . Another closet extended from the west into the northwest corner of the room . To accommodate these spaces , the northern wall of the large bedroom was made convex . It continued to be used as a sitting room by Bess Truman , but reverted to bedroom space in 1953 . It has remained in its 1952 configuration ever since , and has been occupied by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower ; First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy ; First Lady Lady Bird Johnson ; First Lady Pat Nixon ; President Gerald R. Ford and his wife , Betty ; President Jimmy Carter and his wife , Rosalynn ; President Ronald Reagan and his wife , Nancy ; President George H.W. Bush and his wife , Barbara ; President Bill Clinton and his wife , Hillary ; and President Barack Obama and his wife , Michelle . Presidential bedroom Suite : the dressing room ( edit ) The Presidential Bedroom Suite dressing room was part of the Executive Residence when it was completed in 1809 . A full bath was added to it some time before 1849 . The bath was expanded to take up half the dressing room 's space in the 1952 reconstruction . The dressing room has not always served as a dressing room , however . It served as a small bedroom for Susanna Adams , daughter of President John Adams ; Louisa Smith , niece of First Lady Abigail Adams ; Tad Lincoln , son of President Abraham Lincoln ; Robert Johnson , son of President Andrew Johnson ; Anne Thompson , nursemaid to the young children of President Grover Cleveland ; First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt ; and First Lady Bess Truman . It was used as a private study of by First Ladies Lucy Webb Hayes and Lou Henry Hoover , and as a private dining room by President Woodrow Wilson and his second wife , Edith . First Lady Florence Harding used it as a dress storage room . It also served as a combination dressing room / sitting room / office to First Ladies Mamie Eisenhower , Jacqueline Kennedy , Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Betty Ford , Rosalynn Carter , Nancy Reagan , Barbara Bush , and Hillary Rodham Clinton . Michelle Obama used it as a dressing room . West Sitting Hall ( edit ) West Sitting Hall did not exist when the White House was completed in 1809 . James Hoban 's original design for the White House had a flight of stairs , one against the north wall and one against the south wall , on the Ground Floor . These rose to a landing , and then a single flight of stairs rose to the Second Floor . This left only a small area north and south of the staircase , which by 1865 was being called the West Hall . In 1869 , President Grant rebuilt the stairs so that the single staircase rose against the south wall . This left what space there was in a single rather than divided area , making it more useful . The new space created on the Second Floor became the West Sitting Hall . Considered part of the First Family 's private space , the West Sitting Hall has undergone redecoration with every new presidency and is not considered a historic room . Family kitchen and President 's Dining room ( edit ) The Family Kitchen and the President 's Dining Room are located in the northwest corner of the Second Floor . The large bedroom which originally existed here was known as the `` Prince of Wales Room '' , after Albert , Prince of Wales stayed in the room in 1860 . When this part of the Executive Residence was completed in 1809 , a bedroom suite occupied this space . What is now the private stairs and Cosmetology Room were the eastern chamber and closet of the suite , A bedroom and toilet occupied what is now the President 's Dining Room , and a lady 's dressing room was in the space currently occupied by the Family Kitchen , the kitchen storage space , and the pantry . This space was little changed by 1825 . Since the private stairs from the Ground Floor were now complete , the closet in the eastern chamber was removed and a landing for the stairs inserted in the middle of the room . This effectively created an open storage area in the southern third of the chamber . First Lady Louisa Adams and her niece , Mary Hellen , used the bedroom and dressing room as a bedroom suite ( but did not occupy the eastern chamber ) . From March 1829 to the summer of 1830 , all three rooms were occupied by Jack and Emily Donelson and their four children . President William Henry Harrison used the larger bedroom as his personal bedroom during his 32 - day presidency in 1841 . Robert Tyler ( son of President John Tyler ) , his wife , and daughter used all three rooms from April 1841 to March 1845 . From 1845 to 1849 , the bedroom , dressing room , and eastern chamber were used by Augusta Tabb Walker and her two small children . A full bath was added to the eastern chamber by 1865 . To accommodate the bathroom , the stairs were moved from the middle to the southern part of the room , and the storage space eliminated . In this configuration , the bedroom was used by Willie Lincoln ( who died in it ) . First Lady Eliza Johnson used the small eastern chamber as her bedroom , while the First Family used the larger bedroom as a living room . The large room was later used as a bedroom by Nellie Grant ( daughter of President Ulysses S. Grant ) ; Fanny Hayes ( daughter of President Rutherford B. Hayes ) ; Mary `` Mollie '' Garfield ( daughter of President James Garfield ) ; Ellen `` Nell '' Arthur ( daughter of President Chester Arthur ) ; President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland ; James Robert and Mary Harrison McKee and their two small children ; President William McKinley and his wife , Ida ; Alice Roosevelt ( daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt ) from September 1901 to February 1906 ; Ethel Roosevelt ( daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt ) ; First Lady Helen Taft ; Eleanor Wilson ( daughter of President Woodrow Wilson ) ; Calvin Coolidge , Jr. ; Lorena Hickok ( journalist and aide to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt ) ; and Margaret Truman ( daughter of President Harry S. Truman ) . Major architectural changes to these spaces came in 1952 . In the eastern chamber , the bathroom was removed , the stairs were widened , and the stairs moved back into the middle of the space . This created a new ( and at last , enclosed ) storage space south of the stairs . The passage from the eastern chamber to the bedroom was closed as well . The 1952 reconstruction turned the bedroom into a mirror image of the president 's bedroom across the Center Hall . The bedroom 's south wall was made convex , which created a walled - off dead space in the room 's southeast corner . The southwest corner now became storage space accessible from the dressing room . After the reconstruction , Margaret Truman continued to use it as her bedroom . In 1953 , First Lady Mamie Eisenhower turned it from a bedroom into a sitting room for her mother , Elivera `` Minnie '' Doud . In 1961 , the bedroom suite was torn out . Jacqueline Kennedy thought the Family Dining Room on the State Floor was too cavernous and impersonal to raise a family in , and decided that a smaller , more intimate dining room ( now the President 's Dining Room ) should be created on the Second Floor . A small kitchen took over the space which was once a dressing room , with a pantry and storage space occupying the southern half of the space . ( The storage closet created in the now - convex room to the east was accessed from the new pantry . ) The bedroom became the new Family Dining Room . Cosmetology room ( edit ) What is known today as the Cosmetology Room was originally a series of small rooms used as work and storage space . It was turned into a bathroom by 1865 . At some point before 1933 , the bath in this space was removed and the area converted into a small office . First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt and Bess Truman used the space as their personal office . President Dwight Eisenhower used it as an art room , where he would paint . The Kennedys used it as a nursery for their two small children , and First Daughter Luci Johnson used it as a study . During the Nixon administration , the room was turned into a beauty salon and named the Cosmetology Room . First Lady Rosalynn Carter planned to renovate the Cosmetology Room , but left the job to First Lady Nancy Reagan . In 1981 , the National Hairdressers and Cosmetologists Association paid for an $8,000 ( $21,075 in 2016 dollars ) refurbishment of the Cosmetology Room . Added to the room were a $400 ( $1,054 in 2016 dollars ) salmon - colored Louis XV lounge chair , $720 ( $1,897 in 2016 dollars ) white leather side chair , $230 ( $606 in 2016 dollars ) manicurist 's stool , $346 ( $911 in 2016 dollars ) enamel shampoo bowl , $1,200 ( $3,161 in 2016 dollars ) pair of hair dryers , $1,800 ( $4,742 in 2016 dollars ) in wallpaper featuring a pattern consisting of a minute Chinese - style medallion , $3,000 ( $5,269 in 2016 dollars ) coral - colored handmade wool rug , white Lucite make - up center , green and red drapes , and dotted white batiste curtains from Switzerland . The space remained a beauty parlor into 2013 . West room , north Hall , and East room ( edit ) The West Room , North Hall , and East Room occupy the center section of the north wall of the Executive Residence . When this area of the mansion was completed in 1809 , a single large storeroom occupied this space . The western wall of the East Room was in place by 1825 . Two small storerooms had also been created in what would later be the North Hall by constructing short , non-load bearing walls . These walls projected west , dividing the room into thirds . The North Hall as it exists today was created by 1865 when the storage partitions in the West Room were removed . West Room served , at various times , as a bedroom for Willie Lincoln , President Andrew Johnson , Andrew Johnson Jr . ( President Johnson 's son ) , Robert and Charles Taft ( sons of President Taft ) , Joseph P. Lash ( a close friend of First lady Eleanor Roosevelt ) , Reathel Odum ( private secretary First Lady Bess Truman ) , John F. Kennedy Jr. ; and Chuck and Lynda Bird Johnson Robb and their daughter . The room was converted into a playroom for First Daughter Amy Carter in 1977 , and President Ronald Reagan had it set up as a fitness room . The North Hall was where President Abraham Lincoln stood as he delivered speeches to crowds on the North Lawn . It was used as a schoolroom for Fanny and Scott Hayes , youngest children of President Rutherford B. Hayes . The served as a maid 's room during the two terms of President Theodore Roosevelt , as a bedroom for Maude Shaw ( nursemaid for Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy , Jr . ) , and as a clothing storage space for First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Nancy Reagan . East Room 's first documented use was as a bedroom for Frederick Dent ( the father of First lady Julia Grant ) . It later served as a bedroom for President Chester Arthur , Mary Dimmick ( First Lady Caroline Harrison 's niece and private secretary ) , John Witherspoon Scott ( father of First Lady Caroline Harrison ) , Kermit Roosevelt , Madge Wallace ( mother of First Lady Bess Truman ) , Caroline Kennedy , Pat and Luci Nugent ( she was the daughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson ) , Tricia Nixon , Susan Ford ( daughter of President Gerald Ford ) , and Amy Carter . It was converted into an office for First Lady Nancy Reagan , but turned back into a bedroom for use by Chelsea Clinton ( daughter of President Bill Clinton ) . Scott Hayes ( young son of President Rutherford B. Hayes ) , Birchard Hayes ( teenage son of President Rutherford B. Hayes ) , Irvin Garfield ( young son of President James Garfield ) , Abram Garfield ( young son of President James Garfield ) , also used either the West Room or East Room as a bedroom , but records are not clear which . Third Floor ( edit ) During a 1927 renovation the White House attic was rebuilt into a third floor . It was further expanded with the Truman Reconstruction and currently contains 20 rooms , nine bathrooms , and a main hall . This floor was once used for staff bedrooms , but no staff currently live in the White House . Jacqueline Kennedy extensively decorated these rooms with her favorite White House antiques , with her best known room being the `` Empire Guest Room '' ( finished in First French Empire style ) . President Jimmy Carter had one room paneled with wood panels taken from an old family barn in Georgia . First Lady Hillary Clinton turned one of the rooms into a soundproof music room where President Bill Clinton could play his saxophone without disturbing others , turned a guest room into an exercise room , and created an `` Eleanor Roosevelt Room '' for her own use . When Marian Robinson moved to the White House alongside her daughter Michelle Obama 's family in 2009 , she took a bedroom and sitting area on the third floor as her private quarters . A sunroom with wet bar ( atop the south portico ) , billiards room , and outdoor rooftop promenade are also features of the third floor . Visiting dignitaries are normally housed in the Second Floor state bedrooms and foreign heads of state customarily stay at Blair House . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Jefferson also asked Latrobe to design permanent partitions for the East Room in 1807 . Latrobe did so . It is widely assumed that these were never implement , but Phillips - Schrock argues , based on photographs taken during the mansion 's 1952 reconstruction , that these alterations were in fact implemented in the northern half of the East Room . Jump up ^ The bedroom would be used whenever the President did not want to disturb the First Lady , such as when he had to work late or if she were ill . Jump up ^ President Lyndon Johnson often woke in the middle of the night and would read . He slept in a separate bedroom so as not to disturb First Lady Lady Bird Johnson . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room the Monroes used . Jump up ^ His wife , Rachel Jackson , died before her husband became president . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room Van Buren used . Van Buren 's wife , Hannah Van Buren , died before her husband became president . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room the Tylers used . Letitia Tyler died on September 10 , 1842 . President Tyler remarried on June 26 , 1844 . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room the Polks used . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room the Fillmores used . Jump up ^ President Buchanan never married . Jump up ^ Ellen Wilson died on August 6 , 1914 . Jump up ^ The southern third of the space was a closet . The northern two - thirds of this space was the bedchamber . Jump up ^ President Jackson 's wife , Rachel Jackson , died before her husband took office . Emily acted as hostess for her father until the summer of 1830 , when the Petticoat affair created a rift between them . Emily declined to return to the White House . Sarah Yorke Jackson , the president 's daughter - in - law , served as hostess from November 1834 to March 1837 . Sources differ on whether Emily Donelson and her family ever returned to the White House . Jump up ^ She was the wife of J. Knox Walker . He was President James K. Polk 's nephew and private secretary . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room Nellie Grant used . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room Fanny Hayes used . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room Mollie Garfield used . Jump up ^ This is an assumption of historians , as the evidence is unclear as to which room Nell Arthur used . Jump up ^ President Cleveland , a bachelor , initially occupied the room alone . After his marriaged to Frances Folson on June 2 , 1886 , the President and First Lady lived together in the room . Cleveland failed to win re-election in 1888 . But he won the presidency again in 1892 , and once more the Clevelands occupied this space together . Jump up ^ First Lady Caroline Harrison died on October 25 , 1892 . Her daughter , Mary , took over hostess duties at the White House for her father , President Benjamin Harrison . The eastern chamber served as the nursery / bedroom for the children . Jump up ^ Alice Roosevelt married Nicholas Longworth on February 17 , 1906 , at which time she left the Executive Residence . Jump up ^ Ethel Roosevelt first occupied the room in mid-February 1906 , after her sister , Alice , married and left the White House . Jump up ^ Eleanor Wilson married William Gibbs McAdoo on May 7 , 1914 , after which time she left the Executive Residence . Jump up ^ Calvin first occupied the room in August 1923 . The 16 - year - old boy died of sepsis ( blood poisoning ) on July 7 , 1924 . Jump up ^ Historian Carl Anthony Sferazza claims that FDR 's aide , Louis Howe , and his wife Grace Howe lived in this bedroom . But historian Jean Edward Smith says the Howes occupied the Lincoln Bedroom . Jump up ^ A dumbwaiter connected this kitchen with the main kitchen on the ground floor . Jump up ^ Historian Carl Anthony Sferazza notes that while it is well - established that both Robert and Charles Taft used the West Room , either or both boys may also have used the East Room . Citations ^ Jump up to : Frey 2004 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` $5,412,000 Asked , For White House '' . The Washington Post . February 18 , 1949 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 70 , 74 . Jump up ^ Klara 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` White House Temperatures Are Checked by Pushbutton '' . The Washington Post . June 4 , 1953 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2003 , p. 1048 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 1989 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 1989 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 31 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ World Book 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 174 , 178 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , pp. 80 - 81 . ^ Jump up to : Thacker - Estrada 2004 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Buckland & Culbert - Aguilar 1994 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2004 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Buckland & Culbert - Aguilar 1994 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bush 2010 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Seale 1992 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Whitcomb & Whitcomb 2002 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Buckland & Culbert - Aguilar 1994 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 187 , Chapter 11 fn. 4 . Jump up ^ Walsh 2008 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ West & Kotz 1973 , p. 378 - 379 . Jump up ^ McAuliffe & Kettmann 2008 , pp. 155 - 156 . ^ Jump up to : Seale 2001 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Filler , Martin ( March 2009 ) . `` Red , White , and Tiffany Blue '' . Antiques : The Magazine . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seale 1992 , pp. 135 , 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Lanford 2004 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Peatross et al. 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 59 , 151 . Jump up ^ Lanford 2004 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Seale 2002 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Kalb 2013 , p. 1326 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Monkman 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 37 , 125 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress 1950 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff & Kennedy 1962 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Peatross et al. 2005 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2002 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Seale 2001 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 120 , 141 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 120 - 123 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 60 - 61 . ^ Jump up to : Klara 2013 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Klara 2013 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Klara 2013 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Buckland & Culbert - Aguilar 1994 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ White House Historical Association 1962 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2012 , p. 248 , fn. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kalb 2013 , p. 1336 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 126 , 127 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Koncius , Jura ; Thompson , Krissah ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Michelle Obama Redecorated a White House Room -- and It 's Much More Modern '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , pp. 146 , 151 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Kalb 2013 , p. 1332 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2000 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Kalb 2013 , p. 1337 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Kalb 2013 , pp. 1336 - 1337 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2000 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` Harry Truman 's Extreme Home Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Schrock 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kalb 2013 , pp. 1332 , 1336 - 1337 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2000 , pp. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , pp. 333 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth ( January 18 , 1981 ) . `` The Changing Scene at the White House '' . The Washington Post . pp. K1 -- K2 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2002 , pp. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Blackman , Ann ( November 7 , 1981 ) . `` Nancy Reagan 's Beauty Parlor Renovated With Contributions '' . Kentucky New Era . p. 11 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patterson 2001 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2002 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Krissah ; Eilperin , Juliet ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` The elusive Mrs. R. : Marian Robinson , the White House 's not - so - typical live - in grandma '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2002 , pp. 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Aitken 2013 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Genovese 2010 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Pious & Ritchie 2001 , p. 706 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aitken , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Margaret Thatcher : Power and Personality . New York : Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 9781620403433 . Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( 2000 ) . America 's First Families : An Inside View of 200 Years of Private Life in the White House . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780684864426 . Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( 2002 ) . The Kennedy White House : Family Life and Pictures , 1961 - 1963 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743214735 . Bauer , Stephen ( 2004 ) . At Ease in the White House : Social Life As Seen By a Presidential Military Aide . Dallas : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 9781589790797 . Buckland , Gail ; Culbert - Aguilar , Kathleen ( 1994 ) . The White House in Miniature : Based on the White House Replica by John , Jan , and the Zweifel Family . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 9780393036633 . Bush , Laura ( 2010 ) . Spoken From the Heart . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439155202 . Frey , Raymond ( 2004 ) . `` The Truman Renovations of the White House : The House That Harry ( Re ) Built '' . In Watson , Robert P. Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . ISBN 9781423739876 . Genovese , Michael A. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Presidency . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 9781438126388 . Harris , Bill ( 2002 ) . The White House : An Illustrated Tour . Philadelphia : Courage Books . ISBN 9780762414116 . Kalb , Deborah ( 2013 ) . `` Housing of the Executive Branch '' . In Nelson , Michael . Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch . Thousand Oaks , Calif. : CQ Press . ISBN 156802018X . Klara , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Hidden White House : Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America 's Most Famous Residence . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 9781250000279 . Lanford , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` Edith Roosevelt and the 1902 White House Renovation '' . In Watson , Robert P. Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . ISBN 9781423739876 . Library of Congress ( 1950 ) . District of Columbia : Sesquicentennial of the Establishment of the Permanent Seat of Government . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . McAuliffe , Terry ; Kettmann , Steve ( 2008 ) . What a Party ! . New York : Griffin . ISBN 9780312377755 . McCullough , David ( 2003 ) . Truman . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743260299 . Monkman , Betty C. ( 2000 ) . The White House : The Historic Furnishings and First Families . Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . ISBN 0789206242 . Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195142730 . Patterson , Bradley Hawkes ( 2001 ) . The White House Staff : Inside the West Wing and Beyond . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 9780815769514 . Peatross , C. Ford ; Scott , Pamela ; Tepfer , Diane ; Freudenheim , Leslie Mandelson ( 2005 ) . Capital Drawings : Architectural Designs for Washington , D.C. , from the Library of Congress . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801872327 . Phillips - Schrock , Patrick ( 2013 ) . The White House : An Illustrated Architectural History . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786471522 . Seale , William ( 1992 ) . The White House : The History of an American Idea . Washington , D.C. : American Institute of Architects Press . ISBN 9781558350489 . Seale , William ( 2001 ) . The White House : The History of an American Idea . Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . ISBN 9780912308852 . Seale , William ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Seale , William . The White House : Actors and Observers . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555535476 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2007 ) . FDR . New York : Random House . ISBN 9780812970494 . Smith , Richard Norton ( 2002 ) . `` The Gold in the Gilded Age '' . In Seale , William . The White House : Actors and Observers . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555535476 . Sullivan , George ( 1989 ) . How the White House Really Works . New York : Dutton . ISBN 9780525672661 . Taylor , Elizabeth Dowling ( 2012 ) . A Slave in the White House : Paul Jennings and the Madisons . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230108936 . Thacker - Estrada , Elizabeth Lorelei ( 2004 ) . `` Rooms of Their Own : First Ladies and Their Impact On Historic White House Rooms '' . In Watson , Robert P. Life in the White House : A Social History of the First Family and the President 's House . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . ISBN 9781423739876 . Walsh , Mike ( 2008 ) . Bowling Across America : 50 States in Rented Shoes . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9780312366193 . West , J.B. ; Kotz , Mary Lynn ( 1973 ) . Upstairs at the White House : My Life With the First Ladies . New York : Coward , McCann & Geoghegan . ISBN 069810546X . Whitcomb , John ; Whitcomb , Claire ( 2002 ) . Real Life at the White House : Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America 's Most Famous Residence . Florence , Ky. : Psychology Press . ISBN 9780415939515 . White House Historical Association ( 1962 ) . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association . Wolff , Perry ; Kennedy , Jacqueline ( 1962 ) . A Tour of the White House With Mrs. John F. Kennedy . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . World Book ( 2005 ) . Christmas in Washington , D.C . Chicago : World Book . ISBN 9780716608035 . Further reading ( edit ) Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion ( 1952 ) . Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Garrett , Wendell ( 1995 ) . Our Changing White House . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 1555532225 . Truman , Margaret ( 2003 ) . The President 's House : 1800 to the Present . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0345444523 . White House Historical Association ( 2001 ) . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and National Geographic Association . ISBN 0912308796 . External links ( edit ) White House Historical Association - an official virtual museum of the White House , with floor plans , photographs , and extensive descriptions of both historical and current furnishings . Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 11 '' W / 38.89778 ° N 77.03639 ° W / 38.89778 ; - 77.03639 <Th_colspan="3"> White House Complex <Td_colspan="3"> White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_Residence&oldid=797458681 '' Categories : White House White House Executive Residence Operations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 05 : 14 . 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-3,997,493,047,624,684,500 | band on roof at end of 10 things i hate about you | 10 Things I Hate About You - wikipedia 10 Things I Hate About You Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see 10 Things I Hate About You ( TV series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> 10 Things I Hate About You <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Directed by Gil Junger Produced by Andrew Lazar Written by Karen McCullah Kirsten Smith Starring Julia Stiles Heath Ledger Joseph Gordon - Levitt Larisa Oleynik Larry Miller Andrew Keegan David Krumholtz Susan May Pratt Music by Richard Gibbs Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by O. Nicholas Brown Production company Touchstone Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date March 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English French Budget US $30 million Box office $53.5 million 10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American romantic comedy - drama film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles , Heath Ledger , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , and Larisa Oleynik . The screenplay , written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith , is a modernization of William Shakespeare 's late - 16th century comedy The Taming of the Shrew , retold in a late - 1990s American high school setting . In the story , new student Cameron ( Gordon - Levitt ) is smitten with Bianca ( Oleynik ) and , in order to get around her father 's strict rules on dating , attempts to get bad boy Patrick ( Ledger ) to date Bianca 's ill - tempered sister , Kat ( Stiles ) . The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick . Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area , with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma . Released March 31 , 1999 , 10 Things I Hate About You was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend , behind only The Matrix , and was a moderate financial and critical success . It was a breakthrough role for Stiles , Ledger , and Gordon - Levitt , all of whom were nominated for various teen - oriented awards . Ten years later , the film was adapted into a television series of the same title , which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critics 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Soundtrack album 6 Adaptations 7 References to Shakespeare 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Cameron James , a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area , becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford . Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited , and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister , the shrewish Kat , to date . Kat , a senior , is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York , but her father , Walter , wants her to stay close to home . Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner , but Walter , an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy , will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate . Frustrated by Bianca 's insistence and Kat 's rebelliousness , Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does , knowing that Kat 's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely . When Cameron asks Bianca out , she informs him of her father 's new rule and , as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey , suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat . Cameron selects `` bad boy '' Patrick Verona , but Patrick scares him off . Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat , under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca . Patrick agrees to the deal , but Kat rebuffs his first few advances . Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat 's likes and dislikes . Armed with this knowledge , Patrick begins to win Kat 's interest . She goes to a party with him , which enables Bianca to go as well , much to Walter 's dismay . At the party , Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey , and responds by getting drunk . Patrick attends to her , and Kat starts to open up , expressing her interest in starting a band . However , when she tries to kiss him , Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves , infuriated . Meanwhile , Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey , leaving Cameron dejected . Bianca soon realizes , however , that Joey is shallow and self - absorbed , and asks Cameron for a ride home . Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him . Bianca responds by kissing him . Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca . Patrick initially refuses , but relents when Joey offers him more money . Kat is still angry with Patrick , but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band , and she helps him sneak out of detention . They go on a date which turns romantic , but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom , an event she is adamantly against . Bianca is irritated that Cameron has not asked her to the prom , and so accepts Joey 's invitation , but Walter will not allow it unless Kat goes too . Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and , succumbing to peer pressure , had sex with him . Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her , so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it . Bianca insists that she can make her own choices , so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick , and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey . All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night . Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron , Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick , which causes Kat to leave heartbroken . Joey then punches Cameron , but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her , Kat , and Cameron . Bianca and Cameron share another kiss . The next day , Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron . Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself , and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College . For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare 's Sonnet 141 , Kat reads aloud a poem titled `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' , revealing that she still loves Patrick . Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him , and confesses that he has fallen for her . Kat forgives him , and the two reconcile with a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Julia Stiles as Katarina `` Kat '' Stratford , the antisocial , shrewish elder Stratford sister . Heath Ledger as Patrick Verona , the `` bad boy '' who is hired to date Kat and falls for her in the process . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Cameron James , the new student at Padua High School who is smitten with Bianca and goes to great lengths to win her favor . Larisa Oleynik as Bianca Stratford , the younger of the two Stratford sisters , superficial and popular . Larry Miller as Walter Stratford , an obstetrician and single parent who is overprotective of his daughters , Kat and Bianca . Andrew Keegan as Joey Donner , an affluent , self - absorbed high school senior and aspiring model who intends to have sex with Bianca , and to that end pays Patrick to date Kat . David Krumholtz as Michael Eckman , a geek who assists Cameron in his quest to woo Bianca , and in the process tries to woo Kat 's friend Mandella . Susan May Pratt as Mandella , Kat 's only close friend and an aficionado of William Shakespeare , who ends up going to the prom with Michael . Gabrielle Union as Chastity Church , Bianca 's best friend , who betrays Bianca by going out with Joey when Bianca spurns him . Daryl Mitchell as Mr. Morgan , teacher of Kat , Patrick , and Joey 's English class . Allison Janney as Ms. Perky , Padua High School 's guidance counselor and a writer of erotic literature . David Leisure as Mr. Chapin , coach of the girls ' soccer team . Greg Jackson as `` Scurvy '' , a friend of Patrick . Kyle Cease as Bogey Lowenstein , a golf enthusiast and member of a clique of aspiring MBAs . The band Letters to Cleo ( singer Kay Hanley , guitarists Greg McKenna and Michael Eisenstein , bassist Scott Riebling , and drummer Jason Sutter ) appears as the band performing at Club Skunk , playing their songs `` Come On '' and `` Co-Pilot '' , and playing a cover version of Cheap Trick 's `` I Want You to Want Me '' on the school 's rooftop during the closing credits . Hanley and Eisenstein also appear in the prom scene , performing a cover of Nick Lowe 's `` Cruel to Be Kind '' with Save Ferris . The band Save Ferris ( singer Monique Powell , guitarist Brian Mashburn , bassist Bill Uechi , trumpeter José Castellaños , trombonist Brian Williams , saxophonist Eric Zamora , and drummer Evan Kilbourne ) appears as the band performing at the prom , playing their songs `` I Know '' and `` Ca n't Stop '' as well as covers of The Isley Brothers ' `` Shout '' and Nick Lowe 's `` Cruel to Be Kind '' . Production ( edit ) Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma , Washington . The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle . Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz . Gabrielle Union 's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design . Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon - Levitt 's vintage tuxes came from Isadora 's in Seattle . The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection . ( `` How do I loathe thee ? Let me count the ways . '' ) Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Romeo , Oh Romeo , Get Out Of My Face . '' ) and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ( `` I burn , I pine , I perish ! '' ) . The original script was finalized on November 12 , 1997 . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed US $8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada , averaging $3,668 per venue , and ranking number two at the box office ( behind The Matrix ) . It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories , about $53,500,000 worldwide . The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success . On October 12 , 1999 , the Region 1 DVD was released . In the box office , the film is number ten in teen romance , 18th in high school comedies , and ranked 96th in comedies . Critics ( edit ) The film received generally positive feedback from critics . Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film 's leads , stating `` Stiles grows into her character , and Ledger is effortlessly charming '' . Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four , claiming , `` I liked the movie 's spirit , the actors and some of the scenes . The music , much of it by the band Letters to Cleo , is subtle and inventive while still cheerful . '' Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was `` pure of heart and perfectly executed . '' Ron Wells , another critic from Film Threat , expressed , `` Of all the teen films released this year , this one is , by far , the best . '' Entertainment Weekly listed the film at # 49 on its list of Best High School Movies . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film got a 61 % from critics , based on 62 reviews , with a rating of 6.1 / 10 . The critical consensus on the site was : `` Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script , elevating 10 Things ( slightly ) above typical teen fare . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) 10 Things I Hate About You was a breakout success for stars Stiles , Ledger , and Gordon - Levitt . Gordon - Levitt , Stiles , and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor / Actress in a Comedy Film . The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards : Choice Movie : Breakout Star ( Stiles ) , Choice Movie : Comedy , Choice Movie : Funniest Scene ( featuring Krumholtz ) , Choice Movie : Love Scene ( featuring Stiles and Ledger ) , Choice Movie : Hissy Fit ( Gordon - Levitt ) , Choice Movie : Villain ( Gordon - Levitt ) and Choice Movie : Soundtrack . The film 's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won `` Best Casting for Feature Film , Comedy '' at the Casting Society of America in 1999 . In 2000 , Stiles won the CFCA Award for `` Most Promising Actress '' for her role as Kat Stratford ( tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta ) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance . The same year , Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You . '' Soundtrack album ( edit ) The soundtrack album features popular modern rock anthems from 1970s up to the late 1990s , including various covers from Letters to Cleo , who created modernised renditions of songs such as `` I Want You To Want Me '' by Cheap Trick and `` Cruel to Be Kind '' by Nick Lowe . The albums peak position in the Billboard ( magazine ) charts was 52nd , which was just after its release and it managed to hold a place in the Billboard top 200 for a total of 27 weeks . Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Joan Jett were also used in the films soundtrack , although were not featured on the soundtrack album . The album was described by AllMusic as `` One of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season '' . <Th_colspan="2"> 10 Things I Hate About You <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album Released April 6 , 1999 Genre Alternative rock , ska , pop , funk Label Hollywood <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` I Want You to Want Me '' ( originally performed by Cheap Trick ) Rick Nielsen Letters to Cleo 3 : 25 2 . `` F.N.T. '' ( from Great Divide , 1996 ) Dan Wilson , Jacob Slichter Semisonic 3 : 29 3 . `` I Know '' ( contains an interpretation of `` Shout '' , written by O'Kelly Isley , Ronald Isley , and Rudolph Isley and originally performed by The Isley Brothers ) Michael Holton , Miré Molner , Brian Mashburn Save Ferris 2 : 52 4 . `` Your Winter '' ( from Fortress , 2000 ) Ken Block , Jett Beres , Andrew Copeland , Ryan Newell , Mark Trojanowski , Bill Smith Sister Hazel 4 : 39 5 . `` Even Angels Fall '' ( from Key of a Minor , 2000 ) Tom Whitlock , Jessica Riddle , Kim Bullard , Penny Framstad Jessica Riddle 3 : 27 6 . `` New World '' ( from Leroy , 2001 ) Leroy Miller Leroy 3 : 02 7 . `` Saturday Night '' Rodney Jerkins , Marti Sharron , Dan Sembello Ta - Gana 4 : 26 8 . `` Atomic Dog '' ( from Computer Games , 1982 ) George Clinton , Garry Shider , David Spradley George Clinton 4 : 44 9 . `` Dazz '' ( from Good High , 1976 ) Ray Ransom , Edward Irons , Reginald Hargis Brick 3 : 24 10 . `` The Weakness in Me '' ( from Walk Under Ladders , 1981 ) Joan Armatrading Joan Armatrading 3 : 32 11 . `` War '' ( from `` My Favourite Game '' , 1998 ) Peter Svensson , Nina Persson The Cardigans 3 : 57 12 . `` Wings of a Dove '' ( 1983 ) Carl Smyth , Graham McPherson Madness 3 : 00 13 . `` Cruel to Be Kind '' ( originally performed by Nick Lowe ) Nick Lowe , Ian Gomm Letters to Cleo 3 : 01 14 . `` One More Thing '' Richard Gibbs Richard Gibbs 3 : 01 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 49 : 59 Adaptations ( edit ) In June 1999 , the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story , adapted by David Levithan . The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca , Cameron , Kat , Patrick , or Michael . In October 2008 , ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You , a half - hour , single - camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name . Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series . The director of the film , Gil Junger , directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film 's music composer , Richard Gibbs , also returned to do the show 's music . The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington . The show premiered on July 7 , 2009 , and lasted 20 episodes . References to Shakespeare ( edit ) The film is a retelling of William Shakespeare 's play The Taming of the Shrew in an American high school setting . Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith also wrote the script for She 's the Man ( 2006 ) , a retelling of Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night set in an American college . Kat and Bianca share the same names as the female leads in the original play . Their surname is Stratford , a nod to Shakespeare 's birthplace . Patrick 's surname Verona references the home of his relative character Petruchio . The characters attend Padua High School , named after where the play is set . Cameron ( Lucentio , who disguises himself as a tutor named Cambio ) tutors Bianca in French and slips in a line from play while obsessing over her : `` I burn , I pine , I perish '' . Patrick 's character reflects the outlandish behavior of Petruchio , and Michael coerces Patrick into the marching band incident with the words from Sonnet 56 : `` Sweet love , renew thy force '' . The physicality of Petruchio and Katherina is transformed into a playful paintball match ; the prom substitutes for the Act V feast ; Kat 's poem replaces Katherina 's famous Act V speech ; and Joey Donner 's wager over Bianca 's virginity parallels the bet placed by Shakespeare 's husbands regarding their partners ' obedience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Write - up on CinemaReview.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Script Database '' . Imsdb.com . November 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You Review . Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out New York '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Current Movie Reviews , Independent Movies '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Best High School Movies Photo 1 of 50 '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Aames , Ethan . `` Julia Stiles on `` The Omen '' `` . Cinema Confidential News . June 5 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Eisenbach , Helen . `` 10 Thing We Love About Julia Stiles '' . Manhattan File Magazine . January 2000 . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin . `` Heath Ledger - The Accidental Hero '' . Times Sunday Magazine . October 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 '' . United States . May 1 , 1999 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 '' . United States . September 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peeples , S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com . Retrieved on 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peeples , S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0439087309 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ABC Family Greenlights ' 10 Things I Hate , ' ' Ruby ' Pilots . '' Zap2it.com . October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family : 10 Things I Hate About You '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pittman , L. Monique ( 2004 ) . `` Taming `` 10 Things I Hate About You '' : Shakespeare and the Teenage Film Audience `` . Salisbury University Literature / Film Quarterly . 32 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 152 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : 10 Things I Hate About You 10 Things I Hate About You on IMDb 10 Things I Hate About You at the TCM Movie Database 10 Things I Hate About You at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> 10 Things I Hate About You Film Film Soundtrack TV series TV series List of episodes Cast Film Julia Stiles Heath Ledger Larisa Oleynik Joseph Gordon - Levitt Larry Miller TV series Lindsey Shaw Ethan Peck Meaghan Martin Nicholas Braun Larry Miller Dana Davis Music `` I Want You to Want Me '' 10 Things I Hate About You ( soundtrack ) Related topics The Taming of the Shrew <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Gil Junger <Td_colspan="2"> 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) Black Knight ( 2001 ) If Only ( 2004 ) Get Smart 's Bruce and Lloyd : Out of Control ( 2008 ) My Fake Fiancé ( 2009 ) Beauty & the Briefcase ( 2010 ) Christmas Cupid ( 2010 ) Teen Spirit ( 2011 ) Christmas Bounty ( 2013 ) Santa 's Little Helper ( 2015 ) 10 Things I Hate About Life ( cancelled ) <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness VIAF : 183669909 LCCN : no00076180 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10_Things_I_Hate_About_You&oldid=828304285 '' Categories : 1999 films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s coming - of - age films 1990s high school films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s romantic drama films 1990s teen comedy films 1990s teen drama films 1990s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Directorial debut films English - language films Feminist films Films adapted into television programs Films based on The Taming of the Shrew Films directed by Gil Junger Films set in Seattle Films shot in Washington ( state ) Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Teen films based on works by William Shakespeare Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. 10 Things I Hate About You - film
2. Romantic comedy-drama
3. Modernization of The Taming of the Shrew
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-3,705,476,927,574,918,700 | what does a c with 2 lines through it mean | Currency symbol - wikipedia Currency symbol Jump to : navigation , search For the ¤ currency symbol , see currency sign ( typography ) . Not to be confused with currency code ( the three - letter ISO 4217 abbreviation ) . This article contains Unicode currency symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of currency symbols . <Td_colspan="2"> Currency symbol <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Word dividers interpunct space <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ <Th_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters <Th_colspan="2"> In other scripts <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book <Td_colspan="2"> A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency 's name , especially in reference to amounts of money . Although many former currency symbols were rendered obsolete by the adoption of the euro , having a new and unique currency symbol -- implementation of which requires the adoption of new Unicode and type formats -- has now become a status symbol for international currencies . The European Commission considers the global recognition of the euro sign € part of its success . In 2009 , India launched a public competition to replace the Rs ligature it shared with neighbouring countries . It finalised its new currency symbol , ₹ ( ₹ ) on 15 July 2010 . It is a blend of the Latin letter ' R ' with the Devanagari letter ' र ' ( ra ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Design 3 List of presently - circulating currency symbols 4 Rupee symbols 5 List of historic currency symbols 6 See also 7 References Usage ( edit ) When writing currency amounts , the location of the symbol varies by currency . Many currencies in the English - speaking world and Latin America place it before the amount ( e.g. , R $ 50 , 00 ) . The Cape Verdean escudo places its symbol in the decimal separator position ( i.e. , 20 $00 ) . In many European countries such as France , Germany , Greece , Scandinavian countries , the symbol is usually placed after the amount ( e.g. , 20 , 50 € ) . The decimal separator also follows local countries ' standards . For instance , the United Kingdom often uses an interpunct as the decimal point on price stickers ( e.g. , £ 5 52 ) , although no longer generally does so in print . Commas ( e.g. € 5 , 00 ) or decimal points ( e.g. $50.00 ) are common separators used in other countries . See decimal separator for information on international standards . Design ( edit ) Official dimensions of the euro sign Dimensions of the symbol in a selection of type faces Older currency symbols have evolved slowly , often from previous currencies . The dollar and peso symbols originated from the mark employed to denote the Spanish real de a ocho , whereas the pound and lira symbols evolved from an L standing for libra , a Roman pound of silver . Newly invented currencies and currencies adopting new symbols have symbolism closer to their adopter . The added center bar in the real sign is meant to symbolize stability . The new Indian rupee symbol , ₹ , is a stylised combination of Latin and Devanagari letters . There are also other considerations , such as the perception of the business community and how the symbol is rendered on computers . For a new symbol to be used , software to render it needs to be promulgated and keyboards need to be altered or shortcuts added to type the icon . The EU was criticized for not considering how the euro symbol would need to be customized to work in different fonts . The original design was also exceptionally wide . These two factors have led to most typefaces employing customized , font - specific versions , usually with reduced width . List of presently - circulating currency symbols ( edit ) Symbol Uses Notes ¤ ¤ Zzz Generic currency sign Used when the correct symbol is not available Afg ؋ Afghani Afghan afghani Ar Ar Ariary Malagasy ariary ₿ ₿ Bitcoin Bitcoin Unicode : U + 20BF ₿ BITCOIN SIGN ( May display incorrectly ) . Before its introduction , the capital letter B with stroke and the baht symbol , among other conventions , were used . B ฿ Baht Thai baht BZ B / . Balboa Panamanian balboa Br Br Birr Ethiopian birr Belarusian ruble Bs Bs . Boliviano Venezuelan bolívar Bolivian boliviano Bolívar sometimes Bs. F . BsF Bs. F . Bolivar Venezuelan bolívar variant Usually Bs . C1 GH ₵ Cedi Ghana cedi c1 ¢ cent1 cent , centavo , &c . A centesimal subdivision of currencies such as the US dollar , the Canadian dollar , and the Mexican peso . ( See article . ) See also c c2 c cent2 cent &c . variant Preferred by currencies such as the Australian , New Zealand , South African cents ; the West African CFA centime ; and the divisions of the euro . See also ¢ ch Ch . chhertum Bhutanese chhertum A centesimal division of the ngultrum . C2 ₡ Colon Costa Rican colón , symbol was also used for the Salvadoran colón . The Salvadoran colón was discontinued in 2001 and it was replaced by the US dollar . C3 C $ Córdoba Nicaraguan córdoba D1 D Dalasi Gambian dalasi DOGE Ð Dogecoin Dogecoin Uses Unicode character U + 00D0 Ð LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH , initially intended for usage in certain languages . Den ден Denar Macedonian denar Latin form : DEN DA دج DinarA Algerian dinar Latin form : DA DB. د. ب DinarB Bahraini dinar Latin form : BD ID د. ع DinarI Iraqi dinar JD JD DinarJ Jordanian dinar DK د. ك DinarK Kuwaiti dinar Latin form : K.D. LD ل. د DinarL Libyan dinar Latin form : LD Din дин DinarS Serbian dinar Latin form : din . DT د. ت DinarT Tunisian dinar Latin form : DT DM د. م . DirhamM Moroccan dirham Latin forms : DH or Dhs DH د. إ DirhamU United Arab Emirates dirham Latin forms : DH or Dhs Db Db Dobra São Tomé and Príncipe dobra S1 $ Dollar Australian ( A $ ) , Bahamian ( B $ ) , Barbadian ( Bds $ ) , Belizean ( BZ $ ) , Bermudian ( BD $ ) , Brunei ( B $ ) , Canadian ( Can $ ) , Cayman Islands ( CI $ ) , East Caribbean ( EC $ ) , Fiji ( FJ $ ) , Guyanese ( G $ ) , Hong Kong ( HK $ / 元 / 圓 ) , Jamaican ( J $ ) , Kiribati , Liberian ( L $ ) , Linden Dollar ( Second Life virtual world ) ( L $ or LD $ ) , Namibian ( N $ ) , New Zealand ( NZ $ ) , Singaporean ( S $ ) , Solomon Islands ( SI $ ) , Surinamese ( SRD ) , New Taiwan ( NT $ / 元 / 圓 ) , Trinidad and Tobago ( TT $ ) , Tuvaluan , United States ( US $ ) , and Zimbabwean ( Z $ ) dollars Argentine , Chilean ( CLP $ ) , Colombian ( COL $ ) , Cuban ( $ MN ) , Cuban convertible ( CUC $ ) , Dominican ( RD $ ) , Mexican ( Mex $ ) , and Uruguayan ( $ U ) pesos May appear with either one or two bars ( ) , which share the same Unicode space . Kiribati and Tuvalu 's dollars are pegged 1 : 1 with the Australian dollar . Brunei 's dollar is pegged 1 : 1 with the Singaporean dollar . See also C $ and MOP $ and R $ and T $ and WS $ Unicode : See $ for variants . D2 ₫ Dong Vietnamese đồng U + 20AB ₫ Dong sign D3 Dram Armenian dram U + 058F ֏ Armenian Dram sign Esc Esc Escudo Cape Verdean escudo Also the double - barred dollar sign ( cifrão ) : E € Euro Euro In addition to the members of the eurozone , the Vatican , San Marino , Monaco and Andorra have been granted issuing rights for coinage but not banknotes . Fƒ Florin Aruban florin ( Afl . ) Netherlands Antillean guilder ( NAƒ ) Ft Ft Forint Hungarian forint FBu FBu Franc BBurundian franc FCFA FCFA Franc Ca Central African CFA franc Pegged 1 : 1 with West African CFA franc CFA CFA Franc Wa West African CFA franc Pegged 1 : 1 with Central African CFA franc Fr Fr Franc Co Comorian ( CF ) , Congolese ( CF , FC ) , Djiboutian ( Fdj / DF ) , Guinean ( FG / GFr ) and Swiss ( SFr ) francs Also F. The character ₣ , representing an F with a double bar , proposed as a symbol for the French Franc by Édouard Balladur in 1988 was never adopted , it is represented by a ligature Fr in some fonts . FRw FRw Franc RRwandan franc Possibly also RF and RFr GG Gourde Haitian gourde gr gr grosz Polish grosz A centesimal division of the złoty G / ₲ Guarani Paraguayan guaraní Or hh haler Czech haléř A centesimal division of the koruna He ₴ Hryvnia Ukrainian hryvnia K - ₭ Kip Lao kip Or ₭ N Kc Kč Koruna Czech koruna Kr kr Krone Danish krone ( DKK ) Norwegian krone ( NOK ) Swedish krona ( SEK ) Icelandic króna ( ISK ) Faroese króna Faroese króna pegged 1 : 1 with Danish krone , which is in turn pegged to the Euro through the ERMII . Kn kn Kuna Croatian kuna MK MK Kwacha MMalawian kwacha ZK ZK Kwacha ZZambian kwacha Kz Kz Kwanza Angolan kwanza KK Kyat Myanma kyat Papua New Guinean kina Las Lari Georgian lari Unicode : U + 20BE ₾ Lari sign ( may display incorrectly ) LL Lek Albanian lek Honduran lempira Also used as the currency symbol for the Lesotho one - loti and the Swazi one - lilangeni note Also uncommonly used for the pound sign £ Le Le Leone Sierra Leonean leone Lv лв. No Lev Bulgarian lev EE Lilangeni Swazi lilangeni Symbol based on the plural form `` emalangeni '' . The one - lilageni note employs the currency symbol L lp lp Lipa Croatian lipa A centesimal division of the kuna . TL Lira Turkish lira Unicode : U + 20BA ₺ Turkish lira sign M1 M Loti Lesotho loti Symbol based on plural form `` maloti '' . The one - loti note employs the currency symbol L M2 Manat Azerbaijani manat Also m. and man . Unicode : U + 20BC ₼ MANAT SIGN ( may display incorrectly ) KM KM Mark Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark Cyrillic form : КМ MT MT Metical Mozambican metical Also MTn m / ₥ mill Mill , mil , &. c An uncommon millesimal subdivision of US dollars and other currencies . ( See article . ) Nfk Nfk Nakfa Eritrean nakfa Also Nfa N ₦ Naira Nigerian naira Nu Nu . Ngultrum Bhutanese ngultrum UM UM Ouguiya Mauritanian ouguiya Pa T $ Paanga Tongan pa ʻanga MOPS MOP $ Pataca Macanese pataca Also 圓 and 元 P2 ₱ Peso Philippine peso Also ₱ , PHP , and P pt Pt . piastre Egyptian piastre A centesimal division of the Egyptian pound . L - £ Pound BBritish , Falkland Islands ( FK £ ) , Gibraltar , Manx ( M £ ) , St. Helena Also ₤ and L , all pegged 1 : 1 to GBP GM E £ Pound EEgyptian pound Also L.E. ( short for French livre égyptienne ) , and ج. م. in Arabic . LL LL Pound LLebanese pound LS LS Pound SSyrian pound P1 P Pula Botswana pula QQ Quetzal Guatemalan quetzal qq qindarke Albanian qindarkë A centesimal division of the lek . R1 R Rand South African rand Also sometimes Russian &c . rubles RS R $ Real Brazilian real The $ is sometimes written with a double bar like a double - barred dollar sign : Rial Rial IIranian rial Unicode : U + FDFC ریال RIAL SIGN RO ر. ع . Rial OOmani rial RK ر. ق Rial QQatari riyal Latin : QR RS ر. س Riyal SSaudi riyal Latin : SR . Also : ریال ر. ي Yemeni rial Riel ៛ Riel Cambodian riel RM RM Ringgit Malaysian ringgit R2 p British &c . pennies The penny is now a centesimal division of the pound . Ruble TPridnestrovie ruble R3 ₽ Ruble RRussian ruble Unicode : U + 20BD ₽ ruble sign Rf Rf . Rufiyaa Maldivian rufiyaa Also MRf. , MVR and . ރ ₹ Rupee IIndian rupee Previously Rs or Re ( before 15 July 2010 ) . Unicode : U + 20B9 ₹ INDIAN RUPEE SIGN Rs Rs Rupee PMauritian , Nepalese ( N Rs / रू . ) , Pakistani and Sri Lankan ( SLRs / රු ) rupees SRe SRe Rupee SSeychellois rupee Also SR Rp Rp Rupiah Indonesian rupiah Sh ₪ Shekel Israeli new shekel Tsh Tsh Shilling TTanzanian shilling Also TSh Ksh Ksh Shilling KKenyan shilling Also KSh Shso Sh.So . Shilling SSomali shilling Ush USh Shilling UUgandan shilling SS / Sol Peruvian sol SDR SDR Special Special drawing rights som , сом som Kyrgyzstani som : Early 2017 the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic approved an underlined C as new currency symbol . Tk ৳ Taka Bangladeshi Taka Also Tk WSS WS $ Tala Samoan tālā Symbol based on previous name `` West Samoan tala '' . Also T and ST . See also $ Tenge Kazakhstani tenge U + 20B8 ₸ Tenge sign ( may display incorrectly ) T / / ₮ Togrog Mongolian tögrög Vt VT Vatu Vanuatu vatu W ₩ Won North Korean won South Korean won Y ¥ Yuan Japanese yen ( 円 / 圓 ) Chinese Renminbi yuan ( 元 / 圆 ) Used with one and two crossbars . 円 ( en , lit . `` circle '' ) is frequently used in Japan colloquially . 元 is also used in reference to the Macanese pataca and Hong Kong and Taiwanese dollars . Unicode : U + 00A5 ¥ YEN SIGN , U + FFE5 ¥ FULLWIDTH YEN SIGN Zl zł Zloty Polish złoty Rupee symbols ( edit ) Rupee sign in other languages Language Sign in Unicode Tamil U + 0BF9 ௹ TAMIL RUPEE SIGN ( HTML & # 3065 ; ) Gujarati U + 0AF1 ૱ GUJARATI RUPEE SIGN ( HTML & # 2801 ; ) Kannada U + 0CB0 ರ KANNADA LETTER RA ( HTML & # 3248 ; ) Sinhalese U + 0DD4 රු SINHALA VOWEL SIGN KETTI PAA - PILLA ( HTML & # 3540 ; ) North Indic U + A838 ꠸ NORTH INDIC RUPEE MARK ( HTML & # 43064 ; ) List of historic currency symbols ( edit ) Symbol Uses ₳ Argentine austral symbol ₢ Cr $ Brazilian cruzeiro symbol ₰ pfennig symbol of the German Mark ( 1875 -- 1923 ) and the German Reichsmark ( 1923 -- 1948 ) DM East German Deutsche Mark ( east ) symbol ( 1948 -- 1964 ) DM West German and united German Deutsche Mark ( west ) symbol ( 1948 -- 2001 ) ₻ Nordic mark symbol used by Ludvig Holberg in Denmark and Norway in the 17th and 18th centuries ₯ Greek drachma symbol ₠ ECU symbol ( not widely used , and now historical ; replaced by the euro ) ƒ Dutch gulden symbol , currently used in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Fr franc symbol , used in France and other countries ; in France an F with double bar ( ₣ ) was proposed in 1988 but never adopted Kčs Czechoslovak koruna symbol ( 1919 -- 1993 ) ₤ lira symbol , formerly used in Italy , San Marino and Vatican City ( although not as an official symbol ) , and sometimes in Malta Lm Maltese lira symbol Ls Latvian lats symbol ( 1922 -- 2013 ) Lt Lithuanian litas symbol ( 1922 -- 2014 ) East German Mark der DDR symbol ( 1968 -- 1990 ) M German Mark symbol ( 1875 -- 1923 ) MDN East German Mark der Deutschen Notenbank symbol ( 1964 -- 1968 ) mk Finnish markka symbol ( 1860 -- 2002 ) PF Philippine peso fuerte symbol ( 1852 -- 1901 ) ₧ Spanish peseta symbol ( 1869 -- 2002 ) R or RD Swedish riksdaler ( 1777 -- 1873 ) RM German reichsmark symbol ( 1923 -- 1948 ) Portuguese escudo symbol ( cifrão ) Sk Slovak koruna ( 1993 -- 2008 ) ₷ Spesmilo ( 1907 -- First World War ) in the Esperanto movement ₶ Livre tournois symbol , used in medieval France 𐆚 As coin used during the Roman Empire and Roman Republic 𐆖 Denarius coin used in Ancient Rome from 211 BC to the 3rd century AD 𐆙 Dupondius coin used during the Roman Empire and Roman Republic 𐆗 Quinarius coin used in Ancient Rome from 211 BC to the 3rd century AD 𐆘 Sestertius coin used in Ancient Rome from 211 BC to the 3rd century AD £ 2 10s 3d , £ 2 10 / 3 , £ 2 10'3 The United Kingdom and British Commonwealth countries , before decimalisation , used several recognised formats for amounts in pounds , shillings and Pence , all for the same amount . A hyphen or ASCII hyphen - minus was often used to indicate the absence of an amount e.g. 3 / - or - / 6 I / . Peruvian inti ( 1985 - 1991 ) ৲ Bengali rupee mark ৹ Bengali ānā , historically used to represent 1 / 16th of a taka / rupee ৻ Bengali gaṇḍā , historically used to represent 1 / 20th of an ānā ( 1 / 320th of a taka / rupee ) See also ( edit ) List of currencies List of circulating currencies Currency Symbols ( Unicode block ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Westcott , K. ( 2009 ) India seeks rupee status symbol , BBC 10 March 2009 , accessed 1 September 2009 Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Banco de Cabo Verde . `` Moedas Archived January 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The real . rs money '' ( PDF ) . ECB . p. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Banky Foiben'i Madagasikara . Accessed 24 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Bank of Guyana . Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Centrale Bank van Aruba . About Us -- A Brief History of the Bank . '' Accessed 23 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ National Bank of Rwanda . `` Legal tender . '' Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ University of British Columbia : Saunders School of Business . `` Currencies of the World . '' Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Lonely Planet . `` Rwanda . '' Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Banco de Moçambique . Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Forexforums.com . `` Currency symbol finder Archived 2011 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Accessed 24 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Banque Centrale de Mauritanie Archived 2010 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Bank of Mauritius Archived 2006 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Nepal Rastra Bank . Accessed 24 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Central Bank of Seychelles . Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Central Bank of Somalia . Accessed 24 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ 10 February 2017 , Bishkek - 24.kg news agency : KGS gets own currency symbol Jump up ^ The Reserve Bank of Vanuatu . `` Current Banknotes and Coins in Circulation . '' Accessed 25 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ Evensen , Nina Marie ; Anderson , Deborah ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) . `` L2 / 12 - 242 : Proposal for one historic currency character , MARK SIGN '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Bengali Code Chart , Range : 0980 -- 09FF '' ( PDF ) . The Unicode Standard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pandey , Anshuman ( 2007 - 05 - 21 ) . `` L2 / 07 - 192 : Proposal to Encode the Ganda Currency Mark for Bengali in the BMP of the UCS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currency_symbol&oldid=839480825 '' Categories : Currency symbols Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Currency symbols
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-1,032,597,775,197,898,200 | what determines the price of brent crude oil | Price of oil - wikipedia Price of oil This article is about the price of crude oil . For information about derivative motor fuels , see gasoline and diesel usage and pricing . For detailed history of price movements since 2003 , see World oil market chronology from 2003 . Brent barrel petroleum spot prices since May 1987 in United States dollars ( USD ) Oil prices in USD , 1861 -- 2015 ( 1861 -- 1944 averaged US crude oil , 1945 -- 1983 Arabian Light , 1984 -- 2015 Brent ) . Red line adjusted for inflation , blue not adjusted . Weekly reports on crude oil inventories or total stockpiles in storage facilities like these tanks have a strong bearing on oil prices The price of oil , or the oil price , ( generally ) refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil -- a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Brent ICE , Dubai Crude , OPEC Reference Basket , Tapis Crude , Bonny Light , Urals oil , Isthmus and Western Canadian Select ( WCS ) . There is a differential in the price of a barrel of oil based on its grade -- determined by factors such as its specific gravity or API and its sulphur content -- and its location -- for example , its proximity to tidewater and / or refineries . Heavier , sour crude oils lacking in tidewater access -- such as Western Canadian Select -- are less expensive than lighter , sweeter oil -- such as WTI . Contents 1 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) 2 History 2.1 Price history from 2003 onwards 3 The causes of oil price fluctuations 4 Benchmark pricing 5 Market listings 6 Speculation during the 2008 crisis 7 Oil - storage trade ( contango ) 8 Comparative cost of production 9 Future projections 10 Impact of declining oil price 10.1 Oil glut 11 Hedging as risk management 11.1 2015 -- 16 prices : The lows of January 2016 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Organization of the petroleum exporting countries ( OPEC ) ( edit ) Main article : OPEC In 1960 the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) was founded in Baghdad , Iraq by its first five members -- Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela -- , with Qatar and Libya joining immediately , followed by United Arab Emirates , Algeria , Nigeria , Ecuador and Gabon after a decade . The goal of these countries was to increase its influence in the world oil market , then dominated by a cartel known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the United States . These companies had been controlling posted prices since the so - called 1927 Red Line Agreement and 1928 Achnacarry Agreement , and had achieved a high level of price stability until 1972 . Angola joined the OPEC in 2007 and Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . History ( edit ) Further information : 1967 Oil Embargo , 1973 oil crisis , 1979 energy crisis , 1980s oil glut , and Oil price increase of 1990 Price history from 2003 onwards ( edit ) Crude oil prices to gas prices Main article : World oil market chronology from 2003 Further information : 2000s energy crisis From 1999 til mid 2008 , the price of oil rose significantly . It was explained by the rising oil demand in countries like China and India . In the middle of the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , the price of oil underwent a significant decrease after the record peak of US $147.27 it reached on July 11 , 2008 . On December 23 , 2008 , WTI crude oil spot price fell to US $30.28 a barrel , the lowest since the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 began . The price sharply rebounded after the crisis and rose to US $82 a barrel in 2009 . In July 2008 oil reached a record peak of US $147.27 but by February 2009 it sank beneath $40 a barrel . On 31 January 2011 , the Brent price hit $100 a barrel for the first time since October 2008 , on concerns about the political unrest in Egypt . For about three and half years the price largely remained in the $90 -- $120 range . In the middle of 2014 , price started declining due to a significant increase in oil production in USA , and declining demand in the emerging countries . The oil glut -- caused by multiple factors -- spurred a sharp downward spiral in the price of oil that continued through February 2016 . By February 3 , 2016 oil was below $30 -- a drop of `` almost 75 percent since mid-2014 as competing producers pumped 1 -- 2 million barrels of crude daily exceeding demand , just as China 's economy hit lowest growth in a generation . '' Some analysts speculate that it may continue to drop further , perhaps as low as $18 According to a report released on February 15 , 2016 by Deloitte LLP -- the audit and consulting firm -- with global crude oil at near ten - year low prices , 35 % of listed E&P oil and gas companies are at a high risk of bankruptcy worldwide . Indeed , bankruptcies `` in the oil and gas industry could surpass levels seen in the Great Recession . '' The causes of oil price fluctuations ( edit ) There are two views dominating the oil market discourse . There are those who strongly believe that the market has undergone structural changes and that low oil prices are here to stay for a prolonged period . At the other end of the spectrum , there are those who think that this is yet another cycle and oil prices will recover sooner rather than later . A 2016 survey of the academic literature finds that `` most major oil price fluctuations dating back to 1973 are largely explained by shifts in the demand for crude oil '' . As the global economy expands , so does demand for crude oil . The authors note that the price of oil has also increased at times due to greater `` demand for stocks ( or inventories ) of crude oil ... to guard against future shortages in the oil market . Historically , inventory demand has been high in times of geopolitical tension in the Middle East , low spare capacity in oil production , and strong expected global economic growth . '' In particular , political events can have a strong influence on the oil price . Historical examples include OPEC 's 1973 embargo in reaction to the Yom Kippur War and the 1979 Iranian Revolution . Financial analysts and academics have had very few tools to study such political events compared to what is available on economic aspects of oil price formation . The PRIX index was developed in attempt to fill this gap with a metric on political developments and corresponding export trends from world 's 20 largest oil exporters . The supply of oil is dependent on geological discovery , the legal and tax framework for oil extraction , the cost of extraction , the availability and cost of technology for extraction , and the political situation in oil - producing countries . Both domestic political instability in oil producing countries and conflicts with other countries can destabilise the oil price . In 2008 the New York Times reported , for example , in the 1940s the price of oil was about $17 rising to just over $20 during the Korean War ( 1951 -- 1953 ) . During the Vietnam War ( 1950s -- 1970s ) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20 . During the Arab oil embargo of 1973 -- the first oil shock -- the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price . During the 1979 Iranian Revolution the price of oil rose . During the second oil shock the price of oil peaked in April 1980 at $103.76 . During the 1980s there was a period of `` conservation and insulation efforts '' and the price of oil dropped slowly to c . $22 . It again reached a peak of c. $65 during the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis and war . Following that , there was a period of global recessions and the price of oil hit a low of c. $15 before it peaked at a high of $45 on September 11 , 2001 only to drop again to a low of $26 on May 8 , 2003 . The price rose to $80 with the U.S. - led invasion of Iraq . By March 3 , 2008 the price of oil reached $103.95 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange . Although the oil price is largely determined by the balance between supply and demand -- as with all commodities -- some commentators including Business Week , the Financial Times and the Washington Post , argued that the rise in oil prices prior to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 was due to speculation in futures markets . For a dissenting view of oil prices being determined by demand , see Forbes , `` Global Oil Demand is Always Rising -- and Not Related to Price '' . Benchmark pricing ( edit ) Main article : Benchmark ( crude oil ) In North America this generally refers to the WTI Cushing Crude Oil Spot Price West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , also known as Texas Light Sweet , a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing and the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange 's oil futures contracts . WTI is a light crude oil , lighter than Brent Crude oil . It contains about 0.24 % sulfur , rating it a sweet crude , sweeter than Brent . Its properties and production site make it ideal for being refined in the United States , mostly in the Midwest and Gulf Coast regions . WTI has an API gravity of around 39.6 ( specific gravity approx . 0.827 ) per barrel ( 159 liters ) of either WTI / light crude as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange ( NYMEX ) for delivery at Cushing , Oklahoma . Cushing , Oklahoma , a major oil supply hub connecting oil suppliers to the Gulf Coast , has become the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America . In Europe and some other parts of the world , the oil price benchmark is Brent as traded on the Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE , into which the International Petroleum Exchange has been incorporated ) for delivery at Sullom Voe . Other important benchmarks include Dubai , Tapis , and the OPEC basket . The Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) uses the imported refiner acquisition cost , the weighted average cost of all oil imported into the US , as its `` world oil price '' . In Robert Mabro 's 2006 book on challenges and opportunities in oil in the 21st century , after the collapse of the OPEC - administered pricing system in 1985 , and a short lived experiment with netback pricing , oil - exporting countries adopted a market - linked pricing mechanism . First adopted by PEMEX in 1986 , market - linked pricing received wide acceptance and by 1988 became and still is the main method for pricing crude oil in international trade . The current reference , or pricing markers , are Brent , WTI , and Dubai / Oman . Market listings ( edit ) Main article : Commodity market Oil is marketed among other products in commodity markets . By 2008 widely traded oil futures , and related natural gas futures , included with most of these oil futures having delivery dates every month : Petroleum Nymex Crude Future Dated Brent Spot WTI Cushing Spot Nymex Heating Oil Future Nymex RBOB ( Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending ) Gasoline Future Natural gas Nymex Henry Hub Future Henry Hub Spot New York City Gate Spot Speculation during the 2008 crisis ( edit ) In June 2008 Business Week reported that the surge in oil prices prior to 2008 had led some commentators to argue that at least some of the rise was due to speculation in the futures markets . However , although speculation can greatly raise the oil price in the short run , in the long run fundamental market conditions will determine the oil price . Storing oil is expensive , and all speculators must ultimately , and generally within a few months , sell the oil they purchase . According to a U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) May 29 , 2008 report the `` Multiple Energy Market Initiatives '' was launched in partnership with the United Kingdom Financial Services Authority and ICE Futures Europe in order to expand surveillance and information sharing of various futures contracts . Part 1 is `` Expanded International Surveillance Information for Crude Oil Trading . '' This announcement has received wide coverage in the financial press , with speculation about oil futures price manipulation . The interim report by the Interagency Task Force , released in July , found that speculation had not caused significant changes in oil prices and that fundamental supply and demand factors provide the best explanation for the crude oil price increases . The report found that the primary reason for the price increases was that the world economy had expanded at its fastest pace in decades , resulting in substantial increases in the demand for oil , while the oil production grew sluggishly , compounded by production shortfalls in oil - exporting countries . The report stated that as a result of the imbalance and low price elasticity , very large price increases occurred as the market attempted to balance scarce supply against growing demand , particularly in the last three years . The report forecast that this imbalance would persist in the future , leading to continued upward pressure on oil prices , and that large or rapid movements in oil prices are likely to occur even in the absence of activity by speculators . The task force continues to analyze commodity markets and intends to issue further findings later in the year . Oil - storage trade ( contango ) ( edit ) Main article : Oil - storage trade The Knock Nevis ( 1979 -- 2010 ) , a ULCC supertanker compared to the longest ships ever built The strategy works because oil prices for delivery in the future are trading at a premium to those in the spot market -- a market structure known in the industry as contango -- with investors expecting prices to eventually recover from the near 60 percent slide in oil in the last seven months . -- Reuters 2015 The oil - storage trade , also referred to as contango , a market strategy in which large , often vertically - integrated oil companies purchase oil for immediate delivery and storage -- when the price of oil is low -- and hold it in storage until the price of oil increases . Investors bet on the future of oil prices through a financial instrument , oil futures in which they agree on a contract basis , to buy or sell oil at a set date in the future . Crude oil is stored in salt mines , tanks and oil tankers . Investors can choose to take profits or losses prior to the oil - delivery date arrives . Or they can leave the contract in place and physical oil is `` delivered on the set date '' to an `` officially designated delivery point '' , in the United States , that is usually Cushing , Oklahoma . When delivery dates approach , they close out existing contracts and sell new ones for future delivery of the same oil . The oil never moves out of storage . If the forward market is in `` contango '' -- the forward price is higher than the current spot price -- the strategy is very successful . Scandinavian Tank Storage AB and its founder Lars Jacobsson introduced the concept on the market in early 1990 . But it was in 2007 through 2009 the oil storage trade expanded , with many participants -- including Wall Street giants , such as Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs , and Citicorp -- turning sizeable profits simply by sitting on tanks of oil . By May , 2007 Cushing 's inventory fell by nearly 35 % as the oil - storage trade heated up . `` The trend follows a spike in oil futures prices that has created incentives for traders to buy crude oil and oil products at current rates , sell them on futures markets and store them until delivery . '' -- Financial Post 2009 By the end of October 2009 one in twelve of the largest oil tankers was being used more for temporary storage of oil , rather than transportation . From June 2014 to January 2015 , as the price of oil dropped 60 percent and the supply of oil remained high , the world 's largest traders in crude oil purchased at least 25 million barrels to store in supertankers to make a profit in the future when prices rise . Trafigura , Vitol , Gunvor , Koch , Shell and other major energy companies began to book booking oil storage supertankers for up to 12 months . By 13 January 2015 At least 11 Very Large Crude Carriers ( VLCC ) and Ultra Large Crude Carriers ( ULCC ) '' have been reported as booked with storage options , rising from around five vessels at the end of last week . Each VLCC can hold 2 million barrels . '' In 2015 as global capacity for oil storage was out - paced by global oil production , and an oil glut occurred . Crude oil storage space became a tradable commodity with CME Group -- which owns NYMEX -- offering oil - storage futures contracts in March 2015 . Traders and producers can buy and sell the right to store certain types of oil . By 5 March 2015 , as oil production outpaces oil demand by 1.5 million barrels a day , storage capacity globally is dwindling . In the United States alone , according to data from the Energy Information Administration , U.S. crude - oil supplies are at almost 70 % of the U.S. storage capacity , the highest to capacity ratio since 1935 . Comparative cost of production ( edit ) Oil and gas barrel production Cost , March 2016 Country Gross taxes Capital spending Production costs Admin transport Total UK $0 $22.67 $17.36 $4.30 $44.33 Brazil $6.66 $16.09 $9.45 $2.80 $34.99 Nigeria $4.11 $13.10 $8.81 $2.97 $28.99 Venezuela $10.48 $6.66 $7.94 $2.54 $27.62 Canada $2.48 $9.69 $11.56 $2.92 $26.64 U.S. Shale $6.42 $7.56 $5.85 $3.52 $23.35 Norway $0.19 $13.76 $4.24 $3.12 $21.31 U.S. non-shale $5.03 $7.70 $5.15 $3.11 $20.99 Indonesia $1.55 $7.65 $6.87 $3.63 $19.71 Russia $8.44 $5.10 $2.98 $2.69 $19.21 Iraq $0.91 $5.03 $2.16 $2.47 $10.57 Iran $0 $4.48 $1.94 $2.67 $9.08 Saudi Arabia $0 $3.50 $3.00 $2.49 $8.98 Future projections ( edit ) Main articles : Oil depletion and Peak oil Peak oil is the period when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached , after which the rate of production enters terminal decline . It relates to a long - term decline in the available supply of petroleum . This , combined with increasing demand , will significantly increase the worldwide prices of petroleum derived products . Most significant will be the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation . The US Department of Energy in the Hirsch report indicates that `` The problems associated with world oil production peaking will not be temporary , and past `` energy crisis '' experience will provide relatively little guidance . '' The 2014 United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects report notes that `` Oil prices were on a downward trend in the first half of 2013 ( after a spike in January and February caused by geopolitical tensions with Iran ) , as global demand for oil weakened along with the deceleration in world economic growth overall . '' According to the United Nations , world oil demand is projected to reach over 99 million barrels per day in 2018 . Impact of declining oil price ( edit ) A major rise or decline in oil price can have both economic and political impacts . The decline on oil price during 1985 -- 1986 is considered to have contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union . Low oil prices could alleviate some of the negative effects associated with the resource curse , such as authoritarian rule and gender inequality . Lower oil prices could however also lead to domestic turmoil and diversionary war . The reduction in food prices that follows lower oil prices could have positive impacts on violence globally . Research shows that declining oil prices make oil - rich states less bellicose . Low oil prices could also make oil - rich states engage more in international cooperation , as they become more dependent on foreign investments . The influence of the United States reportedly increases as oil prices decline , at least judging by the fact that `` both oil importers and exporters vote more often with the United States in the United Nations General Assembly '' during oil slumps . The macroeconomics impact on lower oil prices is lower inflation . A lower inflation rate is good for the consumers . This means that the general price of a basket of goods would increase at a bare minimum on a year to year basis . Consumer can benefit as they would have a better purchasing power , which may improve real gdp . However , in recent countries like Japan , the decrease in oil prices may cause deflation and it shows that consumers are not willing to spend even though the prices of goods are decreasing yearly , which indirectly increases the real debt burden . Declining oil prices may boost consumer oriented stocks but may hurt oil - based stocks . It is estimated that 17 -- 18 % of S&P would decline with declining oil prices . The oil importing economies like EU , Japan , China or India would benefit , however the oil producing countries would lose . A Bloomberg article presents results of an analysis by Oxford Economics on the GDP growth of countries as a result of a drop from $84 to $40 . It shows the GDP increase between 0.5 % to 1.0 % for India , USA and China , and a decline of greater than 3.5 % from Saudi Arabia and Russia . A stable price of $60 would add 0.5 percentage point to global gross domestic product . Katina Stefanova has argued that falling oil prices do not imply a recession and a decline in stock prices . Liz Ann Sonders , Chief Investment Strategist at Charles Schwab , had earlier written that that positive impact on consumers and businesses outside of the energy sector , which is a larger portion of the US economy will outweigh the negatives . Taking cues from a legendary oil investor , Harold Hamm , ranked as one of the richest men in the world by Forbes , Shawn Baldwin , Chairman of alternative investment firm The AIA Group , speculates that oil prices will rise by year - end 2016 from current levels . Oil glut ( edit ) Economists have observed that the 2015 -- 2016 oil glut also known as 2010s oil glut started with a considerable time - lag , more than six years after the beginning of the Great Recession : `` the price of oil ( had ) stabilized at a relatively high level ( around $100 a barrel ) unlike all previous recessionary cycles since 1980 ( start of First Persian Gulf War ) . But nothing guarantee ( d ) such price levels in perpetuity '' . During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a marked slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , U.S. oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels , due to substantial improvements in shale `` fracking '' technology in response to record oil prices . A combination of factors led a plunge in U.S. oil import requirements and a record high volume of worldwide oil inventories in storage , and a collapse in oil prices that continues into 2016 . It has also been argued that the collapse in oil prices in 2015 should be very beneficial for developed western economies , who are generally oil importers and are n't over exposed to declining demand from China . In the Asia - Pacific region , exports and economic growth were at significant risk across economies reliant on commodity exports as an engine of growth . The most vulnerable economies were those with a high dependence on fuel and mineral exports to China , such as : Korea DPR , Mongolia and Turkmenistan -- where primary commodity exports account for 59 -- 99 % of total exports and more than 50 % of total exports are destined to China . The decline in China 's demand for commodities also adversely affected the growth of exports and GDP of large commodity - exporting economies such as Australia ( minerals ) and the Russian Federation ( fuel ) . On the other hand , lower commodity prices led to an improvement in the trade balance -- through lower the cost of raw materials and fuels -- across commodity importing economies , particularly Cambodia , Kyrgyzstan , Nepal and other remote island nations ( Kiribati , Maldives , Micronesia ( F.S ) , Samoa , Tonga , and Tuvalu ) which are highly dependent on fuel and agricultural imports The North Sea oil and gas industry was financially stressed by the reduced oil prices , and called for government support in May 2016 . Hedging as risk Management ( edit ) The use of hedging using commodity derivatives as a risk management tool on price exposure to liquidity and earnings , has been long established in North America . Chief Financial Officers ( CFOS ) use derivatives to dampen , remove or mitigate price uncertainty . Bankers also use hedge funds to more `` safely increase leverage to smaller oil and gas companies . '' However , when not properly used , `` derivatives can multiply losses '' particularly in North America where investors are more comfortable with higher levels of risk than in other countries . With the large number of bankruptcies as reported by Deloitte `` funding ( for upstream oil industry ) is shrinking and hedges are unwinding . '' `` Some oil producers are also choosing to liquidate hedges for a quick infusion of cash , a risky bet . '' `` Access to capital markets , bankers ' support and derivatives protection , which helped smooth an otherwise rocky road , are fast waning ... The roughly 175 companies at risk of bankruptcy have more than $150 billion in debt , with the slipping value of secondary stock offerings and asset sales further hindering their ability to generate cash . '' -- John England , Vice-Chairman Deloitte LLP , Statement , February 16 , 2016 To finance exploration and production of the unconventional shale oil industry in the United States , `` hundreds of billions of dollars of capital came from non-bank participants ( non-bank buyers of bank energy credits ) in leveraged loans ) that were thought at the time to be low risk . However , with the oil glut that continued into 2016 , about a third of oil companies are facing bankruptcy . While investors were aware that there was a risk that the operator might declare bankruptcy , they felt protected because `` they had come in at the ' bank ' level , where there was a senior claim on the assets ( and ) they could get their capital returned . '' By 2012 , `` ... in recent years the combination of the development of large resource plays in the US and the emergence of business models designed to ensure consistent dividend payouts to investors has led to the development of more aggressive hedging policies in companies and less restrictive covenants in bank loans . '' -- Oil and Gas Financial Journal , 2012 A classic example of taking on too much risk through hedging is the 1982 collapse of Penn Square Bank caused by plummeting of the price of oil in 1981 . Penn Square Bank had lent too much to Exploration and Production E&P operators . Penn Square Bank caused the failure of Seafirst in 1982 and then Continental Illinois . When they failed and were liquidated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) the non-bank buyers or participants of bank energy credits of these leveraged loans participants were considered to be ' unsecured claims , ' not ' true sales ' and they were not able to collect any capital . At the 5th annual World Pensions Forum in 2015 , Jeffrey Sachs advised institutional investors to divest from carbon - reliant oil industry firms in their pension fund 's portfolio . 2015 -- 16 prices : the lows of January 2016 ( edit ) Because of oversupply and lack of agreements between oil - producing countries members of the OPEC ( Saudi Arabia in particular , which pumped at world 's records ) and also because of lack of coordinated efforts between OPEC and Non-OPEC countries ( Russian being a big player , refusing to reduce production ) the price of oil fell rapidly in 2015 and continued to slide in 2016 causing the cost of WTI crude to fall to a 10 - year low of $26.55 on January 20 . The average price of oil in January 2016 was well below $35 . Oil did not recover until April 2016 , when oil went above the $45 mark . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $147.27 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up . According to the United Nations , growth prospects of the oil exporters are predicted to remain subdued past 2018 . See also ( edit ) 2007 -- 2008 world food price crisis Asymmetric price transmission Chronology of world oil market events ( 1970 -- 2005 ) Cost competitiveness of fuel sources Efficient energy use Elasticity ( economics ) Energy crisis Food vs fuel Gasoline usage and pricing Simmons -- Tierney bet Stagflation Supply and demand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oils market value '' . Petroleumroughnecks . Jump up ^ `` International Crude Oil Market Handbook '' , Energy Intelligence Group , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Pricing Differences Among Various Types of Crude Oil '' . EIA . 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Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould , Edward Pearce ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Opportunity From The Decline In Oil Price '' . seekingalpha.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saggu , A. & Anukoonwattaka , W. ( 2015 ) . `` Commodity Price Crash : Risks to Exports and Economic Growth in Asia - Pacific LDCs and LLDCs '' . United Nations ESCAP . SSRN 2617542 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mark Lammey . `` North Sea industry heading for Lehman Brothers magnitude crash '' 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Kevin ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Hedging Is An Effective Risk Management Tool For Upstream Companies '' . London : Oil and Gas Financial Journal . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dizard , John ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Lesson from history on perils facing oil and gas investors '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . 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4,942,148,432,807,331,000 | when did the current government came into power | Political History of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) - Wikipedia Political History of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) This article is about the political outline of the history of the United Kingdom since 1945 . For a societal outline , see Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) . Modern Britain <Td_colspan="2"> 8 May 1945 -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Winston Churchill waves to crowds on Whitehall on VE Day , 8 May 1945 , after broadcasting to the nation that the war with Germany had been won . Ernest Bevin stands to his right . Preceded by Second World War Monarch ( s ) George VI Elizabeth II Leader ( s ) Sir Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Sir Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan Sir Alec Douglas - Home Harold Wilson Edward Heath James Callaghan Margaret Thatcher John Major Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron Theresa May Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1919 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline Part of a series on the History of the United Kingdom Timeline ( show ) Georgian period Napoleonic Wars Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Brexit Post-war period ( social history ) Topics ( show ) History of women Military history United Kingdom portal When Britain emerged victorious from the Second World War , the Labour Party under Clement Attlee came to power and created a comprehensive welfare state , with the establishment of the National Health Service giving free healthcare to all British citizens , and other reforms to benefits . The Bank of England , railways , heavy industry , and coal mining were all nationalised . The most controversial issue was nationalisation of steel , which was profitable unlike the others . Economic recovery was slow , housing was in short supply , bread was rationed along with many necessities in short supply . It was an `` age of austerity '' . American loans and Marshall Plan grants kept the economy afloat . India , Pakistan , Burma and Ceylon gained independence . Britain was a strong anti-Soviet factor in the Cold War and helped found NATO in 1949 . The Labour Party introduced charges for NHS dental services and glasses in 1951 . The Conservatives returned to power in 1951 , accepting most of Labour 's postwar reforms , but introduced prescription charges to the NHS in 1952 and denationalized steel in 1953 . They presided over 13 years of economic recovery and stability . However the Suez Crisis of 1956 demonstrated Britain was no longer a superpower . Ghana , Malaya , Nigeria and Kenya were granted independence during this period . Labour returned to power under Harold Wilson in 1964 and oversaw a series of social reforms including the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality and abortion , the relaxing of divorce laws and the end of capital punishment . Edward Heath returned the Conservatives to power from 1970 to 1974 , and oversaw the decimalisation of British currency , the accession of Britain to the European Economic Community , and the height of the Troubles in Northern Ireland . In the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and a miner 's strike , Heath introduced the three - day working week to conserve power . Labour made a return to power in 1974 but a series of strikes carried out by trade unions over the winter of 1978 / 79 ( known as the Winter of Discontent ) paralysed the country and as Labour lost its majority in parliament , a general election was called in 1979 which took Margaret Thatcher to power and began 18 years of Conservative government . Victory in the Falklands War ( 1982 ) and the government 's strong opposition to trade unions helped lead the Conservative Party to another three terms in government . Thatcher initially pursued monetarist policies and went on to privatise many of Britain 's nationalised companies such as British Telecom , British Gas Corporation , British Airways and British Steel Corporation . She kept the National Health Service . The controversial Community Charge ( commonly called the `` Poll Tax '' ) , used to fund local government was unpopular and the Conservatives removed Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990 . Major replaced the Poll Tax with the Council Tax and oversaw successful British involvement in the Gulf War . Despite a recession , Major led the Conservatives to a surprise victory in 1992 . The events of Black Wednesday in 1992 , party disunity over the European Union and several scandals involving Conservative politicians led to Labour under Tony Blair winning a landslide election victory in 1997 . Labour had shifted its policies closer to the political centre , under the new slogan ' New Labour ' . The Bank of England was given independence over monetary policy and Scotland and Wales were given a devolved Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly respectively . A devolved power sharing Northern Ireland Executive was established in 1998 , believed by many to be the end of The Troubles . Blair led Britain into the Afghanistan and Iraq War before leaving office in 2007 , when he was succeeded by his Chancellor Gordon Brown . A global recession in 2008 -- 10 led to Labour 's defeat in the 2010 election . It was replaced by a Conservative - Liberal Democrat coalition , headed by David Cameron , that pursued a series of public spending cuts to reduce the budget deficit . In June 2016 , the UK voted to leave the European Union . Conservatives replaced Cameron with Theresa May . Contents 1 Labour Government , 1945 -- 51 1.1 Welfare state 1.2 Foreign affairs 1.2. 1 India 1.2. 2 International relations 1.2. 3 Finances 2 Conservative Government , 1951 -- 64 2.1 Winston Churchill ( 1951 -- 55 ) 2.1. 1 Anglo - Iranian Oil Dispute 2.1. 2 The Mau Mau Rebellion 2.1. 3 Malayan Emergency 2.2 Anthony Eden ( 1955 -- 57 ) 2.2. 1 Suez crisis 2.3 Harold Macmillan ( 1957 -- 63 ) 2.4 Alec Douglas - Home ( 1963 -- 64 ) 3 Labour Government , 1964 -- 70 3.1 Harold Wilson 3.1. 1 Open University 3.1. 2 Vietnam War 3.1. 3 Industrial strife 4 Conservative Government , 1970 -- 74 4.1 Edward Heath 5 Labour Government , 1974 -- 79 5.1 Harold Wilson ( 1974 -- 76 ) 5.2 James Callaghan ( 1976 -- 79 ) 6 Conservative Government , 1979 -- 97 6.1 Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 90 ) 6.1. 1 Irish issues 6.1. 2 Economics 6.1. 3 Falklands War 6.1. 4 Hong Kong 6.1. 5 Nuclear disarmament 6.1. 6 Trade union power 6.1. 7 Thatcher 's political and economic philosophy 6.2 John Major ( 1990 -- 97 ) 7 Labour Government , 1997 -- 2010 7.1 Tony Blair ( 1997 -- 2007 ) 7.1. 1 Devolution for Scotland and Wales 7.2 Gordon Brown ( 2007 -- 10 ) 8 Coalition Government , 2010 -- 15 9 Conservative Government , 2015 -- present 9.1 David Cameron ( 2015 -- 16 ) 9.2 Withdrawal from the EU 9.3 Theresa May ( 2016 -- ) 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 Further reading 12.1 Historiography 12.2 Newspapers and primary sources Labour government , 1945 -- 51 ( edit ) Further information : Attlee ministry Clement Attlee After the Second World War , the landslide 1945 election returned the Labour Party to power and Clement Attlee became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . The party quickly nationalised critical sectors of the economy , especially declining industries . The Bank of England was nationalised along with railways ( see Transport Act 1947 ) , coal mining , public utilities and heavy industry . The most controversial case was the takeover of the highly profitable iron and steel industry , which was opposed and finally reversed by the Conservatives . Welfare state ( edit ) See also : History of the National Health Service A comprehensive welfare state was created with the National Insurance Act 1946 , in which people in work paid a flat rate of national insurance . In return , they ( and the wives of male contributors ) were eligible for flat - rate pensions , sickness benefit , unemployment benefit , and funeral benefit . Various other pieces of legislation provided for child benefit and support for people with no other source of income . In the estimation of historians , and later politicians of the major parties , the most successful and permanent program was the creation of a National Health Service which started operations in 1947 . It entitled all citizens to healthcare , which , funded by taxation , was free at the point of delivery . The opposition from physicians was bought off by allowing them to keep lucrative private practices on the side . All hospitals were nationalized and brought into the system . John Carrier and Ian Kendall find that the mission for Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan was resolving `` The potential conflict between the aim of providing a universalist , comprehensive health service of a good standard and that of containing health costs to a reasonable level , and how to finance the system in such a way that certainty and sufficiency of funds could be guaranteed . '' Michael Foot adds that Bevan had to persuade `` the most conservative and respected profession in the country to accept and operate the Labour government 's most intrinsically socialist proposition . In the end historians give Bevan the major credit for the success . One of the main achievements of Attlee 's government was the maintenance of near full employment . The government maintained most of the wartime controls over the economy , including control over the allocation of materials and manpower , and unemployment rarely rose above 500,000 , or 3 % of the total workforce . In fact labour shortages proved to be more of a problem . One area where the government was not quite as successful was in housing , which was also the responsibility of Aneurin Bevan . The government had a target to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those which had been destroyed in the war , but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built . Foreign affairs ( edit ) India ( edit ) For decades the Conservatives were split on India between die - hard imperialists ( led by Churchill ) and moderate elements who tried to provide limited local control . Meanwhile , the small Labour minority in Parliament was sympathetic to the Congress movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharial Nehru . Decolonisation was never a major election issue ; Labour was not officially in favour of decolonisation when it was elected in 1945 . With violence escalating in India after the war , but with British financial power at a low ebb , large - scale military involvement was impossible . The Viceroy of India warned he needed a further seven army divisions to prevent communal violence if independence negotiations failed . None were available , so political restructuring was accelerated . The Labour government gave independence to India and Pakistan in an unexpectedly quick move in 1947 . Historian and Conservative party sympathiser Andrew Roberts says the independence of India was a `` national humiliation '' but it was necessitated by urgent financial , administrative , strategic and political needs . Whereas Churchill in 1940 - 45 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership , Labour had looked forward to making it a fully independent dominion like Canada or Australia . Many of the Congress leaders in India had studied in England , and were highly regarded as fellow idealistic socialists by Labour leaders . Attlee was the Labour expert on India and took special charge of decolonization . Attlee found that Churchill 's viceroy , Field Marshal Wavell , was too imperialistic , too keen on military solutions ( he wanted seven more Army divisions ) and too neglectful of Indian political alignments . The new Viceroy was Lord Mountbatten , the dashing war hero and a cousin of the King . The boundary between the newly created states of Pakistan and India involved the widespread resettlement of millions of Muslims and Hindus ( and many Sikhs ) . Extreme violence ensued when Punjab and Bengal provinces were split . Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half - million and a million men , women and children were killed . Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948 . International relations ( edit ) Britain became a founding member of the United Nations during this time and of NATO in 1949 . Under foreign minister Ernest Bevin , Britain took a strong anti-Soviet position in the emerging Cold War . Cooperation with the United States was good , except in the area of nuclear weapons , where president Harry Truman ended cooperation . Britain had to develop its own nuclear arsenal , with the first test in 1952 . Mandatory military service continued , as despite the end of WWII , Britain continued to wage numerous small conflicts around the globe : the Malayan Emergency , 1948 - 1960 , in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising ( 1952 -- 60 ) and against Egypt in the 1956 Suez Crisis . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - American loan International finance was a troublesome issue , as Britain had used up all its reserves and had to borrow large sums from the United States and from the International Monetary Fund . The U.S. provided a loan of $3.75 billion ( US $57 billion in 2017 ) at a low 2 % interest rate ; Canada loaned an additional US $1.19 billion ( US $16 billion in 2017 ) . Starting in 1948 , the United States provided grants of $3.3 billion ( about US $33 billion in 2017 ) . These funds came through the Marshall Plan and did not have to be repaid , however they carried the proviso that Britain modernize the management of its major corporations . The aid permitted Britain to provide consumption at tolerable levels despite the austerity . About 40 per cent of the dollars went for food , drink and tobacco from the U.S. and 40 per cent on raw materials . The remainder went mostly for machinery and oil . By 1950 , the Korean War caused a new heavy drain on the Treasury for military expenses . This caused the bitter split inside the Labour party . The Conservatives made austerity a major issue in the general election of 1950 . Labour lost most of its large majority . The swing was 3.6 % against it and it lost 78 seats , leaving Attlee with a slim majority in the House . However , a year later Labour lost the general election of 1951 despite polling more votes than in the 1945 election , and indeed more votes than the Conservative Party . Conservative government , 1951 -- 64 ( edit ) Winston Churchill ( 1951 -- 55 ) ( edit ) Further information : Third Churchill ministry and Later life of Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip . Winston Churchill again became Prime Minister . His third government -- after the wartime national government and the short caretaker government of 1945 -- would last until his resignation in 1955 . During this period he renewed what he called the `` special relationship '' between Britain and the United States , and engaged himself in the formation of the post-war order . His domestic priorities were , however , overshadowed by a series of foreign policy crises , which were partly the result of the continued decline of British military and imperial prestige and power . Being a strong proponent of Britain as an international power , Churchill would often meet such moments with direct action . In February 1952 , King George VI died and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Elizabeth . Her coronation on 2 June 1953 gave the British people a renewed sense of national pride and enthusiasm which had been lowered by the war . Elizabeth II has now been the monarch for 66 years , 201 days . She celebrated her diamond jubilee , marking 60 years since her ascension to the throne , in 2012 . Anglo - Iranian oil dispute ( edit ) In March 1951 , the Iranian parliament ( the Majlis ) voted to nationalise the Anglo - Iranian Oil Company ( AIOC ) and its holdings by passing a bill strongly backed by Mohammad Mosaddegh , who was elected Prime Minister the following April by a large majority of the parliament . The International Court of Justice was called in to settle the dispute , but a 50 / 50 profit - sharing arrangement , with recognition of nationalisation , was rejected by Mossadegh . Direct negotiations between the British and the Iranian government ceased , and over the course of 1951 , the British ratcheted up the pressure on the Iranian government and explored the possibility of a coup against it . U.S. President Harry S. Truman was reluctant to agree , placing a much higher priority on the Korean War . Churchill 's return to power and Eisenhower 's presidency brought with them a policy of undermining the Mossadegh government . Both sides floated proposals unacceptable to the other , each side believing that time was on its side . Negotiations broke down , and as the blockade 's political and economic costs mounted inside Iran , coup plots arose from the army and pro-British factions in the Majlis . The Mau Mau rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Mau Mau Uprising In 1951 , grievances against the colonial distribution of land came to a head with the Kenya Africa Union demanding greater representation and land reform . When these demands were rejected , more radical elements came forward , launching the Mau Mau rebellion in 1952 . On 17 August 1952 , a state of emergency was declared , and British troops were flown to Kenya to deal with the rebellion . As both sides increased the ferocity of their attacks , the country moved to full - scale civil war . Malayan emergency ( edit ) Main article : Malayan Emergency In Malaya , a rebellion against British rule had been in progress since 1948 , led by Communists based in the local Chinese community . Once again , Churchill 's government inherited a crisis , and once again Churchill chose to use direct military action against those in rebellion while attempting to build an alliance with those who were not . He stepped up the implementation of a `` hearts and minds '' campaign and approved the creation of fortified villages , a tactic that would become a recurring part of Western military strategy in South - East Asia , especially in the American role in the Vietnam War . Anthony Eden ( 1955 -- 57 ) ( edit ) Further information : Eden ministry Anthony Eden Suez crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez crisis In April 1955 , Churchill finally retired , and Sir Anthony Eden succeeded him as Prime Minister . Eden was a very popular figure , as a result of his long wartime service and also his famous good looks and charm . On taking office he immediately called a general election , at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority . He left domestic issues to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler , and concentrated largely on foreign policy , forming a close alliance with US President Dwight Eisenhower . On 26 July 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser , President of Egypt , nationalised the Suez Canal company , in violation of the international agreement he had signed with the UK in 1954 . It had been owned and controlled by Britain since 1875 and was seen as essential to national defence and access to the Far East . Eden drawing on his experience in the 1930s , saw Nasser as another Mussolini who had to be stopped . In November 1956 , after months of negotiation and attempts at mediation had failed to dissuade Nasser , Britain and France , in conjunction with Israel , invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal Zone . Eisenhower had warned Eden not to do it , saying the American people would never approve of a military solution to the crisis . He threatened to use financial pressure unless the British withdrew from Egypt . Eden had ignored Britain 's financial dependence on the US in the wake of World War II , and was forced to bow to American pressure to withdraw . Eden had poor staff support because the Foreign Office , Commonwealth Relations Office , and Colonial Office had been slow to realize the need for change in Britain 's world role . After Suez they started to heed Treasury warnings about the effect of high defence expenditure on the economy , and the slow growth of the British population compared with the United States and the Soviet Union . Historians often use the crisis to mark the end of Britain 's status as a superpower , being able to act and control international affairs without assistance or coalition . Harold Macmillan ( 1957 -- 63 ) ( edit ) Further information : Conservative government 1957 -- 64 Harold Macmillan Eden resigned in the wake of the Suez Crisis , and his Chancellor of the Exchequer , Harold Macmillan succeeded him as Prime Minister on 10 January . He brought the economic concerns of the exchequer into the premiership , but his approach to the economy was to seek high employment ; whereas his treasury ministers argued that to support the Bretton - Wood 's requirement on the pound sterling would require strict control of the money base , and hence a rise in unemployment . Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 , all the Treasury ministers resigned . Macmillan brushed aside this incident as ' a little local difficulty ' . Macmillan wanted the new National Incomes Commission to institute controls on income as part of his growth without inflation policy ; it failed when the unions boycotted it . One of Macmillan 's more noteworthy actions was the end of conscription . National Service ended gradually from 1957 ; in November 1960 the last men entered service . With British youth no longer subject to military service and with postwar rationing and reconstruction ended , the stage was set for the social uprisings of the 1960s to commence . Macmillan took close control of foreign policy . He worked to narrow the post-Suez rift with the US , where his wartime friendship with Dwight D. Eisenhower was useful , and the two had a pleasant conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957 . The amiable relationship continued with President John F. Kennedy after 1960 . Macmillan also saw the value of a rapprochement with Europe and sought entry to the Common Market . In terms of the Empire , Macmillan continued decolonisation , his Wind of Change speech in February 1960 indicating his policy . Ghana and Malaya were granted independence in 1957 , Nigeria in 1960 and Kenya in 1963 . However , in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force -- intervening over Iraq in 1958 ( 14 July Revolution ) and 1960 and becoming involved in Oman . Immigrants from the Commonwealth flocked to England after The British Government posted invitations in the British West Indies , for Workers to come to England to `` help the mother Country '' . He led the Tories to victory in the October 1959 general election , increasing his party 's majority from 67 to 107 seats . Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel projects , Macmillan negotiated the supply of American Polaris missiles under the Nassau agreement in December 1962 . Previously he had agreed to base sixty Thor missiles in Britain under joint control , and since late 1957 the American McMahon Act had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology . Britain , the US , and the Soviet Union signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty in autumn 1963 . Britain 's application to join the Common Market was vetoed by French President Charles de Gaulle on 29 January 1963 , in due to his fear that ' the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America ' , and personal anger at the Anglo - American nuclear deal . Britain 's balance of payments problems led to the imposition of a seven - month wage freeze in 1961 . This caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of by - election defeats . He organised a major Cabinet change in July 1962 but he continued to lose support from within his party . He resigned on 18 October 1963 after he had been admitted to hospital for prostate trouble . He died 23 years later , in 1986 . Alec Douglas - Home ( 1963 -- 64 ) ( edit ) Alec Douglas - Home Macmillan 's successor was the Earl of Home , Alec Douglas - Home . However , as no prime minister had led from the House of Lords since the Marquess of Salisbury in 1902 , Home chose to become a member of parliament so he could enter the House of Commons . He disclaimed his earldom and , as `` Sir Alec Douglas - Home '' , contested a by - election in the safe seat of Kinross & West Perthshire . He won and is the only prime minister to resign the Lords to enter the Commons . His demeanor and appearance remained aristocratic and old - fashioned , however . His understanding of economics was primitive , and he gave his chancellor Reginald Maudling free rein to handle financial affairs . Home 's few domestic policies were not well received , but he did abolish retail price maintenance , which allowed consumers to find more bargains on sale . He enjoyed dealing with foreign policy , but there were no major crises or issues to resolve . His Foreign Minister Rab Butler was not especially energetic . Britain 's application to join Europe had already been vetoed by de Gaulle , the Cuban missile crisis had been resolved , and Berlin was again on the back burner . Decolonization issues were largely routine , and the Rhodesia and South African crises lay in the future . In the 1964 general election , the Labour Party was returned to power under Harold Wilson . Douglas - Home became Leader of the Opposition . In July 1965 , Edward Heath defeated Reginald Maudling and Enoch Powell to succeed him as Conservative Party leader . Enoch Powell was given the post of Shadow Defence Secretary and became a figure of national prominence when he made the controversial Rivers of Blood speech in 1968 , warning on the dangers of mass immigration from Commonwealth nations . It is possible that the Conservatives ' success in the 1970 general election was a result of the large public following Powell attained , even as he was sacked from the shadow cabinet . Labour government , 1964 -- 70 ( edit ) Further information : First Wilson ministry Harold Wilson Harold Wilson ( edit ) In 1964 , Labour regained the premiership , as Harold Wilson narrowly won the general election with a majority of five . This was not sufficient to last for a full term and , after a short period of competent government , in March 1966 , he won re-election with a landslide majority of 99 . As Prime Minister , his opponents accused him of deviousness , especially over the matter of devaluation of the pound in November 1967 . Wilson had rejected devaluation for many years , yet in his broadcast had seemed to present it as a triumph . Open University ( edit ) Wilson regarded with special pride setting up the Open University as a model for Europe . Plans were drafted by Jennie Lee , the Minister for the Arts ; she had Wilson 's full support . He saw the Open University as a major marker of the Labour Party 's commitment to modernisation . He emphasized that it would strengthen a more competitive economy while also fostering greater equality of opportunity and social mobility . He especially favoured heavy use of technology , such as television and radio broadcast of its courses . There were strong doubters and opponents in the government and in commercial broadcasting ; Wilson outmaneuvered them to get the budget approved , even though its sums proved far too small . Vietnam War ( edit ) Overseas , Wilson was troubled by crises in Rhodesia and South Africa . The Vietnam War was a delicate issue , as President Lyndon Johnson urdently needed a symbolic British military presence . `` Lyndon Johnson is begging me even to send a bagpipe band to Vietnam , '' Wilson told his Cabinet in December 1964 . Labour decided not to antagonize its strong antiwar element and refused Johnson 's pleas . However , Wilson provided the Americans with intelligence , military weapons , and jungle training , and allowed some 2000 British soldiers to volunteer for service in Vietnam . Industrial strife ( edit ) See also : In Place of Strife In addition to the damage done to its reputation by devaluation , Wilson 's Government suffered from the perception that its response to industrial relations problems was inadequate . A six - week strike of members of the National Union of Seamen , which began shortly after Wilson ' re-election in 1966 , did much to reinforce this perception , along with Wilson 's own sense of insecurity in office . Conservative government , 1970 -- 74 ( edit ) Further information : Heath ministry Edward Heath Edward Heath ( edit ) The premiership of his successor Sir Edward Heath was the bloodiest in the history of the Northern Ireland Troubles . He was prime minister at the time of Bloody Sunday in 1972 when 14 unarmed men were killed by British soldiers during a banned civil rights march in Derry . In 2003 , he gave evidence to the Saville Inquiry and claimed that he never promoted or agreed to the use of unlawful lethal force in Northern Ireland . In July 1972 , he permitted his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional Irish Republican Army delegation by Seán Mac Stiofáin . In the aftermath of these unsuccessful talks , the Heath government pushed for a peaceful settlement with the democratic political parties . In 1974 , the Sunningdale Agreement was produced but fiercely repudiated by many Unionists and the Ulster Unionist Party ceased to support the Conservatives at Westminster . Heath took Britain into the Common Market ( later renamed The European Union and again renamed The EEC ) on 1 January 1973 after winning the decisive vote in the House by 336 - 244 . It was , says biographer John Campbell , `` Heath 's finest hour . '' Meanwhile , on the domestic front , galloping inflation led him into confrontation with some of the most powerful trade unions . Energy shortages related to the oil shock resulted in much of the country 's industry working a Three - Day Week to conserve power . In an attempt to bolster his government , Heath called an election for 28 February 1974 . The result was inconclusive : the Conservative Party received a plurality of votes cast , but the Labour Party gained a plurality of seats due to the Ulster Unionist MPs refusing to support the Conservatives . Heath began negotiations with leaders of the Liberal Party to form a coalition , but , when these failed , resigned as Prime Minister . Labour government , 1974 -- 79 ( edit ) Main article : Labour government 1974 -- 79 Harold Wilson ( 1974 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Heath was replaced by Harold Wilson , who returned on 4 March 1974 to form a minority government . Wilson was confirmed in office , with a three - seat majority , in a second election in October of the same year . It was a manifesto pledge in the general election of February 1974 for a Labour government to re-negotiate better terms for Britain in the EEC , and then hold a referendum on whether Britain should stay in the EEC on the new terms . After the House of Commons voted in favour of retaining the Common Market on the renegotiated terms , a referendum was held on 5 June 1975 . A majority were in favour of retaining the Common Market . But Wilson was not able to end the economic crisis . Unemployment remained well in excess of 1,000,000 , inflation peaked at 24 % in 1975 , and the national debt was increasing . The rise of punk rock bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash were a reflection of the discontent felt by British youth during the difficulties of the late 1970s . James Callaghan ( 1976 -- 79 ) ( edit ) James Callaghan Wilson announced his surprise resignation on 16 March 1976 and unofficially endorsed his Foreign Secretary James Callaghan as his successor . His broad popularity in many parts of the Labour movement saw him through three ballots of Labour MPs , defeating the arch - Bevanite Michael Foot , the main left - wing candidate . Callaghan was the first Prime Minister to have held all three leading Cabinet positions -- Chancellor of the Exchequer , Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary -- prior to becoming Prime Minister . Callaghan 's support for and from the union movement should not be mistaken for a left wing position . Callaghan continued Wilson 's policy of a balanced Cabinet and relied heavily on Michael Foot . Foot was made Leader of the House of Commons and given the task of steering through the government 's legislative programme . Callaghan 's time as Prime Minister was dominated by the troubles in running a Government with a minority in the House of Commons ; by - election defeats had wiped out Labour 's three - seat majority by early 1977 . Callaghan was forced to make deals with minor parties in order to survive , including the Lib - Lab pact . He had been forced to accept referendums on devolution in Scotland and Wales ( the first went in favour but did not reach the required majority , and the second went heavily against ) . However , by the autumn of 1978 the economy was showing signs of recovery -- although unemployment now stood at 1,500,000 , economic growth was strong and inflation had fallen below 10 % . Most opinion polls were showing Labour ahead and he was expected to call an election before the end of the year . His decision not to has been described as the biggest mistake of his premiership . Callaghan 's way of dealing with the long - term economic difficulties involved pay restraint which had been operating for four years with reasonable success . He gambled that a fifth year would further improve the economy and allow him to be re-elected in 1979 , and so attempted to hold pay rises to 5 % or less . The Trade Unions rejected continued pay restraint and in a succession of strikes over the winter of 1978 / 79 ( known as the Winter of Discontent ) secured higher pay , although it had virtually paralysed the country , tarnished Britain 's political reputation and seen the Conservatives surge ahead in the opinion polls . He was forced to call an election when the House of Commons passed a Motion of No Confidence by one vote on 28 March 1979 . The Conservatives , with advertising consultants Saatchi and Saatchi , ran a campaign on the slogan `` Labour is n't working . '' As expected , Margaret Thatcher ( who had succeeded Edward Heath as Conservative leader in February 1975 ) won the general election held on 3 May , becoming Britain 's first female prime minister . Historian Kenneth O. Morgan states : The fall of James Callahan in the summer of 1979 meant , according to most commentators across the political spectrum , the end of an ancien régime , a system of corporatism , Keynesian spending programmes , subsidized welfare , and trade union power . Historians Alan Sked and Chris Cook have summarised the general consensus of historians regarding Labour in power in the 1970s : If Wilson 's record as prime minister was soon felt to have been one of failure , that sense of failure was powerfully reinforced by Callahan 's term as premier . Labour , it seemed , was incapable of positive achievements . It was unable to control inflation , unable to control the unions , unable to solve the Irish problem , unable to solve the Rhodesian question , unable to secure its proposals for Welsh and Scottish devolution , unable to reach a popular modus vivendi with the Common Market , unable even to maintain itself in power until it could go to the country and the date of its own choosing . It was little wonder , therefore , that Mrs. Thatcher resoundingly defeated it in 1979 . Conservative government , 1979 -- 97 ( edit ) Margaret Thatcher ( 1979 -- 90 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Premiership of Margaret Thatcher and Thatcher ministry Margaret Thatcher Thatcher formed a government on 4 May 1979 , with a mandate to reverse the UK 's economic decline and to reduce the role of the state in the economy . Thatcher was incensed by one contemporary view within the Civil Service that its job was to manage the UK 's decline from the days of Empire , and wanted the country to punch above its weight in international affairs . She was a philosophic soulmate with Ronald Reagan , elected in 1980 in the United States , and to a lesser extent , Brian Mulroney , who was elected in 1984 in Canada . It seemed for a time that conservatism might be the dominant political philosophy in the major English - speaking nations for the era . Irish issues ( edit ) See also : Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions ( 1980 -- 89 ) Northern Ireland was in a violent phase . Insurgents planted bombs and assassinated its foes , including in 1979 Airey Neave , Thatcher 's close friend who was slated to take charge there . The Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) , a republican paramilitary group , claimed responsibility . On 27 August 1979 , the IRA Assassinated Lord Mountbatten , a member of the royal family , and other units killed 18 policeman . Sheer luck on the early morning of 12 October 1984 saved Thatcher 's life as five were killed by a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in Brighton 's Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference . In 1981 , a new tactic was used to mobilize support , as Provisional IRA and Irish National Liberation Army prisoners went on hunger strikes to claim legitimacy for their cause in the act of making the ultimate sacrifice . It was a historic tactic that was revived for maximum impact , although it was attacked by the major news media and denounced by Catholic bishops . Thatcher continued the policy of `` Ulsterisation '' promoted by the previous Labour government , believing that the unionists of Ulster should be at the forefront in combating Irish republicanism . This meant relieving the burden on the mainstream British army and elevating the role of the Ulster Defence Regiment and the Royal Ulster Constabulary . In November 1985 , Thatcher signed the Hillsborough Anglo - Irish Agreement , bringing the Dublin government into the peace process . P.J. McLoughlin finds the consensus of scholars is that it was a significant factor contributing to the development of the Northern Ireland peace process . However , the agreement was greeted with fury by Irish unionists . The Ulster Unionists and Democratic Unionists made an electoral pact and on 23 January 1986 , staged an ad - hoc referendum by re-fighting their seats in by - elections , and won with one seat lost to the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) . Then , unlike the Sunningdale Agreement in 1974 , they found they could not bring the agreement down by a general strike . This was another effect of the changed balance of power in industrial relations . The Hillsborough agreement stood , and Thatcher punished the unionists for their non-cooperation by abolishing the devolved assembly she had created only four years before . Economics ( edit ) In economic policy , Thatcher and her Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe started out with policies , including higher interest rates , to drive down the rate of growth of the money supply . She had a preference for indirect taxation over taxes on income : in 1979 exchange controls were abolished and the top rate of income tax on `` unearned '' income cut from 98 % to 60 % , but value added tax ( VAT ) was increased sharply to 15 % with the result that inflation also rose . These moves hit businesses , especially in the manufacturing sector , and unemployment -- which had stood at 1,500,000 by the time of the 1979 general election -- was above 2,000,000 by the end of 1980 . It continued to rise throughout 1981 , passing the 2,500,000 mark during the summer of that year -- although inflation was now down to 12 % compared to 27 % two years earlier . The economy was now in recession . Her early tax policy reforms were based on the monetarist theories of Friedman rather than the supply - side economics of Arthur Laffer and Jude Wanniski , which the government of Ronald Reagan espoused . There was a severe recession in the early 1980s , and the Government 's economic policy was widely blamed . In January 1982 , the inflation rate dropped to single figures and interest rates fell . Unemployment peaked at 3.1 million and remained at that level until 1986 . The recession of the early 1980s was the deepest in Britain since the depression of the 1930s and Thatcher 's popularity plummeted ; most predictions had her losing the next election . Falklands War ( edit ) Main article : Falklands War The British sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War . In Argentina , an unstable military junta was in power and keen on reversing its huge economic unpopularity . On 2 April 1982 , it invaded the Falkland Islands , the only invasion of a British territory since World War II . Argentina has claimed the islands since an 1830s dispute on their settlement . Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the Islands . The ensuing Falklands War saw the swift defeat of Argentina in only a few days of fighting , resulting in a wave of patriotic enthusiasm for Thatcher personally , at a time when her popularity had been at an all - time low for a serving Prime Minister . Opinion polls showed a huge surge in Conservative support which would be sufficient to win a general election . In the end , the war probably raised the Conservative vote by about six points , according to scholarly studies of the polling data . This `` Falklands Factor '' , as it came to be known , was crucial to the scale of the Conservative majority in the June 1983 general election , with a fragmented Labour Party enduring its worst postwar election result , while the SDP - Liberal Alliance ( created two years earlier in a pact between the Liberal Party and the new Social Democratic Party ( UK ) formed by disenchanted former Labour MP 's ) trailed Labour closely in terms of votes but won few seats . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong China demanded the return of Hong Kong with the expiration of Britain 's 99 - year lease on most of the territory in 1997 . Thatcher negotiated directly in September 1982 with that country 's leader Deng Xiaoping . They agreed on the Sino - British Joint Declaration over the Question of Hong Kong which provided for a peaceful transfer of Hong Kong to Beijing 's control in 15 years ' time , after which the city would be allowed to retain its `` capitalistic '' system for another 50 years . Thatcher 's strong opposition against communism as represented by the Soviet Union as well as the decisive military victory against Argentina , re-affirmed Britain 's influential position on the world stage and bolstered Thatcher 's firm leadership . In addition the economy was showing positive signs of recovery thanks mainly to substantial oil revenues from the North Sea . Nuclear disarmament ( edit ) The 1983 election was also influenced by events in the opposition parties . Since their 1979 defeat , Labour was increasingly dominated by its `` hard left '' that had emerged from the 1970s union militancy , and in opposition its policies had swung very sharply to the left while the Conservatives had drifted further to the right . This drove a significant number of right wing Labour members and MPs to form a breakaway party in 1981 , the Social Democratic Party . Labour fought the election on unilateral nuclear disarmament , which proposed to abandon the British nuclear deterrent despite the threat from a nuclear armed Soviet Union , withdrawal from the European Community , and total reversal of Thatcher 's economic and trade union changes . Indeed , one Labour MP , Gerald Kaufman , has called the party 's 1983 manifesto `` the longest suicide note in history '' . Consequently , upon the Labour split , there was a new centrist challenge , the Alliance , from the Social Democrats in electoral pact with the Liberal Party , to break the major parties ' dominance and win proportional representation . The British Electoral Study found that Alliance voters were preferentially tilted towards the Conservatives ( 2 ) , but this possible loss of vote share by the Conservatives was more than compensated for by the first past the post electoral system , where marginal changes in vote numbers and distribution have disproportionate effects on the number of seats won . Accordingly , despite the Alliance vote share coming very close to that of Labour and preventing an absolute majority in votes for the Conservatives , the Alliance failed to break into Parliament in significant numbers and the Conservatives were returned in a landslide . Trade Union power ( edit ) Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trade unions but , unlike the Heath government , adopted a strategy of incremental change rather than a single Act . Several unions launched strikes that were wholly or partly aimed at damaging her politically . The most significant of these was carried out by the National Union of Mineworkers ( NUM ) . However , Thatcher had made preparations long in advance for an NUM strike by building up coal stocks , and there were no cuts in electric power , unlike 1972 . Police tactics during the strike concerned civil libertarians : stopping suspected strike sympathisers travelling towards coalfields when they were still long distances from them , phone tapping as evidenced by Labour 's Tony Benn , and a violent battle with mass pickets at Orgreave , Yorkshire . But images of massed militant miners using violence to prevent other miners from working , along with the fact that ( illegally under a recent Act ) the NUM had not held a national ballot to approve strike action . Scargill 's policy of letting each region of the NUM call its own strike backfired when nine areas held ballots that resulted in majority votes against striking , and violence against strikebreakers escalated with time until reaching a tipping point with the killing of David Wilkie ( a taxi - driver who was taking a strikebreaker to work ) . The Miners ' Strike lasted a full year , March 1984 until March 1985 , before the drift of half the miners back to work forced the NUM leadership to give in without a deal . Thatcher had won a decisive victory and the unions never recovered their political power . This aborted political strike marked a turning point in UK politics : no longer could militant unions remove a democratically elected government . It also marked to beginning of a new economic and political culture in the UK based upon small government intervention in the economy and reduced dominance of the trade unions and welfare state . Thatcher 's political and economic philosophy ( edit ) Further information : Thatcherism Thatcher 's political and economic philosophy emphasised free markets and entrepreneurialism . Since gaining power , she had experimented in selling off a small nationalised company , the National Freight Company , to its workers , with a surprisingly large response . After the 1983 election , the Government became bolder and sold off many of the large utilities which had been in public ownership since the late 1940s . Many in the public took advantage of share offers , although many sold their shares immediately for a quick profit . The policy of privatisation , while anathema to many on the left , has become synonymous with Thatcherism . Thatcher with President Ronald Reagan , 1986 . In the Cold War , Thatcher supported Ronald Reagan 's policies of Rollback with the goal of reducing or ending Soviet Communist power . This contrasted with the policy of détente which the West had pursued during the 1970s , and caused friction with allies still wedded to the idea of détente . US forces were permitted by Mrs. Thatcher to station nuclear cruise missiles at British bases , arousing mass protests by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . However , she later was the first Western leader to respond warmly to the rise of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , declaring she liked him and `` We can do business together '' after a meeting three months before he came to power in 1985 . This was a start in swinging the West back to a new détente with the Soviet Union in his era , as it proved to be an indication that the Soviet regime 's power was decaying . Thatcher outlasted the Cold War , which ended in 1989 , and voices who share her views on it credit her with a part in the West 's victory , by both the deterrence and détente postures . She supported the US bombing raid on Libya from bases in the UK in 1986 when other NATO allies would not . Her liking for defence ties with the United States was demonstrated in the Westland affair when she acted with colleagues to prevent the helicopter manufacturer Westland , a vital defence contractor , from linking with a European Consortium including the Italian firm Agusta in favour of a link with Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation of the United States . Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine , who had pushed the European Consortium , resigned in protest at her style of leadership , and thereafter became a potential leadership challenger . Trade and Industry Secretary Leon Brittan then had to resign for having ordered the leak of a confidential legal letter critical of Heseltine ; Thatcher survived the crisis as her personal involvement in the leak was not proven . By winning the 1987 general election , on the economic boom ( with unemployment finally falling below 3,000,000 that spring ) and against a stubbornly anti-nuclear Labour opposition ( now led by Neil Kinnock after Michael Foot 's resignation four years earlier ) , she became the longest serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since the 1820s . Most newspapers supported her -- with the exception of The Daily Mirror and The Guardian -- and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her press secretary , Bernard Ingham . She was known as `` Maggie '' in the popular tabloids , which inspired the well - known `` Maggie Out ! '' protest song , sung throughout that period by some of her opponents . Her unpopularity on the left is evident from the lyrics of several contemporary popular songs : `` Stand Down Margaret '' ( The Beat ) , `` Tramp the Dirt Down '' ( Elvis Costello ) , `` Mother Knows Best '' ( Richard Thompson ) , and `` Margaret on the Guillotine '' ( Morrissey ) . Many opponents believed she and her policies created a significant North - South divide from the Bristol Channel to The Wash , between the `` haves '' in the economically dynamic south and the `` have nots '' in the northern rust belt . Hard welfare reforms in her third term created an adult Employment Training system that included full - time work done for the dole plus a £ 10 top - up , on the workfare model from the US . The `` Social Fund '' system that placed one - off welfare payments for emergency needs under a local budgetary limit , and where possible changed them into loans , and rules for assessing jobseeking effort by the week , were breaches of social consensus unprecedented since the 1920s . The sharp fall in unemployment continued . By the end of 1987 , it stood at just over 2,600,000 -- having started the year still in excess of 3,000,000 . It stood at just over 2,000,000 by the end of 1988 , and by the end of 1989 less than 1,700,000 were unemployed . However , total economic growth for 1989 stood at 2 % -- the lowest since 1982 -- signalling an end to the economic boom . Several other countries had now entered recession , and fears were now rife that Britain was also on the verge of another recession . In 1988 , Thatcher , a trained chemist , became concerned with environmental issues , putting on the national agenda such technical issues as global warming , ozone depletion and acid rain . In 1990 , she opened the Hadley Centre for climate prediction and research . In September 1988 , at Bruges , Thatcher announced her opposition to proposals from the European Community for a federal structure and increasing centralisation of decision - making . Although she had supported British membership , Thatcher believed that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition , and feared that new EC regulations would reverse the changes she was making in the UK . `` We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain , only to see them re-imposed at a European level , with a new super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels '' . The speech caused an outcry from other European leaders , and exposed for the first time the deep split that was emerging over European policy inside her Conservative Party . Since 1985 Thatcher had been blocking British membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) , a preparation for Economic and Monetary Union , through which a single currency would replace national currencies , which the EC began seriously to discuss by 1990 . Thatcher 's popularity once again declined in 1989 as the economy suffered from high interest rates imposed to stop an unsustainable boom . She blamed her Chancellor , Nigel Lawson , who had exacerbated the boom by trying to keep the pound sterling low ( `` shadowing the Deutschmark '' ) as a preparation for ERM membership ; Thatcher claimed not to have been told of this and did not approve . At the Madrid European summit , Lawson and Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe forced Thatcher to agree the circumstances under which she would join the Exchange Rate Mechanism . Thatcher took revenge on both by demoting Howe , and by listening more to her adviser Sir Alan Walters on economic matters . Lawson resigned that October , feeling that Thatcher had undermined him . That November , Thatcher was challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Sir Anthony Meyer . As Meyer was a virtually unknown backbench MP , he was viewed as a stalking horse candidate for more prominent members of the party . Thatcher easily defeated Meyer 's challenge , but there were 60 ballot papers either cast for Meyer or abstaining , a surprisingly large number for a sitting Prime Minister . Thatcher 's new system to replace local government rates was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales in 1990 . Rates were replaced by the `` Community Charge '' ( more widely known as the poll tax ) , which applied the same amount to every individual resident , with only limited discounts for low earners . This was to be the most universally unpopular policy of her premiership , and saw the Conservative government split further behind the Labour opposition ( still led by Neil Kinnock ) in the opinion polls . The Charge was introduced early in Scotland as the rateable values would in any case have been reassessed in 1989 . However , it led to accusations that Scotland was a ' testing ground ' for the tax . Thatcher apparently believed that the new tax would be popular , and had been persuaded by Scottish Conservatives to bring it in early and in one go . Despite her hopes , the early introduction led to a sharp decline in the already low support for the Conservative party in Scotland . Additional problems emerged when many of the tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than earlier predictions . Some have argued that local councils saw the introduction of the new system of taxation as the opportunity to make significant increases in the amount taken , assuming ( correctly ) that it would be the originators of the new tax system and not its local operators who would be blamed . A large London demonstration against the poll tax in Trafalgar Square on 31 March 1990 -- the day before it was introduced in England and Wales -- turned into a riot . Millions of people resisted paying the tax . Opponents of the tax banded together to resist bailiffs and disrupt court hearings of poll tax debtors . Mrs Thatcher refused to compromise , or change the tax , and its unpopularity was a major factor in Thatcher 's downfall . By the autumn of 1990 , opposition to Thatcher 's policies on local government taxation , her Government 's perceived mishandling of the economy ( especially high interest rates of 15 % , which were undermining her core voting base within the home - owning , entrepreneurial and business sectors ) , and the divisions opening within her party over the appropriate handling of European integration made Thatcher and her party seem increasingly politically vulnerable . Her increasingly combative , irritable personality also made opposition to her grow fast and by this point , even many in her own party could not stand her . John major ( 1990 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Further information : Conservative Party ( UK ) leadership election , 1990 ; First Major ministry ; and Second Major ministry John Major In November 1990 , Michael Heseltine challenged Margaret Thatcher for leadership of the Conservative Party . Thatcher fell short of the required 15 % majority in the first round and was persuaded to withdraw from the second round on 22 November , ending her 11 - year premiership . Her Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major contested the second round and defeated Michael Heseltine as well as Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd , becoming prime minister on 27 November 1990 . By this stage , however , Britain had slid into recession for the third time in less than 20 years . Unemployment had started to rise in the spring of 1990 but by the end of the year it was still lower than in many other European economies , particularly France and Italy . British troops in the Gulf John Major was Prime Minister during British involvement in the Gulf War . Polls improved for the Conservatives despite the recession deepening throughout 1991 and into 1992 , with the economy for 1991 falling 2 % and unemployment passing the 2,000,000 mark . Major called a general election for April 1992 and took his campaign onto the streets , famously delivering many addresses from an upturned soapbox as in his Lambeth days . This populist `` common touch '' , in contrast to the Labour Party 's more slick campaign , chimed with the electorate and Major won , albeit with a small parliamentary majority . The narrow majority for the Conservative government proved to be unmanageable , particularly after the United Kingdom 's forced exit from the Exchange Rate Mechanism on Black Wednesday ( 16 September 1992 ) just five months into the new parliament . From this stage onwards , Labour -- now led by John Smith -- was ascendant in the opinion polls . Major allowed his economic team to stay in place unchanged for seven months after Black Wednesday before forcing the resignation of his Chancellor , Norman Lamont , whom he replaced with Kenneth Clarke . This delay was seen as indicative of one of his weaknesses , an indecisiveness towards personnel issues that was to undermine his authority through the rest of his premiership . At the 1993 Conservative Party Conference , Major began his ill - fated `` Back to Basics '' campaign , which he intended to be about the economy , education , policing , and other such issues , but it was interpreted by many ( including Conservative cabinet ministers ) as an attempt to revert to the moral and family values that the Conservative Party were often associated with . A number of sleaze scandals involving Conservative MP 's were exposed in lurid and embarrassing detail in tabloid newspapers following this and further reduced the Conservative 's popularity . Despite Major 's best efforts , the Conservative Party collapsed into political infighting . Major took a moderate approach but found himself undermined by the right - wing within the party and the Cabinet . Major 's policy towards the European Union aroused opposition as the Government attempted to ratify the Maastricht Treaty . Although the Labour opposition supported the treaty , they were prepared to undertake tactical moves to weaken the government , which included passing an amendment that required a vote on the social chapter aspects of the treaty before it could be ratified . Several Conservative MPs ( the Maastricht Rebels ) voted against the Government and the vote was lost . Major hit back by calling another vote on the following day ( 23 July 1993 ) , which he declared a vote of confidence . He won by 40 but had damaged his authority . One of the few bright spots of 1993 for the Conservative government came in April when the end of the recession was finally declared after nearly three years . Unemployment had touched 3,000,000 by the turn of the year , but had dipped to 2,800,000 by Christmas as the economic recovery continued . The economic recovery was strong and sustained throughout 1994 , with unemployment falling below 2,500,000 by the end of the year . However , Labour remained ascendant in the opinion polls and their popularity further increased with the election of Tony Blair -- who redesignated the party as New Labour -- as leader following the sudden death of John Smith on 12 May 1994 . Labour remained ascendant in the polls throughout 1995 , despite the Conservative government overseeing the continuing economic recovery and fall in unemployment . It was a similar story throughout 1996 , despite the economy still being strong and unemployment back below 2,000,000 for the first time since early 1991 . The Railways Act 1993 was introduced by John Major 's Conservative government and passed on 5 November 1993 . It provided for the restructuring of the British Railways Board ( BRB ) , the public corporation that owned and operated the national railway system . A few residual responsibilities of the BRB remained with BRB ( Residuary ) Ltd . Few were surprised when Major lost the 1997 general election to Tony Blair , though the immense scale of the defeat was not widely predicted . In the new parliament Labour won 418 seats , the Conservatives 165 , and the Liberal Democrats 46 , leaving the Labour party with a majority of 179 which was the biggest majority since 1931 . In addition , the Conservatives lost all their seats in Scotland and Wales and several cabinet ministers including Michael Portillo , Malcolm Rifkind and Ian Lang lost their seats , as did former cabinet minister Norman Lamont . Major carried on as Leader of the Opposition until William Hague was elected to lead the Conservative Party the month after the election . Labour government , 1997 -- 2010 ( edit ) See also : New Labour Tony Blair ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Premiership of Tony Blair and Blair ministry Tony Blair Tony Blair became Prime Minister in 1997 after a landslide victory over the Conservative Party . Under the title of New Labour , he promised economic and social reform and brought Labour closer to the centre of the political spectrum . Early policies of the Blair government included the minimum wage and the introduction of university tuition fees . Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown also gave the Bank of England the power to set the base rate of interest autonomously . The traditional tendency of governments to manipulate interest rates around the time of general elections for political gain is thought to have been deleterious to the UK economy and helped reinforce a cyclical pattern of boom and bust . Brown 's decision was popular with the City , which the Labour Party had been courting since the early 1990s . Blair presided over the longest period of economic expansion in Britain since the 19th century and his premiership saw large investment into social aspects , in particular health and education , areas particularly under - invested during the Conservative government of the 1980s and early 1990s . The Human Rights Act was introduced in 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act came into force in 2000 . Most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords in 1999 and the Civil Partnership Act of 2005 allowed homosexual couples the right to register their partnership with the same rights and responsibilities comparable to heterosexual marriage . The nation was stunned when Princess Diana died in a car accident in Paris on 31 August 1997 , even though she had divorced Prince Charles a few years earlier . Numerous conspiracy theories arose about her being intentionally murdered due to her plans to marry an Arab businessman , although nothing was ever proven . From the beginning , New Labour 's record on the economy and unemployment was strong , suggesting that they could break with the trend of Labour governments overseeing an economic decline while in power . They had inherited an unemployment count of 1,700,000 from the Conservatives , and by the following year unemployment was down to 1,300,000 -- a level not seen since James Callaghan was in power some 20 years previously . A minimum wage was announced in May 1998 , coming into force from April 1999 . Unemployment would remain similarly low for the next 10 years . Blair addresses Armagh in 1998 The long - running Northern Ireland peace process was brought to a conclusion in 1998 with the Belfast Agreement which established a devolved Northern Ireland Assembly and de-escalated the violence associated with the Troubles . It was signed in April 1998 by the British and Irish governments and was endorsed by all the main political parties in Northern Ireland with the exception of Ian Paisley 's Democratic Unionist Party . Voters in Northern Ireland approved the agreement in a referendum in May 1998 and it came into force in December 1999 . In August 1998 , a car - bomb exploded in the Northern Ireland town of Omagh , killing 29 people and injuring 220 . The attack was carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army who opposed the Belfast Agreement . It was reported in 2005 , that the IRA had renounced violence and had ditched its entire arsenal . In foreign policy , following the September 11 , 2001 attacks in the United States , Blair greatly supported U.S. President George W. Bush 's new War on Terror which began with the forced withdrawal of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan . Blair 's case for the subsequent war in Iraq was based on their alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction and consequent violation of UN resolutions . He was wary of making direct appeals for regime change , since international law does not recognise this as a ground for war . A memorandum from a July 2002 meeting that was leaked in April 2005 showed that Blair believed that the British public would support regime change in the right political context ; the document , however , stated that legal grounds for such action were weak . On 24 September 2002 the Government published a dossier based on the intelligence agencies ' assessments of Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction . Among the items in the dossier was a recently received intelligence report that `` the Iraqi military are able to deploy chemical or biological weapons within 45 minutes of an order to do so '' . A further briefing paper on Iraq 's alleged WMDs was issued to journalists in February 2003 . This document was discovered to have taken a large part of its text without attribution from a PhD thesis available on the internet . Where the thesis hypothesised about possible WMDs , the Downing Street version presented the ideas as fact . The document subsequently became known as the `` Dodgy Dossier '' . British troops in the Afghan War . 46,000 British troops , one - third of the total strength of the British Army ( land forces ) , were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq . When after the war , no WMDs were found in Iraq , the two dossiers , together with Blair 's other pre-war statements , became an issue of considerable controversy . Many Labour Party members , including a number who had supported the war , were among the critics . Successive independent inquiries ( including those by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons , the senior judge Lord Hutton , and the former senior civil servant Lord Butler of Brockwell ) have found that Blair honestly stated what he believed to be true at the time , though Lord Butler 's report did imply that the Government 's presentation of the intelligence evidence had been subject to some degree of exaggeration . These findings have not prevented frequent accusations that Blair was deliberately deceitful , and , during the 2005 election campaign , Conservative leader Michael Howard made political capital out of the issue . The new threat of international terrorism ultimately led to the 7 July 2005 bomb attacks in London which killed 52 people as well as the four suicide bombers who led the attack . The Labour government was re-elected with a second successive landslide in the general election of June 2001 . Blair became the first Labour leader to lead the party to three successive election victories when they won the 2005 general election , though this time he had a drastically reduced majority . The Conservatives had so far failed to represent a serious challenge to Labour 's rule , with John Major 's successor William Hague unable to make any real improvement upon the disastrous 1997 general election result at the next election four years later . He stepped down after the 2001 election to be succeeded by Iain Duncan Smith , who did not even hold the leadership long enough to contest a general election -- being ousted by his own MP 's in October 2003 and being replaced by Michael Howard , who had served as Home Secretary in the government of John Major . Howard failed to win the 2005 general election for the Conservatives but he at least had the satisfaction of narrowing the Labour majority , giving his successor ( he announced his resignation shortly after the election ) a decent platform to build upon . However , the Conservatives began to re-emerge as an electable prospect following the election of David Cameron as Howard 's successor in December 2005 . Within months of Cameron becoming Conservative leader , opinion polls during 2006 were showing a regular Conservative lead for the first time since Black Wednesday 14 years earlier . Despite the economy still being strong and unemployment remaining low , Labour 's decline in support was largely blamed upon poor control of immigration and allowing Britain to become what was seen by many as an easy target for terrorists . Devolution for Scotland and Wales ( edit ) Blair also came into power with a policy of devolution . A pre-legislative referendum was held in Scotland in 1997 with two questions : whether to create a devolved Parliament for Scotland and whether it should have limited tax - varying powers . Following a clear ' yes ' vote on both questions , a referendum on the proposal for creating a devolved Assembly was held two weeks later . This produced a narrow ' yes ' vote . Both measures were put into effect and the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly began operating in 1999 . The first election to the Scottish parliament saw the creation of a Labour - Liberal Democrat coalition with Donald Dewar as First Minister . In Wales , the Labour Party achieved a complete majority with Alun Michael as the Welsh First Minister . In the 2007 Scottish election , the Scottish National Party gained enough seats to form a minority government with its leader Alex Salmond as First Minister . Devolution also returned to Northern Ireland , leaving England as the only constituent country of the United Kingdom without a devolved administration . Within England , a devolved authority for London was re-established following a ' yes ' vote in a London - wide referendum . On 18 September 2014 , a referendum on Scottish independence failed with a 55 / 44 percentage . Gordon Brown ( 2007 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Premiership of Gordon Brown and Brown ministry Gordon Brown Tony Blair tendered his resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to the Queen on 27 June 2007 , his successor Gordon Brown assuming office the same afternoon . Brown took over as Prime Minister without having to face either a general election or a contested election for leadership of the Labour Party . Brown 's style of government differed from that of his predecessor , Tony Blair , who had been seen as presidential . Brown rescinded some of the policies which had either been introduced or were planned by Blair 's administration . He remained committed to close ties with the United States and to the Iraq war , although he established an inquiry into the reasons why Britain had participated in the conflict . He proposed a `` government of all the talents '' which would involve co-opting leading personalities from industry and other professional walks of life into government positions . Brown also appointed Jacqui Smith as the UK 's first female Home Secretary , while Brown 's old position as Chancellor was taken over by Alistair Darling . Brown was closer to American thinking , and more distant from Europe , than Blair . In major issues with foreign policy complications , He paid close attention to both the United States and the EU , especially regarding the deregulation of the Bank of England , the Welfare to Work program , and his response to the worldwide financial crisis at the G20 summit in London in 2009 . Brown decided in 1997 to follow the American model and grant operational independence to set interest rates to the Bank of England , rather than have the power remain with the Treasury . He explained the Bank 's monetary policy objective `` will be to deliver price stability and ... to support the Government 's economic policy . '' Brown argued for a neoliberal policy on welfare in 1997 . His goal was to move people off welfare and into actual employment . He stated : We can not build a dynamic economy unless we can unleash the potential and everyone . A welfare state that thwarts the opportunities that we need to hold the economy back . A welfare state that encourages work is not only fair but makes for greater dynamism in the economy . Brown 's reaction to the great 2008 banking crisis was much more pro active than France or Germany , and in many ways resembled the Bush policies in Washington . Brown 's goals were to provide more liquidity to the financial system , to recapitalise the banks and to guarantee bank debt . He lowered the VAT to encourage consumer spending and to keep the economy from sinking . Brown 's rise to prime minister sparked a brief surge in Labour support as the party topped most opinion polls . There was talk of a `` snap '' general election , which it was widely believed Labour could win , but Brown decided against calling an election . Brown 's government introduced a number of fiscal policies to help keep the British economy afloat during the financial crisis which occurred throughout the latter part of the 2000s ( decade ) and early 2010 , although the United Kingdom saw a dramatic increase in its national debt . Unemployment soared through 2008 as the recession set in , and Labour standings in the opinion polls plummeted as the Conservatives became ascendant . Several major banks were nationalised after falling into financial difficulties , while large amounts of money were pumped into the economy to encourage spending . Brown was also press ganged into giving Gurkhas settlement rights in Britain by the actress and campaigner Joanna Lumley and attracted criticism for its handling of the release of Abdelbaset Al Megrahi , the only person to have been convicted over the 1988 Lockerbie bombing . Further European integration was introduced under the Labour governments after 1997 , including the Treaty of Amsterdam ( 1997 ) and the Treaty of Nice ( 2001 ) . The Treaty of Lisbon ( 2007 ) introduced many further changes . Prominent changes included more qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers , increased involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process through extended codecision with the Council of Ministers , eliminating the pillar system established by the Maastricht Treaty of the early 1990s and the creation of a President of the European Council with a term of two and a half years and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present a united position on EU policies . The Treaty of Lisbon will also make the Union 's human rights charter , the Charter of Fundamental Rights , legally binding . The Lisbon Treaty also leads to an increase in the voting weight of the UK in the Council of the European Union from 8.4 % to 12.4 % . In July 2008 the Labour government under Gordon Brown approved the treaty . Initially , during the first four months of his premiership , Brown enjoyed a solid lead in the polls . His popularity amongst the public may be due to his handling of numerous serious events during his first few weeks as Prime Minister , including two attempted terrorist attacks in London and Glasgow at the end of June . However , between the end of 2007 and September 2008 , his popularity had fallen significantly , with two contributing factors believed to be his perceived change of mind over plans to call a snap general election in October 2007 , and his handling of the 10p tax rate cut in 2008 , which led to allegations of weakness and dithering . His unpopularity led eight labour MPs to call for a leadership contest in September 2008 , less than 15 months into his premiership . The threat of a leadership contest receded due to his perceived strong handling of the global financial crisis in October , but his popularity hit an all - time low , and his position became increasingly under threat after the May 2009 expenses scandal and Labour 's poor results in the 2009 Local and European elections . Brown 's cabinet began to rebel with several key resignations in the run up to local elections in June 2009 . In January 2010 , it was revealed that Britain 's economy had resumed growth after a recession which had seen a record six successive quarters of economic detraction . However , it was a narrow return to growth , and it came after the other major economies had come out of recession . The 2010 general election resulted in a hung parliament -- Britain 's first for 36 years -- with the Conservative Party controlling 306 Seats , the Labour Party 258 Seats and the Liberal Democrats 57 Seats . Brown remained as prime minister while the Liberal Democrats negotiated with Labour and the Conservatives to form a coalition government . He announced his intention to resign on 10 May 2010 in order to help broker a Labour - Liberal Democrat deal . However , this became increasingly unlikely , and on 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister and as Leader of the Labour Party . This paved the way for the Conservatives to return to power after 13 years . His deputy Harriet Harman became Leader of the Opposition until September 2010 , when Ed Miliband was elected Leader of the Labour Party . Coalition government , 2010 -- 15 ( edit ) Main articles : Cameron -- Clegg coalition and Premiership of David Cameron See also : Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition agreement David Cameron ( Conservative Party ) was Prime Minister ( senior coalition partner ) Nick Clegg ( Liberal Democrats ) was Deputy Prime Minister ( junior coalition partner ) The Conservative Party won the 2010 general election but did not win enough seats to win an outright majority . David Cameron , who had led the party since 2005 became Prime Minister on 11 May 2010 after the Conservatives formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . Nick Clegg , leader of the Liberal Democrats was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and several other Liberal Democrats were given cabinet positions . Cameron promised to reduce Britain 's spiralling budget deficit by cutting back on public service spending and by transferring more power to local authorities . He committed his government to Britain 's continuing role in Afghanistan and stated that he hopes to remove British troops from the region by 2015 . An emergency budget was prepared in June 2010 by Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne which stated that VAT will be raised to 20 % and there will be a large reduction in public spending . A key Liberal Democrat policy is that of voting reform , to which a referendum took place in May 2011 on whether or not Britain should adopt a system of Alternative Vote to elect MPs to Westminster . However , the proposal was rejected overwhelmingly , with 68 % of voters in favour of retaining first - past - the - post . The Liberal Democrat turnabout on tuition policy at the universities alienated their younger supporters , and the continuing weakness of the economy , despite spending cutbacks , alienated the elders . In March 2011 , UK , along with France and USA voted for military intervention against Gaddafi 's Libya leading to 2011 military intervention in Libya . Prince William married Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011 in a globally televised event much like his parents ' wedding 30 years earlier . In July 2013 , the royal couple welcomed their first child , Prince George . In May 2015 , they welcomed their second child , Charlotte Elizabeth Diana . On 6 August , the Death of Mark Duggan sparked off the 2011 England riots . In 2012 , the Summer Olympics returned to London for the first time since 1948 . The United States claimed the largest count of gold medals , with Britain running third place after China . In 2014 , Scotland voted in a referendum on the question of becoming an independent country . The No side , supported by the three major UK parties , secured a 55 % to 45 % majority for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom . Following the result on 18 September 2014 , Scotland 's First Minister , Alex Salmond , announced his intention to step down as First Minister and leader of the SNP . He was replaced by his deputy , Nicola Sturgeon . Conservative government , 2015 -- present ( edit ) David Cameron ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Cameron ministry After years of austerity , the British economy was on an upswing in 2015 . In line with the Fixed Term Parliaments Act , the 2015 general election was called for 7 May 2015 . The Conservatives claimed credit for the upswing , promising to keep taxes low and reduce the deficit as well as promising an In / Out referendum on the UK 's relationship with the European Union . The rival Labour party called for a higher minimum wage , and higher taxes on the rich . In Scotland , the SNP attacked the austerity programme , opposed nuclear weapons and demanded that promises of more autonomy for Scotland made during the independence referendum be delivered . Pre-election polls had predicted a close race and a hung parliament , but the surprising result was that a majority Conservative government was elected . The Conservatives with 37 % of the popular vote held a narrow majority with 331 of the 650 seats . The other main victor was the Scottish National Party which won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland , a gain of 50 . Labour suffered its worst defeat since 1987 , taking only 31 % of the votes and 232 seats ; they lost 40 of their 41 seats in Scotland . The Liberal Democrats vote fell by 2 / 3 and they lost 49 of their 57 seats , as their coalition with the Conservatives had alienated the great majority of their supporters . The new UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , rallying voters against Europe and against immigration , did well with 13 % of the vote count . It came in second in over 115 constituencies but came in first in only one . Women now comprise 29 % of the MPs . Following the election , the Leaders of the Labour Party and Liberal Democrats both resigned . They were replaced by Jeremy Corbyn and Tim Farron , respectively . Withdrawal from the EU ( edit ) Main articles : Brexit and United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Results of the 2016 referendum Remain Leave This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) On 23 June 2016 , UK voters elected to withdraw from the European Union by a thin margin with 48 % in favour of remaining , 52 % in favour of leaving the European Union . London , Scotland , and Northern Ireland were three regions most in favour of the Remain vote , while Wales and England 's northern region were strongly pro-Leave . Although he called for the referendum , British Prime Minister David Cameron had campaigned ardently for the Remain vote . He faced significant opposition from other parties on the right who came to view British membership in the EU as a detriment to the country 's security and economic vitality . UKIP leader Nigel Farage called the vote Britain 's `` independence day '' , despite the fact that the UK was already an independent sovereign country . Brexit had a few immediate consequences . Hours after the results of the referendum , David Cameron announced that he would resign as Prime Minister , claiming that `` fresh leadership '' was needed . In addition , because Scottish voters were highly in favour of remaining in the EU , Scotland 's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced that the Scottish government would begin to organize another referendum on the question of Scottish independence . On the economic side of things , the value of the British pound declined sharply after the results of the election were made clear . Stock markets in both Britain and New York were down the day after the referendum . Oil prices also fell . Theresa May ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Premiership of Theresa May Further information : May ministry This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) A Conservative Party leadership election occurred following Cameron 's announcement of his resignation . All candidates except Theresa May had either been eliminated or withdrawn from the race by 11 July 2016 ; a result , May automatically became the new Leader of the Conservative Party , to become Prime Minister on 13 July . On 18 April 2017 , the Prime Minister Theresa May announced she would seek an election on 8 June , despite previously ruling out an early election . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Social history of England § Since 1945 Post -- World War II economic expansion Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Assinder , Nick ( 1 July 1998 ) . `` Special report Handle with care '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , ' Aneurin Bevan ' in Kevin Jeffreys ( ed . ) , Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( I.B. Tauris : London & New York , 2002 ) , pp. 91 - 92 . Jump up ^ Butler 1989 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , Labour in Power , 1945 - 1951 ( Oxford UP , 1985 ) pp. 94 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Labour in Power , 1945 - 1951 ( 1985 ) pp. 142 - 87 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Labour in Power , 1945 - 1951 ( 1985 ) pp. 152 - 63 . Jump up ^ John Carrier and Ian Kendall ( 2015 ) . Health and the National Health Service . Taylor & Francis . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Michael Foot , Aneurin Bevan ( 1975 ) 2 : 105 Jump up ^ Frank Honigsbaum , Health , happiness , and security : the creation of the National Health Service ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur Herman , Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age ( 2008 ) pp 321 - 25 . Jump up ^ Robert Pearce ( 2006 ) . Attlee 's Labour Governments 1945 - 51 . Routledge . pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Chandler , David The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 331 Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Eminent Churchillians ( 1994 ) p 78 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Harris , Attlee ( 1982 ) pp 362 - 87 . Jump up ^ Irial Glynn , `` ' An Untouchable in the Presence of Brahmins ' Lord Wavell 's Disastrous Relationship with Whitehall During His Time as Viceroy to India , 1943 -- 7 . '' Modern Asian Studies 41 # 3 ( 2007 ) : 639 - 663 . Jump up ^ R.J. Moore , `` Mountbatten , India , and the Commonwealth '' Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 19.1 ( 1981 ) : 5 - 43 . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan ( Yale UP , 2005 ) pp 6 , 83 - 103 , 211 . Jump up ^ Davis Chandler , The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 331 Jump up ^ `` Gandhi Is Killed By A Hindu ; India Shaken , World Mourns ; 15 Die In Rioting In Bombay Three Shots Fired '' New York Times Jan. 30 , 1948 Jump up ^ Graham Goodlad , `` Bevin and Britain 's Cold War , '' History Review ( 2011 ) , Issue 69 , pp 1 -- 6 Jump up ^ Septimus H. Paul , Nuclear Rivals : Anglo - American Atomic Relations , 1941 - 1952 ( Ohio State Up , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Edgar O'Ballance , Malaya : The Communist Insurgent War , 1948 - 1960 ( Faber , 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Philip A. Grant Jr. , `` President Harry S. Truman and the British Loan Act of 1946 , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 1995 ) 25 # 3 pp 489 -- 96 Jump up ^ Jim Tomlinson , `` Marshall Aid and the ' Shortage Economy ' in Britain in the 1940s . '' Contemporary European History 9 # 1 ( 2000 ) : 137 - 155 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ina Zweiniger - Barcielowska , `` Rationing , austerity and the Conservative Party recovery after 1945 . '' Historical Journal 37 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 173 - 197 . Jump up ^ H. Nicholas , The British general election of 1950 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ David E. Butler , The British General Election of 1951 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Crowcroft and Kevin Theakston . `` The Fall of the Attlee Government , 1951 . '' in Timothy Heppell and Kevin Theakston , eds. , How Labour Governments Fall ( 2013 ) pp. 61 - 82 . Jump up ^ Richard Stubbs , Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare : The Malayan Emergency 1948 - 1960 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Karl Hack , ( 1999 ) `` ' Iron claws on Malaya ' : the historiography of the Malayan Emergency . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30 # 1 ( 1999 ) : 99 - 125 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ruane , `` Anglo - American relations , the cold war and Middle East defence , 1953 -- 1955 . '' Journal of Transatlantic Studies 4 # 1 ( 2006 ) : 1 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Pearson , Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis : Reluctant Gamble ( Springer , 2002 ) . online Jump up ^ G.C. Peden , `` Suez and Britain 's Decline as a World Power . '' Historical Journal 55.4 ( 2012 ) : 1073 - 96 excerpt . Jump up ^ Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1 July 2005 ) . `` Harold Macmillan Obituary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black ( 2016 ) . The Tory World : Deep History and the Tory Theme in British Foreign Policy , 1679 - 2014 . Routledge . p. 343 . Jump up ^ Nigel J. Ashton , `` Harold Macmillan and the `` golden days '' of Anglo - American relations revisited , 1957 -- 63 . '' Diplomatic History 29.4 ( 2005 ) : 691 - 723 . Jump up ^ E. Bruce Geelhoed , Anthony O. Edmonds ( 2003 ) : Eisenhower , Macmillan and Allied Unity , 1957 - 1961 . Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 64227 - 6 . ( Review Jump up ^ Peter Mangold , Almost Impossible Ally : Harold Macmillan & Charles de Gaulle ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk : Cabinet Papers - Strained consensus and Labour Jump up ^ Andrew Holt , The Foreign Policy of the Douglas - Home Government : Britain , the United States and the End of Empire ( Springer , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Pete Dorey , `` ' Well , Harold Insists on Having It ! ' -- The Political Struggle to Establish The Open University , 1965 -- 67 . '' Contemporary British History 29.2 ( 2015 ) : 241 - 272 . Jump up ^ Sylvia A. Ellis , `` Promoting solidarity at home and abroad : the goals and tactics of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Britain . '' European Review of History : Revue européenne d'histoire 21.4 ( 2014 ) : 557 - 576 . Jump up ^ Marc Tiley , `` Britain , Vietnam and the Special Relationship , '' History Today 63 # 12 ( 2013 ) pp 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Campbell , Edward Heath ( 1993 ) p 404 - 5 . Jump up ^ Philip Ziegler , Wilson : The Authorised Life ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Roy Pierce , Henry Valen , and Ola Listhaug . `` Referendum voting behaviour : The Norwegian and British referenda on membership in the European Community . '' American Journal of Political Science ( 1983 ) : 43 - 63 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , Callaghan : A Life ( Oxford UP , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ biz / ed Jump up ^ John Shepherd , Crisis ? What Crisis ? : The Callaghan Government and the British ' winter of Discontent ' . ( Manchester University Press , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Colin Hay , `` The winter of discontent thirty years on . '' The Political Quarterly 80.4 ( 2009 ) : 545 -- 552 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan ( 2001 ) . Britain Since 1945 : The People 's Peace . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Alan Sked and Chris Cook , Post-War Britain : A Political History ( 4th ed. 1993 ) p324 . Jump up ^ Frank Gaffikin , Northern Ireland : The Thatcher Years ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Robert M. Pockrass , `` Terroristic murder in Northern Ireland : Who is killed and why ? . '' Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 9.4 ( 1987 ) : 341 - 359 . Jump up ^ Stephen Sloan ; Sean K. Anderson ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of Terrorism . Scarecrow Press . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Charles Moore , Margaret Thatcher : At Her Zenith ( 2016 ) 2 : 309 - 16 . Jump up ^ Aogan Mulcahy , `` Claims - making and the construction of legitimacy : Press coverage of the 1981 Northern Irish hunger strike . '' Social Problems 42.4 ( 1995 ) : 449 - 467 . Jump up ^ George Sweeney , `` Irish hunger strikes and the cult of self - sacrifice . '' Journal of Contemporary History 28.3 ( 1993 ) : 421 - 437 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ William J. Crotty ; David A. Schmitt ( 2014 ) . Ireland and the Politics of Change . Routledge . p. 179 . Jump up ^ P.J. McLoughlin , `` ' The First Major Step in the Peace Process ' ? Exploring the Impact of the Anglo - Irish Agreement on Irish Republican Thinking . '' Irish Political Studies 29.1 ( 2014 ) : 116 - 133 . Jump up ^ Feargal Cochrane ( 1997 ) . Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo - Irish Agreement . Cork UP . p. 16 . Jump up ^ See `` 1982 : UK unemployment tops three million '' BBC : On This Day Jump up ^ Helmut Norpoth , `` The Falklands war and government popularity in Britain : Rally without consequence or surge without decline ? . '' Electoral Studies 6.1 ( 1987 ) : 3 - 16 . Jump up ^ Harold D. Clarke , William Mishler , and Paul Whiteley . `` Recapturing the Falklands : models of Conservative popularity , 1979 -- 83 . '' British Journal of Political Science 20 # 1 ( 1990 ) : 63 - 81 . Jump up ^ David E. Butler , et al. , The British General Election of 1983 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Helmut Norpoth , `` The popularity of the Thatcher government : A matter of war and economy . '' in Norpoth et al. eds. , Economics and politics : The calculus of support ( 1991 ) : 141 - 60 . Jump up ^ Chi - kwan Mark , `` To ' educate ' Deng Xiaoping in capitalism : Thatcher 's visit to China and the future of Hong Kong in 1982 . '' Cold War History ( 2015 ) : 1 - 20 . Jump up ^ James T.H. Tang , `` From empire defence to imperial retreat : Britain 's postwar China policy and the decolonization of Hong Kong . '' Modern Asian Studies 28.02 ( 1994 ) : 317 - 337 . Jump up ^ The Great Miners Strike 1984 - 5 : Twelve Months that Shook Britain : the Story of the Strike , Workers ' Liberty , written by Sean Matgamna and Martin Thomas , 4 November 2008 Jump up ^ Sally - Ann Treharne , Reagan and Thatcher 's Special Relationship ( Edinburgh UP , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Matthew Worley , `` Shot by both sides : punk , politics and the end of ' consensus ' . '' Contemporary British History 26.3 ( 2012 ) : 333 - 354 . Jump up ^ Biz / ed Jump up ^ Jon Agar , `` ' Future Forecast -- Changeable and Probably Getting Worse ' : The UK Government 's Early Response to Anthropogenic Climate Change . '' Twentieth Century British History 26.4 ( 2015 ) : 602 - 628 ; Andrew Blowers , `` Transition or Transformation ? ‐ Environmental Policy Under Thatcher . '' Public Administration 65.3 ( 1987 ) : 277 - 294 . Jump up ^ Philip Cowley and John Garry , `` The British conservative party and Europe : the choosing of John major . '' British Journal of Political Science 28 # 3 ( 1998 ) : 473 - 499 , on how Major won . Jump up ^ Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon , eds. , The Major Effect : An Overview of John Major 's Premiership ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Peter Dorey , The Major Premiership : Politics and Policies under John Major , 1990 -- 97 ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Dorey , The Major Premiership : Politics and Policies under John Major , 1990 -- 97 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` 1997 : Labour landslide ends Tory rule '' . BBC News . 15 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts on 1995 '' . Biz / ed. 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts on 1996 '' . Biz / ed. 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Railways Act 1993 ( as enacted ) '' . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Foley , John Major , Tony Blair & a Conflict of Leadership : Collision Course ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Key Facts on 1998 '' . Biz / ed. 26 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Economy tracker '' . BBC News . 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The poll that never was '' . BBC News . 11 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Blair secures historic third term '' . BBC News . 6 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Tory leader ousted '' . BBC News . 29 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Howard crowned Tory leader '' . BBC News . 6 November 2003 . Jump up ^ Glover , Julian ( 22 August 2006 ) . `` Tories open nine - point lead as Labour drops to 19 - year low '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Philip Gannon , `` Between America and Europe : Transatlantic influences on the policies of Gordon Brown . '' Journal of Transatlantic Studies 13.1 ( 2015 ) : 1 - 19 , quote p 5 . Jump up ^ Gannon , `` Between America and Europe '' p 9 Jump up ^ Gannon , `` Between America and Europe '' p 12 Jump up ^ `` Brown rules out autumn election '' . BBC News . 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Hennessy , Patrick ( 26 July 2008 ) . `` Fresh blow for Gordon Brown as Conservatives sweep marginals in new poll '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK ratifies the EU Lisbon Treaty '' . BBC Online . 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK economy emerges from recession '' . BBC News . 27 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron is new UK prime minister '' . BBC News . 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ see BBC `` Results '' 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Dan Balz , Griff Witte and Karla Adam , `` In U.K. election 's wake , questions on E.U. , Scotland , '' ( 1 ) Washington Post 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven . `` Britain Votes to Leave the European Union '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish independence vote ' highly likely ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pound plunges after Leave vote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnett , C. ( 1972 ) . The Collapse of British Power . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 49181 - 4 . Beckett , Andy . When the Lights Went Out : Britain in the Seventies ( 2009 ) 576pp excerpt and textsearch Bernstein , G. ( 2004 ) . The Myth of Decline : The Rise of Britain Since 1945 . London : Harvill Press . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 102 - 5 . Bew , John . Clement Attlee : The Man Who Made Modern Britain ( 2017 ) . Butler , David ( 1989 ) . British General Elections since 1945 . London : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 16053 - 1 . Campbell , John and David Freeman . The Iron Lady : Margaret Thatcher , from Grocer 's Daughter to Prime Minister ( 2011 ) , 564pp ; abridged version of Campbell 's two - volume biography Carter , Neil . `` The party politicisation of the environment in Britain '' Party Politics , 12 # 6 ( 2006 ) , pp. 747 -- 67 . Garnett , Mark ; Simon Mabon ; Robert Smith ( 2017 ) . British Foreign Policy since 1945 . Taylor & Francis . Haq , Gary and Alistair Paul . Environmentalism since 1945 ( 2011 ) Harrison , Brian . Seeking a Role : The United Kingdom , 1951 -- 1970 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; online Harrison , Brian . Finding a Role ? : The United Kingdom 1970 -- 1990 ( New Oxford History of England ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search ; online major scholarly survey Hennessy , Peter . Never Again ! Britain , 1945 - 1951 ( 1994 ) . Hennessy , Peter . Having It So Good : Britain in the Fifties ( 2008 ) . Leventhal , Fred M. , ed . Twentieth - century Britain : an encyclopedia ( Peter Lang Pub Inc , 2002 ) ; 910pp . Marr , A. ( 2007 ) . A History of Modern Britain . London : Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4050 - 0538 - 6 . Morgan , Kenneth O. ( 1985 ) . Labour in Power , 1945 -- 1951 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285150 - 0 . Morgan , Kenneth O. Britain since 1945 : The People 's Peace ( 2001 ) . Northedge , F.S. Desent From Power British Foreign Policy 1945 - 1973 ( 1974 ) online Panton , Kenneth J. and Keith A. Cowlard , eds . Historical Dictionary of the Contemporary United Kingdom ( 2008 ) 640 pp ; biographies of people active 1979 -- 2007 Richards , David , Martin Smith , and Colin Hay , eds . Institutional Crisis in 21st Century Britain ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 ) Sampson , Anthony . Anatomy of Britain ( 1962 ) online free ; first of five versions Sampson , Anthony . The Essential Anatomy of Britain : Democracy in Crisis ( 1992 ) online free Savage Mike . Identities and Social Change in Britain since 1940 : The Politics of Method ( Oxford UP , 2010 ) Sims , Paul David . `` The Development of Environmental Politics in Inter-War and Post-War Britain '' ( PhD Dissertation , Queen Mary University of London , 2016 ) online ; Bibliography of secondary sources , PP 312 - 26 . Sissons , M. ; French , P. ( 1963 ) . Age of Austerity . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281949 - 6 . Sked , Alan ; Cook , Chris ( 1979 ) . Post-war Britain : a political history . Harvester Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 496322 - 0 . Stephens , P. ( 1997 ) . Politics and the Pound : The Tories , the Economy and Europe . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 63297 - 4 . Stewart , Graham . Bang ! A History of Britain in the 1980s ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Tomlinson , Jim ( 2000 ) . The Politics of Decline : Understanding Postwar Britain . Longman . Turner , Alwyn W. Crisis ? What Crisis ? : Britain in the 1970s ( 2009 ) 336pp excerpt and text search Turner , Alwyn . Rejoice , Rejoice ! : Britain in the 1980s ( 2010 ) Turner , Alwyn W. A Classless Society : Britain in the 1990s ( 2013 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Bevir , Mark ; Rhodes , Rod A.W. ( 1998 ) . `` Narratives of ' Thatcherism ' '' . West European Politics . 21 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 119 . Black , Lawrence ( 2012 ) . `` An Enlightening Decade ? New Histories of 1970s ' Britain '' . International Labor and Working - Class History . 82 : 174 -- 186 . doi : 10.1017 / s0147547912000506 . Brooke , Stephen . `` Living in ' New Times ' : Historicizing 1980s Britain . '' History Compass 12 # 1 ( 2014 ) : 20 - 32 . Jones , Harriet ; Kandiah , Michael D. ( 1996 ) . The Myth of Consensus : New Views on British History , 1945 -- 64 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 24942 - 8 . Marquand , David ( 1987 ) . `` The literature on Thatcher '' . Contemporary British History . 1 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 31 . Porion , Stéphane . `` Reassessing a Turbulent Decade : the Historiography of 1970s Britain in Crisis . '' Études anglaises 69 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 301 - 320 . online Porter , Bernard . `` ' Though Not an Historian Myself ... ' Margaret Thatcher and the Historians . '' Twentieth Century British History 5.2 ( 1994 ) : 246 - 256 . Soffer , Reba . History , historians , and conservatism in Britain and America : from the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan ... ( Oxford UP , 2009 ) . Newspapers and primary sources ( edit ) `` 1970s Key Facts '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` 1980s Key Facts '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` 1990s Key Facts '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` Key Facts on 1991 '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` Key Facts on 1993 '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` Key Facts on 1994 '' . Biz / ed . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` 26 April 1993 : Recession over-it's official '' . On This Day 1950 -- 2005 . BBC . 15 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` Past Elections - 1997 : Labour landslide ends Tory rule '' . BBC News . 15 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` Past Elections - 1992 : Tories Win Again Against Odds '' . BBC News . 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . `` BBC On This Day - 11 October 1974 : Labour Scrapes Working Majority '' . BBC . 11 October 1974 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Pimlott , B. ( ed . ) ( 1986 ) . The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton , 1918 -- 1940 , 1945 -- 1960 . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01912 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Thatcher , M. ( 25 May 1990 ) . `` Speech Opening Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research '' . Margaret Thatcher Foundation . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Thatcher , M. ( 27 September 1988 ) . `` Speech to the Royal Society '' . Margaret Thatcher Foundation . 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4,325,494,744,814,984,000 | who sings the song what do i stand for | Some Nights ( song ) - wikipedia Some Nights ( song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Some Nights '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by fun . <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Some Nights Released June 4 , 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Length 4 : 36 ( album version ) 4 : 00 ( radio edit ) ( promo only ) Label Fueled by Ramen , Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Bhasker Nate Ruess Andrew Dost Jack Antonoff Producer ( s ) Jeff Bhasker <Th_colspan="2"> fun . singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Are Young '' ( 2011 ) `` Some Nights '' ( 2012 ) `` Carry On '' ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Are Young '' ( 2011 ) `` Some Nights '' ( 2012 ) `` Carry On '' ( 2012 ) `` Some Nights '' is a song by American indie pop band Fun . It was released on June 4 , 2012 , as the second single from their second studio album of the same name . The song was written by Jeff Bhasker , Nate Ruess , Andrew Dost , and Jack Antonoff . Musically `` Some Nights '' is an indie pop song with elements of power pop and afrobeat while the lyrics depict the protagonist having an existential crisis . In the United States , `` Some Nights '' was a sleeper hit , spending approximately seven months on the Billboard Hot 100 before reaching a peak of number three for six non-consecutive weeks beginning the week of September 29 , 2012 . The song became Fun 's second single to enter the chart 's top ten , as well as their second song to be certified platinum in the US , after their previous single , `` We Are Young '' . `` Some Nights '' was also successful in countries around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrical interpretation 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Credits and personnel 6 Usage in media 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Certifications 7.3 Year - end charts 8 Cover versions 9 References 10 External links Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) Musically , `` Some Nights '' is an indie pop song with strong , festive elements of power pop and influences from folk rock . It is written in the key of C major at a tempo of 108 beats per minute . A line in their lyrics , `` this is it boys , this is war '' , recalls the English version of Nena 's 1983 hit `` 99 Luftballons '' . Lyrically , the song expresses the existential angst of a young protagonist who is a long way from home . Lead singer Nate Ruess explained to Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press : `` I 'm always thinking about , ' Who am I and why did I do something like that ? ' And I think then it harkens back to my family , and I have such a strong tie to them and it 's always therapeutic to sing about them . '' Ruess came up with the song and album title while on tour in Scotland ; he wrote the song based on the title . Lyrically , the song is about `` just being someone different on any given night . '' There has been some confusion with the fans as the lyric `` Some terrible nights '' was mistaken for `` ... lies '' . Members of Fun . confirmed on November 18 , 2012 on their Twitter and Facebook accounts that `` it 's NIGHTS not LIES . '' Jeff Giles , writing for Diffuser , compared the song to Simon and Garfunkel 's `` Cecilia . '' Ruess commented that Simon 's Graceland ( 1986 ) was an influence on the song in an interview with Billboard . Critical reception ( edit ) The Re-View calls `` Some Nights '' a `` bolder , catchier and more striking track than its predecessor `` We Are Young '' , upping the stakes when it comes to both style and substance . '' In closing , he cited the track as one that would `` cement ( Fun ) as one of the most intriguing and exciting new bands to emerge from the States in recent years . '' The Guardian writer Dave Simpson compared Ruess 's vocals in the song to those of Freddie Mercury and called the lyrics `` sincere and oddly moving '' . Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly , while reviewing the whole album , criticized its second half as inferior to the first and also called `` Some Nights '' the best track on the album , alongside `` We Are Young '' . Rolling Stone named the song the 11th best song of 2012 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Some Nights '' has reached number one in Australia , New Zealand , and Israel . The song has also reached the top ten in the United States , Canada , Ireland , Austria , Italy , Belgium , and the United Kingdom , and has so far made the top 30 in the Netherlands , Sweden , and Switzerland ; it has also charted in Japan . In the United States , `` Some Nights '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 the same week their album Some Nights debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 . The song remained in the lower region of the chart for approximately four months due to low - level sales and consistent high - level streaming , before finally entering the top 40 in its 18th week . In its 23rd week , it switched places with `` We Are Young '' at number 11 on the chart , where it stayed the week after . In the song 's 25th week on the chart , it entered the top ten by jumping to number 8 . In its sixth week in the top ten , it reached number 3 , which has been its peak position . As of March 2014 , the song has sold over 5 million copies in the United States . It also reached number 2 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart , coincidentally behind Maroon 5 's `` One More Night '' . Music Video ( edit ) The music video for `` Some Nights '' was released on MTV.com on June 4 , 2012 . The video was produced by Poonam Sehrawat and directed by Anthony Mandler . The video shows a fictional battle taking place during the American Civil War and shows the band singing from afar as war breaks out with lead singer Nate appearing as the commander of the Union force . The story also follows two particular soldiers , one from each side of the conflict . From the Confederacy , the song follows a middle - aged farmer clearly in love with his life , land and animals , while from the Union side the story follows two young lovers torn apart as the young man heads off to the fight . The broken loves , of beauty and of nature , eventually clash in the battle with consequences for both the loser and winner , showing that the personal costs of war will continue far beyond the battleground . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals -- Nate Ruess Piano , bass guitar , keyboards , background vocals - Andrew Dost Guitar , drums , background vocals - Jack Antonoff Keyboards , programming , background vocals - Jeff Bhasker Additional programming - Pat Reynolds Additional guest vocals - Joi Starr Producers -- Jeff Bhasker Lyrics -- Jeff Bhasker , Nate Ruess , Andrew Dost , Jack Antonoff Label : Fueled by Ramen Usage in Media ( edit ) `` Some Nights '' appeared in the series finale of Harry 's Law , and has been used in television spots for the ABC program Secret Millionaire . The song was also used in promos for the 2012 MTV Movie Awards and the 2013 BCS National Championship Game . Fun performed the song on The Colbert Report , Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Sunrise , The Jonathan Ross Show , and Saturday Night Live . It also was used in trailers and advertisements promoting the Disney animated film Wreck It Ralph . The Chicago Blackhawks use the song as a backing track in several promotional montages . Southwest Airlines used the song in the first TV spot for their `` Welcome Aboard '' ad campaign , which was also their first campaign by TBWA / Chiat / Day . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 42 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( ABPD ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada : Alternative Rock 8 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 25 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 17 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 98 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 40 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) Venezuela ( Record Report ) 91 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 5,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 27 Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 77 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 58 Cover versions ( edit ) On Air With Ryan Seacrest reviews a collaborative video version of Some Nights performed by nine , `` YouTube stars '' . Produced by Jake Coco and W.G. Snuffy Walden , vocalists include Jake Coco , Corey Gray , Caitlin Hart , Madilyn Bailey , Savannah Outen , Jess Moskaluke , Sara Niemietz , Eppic , and Black Prez . Released on Jake Coco 's YouTube channel on August 11 , 2012 , by October 13 , 2012 this cover version received 4,532,233 views in 64 days . In August 2012 Some Nights was covered by Canadian band Walk Off The Earth for their YouTube channel . Ohio based metalcore band Like Moths To Flames covered the song on the compilation album Punk Goes Pop 5 . Ellie Goulding has covered the song as well in late 2012 on BBC Radio in the `` Live Lounge '' . The song was covered by the New Directions glee club in the `` Dynamic Duets '' episode of Glee . On April 25 , 2013 , teen actress and musician Victoria Justice ( of Nickelodeon 's Victorious ) posted a softer acoustic rendition of `` Some Nights '' . A cappella group Straight No Chaser released a mashup of this song and `` We Are Young '' for their 2013 album Under the Influence . The song was covered The Band Perry in concert from Jackson MI We Are Pioneers World Tour 2013 with mashup `` Night Gone Wasted '' South African singer Bobby van Jaarsveld performed a version live on Jacaranda FM in April 2013 . In August 2012 , five hundred students from the Irish language college Coláiste Lurgan along with members of Irish folk - pop group Seo Linn covered the song as Gaeilge on the YouTube channel TG Lurgan . The song also appeared on the covers compilation `` TG Lurgan 2014 '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Band Called Fun. , With a Period - New York Times ( Released March 10 , 2012 . Accessed January 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Some Nights by Fun . - Songfacts ( accessed January 23 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Gary Graff ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` What 's Next for Fun. ? Next Single Has Paul Simon Roots '' . Billboard . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ OurNameIsFun : your weekly reminder ... - Twitter ( sent November 18 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ your weekly ... - Fun 's Facebook page ( posted November 18 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff . `` Simon and Garfunkel vs. fun . -- Song Parallels '' . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` fun. : Some Nights ( Official Music Video ) '' . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Fun : Some Nights -- review Music '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray , Rahman ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Some Nights '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 '' . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Chart Watch : Pharrell `` Happy '' Despite Oscar Loss `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Fun . On ' SNL ' : ' Some Nights ' And ' Carry On ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Stand for You : Cup edition Video - NHL VideoCenter - Chicago Blackhawks '' . Jump up ^ `` The Hawks Stand For You Video - NHL VideoCenter - Chicago Blackhawks '' . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fun . Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Active Rock & Alt Rock Chart Archive : Alternative Rock - August 21 , 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201249 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results - Euro Digital Songs 2012 - 09 - 22 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fun. : Some Nights '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 39 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` FUN -- Some Nights Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results - Japan Hot 100 Singles 2012 - 08 - 11 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Fun . '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results - Portugal Digital Songs 2012 - 10 - 13 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20131 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fun . Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` fun . Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2012 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Enter Fun. in the field Interpret . Enter Some Nights in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( FUN. ; ' Some Nights ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 040 Singles Chart - 17 September 2012 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Album - Vecka 36 , 7 September 2012 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan / Hitlistan.se . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Fun. ; ' Some Nights ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Some Nights in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Fun . -- Some Nights '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` most played songs of 2012 - By Media Forest '' . mako.co.il . January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC Online . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Rock Songs 11 - 20 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Adult Pop Songs 11 - 20 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Alternative Songs 1 - 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Pop Songs 21 - 30 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Michael ( 13 August 2012 ) . `` YouTube Stars Collaborate for Cover of Fun 's ' Some Night ( VIDEO ) '' . Some Nights . Los Angeles , California : Ryan Seacrest Productions . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . On Air with Ryan Seacrest Jump up ^ Coco , Jake . `` Some Nights - Fun - Official YouTuber Music Video - Jake Coco & Friends '' . Some Nights . Jake Coco : Official YouTube Channel . Archived from the original ( Video ) on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Victoria Justice - `` Some Nights '' ( fun . cover ) on YouTube ( uploaded April 25 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Victoria Justice Covers fun. 's ' Some Nights ' ( VIDEO ) - The Huffington Post ( released April 26 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Under the Influence - Straight No Chaser '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ http://cms.jacarandafm.com/post/video-bobby-van-jaarsveld-covers-some-nights/?content_type=gallery Retrieved 4 February 2014 Jump up ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-Zaq87L2tac External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Some Nights '' music video on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> hide Fun <Td_colspan="2"> Nate Ruess Andrew Dost Jack Antonoff Studio albums Aim and Ignite ( 2009 ) Some Nights ( 2012 ) Extended plays Before Shane Went to Bangkok : Live in the USA ( 2013 ) Singles `` We Are Young '' `` Some Nights '' `` Carry On '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Some_Nights_(song)&oldid=845164381 '' Categories : 2012 singles Fun ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in New Zealand Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler Song recordings produced by Jeff Bhasker Songs written by Jeff Bhasker Songs written by Jack Antonoff 2012 songs Atlantic Records singles Fueled by Ramen singles Songs written by Nate Ruess Songs written by Andrew Dost Like Moths to Flames songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 21 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Some Nights" - song by Fun.
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3. Chart performance of "Some Nights"
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-670,978,464,533,665,500 | how old is sarah in a place to call home | A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) - Wikipedia A Place to Call Home ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> A Place to Call Home <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Period drama Created by Bevan Lee Starring Marta Dusseldorp Noni Hazlehurst Brett Climo Craig Hall David Berry Abby Earl Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood Aldo Mignone Frankie J. Holden Sara Wiseman Jenni Baird Matt Levett Composer ( s ) Michael Yezerski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) John Holmes Julie McGauran Penny Win Producer ( s ) Chris Martin - Jones Location ( s ) Camelot ( renamed as Ash Park ) ( 34 ° 2'15.09 `` S 150 ° 42'22.30 '' E ) Camden and Southern Highlands ( Inverness ) Cinematography John Stokes Running time 42 -- 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Seven Productions Distributor Endemol <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Seven Network ( 2013 -- 14 ) SoHo ( 2015 ) Showcase ( 2016 -- ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama program that debuted on the Seven Network on Sunday 28 April 2013 . Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War , it follows Sarah Adams ( Marta Dusseldorp ) , who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh ( Noni Hazlehurst ) . The main cast also consists of Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) , Craig Hall ( Dr. Jack Duncan ) , David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Poletti ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , Sara Wiseman ( Carolyn Bligh ) , Jenni Baird as ( Regina Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) . It was created by Bevan Lee and has been described as a `` compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s '' . The program was cancelled at the end of its second series , but then revived by pay - TV provider Foxtel for its SoHo channel . A new ending to season two was re-shot to explain the transition / continuation to season three . Five seasons have been aired , with a sixth to enter production in 2018 . The series has gained loyal followings in international distribution as well as in its home country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main current cast 2.2 Main departed cast 2.3 Recurring 3 Broadcast 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 International 6 Home media 6.1 Box sets 6.2 Notes 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his `` domestic trilogy '' ( Always Greener , Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers ) . He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk 's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind ( 1956 ) and All That Heaven Allows ( 1955 ) . Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance - driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people 's lives in the present are `` relatively bland '' . He said : `` At the end of the day , conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict - free society . I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt ; after the war there was . '' The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson . Noni Hazlehurst ( Elizabeth Bligh ) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home , on 18 June 2012 . Marta Dusseldorp ( Sarah Adams ) , Brett Climo ( George Bligh ) and Frankie J. Holden ( Roy Briggs ) were announced a month later , with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast . Newcomers David Berry ( James Bligh ) , Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood ( Olivia Bligh ) , Abby Earl ( Anna Bligh ) and Aldo Mignone ( Gino Poletti ) , made up the rest of the main cast . A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate `` Ash Park '' and the nearby fictional town of `` Inverness '' in country New South Wales . Inverness was also used as the country setting of `` Always Greener '' . Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness . Ash Park is actually Camelot , a heritage - listed property located at Kirkham , on the outskirts of Camden . Sydney , the capital city of New South Wales , is a third location where major events occur , but most city scenes are filmed indoors , aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012 . Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera , the first Australian television production to do so . In June 2013 , Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season . Abby Earl told McWhirter , `` We 're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September , so there 's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna 's shoes . '' The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014 . TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned . However , in June 2014 , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series , and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season . On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . On 25 October 2014 , The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel , SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on Sunday 27 September 2015 at 8 : 30 pm on SoHo . Season 4 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase channel on Sunday 11 September 2016 . Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016 . The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958 . Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017 . Season 5 premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017 . A sixth season was announced by Foxtel on Wednesday , December 6 , 2017 to be aired in 2018 . Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main current cast ( edit ) Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams ( regular , season 1 - present ) , who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing , had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith . However , a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family , whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe . Later , she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II , and her life again spins into troubled times . Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh ( regular , season 1 - present ) , the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family . She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah , but she grudgingly mellows over time . Later in the series , she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn , and to become a better person . Brett Climo as Elizabeth 's son , George Bligh ( regular , season 1 - present ) , a good - hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her . He is Elaine 's widower ; at the beginning of the series , he appears to be father to James and Anna ; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack , taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal . His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him . Craig Hall as Jack Duncan ( regular , season 1 - present ) , the secret past lover of Carolyn , who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family . He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others . David Berry as James Bligh ( regular , seasons 1 - 4 ; recurring , season 5 ) , the only son of George and Elaine , who grows up unaware of his `` sister '' Anna 's true background . He marries Olivia , but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay , and tries to commit suicide . He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair , but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son . Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh ( regular , season 1 - present ) , James ' wife , a newlywed from England at the start of the series . She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection , but does try to come to terms with his `` condition '' . Abby Earl as Anna Bligh ( later Poletti ) ( regular , season 1 - present ) , the secret child of Carolyn and Jack , who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine . Anna marries a local farmer , Gino , after rebelling against the Bligh family . However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt , and his attempts to expand the farm fail . Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs ( regular , season 1 - present ) , a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start . He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town , eventually offering her a refuge in his small home . They develop an easy , informal , mutually - supportive friendship . Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh ( regular , season 2 - present ; recurring , season 1 ) . Much like her secret daughter Anna , Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation . For a long time , she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family , and has had little contact for years . Once her secret is revealed , she is reunited with her long - separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before . Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett , encountering new problems . Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox ( regular , season 3 - present ) , the doctor who helps to save George 's life after he is shot . Henry then goes on to befriend James , and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship . Henry falls under the devious control of Regina , when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction . Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins ( regular , season 4 - present ; recurring seasons 1 - 3 ) , the most widely - known member of the Inverness village , who seems omnipresent on her bicycle . Although she means well , her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive . Sarah dislikes her at first , but as time goes on , finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village . Main departed cast ( edit ) Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti ( regular , seasons 1 - 4 ) , the young , handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna 's heart on fire . He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody , but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful . Jenni Baird as Regina Standish ( regular , season 1 - 5 ) , the widowed , formerly wealthy and still money - hungry sister of George 's late wife , Elaine . Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been : cold , bitter , and scheming , she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah . Regina has now set her sights on the widower George 's inheritance , and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle . After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman , Regina was let go in 1958 . She returned to the town and helped Sarah and George fight Sir Richard 's cruel intentions . She committed suicide at the end of season 5 , drowning in a lake . Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson ( regular , season 1 ; recurring , season 4 ) , Amy 's gay brother . He has a brief romantic involvement with James , but when much of the village learns of Harry 's true nature , he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere . Later , when he returns after having been severely beaten , Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness . Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson ( regular , season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh . Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann ( regular , season 3 ; recurring , season 2 ) , the long - lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams . First seen only in flashback , Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris , and had disappeared without a trace . Later , when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive , she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture . Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life , and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him . Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell ( regular , season 4 ; recurring season 3 ) Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard , a retiree who ran a club for Australian war veterans . He married Elizabeth Bligh but died in season 5 . Recurring ( edit ) Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson , the wealthy friend of Elizabeth . Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney . As a member of Sydney 's upper class , she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party . Judi Farr as Peg Maloney , the aunt of Sarah Adams , who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney . She and Sarah have grown very close , and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action , she asks Peg for help . Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti , the mother of Gino . She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son , saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic . But when George accedes , she does so as well . Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson , the maid of the Bligh household . When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her , which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow . Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti , the father of Gino Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey Scott Grimley as Norman Parker ( driver ) Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis - Parker , a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment , who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves . Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford , a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight . His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target , as are the Italian Poletti family . Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances , but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims . Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett , a rich and powerful , but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper . He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess , including the people around him . Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard , Douglas ' son who returns to town after his father 's death . He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him . Broadcast ( edit ) Main article : List of A Place to Call Home episodes Series overview <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> OzTAM ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> 28 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) Seven Network 8 1,480,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> 11 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 13 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 7 1,150,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) SoHo 168,000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase 139,000 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 October 2017 24 December 2017 N / A N / A When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012 , A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles . Seven Network 's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012 , but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless `` casting and other elements '' were right . The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes . The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013 , in the 8 : 30 pm time slot ( previously occupied by Downton Abbey ) . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Australian Cinematographers Society Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Telefeatures , TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1 , Episode 9 : `` Cane Toad '' Won Equity Ensemble Awards Year Category Nominee ( s ) Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated Logie Awards Year Category Nominee Work Result Ref 2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated 2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Best Drama Program N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Nominated 2017 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series N / A A Place to Call Home Won International ( edit ) Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand in the Sundays 8.30 pm slot , moving later to 9.40 pm . Subsequent series have also aired on TV One , with series four currently screening at 8.30 pm on Fridays . The first season began airing in Denmark on DR1 in March 2014 . The show airs under the Danish title En Ny Begyndelse , which roughly translates to A New Beginning . In other Nordic countries the show has been aired in Finland by the national broadcasting company 's TV channel Yle TV1 . The show airs under the Finnish title Kotiin takaisin , which roughly translates to Back to home . In Finland , the series has been very popular , collecting at best over one million viewers ( twenty percent of the population ) . Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 , series three on 25 February 2016 , and series four on 13 February 2017 . The show also airs in Israel on Yes Drama under the title מקום בלב , which translates to A Place in the Heart . In the Netherlands the series airs too on MAX ( npo2 ) . The series is also shown in Estonia by ETV under the Estonian title Koduigatsus , which translates to Homesickness . The series has been very successful and popular . The first five seasons are available for streaming in the US on Acorn TV . The show is also distributed to Public broadcasting # television stations by American Public Television . In Croatia the show airs on HRT under the title Mjesto koje zovem dom , which translates to A Place That I Call Home . Home Media ( edit ) Title Set details <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release dates <Th_colspan="1"> Blu - ray release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 Discs : 4 Episodes : 13 3 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) Photo gallery ( region 2 only ) Interviews with the Cast ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 30 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) 23 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 17 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Character Profiles ( region 1 & 2 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Revised Edition Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 2 : Collector 's Edition Discs : 1 Episodes : 3 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) N / A Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Season 3 Discs : 3 Episodes : 10 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 7 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) N / A New season 2 finale Picture gallery Season 3 episode recaps ( region 4 only ) A Place to Call Home -- Season 4 Discs : 3 Episodes : 12 28 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) N / A Region 1 : Cast and crew interviews ( region 1 only ) Behind - the - scenes featurettes ( region 1 only ) Photo gallery Box sets ( edit ) Title Set details <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release dates Special features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Place to Call Home -- Season 1 & 2 Discs : 7 Episodes : 23 N / A N / A 29 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons One to Three Discs : 10 Episodes : 33 N / A 14 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Interviews Young to Old : Sarah 's Transformation Season 3 Character Profiles Season 3 Trailer New season 2 finale ( region 2 & 4 ) Picture gallery ( region 2 & 4 ) Season 3 episode recaps A Place to Call Home -- Complete Seasons 1 -- 4 Discs : 13 Episodes : 45 N / A 6 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 26 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Alternative series two finale ( region 2 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Blu - ray includes 3 discs . Jump up ^ Blu - ray and UK release includes 2 discs . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK . Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blake , Elissa ( 21 April 2013 ) . `` A Marta for her cause '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` More cast for A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home Drama Launch '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blundell , Graeme ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee 's new family drama '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Peter ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Dressed with vintage appeal '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Marta finds a home at Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeap , Sue ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` New Seven blockbuster cranks up '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media Limited ( Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ) . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Alicia ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home '' . Throng.com.au . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Jonathan ( 28 April 2013 ) . `` Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7 's new 1950s drama series '' . Property Observer . Private Media Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee 's A Place To Call Home '' . The Australian . News Limited ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home production details '' . Inside Film . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65 : A Place to Call Home '' . Inside Film . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 22 -- 28 June 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 25 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Vnuk , Helen ( 10 -- 16 May 2014 ) . `` Home comforts '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 19 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Williams , Glen ( 14 -- 20 June 2014 ) . `` No place to call home '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 22 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` New Place for A Place to Call Home '' . Sunday Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Amy ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Returning : A Place to Call Home '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` A Place To Call Home : Season 6 confirmed for 2018 '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2013 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV ratings : 2014 '' . Government of Australia . Screen Australia . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Zautsen , Daniel ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home , filmed at Camelot in Kirkham , will return for its fourth series on Foxtel 's showcase '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Programmers Wrap 2012 : Seven Network '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations to all our National Award Winners '' . Australian Cinematographers Society ( ACS ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced '' . TV Tonight . 30 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Logie Awards 2014 : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` 2016 Logie Awards : Winners '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Place to Call Home - TV ONE '' . TV One ( Television New Zealand , Ltd ) . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Programmers ' APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : American DVD releases : Lambert , David ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 1 ' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- ' Season 2 ' DVDs : Finalized Date , Details , Front Cover Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 16 February 2016 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The Sexy ' Season 3 ' is Coming to DVD this Spring '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Lambert , David ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` A Place to Call Home -- The ' Season 4 ' DVD 's Press Release Arrives from RLJ / Acorn '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : British DVD releases : `` A Place to Call Home Series One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series Two ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home Series 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . British box set releases : `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` A Place to Call Home -- Series 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Australian DVD releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 -- Revised Edition '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 2 Collector 's Disc -- New Final Episode '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Australian Blu - ray releases : `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` A Place To Call Home ; S2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Australian box set releases : `` A Place To Call Home -- Season 1 -- 2 '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . `` Place To Call Home , A -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Place to Call Home on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 - ) Cleverman ( 2016 - ) Harrow ( 2018 - ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Network Ten Offspring ( 2010 -- ) The Wrong Girl ( 2016 -- ) Sisters ( 2017 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=827865300 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2013 Australian television series debuts 2014 Australian television series endings 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian subscription television series Costume drama television series English - language television programs Period television series Seven Network shows SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Showcase Australia shows Television series by Endemol Television series by Seven Productions Television series revived after cancellation Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 04 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. A Place to Call Home TV series
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5,785,547,846,983,018,000 | when is the last time usa hosted olympics | List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 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01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 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02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 <Td_colspan="2"> ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 <Td_colspan="2"> ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . <Th_colspan="2"> Summer Olympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II <Th_colspan="2"> Winter Olympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games <Td_colspan="3"> Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD <Td_colspan="3"> Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=834497883 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of Olympic Games host cities
2. Summer and Winter Olympic Games
3. Host cities for multiple Olympic Games
4. Number of Olympic Games by country
5. Selection process for host cities |
-2,240,320,559,637,728,000 | an ecological efficiency of 10 in a marine ecosystem means that | Ecological efficiency - wikipedia Ecological efficiency Ecological efficiency describes the efficiency with which energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next . It is determined by a combination of efficiencies relating to organismic resource acquisition and assimilation in an ecosystem . Contents 1 Energy transfer 2 Quantifying ecological efficiency 3 Applications 4 Ten percent law 4.1 The food chain 4.2 Formula 5 See also 6 References Energy transfer ( edit ) A diagram of energy transfer between trophic levels Primary production occurs in autotrophic organisms of an ecosystem . Photoautotrophs such as vascular plants and algae convert energy from the sun into energy stored as carbon compounds . Photosynthesis is carried out in the chlorophyll of green plants . The energy converted through photosynthesis is carried through the trophic levels of an ecosystem as organisms consume members of lower trophic levels . Primary production can be broken down into gross and net primary production . Gross primary production is a measure of the energy that a photoautotroph harvests from the sun . Take , for example , a blade of grass that takes in x joules of energy from the sun . The fraction of that energy that is converted into glucose reflects the gross productivity of the blade of grass . The energy remaining after respiration is considered the net primary production . In general , gross production refers to the energy contained within an organism before respiration and net production the energy after respiration . The terms can be used to describe energy transfer in both autotrophs and heterotrophs . Energy transfer between trophic levels is generally inefficient , such that net production at one trophic level is generally only 10 % of the net production at the preceding trophic level ( the Ten percent law ) . Due to non-predatory death , egestion , and respiration , a significant amount of energy is lost to the environment instead of being absorbed for production by consumers . The figure approximates the fraction of energy available after each stage of energy loss in a typical ecosystem , although these fractions vary greatly from ecosystem to ecosystem and from trophic level to trophic level . The loss of energy by a factor of one half from each of the steps of non-predatory death , defecation , and respiration is typical of many living systems . Thus , the net production at one trophic level is 1 / 2 ∗ 1 / 2 ∗ 1 / 2 = 1 / 8 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 2 * 1 / 2 * 1 / 2 = 1 / 8 ) or approximately ten percent that of the trophic level before it . For example , assume 500 units of energy are produced by trophic level 1 . One half of that is lost to non-predatory death , while the other half ( 250 units ) is ingested by trophic level 2 . One half of the amount ingested is expelled through defecation , leaving the other half ( 125 units ) to be assimilated by the organism . Finally one half of the remaining energy is lost through respiration while the rest ( 63 units ) is used for growth and reproduction . This energy expended for growth and reproduction constitutes to the net production of trophic level 1 , which is equal to 500 ∗ 1 / 2 ∗ 1 / 2 ∗ 1 / 2 = 63 ( \ displaystyle 500 * 1 / 2 * 1 / 2 * 1 / 2 = 63 ) units . Quantifying ecological efficiency ( edit ) Ecological efficiency is a combination of several related efficiencies that describe resource utilization and the extent to which resources are converted into biomass . Exploitation efficiency is the amount of food ingested divided by the amount of prey production ( I n / P n − 1 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( n ) / P_ ( n - 1 ) ) ) Assimilation efficiency is the amount of assimilation divided by the amount of food ingestion ( A n / I n ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n ) / I_ ( n ) ) ) Net Production efficiency is the amount of consumer production divided by the amount of assimilation ( P n / A n ( \ displaystyle P_ ( n ) / A_ ( n ) ) ) Gross Production efficiency is the assimilation efficiency multiplied by the net production efficiency , which is equivalent to the amount of consumer production divided by amount of ingestion ( P n / I n ( \ displaystyle P_ ( n ) / I_ ( n ) ) ) Ecological efficiency is the exploitation efficiency multiplied by the assimilation efficiency multiplied by the net production efficiency , which is equivalent to the amount of consumer production divided by the amount of prey production ( P n / P n − 1 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( n ) / P_ ( n - 1 ) ) ) Theoretically , it is easy to calculate ecological efficiency using the mathematical relationships above . It is often difficult , however , to obtain accurate measurements of the values involved in the calculation . Assessing ingestion , for example , requires knowledge of the gross amount of food consumed in an ecosystem as well as its caloric content . Such a measurement is rarely better than an educated estimate , particularly with relation to ecosystems that are largely inaccessible to ecologists and tools of measurement . The ecological efficiency of an ecosystem is as a result often no better than an approximation . On the other hand , an approximation may be enough for most ecosystems , where it is important not to get an exact measure of efficiency , but rather a general idea of how energy is moving through its trophic levels . Applications ( edit ) In agricultural environments , maximizing energy transfer from producer ( food ) to consumer ( livestock ) can yield economic benefits . A sub-field of agricultural science has emerged that explores methods of monitoring and improving ecological and related efficiencies . In comparing the net efficiency of energy utilization by cattle , breeds historically kept for beef production , such as the Hereford , outperformed those kept for dairy production , such as the Holstein , in converting energy from feed into stored energy as tissue . This is a result of the beef cattle storing more body fat than the dairy cattle , as energy storage as protein was at the same level for both breeds . This implies that cultivation of cattle for slaughter is a more efficient use of feed than is cultivation for milk production . While it is possible to improve the efficiency of energy use by livestock , it is vital to the world food question to also consider the differences between animal husbandry and plant agriculture . Caloric concentration in fat tissues are higher than in plant tissues , causing high - fat organisms to be most energetically - concentrated ; however , the energy required to cultivate feed for livestock is only partially converted into fat cells . The rest of the energy input into cultivating feed is respired or egested by the livestock and unable to be used by humans . Out of a total of 96.8 ∗ ( \ displaystyle * ) 10 ^ 15 BTU of energy used in the US in 1999 , 10.5 % was used in food production , with the percentage accounting for food from both producer and primary consumer trophic levels . In comparing the cultivation of animals versus plants , there is a clear difference in magnitude of energy efficiency . Edible kilocalories produced from kilocalories of energy required for cultivation are : 18.1 % for chicken , 6.7 % for grass - fed beef , 5.7 % for farmed salmon , and 0.9 % for shrimp . In contrast , potatoes yield 123 % , corn produce 250 % , and soy results in 415 % of input calories converted to calories able to be utilized by humans . This disparity in efficiency reflects the reduction in production from moving up trophic levels . Thus , it is more energetically efficient to form a diet from lower trophic levels . Ten percent law ( edit ) The Ten percent law of transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next was introduced by Raymond Lindeman ( 1942 ) . According to this law , during the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next , only about ten percent of the energy from organic matter is stored as flesh . The remaining is lost during transfer , broken down in respiration , or lost to incomplete digestion by higher trophic level . The food chain ( edit ) Main article : Food chain When organisms are consumed , 10 % of the energy in the food is fixed into their flesh and is available for next trophic level ( carnivores or omnivores ) . When a carnivore or an omnivore consumes that animal , only about 10 % of energy is fixed in its flesh for the higher level . For example , the Sun releases 1000 J of energy , then plants take only 10 J of energy from sunlight ; thereafter , a deer would take 1 J from the plant . A wolf eating the deer would only take 0.1 J. A human eating the wolf would take 0.01 J , etc . The ten percent law provides a basic understanding on the cycling of food chains . Furthermore , the ten percent law shows the inefficiency of energy capture at each successive trophic level . The rational conclusion is that energy efficiency is best preserved by sourcing food as close to the initial energy source as possible . Formula ( edit ) Energy at n ( th ) level = ( energy given by sun ) / ( 10 ) ^ ( n + 1 ) . Or Energy at n ( Th ) level = ( energy given by plant ) / ( 10 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( Remember to count only from plant for both equation ) See also ( edit ) Eco-efficiency - the economic efficiency with which human society uses ecological resources References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gareett , W.N. Energetic Efficiency of Beef and Dairy Steers . Journal of Animal Science. 1971 . 32 : 451 - 456 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy , 2004 : Annual energy review 2003 . Rep. DOE / EIA - 0384 ( 2003 ) , Energy Information Administration , 390 pp Jump up ^ Eshel , Gidon and Martin , Pamela A. Diet , Energy , and Global Warming . Earth Interactions. 2005 . 10 : 1 - 17 Jump up ^ Lindeman , RL ( 1942 ) . `` The trophic - dynamic aspect of ecology '' . Ecology. 23 : 399 -- 418 . doi : 10.2307 / 1930126 . <Th_colspan="2"> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish <Th_colspan="2"> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology <Td_colspan="2"> List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_efficiency&oldid=854575506 '' Categories : Trophic ecology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 09 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Ecological efficiency
2. Energy transfer in ecosystems
3. Trophic levels
4. Quantifying ecological efficiency
5. Applications of ecological efficiency |
2,758,947,208,442,833,000 | what happened to the lead singer of metallica | James Hetfield - wikipedia James Hetfield Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with James Hatfield . <Th_colspan="2"> James Hetfield <Td_colspan="2"> Hetfield performing with Metallica in Paris , France in 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Birth name James Alan Hetfield ( 1963 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Downey , California , U.S. Genres Heavy metal thrash metal hard rock speed metal Occupation ( s ) Musician songwriter producer Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 1978 -- present Labels Warner Bros . Elektra Megaforce Associated acts Metallica Spastik Children Leather Charm Website metallica.com James Alan Hetfield ( born August 3 , 1963 ) is an American musician , singer , and songwriter known for being the co-founder , lead vocalist , rhythm guitarist , and main songwriter for the American heavy metal band Metallica . Hetfield is mainly known for his intricate rhythm playing , but occasionally performs lead guitar duties and solos , both live and in the studio . Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering a classified advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler . Metallica has won nine Grammy Awards and released ten studio albums , three live albums , four extended plays and 24 singles . In 2009 , Hetfield was ranked at no . 8 in Joel McIver 's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists , and ranked at no . 24 by Hit Parader on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time . In Guitar World 's poll , Hetfield was placed as the 19th greatest guitarist of all time , as well as being placed second ( along with Metallica lead guitarist Kirk Hammett ) in The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists poll of the same magazine . Rolling Stone placed Hetfield as the 87th greatest guitarist of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Equipment 4.1 Guitars 4.2 Amplifiers and cabinets 4.3 Effects 4.4 Accessories 5 Discography 5.1 Metallica 6 Filmography 7 Guest appearances 8 References 9 External links Early Life Hetfield was born on August 3 , 1963 in Downey , California , the son of Cynthia Bassett ( née Nourse ) , a light opera singer , and Virgil Lee Hetfield , a truck driver . He is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent . He has two older half - brothers from his mother 's first marriage and one younger sister . His parents divorced in 1976 when Hetfield was 13 . They were very strict Christian Scientists , and in accordance with their beliefs , they strongly disapproved of medicine or any other medical treatment and remained loyal to their faith , even as Cynthia was dying from cancer . This upbringing became the inspiration for many of Hetfield 's lyrics during his career with Metallica , most notably in the songs `` Dyers Eve '' and The God That Failed '' from their fourth and fifth albums , respectively . Cynthia died of cancer in 1979 when Hetfield was 16 years old . After the death of his mother , Hetfield went to live with his older half - brother David . Virgil died in late 1996 , during Metallica 's Load tour . Hetfield attended Downey High School for his freshman and sophomore years . Hetfield was nine years old when he first began piano lessons , after which he took on his half - brother David 's drums and finally , at the age of 14 , he began to play guitar with Robert Okner . He was also in a few bands as a teenager -- one being Leather Charm and another , Obsession . Hetfield identifies Aerosmith as having been his main musical influence as a child , and has said they were the reason he wanted to play guitar . He has also cited Queen , Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath , Misfits , AC / DC , Cheap Trick , Rush , Van Halen , Blue Öyster Cult , Scorpions , Alice Cooper , Kiss , Ramones , Motörhead , Sex Pistols , Venom , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , ZZ Top , Thin Lizzy , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Allman Brothers Band , Ted Nugent , Rainbow , and Deep Purple as influences . Career In the early days of the band , Metallica experimented with a few different vocals and guitar combinations , essentially creating a setup similar to that of British metal band Diamond Head , another major influence on Hetfield . Some of the options considered included adding another guitar player , having John Roads play lead guitar , as well as asking John Bush from Armored Saint ( who later joined Anthrax ) to sing for the band . The finalized line - up of the band became Hetfield ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , Lars Ulrich ( drums ) , Dave Mustaine ( lead guitar ) , and Ron McGovney ( bass ) who was soon replaced by Cliff Burton . Hetfield referred to their early sound as power metal . The term `` thrash metal '' was first used when Kerrang journalist Malcolm Dome described the Anthrax song `` Metal Thrashing Mad '' in an issue of Kerrang in February 1984 . From 1982 to 1983 , Mustaine 's alcoholism sparked heated altercations between himself and Hetfield . Mustaine also once poured beer onto McGovney 's bass nearly causing serious damage . On April 1 , 1983 , the band recruited lead guitarist Kirk Hammett from the band Exodus and 10 days later Hetfield and Ulrich officially removed Mustaine from the band due to his alcoholic tendencies . Mustaine was sent home on a 4 - day bus journey , and went on to form the heavy metal band Megadeth . Until the mid-1990s , Hetfield recorded all rhythm tracks and most harmony tracks . Since the recording of Load , Hammett has been recording rhythm guitars as well . Hetfield occasionally plays guitar solos on songs such as `` Nothing Else Matters '' , `` My Friend of Misery '' , `` Just a Bullet Away '' , the outro solo on `` The Outlaw Torn '' , the second solo on `` To Live Is to Die '' , the first solo on `` Suicide and Redemption '' , the first interlude solo on `` Master of Puppets '' , the harmonized solo on `` Orion '' and the introduction for `` The Day That Never Comes '' . He also writes the majority of the guitar harmonies , as well as writing the lyrics , vocal melodies , and co-arranging the songs with Ulrich . Hetfield playing in Mexico in 2010 Hetfield has been involved in a number of onstage accidents , most notable being an incident with pyrotechnics at Olympic Stadium in Montreal during the Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour on August 8 , 1992 . Hetfield was the victim of a severe pyrotechnics accident during the song `` Fade to Black '' , in which a pyrotechnic charge exploded . Hetfield 's guitar protected him from the full force of the blast ; however , the fire engulfed his left side , burning his hand , arm , eyebrows , face and hair . He suffered second and third - degree burns , but was back on stage 17 days later , although his guitar duties were delegated to former guitar tech and Metal Church guitarist John Marshall for four weeks while he made a full recovery . Hetfield has also broken his arm a number of times while skateboarding , which prevented him from playing guitar on stage , and subsequently caused Hetfield 's management company Q Prime to add a clause in Hetfield 's contract forbidding him to ride a skateboard while Metallica was touring . During a live performance on tour for Metallica , Hetfield experienced complications with his vocals after performing a cover of the Anti-Nowhere League song `` So What ? '' , forcing him to take vocal lessons for the first time . He did basic warm - up exercises to piano keys with his vocal coach who also gave him a cassette tape of the piano warm - up for future use . Hetfield still uses the same cassette he was given in the early nineties to this day before any live performance or any recording Metallica does . Hetfield talks about his vocal training endeavors in the Metallica documentary film , Some Kind of Monster produced and directed by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky . James Hetfield live in London 24 October 2017 During the recording of the band 's eighth studio album St. Anger in 2001 , Hetfield went into rehab to address his alcohol addiction . He rejoined the band after seven months in rehab and four months recovering with his family . He is now clean and sober and is determined to remain so , all of which is featured in Some Kind of Monster . Some Kind of Monster also shows the making of the St. Anger album and documents the various conflicts and issues the band were facing at the time including the departure of Jason Newsted , alcoholism , family commitments , and the future of the band with many in the rock press questioning whether the band would even still be together to see the completion of the St. Anger album . Hetfield and Metallica addressed their need for a new bassist by recruiting Robert Trujillo , former bass player of Ozzy Osbourne . It was more of a swap since Ozzy Osbourne surprisingly recruited Jason Newsted shortly after Trujillo 's transfer . The new line - up has continued to make music and tour worldwide . Metallica 's ninth studio album , Death Magnetic , was released on September 12 , 2008 . Like St. Anger and every album of original material released by Metallica since 1991 's Metallica , Death Magnetic went to # 1 on the Billboard charts in over 30 countries during its first week of release . On April 4 , 2009 , Hetfield , along with remaining Metallica members Ulrich , Hammett , Trujillo , as well as former bassist Newsted and the deceased Cliff Burton ( who was represented by his father ) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In an interview after their nomination , Hetfield commented that everyone who had appeared on an album with the band would be inducted . This excluded original guitarist Dave Mustaine and original bassist Ron McGovney , as both had appeared only on the band 's early demo tapes . Hetfield and the rest of Metallica , including Newsted , performed `` Master of Puppets '' and `` Enter Sandman '' to end the ceremony . Personal Life Hetfield backstage at the Big Day Out 2004 Hetfield married his wife , Francesca Tomasi , on August 17 , 1997 . He currently lives in Vail , Colorado , citing a `` multitude of reasons '' for moving there , including it being his wife 's childhood hometown , the natural beauty , and the quiet environment ; he also has residences in California and Maui , Hawaii . Hetfield says he is often happiest spending time with his wife and their three children . During an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Hetfield stated that his wife had helped him to mature and learn to deal with his anger issues more constructively , explaining that after they met , his destructive tendencies embarrassed both of them . He is also sober and has been undergoing a rehab program since 2002 ( documented in the film Some Kind of Monster ) , maintaining total abstinence from alcohol . In a 2010 interview with So What ! , the official magazine of Metallica 's fan club , Hetfield stated that he is a `` reborn straight edge '' . Hetfield enjoys a variety of activities , most notably hunting ; farming and beekeeping ; customizing cars and motorcycles in his garage ; watching the Oakland Raiders , the San Francisco Giants , and the San Jose Sharks ; and going to hot rod shows . He put his 1968 Chevrolet Camaro up for sale on eBay , with the proceeds going to a Music for Schools program . The car was used in the video for `` I Disappear '' and was given to him as a gift upon the video 's completion . Years later , Hetfield donated the car to the Hard Rock Cafe which is featured in the movie Hard Rock Treasures . `` Slowburn '' , his 1936 Auburn boat tail speedster , won the 2010 Goodguys West Coast Custom of the Year . Hetfield performing live with Metallica at San Antonio , Texas in 2017 Hetfield has a number of tattoos , including one which shows flames encasing four playing cards -- ace ( 1 ) , 9 , 6 , and 3 -- representing the year of his birth , and the words `` Carpe Diem '' ( `` seize the day '' ) . The flames on the tattoo are in reference to the pyrotechnic accident which he suffered in 1992 during a concert in Montreal . He has tattooed an `` M '' on his right hand for `` Metallica '' , and an `` F '' on his left hand for `` Francesca '' . He also has some Christian tattoos , including crosses and one of Jesus on his right arm . He has a tattoo of two razors forming the straight edge X symbol on his left wrist . The first single Hetfield ever bought was `` Sweet Home Alabama '' by Lynyrd Skynyrd . He was featured in a documentary , called Absent , directed by Justin Hunt , which takes a look at the effects of absent fathers on their children and the `` father wound '' that they leave behind . Hetfield has expressed his disdain for politics and celebrities who `` soapbox their opinions '' , stating that `` for us , people are people -- you should all have your own opinion '' . In 2007 , Metallica performed at London 's Live Earth concert . When Hetfield was asked for his thoughts on climate change , he responded by saying : `` I really avoided the press around the Live Earth day . I did n't quite agree with what was going on there . Politics drive me crazy , and I do n't like talking politics . Politics get in the way of things ; they get in the way of getting things done , and getting our music across is what we wan na do -- we do n't wan na cloud it with ' Democrat , Republican , ' whatever . Our philosophy is ' think for yourself ' at the end of the day -- do what you think feels right . I really believe that humans will survive . I have a lot of faith in mankind that we will overcome and adapt -- whatever it is ; whether it 's man - made or God - made , or Earth / Mother Nature -- we have a lot of smart people on this planet that will make something good out of bad . '' In 2008 , he made comments which were perceived as endorsing the use of his music at Guantánamo Bay to torture prisoners . British band Chumbawamba subsequently released a song called `` Torturing James Hetfield '' , as a direct response . Equipment This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` James Hetfield '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ESP Iron Cross Snow White James Hetfield Signature Guitars Hetfield has been a major endorser of ESP Guitars since the 1980s , and is best known for playing custom - made Explorer - style guitars with an EMG 81 / EMG 60 set for pickups . Hetfield 's main guitar from the early days was a Flying V copy made in Japan by Electra , used almost exclusively until 1984 when he switched to the Gibson Explorer model . During the mid-1990s , ESP produced the first of his signature model guitars . To date , Hetfield has had six signature guitars ( may soon be seven ) with the company . However , Hetfield often uses guitars from Gibson and other companies instead of ESP despite his endorsement . Some of Hetfield 's current tour guitars are : ESP Truckster signature models in grey and black finishes ESP `` Iron Cross '' -- Has the Eclipse body shape ; distressed black with gold hardware , with a gold racing stripe and a gold Iron Cross on the body . It is based on the design of his 1970s Gibson Les Paul Custom . ESP EXplorer -- distressed black finish with white pickguard ESP EXplorer -- silver diamond plate ESP EXplorer -- black diamond plate ESP EXplorer `` Papa Het '' -- with a white finish and some drawings by Dirty Donny ESP EXplorer -- black diamond plate with deer antler inlay ESP Flying V -- white finish ( replica of his old Flying - V copy ) ESP LTD `` The Grynch '' -- signature guitar , black with green flames on both the front and back of the body and neck , used for the song `` Frantic '' . ESP `` Snakebyte '' -- custom guitars in black and white finishes ; feature a custom body and headstock designed by Hetfield . The retail model was revealed to the public at the 2011 Winter NAMM show . Gibson Explorer -- silverburst with white pickguard Gibson Explorer `` Rusty '' -- black satin with tarnished metal pickguard Gibson Flying V -- sunburst Gibson Flying V -- silverburst Gibson Flying V -- white , chrome pickups Gibson Les Paul Custom 1970s - era Les Paul with distressed black finish , gold stripe and gold iron cross on body ; referred to as `` Uncle Milty '' and was the inspiration for his ESP Iron Cross signature model Gibson Les Paul Custom -- purple satin finish Gibson Les Paul Custom -- natural finish with drawing on body that says `` Cliff Burton RIP '' James Trussart metal Explorer James Trussart Steel DeVille -- Les Paul - shaped guitar with a perforated , rusted steel front Ken Lawrence Explorer -- The first of three custom made Explorer - type guitars made by Northern Californian luthier Ken Lawrence . It features a mahogany body with a chechen bark laminate top , modified Ken Lawrence headstock and custom `` Tribal Hunting Scene '' inlays . Ken Lawrence Explorer -- It features a mahogany body with a quilted bubinga top , modified Ken Lawrence headstock , chechen rear cover plate and custom `` Sun - Ray '' inlays . Line 6 Variax Acoustic 700 -- used live for songs featuring acoustic guitars , such as `` Fade to Black '' and `` The Unforgiven '' . `` Dave of England custom aluminium engraved tattoo finish '' -- a Zemaitis guitar with an engraved metal top Fender Telecaster -- with B - Bender in butterscotch finish Other guitars owned / previously used by Hetfield include : 1984 Gibson Explorer # 1 -- white finish with `` MORE BEER '' written on white tape in the bottom left corner , the stock pickups were swapped for EMG 81 / EMG 81 set 1984 Gibson Explorer # 2 -- white finish with `` So What '' written in the bottom left corner , the stock pickups were swapped for EMG 81 / EMG 81 set ESP Explorer -- black finish with EMG pickups , used as a warm - up guitar in the early 1990s Several Gibson Les Paul models -- including Standard models in black , cherry sunburst , and lemon burst finishes Gibson EDS - 1275 -- red finish 1963 Gibson SG -- red finish with Gibson Vibrola vibrato system Gibson Moderne -- black finish , gold hardware Gibson Firebird -- seen in practice ESP EXplorer # 1 -- Hetfield 's first ESP guitar : white finish , `` EET FUK '' on the body , `` middle finger '' inlays . The headstock broke many times and the guitar was eventually retired from live use , it has been seen in use on the recording of the new album during the making of `` Suicide and Redemption '' ESP EXplorer # 2 -- Hetfield 's second ESP guitar : white finish , occasionally used live but Hetfield retired it for studio use Numerous other ESP EXplorer models -- including models with black finishes and custom inlays ( including the `` man - to - wolf '' inlays model and eagle inlay model ) ; a double - neck model ; a model with a custom `` Burnt Elk Skull '' finish ; and a model with a black finish and EMG pickups in an H / S / S configuration . ESP JH1 Flying V -- signature guitar with flames over a black finish ESP Flying V with green flames ( similar to the JH1 ) ESP Eclipse JH3 -- Eclipse with black finish , with white `` hot rod '' pinstripe design , gold hardware , and checkered flag inlays ESP Eclipse -- `` kustom kulture '' graphic finish with iron cross inlays Other ESPs include : a Viper with custom artwork , several Eclipses and F - series models ( including 7 - strings in standard and 6 - strings in drop - C tuning ) ESP Horizon Double - neck -- Used while touring for the Black Album . Was possibly used after his ESP Explorer Double - neck was damaged in a pyrotechnic accident Ken Lawrence Doubleneck Explorer Ken Lawrence Dragon Les Paul Zemaitis GZ Series GZV500MF - MBK -- V - shaped guitar that has an engraved metal plate on the front of the body . Recently used by Hetfield on the World Magnetic Tour . Fender Stratocaster -- modified with natural finish , gold hardware and EMG pickups Jackson King V -- white finish with chrome hardware , used during the Damage , Inc . Tour . White Flying V copy -- This guitar is not a Gibson Flying V , but a Japanese copy made by Electra which Hetfield purchased for $200 . It was retired after the neck broke twice and the guitar started to go out of tune easily . The stock bridge pickup was later replaced with Seymour Duncan Invader . Recently Hetfield had ESP make an exact copy of it even down to the bolt on neck . The pickups were swapped for EMG 81 / 60 , knobs were replaced with Gibson style black speed knobs , pickup selector has been moved up and stock machineheads were replaced with Shaller machineheads . This guitar has been seen during the making of `` ' Death Magnetic during the making of `` The Judas Kiss '' . ( This list is not exhaustive -- he has a large collection of guitars , not all of which are listed . ) Amplifiers and cabinets Hetfield in 2009 Throughout Metallica 's career , Hetfield has used a wide range of different amplifiers . For the first two albums , he used Marshall heads and cabinets , with occasional effects . The specific Marshall that he used for Kill ' Em All was stolen after a concert prior to the recording of Ride the Lightning ; Hetfield was extremely upset by the theft , as his mother had helped him purchase the amplifier before her death . In 1985 , for the recording of Master of Puppets , he and Kirk Hammett each bought a Mesa / Boogie Mark IIC+ amplifier ( the preamp sections of which were connected to Marshall power amplifiers ) , and since then he has mostly used Mesa / Boogies , including the Triaxis and Rectifier models . Around the time of St. Anger , Hetfield began using the Diezel VH4 head . The majority of his clean tones come from a Roland JC - 120 Jazz Chorus Guitar Amplifier , although many different amplifiers have been used over the years . In December 2011 , it was announced by Fortin Amps that they would team up with Randall Amplifiers to start a new line of tube amplifiers based on the Fortin Meathead amplifier . Kirk Hammett currently has two prototypes , and Hetfield will eventually be receiving one . The amplifiers currently used on tour by Hetfield are : Mesa / Boogie TriAxis preamp ( x4 ) Mesa / Boogie Simul - Class 2 : 90 power amp ( x2 ) Mesa / Boogie Triple Rectifier heads Diezel VH4 heads Mesa / Boogie 4x12 cabinets with Celestion V30 speakers in isolation cabinets Roland JC - 120 combo amplifiers Effects To avoid problems with pedals being damaged during live performances , Hetfield keeps his effect pedals in a rack along with his amplifiers and his guitar technician controls them through a pedalboard sidestage . The pedal controller allows him to change between different effect pedals and amplifiers . Hetfield 's live rig in 2008 included : TC Electronic G - Major Line 6 DM4 Mesa / Boogie Custom Graphic EQ MXR Phase 100 ATI NanoAmp SUM 100 Klon Centaur Boss NS - 2 Noise Suppressor Voodoo Lab Ground Control Pro Voodoo Lab GCX Audio Switcher ( x2 ) Voodoo Lab Pedal Power 2 Plus DBX 1074 Quad Gate Behringer Multigate Pro In 2010 , a Line 6 effects unit was added to the list , along with the TC Electronic unit , perhaps indicating that this had replaced his stompboxes . Accessories Ernie Ball Power Slinky strings (. 11 --. 48 ) Dunlop James Hetfield Black Fang 1.14 mm picks 3 '' Levy 's Straps Peterson Strobe 420 Tuner EMG JH Het Set Shure UR - 4D Wireless Equipment Furman AR Pro Power Conditioner In addition , Hetfield uses Shure Super 55 microphones for vocals . Discography Metallica Main article : Metallica discography Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Some Kind of Monster Himself Documentary film 2006 The Darwin Awards Himself Feature film 2013 Metallica : Through the Never Himself Concert film TBA Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile Bob Hayward Feature film Television Year Title Role Notes Space Ghost Coast to Coast Himself `` Jacksonville '' ( season 3 , episode 11 ) Dave the Barbarian Dragon 1 Voice ; `` Here There Be Dragons '' ( season 1 , episode 10a ) 2006 Metalocalypse Various characters Voice ; four episodes ( season 1 ) 2006 The Simpsons Himself Voice ; `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' ( season 18 , episode 1 ) 2009 Time Warp Himself `` Heavy Metal , Motorcross and Chain Saws '' ( season 2 , episode 4 ) 2014 The Hunt Narrator All episodes ( season 1 ) 2016 American Dad ! Water polo coach Voice ; `` The Life Aquatic with Steve Smith '' ( season 13 , episode 2 ) 2016 Billions Himself `` Short Squeeze '' ( season 1 , episode 4 ) 2016 -- present Skylanders Academy Wolfgang Voice ; recurring role Guest appearances Hetfield sang `` Stone Cold Crazy '' at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert , accompanied by the remaining members of Queen and Tony Iommi on rhythm guitar . He provided backing vocals on `` Man or Ash '' on the Corrosion of Conformity album Wiseblood . He sang backing vocals on `` Twist of Cain '' and `` Possession '' on Danzig 's debut album , Danzig . He played guitar on `` Eclectic Electric '' from the Primus album Antipop . Though previously believed to have been sung by Trey Parker , the song `` Hell Is n't Good '' from the film South Park : Bigger , Longer and Uncut was actually sung by Hetfield . He admitted to doing so in 2000 , confirming what many Hetfield fans had already recognized as his trademark growling style. The Playboy Interview : Metallica ( April 2001 ) . Hetfield sang on the Gov 't Mule song `` Drivin ' Rain '' with fellow guest Les Claypool , which appears on the compilation album Crank It Up with NASCAR . He also performed at the Outlaws Concert in 2004 , alongside Hank Williams Jr. , Cowboy Troy , Big & Rich , Gretchen Wilson , and Kid Rock . Hetfield played one of close friend Waylon Jennings 's songs , `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand , '' the very same he recorded on the tribute album to Jennings , I 've Always Been Crazy . At this same event , he performed Metallica 's `` Mama Said '' with Jesse Colter , the widow of Waylon Jennings , though this was cut from the television broadcast . Hetfield , as well as Metallica 's lead guitarist Kirk Hammett , voiced characters in a number of episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse . Hetfield , along with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich , voiced a pair of teenage dragons in an episode of Disney 's Dave the Barbarian , entitled `` Here There Be Dragons '' . He also appeared as a guest in an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast entitled `` Jacksonville '' alongside Hammett . Hetfield , along with the current Metallica lineup , appeared on an episode of Discovery 's Time Warp , aptly titled `` Metallica . '' Hetfield appeared on an episode the MTV show , Celebrity Deathmatch in which he killed Limp Bizkit vocalist , Fred Durst , but he and ref Mills Lane disappeared after Mankind jumped from the top of the roof and onto the ring and then it collapsed . A photo of Hetfield appeared on Rammstein 's music video Haifisch , and was apparently `` picked '' to be the replacement for the `` dead '' Till Lindemann ( only a video set and was not official despite him actually still alive as seen later in the clip ) . Hetfield and Metallica also appeared in a Simpson 's episode , `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' . Hetfield appeared onstage with Alice in Chains on June 2 , 2006 at Rock Am Ring , singing deceased lead vocalist Layne Staley 's vocal parts on the song `` Would ? '' . Alice in Chains guitarist Jerry Cantrell has also joined Metallica in concert , performing `` Nothing Else Matters '' . He again appeared with Alice in Chains to perform `` Would ? '' when they played at The Warfield in San Francisco on November 26 , 2006 . Hetfield and filmmaker Justin Hunt were interviewed about the documentary Absent , which was directed by Hunt and features Hetfield and takes a look at the effects of absent fathers on their children , on Fox News Channel 's Fox and Friends program on March 30 , 2011 . Hetfield is a playable character in Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD . Hetfield appeared on the 2012 CMT Artists of the Year Awards Show to congratulate his friend , Eric Church on being named one of the Artists of the Year . On November 17 , 2000 , James Hetfield was at a Misfits concert accompanied by his body guard at Maritime Hall in San Francisco , where he eventually got up on the stage and sang `` Last Caress '' , then `` Die , Die My Darling '' whilst being accompanied by the band . On February 1 , 2016 , James Hetfield appeared in the American Dad ! episode The Life Aquatic with Steve Smith as a water polo coach , constantly denying that he was The James Hetfield . James performed guest vocals on the Heart song `` Beautiful Broken '' from their album of the same name which was released on July 8 , 2016 . Hetfield is the voice of Wolfgang from the animated Skylanders Academy series . References Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm Over My Metallica Demons , ' Says Dave Mustaine '' . Claasic Rock . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Hetfield Biography , Bio , Profile , pictures , photos from '' . Netglimse.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Tree Maker 's Genealogy Site : Genealogy Report : Ancestors of James Alan Hetfield '' . Familytreemaker.genealogy.com. 1963 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Playboy Interview . Ilikethat.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Metallica 's James Hetfield Inducted Into Downey High Hall Of Fame `` CBS Los Angeles '' . Losangeles.cbslocal.com. 2011 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Web.archive.org . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Search Articles , Artists , Reviews , Videos , Music and Movies . Rolling Stone . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( February 23 , 1984 ) . `` Anthrax ' Fistful of Metal ' '' . Kerrang ! . 62 . London , UK : Spotlight Publications Ltd. p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Music : Megadeth '' . Behind the Music . 2001 . VH1 . Jump up ^ Metallica.com Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Metallica.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Peisner , David ( February 2007 ) . `` Rock Stars Who 've Caught Fire Onstage ! '' . Blender Magazine Online . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Music Fan Clubs Metallica -- Metallica > The Band > James Hetfield . Musicfanclubs.org ( August 3 , 1963 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Metallica.com Archived January 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Metallica.com ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Metallica -- `` My Apocalypse '' Review -- Music Review at IGN Archived September 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Uk.music.ign.com ( August 28 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica : inducted in 2009 '' . Rock And Roll Hall of Fame . February 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Metallica.com . Metallica.com ( August 3 , 1963 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Alyssa ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` James Hetfield moved to ' quiet ' Colorado to enjoy outdoors , escape ' elitist ' Bay Area attitudes '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica 's James Hetfield on Rock and Therapy '' . January 28 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Interview with James Hetfield about his new straight edge tattoo in So What ! magazine Jump up ^ `` Metallica News '' . blabbermouth.net . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ S&M DVD special features interview Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Metallica : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RMM : James Hetfield featured in ABSENT documentary , exclusive interview with director Justin Hunt Archived December 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rockvillemusicmagazine.com ( August 25 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ RMM : James Hetfield Interview with Filmmaker Justin Hunt : The Fight For Fatherhood . Rockvillemusicmagazine.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : RMM : James Hetfield to Appear on FOX and Friends with Filmmaker Justin Hunt . Rockvillemusicmagazine.com ( March 28 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris . ( August 4 , 2008 ) Metallica Tackle Forgiveness , Resentment In ' The Day That Never Comes ' Clip -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News . MTV . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` JAMES HETFIELD Says METALLICA Is Focusing on Feeling Around ' Master of Puppets ' For New CD -- July 14 , 2007 '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Clive Stafford ( 2008 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Welcome to ' the disco ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` HETFIELD On Use Of METALLICA 's Music To Torture Guantanamo Bay Prisoners : ' Part Of Me Is Proud ' '' . Blabbermouth . Jump up ^ Chumbawamba - Guest Editors , at Spiral Earth ; published 22 February 2010 ; retrieved via archive.org 9 December 2016 ; `` ( ... ) James Hetfield comes out and says he 's proud their music has been used to torture Guantanamo prisoners . `` It represents something that they do n't like -- maybe freedom , aggression ... I do n't know ... Freedom of speech . '' Although he thinks music and politics do n't mix -- obviously . So writing a song about torturing James Hetfield with Chumbawamba 's music was irresistible . '' Jump up ^ `` Joe Berlinger on Instagram '' . Instagram . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` METALLICA - Encyclopedia Metallica - Projects - James Hetfield '' . Encycmet.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Heart , James Hetfield Sing Jagged Duet ' Beautiful Broken ' '' . rollingstone.com . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : James Hetfield Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Hetfield . James Hetfield on IMDb NPR Interview With Metallica Guitarist and Vocalist James Hetfield ( 2004 , audio ) James Hetfield discography at MusicBrainz Peisner , David ( February 2007 ) . `` Rock Stars Who 've Caught Fire Onstage ! '' . Blender Magazine Online . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . <Th_colspan="2"> Metallica <Td_colspan="2"> James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Cliff Burton Dave Mustaine Ron McGovney Studio albums Kill ' Em All Ride the Lightning Master of Puppets ... And Justice for All Metallica Load Reload St. Anger Death Magnetic Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct Cover albums Garage Inc . Collaboration projects Lulu Extended plays The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited Beyond Magnetic Live albums S&M Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México Live at Grimey 's The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Through the Never Box sets The Good , the Bad & the Live Live Shit : Binge & Purge Limited - Edition Vinyl Box Set The Metallica Collection Singles `` Whiplash '' `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Creeping Death '' `` Master of Puppets '' `` Harvester of Sorrow '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` One '' `` Enter Sandman '' `` The Unforgiven '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wherever I May Roam '' `` Sad but True '' `` Until It Sleeps '' `` Hero of the Day '' `` Mama Said '' `` King Nothing '' `` The Memory Remains '' `` The Unforgiven II '' `` Fuel '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Whiskey in the Jar '' `` Die , Die My Darling '' `` Nothing Else Matters ' 99 '' `` No Leaf Clover '' `` I Disappear '' `` St. Anger '' `` Frantic '' `` The Unnamed Feeling '' `` Some Kind of Monster '' `` The Day That Never Comes '' `` All Nightmare Long '' `` Broken , Beat & Scarred '' `` The View '' `` Lords of Summer '' `` Hardwired '' `` Moth into Flame '' `` Atlas , Rise ! '' `` Now That We 're Dead '' `` Spit Out the Bone '' Promotional singles `` Fade to Black '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Do n't Tread on Me '' `` Ai n't My Bitch '' `` Bleeding Me '' `` Better than You '' `` My Apocalypse '' `` Cyanide '' `` The Judas Kiss '' Other songs `` Seek & Destroy '' `` Am I Evil ? '' `` Blitzkrieg '' `` Breadfan '' `` The God That Failed '' `` Astronomy '' `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Last Caress / Green Hell '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' `` So What ? '' `` Overkill '' `` The Unforgiven III '' Video albums Cliff ' Em All 2 of One A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Cunning Stunts S&M The Videos 1989 -- 2004 Français Pour une Nuit Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Quebec Magnetic Metallica Through the Never Tours Kill ' Em All Tour Ride the Lightning Tour Damage , Inc . Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1987 Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 Damaged Justice Tour Wherever We May Roam Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Nowhere Else to Roam Tour Shit Hits the Sheds Tour Poor Touring Me Poor Re-Touring Me Tour Garage Remains the Same Tour M2K Mini Tour Summer Sanitarium Tour Madly in Anger with the World Tour Escape from the Studio ' 06 Sick of the Studio ' 07 2008 European Vacation Tour World Magnetic Tour 2012 European Black Album Tour The Full Arsenal Tour By Request Tour Lords of Summer Tour WorldWired Tour Related articles Awards Discography Demos Songs recorded Apocalyptica Beatallica Big Mick Orion Music + More Echobrain Exodus Flotsam and Jetsam Megadeth Newsted Metallica v. Napster , Inc . A Tribute to the Four Horsemen The Blackest Album : An Industrial Tribute to Metallica Johnny Got His Gun The Good , the Bad and the Ugly Damage Incorporated Guitar Hero : Metallica Songs So What ! ( magazine ) Metallic Assault : A Tribute to Metallica Metallic Attack : The Ultimate Tribute Metal Militia -- A Tribute to Metallica Metallica : This Monster Lives Pianotarium Star Odyssey Hesher <Td_colspan="2"> Book BNE : XX1275880 BNF : cb14048890g ( data ) GND : 136212735 ISNI : 0000 0000 7884 8854 LCCN : nb2002016265 MusicBrainz : 68c34082 - c1d5 - 4399 - af9b - 3921ca0a6a1f NKC : ola2002150640 NLA : 49116732 SELIBR : 403782 VIAF : 84962297 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hetfield&oldid=839193923 '' Categories : 1963 births 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers American operatic baritones American beekeepers American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American rock singers American rock songwriters American male songwriters American skateboarders Critics of Christian Science Former Christian Scientists Living people Metallica members Musicians from Downey , California People from Brea , California Rhythm guitarists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Singers from California Songwriters from California American hunters American fishers Thrash metal musicians Guitarists from California American male guitarists People who follow a straight edge lifestyle 20th - century American guitarists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 BLP articles lacking sources from December 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. James Hetfield - American musician and songwriter
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7,742,196,979,552,442,000 | who directed the construction of the panama canal | History of the Panama canal - wikipedia History of the Panama canal Jump to : navigation , search Miraflores Locks in 2004 The idea of the Panama canal dates back to the 1513 discovery of the isthmus by Vasco Núñez de Balboa . The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal , a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . The earliest European colonists recognized this potential , and several proposals for a canal were made . By the late nineteenth century , technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest . Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea - level canal . Beset by cost overruns due to the severe underestimation of the difficulties in excavating the rugged Panama land , heavy personnel losses in Panama due to tropical diseases , and political corruption in France surrounding the financing of the massive project , the project succeeded in only partially completing the canal . Interest in a U.S. - led canal effort picked up as soon as France abandoned the project . Initially , the Panama site was politically unfavorable in the U.S. for a variety of reasons , including the taint of the failed French efforts and the Colombian government 's unfriendly attitude towards the U.S. continuing the project . The U.S. first sought to construct a completely new canal through Nicaragua instead . French engineer and financier Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla played a key role in changing U.S. attitudes . Bunau - Varilla had a large stake in the failed French canal company , and stood to make money on his investment only if the Panama Canal was completed . Extensive lobbying of U.S. lawmakers coupled with his support of a nascent independence movement among the Panamanian people led to a simultaneous revolution in Panama and the negotiation of the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty which secured both independence for Panama and the right for the U.S. to lead a renewed effort to construct the canal . Colombia 's response to the Panamanian independence movement was tempered by U.S. military presence ; the move is often cited as a classic example of the era of gunboat diplomacy . U.S. success hinged on two factors . First was converting the original French sea - level plan to a more realistic lock - controlled canal . The second was controling disease which decimated workers and management alike under the original French attempt . Initial chief engineer John Frank Stevens built much of the infrastructure necessary for later construction ; slow progress on the canal itself led to his replacement by George Washington Goethals . Goethals oversaw the bulk of the excavation of the canal , including appointing Major David du Bose Gaillard to oversee the most daunting project , the Culebra Cut through the roughest terrain on the route . Almost as important as the engineering advances was the healthcare advances made during the construction , led by William C. Gorgas , an expert in controlling tropical diseases such as yellow fever and malaria . Gorgas was one of the first to recognize the role of mosquitoes in the spread of these diseases , and by focusing on controling the mosquitoes greatly improved worker conditions . On 7 January 1914 the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley became the first to make the traverse , and on 1 April 1914 the construction was officially completed with the hand - over of the project from the contruction company to the Canal Zone government . The outbreak of World War I caused the cancellation of any official `` grand opening '' celebration , and the canal officially opened to commercial traffic on 15 August 1914 with the transit of the SS Ancon . During World War II , the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy , allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific . Politically , the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977 , when the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties began the process of transferring territorial control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama , a process completed on 31 December 1999 . The Panama Canal continues to be a viable commercial venture and a vital link in world shipping , and continues to be periodically updated and maintained . The Panama Canal expansion project started construction in 2007 and began commercial operation on 26 June 2016 . The new locks allow transit of larger Post-Panamax and New Panamax ships , which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks could accommodate . Contents ( hide ) 1 French project 1.1 Conception 1.2 Construction 1.3 New Panama Canal Company 1.4 Results 2 Nicaraguan canal 3 United States 3.1 Takeover 3.2 Workforce 3.3 Living conditions 3.4 US construction 3.5 Culebra Cut 3.6 Dams 3.7 Locks 3.8 Opening 3.9 Summary 4 Third - lane plans 5 Transfer to Panama 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Contemporary magazines 10 External links French project ( edit ) 1888 German map of a projected Panama Canal ( above ) and an alternate Nicaragua route ( below ) The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century . In 1819 , the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it . Although the project stalled for some time , a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875 . They indicated that the two most - favorable routes were across Panama ( then part of Colombia ) and Nicaragua , with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option . The Nicaraguan route was surveyed . Conception ( edit ) Part de Fondateur of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama , issued 29 . November 1880 After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal , France thought that an apparently - similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty . In 1876 an international company , La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique , was created to undertake its construction ; two years later , it obtained a concession from the Colombian government ( since Panama was a Colombian province ) to dig a canal across the isthmus . Ferdinand de Lesseps , who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction , headed the project . His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project . However , despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer . The Suez Canal , essentially a ditch dug through a flat , sandy desert , presented few challenges . Although Central America 's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama , it is still 110 meters ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its lowest crossing point . The sea - level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock , rather than Suez ' sand . Less - obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal , particularly the Chagres ( which flows strongly during the rainy season ) . Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal , a sea - level canal would require the river 's diversion . The most serious problem was tropical disease , particularly malaria and yellow fever , whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time . The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them , but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes ( carriers of the diseases ) . The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise . In May 1879 , an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris . Of its 136 delegates , only 42 were engineers ; the others were speculators , politicians and friends of de Lesseps . He was convinced that a sea - level canal , dug through the mountainous spine of Central America , could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal . The engineering congress estimated the project 's cost at $214 million ; on February 14 , 1880 , an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million . De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice , with no apparent justification : on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million . The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal ; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years ( the Suez Canal required ten ) . The proposed sea - level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters ( 29.5 ft ) , a bottom width of 22 meters ( 72.2 ft ) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters ( 90.2 ft ) ; the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m ( 157,000,000 cu yd ) . A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River , with channels to drain water away from the canal . However , the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved . Construction ( edit ) The Culebra Cut in 1885 Construction of the canal began on January 1 , 1881 , with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22 . A large labor force was assembled , numbering about 40,000 in 1888 ( nine - tenths of whom were afro - Caribbean workers from the West Indies ) . Although the project attracted good , well - paid French engineers , retaining them was difficult due to disease . The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000 , of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens . By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea - level canal was impractical , and an elevated canal with locks was preferable ; de Lesseps resisted , and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887 . By this time increasing mortality rates , as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides , indicated that the project was in serious trouble . Work continued under the new plan until May 15 , 1889 , when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended . After eight years the canal was about two - fifths completed , and about $234.8 million had been spent . Construction of the canal The company 's collapse was a scandal in France , and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair . One hundred four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption , and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893 . New Panama canal company ( edit ) It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project . A new concession was obtained from Colombia , and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal . To comply with the terms of the contract , work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project . They eventually settled on a plan for a two - level , lock - based canal . The new effort never gained traction , mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless . The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 ( in 1896 ) , primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition . The company had already begun looking for a buyer , with an asking price of $109 million . In the US , a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route . In November 1901 , the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million . The recommendation became law on June 28 , 1902 , and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price . Results ( edit ) Although the French effort was , to a large extent , doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties , it was not entirely futile . The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m ( 78,146,960 cu yd ) of material , of which 14,255,890 m ( 18,646,000 cu yd ) was taken from the Culebra Cut . The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa , and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side ( known as the French canal ) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún . Detailed surveys and studies ( particularly those carried out by the new canal company ) and machinery , including railroad equipment and vehicles , aided the later American effort . The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters ( 17 ft ) , from 64 to 59 metres ( 210 to 194 ft ) . An estimated 22,713,396 m ( 29,708,000 cu yd ) of excavation , valued at about $25.4 million , and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans . Nicaraguan canal ( edit ) Main article : Nicaragua Canal The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would - be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans . In 1887 , a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua . Two years later , the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua . The company lost money in the panic of 1893 , and its work in Nicaragua ceased . In 1897 and 1899 , the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction ; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times . Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project , increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project . A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed . United States ( edit ) See also : Panama -- Colombia separation and Gunboat diplomacy Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country . This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15 , 1898 . Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal , Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort . George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location . The purchase of the French - held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28 , 1902 Spooner Act . Since Panama was then part of Colombia , Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights . In early 1903 the Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations , but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty . Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted , the US Navy would assist their fight for independence . Panama declared its independence on November 3 , 1903 , and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference . The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23 , 1904 , for $10 million in accordance with the November 18 , 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty . Takeover ( edit ) 1923 elevation map of the canal , showing the region 's topography The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4 , 1904 , when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony . The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission ( ICC ) during construction . The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration . The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order . The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings , infrastructure and equipment , much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment . There were no facilities in place for a large workforce , and the infrastructure was crumbling . Cataloguing assets was a large job ; it took many weeks to card - index available equipment . About 2,150 buildings had been acquired , many of which were uninhabitable ; housing was an early problem , and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay . However , much equipment ( such as locomotives , dredges and other floating equipment ) was still serviceable . General George Washington Goethals Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction , red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC . He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay , and Wallace resigned in 1905 . He was replaced by John Frank Stevens , who arrived on July 26 , 1905 . Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway , improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón , renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing . He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction . Stevens ' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later . He improved drilling and dirt - removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency , revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal . No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea - level one ; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case . In late 1905 , President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time . Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea - level canal , Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan ; Stevens ' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred . In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal 's progress , the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president . Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial . Bids for the canal 's construction were opened in January 1907 , and Knoxville , Tennessee - based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder . Stevens disliked Oliver , and vehemently opposed his choice . Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor , he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer ( under Stevens ' direction ) in February 1907 . Stevens , frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement , resigned and was replaced by Goethals . Workforce ( edit ) The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal . High - level engineering jobs , clerical positions , skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans , with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor . These jobs were initially filled by Europeans , primarily from Spain , Italy and Greece , many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe . The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies , and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal . Living conditions ( edit ) Main article : Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons ; as a result , alcohol abuse was a great problem . The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year . A program of improvements was implemented . Clubhouses were built , managed by the YMCA , with billiard , assembly and reading rooms , bowling alleys , darkrooms for camera clubs , gymnastic equipment , ice cream parlors , soda fountains and a circulating library . Member dues were ten dollars a year , with the remaining upkeep ( about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses ) paid by the ICC . The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games ; a competitive league soon developed . Semimonthly Saturday - night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli , which had a spacious ballroom . These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone ; alcohol abuse fell , with saloon business declining by 60 percent . The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly . US construction ( edit ) Culebra Cut in 1907 The work done thus far was preparation , rather than construction . By the time Goethals took over , the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest . Goethals divided the project into three divisions : Atlantic , Central and Pacific . The Atlantic Division , under Major William L. Sibert , was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay , the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km ( 3.5 mi ) approach channel , and the Gatun Dam . The Pacific Division ( under Sydney B. Williamson , the only civilian division head ) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal , including a 4.8 km ( 3.0 mi ) breakwater in Panama Bay , the approach channel , and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams . The Central Division , under Major David du Bose Gaillard , was responsible for everything in between . It had arguably the project 's greatest challenge : excavating the Culebra Cut ( known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000 ) , which involved cutting 8 miles ( 13 km ) through the continental divide down to 12 meters ( 40 ft ) above sea level . By August 1907 , 765,000 m3 ( 1,000,000 cubic yards ) per month was being excavated ; this set a record for the rainy season ; soon afterwards this doubled , before increasing again . At the peak of production , 2,300,000 m3 ( 3,000,000 cubic yards ) were being excavated per month ( the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 31⁄2 months ) . Culebra Cut ( edit ) Main article : Culebra Cut 1923 diagram illustrating the elevations through which the canal cuts across the isthmus One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide , which originally rose to 110 metres ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its highest point . The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project . Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers . Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal 's Central Division , which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam , and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut ( as it was then known ) excavated . The scale of the work was massive . Six thousand men worked in the cut , drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t ( 60,000,000 lb ) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock ( which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day ) . Landslides were frequent , due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock 's underlying iron strata . Although the scale of the job and the frequent , unpredictable slides generated chaos , Gaillard provided quiet , clear - sighted leadership . On May 20 , 1913 , Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom . The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres ( 193.6 ft ) over a relatively narrow width ; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres ( 39.4 ft ) above sea level over a greater width , and had excavated over 76,000,000 m ( 99,000,000 cu yd ) of material . About 23,000,000 m ( 30,000,000 cu yd ) of this material in addition to the planned excavation , in the form of landslides . Dry excavation ended on September 10 , 1913 ; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m ( 2,000,000 cu yd ) of earth , but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded . Dams ( edit ) Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal : Gatun and Miraflores Lakes . Four dams were constructed to create them . Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake , and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut ( essentially an arm of Lake Gatun ) . The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River , creating Gatun Lake . The Miraflores dams are an 825 - metre ( 2,707 ft ) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150 - metre ( 492 ft ) concrete spillway dam east of the locks . The concrete dam has eight floodgates , similar to those on the Gatun spillway . The earthen , 430 - metre ( 1,411 ft ) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock . Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level . The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam . This earthen dam , 640 metres ( 2,100 ft ) thick at the base and 2,300 metres ( 7,546 ft ) long along the top , was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened . Locks ( edit ) Pedro Miguel Locks under construction during the early 1910s , looking north , showing the center wall and intakes Main article : Panama Canal locks Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24 , 1909 . The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake , requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m ( 4,970,212 cu yd ) of material ( mostly rock ) . The locks were made of 1,564,400 m ( 2,046,158 cu yd ) of concrete , with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock - construction sites . The Pacific - side locks were finished first : the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911 , and Miraflores in May 1913 . The seagoing tugboat Gatun , an Atlantic - entrance tug used to haul barges , traversed the Gatun locks on September 26 , 1913 . The trip was successful , although the valves were controlled manually ; the central control board was not yet ready . Opening ( edit ) On October 10 , 1913 , the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished ; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington . On January 7 , 1914 , the Alexandre La Valley , an old French crane boat , became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction . As construction wound down , the canal team began to disperse . Thousands of workers were laid off , and entire towns were disassembled or demolished . Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas , who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines , became surgeon general of the Army . On April 1 , 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded , and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor ; the first governor was George Washington Goethals . Although a large celebration was planned for the canal 's opening , the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair . The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon , piloted by Captain John A. Constantine ( the canal 's first pilot ) , made the first official transit on August 15 , 1914 . With no international dignitaries in attendance , Goethals followed the Ancon 's progress by railroad . Summary ( edit ) International Space Station photo showing ( right to left ) the Miraflores locks , Miraflores Lake , the Pedro Miguel locks and the Centennial Bridge The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US . It changed world shipping patterns , removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn . The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles ( 12,600 km ) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco . Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II , when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet . Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers , particularly Essex class ; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them , the lampposts along the canal had to be removed . The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million , including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company . Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time , it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal 's width . An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications . Missouri traverses the Panama Canal en route to the United States in October 1945 A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project ; at the peak of construction , there were 40,000 workers . According to hospital records , 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era . A total of 182,610,550 m ( 238,845,582 cu yd ) of material was excavated in the American effort , including the approach channels at the canal ends . Adding the work by the French , the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m ( 268,000,000 cu yd ) ( over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project ) . Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period , Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening . However , William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time . Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt 's secretary of war and twice as president . He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens ' replacement . Taft became president in 1909 , when the canal was half finished , and was in office for most of the remainder of the work . However , Goethals later wrote : `` The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt '' . The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal 's administration building in Balboa : It is not the critic who counts , not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled , or where the doer of deeds could have done them better . The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena ; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood ; who strives valiantly , who errs and comes short again and again ; who knows the great enthusiasms , the great devotions , and spends himself in a worthy cause ; who , at the best , knows in the end the triumph of high achievement ; and who , at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly , so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat . David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5 , 1913 , at age 54 . Promoted to colonel only a month earlier , Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed . The Culebra Cut ( as it was originally known ) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27 , 1915 , in his honor . A plaque commemorating Gaillard 's work stood over the cut for many years ; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building , near a memorial to Goethals . Third - lane plans ( edit ) As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s , the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans . The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks , and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing . These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1 , 1936 , authorizing a study of improving the canal 's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels . A special engineering section was created on July 3 , 1937 , to carry out the study . The section reported to Congress on February 24 , 1939 , recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate . On August 11 , Congress authorized the work . Three new locks were planned , at Gatún , Pedro Miguel and Miraflores , parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels . The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal , with each chamber 1,200 ft ( 365.76 m ) long , 140 ft ( 42.67 m ) wide and 45 ft ( 13.72 m ) deep . They would be ⁄ mi ( 805 m ) east of the existing Gatún locks and ⁄ mi ( 402 m ) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks . The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1 , 1940 , following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24 , 1940 . The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19 , 1941 . Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned , and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores . In 2006 , the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá ( the Panama Canal Authority , or ACP ) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals . Following a referendum , work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26 , 2016 . After a two - year delay , the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships ( which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle ) . The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship , the Chinese - owned Cosco Shipping Panama . The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion . Transfer to Panama ( edit ) Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Play media Jimmy Carter 's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty , September 7 , 1977 Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Audio - only version <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . After construction , the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States . On September 7 , 1977 , US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos - Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama . The treaty became effective on October 1 , 1979 , providing for a 20 - year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31 , 1999 . Since then , the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority ( Autoridad de Canal de Panama , or ACP ) . The treaty was controversial in the US , and its passage was difficult . The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports , at either end of the canal , which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong - based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa . According to US Republicans , the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military . However , the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing . Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces . Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer , Panama has exercised good stewardship . According to ACP figures , canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 ( the first year under Panamanian control ) to $1.4 billion in 2006 . Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006 . The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005 . Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours , about the same as during the late 1990s . Canal expenses have increased less than revenue , from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006 . On October 22 , 2006 , Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal . Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt , who served from 2002 to 2005 , said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been `` outstanding '' . `` The international shipping community is quite pleased '' , Watt added . See also ( edit ) Corozal `` Silver '' Cemetery -- a cemetery near Panama City dedicated to workers on the Panama Canal . United States and South and Central America Notes ( edit ) ^ The French Failure , from CZ Brats ^ DuVal , Miles P. ( 1947 ) And the Mountains Will Move : The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal . Stanford University Press . ^ Robert H. Zieger . `` Builders and Dreamers . '' Reviews in American History 38 , no . 3 ( 2010 ) : 513 -- 519 . ^ For an excellent book on these early years see : Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . ^ On the Panama Scandal , speech by Jean Jaurès , 1893 ( at Marxists.org Internet Archive ) ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) ^ The Panama Canal , what it is , what it means , J. Barrett , 1913 ^ The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective , Walter LaFeber , Oxford , 1990 ( a survey of U.S. diplomatic , legal , political , economic , and military involvement with the canal ) ^ The Panama Canal , Frederic J. Haskin ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal , Alden P. Armagnac , CZ Brats ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal for Bigger Battleships , notes from CZ Brats ^ Prize Possession : The United States and the Panama Canal 1903 -- 1979 , John Major , Cambridge University Press , 1993 ( a comprehensive history of U.S. policy , from Teddy Roosevelt to Jimmy Carter ) ^ China company grabs power over Panama Canal , Rowan Scarborough , The Washington Times ( at The Conservative Caucus ) ^ Transfer heavy on symbolism , light on change , Steve Nettleton , CNN Interactive ^ At Last , Terrorist Threat to Panama Canal is Recognized , at The Conservative Caucus ^ Huge Panama Canal Is Carved Out of the Jungle , from Engineering News - Record ^ A History of the Panama Canal , from the Panama Canal Authority ^ The Case Of The Traveling Plaque , about the plaque dedicated to Colonel David du Bose Gaillard ^ Panama delivers a lesson to isolationists by Andrés Oppenheimer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Lydia . `` Panama Canal 100th Anniversary '' . International Business Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Panama Canal Opens $5 B Locks , Bullish Despite Shipping Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=M6JAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2598&lpg=PA2598&dq=2148+buildings+panama+canal&source=bl&ots=dFkpYoqYC_&sig=_KnYM4ss4TsR3guH8eH1wZHerY8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1DQtVcS_C8WtyATiwoHACQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=2148%20buildings%20panama%20canal&f=false Further reading ( edit ) Collin , Richard H. Theodore Roosevelt 's Caribbean : The Panama Canal , the Monroe Doctrine , & the Latin American Context ( Louisiana State U. Press , 1990 ) , 520pp Greene , Julie . ( 2009 ) . The Canal Builders : Making America 's Empire at the Panama Canal . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 201 - 8 Lafeber , Walter . The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective ( 3rd ed. 1990 ) , the standard scholarly account of diplomacy Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers , OCLC 138568 Mellander , Gustavo A. , Mellander , Nelly , `` Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . '' Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . ( 1999 ) McCullough , David . ( 1977 ) . The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22563 - 4 Parker , Matthew . ( 2008 ). Panama Fever : The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time -- The Building of the Panama Canal . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385515344 Williams , Mary Wilhelmine . Anglo - American Isthmian Diplomacy , 1815 -- 1915 ( 1916 ) online Contemporary magazines ( edit ) Lyle , Jr. , Eugene P. ( November 1905 ) . `` The Real Conditions at Panama '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XI : 6858 -- 6892 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Includes c. 1905 construction photos . Thorp , William ( March 1904 ) . `` The Control of the Approach to the Panama Canal '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . VII : 4594 -- 4599 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Vose , Edward Neville ( August 1912 ) . `` How Panama Will Alter Trade : The Shift Of Routes Of Ocean Traffic '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXIV : 418 -- 433 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) National Archives of Japan : Report of the Foreign Resident , photos ( 1913 ) 1904 Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama ( the Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty ) Open Collections Program : Contagion , Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal , 1904 -- 1914 <Th_colspan="2"> Panama Canal Management Panama Canal Authority Structures Locks Panamax Gatun Dam Gatun Lake Chagres River Culebra Cut Centennial Bridge Bridge of the Americas Panama Canal Railway Atlantic Bridge Locations Atlantic side Colón Cristóbal port Rainbow City Limon Bay Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport Gatún Passage Gatun Lake Culebra Cut Pacific side Balboa Albrook Airport Gamboa Panama City Expansion 2006 referendum Atlantic Bridge New Panamax / Post-Panamax History People Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla John G. Claybourn Ephraim S. Claybourn William Nelson Cromwell David du Bose Gaillard George Washington Goethals William Crawford Gorgas Ferdinand de Lesseps John Frank Stevens Construction 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty 1921 Thomson -- Urrutia Treaty Isthmian Canal Commission ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Health measures Panama Canal Museum Box 25 US Canal Zone ( 1904 -- 1979 / 99 ) World War II 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties Former US military installations Airfields Albrook AFB France Field Howard AFB Forts Amador Clayton Davis De Lesseps Grant Gulick Kobbe Randolph Sherman Ports Coco Solo Rodman Naval Station Radio Galeta Island Balboa Naval Station <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Early proposal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Panama_Canal&oldid=815899911 '' Categories : History of Panama Industrial history Panama Canal Panama -- United States relations Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 22 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Discovery of the isthmus by Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2. French attempt to build a sea-level canal
3. U.S. takeover of the Panama Canal project
4. Construction challenges and advancements
5. Transfer of territorial control to Panama |
5,302,731,365,682,853,000 | and it's all downhill from here lyrics | All Downhill from Here - wikipedia All Downhill from Here Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` All Downhill from Here '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by New Found Glory <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Catalyst Released July 23 , 2004 Format Digital download , CD single Recorded Royaltone Studios , Sunset Sound Studios Genre Pop punk Length 3 : 14 Label Geffen , Drive - Thru Songwriter ( s ) Chad Gilbert , Steve Klein Producer ( s ) Neal Avron <Th_colspan="2"> New Found Glory singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ex-Miss '' ( 2003 ) `` All Downhill from Here '' ( 2004 ) `` It 's Not Your Fault '' ( 2006 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ex-Miss '' ( 2003 ) `` All Downhill from Here '' ( 2004 ) `` It 's Not Your Fault '' ( 2006 ) `` All Downhill from Here '' is the first single from New Found Glory 's fourth studio album , Catalyst . The song helped the album springboard the band 's success . `` All Downhill from Here '' was released to radio on April 6 , 2004 . The band initially wanted to name the song after the album ( Catalyst ) , but their record label decided to change the name to All Downhill from Here so listeners could identify the song more easily after hearing it . The single peaked at number 11 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 References 4 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was something quite out of the ordinary , a group of French animators , worked on creating a unique environment of creatures , and directed this video alongside Meiert Avis . The creatures build a unique structure . The band is featured in the video on a platform playing while gradually rising . As they continue to rise , they eventually reach an odd representation of heaven . Then , the platform that band was playing on drops and the band does as well . A creature runs through some of the supports and the whole structure collapses . When the music video for this song aired on MTV 's TRL ( Total Request Live ) , fans voted it on the show 50 days in a row . TRL retired this song due to the ongoing requests for it to be played . Track listing ( edit ) The enhanced version of this single features four tracks . `` All Downhill from Here '' `` Broken Sound '' ( Radio Session ) `` The Minute I Met You '' `` All Downhill from Here '' ( CD - ROM track ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rose , Ethan . `` Best Early 2000s Pop Punk Songs '' . Rant Hollywood . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB Airplay Archive : Modern Rock '' . Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report , Incorporated . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ allmusic External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) New Found Glory <Td_colspan="2"> Jordan Pundik Ian Grushka Chad Gilbert Cyrus Bolooki Steve Klein Joe Marino Chris Tsagakis James Dewees Michael Bethancourt Mike Ambrose Studio albums Nothing Gold Can Stay New Found Glory Sticks and Stones Catalyst Coming Home Not Without a Fight Radiosurgery Resurrection Makes Me Sick EPs It 's All About the Girls Tip of the Iceberg A Very New Found Glory Christmas Live albums Kill It Live Cover albums From the Screen to Your Stereo From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II Mania Compilation albums Hits DVDs The Story So Far This Disaster : Live in London Songs `` Hit or Miss ( Waited Too Long ) '' `` My Friends Over You '' `` Head on Collision '' `` All Downhill from Here '' `` It 's Not Your Fault '' `` Kiss Me '' `` Radiosurgery '' `` Connect the Dots '' Labels Bridge Nine Drive - Thru Epitaph Eulogy Fiddler Geffen Hopeless Tours 2003 Honda Civic Tour American Idiot Tour Pop Punks Not Dead Tour 2012 Kerrang ! Tour 2012 Warped Tour Related Articles Discography Song list Bands Shai Hulud International Superheroes of Hardcore Eisley Blink - 182 Green Day People Neal Avron Thom Panunzio Mark Hoppus Sherri DuPree Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Downhill_from_Here&oldid=788550545 '' Categories : 2004 singles New Found Glory songs Music videos directed by Meiert Avis Songs written by Chad Gilbert Melodic hardcore songs 2004 songs Geffen Records singles Song recordings produced by Neal Avron Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2017 , at 01 : 56 . About Wikipedia | 1. "All Downhill from Here" - New Found Glory's single from the album Catalyst
2. Pop punk genre
3. Music video featuring French animators and unique creatures
4. Success of the album Catalyst
5. Peaked at number 11 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks |
-7,181,033,358,627,762,000 | bombay samachar the first newspaper started in bombay was a venture by the | Bombay Samachar - wikipedia Bombay Samachar Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mumbai Samachar Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner ( s ) Cama family Founder ( s ) Fardunjee Marzban Founded 1822 Language Gujarati Headquarters Horniman Circle , Fort , Bombay , India Website bombaysamachar.com The Bombay Samachar , now Mumbai Samachar ( Gujarati : મુંબઈ સમાચાર ) , is the oldest continuously published newspaper in India . Established in 1822 by Fardunjee Marzban , it is published in Gujarati and English . History ( edit ) Bombay Samachar Building Mumbai Samachar Headquarters in Mumbai The Bombay Samachar , Asia 's oldest newspaper , was first published on the first of July 1822 and comprised three small quarto sheets . 10 inches by 8 inches , and a half sheet supplement in all containing 14 pages of printed matter . A brief description of the contents of this first issue will give an idea of what an Indian journal was in those days . The first sheet consists of advertisements , two of these being about things lost , and one about the sale of some property , all relating to Parsis . Then follows what may be called an article on `` Ourselves '' . Then there are four columns of short paragraphs about Government and Court appointments and changes , and powers of attorney taken from the court ; about the arrival and departure of ships and of Europeans from Mumbai ; and a list of European deaths ; as well as of ships loading in the harbour . Six columns are given to Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) news taken from the Indian Gazette and the Calcutta Chronicle ; one column to Madras ( now Chennai ) news from the Government Gazette of that city ; two columns to London news , whilst a short paragraph of ten lines is devoted to news from Canton in China , given the prices of opium . Of local Bombay news there is very little , except the short paragraph about appointments above . A weekly till 1832 , a bi-weekly till 1855 and a daily since then , it continued to grow and has gone on to become one of Western India 's premier newspapers , well read by a large segment of Gujarati - speaking people both in India and abroad . The founder , a Parsi scholar and priest by the name of Fardoonji Murazban , was a pioneer not only of journalism in Western India but of all Gujarati printed literature . He founded the first native press in 1812 and in 1814 brought out a Gujarati Calendar , fully 6 years before the first Bengali calendar was printed and published in Calcutta . He then went on to bring out his Newspaper , the Bombay Samachar , in 1822 . He must have started all his concerns in auspicious moments , for all , his press , his calendar and his paper exist to the present day in very good and flourishing condition . Respected by both the British and Indian Government for its fair , frank , objective and critical analysis of events , the Mumbai Samachar played a very important role during India 's struggle for independence being often quoted by freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel and others . From its inception the editorial policy was to objectively report events in a fair and honest manner and not to sensationalize news , sobriety and independence of views being a characteristic which still stands . Another notable feature of this paper which holds good to this day is the policy to allow numerous small advertisers to advertise their products on the front page rather than allow only one advertiser to occupy what is commonly referred to as solus position . The paper passed through various hands before coming into the hands of the Cama Family , its present publishers in 1933 , and Hormusji N Cama , the present director of the publication . It has since grown and expanded and today can proudly lay claim to having the most modern technology available in the publishing field . Its daily print run in four colour is effortlessly carried out on full colour high speed offset presses incorporating state of the art features . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newspaper readers in Mumbai prefer sports to business : MRUC survey '' . agencyfaqs ! . December 4 , 2003 . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leisure : Vintage journey '' . Pune Mirror . March 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Bombay Samachar Website in Gujarati Mumbai Samachar , enewspaper version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombay_Samachar&oldid=798150802 '' Categories : Newspapers published in India Gujarati - language newspapers published in India Publications established in 1822 Newspapers published in Mumbai English - language newspapers published in India 1822 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox newspaper with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 08 : 15 . About Wikipedia | 1. Bombay Samachar - oldest continuously published newspaper in India
2. Founded in 1822 by Fardunjee Marzban
3. Published in Gujarati and English
4. Played important role during India's struggle for independence
5. Presently owned by the Cama family |
-8,455,681,411,007,823,000 | left handed guitarists who play right handed guitars | List of musicians who play left - handed - wikipedia List of musicians who play left - handed Jump to : navigation , search This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of notable left - handed musicians who play their instruments naturally . ( This does not include left - handed people who play right - handed , such as Noel Gallagher , Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Steve Morse , Billy Corgan , David Bowie , Dave Hill , Mark Knopfler , Gary Moore , Barry Gibb , George Michael , Duff McKagan and Paul Simon . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Guitarists and bassists 1.1 Left - handed with normal stringing 1.1. 1 Notable players 1.2 Left - handed with strings backwards 1.2. 1 Notable players 1.3 Unclassified left - handed players 2 Bass guitarists 3 Drummers 3.1 Notes 4 Violinists 5 Ukulele 6 Trumpet 7 Trombone 8 Banjo 9 Mandolin 10 Bansuri 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Guitarists and bassists ( edit ) Paul McCartney playing a true left - handed guitar ( a Gibson Les Paul ) . Left - handed people play guitar or electric bass in one of the following four ways : ( 1 ) play a right - handed guitar or right - handed bass in a right - handed manner , ( 2 ) play a true left - handed guitar or bass , ( 3 ) play a right - handed guitar or bass that has been altered to play left - handed , or ( 4 ) turn a right - handed guitar or bass upside down , pick with the left hand , but leave the strings as they were -- which makes them reversed from the normal order . ( The fingering is the same for methods 2 and 3 . ) Any style of picking with the left hand ( flatpicking or fingerstyle guitar ) is considered playing left - handed . Tony Iommi 's guitar , a custom - made Gibson SG Jimi Hendrix 's Les Paul Custom -- a right - handed guitar with the strings reversed for playing left - handed A left - handed Martin D - 28 . The internal and external construction is the mirror image of a right - handed guitar . Left - handed with normal stringing ( edit ) Guitarists in this category pick with their left hand and have the strings in the conventional order for a left - handed player ( i.e. the low string on the top side of the neck ) . They either have true left - handed guitars or have right - handed guitars altered so the strings are correct for a left - handed player . Some guitarists in this category ( e.g. Paul McCartney ) play both genuine left - handed instruments and right - handed instruments altered for left - handed playing . Changing the strings on a right - handed guitar involves several things . The nut of the guitar has to be changed to accommodate the string widths . The bridge needs to be changed to make the lower strings longer than the top strings for correct intonation . On almost all acoustic guitars the bracing is non-symmetrical . On electric guitars altered this way , the controls will be backwards . Notable players ( edit ) Hendrix on stage in Stockholm , Sweden , in 1967 Tony Iommi playing a true left - handed guitar ( a Jaydee Custom S.G. ) . Jonathan Butler at the Newport Beach Jazz Festival , 2011 . Dan Swanö live at Nosturi Adrian Borland ( The Sound ) Al McKay ( Earth , Wind & Fire ) Ali Campbell ( ex-UB40 ) Andreas `` Kuddel '' von Holst ( Die Toten Hosen ) Andrew White ( Kaiser Chiefs ) Anton Cosmo ( ex-Boston ) Arnim Teutoburg - Weiß ( Beatsteaks ) Arjang ( UB40 ) Atahualpa Yupanqui Audrey Swinburne ( Mother Superior , a 1970s British all - female progressive rock band ) Austin Carlile ( ex-Attack Attack ! , Of Mice & Men ) Barbara Lynn Beeb Birtles ( Little River Band ) Ben Howard Billy Ray Cyrus Bill Svanoe ( The Rooftop Singers ) Blake Schwarzenbach ( Jawbreaker ) Brad Turcotte ( Brad Sucks ) Blare N Bitch ( Betty Blowtorch , Butt Trumpet ) Buddy Miles Calogero -- Plays guitar and bass left - handed Cameron Liddell ( Asking Alexandria ) Cesar Rosas ( Los Lobos ) Cheyenne Kimball Christian Savill -- ( Slowdive ) Courtney Barnett Craig Scanlon ( The Fall ) Dan Swanö ( Bloodbath , Edge of Sanity , Nightingale , Ribspreader ; plays drums right - handed ) Dave Kilminster ( former lefty ; originally played left - handed until injury , now exclusively plays right - handed ) Dave King ( Flogging Molly ) Dave Longstreth ( Dirty Projectors ) Dave Parasite ( Parasites ) Davey von Bohlen ( The Promise Ring / Cap'n Jazz / Maritime ) David Cook Dickey Lee Douglas Verhoeven ( In - Quest ) Eef Barzelay ( Clem Snide ) Elliot Easton ( The Cars ) Eric Bogle Ernie C ( Body Count ) Evan West ( New Hollow ) Felix White ( The Maccabees ) Fred Abbott ( Noah and the Whale ) Fyfe Dangerfield ( Guillemots ) George Johnson ( The Brothers Johnson ) ( Ruggere 1980 : 48 ) Georgina `` Georgi '' Kay Greg Barnett ( The Menzingers ) Greg Sage , actually right handed , decided to play left - handed with the Wipers . Gregor Mackintosh ( Paradise Lost ) Hayley Kiyoko Harvey Dalton Arnold ( The Outlaws ) Ian Fowles ( The Aquabats , Death By Stereo ) Iggy Pop Imai Hisashi ( Buck - Tick ) Jen `` Dirty Jenny '' Leigh ( Michael Jackson ) Jeffrey Steele ( formerly of Boy Howdy ) Jill Barber Jimi Hendrix ( wrote ambidextrous ) Jim McCulloch ( Sweeney Todd ) Jo Callis ( The Rezillos / The Human League ) plays guitar left - handed . Joanna Wang Jonathan Butler John Flansburgh ( They Might Be Giants ) Josey Scott ( Saliva ) Joyce Jonathan ( French pop singer ) Justin Bieber Kaizer Von Loopy ( Hanzel Und Gretyl ) most of his guitar are right - handed that had been restring to left - handed playing . Mark `` Kazzer '' Kasprzyk ( Redlight King / Solo ) Klaus Eichstadt ( Ugly Kid Joe ) Kurt Cobain ( Nirvana ) ( played drums and wrote ambidextrous ) Lars Johansson ( Candlemass ) Lukas Rossi can play the guitar with either hand . Luke Morley ( Thunder / The Union ) Mac Powell ( Third Day ) Maria Mehalis ( HelenaMaria ) , Helena 's twin sister Maria Taylor ( Azure Ray , Little Red Rocket , Now It 's Overhead , solo ) Martin Bramah ( The Fall / Blue Orchids ) Mdou Moctar Mendel Bij de Leij ( Aborted , System Divide ) Mia Levin d'Bruzzi ( Frightwig ) Michael Fry ( aka Mikey Demus ) ( Skindred ) Mike `` Gunface '' McKenzie ( The Red Chord ) Mike Vennart ( ex-Oceansize , now tours with Biffy Clyro ) Miles Dimitri Baker ( Rings of Saturn ) Nick Schnebelen ( Trampled Under Foot ) -- Danielle 's brother Nicke Andersson ( The Hellacopters , Imperial State Electric ) Ollie Halsall Omar Rodríguez - López ( At the Drive - In / The Mars Volta ) Pasi Koskinen ( St. Mucus , Ajattara , To Separate the Flesh from the Bones ) Paskal Jakobsen ( BLØF ) Paul Gray ( Slipknot ) started out playing right - handed , then changed to left - handed because it was more comfortable . Paul McCartney ( The Beatles ) first tried playing right - handed , but was making no progress . He saw a picture of Slim Whitman playing left - handed and realized that it was necessary to reverse the guitar , pick with the left hand , and reverse the strings ( Babiuk 2001 : 14 ) . Paul Mullen ( The Automatic / Young Legionnaire / Yourcodenameis : milo ) Paulo Furtado ( Wraygunn / The Legendary Tigerman ) Pernilla Andersson Perry Bamonte ( ex-The Cure ) Phillip Carol Sirmans ( Cranford Hollow ) Peter Szigeti ( Warlock , U.D.O. , Velvet Viper , Stonewashed ) Ragnar Þórhallsson ( Of Monsters and Men ) Rami Yosifov ( Teapacks ) Richie Stotts ( Plasmatics ) Robin Campbell ( UB40 ) Ronnie Radke ( Falling in Reverse , ex-Escape the Fate ) Ryan Waste ( Municipal Waste ) Sam Bowden ( Neck Deep ) Santiago Feliú Simon Taylor - Davies ( Klaxons ) Sheila Carabine ( Dala ) Slim Whitman ( was right - handed but played guitar left - handed due to loss of his two fingers on the left hand ) Stella Parton Sylvia Tyson Taylor `` Tae '' Dye ( Maddie & Tae ) Ted Gärdestad Templeton Thompson ( female country singer - songwriter ) Tim Armstrong ( Rancid ) Tony Iommi ( Black Sabbath ) Toronzo Cannon Willie Duncan ( Spider Murphy Gang ) Will Glover ( The Pyramids ) Verónica Romero Vicentico Zacky Vengeance ( Avenged Sevenfold ) Left - handed with strings backwards ( edit ) These are left - handed players who play naturally too , but with the strings as on an unaltered right - handed guitar , thus the strings are backwards for a left - handed player ( e.g. Bob Geldof ) . Some players in this category ( e.g. Dick Dale and Albert King ) had custom instruments that were basically a left - handed guitar with the strings as on a right - handed guitar , since they had learned to play that way . Notable players ( edit ) Dick Dale playing a customized left - handed guitar with the strings backwards . Bob Geldof playing a right - handed guitar upside down ( a Gibson ) . Babyface Cormac Battle ( Kerbdog ) Matt Beck ( Matchbox 20 , Rob Thomas ) Wallis Bird , Irish female guitarist . She plays right - handed guitars upside down Ed Blaney ( The Fall ) Doyle Bramhall II Chase Bryant Rand Burkey ( Atheist ) Rusty Burns ( Point Blank ) Glen Burtnik ( Styx / solo ) JP Cervoni ( The Babys ) Eddy Clearwater Junior Campbell Michael Card Jimmy Cliff Elizabeth Cotten ( Ruggere 1980 : 48ff ) Dick Dale Ed Deane Cheick Hamala Diabate ( RH instruments with original stringing and custom LH instruments with backwards stringing ) also banjo and ngoni Lefty Dizz Eric Gales , naturally right - handed , but plays left - handed . Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) , left handed , but naturally a right handed player . Jimi Goodwin ( Doves ) Ed Harcourt Johan Hedberg ( Suburban Kids with Biblical Names ) Benn Jordan Jacek Kaczmarski Andy Kerr Albert King ( Ruggere 1980 : 48 ) Little Jimmy King Thorsten Köhne ( Eden 's Curse ) Chris Marchiel ( Powerglove ) Anika Moa Morgan Coco Montoya Malina Moye Mic Murphy Kurt Nilsen ( Winner of the World Idol competition after winning the first season of the Norwegian Idol series ) Cat Park ( Amanda X ) . Plays right - handed guitars upside down . Paul Raymond Nicolas Reyes Gruff Rhys Kris Roe ( The Ataris ) Jim Rooney Otis Rush Graham Russell ( Air Supply ) Lætitia Sadier ( McCarthy , Monade , Stereolab ) Evie Sands Edgar Scandurra ( Ira ! ) Seal Dan Seals Kelly Shaefer ( Atheist ) Bill Staines Charly Steinhauer ( Paradox ) Dan Swanö Dave Thomas ( Blonde on Blonde ) Wayman Tisdale Dave Wakeling ( The English Beat , General Public ) Karl Wallinger ( World Party ) Bobby Womack Melvin Williams Barry Winslow ( The Royal Guardsmen ) Unclassified left - handed players ( edit ) Gordon Anderson aka Lone Pigeon ( The Aliens ) Michael Angelo Batio ( plays a double - guitar ambidextrously ) Baatin ( Original P , Parliament - Funkadelic ) William Beckett ( The Academy Is ... ) Christian Bland ( The Black Angels ) John Butler ( Diesel Park West ) Robin Campbell ( UB40 ) Ali Campbell ( UB40 ) Scott Hedrick ( Skeletonwitch ) Shirlie Holliman ( Pepsi & Shirlie ) Jez Lowe , actually right - handed but plays guitar left - handed . Budge Magraw ( The Cesarians ) Jon Oliva Ade Firza Paloh ( Sore Band ) Peter Plate ( Rosenstolz ) Emily Robins ( In The Elephant Princess , she is a band member and plays guitar left - handed ) Arif Sağ ( plays bağlama left - handed ) John Schumann Andrew `` Whitey '' White ( Kaiser Chiefs ) Lari White Wendy Wild Rick Willson ( Diesel Park West ) Michael Zakarin ( The Bravery ) Mick Flannery ( Mick Flannery ) Luke Paquin ( Hot Hot Heat ) Bass guitarists ( edit ) Paul McCartney playing a left - handed Rickenbacker 4001 bass Jarkko Ahola ( Teräsbetoni ) Martin Eric Ain ( Celtic Frost ) David Amezcua ( Awolnation , Under the Influence of Giants ) Eric Axelson ( The Dismemberment Plan ) Todd Bell ( Braid ) Brian Betancourt ( Hospitality ) Greta Brinkman ( L7 , Debbie Harry Band , Unseen Force ; Plays with strings either rightly ordered or reversed ) Kathy Bull aka Francesca Griffin ( Look Blue Go Purple , Cyclops ) Adam Burton ( Arcane Roots ) Rosemary Butler ( Formerly Birtha ; now backing and solo vocalist ) Gerald Casale ( Devo ; plays strings backwards ) Floyd Pepper Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Ken Casey ( Dropkick Murphys ) Stuart Chatwood ( The Tea Party ) Jason Christopher ( Sebastian Bach ) Seffy Efrati ( Blackfield , Aviv Geffen ) plays with the strings backwards Oya Erkaya ( Baba Zula ) Nick Feldman ( Wang Chung ) Stephan Fimmers ( Necrophagist , Pestilence ) Kathy Foster ( The Thermals ) Ed Gagliardi ( Foreigner ; naturally right - handed , played left - handed ) Jimi Goodwin ( Doves ; plays both guitar and bass with strings backwards ) Karl Green ( Herman 's Hermits ) Paul Gray ( Slipknot ) started out on a right handed instrument but flipped it over and re-strung it to a true left hand style instrument and found that being left handed , playing left handed was much more natural and then moved on shortly after to playing actual left handed guitars and basses . Glenn Hampton ( Rigor Sardonicous ) Jimmy Haslip ( Yellowjackets ; plays strings backwards ) Colin Hodgkinson ( Back Door , Whitesnake ) Melvin Honore ( Mel ) ( Cerebral Ballzy ) Lee Jackson ( The Nice ) George Johnson ( The Brothers Johnson ) Gerald Johnson ( Steve Miller Band ; Plays with strings reversed ) Awan Garnida Kartadinata ( Sore Band ) Eyadou Ag Leche ( Tinariwen ; plays instruments strung backwards ) Michael Libramento ( Grace Potter and the Nocturnals ; plays both guitar and bass with strings backwards ) Joe Long ( The Four Seasons ) Alan Longmuir ( Bay City Rollers ; plays both guitar and bass with strings backwards ) Budge Magraw ( The Cesarians ) Nathen Maxwell ( Flogging Molly ) George McArdle ( Little River Band ) Paul McCartney ( The Beatles / Wings / solo ) plays with strings in correct order , both guitar and bass ; plays drums right - handed Flavio Cianciarulo ( Los Fabulosos Cadillacs / De la tierra / solo ) plays with strings in correct order , both guitar and bass . Joe McGuigan ( Gama Bomb . Robbie Merrill ( Godsmack ) naturally right - handed , but plays left - handed due to a birth defect that makes him unable to move the middle finger of his left hand . Marc Metal ( Johnny Rocket and the V - Twins ) Josh Newton ( Every Time I Die ) Patrick Olive ( Hot Chocolate ; also plays percussion ) David Pahoa ( The Plimsouls ) Doug Pinnick ( King 's X ) Scott Reeder ( Kyuss / The Obsessed / Unida ; plays with strings reversed ) Dave `` Shapes '' Rimmer ( Zodiac Mindwarp ) Christopher Dale Ryan ( Deer Tick ) Brad Savage ( Band from TV ) Danielle Nicole Schnebelen ( Trampled Under Foot ) Jeff Schmidt ( Bass Soloist , plays with strings reversed ) Steve Smith ( The Vapors ) Duffy Snowhill ( Bigelf ) Jacob Sproul ( Rose Hill Drive ) Jeffrey Steele ( Boy Howdy ; see guitarists , above ) Wayman Tisdale ( his basses had the strings in reverse order ) Tom Wakelin ( Blind Summit ) Evan West ( New Hollow ) Kevin Whelan ( The Wrens ) Mark White Paul Wilson ( Snow Patrol ) A.W. Yrjänä ( CMX ) Pete Wright ( Crass ) Lee Pomeroy ( ELO , Steve Hackett , Take That , Rick Wakeman ) Janus Zarate ( Vernian Process ) Drummers ( edit ) A drum kit for a left - handed person is set up so that percussion instruments drummers would normally play with their right hand ( ride cymbal , floor tom , etc . ) are played with the left hand . The bass drum and hi - hat configurations are also set up so that the drummer plays the bass drum with their left foot , and operate the hi - hat with their right foot . Some drummers however have been known to play right - handed kit , but play leading with their left hand ( e.g. playing open - handed on the hi - hat ) . This list does not include drummers who are naturally left - handed but play drums purely right - handed such as Ringo Starr , Stewart Copeland , Dave Lombardo , Travis Barker and Chris Adler . Nicke Andersson ( Entombed ) Sam Applebaum ( Veil of Maya ) Daryl Atkins ( Arcane Roots ) Oli Beaudoin ( Neuraxis , Kataklysm ) Carter Beauford ( Dave Matthews Band ) plays on a right - handed drum kit , frequently open - handed . Rich Beddoe ( Finger Eleven ) Mike Bordin ( Ozzy Osbourne , Faith No More ) uses a right - handed setup , but with his primary ride cymbal on his left . Dan Carle ( After the Burial ) Bun E. Carlos ( Cheap Trick ) alternates between left - handed and right - handed playing Régine Chassagne ( Arcade Fire ) plays on a right - handed kit , but leads with her left hand Billy Cobham ( Miles Davis ) ( Mahavishnu Orchestra , solo ) , plays a right - handed kit . Phil Collins ( Genesis , solo ) Scott Columbus ( Manowar ) Jonny Cragg ( Spacehog ) Joe Daniels ( Local H ) Tommy Decker ( Spineshank ) Jon Dette Micky Dolenz ( The Monkees ) right - handed , but plays a modified left - handed kit Dominator ( Nils Fjellström ) ( Dark Funeral ) Shawn Drover ( Megadeth , Eidolon ) plays open - handed Joe Easley ( The Dismemberment Plan ) Joe English Joshua Eppard ( Coheed and Cambria ) Fenriz ( Darkthrone ) plays guitar right - handed Ginger Fish ( Marilyn Manson , Rob Zombie ) Mika Karppinen ( ex-H.I.M. ) plays open - handed and also plays left - handed kit Tim Fogarty ( El Ten Eleven ) Josh Dun ( Twenty One Pilots ) alternates between left - handed and right - handed playing Régine Chassa Mike Gibbins ( Badfinger ) Cameron Greenwood ( Terrorvision ) Justin Nace ( Pvris ) Zachary Hanson ( Hanson ) Buddy Harman Ian Haugland ( Europe ) Steve Hewitt ( Placebo ) Dominic Howard ( Muse ) Tom Hunting ( Exodus ) Mark Jackson ( VNV Nation ) Steve Jansen ( Japan , The Dolphin Brothers , Nine Horses ) Matt Kelly ( Dropkick Murphys ) Pierre Langlois ( The Black Dahlia Murder ) Steve McCall ( Air , Lester Bowie , Creative Construction Company ) Derrick McKenzie ( Jamiroquai ) Buddy Miles David Milhous ( Lippy 's Garden ) right - handed and plays a complete left - handed kit Rod Morgenstein ( Dixie Dregs , Winger , Jelly Jam , Platypus ) Steve Negus ( Saga ) Jerry Nolan ( New York Dolls , The Heartbreakers ) Ian Paice ( Deep Purple ) Pat Pengelly ( Bedouin Soundclash ) Simon Phillips plays a right - handed kit . Mick Pointer ( Marillion , Arena ) Brett Reed ( Rancid ) Chloe Saavedra ( Chaos Chaos aka Smoosh ) Neil Sanderson ( Three Days Grace ) plays on a right - handed kit , but leads with his left hand Robert Schultzberg ( Placebo ) Tiger Si ( Black Spiders ) Al Sobrante ( Green Day ) Vincent Tattanelli ( Nine Days ) Michael `` Moose '' Thomas ( Bullet For My Valentine ) plays on a right - handed kit , but leads with his left hand Hannes Van Dahl ( Sabaton ( band ) , ex-Evergrey ) Joey Waronker ( Beck , R.E.M. , Walt Mink ) Javier Weyler ( Stereophonics ) Dennis Wilson ( The Beach Boys ) Robbie Yeats ( The Dead C ) Slim Jim Phantom ( Stray Cats ) Gorden Campbell ( Mary J. Blige , Beyoncé , Whitney Houston ) Notes ( edit ) Christopher Guanlao of Silversun Pickups is left - handed but plays a right - handed set primarily in `` open style '' ( opposite to cross handed ) and has his ride cymbal to his left . Josh Eppard of Terrible Things and Coheed and Cambria also drums open - handed ( left - handed on a right - handed kit ) but writes right - handed . Joey Waronker of Beck , R.E.M. and Walt Mink is notable as left - handed drummer since the middle 1990s , but in the early of his career ( as a drummer of Walt Mink ) is notable as right - handed drummer . Gorden Campbell is left - handed but plays a right - handed set primarily in `` open style '' ( opposite to cross handed ) and has his ride cymbal to his left . Violinists ( edit ) The violin can be learned in either hand , and most left - handed players hold the violin under their left chins , the same as right - handed players . This allows all violinists to sit together in an orchestra . Richard Barth Paavo Berglund ( A well known Finnish left - handed conductor who also played violin , often joining orchestra players for chamber music just for fun . Due to the value of his violin collection he did not want to change his instruments and had trained himself to play left handed on violins with a normal set - up . ) Charlie Chaplin Ornette Coleman Rudolf Kolisch Ashley MacIsaac Ukulele ( edit ) Paul McCartney Tiny Tim Ian Whitcomb Trumpet ( edit ) Sharkey Bonano Freddie ' Posey ' Jenkins Wingy Manone Paul McCartney Hikari Ichihara ( plays right - handed ) Trombone ( edit ) Slide Hampton Banjo ( edit ) Elizabeth Cotten Cheick Hamala Diabate Mandolin ( edit ) Cheyenne Kimball Paul McCartney Bansuri ( edit ) Hariprasad Chaurasia , right - handed , started his career playing right - handed , switched to left - handed playing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Noel Gallagher ( Oasis ) Late Late Show - 1996 circa 5 mins . ^ Jump up to : ( Stetin 2001 : 5 ) Jump up ^ Metzger , Richard ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Mother Superior jumped the gun : Unknown all female prog rock group from the 1970s '' . Dangerous Minds . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TICE '' . Etab.ac-caen.fr . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Russo , Nick ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Maddie & Tae Make Their Concert Debut in Pasadena , Texas '' 100.3 The Bull `` . Thebull.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Bryant Talks Brantley Gilbert and ZZ Top , Performs ' Take It on Back ' ( Watch ) '' . Tasteofcountry.com. 2014 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( Ferguson 1979 : 121 ) Jump up ^ Guitarplayer interview Jump up ^ https://lasentinel.net/melvin-williams-launches-world-tour-where-i-started-from.html Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr Reveals The Secret Of His Distinctive Rhythm - CONAN on TBS '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Hewitt -- Free listening , videos , concerts , stats and pictures at '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cross , Charles ( 2005 ) , Room Full of Mirrors : A Biography of Jimi Hendrix , Hyperion , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 662 - 9 Babiuk , Andy ( 2001 ) , Beatles Gear , Backbeat Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 8841 - 2 Ferguson , Jim , ed. ( 1979 ) , The Guitar Player Book , GPI Publications , ISBN 0 - 394 - 17169 - 1 Ruggere , Steve ( 1980 ) . `` Left - Handed Guitar : A Look at the Players , Problems , & Products '' . Guitar Player . 14 ( 5 ( May 1980 ) ) : 48 -- 50 . Stetin , Troy ( 2001 ) , Left - Handed Guitar : The Complete Method , Hal Leonard , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 8788 - 9 Engel , John ( 2006 ) , Uncommon Sound : The Left - Handed Guitar Players Who Changed Music , Left Field Ventures , ISBN 2 - 9600614 - 0 - 3 , archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 External links ( edit ) Left - handed guitarists and drummers Famous Left Handed Guitarists and Bassists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_musicians_who_play_left-handed&oldid=836543158 '' Categories : Lists of musicians Guitars Handedness Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Left-handed musicians
2. Guitarists and bassists
3. Drummers
4. Violinists
5. Ukulele players |
-527,471,653,620,709,950 | where does the euro sign go in spain | Euro sign - wikipedia Euro sign Jump to : navigation , search The euro sign ; logotype and handwritten . <Th_colspan="2"> € <Td_colspan="2"> Euro sign <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Word dividers interpunct space <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ <Th_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters <Th_colspan="2"> In other scripts <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book <Td_colspan="2"> The euro sign ( € ) is the currency sign used for the euro , the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union ( EU ) . The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996 . The international three - letter code ( according to ISO standard ISO 4217 ) for the euro is EUR . In Unicode it is encoded at U + 20AC € euro sign ( HTML & # 8364 ; &euro ; ) . In English , the sign precedes the value ( for instance , € 10 , not 10 € ) . In some style guides , but not others , the euro sign is unspaced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Use on computers 2.1 Entry methods 3 Use 4 References 5 External links Design ( edit ) Official graphic construction of the euro logo . The euro design featured in the Windows font Comic Sans originally had a cartoon eye inside a serif . This was later removed after fears of legal action from the EU . The euro currency sign was designed to be similar in structure to the old sign for the European Currency Unit ( Encoded as U + 20A0 ₠ ) . There were originally thirty - two proposals ; these were reduced to ten candidates . These ten were put to a public survey . After the survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two , it was up to the European Commission to choose the final design . The other designs that were considered are not available for the public to view , nor is any information regarding the designers available for public query . The European Commission considers the process of designing to have been internal and keeps these records secret . The eventual winner was a design created by a team of four experts whose identities have not been revealed . It is assumed that the Belgian graphic designer Alain Billiet was the winner and thus the designer of the euro sign . Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon ( ε ) -- a reference to the cradle of European civilization -- and the first letter of the word Europe , crossed by two parallel lines to ' certify ' the stability of the euro . -- European Commission The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger , a former chief graphic designer for the European Economic Community , who claims he had the idea prior to the European Commission . The European Commission specified a euro logo with exact proportions and colours ( PMS Yellow foreground , PMS Reflex Blue background ) , for use in public - relations material related to the euro introduction . While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape , type designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead . Use on computers ( edit ) Generating the euro sign using a computer depends on the operating system and national conventions . Some mobile phone companies issued an interim software update for their special SMS character set , replacing the less - frequent Japanese yen sign with the euro sign . Later mobile phones have both currency signs . The euro is represented in the Unicode character set with the character name EURO SIGN and the code position U + 20AC ( decimal 8364 ) as well as in updated versions of the traditional Latin character set encodings . In HTML , the &euro ; entity can also be used . The euro sign in a selection of fonts . An implicit character encoding , along with the fact that the code position of the euro sign is different in common encoding schemes , led to many problems displaying the euro sign in computer applications . While displaying the euro sign is no problem as long as only one system is used ( provided an up - to - date font with the proper glyph is available ) , mixed setups often produced errors . One example is a content management system where articles are stored in a database using a different character set than the editor 's computer . Another is legacy software which could only handle older encodings such as ISO 8859 - 1 that contained no euro sign at all . In such situations , character set conversions had to be made , often introducing conversion errors such as a question mark ( ? ) being displayed instead of a euro sign . Care has been taken to avoid replacing an existing obsolete currency sign with the euro sign . That could create different currency signs for sender and receiver in e-mails or web sites , with confusions about business agreements as a result . Entry methods ( edit ) Depending on keyboard layout and the operating system , the symbol can be entered as : AltGr + 4 ( UK ) AltGr + 5 ( US INTL / ESP ) AltGr + E ( BEL / ESP / FRA / GER / ITA / POR / CZE ) AltGr + U ( HU / PL ) Ctrl + Alt + 4 ( UK ) Ctrl + Alt + 5 ( US INTL / ESP ) Ctrl + Alt + e in Microsoft Word in United States layout Alt + 0 1 2 8 in Microsoft Windows Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + u followed by 2 0 a c in Chrome OS Ctrl + k followed by = e in the Vim text editor On the macOS operating system , a variety of key combinations are used depending on the keyboard layout , for example : ⌥ Option + 2 in British layout ⌥ Option + ⇧ Shift + 2 in United States layout ⌥ Option + ⇧ Shift + 5 in Slovenian layout ⌥ Option + $ in French layout ⌥ Option + E in German , Spanish and Italian layout ⇧ Shift + 4 in Swedish layout The Compose key sequence for the euro sign is = E . Use ( edit ) See also : Linguistic issues concerning the euro A euro light sculpture at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt . Placement of the sign also varies . Partly since there are no official standards on placement , countries have generated varying conventions or sustained those of their former currencies . For example , in Ireland and the Netherlands , where previous currency signs ( £ and ƒ , respectively ) were placed before the figure , the euro sign is universally placed in the same position . In many other countries , including France , Germany , Italy , Spain , Latvia and Lithuania , an amount such as € 3 , 50 is usually written as 3 , 50 € instead , largely in accordance with conventions for previous currencies . The European union did indeed usher a guideline on the use of the euro sign , stating it should be placed in front of the amount without any space . In English , the euro sign -- like the dollar sign ( $ ) and the pound sign ( £ ) -- is placed before the figure , unspaced , as used by publications such as the Financial Times and The Economist . When written out , `` euro '' is placed after the value in lower case ; the plural is used for two or more units , and euro cents are indicated with a comma not a period , e.g. , 1 , 50 euro , 14 euros . No official recommendation is made with regard to the use of a cent sign , and usage differs between and within member states . Sums are often expressed as decimals of the euro ( for example € 0.05 , € --. 05 , or 0 , 05 € , rather than 5c ) . The most common abbreviation is `` c '' , but the cent sign `` ¢ '' also appears . Other abbreviations include `` ct '' ( particularly in Germany and Lithuania ) , `` cent . '' in Spain and Italy , `` snt '' ( Finland ) and Λ ( the capital letter lambda for λεπτό , `` lepto '' , in Greece ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Connare , Vincent . `` Keynote : From the Dark Side ... Speak to Me '' . Ampersand Conference 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belg Alain Billiet ontwierp het euroteken '' ( The Belgian Alain Billet designed the euro sign ) . Gazet van Antwerpen ( in Dutch ) . 10 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission -- Economic and Financial Affairs -- How to use the euro name and symbol '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( 23 December 2001 ) . `` Observer Inventor who coined euro sign fights for recognition '' . London : Observer.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Typographers discuss the euro , from December 1996 . Jump up ^ For details please see the Western Latin character sets ( computing ) Jump up ^ For Eastern European character set Latin 10 with the euro sign , please see ISO / IEC 8859 - 16 Jump up ^ Mac OS : How to type the Euro glyph , Apple Technical Report TA26547 ( 11 September 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Delegation of the European Commission to Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Euro : valutateken voor of achter het bedrag ? , Nederlandse Taalunie . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . Jump up ^ https://mrserge.lv/2014/pareizrakstibas-nodarbibas-8-eiro-simbola-pareiza-rakstisana-otra-dala/ Jump up ^ http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370303.htm#position Jump up ^ Article on linguistics : Currency units , TranslationDirectory.com . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Economist.com Research Tools : Style Guide , TranslationDirectory.com . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symbol of the euro . Euro name and symbol , Directorate - General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission Communication from the Commission : The use of the Euro symbol , July 1997 , Directorate - General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission Typing a Euro symbol on a non-European QWERTY keyboard . 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-8,436,486,778,273,071,000 | where is the masterchef kitchen located in melbourne 2017 | MasterChef Australia - Wikipedia MasterChef Australia For the current season , see MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Franc Roddam Judges Gary Mehigan George Calombaris Matt Preston Narrated by Nicholas McKay ( 2009 -- 12 ) Graeme Stone ( 2013 ) Lofty Fulton ( 2014 - ) Opening theme `` Hot n Cold '' , by Katy Perry Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 686 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales ( 2009 -- 12 ) Melbourne , Victoria ( 2013 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 120 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia ( 2009 -- 11 ) Endemol Shine Australia ( 2012 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 27 April 2009 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website MasterChef Australia is a Logie Award - winning Australian reality competitive cooking game show based on the original British MasterChef . It is produced by Shine Australia and screens on Network Ten . Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan , chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston serve as the show 's main judges . The show is premiered 7 : 30pm every Sunday -- Thursday on Network Ten . The MasterChef Australia Kitchen is located in Flemington , Melbourne . The series has also spawned four spin - off series : Celebrity MasterChef Australia , which featured celebrity contestants , Junior MasterChef Australia , which featured younger contestants , MasterChef Australia All - Stars , which featured returning contestants from the first three series , and MasterChef Australia : The Professionals , which features professional chefs as contestants . These spin - off shows did not air in 2014 after the producers of the show announced that they wanted to solely focus on the original version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Episodes 2 Hosts and judges 2.1 Main Series 2.2 Spin - off Series 3 Winners 3.1 Main Series 3.2 Spin - Off Series 4 Series synopsis 4.1 Series 1 : 2009 4.2 Series 2 : 2010 4.3 Series 3 : 2011 4.4 Series 4 : 2012 4.5 Series 5 : 2013 4.6 Series 6 : 2014 4.7 Series 7 : 2015 4.8 Series 8 : 2016 4.9 Series 9 : 2017 4.10 Series 10 : 2018 5 Spin - off editions 5.1 Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 5.2 Junior MasterChef Australia 5.2. 1 Series 1 : 2010 5.2. 2 Series 2 : 2011 5.3 MasterChef Australia All - Stars : 2012 5.4 MasterChef Australia : The Professionals : 2013 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Main Season Ratings 6.3 Spinoff Series Ratings 6.4 Critical and popular reception 7 Controversy 7.1 Allegations of vote rigging 7.2 Welfare of former contestants 7.3 Marco Pierre White 8 International syndications 9 Print publications 9.1 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.2 Our Family Table 9.3 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 9.4 Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.5 Two Asian Kitchens 9.6 MasterChef Magazine 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) MasterChef Australia has a different format to that of the original British MasterChef and MasterChef Goes Large formats . Initial rounds consist of a large number of hopeful contestants from across Australia individually `` auditioning '' by presenting a food dish before the three judges in order to gain one of 50 semi-final places . Entrants must be over 18 years old whose main source of income can not come from preparing and cooking fresh food in a professional environment . The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges which test their food knowledge and preparation skills . In Season 1 , the top 50 competed until 20 were left , with the final 20 progressing to the main stage of the show . From Season 2 , 24 contestants progress . The contestants will then be whittled down through a number of individual and team - based cooking challenges and weekly elimination rounds until a winning MasterChef is crowned . The winner plays for a prize that includes chef training from leading professional chefs , the chance to have their own cookbook published , and A $ 250,000 in cash . Episodes ( edit ) MasterChef Australia airs five nights a week from Sunday to Thursday . Each night features a different episode format , however some episodes modify the format slightly . The typical episode formats are as follows : Sunday is the Challenge night . From series 3 , it can range from a variety of challenges , including a Mystery Box , where each contestant is given the same box of ingredients and are to create a dish using only those ingredients . The Judges then pick 3 dishes Based on Technique and Visual Appearance Alone and a winner chosen . There can also be an Invention Test , where contestants have to invent a dish relevant to a theme using a core ingredient . There can also be Off - Site Challenges and Team Challenges , which often involve cooking for large numbers of people . The top three contestants who made the best dishes are selected by the judges , from which a winner is chosen to compete in the Immunity Challenge . After this the bottom three are revealed , who will face off in an elimination challenge the next night . In the first two series , it would always consist of a Mystery Box , where the winner was able to choose the core ingredient for the Invention Test . Monday episodes feature the Pressure Test . The bottom three from the previous night 's challenge are given a recipe for a particular dish they are to emulate in an allocated time . Once completed they are taken in to the judges to be tasted , before all three contestants are seated in front of the judges for critiquing . The judges then eliminate the contestant out of the three that performed least adequately in the test . Tuesday episodes feature the Immunity Challenge , where the winner of the Sunday challenge competes against a guest , which can vary from a chef , apprentice , or to a home cook in a cook off . The contestant is given the choice of two pantries of ingredients they can use , usually contrasting such as `` Black '' and `` White '' . The contestant gets a head start to complete the dish before their opponent starts cooking and after the allotted time for both is finished , the dishes are presented to the judges for tasting and scoring out of ten . The judges are not aware which dish was made by which person , however . If the contestant 's dish 's score is equal to or higher than that of the guest , they are crowned the winner of the challenge . In the first series they are given a free pass to the finals week of the competition and can go home . From series 2 onwards , they receive a pin that allows them to save themselves from one future elimination . Wednesday features a Team Challenge . The contestants are split into teams , and are given a task , and a set amount of time to complete the challenge . Tasks have included presenting a three course meal to a celebrity guest , running a restaurant for an evening or catering an event such as a birthday party or wedding . Once completed and judged the teams are given the results , which can be determined by which team the judges think did the best , or receiving the most votes or making the most money by the people the teams had to cook for , with members of the losing team facing an elimination the next night . The winning team safe from elimination receives a reward ( for example lunch at a top restaurant ) . Thursday is another Elimination . The two worst performing contestants from the losing team in the team challenge compete against each other in a head to head challenge to determine who will be eliminated . The loser of the challenge is then eliminated . On some occasions , all members of the losing team will be selected to compete as individuals in the elimination challenge . In the first series , a different elimination process was used . The contestants from the losing team were to vote for a contestant that they each feel did not perform to their best and may have cost them the challenge . After voting the team is called in together to announce the results of the vote , with the contestant with the most votes being eliminated from the competition . If the previous challenge was an individual challenge , the bottom two contestants competed in a head to head taste test where one contestant at a time named one ingredient of a particular dish or sauce , and the first person to name an incorrect ingredient is eliminated . MasterClass airs on Thursday following the elimination show and is generally limited to themed weeks . Here , judges George , Gary and Matt run a masterclass for the remaining contestants , which usually call back to some of the challenges from the previous week . For example , they may revisit the Mystery Box challenge and demonstrate some other dishes that could have been made or redo one of the contestants ' dishes to give tips on how it could have been improved . Hosts and judges ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring <Th_colspan="10"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 <Th_colspan="11"> Current Gary Mehigan <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="9"> Host & Judge George Calombaris <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="9"> Host & Judge Matt Preston <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="9"> Host & Judge Heston Blumenthal <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> Guest Judge Nigella Lawson <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge Gordon Ramsay <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge Shannon Bennett <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Guest Mentor <Th_colspan="11"> Former Sarah Wilson <Td_colspan="1"> Host <Td_colspan="9"> Matt Moran <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge <Td_colspan="6"> Kylie Kwong <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Mentor <Td_colspan="4"> Marco Pierre White <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest Judge <Td_colspan="2"> Yotam Ottolenghi <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Spin - off Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring <Th_colspan="11"> Seasons J1 J2 A-S TP Gary Mehigan <Td_colspan="4"> Host & Judge <Td_colspan="1"> George Calombaris <Td_colspan="4"> Host & Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Matt Preston <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="1"> Host & Judge <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Host & Judge Anna Gare <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Judge <Td_colspan="3"> Matt Moran <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Judge <Td_colspan="3"> Marco Pierre White <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Host & Judge Winners ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Series Contestant Age State Occupation Date Won One Julie Goodwin 38 New South Wales Office manager 19 July 2009 Two Adam Liaw 31 South Australia Lawyer 25 July 2010 Three Kate Bracks 35 New South Wales Homemaker 7 August 2011 Four Andy Allen 24 New South Wales Apprentice electrician 25 July 2012 Five Emma Dean 35 Victoria Town planner 1 September 2013 Six Brent Owens 24 Victoria Bobcat driver 28 July 2014 Seven Billie McKay 24 New South Wales Restaurant manager 27 July 2015 Eight Elena Duggan 32 New South Wales School teacher 26 July 2016 Nine Diana Chan 29 Victoria Accountant 24 July 2017 Ten 30 July 2018 Spin - Off Series ( edit ) Season Contestant Occupation Date Won Eamon Sullivan Olympic Swimmer 25 November 2009 J1 Isabella Bliss School Student 15 November 2010 J2 Greta Yaxley 23 November 2011 A-S Callum Hann Uni Student 12 August 2012 TP Rhys Badcock Cruise Liner Chef 17 March 2013 Series synopsis ( edit ) Series 1 : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) The first series of MasterChef Australia was broadcast between 27 April 2009 and 19 July 2009 . Applications for contestants closed on 8 January 2009 , with subsequent auditions held in Perth , Brisbane , Melbourne , Adelaide and Sydney . Over 7000 people auditioned for the show . The Top 50 portion of the series was filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Sydney . From the Top 20 onwards , filming was moved to a studio on Doody Street in Alexandria , Sydney . The series one finale was filmed on 2 July 2009 , two and a half weeks before its actual television broadcast . The winner was I.T. office manager Julie Goodwin , who defeated Poh Ling Yeow . Series 2 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) The second series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 19 April 2010 , with the initial call for contestants held in mid-2009 . Other changes to Season 2 include not showing the initial auditions , with the series beginning instead with the Top 50 which were filmed at a Redfern Train Works building in Sydney , and having a Top 24 instead of a Top 20 . Also , unlike Season 1 , the last 45 minutes of the finale were broadcast live . The winner was 31 - year - old lawyer Adam Liaw who defeated Callum Hann . Series 3 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 3 ) On 4 July 2010 , Network Ten confirmed the return of MasterChef with new judge Matt Moran joining the original judges for series 3 . The series premiere aired on 1 May 2011 . It was watched by 1.511 million viewers . The winner was 36 - year - old mother , Kate Bracks , who defeated Michael Weldon in the grand final . Series 4 : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 4 ) MasterChef Australia premiered Sunday 6 May on Network Ten . Regular judges , chefs George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan and food critic Matt Preston , returned for Season 4 . Andy Allen defeated Julia Taylor . Audra Morrice came in third place . Series 5 : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 5 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2012 that they have commissioned a fifth series for 2013 . The program was filmed at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale , Victoria . Emma Dean won , with Lynton Tapp as the runner - up and Samira El Khafir finishing in third place . Series 5 featured a number of changes to the format including casting that focussed on contestant 's personalities above cooking ability in response to the success of the Seven Network 's rival cooking show My Kitchen Rules . The changes were not well received by both critics and audiences , and led to disappointing ratings compared to previous seasons . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia as well as live events such as Masterchef Live in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Series 6 : 2014 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 6 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2013 that they had recommissioned the show for another series , which aired in 2014 . The program was once again filmed in Ascot Vale , Victoria at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds . In addition to the return of all three judges , Kylie Kwong was a guest mentor who appeared during the immunity challenges . Heston Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White joined the show for a full week of challenges . Brent Owens was the winner , with Laura Cassai taking second place . Series 7 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 7 ) Shannon Bennett replaces Kwong as the regular in - house mentor for the immunity challenges . This season marked the return in stronger ratings for MasterChef Australia , with a series average of nearly 1.2 million metropolitan viewers . The finale ( winner announced ) was the highest rating non-sport TV event of 2015 , with 2.2 million viewers ( in metropolitan consolidated numbers ) . This series also attracted praise and critical acclaim from TV critics and writers , as well as many media personalities and much of the viewers . It was won by Ballina restaurant manager Billie McKay . Georgia Barnes took second place . Series 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) The eighth season premiered on 1 May 2016 . It was won by Elena Duggan with Matt Sinclair as runner - up . Series 9 : 2017 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) The ninth season began on 1 May 2017 . It was won by Diana Chan with Ben Ungermann as runner - up . Series 10 : 2018 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) The tenth season began on 7 May 2018 . Spin - off editions ( edit ) Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : Celebrity MasterChef Australia Celebrity MasterChef Australia , a spin - off featuring celebrities as contestants began production in early September 2009 , and aired for ten weeks starting from 30 September 2009 . The celebrity version , which features a heats and semi-finals format similar to MasterChef Goes Large , is based around weekly episodes . Presenter Sarah Wilson did not return to present the show . Ten states that she was dropped because `` the appropriate role for Sarah was not achievable without dramatically changing the format ''. , but Gary Mehigan , George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned as judges , Calombaris and Mehigan took Wilson 's presenting role . It was won by Olympic swimmer Eamon Sullivan , who took home $50,000 for charity Swim Survive Stay Alive . In February 2010 , executive producer Mark Fennessy stated that he doubted the spin - off will return for a second series . Junior MasterChef Australia ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia Series 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) Production of a junior version of the show was initially suggested in October 2009 . The first series of the show , featuring 8 - to 12 - year - old contestants , was filmed after the second series of MasterChef Australia . Junior MasterChef Australia is produced by Shine Australia . The series final was won by 12 - year - old Isabella Bliss from Queensland . Series 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) Ten confirmed a second series of the spin - off in their 2011 line - up . The winner was Greta Yaxley . MasterChef Australia all - Stars : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia All - Stars Ten began broadcast of a special all - stars version of the show on 26 July 2012 that aired during the 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured a number of returning contestants from the first three series , including series 1 and 3 winners Julie Goodwin and Kate Bracks , who revisited past challenges in order to raise money for charity . It was won by series 2 runner - up Callum Hann , who ultimately raised $20,000 for Cancer Council Australia . MasterChef Australia : the Professionals : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia : The Professionals A spin - off based the original BBC MasterChef : The Professionals series began airing on 20 January 2013 . It featured 18 professional chefs competing against each other as opposed to amateur cooks . Matt Preston and chef Marco Pierre White hosted the spin - off . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The one - hour series premiere of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 1.42 million viewers , making it the most watched show in its timeslot . Ratings steadily grew throughout the first series , with the show dominating Australian ratings as it entered finals week , averaging around or above 2 million viewers an episode , and on daily rankings placing ahead of other high rating shows such as the Seven Network 's Packed to the Rafters and Nine 's Rugby League State of Origin broadcast . Its success is despite initial belief from critics that the series would be a dud based on the performance of previous prime time cooking shows , as well as general cynicism against a new reality show format . The first series finale of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 3,745,000 viewers , and peaked at 4.11 million viewers . This figure was for the last half hour of the show , titled MasterChef Australia : The Winner Announced , while the first 90 minutes of the finale averaged 3,313,000 viewers . The figure also eclipsed the show 's previous high , set on the last elimination episode , of 2.36 million viewers and also surpassed the previous high for a non-sporting event ( Australian Idol 's 2004 finale , which averaged in 3.35 million ) since OzTAM ratings started in 2001 . It is currently the 4th highest rating television program in Australia since 2001 , behind the 2005 Australian Open final between Lleyton Hewitt and Marat Safin , and the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final . Ten 's share for the night was 41.3 % , almost 20 % ahead of its nearest rival . The first series finale was the most watched television program of 2009 . The highly anticipated second series premiere of the show attracted 1.69 million viewers , peaking at 2.11 million nationwide . In general , the second series rated higher on average compared to the first series , with weekday episodes seeing a 35 % increase in viewers by the midpoint of the series . The last half hour of the second series final attracted 3,962,000 viewers and 3,542,000 during the rest of the final out rating the series 1 final to become the 3rd highest rating show of all time . Based on the number of viewers and the nightly ratings , Season 5 of Masterchef was considered the worst season , with the finale being ranked only the 5th most viewed television show that night , compared to every other season of Masterchef ranking # 1 . It is also the only season of the show to have under 1 million viewers of the finale , and it has received the lowest nightly rankings with several episodes below the top 20 in terms of most viewed shows . In total there were only half the number of viewers from Season 4 . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia ( including : Junior Masterchef and Masterchef : The Professionals as well as live events such as Masterchef Live and Masterchef Dining ) in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Main Season Ratings ( edit ) Season Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank 27 April 2009 19 July 2009 72 1.428 # 7 3.313 # 2 3.745 # 1 19 April 2010 25 July 2010 84 1.695 # 1 3.542 # 2 3.962 # 1 1 May 2011 7 August 2011 86 1.569 # 1 2.334 # 2 2.740 # 1 6 May 2012 25 July 2012 70 1.368 # 4 1.888 # 2 2.191 # 1 5 2 June 2013 1 September 2013 65 1.100 # 8 0.921 # 8 1.057 # 5 6 5 May 2014 28 July 2014 60 0.874 # 10 1.654 # 2 1.703 # 1 7 5 May 2015 27 July 2015 62 1.231 # 1 1.840 # 2 2.133 # 1 8 1 May 2016 26 July 2016 63 1.012 # 4 1.711 # 2 1.875 # 1 9 1 May 2017 24 July 2017 63 1.060 # 5 1.120 # 3 1.303 # 2 10 7 May 2018 30 July 2018 61 0.890 # 7 # # Spinoff Series Ratings ( edit ) Series Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank Series Average Celebrity 30 September 2009 25 November 2009 10 1.363 # 2 1.297 # 1 <Td_colspan="2"> N / A 1.187 Junior 1 12 September 2010 15 November 2010 17 2.202 # 1 1.532 # 2 1.853 # 1 1.313 Junior 2 25 September 2011 23 November 2011 20 1.129 # 5 0.934 # 10 0.911 # 12 0.844 All - Stars 25 July 2012 19 August 2012 19 1.256 # 1 0.802 # 11 1.050 # 7 0.807 The Professionals 20 January 2013 17 March 2013 25 1.165 # 3 0.980 # 11 1.022 # 9 0.886 <Th_colspan="3"> Overall average 91 1.423 # 2 1.109 # 7 1.209 # 7 1.007 Critical and popular reception ( edit ) Despite success in ratings , the series initially received mixed reviews , with fans of the original British version describing the Australian show to be incomparable to that version in terms of quality , structure , judgement and skill of the contestant . Other commentators have also criticised the show for using a competition format similar to other reality shows such as Australian Idol , The Biggest Loser and Project Runway Australia that focuses more on the elimination of contestants than the food and cooking itself . Ten 's programming chief David Mott admitted that using the new format was `` a huge risk '' , while FremantleMedia 's Paul Franklin has asserted that `` for a commercial audience we needed to pump it up and make it bigger , a little over the top , with more drama and storytelling and a sense of theatre '' . Since Series 5 ( 2012 ) however , when the show began filming in Melbourne , rather than Sydney , the producers changed the original format during the qualifying round for the top 24 to one similar to MasterChef USA ; the remainder of the show however stuck more or less to the original Australian format though . Despite these harsh views , it is still popular amongst many others who have praised the balance of entertainment , skill and overall presentation which is more fun - loving in its ( Australian ) attitude in comparison with the original British format . The show has been described as `` an antidote for cynicism '' and a reflection of multicultural Australia , while the show 's success has been attributed to audiences `` uncomfortable with the win - at - all - cost mould of reality shows of old '' and a shift in values in the face of the recent financial crisis . As is noted in Australian MasterChef 's premier episode of Season 4 , since Australian MasterChef premiered in 2009 ( the first MasterChef series outside of the UK ( est. 1990 ) , it has been such a success that France , Greece , Turkey , Portugal , New Zealand , India , Peru , Finland , Sweden , Italy , Germany , Denmark , Norway , the USA and many other countries have all followed Australia 's lead and formed their own series of the show in their respective countries ; this in itself reveals the popularity of the Australian show from an international audience 's perspective compared to that of the British version . Cooking schools have reported an increase in enrolments due to the success of the series , while kitchenware retailers and upmarket restaurants have also seen increased trade . Supermarkets and specialty food retailers have reported increased demand from the public for more unusual ingredients , such as quail , custard apple and squab , after such were featured on the program . The success of the show led Ten to explore possible spin - offs such as the celebrity and junior versions , as well as one featuring professional chefs as contestants . The success of the show has also led competing networks to commission their own competitive cooking programs , such as Seven 's My Kitchen Rules and Nine 's The Great Aussie Cook - Off after the first series of the Australian version , with reports that both networks were planning more copycat shows to air in late 2010 and early 2011 . MasterChef Australia won the award for Most Popular Reality Program at the 2010 Logie Awards . In addition , Matt Preston won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent for his work on the program . Controversy ( edit ) Allegations of vote rigging ( edit ) Significant numbers of viewers have raised allegations that the voting on the series one finale of MasterChef was fraudulent after Julie Goodwin won the crown . After the airing of the finale talkback radio became inundated with calls , both for and against the verdict , and the finale also became a top trending topic on social networking site Twitter , where many users said they felt `` deflated '' and `` ripped off '' by the final episode of the hit show . Similar allegations were raised when contestants were eliminated throughout the series . Judge Matt Preston has denied that eliminations were rigged or the result of a popularity contest , and asserted that Julie had won the title because she was the better cook on the night . Goodwin herself has also asserted that her victory was not the result of rigging , insisting that the professional integrity of the three judges would be damaged if it were . Welfare of former contestants ( edit ) During their time playing MasterChef , the contestants are paid a retainer of $500 a week . This is slightly below the national Australian minimum wage of $589.30 and less than half the average wage of $1,291.34 . However , contestants have their accommodation provided for the duration of their time in the competition , meaning they live rent - free . These facts were revealed in 2011 along with the knowledge that most contestants quit their jobs before entering the competition and faced seeking re-employment once eliminated from the show . Marco Pierre White ( edit ) Following matter - of - fact comments made by judge Matt Preston about Marco 's son 's admitted $500,000 splurge of his father 's money on drugs and prostitution , Marco joined the rival program Hell 's Kitchen Australia in retaliation . In 2016 , whilst on The Kyle and Jackie O Show Preston was asked about Marco Jr. 's time on Big Brother UK , which included his alleged on -- air sex and the above admittance to purchasing illicit drugs and sex workers . Preston said `` I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails ... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry '' . This sparked a series of profanity -- filled social media attacks by Marco Jr. which he has since apologised for whilst spruiking his new sex toy collection on the Kyle and Jackie O Show . Since quitting Masterchef , Marco Snr has said that `` I will never forgive that man ... with my hand on my mother 's grave I will get that man '' and joined Hell 's Kitchen Australia . International syndications ( edit ) The network in bold also broadcasts their own version of MasterChef . Country Network Dubbed or subtitled ? Current broadcaster ? Afghanistan STAR World Subtitled in Dari No Arab League Fox Series Dubbed STAR World Bangladesh STAR World India Subtitled in English Belgium één Subtitled in Dutch Vitaya Yes Bhutan STAR World India Subtitled in English No Brazil Travel & Living Channel Dubbed Burma STAR World Subtitled Canada Casa Dubbed in French Yes Croatia Nova TV Subtitled No Denmark TV3 Puls Finland Jim Nelonen Greece Mega Channel Hong Kong Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese India STAR World India Subtitled in English Yes Indonesia B - Channel ( now RTV ) Subtitled No Lifetime Ireland Good Food Really RTÉ One Watch Israel Channel 2 Subtitled in Hebrew Italy Gambero Rosso Dubbed cielo ( TV channel ) Dubbed Yes Sky Uno Dubbed Yes Macau Lifetime Subtitled in Cantonese No Malaysia Subtitled in Malay & Chinese Yes Nepal STAR World India Subtitled in English No New Zealand TVNZ 1 Yes Prime No Norway TV3 Subtitled Yes Pakistan STAR World Fox Subtitled in English Subtitled in Arabic Yes Yes Poland TLC Polish lector Yes Portugal SIC Mulher Subtitled Yes 24Kitchen Russia Телекафе Russian double voice - over Singapore Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese Upcoming ? MediaCorp Channel 5 South Africa M - Net Yes Sri Lanka Maxx Rtv Subtitled in English Sweden TLC Subtitled Taiwan STAR World No Thailand The Netherlands Net 5 Yes RTL 5 SBS 6 United Kingdom Good Food Really Vietnam STAR World Upcoming VTV6 ( Junior version ) Dubbed in Vietnamese Yes Print publications ( edit ) Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in December 2009 . It contains recipes from the series 1 Top 20 contestants and top Australian and international chefs : Martin Boetz , Donovan Cooke , Pete Evans , Manu Feildel , Guy Grossi , Alex Herbert , Matt Moran and Andrew Honeysett , Ben O'Donoghue , Adrian Richardson , Frank Shek , Emmanuel Stroobant and Adriano Zumbo . There are also behind - the - scenes stories and culinary tips and tricks . Our Family Table ( edit ) As the first winner of MasterChef , Julie Goodwin won the chance to have her own cookbook published . Her first cookbook is called Our Family Table and is published by Random House Australia , April 2010 . Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 2 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 was published by Random House Australia in December 2010 . It contains recipes from the series 2 Top 24 contestants and top chefs . Official Junior MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in 2010 . It features recipes suitable for children and spreads it across various themes . Some MasterClass recipes are also included . Two Asian Kitchens ( edit ) As the second winner of MasterChef Adam Liaw won the chance to have his own cookbook published . The book is called Two Asian Kitchens ( ISBN 9781864711356 ) and is published by Random House Australia , April 2011 . Split into two main sections -- the Old Kitchen and the New Kitchen -- Liaw explores recipes that he has grown up with , along with new creations . MasterChef Magazine ( edit ) MasterChef Magazine , a monthly spin - off publication adopting the series ' brand , went on sale in May 2010 . Following a high - profile launch , the magazine exceeded its initial sales target within a short period of time , selling 90,000 copies in three days . The magazine was published by News Magazines , a subsidiary of News Limited . After losing a third of its readers in one year , the magazine was closed in October 2012 See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal List of Australian television series My Kitchen Rules References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 January 2009 ) . `` Food critic becomes Masterchef host '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herald Sun '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Courier Mail '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` MasterChef all Stars take on the Olympics '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef : The Professionals vs My Kitchen Rules ? '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef sticks to one series for 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 31 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 December 2008 ) . `` Auditions : Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.billicorp.com.au/listing/details.aspx?listingID=11210# Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef wraps '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` MasterChef 's 2 week menu '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ten renews MasterChef Archived 8 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , mediaspy.org . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef creams Logies in ratings race '' . The Age . Melbourne . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Bracks wins MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/andy-allen-is-masterchefs-last-man-standing/story-fndo317g-1226434211298 Jump up ^ `` The real reason MasterChef 's recipe is better in 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/masterchef/worst-ratings-ever-for-masterchef-grand-final-20130902-2szrs.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvtonight.com.au Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schetzer , Alana ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` MasterChef 2014 recap : Heston Blumenthal gets a-salted '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer : Masterchef 2017 '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggest Loser trainer lined up for Celebrity MasterChef ? Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is -- Yahoo ! 7 TV Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` TEN drops Sarah Wilson from MasterChef 2 '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 July 2009 ) . `` Celebrity MasterChef chop - chops Sarah Wilson '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Celebrity MasterChef uncertain '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shine Australia to produce Junior Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella wins Junior MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ten to start a television food fight '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 April 2009 ) . `` Biggest Loser tops 2m viewers '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef tops 2.1 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masterchef thumps State of Origin , but Nine wins Wednesday '' . tvtonight.com.au. 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masterchef gets three chefs ' hats for food lovers ' hit '' . Herald Sun . 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef 's appeal was its friends '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3.74 m viewers powers MasterChef finale '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 : The Top 100 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef premieres to 1.7 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hit show MasterChef going through the roof '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Worst ratings ever for MasterChef grand final '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First taste of Masterchef draws mixed reaction '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If you ca n't stand the heat ... '' The Blurb . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Masterchef -- So You Think You Can Cook ? '' . Macabre Melbourne . 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Ten show MasterChef secret recipe '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cooking schools flooded with MasterChef fans '' . news.com.au. 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Olding , Rachel ; Taffel , Jacqui ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` MasterChef fans drive specialty boom '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef inspires imitators - TV & Radio - Entertainment - smh.com.au '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Logie Awards : round - up '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was MasterChef Australia rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Beats Poh -- Masterchef Australia Rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef judge Matt Preston denies show is rigged '' . news.com.au. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Field , Katherine ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` MasterChef 's Julie Goodwin says show was n't rigged '' . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Alison ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Revealed : The MasterChef weekly wage '' . news.com.au . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Lorna ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Marco Pierre White Jr 's foul - mouthed tirade against Matt Preston will shock you ( to say the least ! ) '' . www.nowtolove.com.au . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MARCO PIERRE WHITE REVEALS REASON WHY HE QUIT MASTERCHEF '' . kiis1011.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Pierre White Jr addresses Matt Preston feud : ' It was disgraceful ' '' . news.com.au. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celeb chef Marco Pierre White 's angry feud with Matt Preston : ' I will never forgive him ' '' . news.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MASTERCHEF AUSTRALIA THE COOKBOOK VOLUME 1 '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Family Table '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two Asian Kitchens '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef magazine debut a sellout '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef Magazine arriving next week '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NewsLifeMedia closes MasterChef Magazine - Mumbrella '' . mumbrella.com.au. 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) MasterChef Australia -- Official MasterChef Australia Website Official Channel Ten Website -- Official Network Ten Website ( with free MasterChef episodes ) MasterChef Australia on IMDb MasterChef Australia at TV.com MasterChef Australia on Twitter <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Algeria Asia Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Chile China Croatia Colombia Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Thailand Ukraine United States Original Revival Vietnam Junior MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Albania Australia Brazil Greece India Philippines Poland Thailand United States Vietnam Celebrity MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Malaysia Romania Spain South Korea MasterChef : The Professionals United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Brazil MasterChef : All Stars Australia <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Hoda Kobeissi Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock <Th_colspan="2"> AACTA Award for Best Reality Television Series <Td_colspan="2"> The Amazing Race Australia ( 2012 ) MasterChef Australia : The Professionals ( 2013 ) The Voice ( 2014 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2015 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Sports Tonight ( 1993 -- 2011 , since 2018 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Pointless ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia&oldid=850065898 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2009 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series Australian cooking television series MasterChef Australia Television shows set in Sydney Television shows set in Melbourne Television series by FremantleMedia English - language television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 10 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. MasterChef Australia
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-2,131,357,869,573,529,600 | who is considered the best president of united states | Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States In political studies , surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States . Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion . The rankings focus on the presidential achievements , leadership qualities , failures and faults . In the 1920s , sculptor Gutzon Borglum and President Calvin Coolidge selected George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln to appear on Mount Rushmore -- it later became an iconic symbol of presidential greatness . Contents 1 General findings 2 Notable scholar surveys 2.1 Scholar survey results 3 Liberal and conservative raters 4 Excluded groups ranking approach 5 Public opinion polls 5.1 Rasmussen poll 5.2 Gallup poll 6 Public opinion polls on recent Presidents 6.1 2010 Gallup poll 6.2 Public Policy Polling 6.3 Vision Critical / Angus Reid poll 6.4 2013 Gallup poll 6.5 2014 Quinnipiac poll 6.6 2017 Quinnipiac poll 6.7 2017 Morning Consult poll 6.8 2018 Quinnipiac poll 7 Siena College Research Institute , Presidential Expert Poll of 2010 8 2017 C - SPAN Presidential Historian Survey 9 Memorability of the Presidents 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links General findings Abraham Lincoln , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George Washington are most often listed as the three highest - rated Presidents among historians . The remaining places within the Top 10 are often rounded out by Theodore Roosevelt , Thomas Jefferson , Harry S Truman , Woodrow Wilson , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Andrew Jackson , and John F. Kennedy . More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls , but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians . The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan , Warren G. Harding , Andrew Johnson , Franklin Pierce , Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , Ulysses S. Grant , Zachary Taylor , and George W. Bush . Because William Henry Harrison ( 30 days ) and James A. Garfield ( 200 days , incapacitated after 119 days ) both died shortly after taking office , they are usually omitted from presidential rankings . Furthermore , Zachary Taylor died after serving as president for only 16 months , but he is usually included . In the case of these three , it is not clear if they received low rankings due to their actions as President , or because each was in office for such a limited time that it is not possible to assess them more thoroughly . Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham noted the `` dichotomous or schizoid profiles '' of Presidents , which can make some hard to classify . Historian Alan Brinkley stated that `` there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great ( for example , Nixon ) '' . Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon : `` How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president , so brilliant and so morally lacking ? '' David H. Donald , noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln , relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961 , Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors . Kennedy said : `` No one has a right to grade a President -- even poor James Buchanan -- who has not sat in his chair , examined the mail and information that came across his desk , and learned why he made his decisions '' . Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argues that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history and that they are `` weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the White House '' . Libertarian political commentator Ivan Eland wrote a book titled Recarving Rushmore ( 2008 ; updated 2014 ) in which he wrote that historians ' criteria are poor in their capacity to reflect presidents ' actual services to the country . In the book , Eland chose to rate 40 Presidents on the basis of whether their policies promoted prosperity , liberty and non-interventionism as well as modest executive roles for themselves -- his final rankings varied significantly from those of most scholars . Notable scholar surveys Abraham Lincoln is often considered the greatest President for his leadership during the American Civil War and his eloquence in speeches such as the Gettysburg Address James Buchanan is often considered the worst President for his inept leadership during the years leading up to the Civil War The 1948 poll was conducted by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. of Harvard University . The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger , who surveyed 75 historians . Schlesinger 's son , Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , conducted another poll in 1996 . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents also gives the results of the 1982 survey , a poll of 49 historians conducted by the Chicago Tribune . A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of Dwight D. Eisenhower , which rose from 22nd in 1962 to 9th in 1982 . The Siena Research Institute of Siena College conducted surveys in 1982 , 1990 , 1994 , 2002 and 2010 . The 1994 survey placed only two presidents , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln , above 80 points and two presidents , Andrew Johnson and Warren G. Harding , below 50 points . The 2010 Siena survey had George W. Bush plummet from the initial 2002 ranking of 23rd down to 39th . The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1988 to 1996 by William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver and published in Rating The Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. Leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . More than 719 people took part in the poll , primarily academic historians and political scientists , although some politicians and celebrities also took part . Participants from every state were included and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and `` specialists in African - American studies '' as well as a few non-American historians . Poll respondents rated the Presidents in five categories ( leadership qualities , accomplishments and crisis management , political skill , appointments and character and integrity ) and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking . A 2000 survey by The Wall Street Journal consisted of an `` ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history , law , and political science '' . This poll sought to include an equal number of liberals and conservatives in the survey as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other . According to the editors , this poll included responses from more women , minorities and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll . The editors noted that the results of their poll were `` remarkably similar '' to the 1996 Schlesinger poll , with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy and higher ranking of President Ronald Reagan at 8th . Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three . Another presidential poll was conducted by The Wall Street Journal in 2005 , with James Lindgren of Northwestern University Law School for the Federalist Society . As in the 2000 survey , the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives , adjusting the results `` to give Democratic - and Republican - leaning scholars equal weight '' . Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three , but editor James Taranto noted that Democratic - leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth - worst president of all time while Republican scholars rated him the sixth - best , giving him a split - decision rating of `` average '' . A 2006 Siena College poll of 744 professors reported the following results : `` George W. Bush has just finished five years as President . If today were the last day of his presidency , how would you rank him ? The responses were : Great : 2 % ; Near Great : 5 % ; Average : 11 % ; Below Average : 24 % ; Failure : 58 % '' `` In your judgment , do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating ? '' Two - thirds ( 67 % ) responded no ; less than a quarter ( 23 % ) responded yes ; and 10 % chose `` no opinion or not applicable '' Thomas Kelly , professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College , said : `` President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists . In this case , current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do '' . Douglas Lonnstrom , Siena College professor of statistics and director of the Siena Research Institute , stated : `` In our 2002 presidential rating , with a group of experts comparable to this current poll , President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents . That was shortly after 9 / 11 . Clearly , the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years . These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow '' . A 2010 Siena poll of 238 presidential scholars found that former President George W. Bush was ranked 39th out of 43 , with poor ratings in handling of the economy , communication , ability to compromise , foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence . Meanwhile , the then - current President Barack Obama was ranked 15th out of 43 , with high ratings for imagination , communication ability and intelligence and a low rating for background ( family , education and experience ) . The C - SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers . The C - SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place three times : in 2000 , 2009 and 2017 . The most recent survey was of 91 presidential historians , surveyed by C - SPAN 's Academic Advisor Team , made up of Douglas G. Brinkley , Edna Greene Medford and Richard Norton Smith . In the survey , each historian rates each President on a scale of one ( `` not effective '' ) to 10 ( `` very effective '' ) on presidential leadership in ten categories : Public Persuasion , Crisis Leadership , Economic Management , Moral Authority , International Relations , Administrative Skills , Relations with Congress , Vision / Setting An Agenda , Pursued Equal Justice for All and Performance Within the Context of His Times -- each category is equally weighed . The results of all three C - SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent . Abraham Lincoln has taken the highest ranking in each survey and George Washington , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt have always ranked in the top five while James Buchanan , Andrew Johnson and Franklin Pierce have been ranked at the bottom of all three surveys . In 2008 , The Times daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own `` top international and political commentators '' to rank all 42 Presidents `` in order of greatness '' . In 2011 , through the agency of its United States Presidency Centre ( USPC ) , the Institute for the Study of the Americas ( located in the University of London 's School of Advanced Study ) released the first ever United Kingdom academic survey to rate Presidents . This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance . They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama , but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey ( had he been included , he would have attained eighth place overall ) . In 2012 , Newsweek magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best Presidents since 1900 . The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt , Theodore Roosevelt , Lyndon B. Johnson , Woodrow Wilson , Harry Truman , John F. Kennedy , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Bill Clinton , Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama as the best since that year . A 2013 History News Network poll of 203 American historians , when asked to rate Obama 's presidency on an A -- F scale , gave him a B - grade . Obama , whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade , was rated most highly in the categories of communication ability , integrity and crisis management ; and most poorly for his relationship with Congress , transparency and accountability . A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association ( APSA ) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot , with George Washington , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Theodore Roosevelt , Thomas Jefferson , Harry S. Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10 . APSA conducted a repeat of this poll in 2018 . Scholar survey results Within each column : Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile . Green backgrounds indicate second quartile . Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile . Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile . Note : click the `` sort '' icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order . No . President Political party Schl. 1948 Schl. 1962 M-B 1982 CT 1982 Siena 1982 Siena 1990 Siena 1994 R - McI 1996 Schl. 1996 C - SPAN 2000 WSJ 2000 Siena 2002 WSJ 2005 C - SPAN 2009 Siena 2010 USPC 2011 APSA 2015 C - SPAN 2017 APSA 2018 Aggr . George Washington Independent 02 02 03 02 04 04 04 03 02 ( tie ) 03 01 04 01 02 04 03 02 02 02 03 John Adams Federalist 09 10 09 15 10 14 12 14 11 16 13 12 13 17 17 12 15 19 14 15 Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican 05 05 04 05 02 03 05 04 04 07 04 05 04 07 05 04 05 07 05 05 James Madison Democratic - Republican 14 12 14 17 09 08 09 10 17 18 15 09 17 20 06 14 13 17 12 14 5 James Monroe Democratic - Republican 12 18 15 16 15 11 15 13 15 14 16 08 16 14 07 13 16 13 18 17 6 John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican 11 13 16 19 17 16 17 18 18 19 20 17 25 19 19 20 22 21 23 21 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 06 06 07 07 13 09 11 08 05 13 06 13 10 13 14 09 09 18 15 09 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 15 17 20 18 21 21 22 21 21 30 23 24 27 31 23 27 25 34 27 24 9 William Henry Harrison Whig -- -- -- -- 26 35 28 35 -- 37 -- 36 -- 39 35 -- 39 38 42 38 10 John Tyler Independent 22 25 28 28 34 33 34 34 32 36 34 37 35 35 37 37 36 39 37 37 11 James K. Polk Democratic 10 08 ( tie ) 12 10 12 13 14 11 09 12 10 11 09 12 12 16 19 14 20 12 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 25 24 27 26 29 34 33 29 29 28 31 34 33 29 33 33 33 31 35 35 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 24 26 29 31 32 32 35 36 31 35 35 38 36 37 38 35 37 37 38 39 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 27 28 31 33 35 36 37 37 33 ( tie ) 39 37 ( tie ) 39 38 40 40 39 40 41 41 40 15 James Buchanan Democratic 26 29 33 34 37 38 39 40 38 41 39 41 40 42 42 40 43 43 43 43 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 01 01 01 01 03 02 02 01 01 01 02 02 02 01 03 02 01 01 01 01 17 Andrew Johnson Democratic 19 23 32 30 38 39 40 39 37 40 36 42 37 41 43 36 41 42 40 41 18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 28 30 35 32 36 37 38 38 33 ( tie ) 33 32 35 29 23 26 29 28 22 21 36 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 13 14 22 22 22 23 24 25 23 26 22 27 24 33 31 30 30 32 29 25 20 James A. Garfield Republican -- -- -- -- 25 30 26 30 -- 29 -- 33 -- 28 27 -- 31 29 34 29 21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 17 21 ( tie ) 23 24 24 26 27 28 26 32 26 30 26 32 25 32 32 35 31 28 22 / 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 08 11 17 13 18 17 19 16 13 17 12 20 12 21 20 21 23 23 24 20 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 21 20 26 25 31 29 30 31 19 31 27 32 30 30 34 34 29 30 32 31 25 William McKinley Republican 18 15 18 11 19 19 18 17 16 15 14 19 14 16 21 17 21 16 19 19 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 07 07 05 04 05 05 03 05 06 04 05 03 05 04 02 05 04 04 04 04 27 William Howard Taft Republican 16 16 19 20 20 20 21 20 22 24 19 21 20 24 24 25 20 24 22 23 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 04 04 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 06 11 06 11 09 08 06 10 11 11 07 29 Warren G. Harding Republican 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 38 37 ( tie ) 40 39 38 41 38 42 40 39 42 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 23 27 30 29 30 31 36 33 30 27 25 29 23 26 29 28 27 27 28 30 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 20 19 21 21 27 28 29 24 33 ( tie ) 34 29 31 31 34 36 26 38 36 36 34 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 03 03 02 03 01 01 01 02 02 ( tie ) 02 03 01 03 03 01 01 03 03 03 02 33 Harry S. Truman Democratic -- 08 ( tie ) 08 08 07 07 07 07 08 05 07 07 07 05 09 07 06 06 06 06 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican -- 21 ( tie ) 11 09 11 12 08 09 10 09 09 10 08 08 10 10 07 05 07 08 35 John F. Kennedy Democratic -- -- 13 14 08 10 10 15 12 08 18 14 15 06 11 15 14 08 16 10 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic -- -- 10 12 14 15 13 12 14 10 17 15 18 11 16 11 12 10 10 13 37 Richard Nixon Republican -- -- 34 35 28 25 23 32 36 25 33 26 32 27 30 23 34 28 33 33 38 Gerald Ford Republican -- -- 24 23 23 27 32 27 28 23 28 28 28 22 28 24 24 25 25 26 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic -- -- 25 27 33 24 25 19 27 22 30 25 34 25 32 18 26 26 26 27 40 Ronald Reagan Republican -- -- -- -- 16 * 22 20 26 25 11 08 16 06 10 18 08 11 09 09 16 41 George H.W. Bush Republican -- -- -- -- -- 18 * 31 22 24 20 21 22 21 18 22 22 17 20 17 22 42 Bill Clinton Democratic -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 * 23 * 20 * 21 * 24 * 18 22 15 13 19 08 15 13 18 43 George W. Bush Republican -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 * 19 * 36 39 31 35 33 30 32 44 Barack Obama Democratic -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 * -- 18 * 12 08 11 45 Donald Trump Republican -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 44 * 44 * Total in survey 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 41 39 42 40 42 43 40 43 43 44 44 * Ranking calculated before president had completed his term in office . Note : Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms , serving as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States -- to date he is the only person to have achieved this distinction . Because of it , the total number of people who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession . Liberal and conservative raters The Murray - Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic , social and economic issues . The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents . Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten Presidents ( and were split over the inclusion of either Lyndon B. Johnson or Dwight D. Eisenhower ) and six of the worst seven ( split over Jimmy Carter or Calvin Coolidge ) . Rankings by liberals and conservatives Rank Liberals ( n = 190 ) Conservatives ( n = 50 ) Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Franklin D. Roosevelt George Washington George Washington Franklin D. Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson 5 Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt 6 Woodrow Wilson Andrew Jackson 7 Andrew Jackson Harry S. Truman 8 Harry S. Truman Woodrow Wilson 9 Lyndon B. Johnson Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 John Adams John Adams 30 Calvin Coolidge Jimmy Carter 31 Franklin Pierce Richard Nixon 32 James Buchanan Franklin Pierce 33 Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson 34 Ulysses S. Grant James Buchanan 35 Richard Nixon Ulysses S. Grant 36 Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Excluded groups ranking approach In 2002 , Ron Walters , former director of the University of Maryland 's African American Leadership Institute , stated that Presidents ranked by how each one balanced the interests of majority interests and the interests of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics . Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction . Walters stated there was a qualitative difference between white and African American intellectuals in evaluating presidents . In the 1996 New York Times poll by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents on differing categories of greatness . In a survey done by professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith and in their text book American Politics And The African American Quest For Universal Freedom , 44 African American political scientists and historians ranked Presidents in terms of racial attitudes and racial legislation proposed . Individual presidents ' attitudes , policies and perspectives were historically ranked in five categories : White Supremacist ; Racist ; Racially Neutral ; Racially Ambivalent ; Antiracist . Public opinion polls Rasmussen poll According to a Rasmussen poll conducted in 2007 , six Presidents -- George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy -- were rated favorably by at least 80 % of Americans . President Favorable Unfavorable Net favorable George Washington 94 92 Abraham Lincoln 92 88 Thomas Jefferson 89 85 Theodore Roosevelt 84 8 76 Franklin D. Roosevelt 81 12 69 John F. Kennedy 80 13 67 John Adams 74 9 65 James Madison 73 8 65 Ronald Reagan 72 22 50 Dwight D. Eisenhower 72 15 57 Harry S. Truman 70 14 56 Andrew Jackson 69 14 55 Gerald Ford 62 26 36 John Quincy Adams 59 7 52 Ulysses S. Grant 58 24 34 George H.W. Bush 57 41 16 Jimmy Carter 57 34 23 William Howard Taft 57 15 42 Woodrow Wilson 56 19 37 Bill Clinton 55 41 14 James Monroe 49 10 39 Herbert Hoover 48 34 14 Lyndon B. Johnson 45 42 Andrew Johnson 45 26 19 Chester A. Arthur 43 17 26 James A. Garfield 42 16 26 William McKinley 42 24 18 George W. Bush 41 59 − 18 Grover Cleveland 40 26 14 Calvin Coolidge 38 31 7 Rutherford B. Hayes 38 19 19 Richard Nixon 32 60 − 28 Benjamin Harrison 30 35 − 5 Warren G. Harding 29 33 − 4 James Buchanan 28 32 − 4 James K. Polk 27 21 6 Zachary Taylor 26 18 8 Martin Van Buren 23 19 William Henry Harrison 21 16 5 Franklin Pierce 17 25 − 8 Millard Fillmore 17 25 − 8 John Tyler 9 15 − 6 Gallup poll A Gallup poll about presidential greatness taken February 2 -- 5 , 2011 asked 1,015 adults in the United States the following question : `` Who do you regard as the greatest United States president ? '' . Ronald Reagan ( 19 % ) Abraham Lincoln ( 14 % ) Bill Clinton ( 13 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 11 % ) George Washington ( 10 % ) Franklin Roosevelt ( 8 % ) Barack Obama ( 5 % ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 3 % ) Harry Truman ( 3 % ) George W. Bush ( 2 % ) Thomas Jefferson ( 2 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 1 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 1 % ) George H.W. Bush ( 1 % ) Andrew Jackson ( < 0.5 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( < 0.5 % ) Richard Nixon ( < 0.5 % ) In addition , `` Other '' received 1 % , `` None '' received 1 % and `` No opinion '' received 5 % . Public opinion polls on recent Presidents These polls evaluate recent Presidents only . 2010 Gallup poll A Gallup poll taken on November 19 -- 21 , 2010 asked 1,037 Americans to say , based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former Presidents , whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office . John F. Kennedy ( 85 % approval / 10 % disapproval ) Ronald Reagan ( 74 % approval / 24 % disapproval ) Bill Clinton ( 69 % approval / 30 % disapproval ) George H.W. Bush ( 64 % approval / 34 % disapproval ) Gerald Ford ( 61 % approval / 26 % disapproval ) Jimmy Carter ( 52 % approval / 42 % disapproval ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 49 % approval / 36 % disapproval ) George W. Bush ( 47 % approval / 51 % disapproval ) Richard Nixon ( 29 % approval / 65 % disapproval ) Public Policy Polling A Public Policy Polling poll taken between September 8 -- 11 , 2011 asked 665 American voters , based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents , whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office . John F. Kennedy ( 74 % favorability / 15 % unfavorability ) Ronald Reagan ( 60 % favorability / 30 % unfavorability ) Bill Clinton ( 62 % favorability / 34 % unfavorability ) George H.W. Bush ( 53 % favorability / 35 % unfavorability ) Gerald Ford ( 45 % favorability / 26 % unfavorability ) Jimmy Carter ( 45 % favorability / 43 % unfavorability ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 36 % favorability / 39 % unfavorability ) George W. Bush ( 41 % favorability / 51 % unfavorability ) Richard Nixon ( 19 % favorability / 62 % unfavorability ) Vision Critical / Angus Reid poll A Vision Critical / Angus Reid Public Opinion poll taken on February 18 -- 19 , 2011 asked 1,010 respondents about 11 former Presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad President . John F. Kennedy ( 80 % approval / 6 % disapproval ) Ronald Reagan ( 72 % approval / 16 % disapproval ) Bill Clinton ( 65 % approval / 24 % disapproval ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 61 % approval / 6 % disapproval ) Harry S. Truman ( 57 % approval / 7 % disapproval ) Jimmy Carter ( 47 % approval / 28 % disapproval ) George H.W. Bush ( 44 % approval / 38 % disapproval ) Barack Obama ( 41 % approval / 33 % disapproval ) Gerald Ford ( 37 % approval / 25 % disapproval ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 33 % approval / 27 % disapproval ) George W. Bush ( 30 % approval / 55 % disapproval ) Richard Nixon ( 24 % approval / 54 % disapproval ) 2013 Gallup poll A Gallup poll taken November 7 -- 10 , 2013 asked 1,039 adults in the United States the following question : `` How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history -- as an outstanding president , above average , average , below average , or poor ? '' . Gallup poll 2013 President Outstanding Above average Average Below average Poor No opinion Weighted average Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 % 39 % 36 % 2 % 1 % 12 % 3.63 John F. Kennedy 18 % 56 % 19 % 2 % 1 % 4 % 3.92 Lyndon B. Johnson 4 % 16 % 46 % 14 % 8 % 12 % 2.93 Richard Nixon 2 % 13 % 27 % 29 % 23 % 6 % 2.38 Gerald Ford 2 % 14 % 56 % 15 % 5 % 8 % 2.92 Jimmy Carter 4 % 19 % 37 % 20 % 15 % 6 % 2.76 Ronald Reagan 19 % 42 % 27 % 6 % 4 % 2 % 3.67 George H.W. Bush 3 % 24 % 48 % 12 % 10 % 2 % 2.98 Bill Clinton 11 % 44 % 29 % 9 % 6 % 1 % 3.45 George W. Bush 3 % 18 % 36 % 20 % 23 % 1 % 2.58 Barack Obama 6 % 22 % 31 % 18 % 22 % 1 % 2.72 2014 Quinnipiac poll A Quinnipiac University poll taken June 24 -- 30 , 2014 , asked 1,446 registered voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II . Best President since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 35 % ) Bill Clinton ( 18 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 15 % ) Barack Obama ( 8 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 5 % ) Harry S. Truman ( 4 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 3 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 2 % ) Richard Nixon ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Gerald Ford ( tie ) ( 1 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Worst President since World War II : Barack Obama ( 33 % ) George W. Bush ( 28 % ) Richard Nixon ( 13 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 8 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Ronald Reagan ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Bill Clinton ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Gerald Ford ( tie ) ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) 2017 Quinnipiac poll Four years later , a Quinnipiac University poll taken January 20 -- 25 , 2017 asked 1,190 voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II . Best President since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 30 % ) Barack Obama ( 29 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 12 % ) Bill Clinton ( 9 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( tie ) ( 3 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Harry Truman ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Jimmy Carter ( tie ) ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Richard Nixon ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Worst President since World War II : Richard Nixon ( 24 % ) Barack Obama ( 23 % ) George W. Bush ( 22 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 10 % ) Ronald Reagan ( 5 % ) Bill Clinton ( 4 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 3 % ) George H.W. Bush ( 2 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) 2017 Morning Consult poll Including for the first time President Donald Trump , a Morning Consult poll taken February 9 -- 10 , 2017 asked 1,791 registered voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II . Best President since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 26 % ) Barack Obama ( 20 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 17 % ) Bill Clinton ( 9 % ) Donald Trump ( 6 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Harry Truman ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Jimmy Carter ( tie ) ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Richard Nixon ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( < 1 % ) Worst President since World War II : Donald Trump ( 26 % ) Barack Obama ( 25 % ) Richard Nixon ( 13 % ) George W. Bush ( 7 % ) Bill Clinton ( 6 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 5 % ) George H.W. Bush ( 3 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 2 % ) Ronald Reagan ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( < 1 % ) 2018 Quinnipiac poll A Quinnipiac University poll taken March 3 -- 5 , 2018 asked 1,122 voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II . Best President since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 28 % ) Barack Obama ( 24 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( 10 % ) Bill Clinton ( tie ) ( 10 % ) Donald Trump ( 7 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 4 % ) Harry Truman ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Jimmy Carter ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Richard Nixon ( tie ) ( 1 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( < 1 % ) Worst President since World War II : Donald Trump ( 41 % ) Barack Obama ( 21 % ) Richard Nixon ( 10 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 8 % ) George W. Bush ( 6 % ) Bill Clinton ( 4 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Ronald Reagan ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Siena College Research Institute , Presidential Expert Poll of 2010 Abbreviations Bg = Background PL = Party leadership CAb = Communication ability RC = Relations with Congress CAp = Court appointments HE = Handling of economy L = Luck AC = Ability to compromise WR = Willing to take risks EAp = Executive appointments OA = Overall ability Im = Imagination DA = Domestic accomplishments Int = Integrity EAb = Executive ability FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments LA = Leadership ability IQ = Intelligence AM = Avoid crucial mistakes EV = Experts ' view O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile . Green backgrounds indicate second quartile . Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile . Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile . Source : Seq . President Political party Bg PL CAb RC CAp HE AC WR EAp OA Im DA Int EAb FPA LA IQ AM EV O George Washington Independent 7 18 12 9 12 John Adams Federalist 29 18 26 10 13 23 32 16 15 13 17 22 19 12 20 7 15 12 17 Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican 6 6 16 6 11 8 5 5 6 14 5 7 6 6 5 5 James Madison Democratic - Republican 10 11 9 7 12 17 7 15 9 6 8 12 5 14 20 17 10 8 6 5 James Monroe Democratic - Republican 9 12 15 8 14 9 9 8 17 8 16 16 8 10 11 13 15 7 9 7 6 John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican 34 20 35 16 14 30 29 23 13 15 11 18 21 16 26 5 20 21 19 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 30 10 14 27 28 38 5 19 12 13 14 23 6 19 5 23 12 13 14 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 16 13 23 19 24 38 33 13 32 25 24 24 27 29 23 25 27 22 27 24 23 9 William Henry Harrison Whig 24 30 25 31 33 27 42 35 30 24 37 35 36 30 33 39 24 31 33 34 35 10 John Tyler Independent 33 42 39 42 39 31 22 39 26 34 35 29 34 33 37 35 36 33 32 36 37 11 James K. Polk Democratic 17 9 13 12 21 15 7 23 7 16 17 14 11 24 9 8 10 20 9 11 12 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 37 35 28 37 37 24 36 34 28 28 34 27 37 21 31 34 25 37 25 33 33 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 40 41 40 38 35 33 25 25 37 35 38 36 35 36 38 33 39 39 30 35 38 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 38 37 37 41 40 34 35 36 38 38 39 39 39 38 40 40 40 38 35 40 40 15 James Buchanan Democratic 23 40 41 40 42 41 40 41 43 39 42 42 43 40 42 41 43 40 41 43 42 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 28 6 6 5 13 5 17 Andrew Johnson National Union 42 43 43 43 43 37 39 43 34 42 41 41 42 37 41 38 42 41 42 42 43 18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 26 28 24 22 25 29 21 22 22 40 28 26 26 27 34 24 21 29 31 31 26 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 29 33 30 29 29 26 19 18 33 33 33 32 33 28 30 30 32 30 24 29 31 20 James A. Garfield Republican 20 22 22 24 32 23 41 27 31 29 25 28 25 25 26 31 23 26 22 27 27 21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 41 31 32 27 28 19 14 21 27 26 30 25 20 32 27 26 28 32 17 26 25 22 / 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 19 16 17 15 17 22 20 19 24 18 20 22 17 19 17 21 19 25 14 19 20 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 39 32 34 28 30 35 29 30 39 36 36 34 32 31 35 28 34 35 23 32 34 25 William McKinley Republican 21 14 19 11 23 18 24 20 21 20 21 23 19 22 18 15 18 27 11 20 21 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 6 7 5 12 6 6 27 William Howard Taft Republican 14 36 29 30 18 20 32 24 36 22 23 30 21 18 25 23 31 18 28 23 24 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 8 8 9 16 8 8 15 37 9 10 8 5 9 11 10 10 12 29 10 8 29 Warren G. Harding Republican 43 38 36 34 36 39 37 26 40 43 43 43 40 42 43 37 41 43 39 41 41 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 25 24 38 21 26 30 12 28 41 30 32 37 31 17 28 32 33 28 19 28 29 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 10 26 31 33 19 43 43 40 42 32 26 38 41 13 29 36 37 14 40 38 36 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 5 5 16 10 33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 35 15 14 20 15 6 11 15 6 7 7 15 7 8 8 6 9 17 8 6 9 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 12 17 21 10 9 11 8 5 20 17 11 20 13 9 7 9 7 19 5 7 10 35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 13 19 13 12 7 27 6 10 6 14 7 15 35 13 17 11 11 16 14 11 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 15 16 5 10 28 9 12 12 9 12 5 34 12 43 15 21 37 16 16 37 Richard Nixon Republican 18 20 26 36 38 25 34 33 14 37 22 19 24 43 24 11 29 16 43 37 30 38 Gerald Ford Republican 27 25 35 17 22 36 31 17 35 23 31 33 30 15 32 27 30 34 26 25 28 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 31 39 27 39 20 40 38 31 25 21 29 21 29 7 36 29 35 13 36 30 32 40 Ronald Reagan Republican 34 5 5 7 31 21 14 11 31 19 18 23 26 20 13 8 36 13 17 18 41 George H.W. Bush Republican 11 27 33 23 34 32 26 16 29 27 27 31 28 20 22 14 22 24 18 22 22 42 Bill Clinton Democratic 22 11 8 25 11 10 18 11 10 10 10 41 15 18 14 9 34 15 13 43 George W. Bush Republican 36 23 42 32 41 42 18 42 19 41 40 40 38 39 39 42 38 42 38 39 39 44 Barack Obama Democratic 32 21 7 18 13 17 16 10 13 14 18 6 16 12 16 22 16 8 21 18 15 Seq . President Political party Bg PL CAb RC CAp HE AC WR EAp OA Im DA Int EAb FPA LA IQ AM EV O 2017 C - SPAN Presidential Historian Survey Abbreviations PP = Public persuasion CL = Crisis leadership EM = Economic management MA = Moral authority IR = International relations AS = Administrative skills RC = Relations with Congress VSA = Vision / Setting an agenda PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all PCT = Performance within context of times O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile . Green backgrounds indicate second quartile . Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile . Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile . Source : Seq . President Political party PP CL EM MA IR AS RC VSA PEJ PCT O George Washington Independent 13 John Adams Federalist 22 17 15 11 13 21 24 20 15 19 19 Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican 8 13 13 6 11 7 5 5 17 6 7 James Madison Democratic - Republican 18 19 19 9 22 17 13 18 18 16 17 5 James Monroe Democratic - Republican 17 14 18 16 7 11 9 14 25 11 13 6 John Quincy Adams Democratic - Republican 33 23 17 12 15 18 32 15 9 22 21 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 7 10 26 20 20 23 21 10 38 13 18 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 30 35 40 33 26 26 28 33 30 33 34 9 William Henry Harrison Whig 28 38 38 31 42 40 38 36 37 38 38 10 John Tyler Independent 39 36 39 37 28 38 41 37 41 36 39 11 James K. Polk Democratic 13 9 14 27 16 9 11 11 36 12 14 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 27 28 28 28 30 35 35 30 34 30 31 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 40 34 34 36 34 36 36 39 39 37 37 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 41 41 41 39 40 39 40 41 42 41 41 15 James Buchanan Democratic 43 43 42 43 43 41 42 43 43 43 43 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 17 Andrew Johnson National Union 42 42 37 41 39 43 43 42 40 42 42 18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 19 21 27 19 19 37 20 23 10 21 22 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 29 30 25 32 33 29 30 32 32 28 32 20 James A. Garfield Republican 21 31 29 22 36 32 27 25 20 27 29 21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 37 32 31 35 35 28 29 34 27 32 35 22 / 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 20 22 24 26 23 22 22 21 31 23 23 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 32 33 32 30 27 30 26 31 24 31 30 25 William McKinley Republican 16 16 11 18 17 13 10 17 26 18 16 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 5 5 7 11 27 William Howard Taft Republican 31 26 20 25 21 12 23 28 22 24 24 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 11 11 9 8 12 8 16 7 35 10 11 29 Warren G. Harding Republican 36 39 35 40 37 42 34 40 33 40 40 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 24 29 22 21 29 25 18 29 29 26 27 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 38 40 43 29 31 14 31 38 28 39 36 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 5 8 33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 14 10 10 5 10 14 13 5 6 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 12 6 6 6 5 6 16 12 7 5 35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 6 7 7 15 14 16 12 9 7 9 8 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 15 20 12 24 38 6 8 14 10 37 Richard Nixon Republican 26 27 23 42 10 24 37 24 21 34 28 38 Gerald Ford Republican 34 24 30 23 25 27 19 35 14 25 25 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 35 37 33 14 32 31 33 22 5 29 26 40 Ronald Reagan Republican 5 8 16 13 9 33 8 6 23 8 9 41 George H.W. Bush Republican 23 12 21 17 8 16 15 27 16 20 20 42 Bill Clinton Democratic 9 18 38 18 20 17 19 6 17 15 43 George W. Bush Republican 25 25 36 34 41 34 25 26 19 35 33 44 Barack Obama Democratic 10 15 8 7 24 19 39 12 15 12 Seq . President Political party PP CL EM MA IR AS RC VSA PEJ PCT O Memorability of the Presidents In November 2014 , Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal Science asking research subjects to name as many Presidents as possible . They reported data from three generations as well as from an online survey conducted in 2014 . The percentage of participants in the online survey sample who could name each President was the following : Barack Obama ( 100 % ) Bill Clinton ( 96 % ) George W. Bush or George H.W. Bush ( 95 % ) George Washington ( 94 % ) Abraham Lincoln ( 88 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 83 % ) Richard Nixon ( 82 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 79 % ) Thomas Jefferson ( 72 % ) Ronald Reagan ( 66 % ) Gerald Ford ( 62 % ) Franklin D. Roosevelt or Theodore Roosevelt ( 60 % ) John Adams or John Quincy Adams ( 56 % ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 54 % ) Harry S. Truman ( 50 % ) Andrew Jackson ( 47 % ) Herbert Hoover ( 42 % ) Andrew Johnson or Lyndon B. Johnson ( 41 % ) William Howard Taft ( 39 % ) James Madison ( 38 % ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 38 % ) James Monroe ( 30 % ) Woodrow Wilson ( 29 % ) Calvin Coolidge ( 22 % ) James A. Garfield ( 19 % ) James K. Polk ( 17 % ) Warren G. Harding ( 16 % ) William McKinley ( 15 % ) John Tyler ( 12 % ) James Buchanan ( 12 % ) Grover Cleveland ( 11 % ) William Henry Harrison or Benjamin Harrison ( 11 % ) Martin Van Buren ( 11 % ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 10 % ) Zachary Taylor ( 10 % ) Millard Fillmore ( 8 % ) Franklin Pierce ( 7 % ) Chester A. Arthur ( 7 % ) See also Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom The Greatest American References ^ Jump up to : Maranell , Gary M. ( June 1970 ) . `` The Evaluation of Presidents : An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls '' . The Journal of American History . 57 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 113 . JSTOR 1900552 . Jump up ^ William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver . Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. 2000 . ISBN 0806521511 . ^ Jump up to : `` Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Skidmore. 2001 . Jump up ^ Donald , David H. Lincoln . 1995 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Zelizer ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` What 's wrong with presidential rankings '' . CNN Opinion . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. `` Our Presidents : A Rating by 75 Historians '' . The New York Times . July 1962 . pp. 12 -- 13 , 40 -- 41 , 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rating the Presidents : Washington to Clinton '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historians Give Good Grades to Clinton Presidency in Siena College Survey '' . January 11 , 1995 . Archived June 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FDR America 's Greatest President '' . August 19 , 2002 . Archived February 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. 2000 . ISBN 0806521511 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Leadership ; The Rankings '' . Wall Street Journal Online . September 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Experts : Bush Presidency Is A Failure ; Little Chance To Improve Ranking '' . Archived May 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Siena Research Institute . May 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rushmore Plus One ; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington , Jefferson , Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents '' Archived July 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Siena Research Institute . July 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , G. Scott ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Clean sweep for the Roosevelts '' . Business First of Buffalo . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN Releases Second Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership '' . C - SPAN . February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Historians Survey 2017 '' . C - SPAN . February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Releases Third Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership '' . C - SPAN . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology : Presidential Historians Survey 2017 '' . C - SPAN . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Jeremy ; Hines , Nico ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Who 's the greatest ? The Times US presidential rankings '' . The Times . London . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Iwan Morgan . `` UK Survey of US Presidents : Results and Analysis '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy , Newsweek 's 10 Best Presidents ( Photos ) '' . The Daily Beast . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ HNN Staff ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Historians Give Barack Obama a B - '' . History News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Rottinghaus ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Measuring Obama against the great presidents '' . The Brookings Institution . ^ Jump up to : `` How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best -- and Worst -- Presidents ? '' . The New York Times . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these into the first two and last two quartiles , respectively . When splitting an odd number of values , the median was included in the upper half . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Wins : Honest Abe tops new presidential survey '' . CNN . February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Historians Survey 2017 '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aggregate of all polls up to and including APSA 2018 by ranking each president 's ratio of favourable to total pairwise comparisons , excluding ties . ^ Jump up to : Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison 's vice president , but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson was a former War Democrat elected on the National Union ticket as Lincoln 's vice president , but by 1868 the National Union Party disbanded . Jump up ^ Murray and Blessing . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Walters ( July 8 , 2002 ). `` Presidency : How Do African - American Scholars Rank Presidents ? '' . History News Network . Jump up ^ Walton Jr. , Hanes ; Smith , Robert C. ( 2000 ) . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom . New York : Addison - Wesley Longman , Inc . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , Lincoln Most Popular Presidents : Nixon , Bush Least Popular - Rasmussen Reports TM '' . Rasmussenreports.com . July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Still Highest - Rated Modern President , Nixon Lowest '' . Gallup . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JFK , Reagan , Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents '' . September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans '' . Angus Reid Public Opinion . Archived August 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President '' . Gallup . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The weights were 5 for `` Outstanding '' , 4 for `` Above Average '' , 3 for `` Average '' , 2 for `` Below Average '' and 1 for `` Poor '' . Jump up ^ `` National ( US ) Poll -- July 2 , 2014 -- Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better '' . Quinnipiac University . Jump up ^ `` Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Reagan , Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years '' . Quinnipiac University . Jump up ^ `` Morning Consult National Tracking Poll February 09 -- 10 , 2017 '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Trump and Obama Are America 's Worst Presidents Since World War II '' . Morning Consult . Jump up ^ `` QU Poll Release Detail '' . Quinnipiac University . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rushmore Plus One ; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington , Jefferson , Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents '' . Siena College . July 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Presidents - C - SPAN Survey on Presidents 2017 '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roediger , Henry L. ; DeSoto , K. Andrew ( November 28 , 2014 ) , `` Forgetting the Presidents '' , Science , 346 ( 6213 ) : 1106 -- 1109 , Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 346.1106 R , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1259627 , PMID 25430768 Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Study on Cultural Memory Confirms : Chester A. Arthur , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Further reading Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1966 ) . Presidential Greatness : The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present . New York : Appleton - Century . → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian . Bose , Meena ; Landis Mark ( 2003 ) . The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Ratings . New York : Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 1590337948 . → A collection of essays by presidential scholars . DeGregorio , William A. ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents ( 4 . ed. , rev. , expanded , and up - dated ed . ) . New York : Barricade Books . ISBN 0942637925 . → Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys . Eland , Ivan ( 2009 ) . Recarving Rushmore : Ranking the Presidents on Peace , Prosperity , and Liberty . Oakland , California : Independent Institute . ISBN 1598130226 . Faber , Charles ; Faber , Richard ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents Ranked by Performance . Jefferson , NC : McFarland Co . ISBN 0786407654 . Felzenberg , Alvin S. ( 1997 ) . `` There You Go Again : Liberal Historians and the New York Times Deny Ronald Reagan His Due '' . Policy Review . 82 : 51 -- 54 . ISSN 0146 - 5945 . Holli , Melvin G. ( 1999 ) . The American Mayor : The Best & the Worst Big - City Leaders . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0271018763 . Merry , Robert W. Where They Stand : The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians ( 2012 ) . Miller , Nathan ( 1998 ) . Star - Spangled Men America 's Ten Worst Presidents . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0684836106 . Murray , Robert K. ; Blessing , Tim H. ( 1994 ) . Greatness in the White House : Rating the Presidents , from Washington Through Ronald Reagan ( 2. , updated ed . ) . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0271010894 . Nichols , Curt ( 2012 ) . `` The Presidential Ranking Game : Critical Review and Some New Discoveries '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 299 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2012. 03966. x . ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Pfiffner , James P. ( 2003 ) . `` Ranking the Presidents : Continuity and Volatility '' ( PDF ) . White House Studies . 3 : 23 . ISSN 1535 - 4768 . Ridings , William J. , Jr. ; McIver , Stuart B. ( 1997 ) . Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . Secaucus , NJ : Carol Publishing . ISBN 0806517999 . Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. ( 1997 ) . `` Ranking the Presidents : From Washington to Clinton '' . Political Science Quarterly . 112 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 190 . doi : 10.2307 / 2657937 . JSTOR 2657937 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2004 ) . Presidential Performance : A Comprehensive Review . Jefferson , NC : McFarland Co . ISBN 0786418206 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2001 ) . `` Ranking and Evaluating Presidents : The Case of Theodore Roosevelt '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 505 . ISSN 1535 - 4768 . Taranto , James ; Leo , Leonard ( 2004 ) . Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and Worst in the White House . New York : Wall Street Journal Books . ISBN 0743254333 . → For Federalist Society surveys . Vedder , Richard ; Gallaway , Lowell ( 2001 ) . `` Rating Presidential Performance '' . In Denson , John V. ( ed . ) . Reassessing the Presidency : The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom . Auburn , AL : Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 0945466293 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links `` Ranking Presidents : Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis ? '' . 2001 column by John Dean . `` List of presidential rankings '' . Historians rank the 42 men who have held the office . AP via MSNBC . 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-5,688,234,165,714,991,000 | the declaratory act imposed a boycott on all manufactured goods produced in the colonies | Townshend Acts - wikipedia Townshend Acts Jump to : navigation , search Charles Townshend spearheaded the Townshend Acts , but died before their detrimental effects became apparent . This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America . The acts are named after Charles Townshend , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , who proposed the program . Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading `` Townshend Acts '' , but five acts are often mentioned : The Revenue Act of 1767 , the Indemnity Act ( 1767 ) , the New York Restraining Act ( 1767 ) , the Commissioners of Customs Act ( 1767 ) and the Vice Admiralty Court Act ( 1767 ) . The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain , to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations , to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act , and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies . The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies , prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768 , which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770 . The Townshend Acts placed an indirect tax on glass , lead , paints , paper and tea . These goods , were not produced within the colonies and had to be imported from Britain . This form of generating revenue was Townshend 's response to the failure of the Stamp Act , which served as the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies . However , the import duties proved to be similarly controversial . Colonial indignation over the Townshend Acts was predominantly driven by John Dickinson 's anonymous publication of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania , as well as the Massachusetts Circular Letter . As a result of widespread protest and non-importation of British goods in colonial ports , Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties . In March 1770 , most of the indirect taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick Lord North . However , the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament withheld the sovereign authority to tax its colonies an accordance with the Declaratory Act of 1766 . The British government continued in its attempt to tax the colonists without their consent . Retaining the Townshend Acts ' taxation on imported tea , re-enforced by the Tea Act of 1773 , subsequently led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , which in turn sparked the Intolerable Acts in 1774 . The American Revolution soon followed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Townshend 's Program 2.1 Raising revenue 2.2 American Board of Customs Commissioners 3 Reaction 3.1 Boycotts 3.2 Unrest in Boston 4 Partial repeal 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Following the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , the British Empire was deep in debt . To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire , the British Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America . Previously , through the Trade and Navigation Acts , Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire . But with the Sugar Act of 1764 , Parliament sought , for the first time , to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue . American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved . The Americans claimed they were not represented in Parliament but the British government retorted they had `` virtual representation , '' a concept the Americans rejected . This issue , only briefly debated following the Sugar Act , became a major point of contention following Parliament 's passage of the 1765 Stamp Act . The Stamp Act proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies , contributing to its repeal the following year , along with the lack of substantial revenue being raised . Implicit in the Stamp Act dispute was an issue more fundamental than taxation and representation : the question of the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . Parliament provided its answer to this question when it repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 by simultaneously passing the Declaratory Act , which proclaimed that Parliament could legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . Townshend 's program ( edit ) Raising revenue ( edit ) The first of the Townshend Acts , sometimes simply known as the Townshend Act , was the Revenue Act of 1767 . This act represented the Chatham ministry 's new approach for generating tax revenue in the American colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 . The British government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct ( or `` internal '' ) tax , colonists would therefore accept indirect ( or `` external '' ) taxes , such as taxes on imports . With this in mind , Charles Townshend , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , devised a plan that placed new duties on paper , paint , lead , glass , and tea that were imported into the colonies . These were items that were not produced in North America and that the colonists were only allowed to buy from Great Britain . The colonists ' objection to `` internal '' taxes did not mean that they would accept `` external '' taxes ; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional . `` Townshend 's mistaken belief that Americans regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional '' , wrote historian John Phillip Reid , `` was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution . '' The Townshend Revenue Act received the royal assent on 29 June 1767 . There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time . `` Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage '' , wrote historian Peter Thomas . The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act of 1767 , which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea . The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England , allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies . This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies . The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance , or general search warrants , which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods . The original stated purpose of the Townshend duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North America . Townshend changed the purpose of the tax plan , however , and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges . Previously , the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries , but Parliament hoped to take the `` power of the purse '' away from the colonies . According to historian John C. Miller , `` Townshend ingeniously sought to take money from Americans by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies . '' Some members of Parliament objected because Townshend 's plan was expected to generate only £ 40,000 in yearly revenue , but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established , the programme could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves . According to historian Peter Thomas , Townshend 's `` aims were political rather than financial '' . American Board of Customs Commissioners ( edit ) To better collect the new taxes , the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767 established the American Board of Customs Commissioners , which was modeled on the British Board of Customs . The Board was created because of the difficulties the British Board faced in enforcing trade regulations in the distant colonies . Five commissioners were appointed to the board , which was headquartered in Boston . The American Customs Board would generate considerable hostility in the colonies towards the British government . According to historian Oliver M. Dickerson , `` The actual separation of the continental colonies from the rest of the Empire dates from the creation of this independent administrative board . '' The American Board of Customs Commissioners was notoriously corrupt according to historians . Political scientist Peter Andreas argues : merchants resented not only the squeeze on smuggling but also the exploits by unscrupulous customs agents that came with it . Such `` customs racketeering '' was , in the view of colonial merchants , essentially legalized piracy . Historian Edmund Morgan says : In the establishment of this American Board of Customs Commissioners , Americans saw the extension of England 's corrupt system of officeholding to America . As Professor Dickerson has shown , the Commissioners were indeed corrupt . They engaged in extensive `` customs racketeering '' and they were involved in many of the episodes of heightened the tension between England and the colonies : it was on their request that troops were sent to Boston ; The Boston Massacre took place before their headquarters ; the `` Gaspee '' was operating under their orders . Historian Doug Krehbiel argues : Disputes brought to the board were almost exclusively resolved in favor of the British government . Vice admiralty courts claimed to prosecute vigorously smugglers but were widely corrupt -- customs officials falsely accused ship owners of possessing undeclared items , thereby seizing the cargoes of entire vessels , and justices of the juryless courts were entitled to a percentage of the goods from colonial ships that they ruled unlawful . Writs of assistance and blanket search warrants to search for smuggled goods were liberally abused . John Hancock , the wealthy New England merchant , had his ship `` Liberty '' seized in 1768 on a false charge , incensing the colonists . Charges against Hancock were later dropped and his ship returned because of the fear that he would appeal to more scrupulous customs officials in Britain . Another measure to enforce the trade laws was the Vice Admiralty Court Act of 1768 . Although often included in discussions of the Townshend Acts , this act was initiated by the Cabinet when Townshend was not present , and was not passed until after his death . Before this act , there was just one vice admiralty court in North America , located in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Established in 1764 , this court proved to be too remote to serve all of the colonies , and so the 1768 Vice Admiralty Court Act created four district courts , which were located at Halifax , Boston , Philadelphia , and Charleston . One purpose of the vice admiralty courts , which did not have juries , was to help customs officials prosecute smugglers , since colonial juries were reluctant to convict persons for violating unpopular trade regulations . Townshend also faced the problem of what to do about the New York Provincial Assembly , which had refused to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act because its members saw the act 's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax . The New York Restraining Act , which according to historian Robert Chaffin was `` officially a part of the Townshend Acts '' , suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act . The Restraining Act never went into effect because , by the time it was passed , the New York Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act . The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money ; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature . Reaction ( edit ) Townshend knew that his program would be controversial in the colonies , but he argued that , `` The superiority of the mother country can at no time be better exerted than now . '' The Townshend Acts did not create an instant uproar like the Stamp Act had done two years earlier , but before long , opposition to the programme had become widespread . Townshend did not live to see this reaction , having died suddenly on September 4 , 1767 . Dickinson 's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania The most influential colonial response to the Townshend Acts was a series of twelve essays by John Dickinson entitled `` Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania '' , which began appearing in December 1767 . Eloquently articulating ideas already widely accepted in the colonies , Dickinson argued that there was no difference between `` internal '' and `` external '' taxes , and that any taxes imposed on the colonies by Parliament for the sake of raising a revenue were unconstitutional . Dickinson warned colonists not to concede to the taxes just because the rates were low , since this would set a dangerous precedent . Dickinson sent a copy of his `` Letters '' to James Otis of Massachusetts , informing Otis that `` whenever the Cause of American Freedom is to be vindicated , I look towards the Province of Massachusetts Bay '' . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by first sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Revenue Act , and then sending a letter to the other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement . Upon receipt of the Massachusetts Circular Letter , other colonies also sent petitions to the king . Virginia and Pennsylvania also sent petitions to Parliament , but the other colonies did not , believing that it might have been interpreted as an admission of Parliament 's sovereignty over them . Parliament refused to consider the petitions of Virginia and Pennsylvania . In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also sent a letter to Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard , instructing him to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter . By a vote of 92 to 17 , the House refused to comply , and Bernard promptly dissolved the legislature . Boycotts ( edit ) Non-importation agreement , dated October 1767 , signed by Bostonians including Paul Revere Merchants in the colonies , some of them smugglers , organized economic boycotts to put pressure on their British counterparts to work for repeal of the Townshend Acts . Boston merchants organized the first non-importation agreement , which called for merchants to suspend importation of certain British goods effective 1 January 1769 . Merchants in other colonial ports , including New York City and Philadelphia , eventually joined the boycott . In Virginia , the non-importation effort was organized by George Washington and George Mason . When the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a resolution stating that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians without their consent , Governor Lord Botetourt dissolved the assembly . The members met at Raleigh Tavern and adopted a boycott agreement known as the `` Association '' . The non-importation movement was not as effective as promoters had hoped . British exports to the colonies declined by 38 percent in 1769 , but there were many merchants who did not participate in the boycott . The boycott movement began to fail by 1770 , and came to an end in 1771 . Unrest in Boston ( edit ) Paul Revere 's engraving of British troops landing in Boston in 1768 . The newly created American Customs Board was seated in Boston , and so it was there that the Board concentrated on strictly enforcing the Townshend Acts . The acts were so unpopular in Boston that the Customs Board requested naval and military assistance . Commodore Samuel Hood complied by sending the fifty - gun warship HMS Romney , which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768 . On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized the Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . With John Adams serving as his lawyer , Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice-admiralty court , but the charges were eventually dropped . Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed Governor Bernard to try to find evidence of treason in Boston . Parliament had determined that the Treason Act 1543 was still in force , which would allow Bostonians to be transported to England to stand trial for treason . Bernard could find no one who was willing to provide reliable evidence , however , and so there were no treason trials . The possibility that American colonists might be arrested and sent to England for trial produced alarm and outrage in the colonies . Even before the Liberty riot , Hillsborough had decided to send troops to Boston . On 8 June 1768 , he instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' , although he conceded that this might lead to `` consequences not easily foreseen '' . Hillsborough suggested that Gage might send one regiment to Boston , but the Liberty incident convinced officials that more than one regiment would be needed . People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way . Samuel Adams organized an emergency , extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Boston , but on 1 October 1768 , the first of four regiments of the British Army began disembarking in Boston , and the Customs Commissioners returned to town . The `` Journal of Occurrences '' , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston , apparently with some exaggeration . Tensions rose after Christopher Seider , a Boston teenager , was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770 . Although British soldiers were not involved in that incident , resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed , resulting in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of 5 March 1770 . After the incident , the troops were withdrawn to Castle William . Partial repeal ( edit ) On the 5th of March 1770 -- the same day as the Boston Massacre although news traveled slowly at the time , and neither side of the Atlantic were aware of this coincidence -- Lord North , the new Prime Minister , presented a motion in the House of Commons that called for partial repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act . Although some in Parliament advocated a complete repeal of the act , North disagreed , arguing that the tea duty should be retained to assert `` the right of taxing the Americans '' . After debate , the Repeal Act received the Royal Assent on 12 April 1770 . Historian Robert Chaffin argued that little had actually changed : It would be inaccurate to claim that a major part of the Townshend Acts had been repealed . The revenue - producing tea levy , the American Board of Customs and , most important , the principle of making governors and magistrates independent all remained . In fact , the modification of the Townshend Duties Act was scarcely any change at all . The Townshend duty on tea was retained when the 1773 Tea Act was passed , which allowed the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies . The Boston Tea Party soon followed , which set the stage for the American Revolution . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickerson ( Navigation Acts , 195 -- 95 ) for example , writes that there were four Townshend Acts , and does not mention the New York Restraining Act , which Chaffin says was `` officially a part of the Townshend Acts '' ( `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 ) . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 126 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 143 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy . Seasoned Judgments . Transaction Publishers . p. 303 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Townshend Duties , 10 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 21 -- 25 . Jump up ^ The Revenue Act of 1767 was 7 Geo . III ch. 46 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 47 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 270n12 . It is also known as the Townshend Revenue Act , the Townshend Duties Act , and the Tariff Act of 1767 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 143 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 9 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Authority to Tax , 33 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 9 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 127 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 33 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Duties Crisis , 31 . Jump up ^ The Indemnity Act was 7 Geo . III ch. 56 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 269n20 . It is also known as the Tea Act of 1767 ; Jensen , Founding , 435 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Navigation Acts , 196 . Jump up ^ Labaree , Tea Party , 21 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebellious Spirit , 29 , 135n24 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 260 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins , 255 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 30 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 47 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 33 Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 130 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Navigation Acts , 199 . Jump up ^ Peter Andreas , Smuggler Nation : How Illicit Trade Made America ( 2012 ) p 34 Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 1978 ) . The Challenge of the American Revolution . W.W. Norton . pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Doug Krehbiel , `` British Empire and the Atlantic World , '' in Paul Finkelman , ed. , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation ( 2005 ) 1 : 228 Jump up ^ 8 Geo . III ch. 22 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 134 . Jump up ^ 7 Geo . III ch. 59 . Also known as the New York Suspending Act ; Knollenberg , Growth , 296 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 128 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 134 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 131 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 36 . ^ Jump up to : Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 132 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 50 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 54 . Dickinson 's letter to Otis was dated December 5 , 1767 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 54 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 84 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 85 , 111 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 112 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 81 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 56 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 59 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 157 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 138 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 63 . Jump up ^ `` Notorious Smuggler '' , 236 -- 46 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 109 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 296 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 82 ; Knollenberg , Growth , 75 ; Jensen , Founding , 290 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebellious Spirit , 125 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Duties Crisis , 92 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 76 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 81 . ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , 71 . Jump up ^ 10 Geo . III c. 17 ; Labaree , Tea Party , 276n17 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 72 . Jump up ^ Chaffin , `` Townshend Acts '' , 140 . References ( edit ) Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts crisis , 1767 -- 1770 '' . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Dickerson , Oliver M. The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1951 . Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 917110 - 5 . Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party . Originally published 1964 . Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 05 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford University Press , 1959 . Reid , John Phillip . In a Rebellious Spirit : The Argument of Facts , the Liberty Riot , and the Coming of the American Revolution . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00202 - 6 . Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution , II : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Thomas , Peter D.G. The Townshend Duties Crisis : The Second Phase of the American Revolution , 1767 -- 1773 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822967 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Barrow , Thomas C. Trade and Empire : The British Customs Service in Colonial America , 1660 -- 1775 . Harvard University Press , 1967 . Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518131 - X ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518131 - 9 . Brunhouse , Robert Levere . `` The Effect of the Townshend Acts in Pennsylvania . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1930 ) : 355 - 373 . online Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts of 1767 . '' William and Mary Quarterly : A Magazine of Early American History ( 1970 ) : 90 - 121 . in JSTOR Chaffin , Robert J. `` The Townshend Acts crisis , 1767 -- 1770 . '' in Jack P. Greene , J.R. Pole eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp : 134 - 150 . online Knight , Carol Lynn H. The American Colonial Press and the Townshend Crisis , 1766 -- 1770 : A Study in Political Imagery . Lewiston : E. Mellen Press , 1990 . Leslie , William R . `` The Gaspee Affair : A Study of Its Constitutional Significance . '' The Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1952 ) : 233 - 256 . in JSTOR Ubbelohde , Carl . The Vice-Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1960 . 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-6,048,917,766,623,310,000 | charlie and the chocolate factory golden ticket winners | List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters - wikipedia List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 13.2 Excluded from the published book 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Willy Wonka <Td_colspan="2"> Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Douglas Hodge , Alex Jennings and Jonathan Slinger ( 2013 ) Christian Borle ( 2017 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Main article : Willy Wonka In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous chocolates factory . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of confectionery bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . Johnny Depp , starred as Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Charlie Bucket <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Jack Costello , Tom Klenerman , Isaac Rouse , Louis Suc , Keir Edkins - O'Brien , Oliver Finnegan , Troy Tipple , Rhys Lambert , Jake Poolman , Ewan Rutherford , Zachary Loonie , Noah Crump , Johnny Evans - Hutchison , Joe Butler - Smith , Guillermo Bedward , Archie Durrant , Ptolemy Gidney ( 2013 ) Jake Ryan Flynn , Ryan Foust , Ryan Sell ( 2017 ) Voiced by Freddie Highmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and four bedridden grandparents . Charlie was to have been a little black boy at the outset , but the detail was changed at the insistence of Dahl 's literary agent to better appeal to audiences . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grandpa Joe Bucket <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He is usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie win the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Augustus Gloop <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Regan Stokes , Alexzander Griffiths , Dane Juler , Vincent Finch , Logan Cripps , Benjamin Lewis , Connor Davies , Archie Lewis , Callum McDonald ( 2013 ) F. Michael Haynie ( 2017 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Nationality German Introduced in the opening pages of the book as `` a greedy boy '' , Augustus Gloop is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of the series . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first child to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is aloof and cruel towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as he offers him a Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Violet Beauregarde <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) India Ria Amarteifio , Adrianna Bertola , Jade Johnson , Mya Olaye , Lauren Halil , Rhianna Dorris , Sophie Naglik , Psalms - Nissi Myers - Reid , Armani Hall , Miriam Nyarko , Shaniquah Notice - Morris , Asha Banks , Liani Samuel ( 2013 ) Trista Dollison ( 2017 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third child to find a Golden Ticket , the second to be ejected from the tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat indigo color and her navel shows & her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like the skin of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . She is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before beiong rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into an disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Veruca Salt <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Polly Allen , Tia Noakes , Ellie Simons , Scarlet Roche , Matilda Belton , Amy Carter , Hannah Howland , Ellie Benge , Ella Tweed , Stella Haden , Lauren Henson , Daisy Sequerra ( 2013 ) Emma Pfaeffle ( 2017 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns 1 pony , 2 dogs , 4 cats , 6 rabbits , 2 parakeets , 3 canaries , a parrot , a turtle and a hamster . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her parents follow . All three are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from upper - class England in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement and more passive - aggressive compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mike Teavee <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Jay Heyman , Adam Mitchell , Luca Toomey , Daniel Rhodes , Innis Robertson - Pinnell , Dylan Standen , Archie Durrant , Freddie Haggerty , Harry Vallance , Frankie - Leon Rossell , Jude Ponting ( 2013 ) Michael Wartella ( 2017 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , is the fourth Golden Ticket finder , the last removed on - tour and one of the four main antagonists of the series . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He 's from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike 's ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall and incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference president Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Arthur Slugworth <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth 's role as a villain is expanded . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Prince Pondicherry <Td_colspan="2"> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon or attacked by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory and are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers : Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas like Doris work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestle created their interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seem to have entered the factory and have the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. Teavee Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. Teavee Michael Goodliffe Adam Godley Mrs. Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Mr. Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Diane ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Robert ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris Shopkeeper Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent Geoffrey Holder Excluded from the published book ( edit ) As detailed in unpublished drafts of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , far more than five children got the golden ticket to tour Willy Wonka 's secret chocolate factory , far more than four were eliminated , and the children faced more rooms and more temptations to test their self - control . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ June , E. Alex ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Lost Chapter of Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Released '' . wn.com . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=816209356 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters
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-8,574,088,716,006,523,000 | who did the voice for baloo in jungle book | The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $177 million ( gross ) $154 million ( net ) Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 39th - highest - grossing film of all time , praised for its visual effects , musical score , direction , faithfulness to the original animated film , and vocal performances , particularly those of Murray , Kingsley , and Elba . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings , while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives , detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo , and the boy agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against humans . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope . Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . On July 9 , 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film and the 1998 direct - to - video film Mowgli 's Story ; and the studio 's fourth overall after the 1967 animated film . Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated film . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a film with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> John Debney chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters , including Irrfan Khan as Baloo , Om Puri as Bagheera , Priyanka Chopra as Ka , Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha , for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the original Hindi song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a sleeper hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline Hollywood noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 92 % . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B , and it got A 's from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Remember When Disney Made 2 Jungle Book Movies in the ' 90s ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Sherman Brothers <Td_colspan="2"> Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Jon Favreau <Td_colspan="2"> Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film <Td_colspan="2"> The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=849157718 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Motion capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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-1,706,138,562,372,476,000 | what was the condition of the kingdoms before the unification of nepal | Unification of Nepal - wikipedia Unification of Nepal This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gorkhali soldiers preparing war against Kathmandu Valley Before the Shah dynasty took over Nepal , it was limited to the Kathmandu valley and surrounding territories which consisted of many kingdoms . After conquering the valley in the mid-eighteenth century , King Prithvi Narayan Shah moved his ruling state to Nepal from Gorkha . He then started his conquering campaign with the banner of Nepal than Gorkha . = = Establishment of expanded Gorkha kingdom = = Gorkha was the kingdom which wa small in size and was low in economic status . When Prithvi Narayan Shah became the king on 25 chaitra 1799 he started unification of Nepal from 1800 . Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted at first to attack over Nuwakot because Nuwakot durbar was at height so no one could attack easily . So he attacked over Nuwakot . Contents 1 Invasion in Nuwakot 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Invasion in Nuwakot ( edit ) Nara Bhupal Shah , the king of Nepal , had already tried to invade in Nuwakot in 1794 B.S. At that time , Nuwakot was under the administrative control of Kantipur ( today known as Kathmandu ) , so Kantipur supported Nuwakot during the invasion . After his defeat , Nara Bhupal Shah gave up all his efforts at unification and handed the administrative power over to Prithivi Narayan Shah and Chandraprabhawati ( the eldest queen of Nara Bhupal Shah ) . Nara Bhupal Shah died in 1799 B.S. and Prithivi Narayan Shah ascended to the throne on Chaira 25 , 1799 B.S. After his succession to the throne , he planned to begin a unification campaign by attacking Nuwakot in 1800 B.S. He sent Gorkhali troops , under Kaji Biraj Thapa , to attack Nuwakot . Biraj Thapa waited at Khinchet by the side of Trishuli River for an appropriate time to launch the attack . Prithivi Narayan Shah did n't like the strategy of Biraj Thapa and even did n't trust him because of the fault of reporting Maheshwor Panta . So , he sent another Gorkhali troops again under Maheshwor Panta . The troops under Maheshwor Panta were defeated . After his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley , Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered other smaller territories south of the valley to keep other smaller fiefdoms near his Gurkha state out of the influence and control of British rule . After his kingdom spread from north to south , he made Kantipur the capital of expanded country which was known as Kingdom of Gorkha ( Gorkha Samrajya ) . See also ( edit ) History of Nepal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/history Jump up ^ Joseph Bindloss ( 15 September 2010 ) . Nepal 8 . Lonely Planet Publications . pp. 37 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 361 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Fr . Giuseppe. ( 1799 ) . An account of the kingdom of Nepal . Asiatic Researches . Vol 2 . ( 1799 ) . pp. 307 -- 322 . Reed , David . ( 2002 ) . The Rough Guide to Nepal . DK Publishing , Inc . Wright , Daniel , History of Nepal . New Delhi - Madras , Asian Educational Services , 1990 <Th_colspan="3"> Nepal articles History Khasas Kiratas Shakya Siddhartha Gautama Maithali Sita Janaka Licchavi Arimalla Khasa kingdom Baise Rajya Chaubisi rajya Gorkha Kingdom Prithvi Narayan Shah Unification Kalu Pande Kingdom of Nepal Shah dynasty Sino - Nepalese War Bhimsen Thapa Anglo - Nepalese War Balbhadra Kunwar Treaty of Sugauli Rana dynasty Kot massacre Jung Bahadur Rana Nepalese -- Tibetan War Tribhuvan Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 Nepali Congress Democracy movement in 2006 Birendra Royal massacre Jana Andolan Ganesh Man Singh Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( Prachanda ) Civil War 2015 Nepal Earthquake Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Mountains Himalayas Dhaulagiri Annapurna Manaslu Mount Everest Makalu Kanchanjunga Areas Kathmandu Valley Siliguri Corridor ( Chicken 's Neck ) Madhesh Inner Madhesh Tibetan Plateau Rivers Arun Karnali ( Ghaghara ) Koshi ( Kosi ) Narayani ( Gandaki ) West Rapti Subdivisions <Td_colspan="2"> Districts Provinces Cities Gaupalikas Cities Biratnagar Birgunj Bharatpur Hetauda Itahari Damak Janakpur Kathmandu ( capital ) Nepalgunj Patan Pokhara Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Constituent Assembly Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT LGBT history Military Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Supreme Court Chief Justice Village Development Committees Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Energy companies South Asian Free Trade Area Rupee ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Cuisine Music Demographics Education universities and colleges schools Languages literature Gorkhas ( Gurkhas ) International rankings Madhesi people Nepal Academy Newar people Sherpas Sport Football Cricket Olympics Media Newar traditional clothing Public holidays Religion Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism Buddhism Pashupatinath Temple Ceremonies and festivals Bratabandha ( Upanayana ) Dashain Nwaran Pasni Tihar Chhath Dipankha Yatra Holi Issues Capital punishment Intersex rights LGBT rights Health Human rights International rankings <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Nepal&oldid=854474830 '' Categories : Unification of Nepal History of Nepal National unifications Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references NPOV disputes from August 2012 All NPOV disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी नेपाली 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Unification of Nepal
2. King Prithvi Narayan Shah
3. Gorkha Kingdom
4. Conquest of Kathmandu Valley
5. Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom |
-4,859,260,431,134,100,000 | centre for study of developing societies (csds) | Centre for the Study of Developing Societies - Wikipedia Centre for the Study of Developing Societies Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guidelines for companies and organizations . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Centre for the Study of Developing Societies '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Centre for the Study of Developing Societies Abbreviation CSDS Formation 1963 Founder Rajni Kothari Type Autonomous Purpose social sciences and humanities research Headquarters 29 Rajpur Road , Civil Lines , Delhi - 110054 Director Sanjay Kumar Main organ Board of Governors Website www.csds.in/index.php The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( CSDS ) is an Indian research institute for the social sciences and humanities . It was founded in 1963 by Rajni Kothari and is largely funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research Govt of India . It is located in New Delhi , close to Delhi University . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Library 3 Data unit 4 Programmes 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Kothari left his position as assistant director of the National Institute of Community Development in 1963 to start the CSDS . It was housed initially in a building owned by the Indian Adult Education Association at Indraprastha Estate , Delhi . CSDS later moved in 1966 - 1967 to its present location . Library ( edit ) The library at CSDS started with a few bookshelves in the basement of IAEA and grew up into a full - fledged one by 1970 . It is meant primarily for research and higher learning in the field of social sciences and humanities . The collection consists of about 29,000 books and 5,000 bound volumes of journals and a modest set of reports and booklets . More than 130 journals are received regularly . Apart from works on contemporary themes , the library houses a collection of works on Asia and Africa , arms race and peace movement , non-European perspectives , science studies , ecology and environment , and human rights . There is a separate collection of Hindi books covering a broad range of subjects including literature . The access to the collection has been computerized and the catalogue can be accessed through any computer in the centre . The CSDS library is a member of the Developing Libraries Network and the Social Science Libraries Network . Data unit ( edit ) The CSDS Data Unit , established in 1965 , maintains an archive of survey data on political behaviour and attitudes , spanning over four decades . The unit also holds a number of secondary data sets , especially on elections in India . Programmes ( edit ) Programmes in the Centre include : Lokniti Programme for Comparative Democracy The Sarai Programme Programme in Social and Political Theory Indian Language Programme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Personally speaking : Rajni Kothari '' . India-seminar.com . March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ About CSDS , CSDS website , March 30th , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getting to CSDS '' . Csds.in . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Rajni Kothari , The Centre and Indian reality '' . Seminar. 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CSDS - Centre for the Study of Developing Societies '' . Csds.in . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CSDS '' . Csds.in . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CSDS '' . Csds.in . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Lokniti '' . Lokniti. 2011 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Sarai '' . Sarai.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CSDS '' . Csds.in . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_the_Study_of_Developing_Societies&oldid=827969215 '' Categories : Research institutes in Delhi Social science institutes Organizations established in 1963 Humanities institutes 1963 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2016 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Delhi articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
2. Indian research institute
3. Social sciences and humanities research
4. Founded in 1963 by Rajni Kothari
5. Located in New Delhi, India |
-6,999,631,545,972,486,000 | when did matt ryan play at boston college | Matt Ryan ( American Football ) - wikipedia Matt Ryan ( American Football ) Jump to : navigation , search Matt Ryan <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan in 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> No. 2 -- Atlanta Falcons Position : Quarterback <Th_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1985 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Exton , Pennsylvania Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 217 lb ( 98 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school : Philadelphia ( PA ) Penn Charter College : Boston College NFL Draft : 2008 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta Falcons ( 2008 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roster status : Active <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 4 × Pro Bowl ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) First - team All - Pro ( 2016 ) NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2016 ) NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2016 ) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) NFL passer rating leader ( 2016 ) First - team All - American ( 2007 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2007 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 2007 ) Manning Award ( 2007 ) Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Passing attempts : 5,593 Passing completions : 3,630 Percentage : 64.9 TD -- INT : 260 -- 126 Passing yards : 41,796 Passer rating : 93.4 <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com Matthew Thomas Ryan ( born May 17 , 1985 ) , nicknamed `` Matty Ice '' , is an American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) . After playing college football for Boston College , Ryan was drafted by the Falcons with the third overall pick in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft . Ryan was Boston College 's starting quarterback from 2005 to 2007 , leading them to three bowl victories and a 25 -- 7 record in 32 starts . He threw for 200 or more yards 15 times and is third all time in school history in passing yards and in pass completions . He earned MVP of the game honors at the 2005 MPC Computers Bowl . In 2007 , Ryan led his team to an ACC Atlantic Division championship and was named ACC Player of the Year . During his rookie year , Ryan started all 16 games for the Falcons and led them to the playoffs with an 11 -- 5 season record . He earned honors as the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year . In 2016 , Ryan was the NFL 's Most Valuable Player and led the Falcons to Super Bowl LI , where they were defeated by the New England Patriots . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 2 College career 2.1 2003 - 2004 seasons 2.2 2005 season 2.3 2006 season 2.4 2007 season 2.5 Awards and honors 2.6 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 2008 season 3.2 2009 season 3.3 2010 season 3.4 2011 season 3.5 2012 season 3.6 2013 season 3.7 2014 season 3.8 2015 season 3.9 2016 season : MVP season 3.10 2017 season 4 NFL career statistics and accolades 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Awards and honors 4.4 Falcons franchise records 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links High school career ( edit ) Ryan attended the William Penn Charter School , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where he was a three - year starter and earned All - East honors from Larunt Lemming Prep Football Report . He captured All - Southeastern Pennsylvania accolades as a senior quarterback in addition to receiving All - City first - team honors in 2002 and second - team recognition in 2001 . A three - time All - League selection , he threw for more than 1,300 yards with 9 touchdowns as a senior , finishing his career by completing more than 52 percent of his pass attempts during all three seasons at the helm . Ryan played football , basketball and baseball while in high school and was named captain of all three teams his senior year . He was quarterback of the football team in 2002 , played small forward on the basketball team , and was a pitcher and a shortstop on the baseball team . Ryan says he was `` mildly '' recruited and began receiving scholarship offers as a sophomore . Some of the schools that offered him an athletic scholarship were Purdue , Georgia Tech , Temple , and Connecticut . After attending his recruiting visit with Boston College during his junior year , it was announced he gave them his verbal commitment on August 14 , 2002 . His choices had come down to Iowa or Boston College . Ryan was looking for a university close to home and had a strong and competitive football program with a major emphasis on academics . College career ( edit ) 2003 - 2004 seasons ( edit ) Ryan began attending Boston College in 2003 and redshirted his first year with the team . Before the 2004 season , he was named the starting quarterback for Boston College due to an injury to Quinton Porter . He made his collegiate debut on October 2 , 2004 against the UMass Minutemen and completed two of three passes for 16 yards . He would not complete his first touchdown until November 20 , 2004 against Temple , after throwing a 32 - yard touchdown pass to Larry Lester . Replacing the injured Paul Peterson , he completed 9 - of - 15 passes for 121 yards . He made his first collegiate start on November 27 , 2004 in the final game of that season , completing 24 of 51 passes for 200 yards against Syracuse . He also played against North Carolina in the Continental Tire Bowl . He completed one of his two passes for 13 yards . Ryan was also quite proficient in the classroom , and was awarded the 2004 Freshman Male Scholar - Athlete award that same year . Ryan launched a website during his senior year at Boston College called Mattyice.com , where fans and media have 24 - hour access to video highlights , updated biographical information , statistics and other information about him . In 2016 , Boston College retired his jersey . 2005 season ( edit ) At the beginning of the 2005 season , Ryan was named the second - string quarterback behind Quinton Porter . Porter had some success at the beginning of the year , including winning Atlantic Coast Conference player of the week for his performance in Boston College 's 28 -- 17 win over Virginia . After a 30 -- 10 loss to third - ranked Virginia Tech , coach Tom O'Brien finally went to Ryan for good in the fourth quarter of the next game against North Carolina . In ten games ( five starts ) , he completed 121 of 195 passes for 1,514 yards . He had eight touchdowns and five interceptions . He also rushed for five touchdowns and 94 yards . He started his first bowl game in the MPC Computers Bowl versus Boise State . He completed 19 of 36 passes for 256 yards and a career - best three touchdowns . 2006 season ( edit ) Ryan started 11 of the 12 games . He completed 254 - of - 398 passes for 2,700 yards , 17 touchdowns , and eight interceptions . In addition , he rushed for four touchdowns . He was All - ACC first - team and led the ACC in total offense ( 242.2 yards per game ) and in passing yards ( 245.5 yards per game ) . He was named ACC Offensive Back of the week three times . He set career highs in completions ( 32 vs. Central Michigan ) and passing yards ( 356 vs. Brigham Young ) . He led the team to a 9 -- 3 record including double overtime wins versus Clemson and Brigham Young . He led the Eagles to a close 25 -- 24 victory on December 26 , 2006 in the Meineke Car Care Bowl against Navy in Charlotte , North Carolina . In the season opener against Central Michigan , Ryan sprained his ankle . Against Virginia Tech , Ryan broke his foot on the same leg . Despite these injuries , Ryan only missed one game ( against Buffalo ) . His 57 pass attempts in the 2006 Wake Forest game tied Shawn Halloran 's performance against Syracuse Orange in 1985 and Frank Harris 's performance against Army in 1968 for the BC record his 40 pass completions in the 2006 Wake Forest game broke the old school record of 37 by Frank Harris in the 1968 Army clash . 2007 season ( edit ) Ryan and the Boston College Eagles line up on offense in the 2007 ACC Championship game External image <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan on the cover of NCAA Football 09 Before the season started , Ryan was named to the preseason All - ACC team . Against Wake Forest , he completed 32 of 52 passes for 408 yards and 5 touchdowns . Boston College also hired a new coach : Jeff Jagodzinski , a longtime NFL assistant . He continued his hot streak versus Georgia Tech , going 30 -- 44 with one touchdown and passing for a career - high 435 yards against the staunch Tech defense en route to a convincing 24 -- 10 road victory . After this game , Ryan was suggested as a potential Heisman Trophy contender . Battling Virginia Tech through bad weather in Blacksburg , Virginia , Ryan led an amazing comeback for the Boston College Eagles , passing for two touchdowns with less than 3 minutes to play on October 25 , 2007 , including the game - winner with 11 seconds left to Andre Callender . However , Ryan 's chances to win the Heisman fell sharply after he threw three interceptions in a 27 -- 17 loss to Florida State , an unranked team that had six wins and three losses . However , with a strong performance against Clemson his chances were raised substantially . Despite 2 consecutive ACC losses , Ryan and the Eagles found themselves with a trip to the conference championship on the line . Down 10 -- 3 in the third quarter , he led the offense on a game - tying drive , hitting on key passes to Rich Gunnell , Andre Callender and Ryan Purvis , landing the Eagles at the Clemson 2 early in the fourth . James McCluskey finished the job from there , running it in to even the score at 10 - apiece . Shortly thereafter , a Clemson turnover resulted in a Boston College field goal and a 13 -- 10 lead for the maroon and gold . On November 24 , against ACC rival Miami , Ryan surpassed Doug Flutie for the most passing touchdowns in a single season by an Eagle QB with 28 TDs , ultimately ending the season with 31 . Despite these records , he struggled with throwing interceptions throughout the year , and finished with 19 ( 2nd most among college quarterbacks ) . His five touchdown passes in the 2007 Wake Forest game are one shy of the school record of six , held by Doug Flutie in 1984 vs North Carolina . For the maroon and gold , it was their first 10 - win regular season since 1940 and the first time they had achieved back - to - back 10 - overall - win seasons in program history . He led the Eagles to extend the nation 's longest bowl winning streak to eight with a 24 -- 21 victory over Michigan State Spartans in the Champs Sports Bowl on December 28 , Ryan threw three touchdown passes , two to Rich Gunnell and one to Jon Loyte . Ryan was awarded the 2007 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , given annually in the United States to the nation 's most outstanding college football senior quarterback , the other finalists for the 2007 award were Hawaii 's Colt Brennan , Louisville 's Brian Brohm , Oregon 's Dennis Dixon , and Kentucky 's Andre Woodson ( all of whom were drafted at the 2008 NFL Draft ) He was selected to play in the 2008 Senior Bowl . He also won the 2007 Manning Award awarded to the nation 's top quarterback , beating out eventual Heisman winner Tim Tebow and eight other finalists for this year 's award : Erik Ainge ( Tennessee ) , Sam Bradford ( Oklahoma ) , Colt Brennan ( Hawai'i ) , Chase Daniel ( Missouri ) , Dennis Dixon ( Oregon ) , Graham Harrell ( Texas Tech ) , Pat White ( West Virginia ) , and Andre ' Woodson ( Kentucky ) . He was named `` Eagle of the Year '' alongside BC 's first ever individual champion Kasey Hill . In November , he was asked to speak at the Boston College Multi-Cultural Thanksgiving celebration , where he spoke of family , integrity and devotion . He was featured as the cover athlete for the PS3 version of NCAA Football 09 . Awards and honors ( edit ) MPC Computers Bowl MVP ( 2005 ) First - team All - ACC selection ( 2006 ) Manning Award ( 2007 ) Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ( 2007 ) First - team All - America by AFCA ( 2007 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 2007 ) First - team All - ACC selection ( 2007 ) 6 × ACC Player of the Week ( 2007 ) Statistics ( edit ) Year Team <Th_colspan="8"> Passing <Th_colspan="4"> Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Boston College 35 71 49.3 % 350 4.9 91.5 12 - 3 - 0.3 0 2005 Boston College 121 195 62.1 % 1,514 7.8 8 5 135.7 37 94 2.5 5 2006 Boston College 263 427 61.6 % 2,942 6.9 15 10 126.4 51 - 35 - 0.7 2007 Boston College 388 654 59.3 % 4,507 6.9 31 19 127.0 68 0.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 807 1,347 59.9 % 9,313 6.9 56 37 126.2 168 58 0.3 11 Source : Professional career ( edit ) External images <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan at the 2008 Boston College Pro Day <Td_colspan="2"> Ryan introduced as the 3rd overall pick of the 2008 NFL Draft <Td_colspan="20"> Pre-draft measureables Wt 40 yd Vert BP Wonderlic * 224 lb * 4.86 s * 24 N / A * 32 <Td_colspan="20"> ( * represents NFL Combine ) Ryan scored a 32 on the Wonderlic exam , tying Louisville 's Brian Brohm for the highest score by a quarterback in the 2008 Draft class . He was drafted third overall by the Atlanta Falcons in the 2008 NFL Draft He was the second first - round pick of the draft to sign when he agreed to a six - year , $72 million contract on May 20 , 2008 ; the contract contained $34.75 million in guaranteed money . The contract made Ryan the fourth highest paid quarterback in the NFL behind Peyton Manning , Ben Roethlisberger , and Carson Palmer , despite never having played a professional game . This helped fuel the discussion regarding whether salaries for first - round draftees in the NFL were too high . In addition , Ryan had signed endorsement deals with Nike and AirTran . 2008 season ( edit ) Ryan in 2008 On August 24 , 2008 , Ryan was named the starting quarterback for the September 7 regular season opener against the Detroit Lions . Ryan became the first rookie quarterback to start a season for the Falcons since Michael Vick in 2001 . In the game , Ryan completed his first NFL pass for a 62 - yard touchdown to Michael Jenkins , becoming the first quarterback to throw a touchdown on his first career NFL pass since Michael Bishop of the New England Patriots in 2000 . Ryan was sacked for the first time by Lions defensive player Dewayne White in his first win . The second game of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers marked Ryan 's first interception by rookie cornerback Aqib Talib and also by Sabby Piscitelli . In Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs , he completed the then - longest touchdown pass in his career for 70 yards to Roddy White . The 70 - yard touchdown pass to White was the longest pass completion for the Falcons since December 23 , 2007 , when Chris Redman threw a 74 - yard touchdown pass . In the same game , Ryan completed passes to 6 different players . The following week , he threw for 194 yards and two touchdowns against the Green Bay Packers . His touchdown passes went to Roddy White and tight end Justin Peelle . The following week against the Chicago Bears Ryan led the Falcons to a comeback win . With 6 seconds left he completed a 26 - yard strike to Michael Jenkins that set Jason Elam up for the game - winning field goal as time expired . Ryan finished the game 22 - of - 30 for a then career - high 301 passing yards . He also had a key fourth - quarter touchdown pass to Roddy White . On Atlanta 's first offensive drive , Ryan completed all five of his pass attempts for 57 yards en route to a Falcons field goal and a 3 -- 0 lead . Ryan was named Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week for his performance . Ryan created an activity named `` Folleyball '' for NFL Play 60 at NFL Rush.com , published in October of that year . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan 's 1st NFL pass , and touchdown Ryan takes a snap against the Raiders on November 2 . On October 30 , Ryan was honored as the NFC Rookie of the Month for October following an impressive string of games in which he led the Falcons to a 2 -- 1 record . Ryan became the first player in Falcons franchise history to be awarded this honor In Week 8 against the Oakland Raiders , Ryan finished with the highest completion percentage of his career ( 77.3 ) . He threw for 220 yards and posted a quarterback rating of 138.4 . He also completed passes to eight different receivers and the game was his third multiple touchdown game ( Green Bay , Philadelphia ) . His first half passing yardage , completion percentage ( 81.3 ) and passer rating ( 154.2 ) are all career highs for a half and his two touchdowns tie a first half high , Ryan 's final completion percentage of 77.3 is a career - high along with his passer rating of 138.4 . He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week following his performance against the Raiders . He scored his first rushing career touchdown against the New Orleans Saints on December 7 with a 12 - yard touchdown scramble , Ryan also achieved 3,000 + passing yards in the 2008 season being only the 2nd rookie to do so . Peyton Manning was the first . Ryan became the first Falcons rookie quarterback in franchise history to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season after finishing with 206 yards against Tampa Bay . Ryan 's passing total also makes him only the 10th quarterback in club annals to hit the 3,000 - yard mark and the first since 1998 when Chris Chandler threw 3,154 . It was also his first overtime win as a starter . He was named the Diet Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for games played after his performance by the second time in his career . Ryan finished second amongst rookies in fan Pro Bowl voting ( 416,468 votes ) , behind only Titans running back Chris Johnson . Ryan threw for a season - low 134 yards in Week 16 against the Minnesota Vikings , ending a streak of nine straight games with at least 200 yards passing , he finished 13 - of - 24 passing , throwing an 8 - yard touchdown passes to Jerious Norwood in the second quarter ; however , with this win Ryan led the Falcons to their first playoff berth since 2004 . He finished the season with 3,440 passing yards , 17 touchdowns ( one rushing ) , and 11 interceptions . He and fellow rookie Joe Flacco were the first rookie quarterbacks to lead their teams to the playoffs after starting all 16 games of the season . He is one of twelve rookie quarterbacks to throw for over 3,000 yards in their rookie season . On December 31 , Ryan was named the AP NFL Rookie of the Year . Ryan made his first playoff start against the Arizona Cardinals on January 3 , 2009 . He was 15 years younger than opposing quarterback Kurt Warner , the third largest age discrepancy between playoff quarterbacks . His first attempted playoff pass was an interception . Ryan completed 26 of 40 passing attempts for 199 yards and 2 touchdowns but was intercepted twice . He threw his first TD in a playoff contest to Justin Peelle . Atlanta lost , 30 -- 24 . Falcons Head Coach Mike Smith and Ryan became the first rookie head coach and rookie quarterback to coach and compete in a playoff game since the Cleveland Rams accomplished the feat in 1945 ( the feat was repeated the next day when Ravens Joe Flacco and John Harbaugh did so . ) During the game , Ryan set an NFL playoff rookie record with 26 completions in a single postseason game . 2009 season ( edit ) Ryan being introduced before the Falcons ' 2009 regular season opener on September 13 Ryan was voted by his teammates as Offensive Captain alongside Todd McClure at the end of the 2008 Season . He was first on the depth chart and was the Falcons starting quarterback for the second consecutive season . In 2009 , Ryan started off the season fast as he threw for 229 yards and 2 touchdowns with no interceptions as he led the Falcons to a 19 -- 7 win against the Miami Dolphins in the 2009 NFL season opener . In Week 2 , Ryan led the Falcons past the Carolina Panthers . Ryan had a career - high in touchdown passes ( 3 ) , completion percentage ( 78 % ) and touchdown passes in a half ( 3 ) . He finished the game 21 -- 28 with 220 yards , 3 touchdowns and a pick . In Week 3 , Ryan and the Falcons lost to the New England Patriots . Ryan completed 17 - 28 for 199 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions . In the Week 5 game against the San Francisco 49ers , he completed 15 of 21 passes for 258 yards in the first half , setting a new career - high for the first half of play . Ryan finished the game having completed 22 of 32 passes for 329 yards and two touchdowns for a 110.0 passer rating . Ryan tossed a 31 - yard strike to Roddy White and he connected to White again in the second quarter with a 90 - yard touchdown . The pass and reception for Ryan and White set new career highs . The pass and reception also mark the third longest in franchise history and the longest pass play since 2001 . The game was his third - career 300 - yard passing outing as the second - year quarterback set a new career - high in total passing yards in a single game . In Weeks 6 through 9 , Ryan generally struggled , throwing more interceptions ( 8 ) than touchdowns ( 6 ) , was sacked 10 times , and had an average passing rating of 65.5 . Still , he led the Falcons to two victories in the four games , in part thanks to Michael Turner returning to the form of 2008 . In Week 12 , Ryan suffered a turf toe injury during the game against Tampa Bay . Chris Redman stepped in and managed to win the game by connecting to Roddy White for a touchdown in the 4th quarter . Following this victory , however , the effect of Ryan 's absence was compounded by injury to starting running back Michael Turner , and the Falcons suffered losses to both Philadelphia and New Orleans in Weeks 13 and 14 . In Week 15 , Ryan returned , despite not yet having fully recovered from his injury , and led Atlanta to a 10 -- 7 upset win against the New York Jets . In Week 16 , the Falcons defeated the Buffalo Bills in a 31 -- 3 win . Ryan threw for 250 yards with three touchdowns , two of them to Roddy White . In the last game of the season , the Falcons defeated the Buccaneers by a score of 20 -- 10 . In the win , Ryan had 223 passing yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions . With a record of 9 -- 7 , the Falcons attained back to back winning seasons for the first time in franchise history . Ryan finished the season throwing for 2,916 yards with 22 touchdowns , 14 interceptions , and a quarterback rating of 80.9 . Ryan also rushed for 49 yards and one touchdown . 2010 season ( edit ) In the 2010 season , Ryan led the Falcons to an NFC best 13 -- 3 record , second in the NFL behind the 14 -- 2 New England Patriots . Ryan 's 2010 season started off slow in a 15 -- 9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was 27 - of - 44 for 252 yards and an interception . He bounced back in the next game against the Arizona Cardinals . In the 41 -- 7 victory , he was 21 - of - 32 for 225 yards and three touchdowns . In Week 7 , he had his most efficient game of the season in the 39 -- 32 win over the Cincinnati Bengals . He was 24 - of - 33 for 299 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception for a season - high 118.1 passer rating . The victory over the Bengals was the start of an eight - game winning streak for Ryan and the Falcons . In Week 10 , against the Baltimore Ravens , he passed for 316 yards and three touchdowns in the 26 -- 21 win . After falling to the New Orleans Saints in Week 16 , Ryan closed out the regular season with a 31 -- 10 victory over the Carolina Panthers . On the season , Ryan set career highs in touchdowns ( 28 ) , completion percentage ( 62.5 ) , and yards ( 3,705 ) while tossing 9 interceptions . Ryan set the single season franchise records , as well as career highs , in attempts ( 571 ) , completions ( 357 ) , and wins in a season ( 13 ) . Ryan led the NFL in fourth quarter comebacks for a quarterback in the 2010 season , with six . In the Divisional round of the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs , the Falcons were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions , Green Bay Packers , with the score 48 -- 21 . Ryan was invited to the 2011 Pro Bowl , for the first time of his career . He threw two touchdowns in the Pro Bowl , one to Tony Gonzalez and the other to Larry Fitzgerald . 2011 season ( edit ) In the 2011 season , Ryan led the Falcons to a 10 -- 6 record , passing for 4,177 yards , 29 touchdowns , and 12 interceptions . In the season opener against the Chicago Bears , the Falcons started off slow with a 30 -- 12 loss . Ryan was 31 - of - 47 for 319 yards and an interception . However , in the next game , the Falcons bounced back with a 35 -- 31 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles . Ryan was 17 - of - 28 for 195 yards with four touchdowns and two interceptions . In Weeks 10 and 11 , he recorded consecutive games with at least 300 passing yards in games against the New Orleans Saints and the Tennessee Titans . In Week 14 , against the Carolina Panthers , he was 22 - of - 38 for 320 yards and four touchdowns in the 31 -- 23 victory . The Falcons ' regular season qualified them for the playoffs . However , they were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLVI champion New York Giants in the Wild Card Round by a score of 24 -- 2 . 2012 season ( edit ) In 2012 , Ryan led the Falcons to their franchise best start of the season , starting 8 -- 0 . Ryan set personal records in completions ( 422 ) , completion percentage ( 68.6 ) , yards ( 4,719 ) , and touchdowns ( 32 ) . In the 8 -- 0 start , Ryan posted four games with three touchdown passes and three games going over the 300 - yard passing mark . The first blemish of the season for the Falcons came in Week 10 against the New Orleans Saints . Ryan was 34 - of - 52 for a then career - high 411 yards and three touchdowns and one interception as the Falcons fell by a score of 31 -- 27 . In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals , Ryan threw for 301 yards but had five interceptions . Despite the turnovers , the Falcons were able to win by a score of 23 -- 19 . In the penultimate game of the regular season , he was 25 - of - 32 for 279 yards and four touchdowns in a 31 -- 18 victory over the Detroit Lions . The Falcons finished the regular season 13 -- 3 , with the first seed in the NFC . Ryan , who was 0 -- 3 in the postseason coming into the playoffs , won his first postseason game in the NFC Divisional Round against the Seattle Seahawks , with Ryan orchestrating the final scoring drive that led to Matt Bryant 's game - winning field goal . Ryan finished with 250 passing yards , 68.6 % completion percentage , 3 touchdowns , and two interceptions . In the NFC Championship against the San Francisco 49ers , Ryan threw for 396 yards and three touchdowns , but also committed two turnovers in crucial portions of the game , and later sprained the AC joint to his non-throwing shoulder as the Falcons lost 28 -- 24 . He did not require surgical procedure to repair his shoulder and would have been able to play in the Super Bowl if the Falcons had advanced . 2013 season ( edit ) On July 25 , 2013 , Ryan agreed to a five - year contract extension worth $103.75 million with the Falcons . On December 30 , Ryan surpassed Steve Bartkowski for the all - time franchise leader in passing yards . The Falcons had a down year , where they limped to a 4 -- 12 record , due to multiple injuries and losing key players on both sides of the ball . Some of Ryan 's highlights in the down season were games against the New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Against the Patriots in Week 4 , he was 34 - of - 54 for a then career - high 421 yards with two touchdowns and one interception in the 30 -- 23 loss . Against the Buccaneers in Week 7 , he was 20 - of - 26 for 273 yards and three touchdowns for a 148.4 passer rating in the 31 -- 23 victory . After the victory , the Falcons were 2 -- 4 with all the losses being by a combined 19 points . However , the rest of the season collapsed starting with five consecutive losses , which the team never recovered from . Overall , on the season , Ryan passed for 4,515 yards with 26 touchdowns and 17 interceptions . 2014 season ( edit ) Ryan against the Ravens in 2014 Ryan led the Falcons to a 6 -- 10 record in 2014 . He threw for 4,694 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions , and had a quarterback rating of 93.9 ; the second highest of his career . The season did start off promising . In a 37 -- 34 overtime victory over the New Orleans Saints , Ryan was 31 - of - 43 for a then career - high 448 yards and three touchdowns . After a 24 -- 10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals , the Falcons defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers by a score of 56 -- 14 on Thursday Night Football . In the victory , Ryan was 21 - of - 24 ( a career - high single - game completion percentage of 87.50 % ) for 286 yards and three touchdowns for a career - high 155.9 passer rating . The Falcons went on to lose six of their next eight games . After a much - needed 29 -- 18 win over the Arizona Cardinals , the Falcons had to play the Green Bay Packers . The Falcons lost 43 -- 37 as Ryan had 375 passing yards , four touchdowns , and one interception . After a loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers and a victory over the New Orleans Saints , the Falcons had a 6 -- 9 record . Despite the struggles of the 2014 season , the Falcons still had a chance to make the playoffs with a Week 17 victory due to the weakness of the entire NFC South division . However , the Falcons missed the playoffs a second year in a row after losing 34 -- 3 to their divisional rivals , Carolina Panthers , in Week 17 . 2015 season ( edit ) Ryan in 2015 Ryan led the Falcons to a 8 -- 8 record in 2015 , good for second in the NFC South , but not enough for the playoffs . The 2015 season was a roller - coaster one for Ryan and the Falcons . In the season opener against the Philadelphia Eagles on Monday Night Football , he was 23 - of - 34 for 298 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions in the 26 -- 24 victory . In the next game against the New York Giants , he was 30 - of - 46 for 363 yards and a touchdown in the 24 -- 20 victory . The Falcons won the next three games for a 5 -- 0 start . Their first loss came in the sixth game against the New Orleans Saints , where Ryan was 30 - of - 44 for 295 yards and two touchdowns . After a victory over the Tennessee Titans , the Falcons dropped their next six games to send their season plummeting . In the losing streak , Ryan had a season - high 397 passing yards for two touchdowns and an interception against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 1 . Ryan finished the 2015 season with 21 touchdown passes , the second lowest of his career , as well as 16 interceptions , the second highest of his career . Additionally Ryan fumbled a career - high 12 times , losing five of them , which was also a career - high . 2016 season : MVP season ( edit ) In Week 4 of the 2016 season , Ryan threw for a team - record 503 yards and four touchdowns while teammate Julio Jones caught 12 passes for a team - record 300 yards and a touchdown in a win over the Carolina Panthers . Ryan and Jones were the first quarterback - receiver duo in NFL history to combine for at least 500 passing yards and 300 receiving yards in the same game . In October 2016 , he set an NFL record for most consecutive games with at least 200 passing yards with 46 straight games . Ryan improved greatly from the previous season . He threw for a career - high 4,944 yards on just 373 completions and 534 attempts , second in the league , and a career - high 38 touchdowns and a career - low seven interceptions , also second in the league . Ryan 's 9.3 yards per attempt and 5.0 air yards per attempt ranked No. 1 among NFL quarterbacks in 2016 . He threw touchdown passes to 13 different receivers , an NFL record . He threw a touchdown pass in all 16 games for the first time in his career and was the only quarterback to do so for the 2016 season . Ryan was selected to his fourth Pro Bowl and was named First - team All Pro . Following the regular season , he was recognized as the NFL Most Valuable Player by the Pro Football Writers Association . Ryan was named the NFL Offensive Player of the Year and the NFL Most Valuable Player for the 2016 season . He was also ranked tenth by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . As the number 2 seed in the NFC Playoffs , Ryan led the 11 -- 5 Falcons to a 36 -- 20 victory over the number 3 seeded Seattle Seahawks in the Divisional Round . Ryan passed for over 300 yards and had three touchdowns . In the NFC Championship game , Ryan led the Falcons to a 44 -- 21 victory over the Green Bay Packers . Ryan threw for 392 yards for 4 touchdowns and no interceptions . He also ran for a fifth touchdown , just the fourth player to do so in a post-season game , as the Falcons earned a trip to Super Bowl LI . During the Super Bowl against the New England Patriots , Ryan finished with 284 passing yards , two touchdowns , and a lost fumble in a 28 -- 34 overtime loss . 2017 season ( edit ) On September 10 , 2017 , in the season opening 23 -- 17 victory over the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field , Ryan connected with tight end Austin Hooper for an 88 - yard touchdown , which was the second - longest touchdown pass of Ryan 's career . In the game , Ryan was 21 - of - 30 for 321 yards and the one touchdown . In Week 2 , Ryan and the Falcons had their first home game at the new Mercedes - Benz Stadium . Against the Green Bay Packers on NBC Sunday Night Football , Ryan was 19 - of - 28 for 252 yards and a touchdown , which was to running back Tevin Coleman and the first touchdown ever thrown in the new stadium . In Week 10 , during a 27 - 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Ryan became the fastest quarterback to throw for over 40,000 passing yards . This was done in 151 games breaking Brees ' record which was done in 152 games . In Week 17 , after clinching a spot in the playoffs after beating the Carolina Panthers 22 - 10 , Ryan set the record for most passing yards through 10 seasons with 41,796 , breaking the record held by Peyton Manning , who had 41,626 . Ryan led the Falcons to a victory against the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card 26 - 13 , A week later the Falcons were beaten by the Philadelphia Eagles 15 - 10 in the NFC Divisional Round . NFL career Statistics and accolades ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Legend Led the league AP NFL MVP & OPOTY Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> General <Th_colspan="10"> Passing <Th_colspan="6"> Rushing Season Team GP GS W -- L Cmp Att Cmp % Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Ints Rtg Sk Att Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Fumbs 2008 ATL 16 16 11 -- 5 265 434 61.1 3,440 7.9 215.0 16 11 87.7 17 55 104 1.9 6.5 6 2009 ATL 14 14 9 -- 5 263 451 58.3 2,916 6.5 208.3 22 14 80.9 19 30 49 1.6 3.5 5 ATL 16 16 13 -- 3 357 571 62.5 3,705 6.5 231.6 28 9 91.0 23 46 122 2.7 7.6 0 2011 ATL 16 16 10 -- 6 347 566 61.3 4,177 7.4 261.1 29 12 92.2 26 37 84 2.3 5.3 5 2012 ATL 16 16 13 -- 3 422 615 68.6 4,719 7.7 294.9 32 14 99.1 28 34 141 4.1 8.8 2013 ATL 16 16 4 -- 12 439 651 67.4 4,515 6.9 282.2 26 17 89.6 44 17 55 3.2 3.4 0 5 2014 ATL 16 16 6 -- 10 415 628 66.1 4,694 7.5 293.4 28 14 93.9 31 29 145 5.0 9.1 0 5 2015 ATL 16 16 8 -- 8 407 614 66.3 4,591 7.5 286.9 21 16 89.0 30 36 63 1.8 3.9 0 12 2016 ATL 16 16 11 -- 5 373 534 69.9 4,944 9.3 309.0 38 7 117.1 37 35 117 3.3 7.3 0 2017 ATL 16 16 10 -- 6 342 529 64.7 4,095 7.7 255.9 20 12 91.4 24 32 143 4.5 8.9 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 158 158 95 -- 63 3,630 5,593 64.9 41,796 7.5 264.5 260 126 93.4 279 351 1,023 2.9 6.5 5 53 Playoffs ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> General <Th_colspan="10"> Passing <Th_colspan="6"> Rushing Season Team GP GS W -- L Cmp Att Cmp % Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Ints Rtg Sk Att Yards Y / A Y / G TDs Fumbs 2008 ATL 0 -- 1 26 40 65.0 199 5.0 199.0 72.8 6 1.5 6.0 0 ATL 0 -- 1 20 29 69.0 186 6.4 186.0 69.0 5 0 0.0 0.0 0 2011 ATL 0 -- 1 24 41 58.9 199 4.9 199.0 0 0 71.1 1.0 3.0 0 0 2012 ATL 1 -- 1 54 77 70.1 646 8.4 323.0 6 105.2 9 3.0 4.5 0 2016 ATL 2 -- 1 70 98 71.4 1,014 10.3 338.0 9 0 135.3 8 6 20 3.3 6.7 2017 ATL 1 - 1 43 66 65.2 428 6.5 214.0 0 93.5 6 6 5 0.83 5.0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 10 10 4 -- 6 237 351 67.5 2,672 7.6 267.2 20 7 100.8 25 23 43 1.9 4.8 6 Awards and honors ( edit ) 4 × Pro Bowl selection ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) First - team All - Pro ( 2016 ) NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2016 ) NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) NFL passer rating leader ( 2016 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2016 ) AP NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) PFWA Offensive Player of the Year ( 2016 ) PFWA Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) NFL completion percentage co-leader ( 2012 ) 3 × Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week winner Most consecutive NFL games with 200 plus passing yards Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week winner ( 2008 ) NFC Rookie of the Month ( October 2008 ) Sporting News All - Rookie Team ( 2008 ) NFC Offensive Player of the Month ( November 2010 , September 2012 , September 2016 ) Rookie of the Year by Sporting News ( 2008 ) ESPY Award : Best Breakthrough Athlete ( 2009 ) NEXT Athlete Award ( ESPN the Magazine ) ( 2009 ) NFC Player of the Month ( November 2010 ) Most regular season wins by a quarterback in his first five seasons : 56 ( tied with Russell Wilson ) Fastest player to pass for 40,000 yards ( 151 games ) Most passing yards in first 10 years in NFL history ( 41,796 ) . Falcons franchise records ( edit ) Ryan with the Falcons in 2009 Only Falcons quarterback to lead the team to an 8 - 0 start Most wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback : 13 ( 2010 and 2012 ) Fewest interceptions in a regular season by starting quarterback -- 7 ( 2016 ) ( 16 starts ) Most 4th quarter comeback wins in a single season : 5 ( 2010 ) ( tied with Steve Bartkowski ) Most career wins : 85 Completions : career ( 3,352 ) , season ( 439 in 2013 ) , game ( 37 on 2015 - 11 - 01 TAM ) , playoffs ( 194 ) , playoff season ( 70 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 30 on 2013 - 01 - 20 SFO ) , rookie season ( 265 in 2008 ) Pass Attempts : career ( 5,157 ) , season ( 651 in 2013 ) , playoffs ( 285 ) , playoff season ( 98 in 2016 ) , rookie season ( 434 in 2008 ) Passing Yards : career ( 38,568 ) , season ( 4,944 in 2016 ) , game ( 503 on 2016 - 10 - 02 CAR ) , playoffs ( 2,244 ) , playoff season ( 1,014 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 396 on 2013 - 01 - 20 SFO ) , rookie season ( 3,440 in 2008 ) Passing TDs : career ( 244 ) , season ( 38 in 2016 ) , playoffs ( 18 ) , playoff season ( 9 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 4 on 2017 - 01 - 22 GNB ) , rookie season ( 16 in 2008 ) Passer Rating : career ( 93.7 ) , season ( 117.1 in 2016 ) , playoffs ( 102.4 ) , playoff season ( 135.3 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 144.1 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) , rookie season ( 87.7 in 2008 ) , rookie game ( 138.4 on 2008 - 11 - 02 @ OAK ) Sacked : playoffs ( 19 ) , playoff game ( 5 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) Yds / Pass Att : playoffs ( 7.87 ) , playoff season ( 10.35 in 2016 ) , playoff game ( 12.35 on 2017 - 02 - 05 NNWE ) , rookie season ( 7.93 in 2008 ) Pass Yds / Game : career ( 266 ) , , season ( 309 in 2016 ) , rookie season ( 215 in 2008 ) 300 + yard passing games : career ( 45 ) , season ( 8 in 2012 & 2016 ) , playoffs ( 3 ) , rookie season ( 2 in 2008 ) 4,000 + passing yard seasons : career ( 7 ) Personal life ( edit ) Ryan , the third of four siblings , was born to Bernice and Michael Ryan , both Roman Catholics of Irish descent . One of Ryan 's uncles , John Loughery , played quarterback at Boston College from 1979 - 82 . Ryan is an avid golfer and has participated in such tournaments as the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic . His cousin , Mike McGlinchey , played college football at Notre Dame . He is part of the Falcons ' online reading program , `` Read with a Falcon '' and grew up a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles . On November 21 , 2017 , Ryan announced on social media that he and his wife Sarah are expecting twins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Grittiness at the helm '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Boston College 's Matt Ryan Named ACC Player of the Year '' . acc.com. 2007 - 11 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sielski , Mike ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sielski : Matt Ryan 's never been better , nine years in '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Matt Ryan has been good for a long time , but it took him a long time to be this good . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Boston College Official Athletic Site . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mark Narducci . `` Penn Charter star chooses BC Matt Ryan 's finalists were Boston College and Iowa '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts at Boston College Box Score , October 2 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Temple Box Score , November 20 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse at Boston College Box Score , November 27 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Tire Bowl - North Carolina vs Boston College Box Score , December 30 , 2004 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Boston Eagles Athletics Website . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ The Iceman Cometh - Matty Ice Website Launches Saturday Archived 2008 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , bceagles.cstv.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College football : Matt Ryan , Luke Kuechly 's jerseys to be retired '' . ncaa.com . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2005 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2006 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Central Michigan Box Score , August 31 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Brigham Young at Boston College Box Score , September 16 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson at Boston College Box Score , September 9 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Meineke Car Care Bowl - Navy vs Boston College Box Score , December 30 , 2006 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boston.com Local Search - Boston Globe Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest at Boston College Box Score , September 1 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan undaunted by prospect of being drafted by Falcons '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Georgia Tech Box Score , September 15 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Virginia Tech Box Score , October 25 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Matt Ryan Archived 2012 - 07 - 07 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Blaudschun , Mark ( 2007 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Ryan , BC prove to be buzz saw against Georgia Tech '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Florida State at Boston College Box Score , November 3 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Matt Ryan for Heisman : BC vs Clemson. 19 November 2007 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Boston College at Clemson Box Score , November 17 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Matt Ryan for Heisman : Boston College vs Miami . 26 November 2007 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Champs Sports Bowl - Michigan State vs Boston College Box Score , December 28 , 2007 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College Athletics '' . Boston College . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Manning Award Winner -- Matt Ryan '' . All State Sugar Bowl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` EA Brings the Electricity of Big Play Saturday in NCAA Football 09 '' . Electronic Arts ( Press release ) . GameSpot.com. 2008 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Scouting Combine - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft Profile '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` NFL teams weigh Wonderlic tests - ChicagoSports.com '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Who is ... Matt Ryan ? , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Falcons select Quarterback Matt Ryan Archived 2008 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos '' . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve . `` Falcons ink QB Ryan to 6 - year deal '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals QB Palmer signs extension through 2014 '' . ESPN . 2005 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( 2010 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Falcons pay steep price for face - lift '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Signs with Nike Despite Michael Vick Connection - The Football Wire '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tim . `` Falcons rookie Ryan signs endorsement deal with AirTran '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Ryan to start at QB for Falcons '' . ESPN . 2008 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan named starting quarterback for Falcons '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - September 14th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Atlanta Falcons - September 21st , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Green Bay Packers - October 5th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Atlanta Falcons - October 12th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ryan named Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week Archived 2008 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NFL Play60 Game Ideas : Matt Ryan , nflrush.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan named NFC Rookie of the Month Archived 2009 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Falcons benefit from giving helping hand to Ryan by Charley Casserly Archived 2008 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Oakland Raiders - November 2nd , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan : Things You Should Know About Being A Rookie '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Ryan named NFC Offensive Player of the Week Archived 2008 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` QBs in contention for Offensive Rookie of the Year - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan helps Falcons rebuild in wake of Vick , Petrino '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - December 7th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons were right on Ryan , I was wrong '' by Terence Moore , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Ryan is a rock for the Falcons ' offense '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Sportingnews.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan shows his competitive drive '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com - Official Site of the National Football League '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Falcons rookie Ryan picks up Pro Bowl votes By D. ORLANDO LEDBETTER The Atlanta Journal - Constitution Jump up ^ Falcons clinch postseason spot with win Archived 2009 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . by J. Michael Moore , AtlantaFalcons.com Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2008 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan named NFL 's Offensive Rookie of Year '' . Jump up ^ `` What 's Being Said About Matt Ryan ? '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , posted by J. Michael Moore , FalconsLIFE ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived January 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at Arizona Cardinals - January 3rd , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at Atlanta Falcons - September 13th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - September 20th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New England Patriots - September 27th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at San Francisco 49ers - October 11th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Falcons - 49ers Game Notes Archived 2009 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WK 5 Ca n't - Miss Play : White 's 90 - yd TD '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Atlanta Falcons - October 18th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Dallas Cowboys - October 25th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - November 2nd , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Atlanta Falcons - November 8th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - November 29th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New York Jets - December 20th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at Atlanta Falcons - December 27th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - January 3rd , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 - Present ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2009 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 12th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - September 19th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals at Atlanta Falcons - October 24th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens at Atlanta Falcons - November 11th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - December 27th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - January 2nd , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2010 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Green Bay Packers at Atlanta Falcons - January 15th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Americans vs. NFC Nationals - Box Score - January 30 , 2011 '' . www.foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2011 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - September 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Atlanta Falcons - September 18th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - November 13th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Atlanta Falcons - November 20th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Carolina Panthers - December 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - January 8th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2012 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - November 11th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - November 18th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Detroit Lions - December 22nd , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Seattle Seahawks at Atlanta Falcons - January 13th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NFC Championship - San Francisco 49ers at Atlanta Falcons - January 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Falcons QB Matt Ryan signs NFL 's second-most lucrative contract '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` 37,701 : Career Passing Yards '' . Herald-Review.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons lose Sean Weatherspoon , Steven Jackson for foreseeable future '' . USA TODAY. 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Atlanta Falcons - September 29th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - October 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2013 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2014 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Atlanta Falcons - September 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Cincinnati Bengals - September 14th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - September 18th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Atlanta Falcons - November 30th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Green Bay Packers - December 8th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at Atlanta Falcons - December 28th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Atlanta Falcons - September 14th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New York Giants - September 20th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints - October 15th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Atlanta Falcons - November 1st , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan 2015 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Prisco , Pete ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Musings : The reason behind Matt Ryan 's turnaround and why Falcons are 3 - 1 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Ryan , Julio Jones set records in win over Panthers '' . nfl.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Set Record for Most Consecutive Games with At Least 200 Passing Yards '' . bleacherreport.com . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Advanced Stats and Metrics Profile '' . PlayerProfiler.com . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pro Football Writers vote Falcons ' Matt Ryan MVP '' . NJ.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFL Offensive Player of the Year '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFL 's Most Valuable Player for 2016 '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 10 Matt Ryan Jump up ^ `` 2016 Atlanta Falcons Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan , Atlanta Falcons ' offense too much for Seattle Seahawks '' . usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Players with 4 + passing TDs and 1 + rushing TD in a postseason game . Tobin Rote ( 1957 ) is the only other player to do so without an interception ; Peyton Manning and Aaron Rodgers both had one INT in their games . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL LIVE SCORE UPDATES : Packers vs. Falcons : RECAP , final score , stats for NFC Championship '' . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri . `` Falcons ' historic collapse leads to Patriots ' fifth Super Bowl win '' . NFL . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Career Passing Touchdown Log '' . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons at Chicago Bears - September 10th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers at Atlanta Falcons - September 17th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/21395052/matt-ryan-atlanta-falcons-fastest-player-throw-40000-yards Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/1/16837138/matt-ryan-has-more-passing-yards-through-10-seasons-than-any-quarterback-in-nfl-history Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Atlanta Falcons at Los Angeles Rams - January 6th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Atlanta Falcons at Philadelphia Eagles - January 13th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kendall ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Matt Ryan sets NFL record for consecutive games with 200 passing yards '' . Jump up ^ Falcons receive honors from national publication Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ We Have an ESPY Winner Archived 2009 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ D. Orlando Ledbetter ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Matt Ryan named NFC player of the month '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Most regular season wins by QB in first 5 seasons '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Tim ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Ryan becomes fastest player to reach 40,000 passing yards '' . thefalconswire.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/1/16837138/matt-ryan-has-more-passing-yards-through-10-seasons-than-any-quarterback-in-nfl-history Jump up ^ https://www.thefalcoholic.com/2018/1/4/16837844/why-matt-ryans-10-year-yardage-record-is-still-significant-dont-undersell-this-great-qb Jump up ^ Atlanta Falcons improve to 5 - 0 for first time in team history Atlanta Falcons Archived 2012 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Falcons Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : Falcons season passing records , PFR ^ Jump up to : Falcons single game passing records , PFR ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff career passing records ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff season records ^ Jump up to : Falcons playoff game records ^ Jump up to : Falcons rookie season passing records Jump up ^ Falcons rookie single - game records Jump up ^ Falcons career 300 + yard passing games Jump up ^ Falcons 300 + yard passing games in a season Jump up ^ Falcons with 300 + yards passing in postseason games Jump up ^ Falcons rookies with 300 + yards passing Jump up ^ Falcons with 4000 + yards passing in a season Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan leads Falcons to joint best record in the NFL '' , irishcentral.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Matt Ryan '' . Bceagles.cstv.com. 1985 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons QB Matt Ryan checks in from the American Century Celebrity Golf Championship '' , nfl.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Ryan 's family still roots for the Eagles -- just not on Monday night Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan reads Jake 's 100th Day of School '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . by Lester L. Laminack , atlantafalcons.com ; accessed September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://m.espn.com/general/chat/chat?eventId=19950&src=desktop . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Falcons Quarterback Matt Ryan and Wife Expecting Twins '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Ryan ( American football ) . Atlanta Falcons bio Boston College Eagles bio ESPN Profile <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Falcons current roster Active roster 2 Matt Ryan 5 Matt Bosher 8 Matt Schaub 11 Julio Jones 12 Mohamed Sanu 13 Devin Fuller 14 Justin Hardy 17 Marvin Hall 21 Desmond Trufant 22 Keanu Neal 23 Robert Alford 24 Devonta Freeman 26 Tevin Coleman 27 Damontae Kazee 34 Brian Poole 41 Quincy Mauger 42 Duke Riley 44 Vic Beasley 45 Deion Jones 47 Josh Harris 50 Brooks Reed 51 Alex Mack 59 De'Vondre Campbell 64 Sean Harlow 67 Andy Levitre 70 Jake Matthews 71 Wes Schweitzer 73 Ryan Schraeder 74 Ty Sambrailo 80 Levine Toilolo 81 Austin Hooper 85 Eric Saubert 90 Derrick Shelby 95 Jack Crawford 96 Martin Ifedi 97 Grady Jarrett 98 Takkarist McKinley Reserve lists 9 Garrett Grayson ( Future ) 16 Reggie Davis ( Future ) 38 Marcelis Branch ( Future ) 39 Deante Burton ( Future ) 55 J'terius Jones ( Future ) 76 Daniel Brunskill ( Future ) 77 Joey Ivie ( Future ) 89 Alex Gray ( Future ) 93 Tani Tupou ( Future ) Free agents 3 Matt Bryant ( UFA ) 15 Nick Williams ( UFA ) 18 Taylor Gabriel ( UFA ) 19 Andre Roberts ( UFA ) 20 Sharrod Neasman ( ERFA ) 25 Terrence Magee ( RFA ) 28 Terron Ward ( RFA ) 33 Blidi Wreh - Wilson ( UFA ) 35 Leon McFadden ( UFA ) 36 Kemal Ishmael ( UFA ) 37 Ricardo Allen ( RFA ) 40 Derrick Coleman ( UFA ) 52 Jordan Tripp ( UFA ) 53 LaRoy Reynolds ( UFA ) 56 Sean Weatherspoon ( UFA ) 63 Ben Garland ( UFA ) 68 Austin Pasztor ( UFA ) 75 Jamil Douglas ( ERFA ) 79 Ahtyba Rubin ( UFA ) 91 Courtney Upshaw ( UFA ) 92 Dontari Poe ( UFA ) 99 Adrian Clayborn ( UFA ) <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA <Th_colspan="2"> List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) <Th_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan -- awards and honors <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements Preceded by Adrian Peterson Best Breakthrough Athlete ESPY Award 2009 Succeeded by Chris Johnson Preceded by Josh Beekman Scanlan Award 2007 Succeeded by Brandon Robinson <Th_colspan="2"> Boston College Eagles starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Darling McKenney Weston Creedon Boehner Freitas Moynahan DiNatale O'Rourke Toczylowski Doherty Cronin Englert Panciera Songin McBride Kane Donlan Allard Amabile VanCott Concannon L. Marzetti E. Foley J. Marzetti DiVito Fallon Harris Rippman Marangi Kruczek K. Smith Palazola Loughery D. Flutie Halloran Power Kamphaus Power Hicks Kamphaus Hicks G. Foley Hartsell Mutryn M. Hasselbeck Mutryn T. Hasselbeck St. Pierre Porter Peterson Porter Ryan Crane Davis Tuggle Shinskie Rettig Murphy Wade T. Flutie J. Smith Fadule Towles Brown <Th_colspan="2"> Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1987 : McPherson 1988 : Peete 1989 : Rice 1990 : Erickson 1991 : Weldon 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Barker 1995 : Frazier 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : McNown 1999 : Redman 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Carr 2002 : Palmer 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : White 2005 : Leinart 2006 : Quinn 2007 : Ryan 2008 : Harrell 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Tolzien 2011 : Luck 2012 : Klein 2013 : McCarron 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Cook 2016 : Watson 2017 : Rudolph <Th_colspan="2"> Manning Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 2004 : Leinart 2005 : Young 2006 : Russell 2007 : Ryan 2008 : Tebow 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Watson 2016 : Watson 2017 : Mayfield <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 NFL draft first - round selections <Td_colspan="2"> Jake Long Chris Long Matt Ryan Darren McFadden Glenn Dorsey Vernon Gholston Sedrick Ellis Derrick Harvey Keith Rivers Jerod Mayo Leodis McKelvin Ryan Clady Jonathan Stewart Chris Williams Branden Albert Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie Gosder Cherilus Joe Flacco Jeff Otah Aqib Talib Sam Baker Felix Jones Rashard Mendenhall Chris Johnson Mike Jenkins Duane Brown Antoine Cason Lawrence Jackson Kentwan Balmer Dustin Keller Kenny Phillips <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks <Td_colspan="2"> Nobis Johnson Humphrey Kunz Small Profit Ellis Bartkowski Bean Bryant Faumuina Kenn D. Smith J. Miller Butler Riggs Pitts Bryan Fralic Casillas Green C. Miller Bruce Sanders Collins Broussard Pickens Pritchard Whitfield T. Smith Kennedy Bush Booker Brooking Kerney Vick Duckett Hall Jenkins White Anderson Ryan Baker Jerry Weatherspoon Jones Trufant Matthews Beasley Neal McKinley <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Falcons 2008 NFL draft selections <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Ryan Sam Baker Curtis Lofton Chevis Jackson Harry Douglas Thomas DeCoud Robert James Kroy Biermann Thomas Brown Wilrey Fontenot Keith Zinger <Th_colspan="2"> Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Randy Johnson ( 1966 -- 1970 ) Dennis Claridge ( 1966 ) Terry Nofsinger ( 1967 ) Steve Sloan ( 1967 ) Bob Berry ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Bruce Lemmerman ( 1969 ) Dick Shiner ( 1971 , 1973 ) Bob Lee ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Pat Sullivan ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Kim McQuilken ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Steve Bartkowski ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Scott Hunter ( 1976 -- 1977 ) June Jones ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Mike Moroski ( 1983 -- 1984 ) David Archer ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Turk Schonert ( 1986 ) Scott Campbell ( 1987 , 1990 ) Erik Kramer ( 1987 ) Jeff Van Raaphorst ( 1987 ) Chris Miller ( 1987 -- 1993 ) Steve Dils ( 1988 ) Hugh Millen ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1997 ) Wade Wilson ( 1992 ) Bobby Hebert ( 1993 , 1996 ) Jeff George ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chris Chandler ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Tony Graziani ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1998 ) Danny Kanell ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Doug Johnson ( 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 ) Michael Vick ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Kurt Kittner ( 2003 ) Matt Schaub ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Joey Harrington ( 2007 ) Byron Leftwich ( 2007 ) Chris Redman ( 2007 , 2009 ) Matt Ryan ( 2008 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1967 : Farr 1968 : McCullouch 1969 : Hill 1970 : Shaw 1971 : Brockington 1972 : Harris 1973 : Foreman 1974 : Woods 1975 : M. Thomas 1976 : White 1977 : Dorsett 1978 : Campbell 1979 : O. Anderson 1980 : Sims 1981 : Rogers 1982 : Allen 1983 : Dickerson 1984 : Lipps 1985 : Brown 1986 : Mayes 1987 : Stradford 1988 : Stephens 1989 : Sanders 1990 : Smith 1991 : Russell 1992 : Pickens 1993 : Bettis 1994 : Faulk 1995 : Martin 1996 : George 1997 : Dunn 1998 : Moss 1999 : James 2000 : M. Anderson 2001 : A. Thomas 2002 : Portis 2003 : Boldin 2004 : Roethlisberger 2005 : Williams 2006 : Young 2007 : Peterson 2008 : Ryan 2009 : Harvin 2010 : Bradford 2011 : Newton 2012 : Griffin III 2013 : Lacy 2014 : Beckham , Jr . 2015 : Gurley 2016 : Prescott 2017 : Kamara <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Gurley <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Brady <Th_colspan="2"> Bert Bell Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz `` The template below ( 2016 All - Pro Team ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 AP NFL All - Pro First Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense : QB Matt Ryan RB Ezekiel Elliott WR Antonio Brown WR Julio Jones TE Travis Kelce FLEX David Johnson OT Tyron Smith OT Jack Conklin G Kelechi Osemele G Zack Martin C Travis Frederick <Td_colspan="2"> Defense : EDGE Vic Beasley EDGE Khalil Mack DL Aaron Donald DL Damon Harrison LB Sean Lee LB Von Miller LB Bobby Wagner CB Aqib Talib CB Marcus Peters DB Chris Harris Jr . S Eric Berry S Landon Collins <Td_colspan="2"> Special teams : P Johnny Hekker PK Justin Tucker KR Cordarrelle Patterson PR Tyreek Hill ST Matthew Slater <Th_colspan="2"> FedEx Air and Ground Players of the Year Air 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Palmer 2006 : Brees 2007 : Favre 2008 : Brees 2009 : Brees 2010 : Rodgers 2011 : Brees 2012 : Manning 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Palmer 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz Ground 2003 : Green 2004 : Martin 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Taylor 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Charles 2011 : McCoy 2012 : Peterson 2013 : McCoy 2014 : Bell 2015 : Peterson 2016 : Elliott 2017 : Gurley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Ryan_(American_football)&oldid=828286192 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people All - American college football players American football quarterbacks American Roman Catholics Atlanta Falcons players National Conference Pro Bowl players American people of Irish descent Boston College Eagles football players Sportspeople from Chester County , Pennsylvania Sportspeople from Philadelphia Players of American football from Pennsylvania Unconferenced Pro Bowl players William Penn Charter School alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Atlanta Falcons currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Matt Ryan - American football quarterback
2. Atlanta Falcons - NFL team
3. Boston College - college football
4. NFL Draft - 2008, 1st round, 3rd pick
5. Career highlights - Pro Bowl, MVP, Offensive Player of the Year |
-3,836,437,433,833,667,600 | how do we measure the distance to other galaxies | Cosmic distance ladder - wikipedia Cosmic distance ladder Jump to : navigation , search For various definitions of distance in cosmology , see Distance measures ( cosmology ) . Light green boxes : Technique applicable to star - forming galaxies . Light blue boxes : Technique applicable to Population II galaxies . Light Purple boxes : Geometric distance technique . Light Red box : The planetary nebula luminosity function technique is applicable to all populations of the Virgo Supercluster . Solid black lines : Well calibrated ladder step . Dashed black lines : Uncertain calibration ladder step . The cosmic distance ladder ( also known as the extragalactic distance scale ) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects . A real direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are `` close enough '' ( within about a thousand parsecs ) to Earth . The techniques for determining distances to more distant objects are all based on various measured correlations between methods that work at close distances and methods that work at larger distances . Several methods rely on a standard candle , which is an astronomical object that has a known luminosity . The ladder analogy arises because no single technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy . Instead , one method can be used to measure nearby distances , a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances , and so on . Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung . Contents ( hide ) 1 Direct measurement 1.1 Astronomical unit 1.2 Parallax 2 Standard candles 2.1 Problems 3 Standard ruler 4 Galactic distance indicators 4.1 Main sequence fitting 5 Extragalactic distance scale 5.1 Wilson -- Bappu effect 5.2 Classical Cepheids 5.3 Supernovae 5.3. 1 Measuring a supernova 's photosphere 5.3. 2 Type Ia light curves 5.3. 3 Novae in distance determinations 5.4 Globular cluster luminosity function 5.5 Planetary nebula luminosity function 5.6 Surface brightness fluctuation method 5.7 D -- σ relation 6 Overlap and scaling 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Direct measurement ( edit ) Statue of an astronomer and the concept of the cosmic distance ladder by the parallax method , made from the azimuth ring and other parts of the Yale -- Columbia Refractor ( telescope ) ( c 1925 ) wrecked by the 2003 Canberra bushfires which burned out the Mount Stromlo Observatory ; at Questacon , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory At the base of the ladder are fundamental distance measurements , in which distances are determined directly , with no physical assumptions about the nature of the object in question . The precise measurement of stellar positions is part of the discipline of astrometry . Astronomical unit ( edit ) Main article : Astronomical Unit Direct distance measurements are based upon the astronomical unit ( AU ) , which is the distance between the Earth and the Sun . Historically , observations of transits of Venus were crucial in determining the AU ; in the first half of the 20th century , observations of asteroids were also important . Presently the orbit of Earth is determined with high precision using radar measurements of distances to Venus and other nearby planets and asteroids , and by tracking interplanetary spacecraft in their orbits around the Sun through the Solar System . Kepler 's laws provide precise ratios of the sizes of the orbits of objects orbiting the Sun , but provides no measurement of the overall scale of the orbit system . Radar is used to measure the distance between the orbits of the Earth and of a second body . From that measurement and the ratio of the two orbit sizes , the size of Earth 's orbit is calculated . The Earth 's orbit is known with an absolute precision of a few meters and a relative precision of a few 6989100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 . Parallax ( edit ) Main article : Parallax See also : Stellar Parallax and Parsec Stellar parallax motion from annual parallax . Half the apex angle is the parallax angle The most important fundamental distance measurements come from trigonometric parallax . As the Earth orbits the Sun , the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background . These shifts are angles in an isosceles triangle , with 2 AU ( the distance between the extreme positions of Earth 's orbit around the Sun ) making the base leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long equal length legs . The amount of shift is quite small , measuring 1 arcsecond for an object at the 1 parsec ( 3.26 light - years ) distance of the nearest stars , and thereafter decreasing in angular amount as the distance increases . Astronomers usually express distances in units of parsecs ( parallax arcseconds ) ; light - years are used in popular media . Because parallax becomes smaller for a greater stellar distance , useful distances can be measured only for stars whose parallax is larger than a few times the precision of the measurement . Parallax measurements typically have an accuracy measured in milliarcseconds . In the 1990s , for example , the Hipparcos mission obtained parallaxes for over a hundred thousand stars with a precision of about a milliarcsecond , providing useful distances for stars out to a few hundred parsecs . The Hubble telescope WFC3 now has the potential to provide a precision of 20 to 40 microarcseconds , enabling reliable distance measurements up to 5,000 parsecs ( 20,000 ly ) for small numbers of stars . By the early 2020s , the Gaia space mission will provide similarly accurate distances to all moderately bright stars . Stars have a velocity relative to the Sun that causes proper motion ( transverse across the sky ) and radial velocity ( motion toward or away from the Sun ) . The former is determined by plotting the changing position of the stars over many years , while the latter comes from measuring the Doppler shift of the star 's spectrum caused by motion along the line of sight . For a group of stars with the same spectral class and a similar magnitude range , a mean parallax can be derived from statistical analysis of the proper motions relative to their radial velocities . This statistical parallax method is useful for measuring the distances of bright stars beyond 50 parsecs and giant variable stars , including Cepheids and the RR Lyrae variables . Parallax measurements may be an important clue to understanding three of the Universe 's most elusive components : dark matter , dark energy and neutrinos . Hubble precision stellar distance measurement has been extended 10 times further into the Milky Way . The motion of the Sun through space provides a longer baseline that will increase the accuracy of parallax measurements , known as secular parallax . For stars in the Milky Way disk , this corresponds to a mean baseline of 4 AU per year , while for halo stars the baseline is 40 AU per year . After several decades , the baseline can be orders of magnitude greater than the Earth -- Sun baseline used for traditional parallax . However , secular parallax introduces a higher level of uncertainty because the relative velocity of observed stars is an additional unknown . When applied to samples of multiple stars , the uncertainty can be reduced ; the uncertainty is inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size . Moving cluster parallax is a technique where the motions of individual stars in a nearby star cluster can be used to find the distance to the cluster . Only open clusters are near enough for this technique to be useful . In particular the distance obtained for the Hyades has historically been an important step in the distance ladder . Other individual objects can have fundamental distance estimates made for them under special circumstances . If the expansion of a gas cloud , like a supernova remnant or planetary nebula , can be observed over time , then an expansion parallax distance to that cloud can be estimated . Those measurements however suffer from uncertainties in the deviation of the object from sphericity . Binary stars which are both visual and spectroscopic binaries also can have their distance estimated by similar means , and do n't suffer from the above geometric uncertainty . The common characteristic to these methods is that a measurement of angular motion is combined with a measurement of the absolute velocity ( usually obtained via the Doppler effect ) . The distance estimate comes from computing how far the object must be to make its observed absolute velocity appear with the observed angular motion . Expansion parallaxes in particular can give fundamental distance estimates for objects that are very far , because supernova ejecta have large expansion velocities and large sizes ( compared to stars ) . Further , they can be observed with radio interferometers which can measure very small angular motions . These combine to provide fundamental distance estimates to supernovae in other galaxies . Though valuable , such cases are quite rare , so they serve as important consistency checks on the distance ladder rather than workhorse steps by themselves . Standard candles ( edit ) Almost all astronomical objects used as physical distance indicators belong to a class that has a known brightness . By comparing this known luminosity to an object 's observed brightness , the distance to the object can be computed using the inverse square law . These objects of known brightness are termed standard candles . The brightness of an object can be expressed in terms of its absolute magnitude . This quantity is derived from the logarithm of its luminosity as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs . The apparent magnitude , the magnitude as seen by the observer ( an instrument called a bolometer is used ) , can be measured and used with the absolute magnitude to calculate the distance D to the object in kiloparsecs ( where 1 kpc equals 1000 parsecs ) as follows : 5 ⋅ log 10 D = m − M − 10 , ( \ displaystyle 5 \ cdot \ log _ ( 10 ) D = m-M - 10 , ) or D = 10 ( m − M − 10 ) / 5 ( \ displaystyle D = 10 ^ ( ( m-M - 10 ) / 5 ) ) where m the apparent magnitude and M the absolute magnitude . For this to be accurate , both magnitudes must be in the same frequency band and there can be no relative motion in the radial direction . Some means of correcting for interstellar extinction , which also makes objects appear fainter and more red , is needed , especially if the object lies within a dusty or gaseous region . The difference between an object 's absolute and apparent magnitudes is called its distance modulus , and astronomical distances , especially intergalactic ones , are sometimes tabulated in this way . Problems ( edit ) Two problems exist for any class of standard candle . The principal one is calibration , that is the determination of exactly what the absolute magnitude of the candle is . This includes defining the class well enough that members can be recognized , and finding enough members of that class with well - known distances to allow their true absolute magnitude to be determined with enough accuracy . The second problem lies in recognizing members of the class , and not mistakenly using a standard candle calibration on an object which does not belong to the class . At extreme distances , which is where one most wishes to use a distance indicator , this recognition problem can be quite serious . A significant issue with standard candles is the recurring question of how standard they are . For example , all observations seem to indicate that Type Ia supernovae that are of known distance have the same brightness ( corrected by the shape of the light curve ) . The basis for this closeness in brightness is discussed below ; however , the possibility exists that the distant Type Ia supernovae have different properties than nearby Type Ia supernovae . The use of Type Ia supernovae is crucial in determining the correct cosmological model . If indeed the properties of Type Ia supernovae are different at large distances , i.e. if the extrapolation of their calibration to arbitrary distances is not valid , ignoring this variation can dangerously bias the reconstruction of the cosmological parameters , in particular the reconstruction of the matter density parameter . That this is not merely a philosophical issue can be seen from the history of distance measurements using Cepheid variables . In the 1950s , Walter Baade discovered that the nearby Cepheid variables used to calibrate the standard candle were of a different type than the ones used to measure distances to nearby galaxies . The nearby Cepheid variables were population I stars with much higher metal content than the distant population II stars . As a result , the population II stars were actually much brighter than believed , and when corrected , this had the effect of doubling the distances to the globular clusters , the nearby galaxies , and the diameter of the Milky Way . Standard ruler ( edit ) Another class of physical distance indicator is the standard ruler . In 2008 , galaxy diameters have been proposed as a possible standard ruler for cosmological parameter determination . The method exploits regularity in baryon acoustic oscillations ( BAO ) in the early universe : while small structures occur at all scales , acoustic oscillations in the primordial plasma did not exceed a certain length . The inhomogeneities in the plasma were then organized by gravity into galaxy filaments and voids . Consequently , cosmic voids are not expected to exceed a maximum size determined by the size of the BAOs that gave rise to them . The method requires an extensive galaxy survey in order to make this scale visible . The WiggleZ galaxy survey was able to resolve this scale for detecting the expansion effect of dark energy . Light echos can be also used as standard rulers . Galactic distance indicators ( edit ) See also : distance measures ( cosmology ) With few exceptions , distances based on direct measurements are available only out to about a thousand parsecs , which is a modest portion of our own Galaxy . For distances beyond that , measures depend upon physical assumptions , that is , the assertion that one recognizes the object in question , and the class of objects is homogeneous enough that its members can be used for meaningful estimation of distance . Physical distance indicators , used on progressively larger distance scales , include : Dynamical parallax , uses orbital parameters of visual binaries to measure the mass of the system , and hence use the mass - luminosity relation to determine the luminosity Eclipsing binaries -- In the last decade , measurement of eclipsing binaries ' fundamental parameters has become possible with 8 -- meter class telescopes . This makes it feasible to use them as indicators of distance . Recently , they have been used to give direct distance estimates to the Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) , Small Magellanic Cloud ( SMC ) , Andromeda Galaxy and Triangulum Galaxy . Eclipsing binaries offer a direct method to gauge the distance to galaxies to a new improved 5 % level of accuracy which is feasible with current technology to a distance of around 3 Mpc ( 3 million parsecs ) . RR Lyrae variables -- used for measuring distances within the galaxy and in nearby globular clusters . The following four indicators all use stars in the old stellar populations ( Population II ) : Tip of the red giant branch ( TRGB ) distance indicator . Planetary nebula luminosity function ( PNLF ) Globular cluster luminosity function ( GCLF ) Surface brightness fluctuation ( SBF ) In galactic astronomy , X-ray bursts ( thermonuclear flashes on the surface of a neutron star ) are used as standard candles . Observations of X-ray burst sometimes show X-ray spectra indicating radius expansion . Therefore , the X-ray flux at the peak of the burst should correspond to Eddington luminosity , which can be calculated once the mass of the neutron star is known ( 1.5 solar masses is a commonly used assumption ) . This method allows distance determination of some low - mass X-ray binaries . Low - mass X-ray binaries are very faint in the optical , making their distances extremely difficult to determine . Interstellar masers can be used to derive distances to galactic and some extragalactic objects that have maser emission . Cepheids and novae The Tully -- Fisher relation The Faber -- Jackson relation Type Ia supernovae that have a very well - determined maximum absolute magnitude as a function of the shape of their light curve and are useful in determining extragalactic distances up to a few hundred Mpc . A notable exception is SN 2003fg , the `` Champagne Supernova '' , a Type Ia supernova of unusual nature . Redshifts and Hubble 's law Main sequence fitting ( edit ) When the absolute magnitude for a group of stars is plotted against the spectral classification of the star , in a Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , evolutionary patterns are found that relate to the mass , age and composition of the star . In particular , during their hydrogen burning period , stars lie along a curve in the diagram called the main sequence . By measuring these properties from a star 's spectrum , the position of a main sequence star on the H -- R diagram can be determined , and thereby the star 's absolute magnitude estimated . A comparison of this value with the apparent magnitude allows the approximate distance to be determined , after correcting for interstellar extinction of the luminosity because of gas and dust . In a gravitationally - bound star cluster such as the Hyades , the stars formed at approximately the same age and lie at the same distance . This allows relatively accurate main sequence fitting , providing both age and distance determination . Extragalactic distance scale ( edit ) Extragalactic distance indicators Method Uncertainty for Single Galaxy ( mag ) Distance to Virgo Cluster ( Mpc ) Range ( Mpc ) Classical Cepheids 0.16 15 -- 25 29 Novae 0.4 21.1 ± 3.9 20 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 0.3 15.4 ± 1.1 50 Globular Cluster Luminosity Function 0.4 18.8 ± 3.8 50 Surface Brightness Fluctuations 0.3 15.9 ± 0.9 50 D -- σ relation 0.5 16.8 ± 2.4 100 Type Ia Supernovae 0.10 19.4 ± 5.0 1000 The extragalactic distance scale is a series of techniques used today by astronomers to determine the distance of cosmological bodies beyond our own galaxy , which are not easily obtained with traditional methods . Some procedures utilize properties of these objects , such as stars , globular clusters , nebulae , and galaxies as a whole . Other methods are based more on the statistics and probabilities of things such as entire galaxy clusters . Wilson -- Bappu effect ( edit ) Main article : Wilson -- Bappu effect Discovered in 1956 by Olin Wilson and M.K. Vainu Bappu , The Wilson -- Bappu effect utilizes the effect known as spectroscopic parallax . Certain stars have features in their emission / absorption spectra which may be compared to nearby stars of known absolute magnitude . Certain spectral lines are directly related to an object 's magnitude , such as the K absorption line of calcium . Assuming that all stars with similar spectra have the same absolute magnitude , the distance to the star can be calculated from its apparent magnitude using the distance modulus . The major limitations of the method are finding sufficiently close spectral matches , and that it requires a correction for interstellar extinction , which is often poorly known . Though in theory this method has the ability to provide reliable distance calculations to stars up to 7 megaparsecs ( Mpc ) , it is generally only used for stars at hundreds kiloparsecs ( kpc ) . It is only valid for stars over 15 magnitudes . Classical Cepheids ( edit ) Beyond the reach of the Wilson -- Bappu effect , the next method relies on the period - luminosity relation of classical Cepheid variable stars . The following relation can be used to calculate the distance to Galactic and extragalactic classical Cepheids : 5 log 10 d = V + ( 3.34 ) log 10 P − ( 2.45 ) ( V − I ) + 7.52 . ( \ displaystyle 5 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( d ) = V+ ( 3.34 ) \ log _ ( 10 ) ( P ) - ( 2.45 ) ( V-I ) + 7.52 \ , . ) 5 log 10 d = V + ( 3.37 ) log 10 P − ( 2.55 ) ( V − I ) + 7.48 . ( \ displaystyle 5 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( d ) = V+ ( 3.37 ) \ log _ ( 10 ) ( P ) - ( 2.55 ) ( V-I ) + 7.48 \ , . ) Several problems complicate the use of Cepheids as standard candles and are actively debated , chief among them are : the nature and linearity of the period - luminosity relation in various passbands and the impact of metallicity on both the zero - point and slope of those relations , and the effects of photometric contamination ( blending ) and a changing ( typically unknown ) extinction law on Cepheid distances . These unresolved matters have resulted in cited values for the Hubble Constant ranging between 60 km / s / Mpc and 80 km / s / Mpc . Resolving this discrepancy is one of the foremost problems in astronomy since the cosmological parameters of the Universe may be constrained by supplying a precise value of the Hubble constant . Cepheid variable stars were the key instrument in Edwin Hubble 's 1923 conclusion that M31 ( Andromeda ) was an external galaxy , as opposed to a smaller nebula within the Milky Way . He was able to calculate the distance of M31 to 285 Kpc , today 's value being 770 Kpc . As detected thus far , NGC 3370 , a spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo , contains the farthest Cepheids yet found at a distance of 29 Mpc . Cepheid variable stars are in no way perfect distance markers : at nearby galaxies they have an error of about 7 % and up to a 15 % error for the most distant . Supernovae ( edit ) SN 1994D ( bright spot on the lower left ) in the NGC 4526 galaxy . Image by NASA , ESA , The Hubble Key Project Team , and The High - Z Supernova Search Team There are several different methods for which supernovae can be used to measure extragalactic distances . Measuring a supernova 's photosphere ( edit ) We can assume that a supernova expands in a spherically symmetric manner . If the supernova is close enough such that we can measure the angular extent , θ ( t ) , of its photosphere , we can use the equation ω = Δ θ Δ t , ( \ displaystyle \ omega = ( \ frac ( \ Delta \ theta ) ( \ Delta t ) ) \ , , ) where ω is angular velocity , θ is angular extent . In order to get an accurate measurement , it is necessary to make two observations separated by time Δt . Subsequently , we can use d = V e j ω , ( \ displaystyle \ d = ( \ frac ( V_ ( ej ) ) ( \ omega ) ) \ , , ) where d is the distance to the supernova , V is the supernova 's ejecta 's radial velocity ( it can be assumed that V equals V if spherically symmetric ) . This method works only if the supernova is close enough to be able to measure accurately the photosphere . Similarly , the expanding shell of gas is in fact not perfectly spherical nor a perfect blackbody . Also interstellar extinction can hinder the accurate measurements of the photosphere . This problem is further exacerbated by core - collapse supernova . All of these factors contribute to the distance error of up to 25 % . Type Ia light curves ( edit ) Type Ia supernovae are some of the best ways to determine extragalactic distances . Ia 's occur when a binary white dwarf star begins to accrete matter from its companion star . As the white dwarf gains matter , eventually it reaches its Chandrasekhar Limit of 1.4 M ⊙ ( \ displaystyle 1.4 M_ ( \ odot ) ) . Once reached , the star becomes unstable and undergoes a runaway nuclear fusion reaction . Because all Type Ia supernovae explode at about the same mass , their absolute magnitudes are all the same . This makes them very useful as standard candles . All Type Ia supernovae have a standard blue and visual magnitude of M B ≈ M V ≈ − 19.3 ± 0.3 . ( \ displaystyle \ M_ ( B ) \ approx M_ ( V ) \ approx - 19.3 \ pm 0.3 \ , . ) Therefore , when observing a Type Ia supernova , if it is possible to determine what its peak magnitude was , then its distance can be calculated . It is not intrinsically necessary to capture the supernova directly at its peak magnitude ; using the multicolor light curve shape method ( MLCS ) , the shape of the light curve ( taken at any reasonable time after the initial explosion ) is compared to a family of parameterized curves that will determine the absolute magnitude at the maximum brightness . This method also takes into effect interstellar extinction / dimming from dust and gas . Similarly , the stretch method fits the particular supernovae magnitude light curves to a template light curve . This template , as opposed to being several light curves at different wavelengths ( MLCS ) is just a single light curve that has been stretched ( or compressed ) in time . By using this Stretch Factor , the peak magnitude can be determined . Using Type Ia supernovae is one of the most accurate methods , particularly since supernova explosions can be visible at great distances ( their luminosities rival that of the galaxy in which they are situated ) , much farther than Cepheid Variables ( 500 times farther ) . Much time has been devoted to the refining of this method . The current uncertainty approaches a mere 5 % , corresponding to an uncertainty of just 0.1 magnitudes . Novae in distance Determinations ( edit ) Novae can be used in much the same way as supernovae to derive extragalactic distances . There is a direct relation between a nova 's max magnitude and the time for its visible light to decline by two magnitudes . This relation is shown to be : M V max = − 9.96 − 2.31 log 10 x _̇ . ( \ displaystyle \ M_ ( V ) ^ ( \ max ) = - 9.96 - 2.31 \ log _ ( 10 ) ( \ dot ( x ) ) \ , . ) Where x _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ) is the time derivative of the nova 's mag , describing the average rate of decline over the first 2 magnitudes . After novae fade , they are about as bright as the most luminous Cepheid Variable stars , therefore both these techniques have about the same max distance : ~ 20 Mpc . The error in this method produces an uncertainty in magnitude of about ± 0.4 Globular cluster luminosity function ( edit ) Based on the method of comparing the luminosities of globular clusters ( located in galactic halos ) from distant galaxies to that of the Virgo cluster , the globular cluster luminosity function carries an uncertainty of distance of about 20 % ( or 0.4 magnitudes ) . US astronomer William Alvin Baum first attempted to use globular clusters to measure distant elliptical galaxies . He compared the brightest globular clusters in Virgo A galaxy with those in Andromeda , assuming the luminosities of the clusters were the same in both . Knowing the distance to Andromeda , Baum has assumed a direct correlation and estimated Virgo A 's distance . Baum used just a single globular cluster , but individual formations are often poor standard candles . Canadian astronomer René Racine assumed the use of the globular cluster luminosity function ( GCLF ) would lead to a better approximation . The number of globular clusters as a function of magnitude is given by : Φ ( m ) = A e ( m − m 0 ) 2 / 2 σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ \ Phi ( m ) = Ae ^ ( ( m - m_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) / 2 \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , ) where m is the turnover magnitude , M is the magnitude of the Virgo cluster , and sigma is the dispersion ~ 1.4 mag . It is important to remember that it is assumed that globular clusters all have roughly the same luminosities within the universe . There is no universal globular cluster luminosity function that applies to all galaxies . Planetary nebula luminosity function ( edit ) Like the GCLF method , a similar numerical analysis can be used for planetary nebulae ( note the use of more than one ! ) within far off galaxies . The planetary nebula luminosity function ( PNLF ) was first proposed in the late 1970s by Holland Cole and David Jenner . They suggested that all planetary nebulae might all have similar maximum intrinsic brightness , now calculated to be M = − 4.53 . This would therefore make them potential standard candles for determining extragalactic distances . Astronomer George Howard Jacoby and his colleagues later proposed that the PNLF function equaled : N ( M ) ∝ e 0.307 M ( 1 − e 3 ( M ∗ − M ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ N ( M ) \ propto e ^ ( 0.307 M ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 3 ( M ^ ( * ) - M ) ) ) \ , . ) Where N ( M ) is number of planetary nebula , having absolute magnitude M. M * is equal to the nebula with the brightest magnitude . Surface brightness fluctuation method ( edit ) Galaxy cluster The following method deals with the overall inherent properties of galaxies . These methods , though with varying error percentages , have the ability to make distance estimates beyond 100 Mpc , though it is usually applied more locally . The surface brightness fluctuation ( SBF ) method takes advantage of the use of CCD cameras on telescopes . Because of spatial fluctuations in a galaxy 's surface brightness , some pixels on these cameras will pick up more stars than others . However , as distance increases the picture will become increasingly smoother . Analysis of this describes a magnitude of the pixel - to - pixel variation , which is directly related to a galaxy 's distance . D. -- σ relation ( edit ) The D -- σ relation , used in elliptical galaxies , relates the angular diameter ( D ) of the galaxy to its velocity dispersion . It is important to describe exactly what D represents , in order to understand this method . It is , more precisely , the galaxy 's angular diameter out to the surface brightness level of 20.75 B - mag arcsec . This surface brightness is independent of the galaxy 's actual distance from us . Instead , D is inversely proportional to the galaxy 's distance , represented as d . Thus , this relation does not employ standard candles . Rather , D provides a standard ruler . This relation between D and σ is log 10 ( D ) = 1.333 log ( σ ) + C . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 10 ) ( D ) = 1.333 \ log ( \ sigma ) + C \ , . ) Where C is a constant which depends on the distance to the galaxy clusters . This method has the potential to become one of the strongest methods of galactic distance calculators , perhaps exceeding the range of even the Tully -- Fisher method . As of today , however , elliptical galaxies are n't bright enough to provide a calibration for this method through the use of techniques such as Cepheids . Instead , calibration is done using more crude methods . Overlap and scaling ( edit ) A succession of distance indicators , which is the distance ladder , is needed for determining distances to other galaxies . The reason is that objects bright enough to be recognized and measured at such distances are so rare that few or none are present nearby , so there are too few examples close enough with reliable trigonometric parallax to calibrate the indicator . For example , Cepheid variables , one of the best indicators for nearby spiral galaxies , can not yet be satisfactorily calibrated by parallax alone , though the Gaia space mission is expected to solve that specific problem . The situation is further complicated by the fact that different stellar populations generally do not have all types of stars in them . Cepheids in particular are massive stars , with short lifetimes , so they will only be found in places where stars have very recently been formed . Consequently , because elliptical galaxies usually have long ceased to have large - scale star formation , they will not have Cepheids . Instead , distance indicators whose origins are in an older stellar population ( like novae and RR Lyrae variables ) must be used . However , RR Lyrae variables are less luminous than Cepheids , and novae are unpredictable and an intensive monitoring program -- and luck during that program -- is needed to gather enough novae in the target galaxy for a good distance estimate . Because the more distant steps of the cosmic distance ladder depend upon the nearer ones , the more distant steps include the effects of errors in the nearer steps , both systematic and statistical ones . The result of these propagating errors means that distances in astronomy are rarely known to the same level of precision as measurements in the other sciences , and that the precision necessarily is poorer for more distant types of object . Another concern , especially for the very brightest standard candles , is their `` standardness '' : how homogeneous the objects are in their true absolute magnitude . For some of these different standard candles , the homogeneity is based on theories about the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies , and is thus also subject to uncertainties in those aspects . For the most luminous of distance indicators , the Type Ia supernovae , this homogeneity is known to be poor ; however , no other class of object is bright enough to be detected at such large distances , so the class is useful simply because there is no real alternative . The observational result of Hubble 's Law , the proportional relationship between distance and the speed with which a galaxy is moving away from us ( usually referred to as redshift ) is a product of the cosmic distance ladder . Hubble observed that fainter galaxies are more redshifted . Finding the value of the Hubble constant was the result of decades of work by many astronomers , both in amassing the measurements of galaxy redshifts and in calibrating the steps of the distance ladder . Hubble 's Law is the primary means we have for estimating the distances of quasars and distant galaxies in which individual distance indicators can not be seen . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Space portal Distance measures ( cosmology ) Orders of magnitude ( length ) # Astronomical Standard ruler References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ash , M.E. ; Shapiro , I.I. ; Smith , W.B. ( 1967 ) . `` Astronomical constants and planetary ephemerides deduced from radar and optical observations '' . 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Bibcode : 1992PASP ... 104 ... 599J . JSTOR 40679907 . doi : 10.1086 / 133035 . Jump up ^ Benedict , G. Fritz et al. `` Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor Parallaxes of Galactic Cepheid Variable Stars : Period - Luminosity Relations '' , The Astronomical Journal , Volume 133 , Issue 4 , pp. 1810 -- 1827 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Majaess , Daniel ; Turner , David ; Moni Bidin , Christian ; Mauro , Francesco ; Geisler , Douglas ; Gieren , Wolfgang ; Minniti , Dante ; Chené , André - Nicolas ; Lucas , Philip ; Borissova , Jura ; Kurtev , Radostn ; Dékány , Istvan ; Saito , Roberto K. `` New Evidence Supporting Membership for TW Nor in Lyngå 6 and the Centaurus Spiral Arm '' , ApJ Letters , Volume 741 , Issue 2 , article id . L2 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Stanek , K.Z. ; Udalski , A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment . Investigating the Influence of Blending on the Cepheid Distance Scale with Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9909346 . Jump up ^ Udalski , A. ; Wyrzykowski , L. ; Pietrzynski , G. ; Szewczyk , O. ; Szymanski , M. ; Kubiak , M. ; Soszynski , I. ; Zebrun , K. ( 2001 ) . `` The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment . Cepheids in the Galaxy IC1613 : No Dependence of the Period - Luminosity Relation on Metallicity '' . Acta Astronomica. 51 : 221 . Bibcode : 2001AcA ... 51 ... 221U . arXiv : astro - ph / 0109446 . Jump up ^ Ngeow , C. ; Kanbur , S.M. ( 2006 ) . `` The Hubble Constant from Type Ia Supernovae Calibrated with the Linear and Nonlinear Cepheid Period - Luminosity Relations '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 642 : L29 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 642L ... 29N . arXiv : astro - ph / 0603643 . doi : 10.1086 / 504478 . Jump up ^ Macri , L.M. ; Stanek , K.Z. ; Bersier , D. ; Greenhill , L.J. ; Reid , M.J. ( 2006 ) . `` A New Cepheid Distance to the Maser -- Host Galaxy NGC 4258 and Its Implications for the Hubble Constant '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 652 ( 2 ) : 1133 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 652.1133 M. arXiv : astro - ph / 0608211 . doi : 10.1086 / 508530 . Jump up ^ Bono , G. ; Caputo , F. ; Fiorentino , G. ; Marconi , M. ; Musella , I. ( 2008 ) . `` Cepheids in External Galaxies . I . The Maser -- Host Galaxy NGC 4258 and the Metallicity Dependence of Period -- Luminosity and Period -- Wesenheit Relations '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 684 : 102 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 684 ... 102B . arXiv : 0805.1592 . doi : 10.1086 / 589965 . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ; Turner , D. ; Lane , D. ( 2009 ) . `` Type II Cepheids as Extragalactic Distance Candles '' . Acta Astronomica. 59 : 403 . Bibcode : 2009AcA ... 59 ... 403M . arXiv : 0909.0181 . Jump up ^ Madore , Barry F. ; Freedman , Wendy L. ( 2009 ) . `` Concerning the Slope of the Cepheid Period -- Luminosity Relation '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 696 ( 2 ) : 1498 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 696.1498 M. arXiv : 0902.3747 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 696 / 2 / 1498 . Jump up ^ Scowcroft , V. ; Bersier , D. ; Mould , J.R. ; Wood , P.R. ( 2009 ) . `` The effect of metallicity on Cepheid magnitudes and the distance to M33 '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 396 ( 3 ) : 1287 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 396.1287 S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 14822. x . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ( 2010 ) . `` The Cepheids of Centaurus A ( NGC 5128 ) and Implications for H0 '' . Acta Astronomica. 60 : 121 . Bibcode : 2010AcA ... 60 ... 121M . arXiv : 1006.2458 . Jump up ^ Tammann , G.A. ; Sandage , A. ; Reindl , B. ( 2008 ) . `` The expansion field : The value of H 0 '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 ( 4 ) : 289 . Bibcode : 2008A&ARv ... 15 ... 289T . arXiv : 0806.3018 . doi : 10.1007 / s00159 - 008 - 0012 - y . Jump up ^ Freedman , Wendy L. ; Madore , Barry F. ( 2010 ) . `` The Hubble Constant '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 48 : 673 . Bibcode : 2010ARA&A ... 48 ... 673F . arXiv : 1004.1856 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - astro - 082708 - 101829 . Jump up ^ Gilfanov , Marat ; Bogdán , Ákos ( 2010 ) . `` An upper limit on the contribution of accreting white dwarfs to the type Ia supernova rate '' . Nature . 463 ( 3 ) : 924 -- 925 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 463 ... 924G . arXiv : 1002.3359 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08685 . Bibliography ( edit ) An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics , Carroll and Ostlie , copyright 2007 . Measuring the Universe The Cosmological Distance Ladder , Stephen Webb , copyright 2001 . Pasachoff , JM & Filippenko , AV , The Cosmos : Astronomy in the New Millennium , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 4th edition , 2013 ISBN 9781107687561 . The Astrophysical Journal , The Globular Cluster Luminosity Function as a Distance Indicator : Dynamical Effects , Ostriker and Gnedin , May 5 , 1997 . An Introduction to Distance Measurement in Astronomy , Richard de Grijs , Chichester : John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 51180 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The ABC 's of distances ( UCLA ) The Extragalactic Distance Scale by Bill Keel The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale The Hubble Constant , a historical discussion NASA Cosmic Distance Scale PNLF information database The Astrophysical Journal <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Units of length used in Astronomy <Td_colspan="2"> Astronomical system of units <Td_colspan="2"> Earth radius ( R or R ) Light - second ( ls ) Solar radius ( R ) gigametre ( Gm ) Astronomical unit ( AU ) terametre ( Tm ) light - year ( ly ) parsec ( pc ) kiloparsec ( kpc ) megaparsec ( Mpc ) gigaparsec ( Gpc ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also Cosmic distance ladder Orders of magnitude ( length ) Conversion of units GND : 4014857 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_distance_ladder&oldid=794451429 '' Categories : Astrometry Physical cosmology Standard candles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Cosmic distance ladder
2. Direct measurement
3. Standard candles
4. Standard ruler
5. Galactic distance indicators |
-581,840,263,933,762,400 | where is the security log in windows 7 | Windows Security log - wikipedia Windows Security log Jump to : navigation , search The Security Log , in Microsoft Windows , is a log that contains records of login / logout activity or other security - related events specified by the system 's audit policy . Auditing allows administrators to configure Windows to record operating system activity in the Security Log . The Security Log is one of three logs viewable under Event Viewer . Local Security Authority Subsystem Service writes events to the log . The Security Log is one of the primary tools used by Administrators to detect and investigate attempted and successful unauthorized activity and to troubleshoot problems ; Microsoft describes it as `` Your Best and Last Defense '' . The log and the audit policies that govern it are also favorite targets of hackers and rogue system administrators seeking to cover their tracks before and after committing unauthorized activity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of data logged 2 Attacks and countermeasures 3 Writing false events to the log 4 Admissibility in court 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types of data logged ( edit ) If the audit policy is set to record logins , a successful login results in the user 's user name and computer name being logged as well as the user name they are logging into . Depending on the version of Windows and the method of login , the IP address may or may not be recorded . Windows 2000 Web Server , for instance , does not log IP addresses for successful logins , but Windows Server 2003 includes this capability . The categories of events that can be logged are : Account logon events Account management Directory service access Logon events Object access Policy change Privilege use Process tracking System events The sheer number of loggable events means that security log analysis can be a time - consuming task . Third - party utilities have been developed to help identify suspicious trends . It is also possible to filter the log using customized criteria . Attacks and countermeasures ( edit ) Administrators are allowed to view and clear the log ( there is no way to separate the rights to view and clear the log ) . In addition , an Administrator can use Winzapper to delete specific events from the log . For this reason , once the Administrator account has been compromised , the event history as contained in the Security Log is unreliable . A defense against this is to set up a remote log server with all services shut off , allowing only console access . As the log approaches its maximum size , it can either overwrite old events or stop logging new events . This makes it susceptible to attacks in which an intruder can flood the log by generating a large number of new events . A partial defense against this is to increase the maximum log size so that a greater number of events will be required to flood the log . It is possible to set the log to not overwrite old events , but as Chris Benton notes , `` the only problem is that NT has a really bad habit of crashing when its logs become full '' . Randy Franklin Smith 's Ultimate Windows Security points out that given the ability of administrators to manipulate the Security Log to cover unauthorized activity , separation of duty between operations and security - monitoring IT staff , combined with frequent backups of the log to a server accessible only to the latter , can improve security . Another way to defeat the Security Log would be for a user to log in as Administrator and change the auditing policies to stop logging the unauthorized activity he intends to carry out . The policy change itself could be logged , depending on the `` audit policy change '' setting , but this event could be deleted from the log using Winzapper ; and from that point onward , the activity would not generate a trail in the Security Log . Microsoft notes , `` It is possible to detect attempts to elude a security monitoring solution with such techniques , but it is challenging to do so because many of the same events that can occur during an attempt to cover the tracks of intrusive activity are events that occur regularly on any typical business network '' . As Benton points out , one way of preventing successful attacks is security through obscurity . Keeping the IT department 's security systems and practices confidential helps prevent users from formulating ways to cover their tracks . If users are aware that the log is copied over to the remote log server at : 00 of every hour , for instance , they may take measures to defeat that system by attacking at : 10 and then deleting the relevant log events before the top of the next hour . Log manipulation is not needed for all attacks . Simply being aware of how the Security Log works can be enough to take precautions against detection . For instance , a user wanting to log into a fellow employee 's account on a corporate network might wait until after hours to gain unobserved physical access to the computer in their cubicle ; surreptitiously use a hardware keylogger to obtain their password ; and later log into that user 's account through Terminal Services from a Wi - Fi hotspot whose IP address can not be traced back to the intruder . After the log is cleared through Event Viewer , one log entry is immediately created in the freshly cleared log noting the time it was cleared and the admin who cleared it . This information can be a starting point in the investigation of the suspicious activity . In addition to the Windows Security Log , administrators can check the Internet Connection Firewall security log for clues . Writing false events to the log ( edit ) It is theoretically possible to write false events to the log . Microsoft notes , `` To be able to write to the Security log , SeAuditPrivilege is required . By default , only Local System and Network Service accounts have such privilege '' . Microsoft Windows Internals states , `` Processes that call audit system services ... must have the SeAuditPrivilege privilege to successfully generate an audit record '' . The Winzapper FAQ notes that it is `` possible to add your own ' made up ' event records to the log '' but this feature was not added because it was considered `` too nasty , '' a reference to the fact that someone with Administrator access could use such functionality to shift the blame for unauthorized activity to an innocent party . Server 2003 added some API calls so that applications could register with the security event logs and write security audit entries . Specifically , the AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource function installs the specified source as a security event source . Admissibility in court ( edit ) The EventTracker newsletter states that `` The possibility of tampering is not enough to cause the logs to be inadmissible , there must be specific evidence of tampering in order for the logs to be considered inadmissible '' . See also ( edit ) Common Log Format Log management Syslog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NT Security Log - Your Best and Last Defense , Randy Franklin Smith Jump up ^ Protecting the NT Security Log , Randy Franklin Smith , Windows IT Pro , July 2000 . Jump up ^ Tracking Logon and Logoff Activity in Windows 2000 , Microsoft . Jump up ^ Capturing IP Addresses for Web Server Logon Events , Randy Franklin Smith , Windows IT Pro , October 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Auditing Policy , Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` Five Mistakes of Security Log Analysis '' , Anton Chuvakin , Ph. D. , GCIA , GCIH . Jump up ^ Access Denied : Letting Users View Security Logs , Randy Franklin Smith , July 2004 -- intermittently broken link as of 2007 - 9 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Winzapper FAQ , NTSecurity . Jump up ^ Know Your Enemy : II , Honeynet Project . ^ Jump up to : Auditing Windows NT , Chris Benton . Jump up ^ Ultimate Windows Security , Randy Franklin Smith . Jump up ^ Security Monitoring and Attack Detection , Microsoft , Aug. 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Auditing Security Events , Microsoft . Jump up ^ Microsoft Windows Internals , Microsoft . Jump up ^ AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource Function , Microsoft . Jump up ^ EventTracker Newsletter , April 2006 , Will your log files stand up in court ? Authentication vs. logon events ? External links ( edit ) Description of security events in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008 Description of security events in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008 ( XLS ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Security_Log&oldid=797311538 '' Categories : Microsoft Windows security technology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 07 : 23 . About Wikipedia | 1. Windows Security Log
2. Audit policy and event logging
3. Unauthorized activity detection and investigation
4. Log manipulation and countermeasures
5. Admissibility of logs in court |
58,345,975,337,253,780 | where did fifth third bank name come from | Fifth Third Bank - wikipedia Fifth Third Bank Fifth Third Bancorp <Td_colspan="2"> Trading name Fifth Third Bank Type Public company Traded as NASDAQ : FITB S&P 500 Component Industry Banking Financial services Founded June 17 , 1858 ; 159 years ago ( 1858 - 06 - 17 ) ( as Bank of the Ohio Valley ) Headquarters Cincinnati , Ohio Area served Ohio , Kentucky , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Tennessee , West Virginia , Florida , Georgia , North Carolina Key people Greg D. Carmichael , Chairman & CEO Lars C. Anderson , COO Net income $2.194 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets $142.193 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity $16.385 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 18,125 ( 2017 ) Website www.53.com <Td_colspan="2"> Footnotes / references The Fifth Third footprint Fifth Third Bank headquarters in Cincinnati , Ohio Fifth Third Bank offices at 1000 Town Center in Southfield , Michigan . Fifth Third Center in Nashville , Tennessee . Fifth Third Bank branch in Springboro , Ohio . Fifth Third Bank branch in Xenia , Ohio . Fifth Third Bank ( 5 / 3 Bank ) is a bank headquartered in Cincinnati , Ohio at Fifth Third Center . It is the principal subsidiary of Fifth Third Bancorp , a bank holding company . The bank operates 1,154 branches and 2,469 automated teller machines in Ohio , Kentucky , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois , Florida , Tennessee , West Virginia , Georgia , and North Carolina . It also owns 4.9 % of Worldpay Inc . The company is ranked 389th on the Fortune 500 . It is on the list of largest banks in the United States . The name `` Fifth Third '' is derived from the names of both of the bank 's two predecessor companies : Third National Bank and Fifth National Bank , which merged in 1908 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controversies 2.1 2007 data breach at TJX Companies 2.2 2014 discrimination settlement 3 Naming rights 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) On June 17 , 1858 , the Bank of the Ohio Valley opened in Cincinnati . On June 23 , 1863 , the Third National Bank was organized . On April 29 , 1871 , the banks merged . On June 1 , 1908 , Third National Bank and Fifth National Bank merged to become the Fifth - Third National Bank of Cincinnati - the hyphen was later dropped . The merger took place when prohibitionist ideas were gaining popularity , and it is legend that `` Fifth Third '' was better than `` Third Fifth '' , which could have been construed as a reference to three fifths of alcohol . The name went through several changes until March 24 , 1969 , when it was changed to Fifth Third Bank . In 1994 , the bank acquired Cumberland Federal Bancorp for $149 million in stock . In 1995 , the bank acquired 12 branches in Dayton , Ohio from PNC Financial Services . The bank also acquired Kentucky Enterprise Bancorp . In 1998 , the company acquired W. Lyman Case & Company , an originator of commercial real estate loans . In 1999 , the company acquired Enterprise Federal Bancorp , one of the biggest thrifts in the Cincinnati area with 11 branches , for $96.3 million . In March 1999 , the company acquired Emerald Financial of Strongsville , Ohio , which owned 15 branches in Cleveland , Ohio , for $204 million . In April 1999 , the bank acquired Ashland Bankshares and its subsidiary Bank of Ashland , both based in Kentucky , for $80 million . In June 1999 , the bank acquired South Florida Bank Holding , which owned 4 branches . In July 1999 , the company acquired Peoples Bank Corporation of Indianapolis for $228 million in stock . In April 2001 , the company acquired Old Kent Bank , which owned over 300 branches in Indiana , Illinois , and Michigan . In 2002 , the company acquired Franklin Financial for $240 million . In 2004 , the company acquired First National Bankshares of naples , Florida . In November 2007 , the bank acquired R-G Crown Bank of Casselberry , Florida , which owned 30 branches in Florida and 3 branches in Georgia , for $288 million . On June 2008 , the bank acquired First Charter Bank of Charlotte , North Carolina , with 57 branches in North Carolina and 2 branches in Atlanta . On May 5 , 2008 , Fifth Third acquired 9 branches in Atlanta , Georgia from First Horizon National Corporation . On October 31 , 2008 , the bank acquired the assets of Florida - based Freedom Bank , which suffered from bank failure , from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In November 2008 , the United States Department of the Treasury invested $3.4 billion in the company as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program and in February 2011 , the company repurchased the investment from the Treasury . On March 30 , 2009 , the company sold 51 % of its credit card processing business to Advent International , a private equity firm . In 2011 , the joint venture changed its name to Vantiv and in 2018 , it merged with to Worldpay Inc . In March 2009 , the bank was rumored to be one of the front runners alongside Huntington Bancshares to buy the National City Corp. branches in the Pittsburgh and Erie , Pennsylvania regions that were being sold by PNC Financial Services as part of the National City acquisition by PNC . However , PNC sold the branches to First Niagara Bank . On October 28 , 2014 , the company announced plans to move its Michigan regional headquarters and 150 employees from Southfield , Michigan to 62,000 sq ft ( 5,800 m ) in One Woodward Avenue in downtown Detroit . In April 2016 , the bank sold 17 branches in the Pittsburgh area to FNB Corporation . In November 2017 , the company acquired Epic Insurance Solutions Agency and Integrity HR . In February 2018 , the company acquired Coker Capital Advisors , a mergers and acquisitions advisory firm . Controversies ( edit ) 2007 data breach at TJX companies ( edit ) In January 2007 , the bank was noted as the processor of credit card transactions for TJX Companies , which suffered a data breach . It was later found that potentially 45.7 million credit card numbers were compromised . 2014 discrimination Settlement ( edit ) In August 2014 , the company settled with the United States Department of Justice , resolving allegations that the bank engaged in a pattern of discrimination on the basis of disability and receipt of public assistance , in violation of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act . The company was required to pay $1.5 million to eligible mortgage loan applicants who were asked to provide a letter from their doctor to document the income they received from Social Security Disability Insurance . Naming rights ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifth Third Bank . Fifth Third owns the naming rights to : Fifth Third Field , a baseball stadium in Toledo , Ohio and home of the Toledo Mud Hens , the Triple - A minor league baseball affiliate of the Detroit Tigers . Fifth Third Field , a baseball stadium in Dayton , Ohio and home of the Dayton Dragons , a Class A minor league baseball team playing in the Midwest League , affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds . Fifth Third Ballpark , a baseball stadium in Comstock Park , Michigan and home of the West Michigan Whitecaps , a Class A minor league baseball team playing in the Midwest League , affiliated with the Detroit Tigers . Fifth Third Arena , an indoor arena on the campus of the University of Cincinnati , used by that school 's basketball program Fifth Third Bank Stadium , home of the Kennesaw State University ( Georgia ) Owls and home of the Kennesaw State Owls football team . The company owned the naming rights to the Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida for Orlando City Soccer Club games in 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Third Bancorp 2017 Form 10 - K Annual Report '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 : Fifth Third Bancorp '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Brickey , Homer ( April 2 , 2002 ) . `` That funny name for a bank has grown on us '' . The Blade . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD BANCORP TO BUY CUMBERLAND FEDERAL '' . The New York Times . Reuters . January 12 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD BANK TO ADD 12 PNC BRANCHES IN OHIO '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 17 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio - Kentucky Bank Merger '' . The New York Times . Reuters . August 29 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD BANK OF OHIO AGREES TO BUY W. LYMAN CASE '' . The New York Times . Bloomberg News . March 20 , 1998 . Jump up ^ McKINNEY , JEFF ( September 26 , 1998 ) . `` Fifth Third to acquire Enterprise '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD BANCORP IN DEAL FOR EMERALD FINANCIAL '' . The New York Times . March 2 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third completes Ashland buy '' . American City Business Journals. April 16 , 1999 . Jump up ^ HIGGINS , AMY ( September 9 , 1998 ) . `` Fifth Third to buy Ashland bank '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Jump up ^ `` Institution History for SOUTH FLORIDA BANK HOLDING CORPORATION ( 1840717 ) '' . Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD BANCORP OF OHIO ACQUIRES A BANK IN INDIANA '' . The New York Times . Bloomberg News . July 13 , 1999 . Jump up ^ ELIASOHN , MICHAEL ( April 3 , 2001 ) . `` Fifth Third Bank completes acquisition of Old Kent '' . The Herald - Palladium . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third buys Old Kent '' . CNNMoney . November 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Sarles , Judy ( July 24 , 2002 ) . `` Fifth Third to buy Franklin Financial in $240 million deal '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ `` FIFTH THIRD AGREES TO ACQUIRE FRANKLIN FINANCIAL '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . July 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third announces acquisition of First National Bankshares '' . American City Business Journals . August 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Amitha ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Fifth Third Bancorp to buy R-G Crown Bank for $288 mln '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Tim ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Fifth Third to buy First Charter '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third Bank closes First Charter deal , enters North Carolina '' . American City Business Journals . June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` First Horizon to Sell Sites in Unfundable Expansion '' . American Banker . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third Bank Acquires All the Deposits of Freedom Bank , Bradenton , Florida '' ( Press release ) . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Fifth Third Repays Bailout Funds '' . The New York Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third Bancorp repays TARP debt '' . American City Business Journals . February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lagorio , Juan ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Fifth Third sells most of payments unit to Advent '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Lattman , Peter ; Fitzpatrick , Dan ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Fifth Third to Sell 51 % Stake in Its Payment Unit to Advent '' . The Wall Street Journal . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Fifth Third Processing Solutions Changes Name to Vantiv '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vantiv and Worldpay Complete Combination to Form Worldpay , Inc '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Patricia ( March 21 , 2009 ) . `` FNB wo n't buy National City units '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Pinho , Kirk ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Fifth Third Bank to move 150 employees downtown as part of $85 M investment in Detroit '' . Crain Communications . Jump up ^ `` First National Bank Finalizes Acquisition of 17 Pittsburgh - Area Fifth Third Bank Locations '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Steve ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fifth Third completes acquisition of insurance agency , HR firm '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Watkins , Steve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fifth Third acquires M&A advisory firm '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Data Breach Could Affect Millions of TJX Shoppers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Maxx data theft worse than first reported '' . NBC News . Associated Press . March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Department Reaches Settlement with Fifth Third Mortgage Company to Resolve Allegations of Discrimination Against Recipients of Disability Income '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of Justice . August 7 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Business data for Fifth Third Bank : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Bloomberg Reuters SEC filings <Th_colspan="2"> hide 50 largest banks and bank holding companies in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Ally American Express Bank of America Bank of New York Mellon Barclays * BB&T BBVA * BMO Harris * BNP Paribas * Capital One Charles Schwab CIT Citigroup Citizens Comerica Credit Suisse * Deutsche Bank * Discover E-Trade Fifth Third First Horizon Goldman Sachs HSBC * Huntington JPMorgan Chase KeyBank M&T Morgan Stanley MUFG Union Bank * Mutual of Omaha New York Community Northern Trust People 's United PNC Popular RBC * Regions Banco Santander * State Farm State Street SunTrust SVB Synchrony TD * TIAA U.S. Bancorp UBS * USAA Wells Fargo Zions <Td_colspan="2"> * indicates the U.S. subsidiary of a non-U.S. bank . Inclusion on this list is based on U.S. assets only , and is current as of March 31 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Selected Companies of the NASDAQ Financial - 100 index <Td_colspan="2"> American National Insurance AmTrust Financial Services Arch Capital Group Argo Group Bank of the Ozarks Banner Corp . BGC Partners BofI Holding BOK Financial Corporation Capitol Federal Savings Bank Cathay General Bancorp Cboe Global Markets Chemical Financial Corporation Cincinnati Financial CME Group Colliers International Commerce Bancshares CyrusOne E * Trade East West Bank Equinix Erie Insurance Fifth Third First Citizens BancShares First Financial Bancorp First Hawaiian Bank First Midwest Bancorp Fulton Financial Corporation Gaming & Leisure Glacier Bancorp Hancock Bank HealthEquity Huntington Bancshares IberiaBank IHS Markit Independent Bank Interactive Brokers International Bancshares Investors Bank Lamar Advertising Liberty Broadband LPL Financial Nasdaq , Inc . National General Navient NBT Bank Northern Trust Northwest Bancorp Old National Bank PacWest Bancorp People 's United Financial Pinnacle Financial Partners Popular , Inc . Potlatch Corp . PRA Group Principal Financial Group Renasant Bank SBA Communications SEI Investments Selective Insurance Signature Bank Simmons Bank SLM Corporation SVB Financial T. Rowe Price TD Ameritrade UMB Financial Umpqua Holdings United Bankshares United Community Banks Washington Federal Westamerica Bank Willis Towers Watson Wintrust Financial WisdomTree Investments Zillow Zions Bancorporation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Third_Bank&oldid=843131632 '' Categories : Companies in the NASDAQ Financial - 100 Index 1858 establishments in Ohio Banks based in Ohio Banks established in 1858 Companies based in Cincinnati Companies listed on NASDAQ Companies formed by merger Economy of Pennsylvania Economy of the Midwestern United States Economy of the Southeastern United States Mutual fund families Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 02 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fifth Third Bank: A bank headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio
2. History of Fifth Third Bank: Merger of Third National Bank and Fifth National Bank
3. Controversies: Data breach at TJX Companies, discrimination settlement
4. Fifth Third Bank's acquisitions and expansions
5. Naming rights: Fifth Third Field, Fifth Third Arena, etc. |
-182,593,187,857,899,040 | what percentage of the us population have a college degree | Educational attainment in the United States - Wikipedia Educational attainment in the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2015 ) This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with Advanced Degree in 2009 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with bachelor 's degree or higher in 2009 . High school graduation rate per state in 2017 90.0 -- 90.4 % 85.0 -- 89.9 % 80.0 -- 84.9 % 69.9 -- 79.9 % 2008 - 2012 Bachelor 's Degree or Higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) The educational attainment of the U.S. population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts . As a whole , the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs . As with income , levels differ by race , age , household configuration and geography . Overall , the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth . Thus , while the population as a whole is proceeding further in formal educational programs , income and educational attainment remain highly correlated . Contents 1 General attainment of degrees / diplomas 2 Gender 2.1 Gender gap in literacy 2.2 Graduation rates 3 Ethnicity and race 3.1 Foreign born and immigrants 4 Income 5 Occupation 6 Geography 7 Social class and education 8 Educational attainment in social theory 8.1 Bourdieu and cultural capital 8.2 Lareau and concerted cultivation 8.3 Collins and credentialism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links General attainment of degrees / diplomas ( edit ) Educational attainment in the United States ( 2014 ) Education Age 25 and over Age 25 - 29 High school diploma or GED 88.31 % 90.83 % Some college 58.57 % 64.31 % Associate and / or bachelor 's degree 41.89 % 44.08 % Bachelor 's degree 31.96 % 34.04 % Master 's and / or doctorate and / or professional degree 11.77 % 7.57 % Doctorate and / or professional degree 3.27 % 1.70 % Doctorate 1.77 % 0.89 % In 2003 , over four - fifths ( 85 percent ) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school , or obtained a GED / high school equivalency certificate . Over one in four adults ( 27 percent ) had attained at least a bachelor 's degree . Both of these measures are all time highs . In 2003 , the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000 , when it was 84 percent . This increase follows a general trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947 . In 2015 , among adults aged 65 and older , 84 percent had either completed high school or more education , or had failed to complete high school but obtained at least a GED certification , compared to 91 percent of adults aged 25 to 34 and 89 percent of adults aged 35 to 44 years or 45 to 64 years . In addition , 27 percent of the population aged 65 and older reported a bachelor 's degree or more education compared to 36 percent of adults 25 to 34 years old and 32 percent of adults aged 45 to 64 years . Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from high school or failing to complete high school but getting a GED certification has increased from 85 % to 88 % . The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s , 60s and 70s . In the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50 % of those considered adults ( 25 and above ) . For young adults aged between 25 and 29 , the percentage of either high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50 % in 1950 versus 90 % today . Gender ( edit ) For the past fifty years , there has been a gap in the educational achievement of males and females in the United States , but which gender has been disadvantaged has fluctuated over the years . In the 1970s and 1980s , data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of academic performance measures , specifically in test scores in math and science . Achievement gaps between boys and girls in the United States are more pronounced in reading and writing than in math and science . Data in the last twenty years shows the general trend of girls outperforming boys in academic achievement in terms of class grades across all subjects and college graduation rates , but boys scoring higher on standardized tests and being better represented in the higher - paying and more prestigious STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and math ) . Gender gap in literacy ( edit ) Traditionally , girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing . Although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten , it grows as students continue their education . According to the 2004 National Reading Assessment measured by the US Department of Education , the gap between boys and girls , only slightly noticeable in 4th grade , left boys 14 points behind girls during their 12th grade year . On the 2008 test , female students continued to have higher average reading scores than male students at all three ages . The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008 . By 12th grade , there was an 11 - point gap between males and females . On the 2002 National Writing Assessment , boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade . The average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school . In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills , female students continued to score higher than male students , though margins closed slightly from previous assessments . The average score for female eighth - graders was 20 points higher than males , down 1 point from the 2002 score . For twelfth - graders , females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002 . All of these assessments were conducted on a 100 - point scale . Graduation rates ( edit ) Overall , women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed . In 2006 , 10.3 % of males and 8.3 % of females dropped out of high school . In 2005 / 2006 , women earned 62 % of associate degrees , 58 % of bachelor 's degrees , 60.0 % of master 's degrees , and 48.9 % of Doctorates . According to recent data , 55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males . From 1995 until 2005 , the number of males enrolled in college increased by 18 percent , while the number of female students rose by 27 percent . Males are enrolling in college in greater numbers than ever before , yet fewer than two - thirds of them are graduating with a bachelor 's degree . The numbers of both men and women receiving a bachelor 's degree have increased significantly , but the increasing rate of female college graduates exceeds the increasing rate for males . In 2007 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 18,423,000 males over the age of 18 held a bachelor 's degree , while 20,501,000 females over the age 18 held one . In addition , fewer males held master 's degrees : 6,472,000 males compared to 7,283,000 females . However , more men held professional and doctoral degrees than women . 2,033,000 males held professional degrees compared to 1,079,000 , and 1,678,000 males had received a doctoral degree compared to 817,000 females . In 2015 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 36.1 % of individuals between the ages of 25 to 34 had a bachelor 's degree , with 36.3 % in individuals aged 35 to 44 , 32 % in individuals 45 to 64 , and 26.7 % in individuals 65 and older . In 2016 / 2017 , women are projected to earn 64.2 % of associate degrees , 59.9 % of bachelor 's degrees , 62.9 % of master 's degrees , and 55.5 % of Doctorates . Ethnicity and race ( edit ) Further information : Racial achievement gap in the United States While the educational attainment of all races increased during the 1990s , with the gap between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites decreasing , differences between the races remain , especially among those with a bachelor 's degree or higher . Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment of any race , followed by whites who had a higher percentage of high school graduates but a lower percentage of college graduates . Persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino , without regard to race , had the lowest educational attainment . The gap was the largest between foreign - born Asian Americans , over half ( 50.1 % ) of whom had a bachelor 's degree or higher and foreign - born Hispanics , 9.8 % of whom had a four - year college degree . Hispanics and Latinos also trailed far behind in terms of graduating from high school ; it was the only major group for which high school graduates constituted less than 80 % of the population . This large inequality might partially be explained by the influx of uneducated foreign - born Hispanic Americans who had not been offered the chance to complete secondary education in their home country and who had not completed secondary education in the United States . Overall , nearly half ( 49.8 % ) of Asian Americans , nearly a third ( 30 % ) of non-Hispanic Whites , 17.3 % of non-Hispanic Blacks , and just over a tenth ( 11.4 % ) of Hispanics or Latinos had a four - year college degree . The same differences decrease significantly at the high school level with 89.4 % of non-Hispanic whites , 87.6 % of Asian Americans , 80.0 % of African Americans , and 57 % of Hispanics or Latinos having graduated from high school . The Racial achievement gap in the United States refers to these educational disparities between minority students and Caucasian students . Evidence of the racial achievement gap remains present today because not all groups of students are advancing at the same rates . The racial achievement gap has many individual and economic implications and there have been many efforts in education reform to narrow this gap . Foreign born and immigrants ( edit ) The difference among races and cultures , both native and foreign born , in regard to those who have earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . A trend becomes visible when comparing the foreign - born to the native - born populace of some races . Foreign - born Asian , European , and African immigrants had a higher educational attainment in terms of having earned a four - year college degree than their native - born counterparts . According to the U.S census about 43.8 percent of African immigrants achieved the most college degrees , compared to 42.5 percent of Asian - Americans , 28.9 percent for immigrants from Europe , Russia and Canada and 23.1 percent of the U.S. population as a whole . The opposite is true on the high school level and among Hispanics , where the dramatically lower educational attainment of the foreign - born population decreased the educational attainment of the general Hispanophone populace , statistically . The percentage of the foreign born with a high school diploma ( 67 percent ) was dramatically lower than that of the native population ( 88 percent ) , but paradoxically , the percentage with a bachelor 's degree was the same ( 27 percent ) ... At the bachelor 's level , foreign born Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites fared better than their native counterparts . Foreign - born Hispanics , in contrast , had a smaller proportion with a bachelor 's degree than the native population ... The low educational attainment of foreign - born Hispanics , who compose more than 50 percent of the Hispanic population , contributes to the low attainment levels of the entire Hispanic population . -- US Census Bureau , 2003 Only among Hispanics and Latinos was the proportion of college graduates larger among the native born population . In the general population the proportion of persons with a bachelor 's degree or higher was the same among the foreign - born and native - born population ( 27.2 % ) . As stated above fewer foreign born Americans completed high school than native born Americans . Overall , 87.5 % of the native born population had graduated from high school , versus 67.2 % . Among whites the difference was three percentage points , the same as for African Americans . Among Asian Americans the difference was five percentage points . It was thirty percentage points among Hispanics or Latinos . African immigrants have been among the more highly educated group in the United States since the 1990s . This phenomenon is related to the large `` brain drain '' in Africa . Income ( edit ) Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment Data are for persons age 25 and over . Earnings are for full - time wage and salary workers Educational attainment is strongly correlated with income in the United States . Although the incomes of both men and women are associated with higher educational attainment ( higher incomes for higher educational attainment ) , large income gaps linked to race and gender remained at each educational level . In 2003 , average incomes ranged from $13,459 for a male high - school dropout to $90,761 for a male with an advanced degree . The most significant average income difference was between those who had some college education or an Associates degree and those who had a Bachelor 's degree . While those with some college averaged $31,046 , those with a bachelor 's degree averaged $51,194 , over $20,000 ( 64.9 % ) a year more . The second most dramatic difference in average income was between those with a Bachelor 's degree with $51,940 and those with an advanced degree who made $72,824 , roughly $21,000 ( 42.2 % ) more . The least significant difference was between those who had graduated from high school and those who had either some college or an Associates degree . Here the difference was a mere $3,766 or 13.8 % . The difference between those with a high school diploma ( $30,000 ) and those who did not complete high school ( $18,826 ) was $8,454 or 45 % . Overall , the income in the United States for all sexes , races and levels of educational attainment was $36,308 annually . Even though African immigrants are claimed to have higher educational attainment rates than any other group , they were the hardest hit during the most recent recession beginning in 2007 . This shows that race and / or ethnicity may play a role in income levels and job selection . <Th_colspan="2"> Criteria Overall Less than 9th grade High school drop - out High school graduate Some college Associates degree Bachelor 's degree Bachelor 's degree or more Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Median individual income Male , age 25 + $33,517 $15,461 $18,990 $28,763 $35,073 $39,015 $50,916 $55,751 $61,698 $88,530 $73,853 Female , age 25 + $19,679 $9,296 $10,786 $15,962 $21,007 $24,808 $31,309 $35,125 $41,334 $48,536 $53,003 <Td_colspan="2"> Median household income $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 This graph shows the median household income in 2003 dollars according to educational attainment . Income by education and gender . The change in median personal and household income since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment . While both the overall median personal and household income increased since 1991 , this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment . The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s , reaching its high in 1999 , but has been decreasing ever since . In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars , while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016 . In 1999 , however , the median household income was $46,236 , 2.7 % higher than today . While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extent of chorinical fluctuations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment . Overall , the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four - year college degree since 1991 . In other words , the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop - outs and graduate , some - college , and an Associates degree level . Income did , however , increase for those with a Bachelor 's degree or more . The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder . All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty - five or older . The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face . Year Overall Median Less than 9th grade High school drop - out High school graduate Some college Associates degree Bachelor 's degree Bachelor 's degree or more Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree 1991 $40,873 $17,414 $23,096 $37,520 $46,296 $52,289 $64,150 $68,845 $72,669 $102,667 $92,614 $40,324 $17,450 $22,523 $35,979 $44,153 $49,622 $64,537 $70,349 $75,645 $109,900 $93,712 1995 $42,235 $18,031 $21,933 $37,609 $44,537 $50,485 $63,357 $69,584 $77,865 $98,302 $95,899 $43,648 $17,762 $22,688 $38,607 $45,734 $51,726 $67,487 $72,338 $77,850 $105,409 $99,699 1999 $46,236 $19,008 $23,977 $39,322 $48,588 $54,282 $70,925 $76,958 $82,097 $110,383 $107,217 $45,300 $18,830 $24,162 $37,468 $47,605 $53,166 $69,796 $75,116 $81,993 $103,918 $96,442 2003 $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 Average $43,376 $18,183 $23,013 $37,620 $46,109 $51,934 $66,997 $72,376 $78,094 $104,368 $94,487 SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 Yellow indicates the year with the lowest median income while green indicates the year with the highest reported median income . Income by education and race . Among the races , educational attainment retains its dramatic effect on average income which varies significantly at each educational level . European Americans ( White Americans ) had the highest average income at every level of educational attainment . However , the proportion of those having college degrees is greater among Asian Americans than among non-Hispanic whites , and the overall highest average income is found among Asians . All races except Whites ranked last on at least one level with African Americans ranking last on the non-high school , high school and advanced degree level . Asians were second highest on the college graduate level and had the highest overall income among the general population . They also had the lowest average annual income for those with some college education or an Associates degree . Racial income difference were also significant at every level of educational attainment with the largest racial inequality being between European and African Americans who did not complete high school and those with advanced college degrees . Overall , European Americans with an advanced degree had the highest average annual income with $74,122 . Asian Americans had the second highest with $72,852 . Hispanics and African Americans had the lowest annual incomes among those with advanced degrees averaging $67,679 and $59,944 annually . The largest racial inequity was between European Americans with a Bachelor 's degree who made $53,185 and Hispanics who made $12,263 or 29.9 % less with an average annual income of $40,949 . However , Asian Americans as a whole earn more than any other race due to a greater percentage of them being educated overall , an example of Simpson 's paradox . Occupation ( edit ) The educational attainment of employed civilians age 25 to 64 according to occupational field . The educational attainment varied significantly among the different types of occupations . The highest occupational attainment was among those in the Professional and related fields followed by those Business , Management and financial related occupations . The professional / managerial fields were the only two occupational fields where college graduates with a Bachelor 's degree or higher represented the majority . Among professional occupations , 99.1 % of the population graduated from high school , 90.2 % had some college education or an Associates degree and over two thirds , 68.2 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . Business and managerial occupations were second with 97.8 % having graduated from high school , 79.5 % having some college or an associates degree and just over half , 53.4 % having a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While nearly all employment fields feature a population where over 80 % had graduated from high school with over a third having some college education or an Associates degree , the fields relating to agriculture , construction , manufacturing , and transportation did not . These , often described as blue collar , fields featured a labor force where less than a tenth of the population had a Bachelor 's degree or higher , less than half had some college or an Associates , and less than 80 % had graduated from high school . Overall , the least educated occupational field was agriculture , ranking last on all educational levels . Here 55.4 % had graduated from high school , roughly one fifth ( 20.8 % ) had some college education or an Associates degree and 6.8 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While the largest occupational field , that consisting of professionals and relating occupations was also the largest field , the fields with lower educational attainment combined were larger than the professional and managerial fields combined . Overall , 38.02 % were employed in the professional and managerial fields while 61.89 % were employed in the other white and blue collar fields were those with a bachelor 's degree or higher constituted less than a third of the work force . The percent of the labor force in the Professional / Managerial and relating occupations , white collar occupations and blue collar occupations . Geography ( edit ) Educational attainment among the population aged 25 and above varied rather slightly with geography region . The population of the Northeastern United States , which had the smallest population of any region with thirty - six million residents , had the highest percentage of high - school and college graduates . The western United States had the highest percentage of those with some college or an Associates degree and ranked second for college graduates . The South which had by far the largest population with roughly sixty - six million people had the lowest educational attainment at every level . The proportion of high school graduates was the largest in the Midwest while the proportion of those with some college or an Associates degree was the second and that of those with a Bachelor 's degree or higher was the third largest of any region . Social class and education ( edit ) Educational attainment is one of the primary indicators of social class in the United States . While the American social class system is a vaguely defined concept with many contradicting theories , educational attainment emerges as one of the top assessments of social class . Not only is a high educational attainment a status symbol by itself , but it is also very closely related to the other two main indicators of social class : occupation and income . A graduate degree and the roughly seven to eight years of post-secondary education serve as the main requirement for entering the `` professions '' and becoming part of the professional middle class . Education is a major key in becoming a more privileged member of the American middle class . Overall , educational attainment is the main entrance barrier into more privileged parts of the middle class as it is not only of high value but is also the requirement for becoming a professional and earning the corresponding income . This corresponding income is typically significantly higher than that of someone without this higher level of educational attainment in the United States . Exceptions include some entrepreneurs who can rank anywhere in the class system but are usually not referred to as professional middle class unless they are of the professions . In the United States , it is also important to differentiate between the statistical middle class , often defined as consisting of those who are neither rich nor poor , and the professional middle class . Recent research has shown that not only is the statistical middle of society ( those with income roughly 80 % to 120 % of the national median or members of the mid-quintile ) no longer able to afford the lifestyle indicative of the middle class , but there also seems to be a widening income gap in between those who may be described as being middle class . Education is not only the main requirement for becoming a member of the professional middle class , it is also key to a comfortable lifestyle and economic security . Those in the statistical middle may have to fear lay - offs and cost - cutting downsizing as well as out - sourcing , while some of those in the professional middle class are less subject to economic fluctuations and are more likely to enjoy upper - middle range incomes even in the face of recessions . Increasingly however even the professional middle class is facing lay - offs and job elimination due to downsizing and replacement of full - time workers with part - time workers -- this is particularly evident in colleges and universities where , by 2009 , half of the faculty were part - time ; another 25 % were full - time but with short - term contracts , thus showing that advanced education is not necessarily associated with high salaries and economic stability . Academic class models <Th_colspan="2"> Dennis Gilbert , 2002 <Th_colspan="2"> William Thompson & Joseph Hickey , 2005 <Th_colspan="2"> Leonard Beeghley , 2004 Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Capitalist class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , high - rung politicians , heirs . Ivy League education common . Upper class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , celebrities , heirs ; income of $500,000 + common . Ivy league education common . The super-rich ( 0.9 % ) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000 ; includes celebrities and powerful executives / politicians . Ivy League education common . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) , most commonly salaried , professionals and middle management with large work autonomy . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5 - figure range to commonly above $100,000 . The rich ( 5 % ) Households with net worth of $1 million or more ; largely in the form of home equity . Generally have college degrees . Middle class ( plurality / majority ? ; ca . 46 % ) College - educated workers with considerably higher - than - average incomes and compensation ; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical . Lower middle class ( 30 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living . Most have some college education and are white - collar . Lower middle class ( 32 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy ; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000 . Typically , some college education . Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . <Td_colspan="6"> References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins . Educational attainment in social theory ( edit ) Mean financial wealth of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . Mean income of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . Bourdieu and cultural capital ( edit ) Many scholars have studied educational attainment in the US as a form of social reproduction and stratification . In 1977 , Pierre Bourdieu presented the idea that education leads to social reproduction and a stratified society by honoring the cultural capital of elite classes . Students who possess the valued cultural capital , according to Bourdieu , are rewarded with high academic achievement . When elite class members enter the workforce , they are channeled into high paying jobs and powerful positions within society , while those who did not achieve the same level of academic success fall into subordinate occupations and status levels . By rewarding the desired cultural capital with high academic achievement , upper classes are able and prepared to reach higher levels of educational attainment . Members of the working class , on the other hand , are not rewarded for their cultural capital in schools , and are instead socialized for working class jobs . Lareau and concerted cultivation ( edit ) Annette Lareau also addresses the factors that lead to social stratification in educational attainment . Lareau 's idea of concerted cultivation refers to an active involvement of parents in a child 's learning and development experiences by creating and controlling organized activities for their children . According to Lareau , middle - class parents engage in concerted cultivation to teach their children , while lower - and working - class parents do not . Laureau further explains that schools firmly encourage and expect parents to use concerted cultivation as a child - rearing strategy . The child - rearing practices of lower - and working - class families thus do not comply with the standards of educational institutions . As a result , lower - and working - class students develop a sense of `` distance , distrust , and constraint '' in educational institutions , while children of middle - class families gain a sense of entitlement . These differences in child - rearing practices lead to children of lower - and working - class families to lack the necessary life skills that the children of the middle class possess , further isolating them from educational opportunities . In the United States , education attainment typically is viewed as a sign of social status . Collins and credentialism ( edit ) Randall Collins contributed the idea of credentialism to the study of class - based differences in educational attainment . Collins maintains that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle - class values of competition and achievement . In this view , elites are selectively separated from other students and placed into prestigious schools and colleges , where they are trained to hold positions of power . By teaching middle - class culture through the public education system , the elite class ensures a monopoly over positions of power , while others acquire the credentials to compete in a subordinate job market and economy . In this way , schools of medicine , law , and elite institutions have remained closed to members of lower classes . See also ( edit ) American middle class Education in the United States Household income in the United States Literacy in the United States Poverty in the United States List of U.S. States by Education attainment Racial achievement gap in the United States General : Academic degree Status attainment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ; Siebens , Julie ( March 2016 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Note that these add up to more than 100 % because they are cumulative ; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees , and are thus counted twice in the `` lower '' categories . Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2014 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Percentages are calculated based on Census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher . Jump up ^ Census . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Kafir , Krista ( April 2007 ) . `` Taking the Boy Crisis in Education Seriously : How School Choice can Boost Achievement Among Boys and Girls . '' Independent Women 's Forum . ^ Jump up to : Perie , M. ( 2005 ) . NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress . Washington , DC : US Department of Education . ^ Jump up to : Persky , H. ( 2003 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2002 . US Department of Education . ^ Jump up to : Salahu - Din , Debra ( 2008 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2007 . US Department of Education . Jump up ^ `` Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 through 24 years old ( status dropout rate ) , by sex and race / ethnicity : Selected years , 1960 through 2006 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical summary of faculty , students , degrees , and finances in degree - granting institutions : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2005 -- 06 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Digest of Education Statistics 2007 Jump up ^ Mead , Sara . ( 2006 ) . The Evidence Suggests Otherwise : The Truth About Boys and Girls . Washington : Education Sector . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , Current Population Survey , Annual Social and Economic Supplement 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrees conferred by degree - granting institutions , by level of degree and sex of student : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2016 -- 17 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` African Immigrants are the Most Educated '' . Africaresource.com. April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migration Information Source - African Immigrants in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AAME : '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affirmative Action Minorities - Affirmative Action College Admissions '' . Racerelations.about.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( Logan & Deane , 2003 ; Williams , 2005 ; The Economist , 1996 ; Arthur , 2000 ; Selassie , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` AAME : image '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sub-Saharan African immigrants arrive with the most education but struggle with underemployment '' . FSRN Radio News . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Harry ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign - Born Blacks Hit Hardest Of All Immigrant Groups By Jobs Crisis '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Migration Information Source - Characteristics of the African Born in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.aracorporation.org/files/14._africans_most_educated.pd . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Educational attainment and median household income '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Personal income and educational attainment , US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 1989 ) . Fear of Falling , The Inner Life of the Middle Class . New York , NY : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 097333 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fussel , Paul ( 1983 ) . Class , A Guide through the American status system . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79225 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Middle income ca n't buy Middle class lifestyle '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ James Monks . `` Who are the Part - time Faculty ? '' Academe , July -- August 2009 . http://www.aaup.org/article/who-are-part-time-faculty#.UsU90fQW0oo Jump up ^ Bourdieu , P. ( 1977 ) Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction . In : Karabel , J. , & Halsey , A.H. ( eds . ) Power and Ideology in Education . Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 487 - 511 . Jump up ^ Lareau , A. ( 2003 ) . Unequal Childhoods ; Class , Race , and Family Life . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23950 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collins , R ( 1979 ) . The Credential Society ; An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification . New York , NY : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 181360 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Sunny Decker ( 1969 ) , An Empty Spoon , New York : Harper & Row . James Herndon ( 1968 / 1969 ) , The Way It Spozed to Be , reprint , New York : Bantam . James Herndon ( 1971 / 1997 ) , How to Survive in Your Native Land , reprint , Portsmouth , NH : Boynton / Cook . James Herndon ( 1985 ) , Notes from a Schoolteacher , New York : Simon and Schuster . Holly Yettick and Sterling C. Lloyd ( 2015 ) , `` Graduation Rate Hits High , But Some Groups Lag , '' Education Week . 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5,404,241,316,310,931,000 | who were the first european to reach the americas and when did they arrive | European colonization of the Americas - wikipedia European colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` American settlers '' redirects here . For prehistoric settlers of the Americas , see Settlement of the Americas . `` Conquest of America '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquest of America ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers . Starting in either the 10th or 11th century , when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present - day Canada , according to Icelandic Sagas , violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements . Political map of the Americas in 1794 European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first European settlement in the Americas . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . In 1498 , sailing from Bristol on behalf of England , John Cabot landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 10 Exhibitions and collections 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , Central America and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Spanish Empire ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , Moravians and Jews of various nationalities . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible . A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right , Charles I , King of England and Scotland , persecuted religious dissenters . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , Quakers , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , dogs and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Spanish Cuba ( until 1898 ) New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 -- 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 -- 1865 . English and ( after 1707 ) British Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) Danish Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Vinland , known as Newfoundland ( Partly in the 11th century ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 -- 1705 / 1714 -- 1762 / 1763 -- 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Swedish New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1784 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of American indigenous peoples Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pálsson , Hermann ( 1965 ) . The Vinland sagas : the Norse discovery f America . Penguin Classics . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044154 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . ISBN 9780819149770 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Ronald Segal ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . <Th_colspan="3"> History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline <Td_colspan="3"> Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future <Th_colspan="2"> Colonization and decolonization Earth Exploration Europe Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Empires in Modernity Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Danish New Zealand Norwegian Polish - Lithuanian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Postcolonialism ( international relations ) <Td_colspan="2"> Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=812274678 '' Categories : Colonization of the Americas History of the Americas History of European colonialism History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of North America History of Central America History of South America History of the Caribbean Age of Discovery Christianization Colonization history of the United States Genocide of indigenous peoples of the Americas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 00 : 56 . 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5,248,863,761,237,381,000 | who proposed the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure | Fluid mosaic model - wikipedia Fluid mosaic model Jump to : navigation , search Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this model , there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded . The lipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to membrane . Small amounts of carbohydrates are also found in cell membrane. The model , which was devised by SJ Singer and GL Nicolson in 1972 , describes the cell membrane as a two - dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components . Such domains are defined by the existence of regions within the membrane with special lipid and protein composition that promote the formation of lipid rafts or protein and glycoprotein complexes . Another way to define membrane domains is the association of the lipid membrane with the cytoskeleton filaments and the extracellular matrix through membrane proteins . The current model describes important features relevant to many cellular processes , including : cell - cell signaling , apoptosis , cell division , membrane budding , and cell fusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemical Makeup 2 Experimental evidence 3 Subsequent developments 3.1 Membrane asymmetry 3.2 Non-bilayer membranes 3.3 Membrane curvature 3.4 Lipid movement within the membrane 4 Restrictions to bilayer fluidity 4.1 Lipid rafts 4.2 Protein complexes 4.3 Cytoskeletal fences ( corrals ) and binding to the extracellular matrix 5 Historical timeline 6 Notes and references Chemical Makeup ( edit ) Chemically a cell membrane is composed of four components : Phospholipids , Proteins , Carbohydrates , Cholesterol Experimental evidence ( edit ) The fluid property of functional biological membranes had been determined through labeling experiments , x-ray diffraction , and calorimetry . These studies showed that integral membrane proteins diffuse at rates affected by the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in which they were embedded , and demonstrated that the molecules within the cell membrane are dynamic rather than static . Previous models of biological membranes included the Robertson Unit Membrane Model and the Davidson - Danielli Tri-Layer model . These models had proteins present as sheets neighboring a lipid layer , rather than incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer . Other models described repeating , regular units of protein and lipid . These models were not well supported by microscopy and thermodynamic data , and did not accommodate evidence for dynamic membrane properties . An important experiment that provided evidence supporting fluid and dynamic biological was performed by Frye and Edidin . They used Sendai virus to force human and mouse cells to fuse and form a heterokaryon . Using antibody staining , they were able to show that the mouse and human proteins remained segregated to separate halves of the heterokaryon a short time after cell fusion . However , the proteins eventually diffused and over time the border between the two halves was lost . Lowering the temperature slowed the rate of this diffusion by causing the membrane phospholipids to transition from a fluid to a gel phase . Singer and Nicholson rationalized the results of these experiments using their fluid mosaic model . The fluid mosaic model explains changes in structure and behavior of cell membranes under different temperatures , as well as the association of membrane proteins with the membranes . While Singer and Nicolson had substantial evidence drawn from multiple subfields to support their model , recent advances in fluorescence microscopy and structural biology have validated the fluid mosaic nature of cell membranes . Subsequent developments ( edit ) Membrane asymmetry ( edit ) Additionally , the two leaflets of biological membranes are asymmetric and divided into subdomains composed of specific proteins or lipids , allowing spatial segregation of biological processes associated with membranes . Cholesterol and cholesterol - interacting proteins can concentrate into lipid rafts and constrain cell signaling processes to only these rafts . Another form of asymmetry was shown by the work of Mouritsen and Bloom in 1984 , where they proposed a Mattress Model of lipid - protein interactions to address the biophysical evidence that the membrane can range in thickness and hydrophobicity of proteins . Phospholipids can be asymmetric through the active translocation of a phospholipid type from one leaflet of the membrane to the other . This process is controlled by flippase and scramblase enzymes . A biological example of this is the segregation of phosphatidylserine to be highly enriched on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane . Phosphatidylserine localization to the outer leaflet can trigger immune responses . Non-bilayer membranes ( edit ) The existence of non-bilayer lipid formations with important biological functions was confirmed subsequent to publication of the fluid mosaic model . These membrane structures may be useful when the cell needs to propagate a non bilayer form , which occurs during cell division and the formation of a gap junction . Membrane curvature ( edit ) The membrane bilayer is not always flat . Local curvature of the membrane can be caused by the asymmetry and non-bilayer organization of lipids as discussed above . More dramatic and functional curvature is achieved through BAR domains , which bind to phosphatidylinositol on the membrane surface , assisting in vesicle formation , organelle formation and cell division . Curvature development is in constant flux and contributes to the dynamic nature of biological membranes . Lipid movement within the membrane ( edit ) During the decade of 1970 , it was acknowledged that individual lipid molecules undergo free lateral diffusion within each of the layers of the lipid membrane . Diffusion occurs at a high speed , with an average lipid molecule diffusing ~ 2 μm , approximately the length of a large bacterial cell , in about 1 second . It has also been observed that individual lipid molecules rotate rapidly around their own axis . Moreover , phospholipid molecules can , although they seldom do , migrate from one side of the lipid bilayer to the other ( a process known as flip - flop ) . However , flip - flop might be enhanced by flippase enzymes . The processes described above influence the disordered nature of lipid molecules and interacting proteins in the lipid membranes , with consequences to membrane fluidity , signaling , trafficking and function . Restrictions to bilayer fluidity ( edit ) There are restrictions to the lateral mobility of the lipid and protein components in the fluid membrane imposed by the formation of subdomains within the lipid bilayer . These subdomains arise by several processes e.g. binding of membrane components to the extracellular matrix , nanometric membrane regions with a particular biochemical composition that promote the formation of lipid rafts and protein complexes mediated by protein - protein interactions . Furthermore , protein - cytoskeleton associations mediate the formation of `` cytoskeletal fences '' , corrals wherein lipid and membrane proteins can diffuse freely , but that they can seldom leave . Restriction on lateral diffusion rates of membrane components is very important because it allows the functional specialization of particular regions within the cell membranes . Lipid rafts ( edit ) Lipid rafts are membrane nanometric platforms with a particular lipid and protein composition that laterally diffuse , navigating on the liquid bilipid layer . Sphingolipids and cholesterol are important building blocks of the lipid rafts . Protein complexes ( edit ) Cell membrane proteins and glycoproteins do not exist as single elements of the lipid membrane , as first proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 . Rather , they occur as diffusing complexes within the membrane . The assembly of single molecules into these macromolecular complexes has important functional consequences for the cell ; such as ion and metabolite transport , signaling , cell adhesion , and migration . Cytoskeletal fences ( corrals ) and binding to the extracellular matrix ( edit ) Some proteins embedded in the bilipid layer interact with the extracellular matrix outside the cell , cytoskeleton filaments inside the cell , and septin ring - like structures . These interactions have a strong influence on shape and structure , as well as on compartmentalization . Moreover , they impose physical constraints that restrict the free lateral diffusion of proteins and at least some lipids within the bilipid layer . When integral proteins of the lipid bilayer are tethered to the extracellular matrix , they are unable to diffuse freely . Proteins with a long intracellular domain may collide with a fence formed by cytoskeleton filaments . Both processes restrict the diffusion of proteins and lipids directly involved , as well as of other interacting components of the cell membranes . S. cerevisiae septins Septin ring - like structures ( in green ) can pinch cell membranes and split them into subdomains . Septins are a family of GTP - binding proteins highly conserved among eukaryotes . Prokaryotes have similar proteins called paraseptins . They form compartmentalizing ring - like structures strongly associated with the cell membranes . Septins are involved in the formation of structures such as , cilia and flagella , dendritic spines , and yeast buds . Historical timeline ( edit ) 1895 -- Ernest Overton hypothesized that cell membranes are made out of lipids . 1925 -- Evert Gorter and François Grendel found that red blood cell membranes are formed by a fatty layer two molecules thick , i.e. they described the bilipid nature of the cell membrane . 1935 -- Hugh Davson and James Danielli proposed that lipid membranes are layers composed by proteins and lipids with pore - like structures that allow specific permeability for certain molecules . Then , they suggested a model for the cell membrane , consisting of a lipid layer surrounded by protein layers at both sides of it . 1957 -- J. David Robertson , based on electron microscopy studies , establishes the `` Unit Membrane Hypothesis '' . This , states that all membranes in the cell , i.e. plasma and organelle membranes , have the same structure : a bilayer of phospholipids with monolayers of proteins at both sides of it . 1972 -- SJ Singer and GL Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model as an explanation for the data and latest evidence regarding the structure and thermodynamics of cell membranes . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicolson GL ( 2014 ) . `` The Fluid -- Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure : Still relevant to understanding the structure , function and dynamics of biological membranes after more than 40 years '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1838 ( 6 ) : 1451 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2013.10. 019 . PMID 24189436 . ^ Jump up to : Singer SJ , Nicolson GL ( Feb 1972 ) . `` The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes '' . Science . 175 ( 4023 ) : 720 -- 31 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 175.4023. 720 . PMID 4333397 . Jump up ^ Frye LD , Edidin M ( 1970 ) . `` The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse - human heterokaryons '' . J Cell Sci. 7 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 35 . PMID 4098863 . Jump up ^ Silvius JR ( 2005 ) . `` Partitioning of membrane molecules between raft and non-raft domains : Insights from model - membrane studies '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1746 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 202 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamcr. 2005.09. 003 . PMID 16271405 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen OG , Bloom M ( 1984 ) . `` Mattress model of lipid - protein interactions in membranes '' . Biophys J. 46 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 153 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 84 ) 84007 - 2 . PMC 1435039 . PMID 6478029 . Jump up ^ Daleke DL ( 2003 ) . `` Regulation of transbilayer plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry '' . J Lipid Res. 44 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 242 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R200019 - JLR200 . PMID 12576505 . Jump up ^ Fadok , VA ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes '' . Cell Death and Differ. 5 ( 7 ) : 551 -- 562 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4400404 . PMID 10200509 . Jump up ^ van den Brink - van der Laan E ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Nonbilayer lipids affect peripheral and integral membrane proteins via changes in the lateral pressure profile '' . Biochim Biophys Acta. 1666 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 275 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2004.06. 010 . PMID 15519321 . Jump up ^ Frost A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The BAR domain superfamily : membrane - molding macromolecules '' . Cell. 137 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2009.04. 010 . PMID 19379681 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez - García R ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Bimodal spectrum for the curvature fluctuations of bilayer vesicles : pure bending plus hybrid curvature - dilation modes '' . Phys Rev Lett. 102 ( 12 ) : 128101 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 102.128101 . PMID 19392326 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . pp. 621 -- 622 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lingwood D , Simons K ( 2010 ) . `` Lipid rafts as a membrane - organizing principle '' . Science . 327 ( 5961 ) : 46 -- 50 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1174621 . PMID 20044567 . Jump up ^ G. Vereb ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Dynamic , yet structured : The cell membrane three decades after the Singer -- Nicolson model '' . PNAS. 100 ( 14 ) : 8053 -- 8058 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1332550100 . PMC 166180 . PMID 12832616 . Jump up ^ Juha Saarikangas ; Yves Barral ( 2011 ) . `` The emerging functions of septins in metazoans '' . EMBO Reports . 12 ( 11 ) : 1118 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1038 / embor. 2011.193 . PMC 3207108 . PMID 21997296 . Jump up ^ Overton , E ( 1895 ) . `` Uberdie osmotischen Eigenshafter der Lebenden Pflanzen und tierzelle '' . Vjschr Naturf Ges Zurich . 40 : 159 -- 201 . Jump up ^ E. Gorter ; F. Grendel ( 1925 ) . `` On Biomolecular Layers of Lipoids on the Chromocytes of the Blood '' . Journal of Experimental Medicine . 41 : 439 -- 443 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 41.4. 439 . PMC 2130960 . PMID 19868999 . Jump up ^ James Danielli ; Hugh Davson ( 1935 ) . `` A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films '' . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. 5 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 508 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1030050409 . Jump up ^ John E. Heuser ( 1995 ) . `` In Memory of J. David Robertson '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter of the American Society of Cell Biology . <Th_colspan="2"> Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall <Th_colspan="2"> Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Proteolipids Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluid_mosaic_model&oldid=820928846 '' Categories : Membrane biology Organelles Cell anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Galego Italiano Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
2. Lipid bilayer and protein molecules in cell membranes
3. Membrane asymmetry and lipid rafts
4. Protein complexes and cytoskeletal fences in cell membranes
5. Membrane fluidity and lipid movement within the membrane |
-3,061,582,833,651,784,000 | how does bayh see the modern day senate in comparison to the previous reading | Evan Bayh - wikipedia Evan Bayh Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Evan Bayh <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> United States Senator from Indiana <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2011 Preceded by Dan Coats Succeeded by Dan Coats <Th_colspan="2"> 46th Governor of Indiana <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 9 , 1989 -- January 13 , 1997 Lieutenant Frank O'Bannon Preceded by Robert Orr Succeeded by Frank O'Bannon <Th_colspan="2"> 56th Secretary of State of Indiana <Td_colspan="2"> In office December 1 , 1986 -- January 9 , 1989 Governor Robert Orr Preceded by Edwin Simcox Succeeded by Joe Hogsett <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details Birch Evans Bayh III ( 1955 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Shirkieville , Indiana , U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Susan Breshears Children Education Indiana University , Bloomington ( BS ) University of Virginia ( JD ) Signature Part of a series on New Democrats Ideology ( show ) Centrism Clintonism Cultural liberalism Economic liberalism Radical centrism Social liberalism Third Way People ( show ) Bruce Babbitt Evan Bayh John Carney Tom Carper Lawton Chiles Bill Clinton Hillary Clinton Gerry Connolly Jim Davis Susan Davis Cal Dooley John Edwards Harold Ford Jr . Al From Dick Gephardt Al Gore Bob Graham Jim Himes John Kerry Ron Kind Mary Landrieu Rick Larsen Joe Lieberman Blanche Lincoln Will Marshall Jim Moran Sam Nunn Barack Obama Jared Polis Chuck Robb Timothy J. Roemer Paul Tsongas Allyson Schwartz Adam Smith Organizations ( show ) Coalition for a Democratic Majority Democratic Leadership Council Moderate Dems Working Group New Democrat Coalition New Democrat Network Progressive Policy Institute Senate Centrist Coalition Third Way Politics portal Birch Evans `` Evan '' Bayh III ( / ˈbaɪ / ; born December 26 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer , lobbyist and politician of the Democratic Party who served as the junior United States Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011 and the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997 . Bayh was first elected to public office as the Secretary of State of Indiana in 1986 . He held the position for two years before being elected Governor . He left his office after completing two terms and briefly took a job lecturing at Indiana University Bloomington . He was elected to Congress as a Senator in 1998 and reelected in 2004 . On February 15 , 2010 , Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010 . After leaving the Senate , he was replaced by his predecessor , Dan Coats , and became a partner with the law and lobbying firm McGuireWoods in the firm 's Washington , D.C. office , and also became a senior adviser with Apollo Global Management . He was a part - time contributor for Fox News from March 2011 to July 2016 . In June 2011 he became a messaging adviser for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . On October 27 , 2011 , it was announced that Berry Plastics Corp. had appointed Bayh to its board of directors. . Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill , Bayh announced that he would be running to take back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats . He was defeated by Todd Young in the general election by a 10 - point margin ( 52 % to 42 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Indiana state politics 3 United States Senator from Indiana 3.1 Retirement 3.2 Committee assignments 3.3 Relationship between his Senate office and wife 's corporate career 4 2008 U.S. presidential election 5 Post Senate career 6 2016 U.S. Senate campaign 7 Political positions 7.1 Abortion 7.2 Agriculture 7.3 Capital punnishment 7.4 Civil rights 7.5 Climate change 7.6 Economy 7.7 Education 7.8 Environment 7.9 Health care 7.10 Israel 7.11 Iran 7.12 Iraq 7.13 Trade 8 Electoral history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Evan with his father Birch and mother Marvella during his father 's 1962 senate campaign Bayh was born in Shirkieville , Indiana , the son of Marvella Bayh ( née Hern ) and Birch Evans Bayh Jr. , who was a U.S. Senator from 1963 until his 1981 defeat by then - Representative and future Vice President Dan Quayle . Bayh with his father and his young sons Bayh with his wife and sons in the early - 2000s Evan Bayh attended St. Albans School in Washington , D.C. , and graduated with honors with a B.S. in business administration from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington in 1978 . At Indiana , he became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity 's Indiana Beta chapter . Bayh received his Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981 . Bayh and his wife , Susan , have twin sons , born in 1995 . Susan Bayh serves on numerous corporate boards , including health insurance giant Anthem . She was also , for many years , a law professor . Indiana State politics ( edit ) As governor , Bayh implemented a $1.6 billion tax cut , the largest in state history , before Governor Mike Pence implemented one larger in 2013 After a debate over whether he met the state 's five - year residency requirement to be on the ballot , Bayh defeated former Kokomo Mayor Steve Daily in the Democratic primary of the 1988 Indiana gubernatorial election . He went on to defeat the incumbent lieutenant governor ( Republican John Mutz ) in the general election , becoming the first democrat to serve as Governor of Indiana in 20 years . He was re-elected as governor in 1992 , defeating State Attorney General Linley E. Pearson with 63 % of the vote . By the end of his second term , Bayh had an approval rating of nearly 80 percent . When his second term as governor ended in 1997 , he accepted a lecturing position at his alma mater , the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington . From 1997 to 1998 , while he was campaigning for U.S. Senate , Bayh was also hired as a partner at Indianapolis law firm Baker & Daniels . In 1998 , his Baker & Daniels salary was $265,000 , according to Senate financial records . Indiana University paid him an additional $51,000 that year . United States Senator from Indiana ( edit ) Bayh , joined by his wife and sons , takes the oath of office for his first term in the Senate 2004 re-election campaign logo Bayh was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1998 to the seat that was once held by his father . He won with 64 % of the vote , the largest margin ever recorded for a Democrat in a U.S. Senate race in Indiana , defeating former Fort Wayne Mayor Paul Helmke . He easily won reelection in 2004 , defeating Prof. Marvin Scott , receiving 62 % of the vote -- in the process , becoming only the fifth Indiana Democrat to be popularly elected to a second term in the Senate . Bayh released an autobiography in 2003 entitled From Father to Son : A Private Life in the Public Eye . From 2001 to 2005 , Bayh served as Chairman of the Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) . He is also a member of the Senate Centrist Coalition , helped establish the New Democrat Coalition , and founded the Moderate Dems Working Group . Bayh also served on the Board of Directors of the National Endowment for Democracy . Bayh was an early supporter of the Bush administration 's policies on Iraq . On October 2 , 2002 , Bayh joined President George W. Bush and Congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War , and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution . He voted yes on reauthorizing the Patriot Act in 2006 . Bayh speaking with Barack Obama on Air Force One in 2009 In the aftermath of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 , Bayh joined with his fellow senators in hurrying to bail out U.S. financial institutions . Addressing the launch of the No Labels political organization , he `` described a scene from 2008 where Ben Bernanke warned senators that the sky would collapse if the banks were n't rescued . ' We looked at each other , ' said Bayh , ' and said , okay , what do we need . ' '' Retirement ( edit ) See also : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2010 On February 15 , 2010 , Bayh announced he would not seek reelection to a third Senate term in the November 2 , 2010 midterm election . Bayh 's announcement came very shortly after former Senator Dan Coats declared his own candidacy for Bayh 's Senate seat . Because he made his announcement the day before the deadline for filing for the primary , no Democrat was able to gather a sufficient number of signatures to qualify for the primary ballot , so the state party committee chose Congressman Brad Ellsworth as the nominee . According to the Associated Press , Bayh spent a significant portion of his last year in office searching for a job , holding over four dozen meetings with potential corporate employers between February and December 2010 . He also cast votes on issues of interest to his future corporate employers . A CNN analysis of Bayh 's internal 2009 schedule found that he `` maneuvered behind the scenes '' and `` privately engaged with fundraisers , lobbyists and donors who had a keen interest on the issues dominating Capitol Hill , '' raising potential conflict - of - interest concerns . His meetings included sessions with lobbyists for the health insurance industry prior to his announcement that he would support the Affordable Care Act . Committee assignments ( edit ) Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Airland Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support ( Chairman ) Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Financial Institutions Subcommittee on Securities , Insurance , and Investment Subcommittee on Security and International Trade and Finance ( Chairman ) Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy Subcommittee on National Parks Subcommittee on Water and Power Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Select Committee on Intelligence Special Committee on Aging Relationship between his Senate office and wife 's corporate career ( edit ) Susan Bayh , Evan Bayh 's wife , has been described by the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette as a `` professional board member '' or `` professional director '' , having been a director of fourteen corporations since 1994 and being a director of eight as of 2006 . The Journal Gazette reported that since Susan Bayh began her career as a corporate director , `` Sen. Evan Bayh ( has ) cast more than 3,000 votes , including some on issues of keen interest to the pharmaceutical , broadcast , insurance , food - distribution and finance industries '' . Since 2003 , Bayh prohibited his staff from having lobbying contacts with his wife or representatives of the companies she directs . Bayh has insisted his wife 's ties have had no bearing on his congressional actions . `` The reality is I do n't even know the people who run the vast majority of her companies . I 've never even spoken to them , '' Bayh told the Journal Gazette . `` The reality is , we do n't talk about stuff that she 's involved with . '' 2008 U.S. presidential election ( edit ) Main article : Evan Bayh presidential campaign , 2008 Further information : Barack Obama presidential campaign , 2008 and Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection , 2008 Bayh in New Hampshire for his campaign Bayh campaigning with Hillary Clinton for her campaign On December 1 , 2006 , news sources revealed that Bayh was creating a presidential exploratory committee . Bayh confirmed these reports on December 3 . On December 15 , 2006 , Bayh announced that he would not run for president in 2008 . He later endorsed Hillary Clinton . Bayh speaks during the third night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver , Colorado During the 2008 United States Presidential campaign , Bayh stated that he would accept an offer to be Barack Obama 's running mate . According to David Plouffe , it was a `` coin toss '' between Bayh and Joe Biden for Obama 's pick for vice president , with Tim Kaine being a contender before deciding to focus on the DNC chairmanship . Post Senate career ( edit ) Bayh speaking at an event during the 2012 Democratic National Convention After his retirement from the U.S. Senate . Bayh campaigned for Senator Joe Donnelly 's two - day , five - city `` main street tour , '' among other visits , and introduced Donnelly before his victory speech in Indiana 's 2012 U.S. Senate election . As of the end of 2015 , Bayh had just over $9 million in unspent campaign cash . Bayh with Haley Barbour in 2013 Bayh 's net worth soared to between $13.9 million and $48 million after he left office and began a post-Congress career with lobbying firms and corporate boards . This was a significant increase over the $6.8 - $8.0 million in assets he reported during his last year in Congress . Bayh received over $6 million in compensation from salary , compensation from corporate boards , and speaking fees from January 2015 through October 2016 . 2016 U.S. Senate campaign ( edit ) Bayh 's 2016 campaign logo Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2016 On July 11 , 2016 , CNN reported that Bayh was preparing to enter the 2016 U.S. Senate election in Indiana to run for the seat being vacated by Dan Coats , who was retiring . Baron Hill , who won an uncontested primary to become the Democratic nominee on May 3 , formally withdrew from the race on the same day to make way for Bayh 's candidacy . Bayh ran into criticism in August 2016 over his residency status in Indiana . WFLI - TV reported that he was listed twice as an `` inactive voter '' in Indiana records . CNN reported that Bayh repeatedly listed his two multimillion - dollar houses in Washington , D.C. as his primary residences , not his $53,000 condo in Indianapolis . When asked by a local television reporter to state his Indiana address , he stated the wrong address . In response , Bayh stated that he `` voted in every primary and every general election for the last 25 to 30 years '' and is `` an active voter in Indiana , '' and when asked how often he is in Indiana , he stated , `` all the time , frequently . '' Bayh was defeated by Republican Representative Todd Young in the November election . Young won 52 % of the vote to Bayh 's 42 % . Political positions ( edit ) Abortion ( edit ) Evan Bayh has a 100 % rating by the NARAL . He voted in favor of the Partial - Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003 . He voted against the Unborn Victims of Violence Act in 2004 . He voted in favor of the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2006 . He voted against an amendment to prohibit federal funds from going to groups that support coerced abortion . He repeatedly voted against amendments to prohibit federal funds from being used for abortions . Agriculture ( edit ) Bayh voted for the 2002 Farm Bill that provided financial support accessible to rural communities . The bill provides funds for rural water and waste infrastructure . The Farm Bill also provides technology for rural residents ' technical skills . Capital punnishment ( edit ) As Governor of Indiana , Bayh was a vocal supporter of capital punishment . Civil rights ( edit ) Bayh has a mixed but left - leaning record on civil rights , having earned a 60 % by the ACLU ( 2002 ) , and 89 % by the HRC ( 2006 ) , and a 100 % by the NAACP ( 2006 ) . Some of his votes include a 1998 vote where Bayh voted to continue nonquota affirmative action programs . He voted to add sexual orientation under hate crime rules in both 2000 and 2002 . In 2001 , he voted yes to ease wiretapping restrictions . In 2006 , he voted yes on a flag - burning constitutional amendment and no on an amendment to ban same - sex marriage . Climate change ( edit ) Bayh has been called `` a fence - sitter on climate legislation , '' because he has stated concern about the effects of climate change but he also values cheap energy as beneficial to Indiana 's manufacturing industry . In 2008 he signed a letter expressing concerns with a cap - and - trade bill known as the Climate Security Act that was then on the Senate floor , but he ultimately voted for the bill . In 2010 he voted to prevent the EPA from regulating greenhouse gas pollution . Economy ( edit ) At a speech to the Commonwealth Club of California , Bayh said : What concerns me most about President Bush 's tax and budget proposals , is that they threaten to undermine the foundation of the ' 90s ' prosperity -- replacing the `` virtuous cycle '' created by fiscal responsibility with a `` vicious cycle '' of deficits and debt , rising interest rates , and disinvestment . His proposals constitute a narrow ideological agenda , not an effective economic strategy , and completely fail to grasp the realities of the New Economy and the many requirements for economic success in the 21st Century . Education ( edit ) As governor , Bayh created the 21st Century Scholars program , which promises at - risk middle school students full tuition scholarships in return for being drug , alcohol and crime - free and maintaining decent grades . Iowa and Wisconsin have both introduced legislation modeling Bayh 's program . Environment ( edit ) Voted no on prohibiting eminent domain for use as parks or grazing land in December 2007 . Voted yes on including oil and gas smokestacks in mercury regulations in September 2005 . Rated 74 % by the League of Conservation Voters , indicating pro-environment votes , in December 2003 . Voted no on confirming Gale Norton as Secretary of Interior in January 2001 . Voted no on more funding for forest roads and fish habitat in September 1999 . Voted to strengthen prohibitions against animal fighting in January 2007 . Health Care ( edit ) Bayh introduced the Medicare Prescription Drug Emergency Guarantee Act of 2006 to amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to assure uninterrupted access to necessary medicines under the Medicare prescription drug program . Bayh proposed legislation he says could help cut health care insurance premiums by at least 20 percent for small businesses and individuals . He voted in favor of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act ( both 2010 ) . Israel ( edit ) He is a member of AIPAC 's advisory committee . Iran ( edit ) Bayh appeared on CNN 's Late Edition in January 2006 and referred to the `` radical , almost delusional nature of the Iranian regime '' and recent comments of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that the Holocaust is a `` myth . To deny history like this , this virulent anti-Semitism , their sponsoring of terrorism , their search for a nuclear weapon -- ought to be a wake - up call to every American . Appeasement wo n't work . We need to use diplomacy , economic sanctions , other means , so we wo n't have to resort to military action . '' Bayh introduced legislation in January 2006 that would impose sanctions on Iran . On January 20 , 2006 , Bayh introduced a resolution calling for economic sanctions on Iran , with the goal of deterring Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In 2007 , Bayh `` supported the Kyl - Lieberman amendment that Obama made a key part of his critique of Clinton . '' Iraq ( edit ) Bayh shakes the hand of a marine while visiting Iraq in January 2006 Bayh was an early supporter of the idea of removing Saddam Hussein from power for humanitarian reasons . On October 2 , 2002 , Bayh joined President George W. Bush and congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War , and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution . In 2006 , Bayh criticized the conduct of the Iraq War : It is clear to just about everyone but the die - hard neoconservatives within this administration that shifting our focus away from Osama bin Laden to Saddam Hussein was perhaps the biggest strategic blunder in our nation 's history . And while we have been preoccupied with Iraq , under this President , North Korea has gone nuclear and Iran is on the verge of doing so . A blog from The Washington Post reported that in February 2006 Bayh was quoted saying : `` We 've got to be somewhere between ' cut and run ' ... and mindlessly staying the course . You 've got to have a sensible middle ground . '' Trade ( edit ) During his time in the Senate , Bayh criticized trade policies of some countries , including China . Bayh 's bipartisan Stopping Overseas Subsidies ( SOS ) Act was intended to allow the United States to enforce its antisubsidy laws abroad . He voted against CAFTA . Bayh placed a hold on the President 's nominee to be the U.S. Trade Representative . After receiving several key commitments from nominee ( now U.S. Senator ) Rob Portman to get tough on China trade , Bayh agreed to release his hold . Electoral history ( edit ) Indiana Secretary of State , 1986 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Evan Bayh 828,494 53.3 % Republican Robert Bowen 704,952 45.4 % American Linda Paterson 10,224 0.7 % Libertarian Karen Benson 10,180 0.7 % Democratic Nomination for Governor of Indiana , 1988 <Th_colspan="2"> Candidate Votes % <Td_colspan="2"> Evan Bayh 493,198 83.1 <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Daily 66,242 11.2 <Td_colspan="2"> Frank O'Bannon 34,360 5.8 Governor of Indiana , 1988 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,138,574 53.2 % Republican John Mutz 1,002,207 46.8 % Governor of Indiana , 1992 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Evan Bayh ( incumbent ) 1,382,151 62.0 % Republican Linley Pearson 822,533 36.9 % New Alliance Mary Barton 24,378 1.1 % U.S. Senator from Indiana ( Class 3 ) , 1998 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,012,244 63.7 % Republican Paul Helmke 552,732 34.8 % Libertarian Rebecca Sink - Burris 23,641 1.5 % U.S. Senator from Indiana ( Class 3 ) , 2004 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,496,976 61.6 % Republican Marvin Scott 903,913 37.3 % Libertarian Albert Barger 27,344 1.1 % <Th_colspan="3"> Majority 593,063 24.3 % <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 2,428,233 100.00 % <Td_colspan="4"> Democratic hold U.S. Senator from Indiana ( Class 3 ) , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Todd Young 1,423,991 52.11 % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,158,947 42.41 % Libertarian Lucy Brenton 149,481 5.47 % Write - in James L. Johnson , Jr . 127 0.01 % <Th_colspan="3"> Majority 265,044 9.75 % <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 2,732,573 100.00 % <Td_colspan="4"> Republican hold See also ( edit ) Indiana portal List of Governors of Indiana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mulkern , Anne C. ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` K Street Snares Another Former Senator '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh joins Fox News '' . Politico . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Richard A. ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Bayh , Card team up for U.S. Chamber '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Berry Plastics Group , Inc . Appoints B. Evan Bayh to Company 's Board of Directors '' . Berry Plastics Corp . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh on running for Senate , Indiana residency '' . Indystar.com. 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press , Todd Young wins Indiana U.S. Senate seat , defeating Evan Bayh , WNDU - TV , November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh Biography '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al - Missned '' . People.forbes.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Susan Bayh Profile , Forbes.com ; retrieved August 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evan Bayh '' . The Indianapolis Star . February 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2001 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The 1992 Elections : State by State '' . The Washington Post . November 5 , 1992 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Financial Disclosure . '' Open Secrets , 1999 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Third Way : Evan Bayh , United States Senator , Indiana '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bayh , Evan ( August 18 , 2002 ) . `` Making the case to remove Hussein from power ; Silence can pose even greater risk '' ( paid archive ) . Chicago Tribune . p. 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Firestone , David ( October 1 , 2002 ) . `` Democrats seek compromise with White House on Iraq '' . The New York Times . p. 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Groppe , Maureen ( October 1 , 2002 ) . `` Iraq puts senators in surprising roles ; Bayh backs Bush , while Lugar openly questions strategy '' ( paid archive ) . The Indianapolis Star . p . A01 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Press Secretary ( October 2 , 2002 ) . `` President , House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution '' . The White House . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Schneider , Mary Beth ( October 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bayh co-sponsors resolution on Iraq '' ( paid archive ) . The Indianapolis Star . p . A01 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Tackett , Michael ( October 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bush , House OK Iraq deal ; Congress marches with Bush '' ( paid archive ) . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh on the Issues '' . Ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( 2010 - 12 - 13 ) Why Glenn Beck is Like Evan Bayh , Slate.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Evan Bayh wo n't seek re-election , Senate majority in play ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Challenger adds to post-Bayh chaos '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : `` AP : Job hunt substantial part of Evan Bayh 's last year '' . Indystar.com. 2016 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Raju , Manu ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Evan Bayh 's private schedule details ties with donors , lobbyists '' . CNN . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sylvia ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Across the boards '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ 6abc.com : Bayh Signals White House Run , Abclocal.go.com , December 1 2016 ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Clarke , Richard A. ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Indiana Sen. Bayh to endorse Clinton '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Bayh : ' Yes ' to VP '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh was about a ' coin toss ' away from being veep , book says '' . Indianapolis Star . November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh will join Joe Donnelly for U.S. Senate campaign trip '' . Evansville Courier & Press . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Donnelly and Evan Bayh to visit Fort Wayne on Monday '' . wane.com . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donnelly defeats Mourdock for Indiana 's U.S. Senate Seat '' . WNDU . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dave Levinthal ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nearly $100 million in campaign cash sits idle '' . Center for Public Integrity . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh October 2015 Quarterly Report '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bayh net worth soared since leaving Senate , Politico.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings report shows Evan Bayh raked in millions after leaving politics '' . Indystar.com. 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` First on CNN : Evan Bayh mounting Senate return '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Phillips , Amber ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thanks to Evan Bayh , Democrats could have another opportunity to try to take back the Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bayh addresses Indiana voting status controversy '' , WISHtv.com , August 20 , 2016 ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records contradict Bayh 's assertion over staying in Indiana '' . Cnn.com. 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bayh screws up Indiana address during local interview , Politico.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evan Bayh gets his own address wrong ( Washington Examiner ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Shaun ; Catanzarite , Maria ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Todd Young wins Indiana U.S. Senate seat , defeating Evan Bayh '' . WNDU - TV . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Indiana U.S. Senate Results : Todd Young Wins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Evan Bayh 's Voting Records on Issue : Abortion , VoteSmart.org ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USDA 2002 Farm Bill Information Page , Fsa.usda.gov ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evan Bayh on the Issues '' . Ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Evan Bayh ( D - Ind . ) ( UPDATED ) `` , by Grist Staff , 2009 - 10 - 28 . http://grist.org/article/2009-evan-bayh-on-climate-legislation/ Jump up ^ Sheppard , Kate ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` Swing - vote Democrats explain why they oppose the Climate Security Act '' . Grist . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress -- 2nd Session , Vote Number 145 , Senate.gov ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress -- 2nd Session , Vote Number 184 , Senate.gov ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DLC : Remarks by Sen. Evan Bayh to the Commonwealth Club of California '' . Web.archive.org. 2001 - 04 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CHE : Home '' . In.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bayh Praises Wisconsin , Iowa for New Legislation Based on 21st Century Scholars , Americanchronicle.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. 2238 : Medicare Prescription Drug Emergency Guarantee Act of 2006 Jump up ^ Bayh Proposes Legislation to Ease Rising Cost of Healthcare , Insideindianabusiness.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 1st Session '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4872 ( 111th ) : Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 '' . GovTrack.us. 2010 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hirschfeld , Julie . `` Pro-Israel Aipac Creates Group to Lobby Against the Iran Deal - First Draft '' . Nytimes.com . Iran ; Israel . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senators : Military last option on Iran - Jan 16 , 2006 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sen. Clinton Urges U.N. Sanctions Against Iran , Washingtonpost.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh to Introduce Senate Resolution Calling for Sanctions on Iran '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ TAPPED Archive The American Prospect , Prospect.org ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate : Legislation & Records Home > Votes , Senate.gov ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Gloom and Doom -- Early Warning , Washingtonpost.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Cilliza ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` The Fix -- The Case Against Evan Bayh '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bayh lifts block on trade post , Thetimesonline.com ; accessed July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana General Election , November 8 , 2016 '' . Indiana Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Evan Bayh . Appearances on C - SPAN Evan Bayh for Senate 2016 Campaign Evan Bayh column archives at The Huffington Post Works by or about Evan Bayh in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) DePauw University 2006 commencement speech University of Virginia Commencement Speech <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices Preceded by Edwin Simcox Secretary of State of Indiana 1987 -- 1989 Succeeded by Joe Hogsett Preceded by Robert Orr Governor of Indiana 1989 -- 1997 Succeeded by Frank O'Bannon <Th_colspan="3"> Party political offices Preceded by Wayne Townsend Democratic nominee for Governor of Indiana 1988 , 1992 Succeeded by Frank O'Bannon Preceded by David Walters Chair of the Democratic Governors Association 1993 -- 1994 Succeeded by Mel Carnahan Preceded by Bill Bradley Barbara Jordan Zell Miller Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention Succeeded by Harold Ford Preceded by Joe Hogsett Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Indiana ( Class 3 ) 1998 , 2004 Succeeded by Brad Ellsworth Preceded by Joe Lieberman Chair of the Democratic Leadership Council 2001 -- 2005 Succeeded by Tom Vilsack Preceded by Baron Hill Withdrew Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Indiana ( Class 3 ) 2016 Most recent <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. Senate Preceded by Dan Coats U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Indiana 1999 -- 2011 Served alongside : Dick Lugar Succeeded by Dan Coats <Th_colspan="3"> Governors of Indiana Territorial ( 1800 -- 16 ) Harrison Gibson ( acting ) Posey State ( since 1816 ) Jennings Boon W. Hendricks Ray Noble Wallace Bigger J. Whitcomb Dunning Wright Willard Hammond Lane Morton Baker T. Hendricks Williams Gray Porter Gray Hovey Chase Matthews Mount Durbin Hanly Marshall Ralston Goodrich McCray Branch Jackson Leslie McNutt Townsend Schricker Gates Schricker Craig Handley Welsh Branigin E. Whitcomb Bowen Orr Bayh O'Bannon Kernan Daniels Pence Holcomb <Td_colspan="3"> See also : Governor of Indiana <Th_colspan="3"> United States Senators from Indiana Class 1 Noble Hanna Tipton White Bright Wright Turpie T. Hendricks Pratt McDonald Harrison Turpie Beveridge Kern New Ralston Robinson Minton Willis Jenner Hartke Lugar Donnelly Class 3 Taylor W. Hendricks Smith Hannegan Whitcomb Cathcart Pettit Fitch Lane Morton Voorhees Fairbanks Hemenway Shively Taggart Watson Van Nuys Jackson Jenner Capehart Bayh II Quayle Coats Bayh III Coats Young <Th_colspan="2"> Chairmen of the Democratic Leadership Council <Td_colspan="2"> Gephardt Robb Nunn Clinton Breaux McCurdy Lieberman Bayh Vilsack Ford <Th_colspan="2"> ( 2004 ← ) United States presidential election , 2008 ( → 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United States elections , 2008 Candidates Comparison Debates Congressional support Fundraising Ballot access Timeline Super Tuesday Potomac primary Super Tuesday II General polls Statewide general polls International polls International reaction Democratic Party Convention Primary polls General polls Debates Primaries Primary results Superdelegates Democratic candidates Nominee Barack Obama ( campaign positions ) VP nominee Joe Biden ( positions ) Other candidates : Evan Bayh ( campaign ) Joe Biden ( campaign ) Hillary Clinton ( campaign ) Chris Dodd ( campaign ) John Edwards ( campaign ) Mike Gravel ( campaign ) Dennis Kucinich ( campaign ) Bill Richardson ( campaign ) Tom Vilsack ( campaign ) Republican Party Convention Primary polls General polls Debates Primaries Primary results Republican candidates Nominee John McCain ( campaign positions ) VP nominee Sarah Palin ( candidacy positions ) Other candidates : Sam Brownback John Cox Jim Gilmore ( campaign ) Rudy Giuliani ( campaign ) Mike Huckabee ( campaign ) Duncan Hunter ( campaign ) Alan Keyes ( campaign ) Ray McKinney Ron Paul ( campaign ) Mitt Romney ( campaign ) Tom Tancredo ( campaign ) Fred Thompson ( campaign ) Tommy Thompson ( campaign ) Draft movements Democratic Party Al Gore Mark Warner ( movement ) Republican Party Newt Gingrich Condoleezza Rice ( movement ) Independent Michael Bloomberg ( movement ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates Constitution Party Convention Nominee Chuck Baldwin ( campaign ) VP nominee Darrell Castle Candidates Daniel Imperato Alan Keyes ( campaign ) Green Party Convention Nominee Cynthia McKinney ( campaign positions ) VP nominee Rosa Clemente Candidates Elaine Brown Jesse Johnson Kent Mesplay Kat Swift Libertarian Party Convention Nominee Bob Barr ( campaign positions ) VP nominee Wayne Allyn Root Candidates Mike Gravel ( campaign ) Daniel Imperato Michael Jingozian Steve Kubby Wayne Allyn Root Mary Ruwart Doug Stanhope American Party Nominee Diane Beall Templin America 's Independent Party Nominee Alan Keyes ( campaign ) VP nominee Brian Rohrbough Boston Tea Party Nominee Charles Jay New American Independent Party Nominee Frank McEnulty Objectivist Party Nominee Tom Stevens Peace and Freedom Party Nominee Ralph Nader ( campaign ) VP nominee Matt Gonzalez Candidates : Gloria La Riva Cynthia McKinney ( campaign ) Brian Moore ( campaign ) Prohibition Party Nominee Gene Amondson Reform Party Nominee Ted Weill VP nominee Frank McEnulty Socialism and Liberation Party Nominee Gloria La Riva VP nominee Eugene Puryear Socialist Party Nominee Brian Moore ( campaign ) VP nominee Stewart Alexander Candidates Eric Chester Socialist Workers Party Nominee Róger Calero Alternate nominee James Harris VP nominee Alyson Kennedy Independent / Other Jeff Boss Stephen Colbert Earl Dodge Bradford Lyttle Frank Moore Joe Schriner Jonathon Sharkey <Td_colspan="2"> Other 2008 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial <Th_colspan="2"> Video game classifications and controversies <Td_colspan="2"> List of controversial video games List of banned video games List of regionally censored video games Religion and video games Video game content rating system Video game law Family Entertainment Protection Act Law 3037 / 2002 Truth in Video Game Rating Act Video Game Decency Act Video Recordings Act 1984 Game content rating boards Active iOS App Store ( online ) Australian Classification Board CERO ( Japan ) ClassInd ( Brazil ) ESRA ( Iran ) ESRB ( US , Canada , Mexico ) FPB ( South Africa ) Game Rating and Administration Committee ( South Korea ) Game Software Rating Regulations ( Taiwan ) IARC ( online ) MDA ( Singapore ) National Audiovisual Institute ( Finland ) National Institute of Cinema and Audiovisual Arts ( Argentina ) OFLC ( New Zealand ) RAR ( Russia ) PEGI * ( Europe , Israel ) USK ( Germany ) Video Standards Council ( United Kingdom ) Defunct 3DO Rating System ( US ) BBFC * * ( UK ) ICRA ( online ) Korea Media Rating Board Recreational Software Advisory Council ( US ) SELL ( France ) Videogame Rating Council ( US ) Lawsuits Brown v. 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-8,039,932,966,844,230,000 | what station is the discovery channel on direct tv | The Weather Channel - Wikipedia The Weather Channel Jump to : navigation , search For the Australian Weather Channel that formerly went by the same name as the U.S. channel , see Sky News Weather Channel . For the former parent company of the Weather Channel now owned by IBM , see The Weather Company . <Th_colspan="2"> The Weather Channel <Td_colspan="2"> Launched May 2 , 1982 ; 35 years ago ( 1982 - 05 - 02 ) Owned by Landmark Communications ( 1982 -- 2008 ) Consortium made up of The Blackstone Group , Bain Capital , and NBCUniversal ( 2008 -- ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ; letterboxed with weather information ) Slogan It 's Amazing Out There ( main ) Where You Get Your Weather Matters ( current promotional campaign ) Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States , US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico and The Bahamas Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia Sister channel ( s ) Weatherscan Local Now Website weather.com <Th_colspan="2"> Availability <Th_colspan="2"> Terrestrial UHF - TV Inc . ( Willmar , Minnesota ) K34HO - D ( channel 34 ) Selective TV , Inc . ( Alexandria , Minnesota ) K50DB - D ( channel 50 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Dish Network 214 ( HD / SD ) DirecTV 362 ( HD / SD ) 1362 ( On Demand ) <Th_colspan="2"> Cable Available on most US cable providers Contact your provider for information . <Th_colspan="2"> IPTV AT&T U-verse 225 ( SD ) 1225 ( HD ) Sky Angel 320 CenturyLink PrismTV 225 ( SD ) 1225 ( HD ) <Th_colspan="2"> Streaming media OneLink Communications 96 Sling TV Local Now service only The Weather Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel , owned by a consortium made up of The Blackstone Group , Bain Capital , and NBCUniversal . Its headquarters are located in Atlanta , Georgia . Launched on May 2 , 1982 , the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather - related news and analysis , along with documentaries and entertainment programming related to weather . A sister network , Weatherscan , is a digital cable and satellite service that offers 24 - hour automated local forecasts and radar imagery . In addition to its programming on the cable channel , TWC also provided forecasts for terrestrial and satellite radio stations , newspapers and websites , and maintained an extensive online presence at weather.com and through a set of mobile applications for smartphones and tablet computers . These services are now administered by The Weather Channel 's former parent company , The Weather Company , which was sold to IBM in 2016 . The Weather Channel continues to license its brand assets and weather data from IBM . As of January 2016 , The Weather Channel is received by 88.0 million households in America . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Current 1.1. 1 Sale to NBCUniversal , Bain , and Blackstone 1.1. 2 Later years 1.1. 3 International versions 2 Local on the 8s 3 Related services 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio and newspaper presence 3.3 Online services 4 Programming 4.1 Movies 5 Notable current personalities 5.1 On - camera meteorologists 5.2 Specialists 5.3 Reporters 5.4 Former personalities 6 Branding 6.1 Logos 6.1. 1 Slogans 7 Controversy 7.1 Cable and satellite carriage disputes 7.1. 1 Dish Network carriage dispute 7.1. 2 DirecTV carriage dispute 7.1. 3 Removal by Verizon FiOS 7.2 Winter storm naming 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of The Weather Channel The Weather Channel was founded on July 18 , 1980 , by veteran television meteorologist John Coleman ( who , at the time of the channel 's founding , had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned - and - operated station WLS - TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America ) and Frank Batten , then - president of the channel 's original owner Landmark Communications ( now Landmark Media Enterprises ) . The channel launched at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on May 2 , 1982 . Originally , regional and local information was obtained by the National Weather Service for broadcast . Since 2002 , all forecasting has been done on - site in Atlanta . Current ( edit ) The Weather Channel uses special proprietary equipment that inserts information on current and future local weather conditions , and weather alerts issued by the National Weather Service and the Storm Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center , if it is viewed on a cable television provider . The original WeatherStar technology has been upgraded on larger cable systems to the IntelliStar , which incorporates `` Vocal Local '' to announce current conditions , weather bulletins and detailed local forecasts . Subscribers of satellite , IPTV and some smaller cable providers originally saw only a roundup of local TWC - sourced forecasts for major cities across the U.S. , as well as national and regional satellite and radar images , and severe weather watch and warning maps when active . However , satellite customers with newer systems or interactive TV receivers have the choice of `` roundups '' or localized forecasts . For both cable and satellite viewers , popular music ( formerly smooth jazz ) plays in the background during these segments . Some older WeatherStar units were still in use by small cable companies that could n't afford to upgrade to the IntelliStar . The WeatherStar units are also able to overlay text - based local contact information over the national feed during certain business advertisements aired on the channel . The Weather Channel operates a service based on modified versions of the WeatherStar technology called Weatherscan , a separate non-network TV channel which constantly displays local and regional conditions , and forecasts , along with The Weather Channel 's logo , and on some cable systems , advertisements . The Weather Channel also runs websites in Latin America ( Canal de Tiempo ) , Brazil ( Canal do Tempo ) , the United Kingdom ( Weather Channel ) , France ( Météo 123 ) and Germany ( Wetter 123 ) . TWC only runs its U.S. channel , although it does produce international forecasts . The Weather Channel also has Weather stations in national universities of the USA ( MIT , University of California ) , UK ( University of Oxford , Lancaster University ) and Global Meteo Station at the North Pole and International Space Station . A definitive history of the network , The Weather Channel : The Improbable Rise of a Media Phenomenon , by Jeffrey L. Cruikshank and network co-founder Frank Batten , was published by Harvard Business Press in May 2002 , in honor of TWC 's 20th anniversary . Sale to NBCUniversal , Bain , and Blackstone ( edit ) On January 3 , 2008 , Landmark Communications put The Weather Channel and its assets up for sale . On July 6 , 2008 , NBC Universal , Bain Capital and Blackstone Group agreed to jointly purchase The Weather Channel from Landmark , making it the channel 's first ownership change in 26 years . The sale was finalized on September 12 , 2008 . NBC Universal also owned NBC Weather Plus , a rival service which was carried by and featured content from the NBC television network 's local network affiliates ; that service announced its discontinuation three months later . Over-the - air digital subchannels carrying Weather Plus have since switched to the similarly formatted The Local AccuWeather Channel , kept the Weather Plus engine , or switched affiliations to other networks such as This TV or the Retro Television Network ; some have shut down entirely . From November 2008 to February 2009 , The Weather Channel laid off seven long - time on - camera meteorologists : Kristina Abernathy , Eboni Deon , Kristin Dodd , Rich Johnson , Cheryl Lemke , Mark Mancuso and Dave Schwartz ( Schwartz would return to TWC in April 2014 , but died of cancer on July 30 , 2016 ) . With the exception of Deon , all had been on the air for more than ten years , and three of them had been employed by the network for more than twenty years . In July 2010 , The Weather Channel terminated Bill Keneely , the last of the original on - camera meteorologists who appeared on the network 's first broadcasts in 1982 . In December of that year , the network also laid off on - camera meteorologist Nicole Mitchell , who later would file a lawsuit against The Weather Channel in 2012 , alleging that she had been terminated because the channel 's new owners disapproved of the time required by her simultaneous duties as a Captain in the U.S. Air Force Reserve as one of the `` Hurricane Hunters '' team ; such reserve duties are protected by U.S. law ( Mitchell later served as the chief meteorologist at Al Jazeera America , which for a time also employed Eboni Deon ) . Inevitably , the merger of NBC on - air meteorologists began in May 2009 . Former NBC Weather Plus meteorologist Todd Santos joined The Weather Channel on May 2 of that year . Al Roker of NBC 's Today began hosting a one - hour morning program called Wake Up With Al , alongside meteorologist Stephanie Abrams later in the summer . However , for New York City - based forecasting operations ( those utilized for forecasts on MSNBC and CNBC , for instance ) , the former NBC Weather Plus forecasting , radar and graphics systems remain in place , with banners changed to fit The Weather Channel 's graphics scheme . On September 10 , 2009 , The Weather Channel co-founder Frank Batten died . Later years ( edit ) In January 2012 , David Kenny took over as chief executive officer of The Weather Channel , replacing former AOL executive Mike Kelly , who had been appointed as the company 's CEO in the summer of 2009 . Although all operations , sales support and marketing and the bulk of employees are located in the headquarters in Atlanta , Kenny declined to move there , and continues to live and work from his home in Boston , visiting Atlanta once or twice per quarter . This is counter to general company policy which discourages telecommuting for the majority of employees . Later in 2012 , The Weather Channel 's holding company changed its name from The Weather Channel Companies to The Weather Company . The company also purchased competing weather service and website Weather Underground the same year . On March 10 , 2015 Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel and WeatherScan for their rival , AccuWeather . On September 9 , 2015 , the channel announced a phased overhaul of its programming schedule during 2016 , in which the channel would gradually shift its focus back towards a forecast - based lineup ; the channel cancelled Wake Up with Al ( citing high production costs as it was produced in New York city rather than Atlanta ) and announced that AMHQ would be reformatted as a weather - focused program ( eliminating lifestyle segments ) , with Stephanie Abrams taking over as host while original host Sam Champion would become a contributor for its prime time schedule starting November 2 . The network also announced it would no longer greenlight original long - form programming , and expand live forecast programming on its schedule throughout 2016 once all remaining long - form programs already in development conclude their runs . In a memo sent out to network staff by Weather Company CEO David Kenny , it cited the refocusing towards weather - based programs was done on the basis that `` our most passionate fans come to us for the weather and the science behind the weather , not our original shows . '' Around 50 TWC employees -- including production , engineering and financial staff -- were laid off , and the television channel 's budget was reduced to focus investments on the company 's Internet and mobile properties . The channel 's original format was akin to that of a news and information cable network . Since the creation of the series Atmospheres in 2000 and Storm Stories in 2003 , The Weather Channel had seen a gradual transition toward a mix of weather forecast programming and weather - related entertainment programming that paralleled the launch of sister network Weatherscan , the evolution of the always - on `` L '' bar / weather ticker , the development of weather.com and popular branded mobile phone applications , and the increased viewing and interest in documentary programs on the topic of weather . In November 2013 , the channel introduced a new initiative of `` weather all the time '' in response to the criticism ; all original programming -- which was rebranded under the tagline Natural Drama -- now had direct relevance to weather - related subjects , and the network reemphasized its promise to interrupt original programming either regionally or nationally during major weather events ; in addition , The Weather Channel extended the display of its lower display line ( which also experienced a design revamp as part of the introduction of a new graphics package ) to commercial breaks and through entire broadcasts of its original programs . In August 2015 , reports surfaced that The Weather Company 's owners were considering a sale of all or part of the venture , having hired Morgan Stanley and PJT Partners to explore their options . On October 28 , 2015 , it was announced that IBM would acquire most of The Weather Company 's assets , including weather.com , Weather Underground , the related mobile applications , and their underlying data platforms , for an undisclosed amount . IBM plans to leverage its Watson technology as part of the acquisition , foreseeing its use for weather analytics and predictions . The deal , which closed the following January , does not include The Weather Channel itself , which remains owned by the Bain / Blackstone / NBCUniversal consortium , and entered into a long - term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its weather data and `` The Weather Channel '' name and branding . In August 2016 , reports surfaced that Sinclair Broadcast Group expressed interest in acquiring ownership of The Weather Channel . International versions ( edit ) Main article : The Weather Channel internationally Over the years , attempts to broadcast international versions of TWC -- apart from the Australian version of The Weather Channel ( now Sky News Weather Channel ) -- have failed . TWC also operates websites that provide localized forecasts in Brazil , France , Germany , India , Latin America and the United Kingdom , but some of these sites apparently have not been developed further since 2003 . The Weather Channel also shares radar imagery and forecasts with The Weather Network in Canada , particularly for The Weather Channel 's Canadian forecasts . A U.K. version of The Weather Channel operated from September 1 , 1996 to January 30 , 1998 , when it was shut down due to low viewership . It shared channel space with Sky Movies Gold / Sky Box Office 2 , The Racing Channel and Galavision , airing for five hours a day . It was designed for cable as it had local weather information for specific regions ; in some areas , it was carried on cable providers 24 hours a day . TWC also operated The Weather Channel Latin America , a Spanish language network serving Mexico , Puerto Rico and South America . This network launched in 1996 and existed until December 20 , 2002 , when it ceased operations due to budget cuts . The channel 's three original on - camera weather presenters were Paola Elorza , Sal Morales and Mari Carmen Ramos ; all three left the channel within a year of its launch and respectively went on to work for Univision in Miami , Telemundo in Los Angeles , and CNN International in Atlanta . In 1998 , a Portuguese version was launched in Brazil , which ceased operations on the same date due to low ratings . Local on the 8s ( edit ) Main article : Local on the 8s Since its inception , The Weather Channel has broadcast segments providing local weather observations and forecasts generated by WeatherStar systems ( `` STAR '' being an acronym for Satellite Transponder Addressable Receiver ) , proprietary computer units that are installed at the headends of individual cable providers . Until 1995 , the forecast segments aired at various times each hour , but are currently shown at times ending in `` 8 '' -- as such , in 1996 ( although it would not be used full - time until 2002 ) , the channel adopted `` Local on the 8s '' as the title for the segments ( though local forecast segments aired on the channel are reduced to once per half - hour whenever non-forecast programs air ) . With the introduction of the IntelliStar system ( the sixth - generation STAR system , which was introduced in 2002 ) , traffic information was also generated that provided roadway flow , construction and accident information for metropolitan areas where traffic.com ( via its TrafficPulse service ) provides traffic data ; however , this feature was eliminated from the IntelliStar 's programmed `` flavors '' ( the arrangements of specialized segments played during individual local forecasts ) when traffic.com ended its content agreement with TWC in 2010 . The WeatherStar systems also utilize a Lower Display Line ( LDL ) that appears at the bottom of the screen during all programming ( until November 2013 , it had been limited to only local forecasts and national programming , while being removed from the screen during commercial breaks ) , providing current conditions for a specific location and two or three towns within 15 miles , almanac data and forecasts on cable headends using the IntelliStar system , and only current conditions and forecasts on cable headends using STAR models from WeatherStar XL and older . WeatherStar units also allow cable providers to scroll text messages when in use , including the capability to broadcast severe weather advisories and warnings in effect for the jurisdiction in which the WeatherStar system 's cable headend is located and its immediate surrounding area . Related services ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Service Description The Weather Channel HD The Weather Channel launched a high definition simulcast feed -- which broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format -- on September 26 , 2007 , initially available on DirecTV . As of 2014 , all of the network 's programming is currently produced in high definition ( with the exception of It Could Happen Tomorrow , Full Force Nature and older episodes of Storm Stories ) , which is presented on the standard definition channel in a modified letterboxed format that fills space that would usually be filled by black bars with weather information provided by the Lower Display Line at the bottom of the screen . The Weather Channel HD is carried on most major cable and satellite providers ( such as Comcast Xfinity , Time Warner Cable , Cox Communications , Cablevision , AT&T U-verse , Charter Communications , DirecTV and Dish Network ) , many of which added the HD feed throughout the fourth quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of 2008 . When the HD feed was launched , none of the channel 's programming was actually presented in high definition , outside of a national `` satellite '' version of the `` Local on the 8s '' segment ; Epic Conditions and WeatherVentures became the channel 's first two programs to be presented in HD , when they premiered on October 1 , 2007 . TWC began broadcasting studio programming in high definition on June 2 , 2008 , with the introduction of a new studio that features various environmentally friendly technologies . The IntelliStar 2 , the seventh - generation STAR system and the first to generate graphical weather data in HD , was officially released in July 2010 ( although similar to previous recent STAR systems , among its modifications include an animated Lower Display Line and a Vocal Local narration track recorded by TWC meteorologist Jim Cantore ) . The system was gradually rolled out to major U.S. cable providers strictly for use on the HD feed , and would not replace existing operational STAR units from IntelliStar and older used on TWC 's standard definition feed or Weatherscan , making it one of the few channels which by necessity does not have an `` autotune to HD '' version for providers that utilize set - top boxes allowing HD tuning to standard definition channel positions , unless the HD version has local forecast capabilities . As of August 2015 , some providers ( such as Comcast ) are using the IntelliStar 2 on the standard definition channel in some locations . DirecTV began carrying the `` Local on the 8s '' segment in HD via an app on set - top boxes on September 29 , 2009 . The Weather Channel on Demand The Weather Channel on Demand is the channel 's video - on - demand service , offering a selection of episodes of its original series and original specials to digital cable and IPTV providers . Unlike the linear television channel and its sister website , the service does not provide national or local weather forecasts . Weatherscan Weatherscan ( originally called Weatherscan Local until 2003 ) is a companion digital cable and satellite channel that was launched in 1999 , which maintains a format consisting of local weather forecasts in a continuous loop uninterrupted by commercials . Available in fewer markets than The Weather Channel , it is primarily available on the digital tiers of some cable providers ( however , certain systems carry Weatherscan on a basic tier , where The Weather Channel is traditionally carried ) ; a separate feed for satellite subscribers launched on Dish Network in the summer of 2010 . Weatherscan 's forecast products are generated by an IntelliStar unit at the cable provider 's headend , which is configured differently than those systems used by The Weather Channel ; the systems feature different graphics and include additional weather products . Weatherscan displays an `` L '' - bar ( similar to that used by the now - defunct NBC Weather Plus ) that provides current conditions and weather forecasts for a particular location and its surrounding area at all times during programming , with weather information also being shown on the top right two - thirds of the screen . Local Now Local Now is an companion over-the - top channel that launched in late 2015 . Similar in format to Weatherscan , the service maintains a format consisting of local weather forecasts , traffic reports and news headlines as well as local news and sports in a continuous loop . The service is distributed to over-the - top streaming services modeled similarly to traditional pay television providers as well as on an app for iOS and Android for those who subscribe to The Weather Channel through pay - TV . Radio and newspaper presence ( edit ) The Weather Channel provides forecasts for satellite radio provider Sirius XM Radio in the United States . Both services run regional forecasts on a single station , and operate several individual stations providing combined local weather and traffic information for major metropolitan areas . TWC also maintains content partnerships with a number of local U.S. radio stations to provide local forecasts , using announcers separate from the meteorologists seen on the television channel . For some affiliates , The Weather Channel provides a limited amount of live coverage during local severe weather events ( with the Georgia - based announcers connected via ISDN ) . Distribution of TWC radio content is currently handled by Westwood One . Similarly , The Weather Channel also provides weather reports for a number of newspapers around the United States . This included a half - page national forecast for USA Today , which TWC provided content for until September 2012 , when rival AccuWeather replaced The Weather Channel as the paper 's forecast provider with TWC 's forecasts being replaced with AccuWeather 's on the USAToday.com website one month later . Online services ( edit ) See also : weather.com TWC provided numerous customized forecasts for online users through its website , weather.com , including home and garden , and event planning forecasts . Third - party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb rated the site as the 146th and 244th most visited website in the world respectively , as of July 2015 . SimilarWeb rates the site as the most visited weather website globally , attracting more than 126 million visitors per month . It also provided WAP access for mobile phone users , desktop widgets for quick reference by computer users , and customized weather feeds for individual websites . Cell phone customers could also receive local forecasts from TWC sent to their mobile handsets via SMS by sending a text message with their ZIP code to 42278 ( which spells `` 4cast '' ) . The Weather Channel also provided weather forecasts for other online services including Yahoo ! . In addition , The Weather Channel maintained apps for the iPhone , iPad , Android , Apple TV , Kindle Fire , and Windows mobile and tablet platforms . TWC formerly maintained two versions of its mobile applications : a free version that incorporates advertising and a pay version called `` TWC Max '' that does not feature advertising , the latter was discontinued in favor of an all ad - supported model on January 6 , 2014 . Aside from location - based weather forecast information , the apps provided radar maps , and tropical and seasonal updates , as well as social media related functions that track weather - related Twitter messages and allow users to send Facebook friends severe weather alerts . The channel also disseminated severe weather information , and photos and videos submitted by meteorologists and viewers , on its Twitter feed ( @ TWCBreaking , which also served as a hashtag usable for posts ) . In July 2012 , The Weather Company ( former owner of The Weather Channel ) purchased competing weather website Weather Underground . While The Weather Channel already had success with its own mobile apps , it planned to use Weather Underground 's large network of digital forecasting and tracking websites to bolster its digital growth . Weather Underground operates separately from The Weather Channel and continues to provide its own forecasts , though its website incorporates some weather news and video content from TWC . The website weather.com and most of The Weather Channel 's digital assets were sold to IBM in January 2016 . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by The Weather Channel Weather forecast programming made up TWC 's entire schedule prior to its incorporation of weather - related original programming -- referred in network promotional materials and press releases as `` long - form programming '' -- in 2000 ( with few breakaways from its forecast programs prior to then , outside of educational program The Weather Classroom , an original program produced as part of the cable television industry 's Cable in the Classroom initiative ) . The number of hours devoted to TWC 's in - studio forecast programs have steadily eroded since then . The network 's live studio programs air regularly from 5 : 00 a.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekdays and 5 : 00 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekends and holidays . AMHQ airs weekdays between 5 : 00 and 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time ; these are followed by The Weather Channel 's flagship program , Weather Center Live which airs from 9 : 00 a.m. to 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern. , and the network 's evening program , Weather Underground which airs from 6 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern . On weekends , AMHQ airs from 5 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 00 a.m. , followed by Weekend Recharge from 9 : 00 am to 12 : 00 p.m. The Weather Channel also broadcasts original weather - related documentary / entertainment series and specials . These programs run from 8 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on weekdays and 12 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on weekends and holidays ( they also run from 12 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on Mondays ) . During severe weather events affecting portions of the United States , The Weather Channel may preempt original programming in favor of airing special extended editions of Weather Center Live ( which move the color of the word `` LIVE '' from blue to red ) to provide long - form coverage and analysis until it stops ; in some events , the on - air graphics ( including Lower Display Line ) can go black - and - red ( similar to colors that WCL uses ) ; pre-emptions vary between local ( isolated to viewers in the region affected by a particular weather event ) and nationwide , depending upon the impact of the weather phenomenon / story and if a local provider utilizes a later model WeatherStar unit that allows the use of dual feeds that can substitute programming with long - form weather coverage in a given area . And also , during all of these events , the jingles that WCL uses is used to replace the normal one on Local on the 8 's . Movies ( edit ) In a move that caused controversy with many longtime viewers , The Weather Channel began airing weather - related movies on Friday nights on October 30 , 2009 . The first feature to be broadcast by the channel was the 2000 film The Perfect Storm . After December 2009 , these weekly movies were discontinued for the time being in favor of running Weather Center , which already aired throughout primetime during the rest of the work week . Despite the controversy , the Friday night film block resumed on March 26 , 2010 under the title `` Flick and a Forecast , '' co-hosted by The Weather Channel meteorologist Jen Carfagno and MSNBC contributor Touré , with the documentary Into Thin Air : Deaths on Everest . During the broadcasts , the Lower Display Line that normally appears on TWC shows to provide local weather information ( with breakaways during forecast and most long - form programs only for commercial breaks ) was removed , appearing only a few times each hour during the film as a substitute for the standard `` Local on the 8s '' segments , with a translucent TWC logo bug appearing at other times during the film when the LDL was not on - screen . While the films shown within the `` Flick and a Forecast '' block were weather - related in some form , some films featured ( such as Misery and Deep Blue Sea ) had only a minimal tie to weather . On May 31 , 2010 , NewsBlues reported The Weather Channel 's decision to cancel the movie block , due in part to viewer criticism of movies being shown on what is intended as a news and information channel , as well as a snafu that occurred during an April 2010 tornado outbreak that led to a scheduled movie being aired instead of wall - to - wall severe weather coverage . The `` Flick and a Forecast '' presentations were then replaced by an additional hour of Weather Center and a two - hour block of long - form original programs . Notable current personalities ( edit ) On - camera meteorologists ( edit ) Stephanie Abrams : AMHQ ( 2003 -- present ) Mike Bettes : Meteorologist , anchor of Weather Underground and lead tornado tracker ( 2003 -- present ) Jen Carfagno : AMHQ ( 2003 -- present ) Kelly Cass : AMHQ Weekend ( 2000 -- present ) Paul Goodloe : Weekend Recharge ( 1999 -- present ) Maria LaRosa : Weekend Recharge ( 2010 -- present ) Reynolds Wolf : AMHQ Weekend ( 2012 -- present ) Specialists ( edit ) Jim Cantore : Storm specialist , AMHQ co-anchor ( 1986 -- present ) Greg Forbes : Severe Weather Expert ( 1999 -- present ) Bryan Norcross : Tropical Weather specialist ( 2010 -- present ) Reporters ( edit ) Dave Malkoff : Field / Feature reporter ( 2012 -- present ) Mike Seidel : Meteorologist , field reporter ( 1992 -- present ) Former personalities ( edit ) John Coleman : Founder of The Weather Channel ; retired John Hope : Meteorologist / hurricane expert 1982 -- 1998 ; deceased Vivian Brown : 1986 -- 2015 Crystal Egger : 2010 -- 2013 ; now with KNBC in Los Angeles Al Roker : 2009 -- 2015 ; current co-host of Today Dave Schwartz : 1991 -- 2008 , 2014 -- 2016 ; deceased Sam Champion : 2014 -- 2016 Anaridis Rodriguez : 2014 -- 2017 ; now at WBZ - TV Branding ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Weather Channel 's first and most recognized logo was a blue rectangular box with rounded edges that debuted with The Weather Channel 's first broadcast on May 2 , 1982 . This logo was revised in 1996 , with the corners becoming less rounded and the logo becoming slightly flat . The weather.com URL text was permanently added underneath the logo in 1999 . On August 15 , 2005 , the logo was overhauled again ; the logo became a straight - edged square with no white trim on the edge and `` The Weather Channel '' text became oriented in title - case and left - justified , similar to its Canadian sister channel The Weather Network . A 25th anniversary logo used in 2007 featured a white square edged in blue connected to the current logo with the text `` 25 YEARS '' inside it in blue . When NBCUniversal acquired the network in 2008 , the network has participated in the `` Green is Universal '' campaign , which occurs twice a year , usually during April and November . The network 's logo changes to a shade of green as part of the campaign promoting environmental conservation . May 2 , 1982 -- October 1996 October 1996 -- August 15 , 2005 August 15 , 2005 -- present Green is Universal / Earth Week logo The Weather Channel HD logo , 2008 -- present Slogans ( edit ) 1982 -- 1983 : We Take the Weather Seriously , But Not Ourselves . 1983 -- 1984 : The Cable Television Network for America 's Lifestyle . 1984 -- 1986 : Weatherproofing America . 1986 -- 1991 : You Need Us , The Weather Channel , for Everything You Do . 1991 -- 1996 : Weather You Can Always Turn To . 1996 -- 1998 : No Place on Earth Has Better Weather . 1998 - 2001 : Keeping you ahead of the Storm 2001 -- 2005 : Live By It . 2005 -- 2008 : Bringing Weather to Life . June 2 -- late 2008 : The Weather Has Never Looked Better . 2009 -- early 2010 : The Sounds of Weather . Hear It , See It , Live It . 2013 -- present : It 's Amazing Out There . 2015 -- present : Where You Get Your Weather Matters ( current promotional campaign ) . Controversy ( edit ) Cable and satellite carriage disputes ( edit ) Dish network carriage dispute ( edit ) On May 20 , 2010 , Dish Network announced that it was dropping The Weather Channel at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time that day in favor of its own similar weather information channel , The Weather Cast . The carriage dispute was over the rates that The Weather Channel asked Dish Network to pay : from 11 ¢ per subscriber per month to 12 ¢ , a 9 % increase , totaling $140,000 per month . The dispute was also over The Weather Channel 's programming format shifting from an information - based channel to an entertainment - based service . The Weather Channel said in a statement , `` Dish has chosen to be the first distributor to drop The Weather Channel rather than pay the standard industry rates others in the industry have already agreed to pay '' , and encouraged Dish Network customers to switch to other pay television providers . Dave Shull , senior vice president for programming for Dish Network said The Weather Channel 's fees were harder for the satellite provider to justify paying as more people receive weather information through the internet and mobile services : `` They 're looking for bid increases when I feel like there 's a real migration to the Web , and it 's difficult to really justify those rate increases at this time . '' On May 24 , 2010 , The Weather Channel announced that it had reached a new multi-year carriage agreement with Dish Network , the financial terms of which were not disclosed . Despite the earlier announcement that The Weather Channel would be dropped , the channel was never officially removed from Dish Network . The Weather Cast ceased operations in anticipation of the launch of a Weatherscan - based service announced as part of the agreement that would provide local weather information for Dish Network customers . The proposed movie scheduled for the Friday after the deal was struck ( May 28 ) , Gorillas in the Mist , was dropped in favor of a six - hour marathon of Tornado Road . DirecTV carriage dispute ( edit ) DirecTV removed The Weather Channel from its lineup at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on January 14 , 2014 , after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement ; as a result , DirecTV became the first major pay television provider to drop the channel in its history . Two weeks before the channel 's carriage agreement was set to expire on December 31 ( after which the deadline for a new carriage deal was extended by two weeks ) , the satellite provider began carrying WeatherNation TV ( the successor to The Weather Cast and owned by WeatherNation , LLC ) on channel 361 on December 16 , 2013 -- placing the channel next to The Weather Channel 's slot on channel 362 ; WeatherNation replaced The Weather Channel on channel 362 -- while still being carried on channel 361 -- when TWC was pulled . The Weather Channel 's chief executive officer David Kenny stated that it offered DirecTV the best rate for its programming ( according to SNL Kagan , The Weather Channel 's average carriage fee at the time was 13 ¢ per subscriber ) , and blasted the satellite provider 's removal of the channel by stating that it was putting profits ahead of public safety . Representatives for DirecTV stated that it added WeatherNation TV in response to subscriber complaints regarding the number of reality programs on The Weather Channel , which it estimated had amounted to 40 % of its daily schedule ( WeatherNation TV , which outside of its carriage by DirecTV is primarily carried on broadcast television stations as a main channel affiliation or a digital multicast service , does not run programming outside of forecasts with the only interruption in its weather coverage coming from affiliates that carry children 's programs to fulfill FCC educational programming requirements ; however , WeatherNation has been criticized for its absence of live programming , which TWC does provide , especially during significant weather events ) . DirecTV stated that weather information is also available through broadcast television stations carried as part of its local channel tier , as well as the provider 's designated emergency channels . The Weather Channel fought back by airing commercials encouraging people to not subscribe to DirecTV by parodying the provider 's popular `` When You ... '' ad campaign , which is this : `` When you get DIRECTV , you get a lot of channels . When you get a lot of channels , you expect TWC . When you do n't get TWC , you call and cancel DIRECTV . When you call to cancel , they threaten you with huge cancellation fees . When you feel threatened , you take matters into your own hands . And when you take matters into your own hands , you do things that terrify your neighborhood children . Are n't you glad you do n't have DIRECTV ? '' On April 8 , 2014 , The Weather Channel and DirecTV both settled on a new agreement ( TWC decided to alter its programming lineup by trimming the amount of reality programming on weekdays in half , restricting them to its nighttime schedule , in response to complaints from DirecTV subscribers ) , with the provider restoring the channel on channel 362 the following day . Access to local weather content using the red button feature did not return until May 2 , 2014 . Removal by Verizon FiOS ( edit ) Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel and its sister network Weatherscan from its lineup at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on March 10 , 2015 after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement . The services have respectively been replaced by the AccuWeather Network ( which launched on March 10 ) and a widget provided by FiOS featuring forecast content provided by WeatherBug . No public announcement was made regarding the removal until over 12 hours after TWC and Weatherscan were pulled . The Weather Channel offered a less expensive deal to Verizon FiOS , which rejected the offer . Verizon cited the wide availability of the internet and mobile apps for consumers to access weather content any time of day as the reason for dropping TWC and its services . It is unknown if Frontier FiOS customers in clusters formerly served by Verizon are affected , including ( as of April 1 , 2016 ) the recently acquired clusters from California , Texas , and Florida . A representative for the network said in a statement , `` We were disappointed when , without warning late yesterday , March 9 , Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel from their lineup while our companies continued to be in active conversations regarding a contract renewal . FiOS customers have enjoyed a bundle of services from The Weather Channel including the network , Weatherscan , On - Demand , a Weather Widget and streaming on mobile devices . During a winter with record - breaking storms and severe weather , The Weather Channel responded with non-stop live coverage , including the ongoing presence of our crews reporting live from hard - hit communities within the Verizon FiOS footprint . This coverage resulted in The Weather Channel being the only major cable network to grow in February . '' The Weather Channel had earlier signed renewal agreements with major providers that are members of the National Cable Television Cooperative ( NCTC ) , including Time Warner Cable and Cox Communications . However , representatives for the channel were shocked that `` Verizon FiOS would deny their subscribers access to the best live weather coverage and expertise that only The Weather Channel can provide . '' While Verizon claimed it was a long - term business decision ( instead of a carriage dispute ) that it made , The Weather Channel launched a campaign , originally urging viewers to contact FiOS about restoring the cable channel and its services . But , seeing that Verizon is not planning on bringing the channel and its services back in the near future , The Weather Channel now urges its viewers to switch providers . Winter Storm naming ( edit ) See also : Winter storm naming in the United States In the fall of 2012 , The Weather Channel began to assign names to major winter storm systems . The channel 's management stated the decision to start naming notable winter storms came as a way to more easily spread knowledge and raise awareness . By naming winter storms , TWC stated that the public would find it easier to follow storm information , social media will be able to refer to and discuss the storm , and people will have an easier time referring to the storm after it occurs . Most independent sources identify the use of winter storm names by The Weather Channel as a form of SEO - friendly branding . The first winter storm to be named by TWC was a nor'easter that hit the East Coast of the United States in November 2012 , which it named after the Greek goddess Athena . During the 2012 -- 13 season , The Weather Channel named 27 winter storms ( Athena , Brutus , Caesar , Draco , Euclid , Freyr , Gandolf , Helen , Iago , Jove , Khan , Luna , Magnus , Nemo , Orko , Plato , Q , Rocky , Saturn , Triton , Ukko , Virgil , Walda , Xerxes , Yogi , Zeus and Achilles ) . During the 2013 - 14 season , The Weather Channel named 26 winter storms ( Atlas , Boreas , Cleon , Dion , Electra , Falco , Gemini , Hercules , Ion , Janus , Kronos , Leon , Maximus , Nika , Orion , Pax , Seneca , Titan , Ulysses , Vulcan , Wiley , Xenia , Yona and Zephyr ) . Multiple factors are taken into consideration when deciding whether to name a winter storm . This includes , but is not limited to , predicted snowfall and other precipitation , wind speeds , and the timing of the storm . The Weather Channel has provided the reasoning behind their decision to name certain storms , in particular Athena , Brutus , Gandolf , Iago , Khan , Luna , Magnus , Nemo , Saturn , and Virgil . In response , the National Weather Service announced on November 7 , 2012 , that it would not recognize The Weather Channel 's names for winter storms , stating in a press release that it `` does not use the name of winter storms in its products . '' Similarly , references to the names are generally limited on TWC - provided forecasts seen on NBC 's news programs . In popular culture ( edit ) The film Back to the Future Part II has a futuristic version of The Weather Channel that looks similar to the present day logo in the year 2015 ( but centered , in Italic and without the blue box and with the planet Earth ) . In the film The Day After Tomorrow , The Weather Channel shows a tornado warning for Los Angeles . In the film Home Alone 3 , The Weather Channel shows a forecast for Chicago while a kid is watching The Weather Channel . In the Season 9 finale of the sitcom Friends , Rachel Green ( played by Jennifer Aniston ) tunes into The Weather Channel in her hotel room in Barbados , as TWC on - camera meteorologist Alexandra Steele says it is sunny in New York City ( the regular setting for the series ) ; Rachel , as a result , frustratedly calls her a `` weather bitch '' . The Weather Channel was featured in the film Sharknado 2 : The Second One , which aired on sister property ( through NBCUniversal ) Syfy . The Weather Channel was mentioned on a Ziggy comic for November 25 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) Weather portal Weather media in the United States The Weather Network -- A Canadian Category A cable and satellite channel devoted to weather forecasts . WeatherStar -- A series of proprietary computer units installed at the head end of cable television providers that disseminate weather data . The Weather Company -- The former parent company of The Weather Channel . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IBM Finalizes Deal for Weather Channel Product and Tech Business '' . The Wrap . January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nassau ( Bahamas ) Intellistar I : 8 / 5 / 11 1 : 48 A.M. '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Weather Channel 's Parent Company is Renamed '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Jump up ^ USPTO filings : First Use ( not First Use in Commerce date on various filings , including filing w / serial number 73369821 ) Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling , ed. ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) . Encyclopedia of Journalism . SAGE Publications . p. 1456 . ISBN 1452261520 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . 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Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No local information on The Weather Channel '' . Comcast ( official forum ) . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Todd Spangler ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Multichannel News October 6 , 2009 DirecTV Goes HD With Weather Channel 's Interactive Apps -- Operator Says SD Version Has Generated Almost 1 billion Impressions In One Year '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AccuWeather Announces New Partnership With USA Today '' . AccuWeather . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weather.com Site Overview '' . Alexa . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather.com Analytics '' . SimilarWeb . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 sites in the world for News And Media > Weather '' . SimilarWeb . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristi E. Swartz . `` CNN , Weather Channel win on the Web '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jeff Masters ' WunderBlog : Wunderground.com sold to The Weather Channel Companies Weather Underground '' . Wunderground . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2009 It 's Always Fair Weather ... on The Weather Channel '' . TVWeek . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/boston-cbs-station-adds-weekend-morning-anchor/187507 Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) . Weather Channel 's Move Beyond Forecasts May Be Costly . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dish Network is dropping The Weather Channel . The Weather Channel news release ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal : `` DISH To Replace Weather Channel With Its Own ' Weather Cast ' '' , May 20 , 2010 . Archived May 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Niziol , Tom . `` Why The Weather Channel is Naming Winter Storms '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cameron Scott . `` Why the Weather Channel is Naming Winter Storms '' . Jump up ^ `` Winter 2012 - 13 : Named Storms from ' A ' to ' Z ' ( and ' A ' Again ) '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Athena : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Brutus : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Gandolf : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Iago : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Khan : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Luna : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Magnus : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Nemo : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Saturn : Eastern Beast '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Virgil : Why We Named It '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` National Weather Service : Just say no to Athena '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Channel names nor'easter , National Weather Service says not so fast '' . FNC . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Athena Forecast Impacts '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Weather Channel . 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6,974,870,932,664,112,000 | when does the united states post office observe veterans day | Federal holidays in the United States - wikipedia Federal holidays in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about government employee holidays . For other uses , see Federal holidays in the United States ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Federal holidays in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Public Federal Observance School Hallmark Observed by Federal government Type National Observances New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day In the United States , a federal holiday is an authorized holiday which has been recognized by the US government . Every year on a U.S. federal holiday , non-essential federal government offices are closed , and every federal employee is paid for the holiday . Private - sector employees required to work on a legal holiday may receive holiday pay in addition to their ordinary wages . Federal holidays are designated by the United States Congress in Title V of the United States Code ( 5 U.S.C. § 6103 ) . Congress has authority to create holidays only for federal institutions ( including federally owned properties ) and employees , and for the District of Columbia . However , as a general rule other institutions , including banks , post offices , and schools , may be closed on those days . In various parts of the country , state and city holidays may be observed in addition to the federal holidays . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of federal holidays 2.1 Former federal holidays 3 Legal holidays due to presidential proclamation 4 Controversy and criticism 4.1 Martin Luther King Jr . Day 4.2 Columbus Day 4.3 Christmas Day 5 Proposed federal holidays 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The history of federal holidays in the United States dates back to June 28 , 1870 , when Congress created federal holidays `` to correspond with similar laws of States around the District ... and ... in every State of the Union . '' Although at first applicable only to federal employees in the District of Columbia , Congress extended coverage in 1885 to all federal employees . The original four holidays were : New Year 's Day Independence Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day George Washington 's Birthday became a Federal holiday in 1880 . In 1888 and 1894 , respectively , Decoration Day ( now Memorial Day ) and Labor Day were created . In 1938 , Armistice Day ( now Veterans Day ) was created to mark the end of World War I . The scope and the name of the holiday was expanded in 1954 to honor Americans who fought in World War II and the Korean War . In 1968 , the Monday Holiday Act of 1968 shifted several holidays to always fall on a Monday and saw the establishment of Columbus Day . In 1983 , the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. became the nation 's most recently established holiday . List of federal holidays ( edit ) Most of the ten U.S. federal holidays are also state holidays . A holiday that falls on a weekend is usually observed on the closest weekday ( e.g. a holiday falling on a Saturday is observed on the preceding Friday , while a holiday falling on a Sunday is observed on the succeeding Monday ) . The official names came from the laws that define holidays for federal employees . Date Official Name Details January 1 ( Fixed ) New Year 's Day Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year . Festivities include counting down to 12 : 00 midnight on the preceding night , New Year 's Eve , often with fireworks display and party . The ball drop at Times Square in New York City has become a national New Year 's festivity . Traditional end of Christmas and holiday season . January 15 -- 21 ( Floating Monday ) Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . Honors Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , civil rights leader , who was actually born on January 15 , 1929 ; combined with other holidays in several states . Some cities and municipalities hold parades ; and more recently , the 1994 King Holiday and Service Act , which was passed to encourage Americans to transform the King Holiday into a day of citizen action volunteer service , has gained in popularity ( sometimes referred to as a National Day of Service ) . February 15 -- 21 ( Floating Monday ) Washington 's Birthday Washington 's Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress . The Uniform Holidays Act , 1968 , shifted the date of the commemoration of Washington 's Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February ( between February 15 and 21 , meaning the observed holiday never falls on Washington 's actual birthday ) . Because of this , combined with the fact that President Lincoln 's birthday falls on February 12 , many people now refer to this holiday as `` Presidents ' Day '' and consider it a day honoring all American presidents . However , neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washington 's Birthday to Presidents ' Day . May 25 -- 31 ( Floating Monday ) Memorial Day Honors the nation 's war dead from the Civil War onwards ; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season . ( traditionally May 30 , shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968 ) . The holiday is observed on the last Monday in May . July 4 ( Fixed ) Independence Day Celebrates the signing of the Declaration of Independence from British rule , also called the Fourth of July . Fireworks celebrations are held in many cities throughout the nation . September 1 -- 7 ( Floating Monday ) Labor Day One 2012 survey of American adults found that 52 % celebrate Labor Day as the unofficial end of summer . A separate nationwide survey of human resource professionals , conducted in 2015 , found 41 % of employers require at least some employees to work on the holiday . The holiday is observed on the first Monday in September . October 8 -- 14 ( Floating Monday ) Columbus Day Honors Christopher Columbus , an explorer of the Americas . In some areas it is also a celebration of Indigenous Peoples , or Italian culture and heritage . ( traditionally October 12 ) November 11 ( Fixed ) Veterans Day Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces . It is observed on November 11 to recall the end of World War I on that date in 1918 ( major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 when the Armistice with Germany went into effect ) . November 22 -- 28 ( Floating Thursday ) Thanksgiving Day Traditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest . Traditionally includes the sharing of a turkey dinner . The holiday is observed on the fourth Thursday in November . December 25 ( Fixed ) Christmas Day The most widely celebrated holiday of the Christian year , Christmas is observed as a commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth . Commonly celebrated by Christians and non-Christians alike with various traditions . New Year 's Day , Independence Day , Veterans Day , and Christmas Day are observed on the same calendar date each year . Holidays that fall on a Saturday are observed by federal employees who work a standard Monday to Friday week on the previous Friday . Federal employees who work on Saturday will observe the holiday on Saturday ; Friday will be a regular work day . Holidays that fall on a Sunday are observed by federal workers the following Monday . The other holidays always fall on a particular day of the week . Although many states recognize most or all federal holidays as state holidays , the Federal government can not enact laws to compel them to do so . Furthermore , states can recognize other days as state holidays that are not federal holidays . For example , the State of Texas recognizes all federal holidays except Columbus Day , and in addition recognizes the Friday after Thanksgiving , Christmas Eve , and the day after Christmas as state holidays . Furthermore , Texas does not follow the federal rule of closing either the Friday before if a holiday falls on a Saturday , or the Monday after if a holiday falls on a Sunday ( offices are open on those Fridays or Mondays ) , but does have `` partial staffing holidays '' ( such as March 2 , which is Texas Independence Day ) and `` optional holidays '' ( such as Good Friday ) . Private employers also can not be required to observe federal or state holidays , the key exception being federally chartered banks . Some private employers , often by a union contract , pay a differential such as time - and - a-half or double - time to employees who work on some federal holidays . However , most non-unionized private sector employees only receive their standard pay for working on a federal holiday if it is not a designated holiday at their company . Former federal holidays ( edit ) Date Official Name Details January 8 The Eighth Celebrated the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans . Was in place 1828 to 1861 . September 2 Victory Day Celebrated the U.S. victory against Japan in the conclusion of World War II . Was in place 1948 to 1975 . Over the course of U.S. history , federal holidays were created and then abolished over time as their significance waned . Two holidays , the Eighth and Victory Day , were once celebrated . Between 1828 and 1861 , `` The Eighth '' was a holiday that marked the U.S. victory in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8 , 1815 , with Tennessee 's Andrew Jackson leading a successful battle against regular British soldiers and freed slaves . Following Jackson 's election as President , the day earned official national recognition . The Eighth continued as an official national holiday from 1828 until the advent of the Civil War . Victory Day marked the `` Victory over Japan '' and remained a national holiday until 1975 . While both holidays remain largely forgotten by the American public , the U.S. state of Rhode Island still officially observes Victory Day , with public offices and schools being closed . Legal holidays due to presidential proclamation ( edit ) Main article : List of observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Federal law also provides for the declaration of other public holidays by the President of the United States . Generally the president will provide a reasoning behind the elevation of the day , and call on the people of the United States to observe the day `` with appropriate ceremonies and activities . '' Examples of presidentially declared holidays were the days of the funerals for former Presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford ; federal government offices were closed and employees given a paid holiday . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Martin Luther King Jr. . Day ( edit ) Some individuals and organizations have objected to the federal status of certain holidays , such as Martin Luther King Jr . Day and Columbus Day . In particular , Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina opposed the creation of the federal holiday for the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1983 . Columbus Day ( edit ) Protests by the Native American community support the abolition of Columbus Day , mainly due to its ideology in forcefully conquering and converting whole populations with another and encouraging imperialism and colonization . Glenn Morris of the Denver Post wrote that Columbus Day `` ... is not merely a celebration of Columbus the man ; it is the celebration of a racist legal and political legacy - embedded in official legal and political pronouncements of the U.S. - such as the Doctrine of Discovery and Manifest Destiny . '' Hawaii , Alaska , Oregon , and South Dakota are U.S. states that do not recognize Columbus Day at all , though Hawaii and South Dakota mark the day with an alternative holiday or observance . South Dakota is the only state to recognize Native American Day as an alternate . Hawaii recognizes Discoverer 's Day . Christmas Day ( edit ) See also : Christmas controversy Christmas Day as a federal or public holiday is also sometimes objected to by various sources , usually due to its ties with the Christian religion . In December 1999 , the U.S. District Court , in the case Ganulin vs. United States , denied the charge that Christmas Day 's federal status violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution , ruling that `` the Christmas holiday has become largely secularized '' , and that `` by giving federal employees a paid vacation day on Christmas , the government is doing no more than recognizing the cultural significance of the holiday '' . Proposed federal holidays ( edit ) Many proposed federal holidays have come up over time . According to an article from CBS , federal holidays are generally `` expensive '' and they only allow federal workers to take the day off . As the U.S. federal government is a large employer , the holidays are expensive . If a holiday is controversial , opposition will generally prevent bills enacting them from passing . Martin Luther King Jr. 's birthday , for example , was one that took much effort to pass . And once it did pass , it took more effort for all states to eventually recognize it . The following list is an example of holidays that have been proposed and have reasons why they are not observed at the federal level today . Some of these holidays are observed at the state level . Date Official Name Details February 15 - 21 ( Floating Monday ) Susan B. Anthony Day The holiday was proposed by Carolyn Maloney in H.R. 655 on February 11 , 2011 . It falls on the same day as Washington 's Birthday . March 25 - 31 ( Floating Monday ) Cesar Chavez Day The holiday was proposed by California Democrat Joe Baca in H.R. 76 and was further endorsed by President Barack Obama . May 15 - 21 ( Floating Monday ) Malcolm X Day The holiday was proposed in H.R. 323 in 1993 and 1994 by Congressman Charles Rangel . June 14 Flag Day Proposed several times , but only to become a national observance when President Harry Truman signed it into law as such . September 15 - 21 ( Floating Monday ) Native Americans ' Day The holiday was petitioned for multiple times and was introduced into Congress multiple times , but was unsuccessful . The proclamation exists today as the `` Native American Awareness Week . '' November 2 - 8 ( Floating Tuesday ) Election Day / Democracy Day There have been multiple movements for this holiday to be official , with the last happening in with the `` 1993 Motor Voter Act '' , mainly to boost voter turnout . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal List of observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Public holidays in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 5 U.S. Code § 6103 -- Holidays '' . www.law.cornell.edu . Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Holidays : Evolution and Current Practices '' ( PDF ) . www.fas.org . Congressional Research Service . 2014 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Holidays : Evolution and Application - U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . www.senate.gov . Congressional Research Service . 1999 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Federal , state , and local holidays '' . hr.commerce.gov . US Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Federal Holidays '' . www.opm.gov . U.S. Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Borgna Brunner ( 2004 - 12 - 16 ) . `` New Year 's Traditions '' . www.infoplease.com . infoplease . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ 52 % Celebrate Labor Day As Unofficial End of Summer , Rasmussen Reports ( September 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ ( Over 40 Percent of Employers to Require Some to ' Labor ' on Labor Day Holiday , According to Nationwide Bloomberg BNA Survey ) , Bloomberg BNA ( August 27 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Texas State Holidays '' . www.tsl.texas.gov . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' , Northeast Regional Office , National Park Service , Eastern National ( 2013 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Lazar Berman ( 2011 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Where they still celebrate Victory over Japan '' . www.aei.org . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Church , George ( 1983 - 10 - 31 ) . `` A National Holiday for King '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cristogianni Borsella ( 2005 ) . On Persecution , Identity , and Activism . Dante University Press . ISBN 9780937832417 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Glenn T. Morris ( 2007 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Abolish Columbus Day '' . www.denverpost.com . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Robin , Marci ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Christmas Should Not Be a National Holiday '' . time.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gaylor , Annie ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Let 's Observe Dec. 25 , but not as Christmas '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Why Should the Federal Government Celebrate the Birth of a God '' . www.dailykos.com . Daily Kos. 2011 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Austin Cline ( 1999 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Ganulin v. U.S. : Court Rules U.S. Government Can Recognize Christmas as Official Paid Holiday '' . skepticism.org . Austin Cline . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GANULIN v. U.S. '' www.leagle.com . Leagle , Inc. 1999 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jason DeRusha ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Good Question : What Does It Take For A Federal Holiday ? '' . minnesota.cbslocal.com . CBS Local Media . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 655 - Susan B. Anthony Birthday Act '' . www.gpo.gov . U.S. Government Publishing Office . 2011 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama calls for National Holiday for Cesar E. Chavez '' . www.cesarchavezholiday.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 323 - Declaring May 19 a national holiday and day of prayer and remembrance honoring Malcolm X ( Al Hajj Malik Al - Shabazz ) . '' www.congress.gov . Library of Congress . 1994 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` National Flag Day '' . www.usflag.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` A History of National Native American Heritage Month : The Nation 's Efforts to Honor American Indians and Alaska Natives '' . www.bia.gov . Bureau of Indian Affairs . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Martin P. Wattenberg ( 1998 ) . `` Should Election Day be a Holiday ? '' . www.theatlantic.com . The Atlantic Monthly Company . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Federal Holidays : Evolution and Application , CRS Report for Congress , 98 - 301 GOV , updated February 8 , 1999 , by Stephen W. Stathis United States Code : Federal Holidays ( 5 USC 6103 ) Official US Federal Holiday calendar <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . 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7,303,077,598,797,839,000 | which lines refer to the great fire that swept through the city of london in 1666 | Great fire of London - wikipedia Great fire of London This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 August 2018 . This article is about the 1666 fire of London . For other `` Great Fires '' , see List of historic fires . For other notable fires in London , see Early fires of London and Second Great Fire of London . For the novel by Peter Ackroyd , see The Great Fire of London ( novel ) . The Great Fire of London , depicted by an unknown painter , as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf on the evening of Tuesday , 4 September 1666 . To the left is London Bridge ; to the right , the Tower of London . St. Paul 's Cathedral is in the distance , surrounded by the tallest flames . The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Thursday , 6 September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants . The death toll is unknown but was traditionally thought to have been small , as only six verified deaths were recorded . This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle - class people were not recorded ; moreover , the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims , leaving no recognisable remains . A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane , where the fire started , shows that the temperature reached 1,250 ° C ( 2,280 ° F ; 1,520 K ) . Contents 1 Origin and consequences of the fire 2 London in the 1660s 2.1 Fire hazards in the city 2.2 17th - century firefighting 3 Failures in fighting the fire 4 Development of the fire 4.1 Sunday morning 4.2 Sunday afternoon 4.3 Monday 4.3. 1 Suspicion and fear 4.4 Tuesday 4.5 Wednesday 5 Deaths and destruction 6 Aftermath 7 In culture 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 References 10 External links Origin and consequences of the fire ( edit ) The Great Fire started at the bakery ( or baker 's house ) of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday , 2 September and spread rapidly west across the City of London . The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition ; this , however , was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time that large - scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night , the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures . The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City . Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires . The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch , England 's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo - Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence . On Tuesday , the fire spread over most of the City , destroying St Paul 's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten King Charles II 's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising . The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors : the strong east winds died down , and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward . The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming . Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II , who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees . Despite numerous radical proposals , London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire . London in the 1660s ( edit ) Central London in 1666 , with the burnt area shown in pink . By the 1660s , London was by far the largest city in Britain , estimated at half a million inhabitants . John Evelyn , comparing London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris , called it a `` wooden , northern , and inartificial congestion of Houses '' , and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by the wood and the congestion . By `` inartificial '' , Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift , the result of organic growth and unregulated urban sprawl . London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall . It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch , Holborn , and Southwark , and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster . By the late 17th century , the City proper -- the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames -- was only a part of London , covering some 700 acres ( 2.8 km ; 1.1 sq mi ) , and home to about 80,000 people , or one sixth of London 's inhabitants . The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived . The City was then , as now , the commercial heart of the capital , and was the largest market and busiest port in England , dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes . The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs , or in the exclusive Westminster district ( the modern West End ) , the site of King Charles II 's court at Whitehall . Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic - clogged , polluted , unhealthy City , especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665 . The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown . The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II , as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s . The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War , and could remember how Charles I 's grab for absolute power had led to that national trauma . They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son , and when the Great Fire threatened the City , they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources . Even in such an emergency , the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite . By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor , the fire was already out of control . A Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher . The tenement housing on London Bridge ( far right ) was a notorious death - trap in case of fire , although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632 . Fire hazards in the City ( edit ) Charles II . The City was essentially medieval in its street plan , an overcrowded warren of narrow , winding , cobbled alleys . It had experienced several major fires before 1666 , the most recent in 1632 . Building with wood and roofing with thatch had been prohibited for centuries , but these cheap materials continued to be used . The only major stone - built area was the wealthy centre of the City , where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots , surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population . These parishes contained workplaces , many of which were fire hazards -- foundries , smithies , glaziers -- which were technically illegal in the City but tolerated in practice . The human habitations were crowded to bursting point , intermingled with these sources of heat , sparks , and pollution , and their construction increased the fire risk . The typical six - or seven - storey timbered London tenement houses had `` jetties '' ( projecting upper floors ) . They had a narrow footprint at ground level , but maximised their use of land by `` encroaching '' on the street , as a contemporary observer put it , with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys . The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys ; `` as it does facilitate a conflagration , so does it also hinder the remedy '' , wrote one observer -- but `` the covetousness of the citizens and connivancy ( corruption ) of Magistrates '' worked in favour of jetties . In 1661 , Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties , but this was largely ignored by the local government . Charles 's next , sharper message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings . It , too , had little impact . The river front was important in the development of the Great Fire . The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat , but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk . All along the wharves , the rickety wooden tenements and tar paper shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst `` old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of tarr , pitch , hemp , rosen , and flax which was all layd up thereabouts . '' London was also full of black powder , especially along the river front . Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War , as the former members of Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army still retained their muskets and the powder with which to load them . Five to six hundred tons of powder was stored in the Tower of London . The ship chandlers along the wharves also held large stocks , stored in wooden barrels . 17th - century firefighting ( edit ) `` Firehooks '' used to fight a fire at Tiverton in Devon , England , 1612 . Fires were common in the crowded wood - built city with its open fireplaces , candles , ovens , and stores of combustibles . There was no police or fire brigade to call , but London 's local militia , known as the Trained Bands , was available for general emergencies , at least in principle , and watching for fire was one of the jobs of the watch , a thousand watchmen or `` bellmen '' who patrolled the streets at night . Self - reliant community procedures were in place for dealing with fires , and they were usually effective . Public - spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells , and would congregate hastily to fight the fire . The methods available for this relied on demolition and water . By law , the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts : long ladders , leather buckets , axes , and `` firehooks '' for pulling down buildings ( see illustration right , see also pike pole ) . Sometimes taller buildings were levelled to the ground quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions . This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire , and modern historians believe that it was what finally won the struggle . Failures in fighting the fire ( edit ) An advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth - century fire engine on wheels : `` These Engins , ( which are the best ) to quinch great Fires ; are made by John Keeling in Black Fryers ( after many years ' Experience ) . '' London Bridge was the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames and was itself covered with houses . It had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632 and , by dawn on Sunday , these houses were burning . Samuel Pepys observed the conflagration from the Tower of London and recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge . There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank , but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak . The 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno . Once the riverfront was on fire and the escape route cut off by boat , the only exits were the eight gates in the wall . During the first couple of days , few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether . They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest `` safe house '' , in many cases the parish church or the precincts of St Paul 's Cathedral , only to have to move again hours later . Some moved their belongings and themselves `` four and five times '' in a single day . The perception of a need to get beyond the walls took root only late on the Monday , and then there were near - panic scenes at the narrow gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles , carts , horses , and wagons . The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets . Even under normal circumstances , the mix of carts , wagons , and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent traffic jams and gridlock . During the fire , the passages were additionally blocked by refugees camping in them amongst their rescued belongings , or escaping outwards , away from the centre of destruction , as demolition teams and fire engine crews struggled in vain to move in towards it . Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire was often an effective way of containing the destruction by means of firehooks or explosives . This time , however , demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor 's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders . By the time that orders came directly from the King to `` spare no houses '' , the fire had devoured many more houses , and the demolition workers could no longer get through the crowded streets . The use of water to extinguish the fire was also frustrated . In principle , water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill , filled from the river at high tide , and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington . It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to play on a fire or fill buckets . Further , Pudding Lane was close to the river . Theoretically , all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been manned with double rows of firefighters passing full buckets up to the fire and empty buckets back down to the river . This did not happen , or at least was no longer happening by the time that Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday . Pepys comments in his diary that nobody was trying to put it out , but instead they fled from it in fear , hurrying `` to remove their goods , and leave all to the fire . '' The flames crept towards the river front with little interference from the overwhelmed community and soon torched the flammable warehouses along the wharves . The resulting conflagration cut off the firefighters from the immediate water supply from the river and set alight the water wheels under London Bridge which pumped water to the Cornhill water tower ; the direct access to the river and the supply of piped water failed together . London possessed advanced fire - fighting technology in the form of fire engines , which had been used in earlier large - scale fires . However , unlike the useful firehooks , these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference . Only some of them had wheels ; others were mounted on wheelless sleds . They had to be brought a long way , tended to arrive too late , and had limited reach , with spouts but no delivery hoses . On this occasion , an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets , some from across the City . The piped water had already failed which they were designed to use , but parts of the river bank could still be reached . Gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs , and several of the engines toppled into the Thames . The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance ; they could not even get into Pudding Lane . Development of the fire ( edit ) The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs . The two best - known diarists of the Restoration are Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) and John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) , and both recorded the events and their own reactions day by day , and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond . Sunday morning ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday , 2 September `` It made me weep to see it . '' Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) painted by John Hayls in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire . After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665 , London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665 , and the wooden buildings were tinder - dry after the long hot summer of 1666 . A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner 's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September . The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door , except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try , who became the first victim . The neighbours tried to help douse the fire ; after an hour , the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread . The householders protested , and Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth was summoned , who alone had the authority to override their wishes . When Bloodworth arrived , the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the paper warehouses and flammable stores on the river front . The more experienced firemen were clamouring for demolition , but Bloodworth refused on the grounds that most premises were rented and the owners could not be found . Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man , rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job . He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and , when pressed , made the oft - quoted remark , `` Pish ! A woman could piss it out '' , and left . After the City had been destroyed , Samuel Pepys looked back on the events and wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666 : `` People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity ( the stupidity ) of my Lord Mayor in general ; and more particularly in this business of the fire , laying it all upon him . '' Pepys was a senior official in the Navy Office by then , and he ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from a turret . He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration . It had burned down several churches and , he estimated , 300 houses and reached the river front . The houses on London Bridge were burning . He took a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a `` lamentable '' fire , `` everybody endeavouring to remove their goods , and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off ; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them , and then running into boats , or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water - side to another . '' Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall , `` where people come about me , and did give them an account dismayed them all , and word was carried in to the King . So I was called for , and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw , and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire . They seemed much troubled , and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him , and command him to spare no houses , but to pull down before the fire every way . '' Charles ' brother James , Duke of York , offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire . Young schoolboy William Taswell had bolted from the early morning service in Westminster Abbey . He saw some refugees arrive in hired lighter boats near Westminster Stairs , a mile west of Pudding Lane , unclothed and covered only with blankets . The services of the lightermen had suddenly become extremely expensive , and only the luckiest refugees secured a place in a boat . Sunday afternoon ( edit ) The fire spread quickly in the high wind and , by mid-morning on Sunday , people abandoned attempts at extinguishing it and fled . The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages . Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall , but reached only St Paul 's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk . Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire , heavily weighed down . The parish churches not directly threatened were filling up with furniture and valuables , which soon had to be moved further afield . Pepys found Bloodworth trying to co-ordinate the fire - fighting efforts and near to collapse , `` like a fainting woman '' , crying out plaintively in response to the King 's message that he was pulling down houses . `` But the fire overtakes us faster then ( sic ) we can do it . '' Holding on to his civic dignity , he refused James 's offer of soldiers and then went home to bed . King Charles II sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene . He found that houses were still not being pulled down , in spite of Bloodworth 's assurances to Pepys , and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone . The delay rendered these measures largely futile , as the fire was already out of control . By Sunday afternoon , 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane , the fire had become a raging firestorm that created its own weather . A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the chimney effect wherever constrictions narrowed the air current , such as the constricted space between jettied buildings , and this left a vacuum at ground level . The resulting strong inward winds did not tend to put the fire out , as might be thought ; instead , they supplied fresh oxygen to the flames , and the turbulence created by the uprush made the wind veer erratically both north and south of the main easterly direction of the gale which was still blowing . Pepys went again on the river in the early evening with his wife and some friends , `` and to the fire up and down , it still encreasing '' . They ordered the boatman to go `` so near the fire as we could for smoke ; and all over the Thames , with one 's face in the wind , you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops '' . When the `` firedrops '' became unbearable , the party went on to an alehouse on the South Bank and stayed there till darkness came and they could see the fire on London Bridge and across the river , `` as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge , and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long : it made me weep to see it '' . Pepys described this arch of fire as `` a bow with God 's arrow in it with a shining point '' . Monday ( edit ) The London Gazette for 3 -- 10 September , facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire . Click on the image to enlarge and read . The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday , 3 September , the turbulence of the fire storm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before . The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river , but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river . Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on the bridge , a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again . Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped . The fire 's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City . The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon , prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins to safety before they melted away , so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation . Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day , and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy , fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames , such as the Royal Exchange -- combined bourse and shopping centre -- and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside . The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon , and was a smoking shell within a few hours . John Evelyn , courtier and diarist , wrote : `` The conflagration was so universal , and the people so astonished , that from the beginning , I know not by what despondency or fate , they hardly stirred to quench it , so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation , running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods , such a strange consternation there was upon them . '' Evelyn lived in Deptford , four miles ( 6 km ) outside the City , and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster . He went by coach to Southwark on Monday , joining many other upper - class people , to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river . The conflagration was much larger now : `` the whole City in dreadful flames near the water - side ; all the houses from the Bridge , all Thames - street , and upwards towards Cheapside , down to the Three Cranes , were now consumed '' . In the evening , Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods . He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates , making for the open fields to the north and east , `` which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts , and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away . Oh , the miserable and calamitous spectacle ! '' Approximate damage by the evening of Monday , 3 September John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) in 1651 . Suspicion and fear ( edit ) Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident . The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters , causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose . Foreigners were immediately suspects because of the current Second Anglo - Dutch War . Fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on Monday , as reports circulated of imminent invasion and of foreign undercover agents seen casting `` fireballs '' into houses , or caught with hand grenades or matches . There was a wave of street violence . William Taswell saw a mob loot the shop of a French painter and level it to the ground , and watched in horror as a blacksmith walked up to a Frenchman in the street and hit him over the head with an iron bar . The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news as facilities were devoured by the fire . The General Letter Office in Threadneedle Street burned down early on Monday morning , through which post passed for the entire country . The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer 's premises went up in flames . The whole nation depended on these communications , and the void which they left filled up with rumours . There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots . Suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on Monday , and both the Trained Bands and the Coldstream Guards focused less on fire fighting and more on rounding up foreigners , Catholics , and any odd - looking people , arresting them or rescuing them from mobs , or both together . The inhabitants were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City , especially the upper class . This provided a source of income for the able - bodied poor , who hired out as porters ( sometimes simply making off with the goods ) , and it was especially profitable for the owners of carts and boats . Hiring a cart had cost a couple of shillings on the Saturday before the fire ; on Monday , it rose to as much as £ 40 , a fortune equivalent to more than £ 4,000 in 2005 . Seemingly every cart and boat owner within reach of London made their way towards the City to share in these opportunities , the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out . The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates ordered the gates shut on Monday afternoon , in the hope of turning the inhabitants ' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire : `` that , no hopes of saving any things left , they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire . '' This headlong and unsuccessful measure was rescinded the next day . Monday marked the beginning of organised action , even as order broke down in the streets , especially at the gates , and the fire raged unchecked . Bloodworth was responsible as Lord Mayor for co-ordinating the fire - fighting , but he had apparently left the City ; his name is not mentioned in any contemporaneous accounts of the Monday 's events . In this state of emergency , the King again overrode the City authorities and put his brother James , Duke of York , in charge of operations . James set up command posts round the perimeter of the fire , press - ganging into teams of well - paid and well - fed firemen any men of the lower classes found in the streets . Three courtiers were put in charge of each post , with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions . This visible gesture of solidarity from the Crown was intended to cut through the citizens ' misgivings about being held financially responsible for pulling down houses . James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday , rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order . `` The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire , '' wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September . On Monday evening , hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of Baynard 's Castle , Blackfriars would stay the course of the flames , the western counterpart of the Tower of London . This historic royal palace was completely consumed , burning all night . A contemporary account said that King Charles in person worked manually , that day or later , to help throw water on flames and to help demolish buildings to make a firebreak . Tuesday ( edit ) Tuesday , 4 September was the day of greatest destruction . The Duke of York 's command post at Temple Bar , where Strand meets Fleet Street , was supposed to stop the fire 's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall . He hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak , making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames . However , early on Tuesday morning , the flames jumped over the Fleet and outflanked them , driven by the unabated easterly gale , forcing them to run for it . There was consternation at the palace as the fire continued implacably westward ; `` Oh , the confusion there was then at that court ! '' wrote Evelyn . Ludgate in flames , with St Paul 's Cathedral in the distance ( square tower without the spire ) now catching flames . Oil painting by anonymous artist , ca . 1670 . Working to a plan at last , James 's firefighters had also created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration . It contained the fire until late afternoon , when the flames leapt across and began to destroy the wide , affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside . Everybody had thought St. Paul 's Cathedral a safe refuge , with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide , empty surrounding plaza . It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row . However , an enormous stroke of bad luck meant that the building was covered in wooden scaffolding , undergoing piecemeal restoration by a relatively unknown Christopher Wren . The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night . Leaving school , young William Taswell stood on Westminster Stairs a mile away and watched as the flames crept round the cathedral and the burning scaffolding ignited the timbered roof beams . Within half an hour , the lead roof was melting , and the books and papers in the crypt caught with a roar . `` The stones of Paul 's flew like grenados , '' reported Evelyn in his diary , `` the melting lead running down the streets in a stream , and the very pavements glowing with fiery redness , so as no horse , nor man , was able to tread on them . '' The cathedral was quickly a ruin . During the day , the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane , straight against the prevailing east wind and towards Pepys 's home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores . The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James 's official firemen who were busy in the west . They created firebreaks by blowing up houses on a large scale in the vicinity , halting the advance of the fire . In a letter to William Coventry , Pepys wrote that he `` saw how horribly the sky looks , all on a fire in the night , was ( sic ) enough to put us out of our wits ; and , indeed , it was extremely dreadful , for it looks just as if it was at us , and the whole heaven on fire . '' Wednesday ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday , 4 September . The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday , 5 September . James , Duke of York , later James II . The wind dropped on Tuesday evening , and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday 5 September . Stopping the fire caused much fire and demolition damage in the lawyers ' area called the Temple . Pepys walked all over the smouldering city , getting his feet hot , and climbed the steeple of Barking Church , from which he viewed the destroyed City , `` the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw . '' There were many separate fires still burning themselves out , but the Great Fire was over . Pepys visited Moorfields , a large public park immediately north of the City , and saw a great encampment of homeless refugees , `` poor wretches carrying their good there , and every body keeping his goods together by themselves '' . He noted that the price of bread had doubled in the environs of the park . Evelyn also went out to Moorfields , which was turning into the main point of assembly for the homeless , and was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it , some under tents , others in makeshift shacks : `` Many ( were ) without a rag or any necessary utensils , bed or board ... reduced to extremest misery and poverty . '' Evelyn was impressed by the pride of these distressed Londoners , `` tho ' ready to perish for hunger and destitution , yet not asking one pennie for relief . '' Fears were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims , fear of foreign arsonists and of a French and Dutch invasion . There was an outbreak of general panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at Parliament Hill , Moorfields , and Islington . A light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen , widely rumoured to have started the fire , and were marching towards Moorfields to finish what the fire had begun : to cut the men 's throats , rape the women , and steal their few possessions . Surging into the streets , the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter , and were appeased , according to Evelyn , only `` with infinite pains and great difficulty '' and pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands , troops of Life Guards , and members of the court . The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full - scale London rebellion against the monarchy . Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence ; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day , and safe markets set up round the perimeter . These markets were for buying and selling ; there was no question of distributing emergency aid . Deaths and destruction ( edit ) James Shirley The LONDONERS Lamentation , a broadside ballad published in 1666 giving an account of the fire , and of the limits of its destruction . Click on the image to enlarge and read . Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded , and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few . Porter gives the figure as eight and Tinniswood as `` in single figures '' , although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that , besides direct deaths from burning and smoke inhalation , refugees also perished in the impromptu camps . Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths , enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the fire , `` huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes '' in the cold winter that followed , including , for instance , dramatist James Shirley and his wife . Hanson also maintains that `` it stretches credulity to believe that the only papists or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York '' , that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor , and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms was far greater than an ordinary house fire , and was enough to consume bodies fully or leave only a few skeletal fragments . The fire was fed not merely by wood , fabrics , and thatch , Hanson points out , but also by the oil , pitch , coal , tallow , fats , sugar , alcohol , turpentine , and gunpowder stored in the riverside district . It melted the imported steel lying along the wharves ( melting point between 1,250 and 1,480 ° C ( 2,300 and 2,700 ° F ) ) and the great iron chains and locks on the City gates ( melting point between 1,100 and 1,650 ° C ( 2,000 and 3000 ° F ) ) . Nor would anonymous bone fragments have been of much interest to the hungry people sifting through the tens of thousands of tons of rubble and debris after the fire , looking for valuables , or to the workmen clearing away the rubble later during the rebuilding . Hanson appeals to common sense and `` the experience of every other major urban fire down the centuries '' , emphasising that the fire attacked the rotting tenements of the poor with furious speed , surely trapping at the very least `` the old , the very young , the halt and the lame '' and burying the dust and ashes of their bones under the rubble of cellars , producing a death toll not of four or eight , but of `` several hundred and quite possibly several thousand . '' The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses , 87 parish churches , 44 Company Halls , the Royal Exchange , the Custom House , St Paul 's Cathedral , the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons , the General Letter Office , and the three western city gates -- Ludgate , Newgate , and Aldersgate . The monetary value of the loss , first estimated at £ 100,000,000 in the currency of the time , was later reduced to an uncertain £ 10,000,000 ( equivalent to £ 1.55 billion in 2016 ) . Evelyn believed that he saw as many as `` 200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed , and lying along their heaps of what they could save '' in the fields towards Islington and Highgate . Aftermath ( edit ) John Evelyn 's plan , never carried out , for rebuilding a radically different City of London . An example of the urge to identify scapegoats for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a simple - minded French watchmaker named Robert Hubert , who claimed that he was an agent of the Pope and had started the Great Fire in Westminster . He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane . Hubert was convicted , despite some misgivings about his fitness to plead , and hanged at Tyburn on 28 September 1666 . After his death , it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea , and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started . These allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles II 's court , mostly during the Popish Plot and the exclusion crisis later in his reign . Abroad in the Netherlands , the Great Fire of London was seen as a divine retribution for Holmes 's Bonfire , the burning by the English of a Dutch town during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On 5 October , Marc Antonio Giustinian , Venetian Ambassador in France , reported to the Doge of Venice and the Senate , that Louis XIV announced that he would not `` have any rejoicings about it , being such a deplorable accident involving injury to so many unhappy people '' . Louis had made an offer to his aunt , the British Queen Henrietta Maria , to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners , yet he made no secret that he regarded `` the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him '' as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the Channel and the North Sea being taken or sunk by the English fleet . Louis tried to take advantage but an attempt by a Franco - Dutch fleet to combine with a larger Dutch fleet ended in failure on 17 September when they encountered a larger English fleet led by Thomas Allin off Dungeness . Christopher Wren 's rejected plan for the rebuilding of London . In the chaos and unrest after the fire , Charles II feared another London rebellion . He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere , immediately issuing a proclamation that `` all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades . '' A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild , based on ability to pay . The Court was in session from February 1667 to September 1672 . Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day ; without the Fire Court , lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover . Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles . If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans , London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence ( see Evelyn 's plan on the right ) . The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish `` to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong '' to negotiate with their owners about compensation for the large - scale remodelling that these plans entailed , but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned . Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried about day - to - day survival , as well as by those who had left the capital ; for one thing , with the shortage of labour following the fire , it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose . Apart from Wren and Evelyn , it is known that Robert Hooke , Valentine Knight , and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans . With the complexities of ownership unresolved , none of the grand Baroque schemes could be realised for a City of piazzas and avenues ; there was nobody to negotiate with , and no means of calculating how much compensation should be paid . Instead , much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City , with improvements in hygiene and fire safety : wider streets , open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames , with no houses obstructing access to the river , and , most importantly , buildings constructed of brick and stone , not wood . New public buildings were created on their predecessors ' sites ; perhaps the most famous is St Paul 's Cathedral and its smaller cousins , Christopher Wren 's 50 new churches . Sir Christopher Wren The Monument to the Great Fire of London designed by Sir Christopher Wren On Charles ' initiative , a Monument to the Great Fire of London was erected near Pudding Lane , designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke , standing 61 metres ( 200 ft ) tall and known simply as `` The Monument '' . It is a familiar London landmark which has since given its name to a tube station . In 1668 , accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read , in part : `` Here by permission of heaven , hell broke loose upon this Protestant city ... the most dreadful Burning of this City ; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction ... Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ... '' The inscription remained in place until 1830 after the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , aside from the four years of James II 's rule from 1685 to 1689 . Another monument marks the spot where the fire stopped : the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield . According to the inscription , it was evidence of God 's wrath on the City of London for the sin of gluttony that the fire started at Pudding Lane and stopped at Pye Corner . The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London 's inhabitants , or 80,000 people , and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague , as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire . Historians disagree as to whether the fire played a part in preventing subsequent major outbreaks . The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection , while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the most insalubrious parts of London , the slum suburbs , untouched . Following the Fire , the thoroughfares of Queen Street and King Street were newly laid out , cutting across more ancient thoroughfares in the City , creating a new route up from the Thames to the Guildhall ; they were the only notable new streets following the fire 's destruction of much of the City . In culture ( edit ) `` London 's Burning '' Play ( help info ) William Harrison Ainsworth 's novel Old St Paul 's is set during the events of the fire . The Great Fire was released on ITV television in 2014 . It was shown in four episodes . It constructs a fictional scenario involving the Pudding Lane baker 's family in an alleged popish plot . The round `` London 's Burning '' is said to be about the Great Fire . However , the first notation of a song in this theme dates from 1580 as `` Scotland 's Burning '' . See also ( edit ) List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London Notes ( edit ) See Category : Former buildings and structures in the City of London . Jump up ^ All dates are given according to the Julian calendar . Note that , when recording British history , it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event . Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on 1 January according to the New Style . Jump up ^ Porter , 69 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 4 , 101 . Jump up ^ `` Pottery '' . Museum of London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 27 . Jump up ^ John Evelyn in 1659 , quoted in Tinniswood , 3 . The section `` London in the 1660s '' is based on Tinniswood , 1 -- 11 , unless otherwise indicated . ^ Jump up to : Porter , 80 . Jump up ^ 330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall , according to standard reference works ( see , for instance , Sheppard , 37 ) , although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile ( 667 acres ) . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ See Hanson ( 2001 ) , 85 -- 88 , for the Republican temper of London . Jump up ^ Neil Wallington ( 2005 ) . In Case of Fire . Jeremy Mills Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546484 - 6 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 80 . The section `` Fire hazards in the City '' is based on Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 101 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Rege Sincera ( pseudonym ) , Observations both Historical and Moral upon the Burning of London , September 1666 , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Letter from an unknown correspondent to Lord Conway , September 1666 , quoted by Tinniswood , 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neil Hanson ( 2011 ) . The Dreadful Judgement . Transworld . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 2193 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 82 . The section `` 17th - century firefighting '' is based on Tinniswood , 46 -- 52 , and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 75 -- 78 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet ( 9 m ) long with a strong hook and ring at one end , which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the building ( Tinniswood , 49 ) . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 25 . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving Samuel Pepys come from his diary entry for the day referred to . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bruce , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' Jump up ^ Gough MSS London14 , the Bodleian Library , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ `` Bludworth 's failure of nerve was crucial '' ( Tinniswood , 52 ) . Jump up ^ See Robinson , London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City '' and Tinniswood , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Compare Hanson ( 2001 ) , who claims that they had wheels ( 76 ) , and Tinniswood , who states that they did not ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines ; they were single - acting force pumps worked by long handles at the front and back ( Tinniswood , 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 - Great Fire '' . www.pepys.info . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Evelyn '' . spartacus-educational.com . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ The information in the day - by - day maps comes from Tinniswood , 58 , 77 , 97 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 44 : `` He did n't have the experience , the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation . '' Jump up ^ Pepys ' diary , 2 September 1666 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 93 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 53 . Jump up ^ London Gazette , 3 September 1666 . Jump up ^ See firestorm and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ The section `` Monday '' is based on Tinniswood , 58 -- 74 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Robinson , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving John Evelyn come from his Diary . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , 10 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 22 , 25 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 158 . Jump up ^ Tinnisworth , 71 . Jump up ^ Spelling modernised for clarity ; quoted by Tinniswood , 80 . Jump up ^ Walter George Bell ( 1929 ) The Story of London 's Great Fire : 109 - 11 . John Lane : London . Jump up ^ The section `` Tuesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 77 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Great Fire of London . London : Phoenix Paperback . p. 15 . ISBN 9781857995213 Jump up ^ The section `` Wednesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 101 -- 10 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Quoted Tinniswood , 104 . Jump up ^ Evelyn ( 1854 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2002 ) , 166 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 131 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson ( 2001 ) , 326 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Reddaway , 26 . Jump up ^ The section `` Aftermath '' is based on Reddaway , 27 ff. and Tinniswood , 213 -- 37 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 163 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( October 2006 ) . `` The great fire of London '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` England and the Netherlands : the ties between two nations '' . Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Allen B , ed. ( 1935 ) . `` Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 35 , 1666 - 1668 '' . British History Online . pp. 80 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R ( 2013 ) . The Anglo - Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century Modern Wars In Perspective . Routledge . p. 173 . ISBN 9781317899488 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert . `` The Great Fire of London -- 1666 '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Porter , 84 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ask the experts , Museum of London . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Archived 27 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The plague - ravaged parts -- extramural settlements like Holborn , Shoreditch , Finsbury , Whitechapel and Southwark that housed the most squalid slums -- were , sadly , little touched by the Fire ( burning down was what they needed ) '' ( Porter , 80 ) . Jump up ^ London : The Biography , Peter Ackroyd , 2000 , p 115 ^ Jump up to : Margaret Read MacDonald & Winifred Jaeger ( 2006 ) . The Round Book : Rounds Kids Love to Sing , p. 73 . August House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87483 - 786 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colligan , Mimi ( 2002 ) . `` Pompeii in Australia '' . Canvas Documentaries : Panoramic Entertainments in Nineteenth - century Australia and New Zealand . Melbourne University Press . p. 151 . Retrieved 13 December 2014 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The Great Fire review , ITV : ' historical hokum ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindahl , Greg . `` Scotland , It Burneth '' , Ravenscroft Songbook . Cites Vlasto , Jill . `` An Elizabethan Anthology of Rounds '' , Musical Quarterly XL ( 1954 ) 222 -- 234 . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Evelyn , John ( 1854 ) . Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn , F.R.S. London : Hurst and Blackett . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2001 ) . The Dreadful Judgement : The True Story of the Great Fire of London . New York : Doubleday . For a review of Hanson 's work , see Lauzanne , Alain . `` Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone '' . Cercles . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2002 ) . The Great Fire of London : In That Apocalyptic Year , 1666 . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . A `` substantially different '' version of Hanson 's The Dreadful Judgement ( front matter ) . Leasor , James ( 2011 ) ( 1961 ) . The Plague and the Fire . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908291 - 22 - 6 . `` London : the city as a phoenix -- The Great Fire of London '' . Richmond upon Thames Library Services . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Morgan , Kenneth O. ( 2000 ) . Oxford Illustrated History of Britain . Oxford : Oxford . Pepys , Samuel ( 1995 ) . Robert Latham and William Matthews ( eds . ) , ed . The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Vol. 7 . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 499027 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) First published between 1970 and 1983 , by Bell & Hyman , London . Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard , and copyright , edition . All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions and unfortunately contain many errors , as the shorthand in which Pepys ' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews . Porter , Roy ( 1994 ) . London : A Social History . Cambridge : Harvard . Reddaway , T.F. ( 1940 ) . The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire . London : Jonathan Cape . Robinson , Bruce . London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Sheppard , Francis ( 1998 ) . London : A History . Oxford : Oxford . Tinniswood , Adrian ( 2003 ) . By Permission of Heaven : The Story of the Great Fire of London . London : Jonathan Cape . Old St Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Fire of London . Great Fire of London on In Our Time at the BBC Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire Fire of London website produced by the Museum of London , The National Archives , the National Portrait Gallery , London Fire Brigade Museum and London Metropolitan Archives for Key Stage 1 pupils ( ages 5 -- 7 ) and teachers <Th_colspan="3"> History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications <Td_colspan="3"> Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' W / 51.5157 ° N 0.0921 ° W / 51.5157 ; - 0.0921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Fire_of_London&oldid=854225458 '' Categories : 1666 fires 1666 in England 17th century in London Disasters in England Disasters in London Fires in England Fires in London Great Fire of London History of the City of London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Great Fire of London
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2,404,410,408,129,735,000 | who sings the theme song to one day at a time | One Day at a Time - wikipedia One Day at a Time This article is about the 1975 -- 1984 sitcom . For the 2017 remake , see One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) . For other uses , see One Day at a Time ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> One Day at a Time <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Sitcom Created by Whitney Blake Allan Manings Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Norman Campbell Herbert Kenwith Sandy Kenyon Howard Morris Noam Pitlik Alan Rafkin Don Richardson Tony Singletary Starring Bonnie Franklin Mackenzie Phillips Richard Masur Valerie Bertinelli Pat Harrington Mary Louise Wilson Michael Lembeck Ron Rifkin Glenn Scarpelli Boyd Gaines Shelley Fabares Nanette Fabray Howard Hesseman Theme music composer Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Opening theme `` This is It '' performed by Polly Cutter Ending theme `` This is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 209 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Jack Elinson Perry Grant Mort Lachman Norman Lear Alan Rafkin Producer ( s ) Dick Bensfield Patricia Fass Palmer Perry Grant Katherine Green Allan Manings Bud Wiser Camera setup Multi-camera setup , videotape Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) T.A.T. Communications Company ( 1975 -- 82 ) Embassy Television ( 1982 -- 84 ) Distributor T.A.T. Communications Co. ( 1982 - 1984 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 95 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 - 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 - present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) -- May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , and Valerie Bertinelli Pat Harrington Jr. ( 1976 ) One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16 , 1975 , until May 28 , 1984 . It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenaged daughters in Indianapolis . The daughters were played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli . Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Production 3.1 Theme song and opening credits 3.2 Casting 3.2. 1 Main cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Syndication 7 Cast reunions 8 DVD releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings , a husband - and - wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s . The series was based on Whitney Blake 's own life as a single mother , raising her three children ( including future actress Meredith Baxter ) after her divorce from her first husband . Plot ( edit ) Ann Romano , a divorced mother , moves from their home in Logansport , Indiana , to Indianapolis with her daughters , the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara . Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman . Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer , David Kane ( Richard Masur ) . They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day , when David says he wants kids , but Ann does not . Dwayne Schneider , the building 's quirky superintendent ( most often referred to only by his last name ) , provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants . After David takes a job in Los Angeles , the focus squarely rests on Ann 's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman , as well as the girls ' growing pains , with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family . Ann 's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends , as does the girls ' relationship with his new wife , Vickie . Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world , and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath . Alex , the orphaned son of Ann 's deceased boyfriend , moves in , changing the dynamics in the female - dominated apartment . Later in the series run , Julie gives birth to a daughter , `` Little Annie '' Horvath , Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer , and Ann 's mother Katherine moves nearby . In the penultimate episode , Ann decides to take a job in London , leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own . In the series finale , Schneider also leaves town , moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew . Production ( edit ) For its entire run , the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience . Originally , it was taped at CBS Television City . Shortly after its premiere , the series began taping at Metromedia Square , where it remained until 1982 . From 1982 to 1984 , the series was taped at Universal Studios . Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear , One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships , particularly those related to second - wave feminism . Stories depicting such events as weddings , births , and other important milestones frequently stretched over two - , three - , and four - part episodes . Theme song and opening credits ( edit ) The theme song for One Day at a Time , `` This is It '' , was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry , and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter . The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann , Julie , and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home . Later , the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes . Casting ( edit ) Actors Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run . Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse . She later returned in a frequent recurring role . Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season , but returned as a guest star in the sixth - season finale . After Masur 's departure , the producers tried going in a different direction . Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man , it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil . For that role , producer Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson , who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as Tessie Tura in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury . Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki , a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider 's apartment building , and immediately becomes Ann 's best friend and confidante . The shows ' ratings began to decline soon after Wilson 's arrival , as the character of Ginny Wroblicki proved to be unpopular with viewers . According to her memoir , My First Hundred Years in Show Business , prior to being cast as Ginny , Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment . She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read - through of her first episode . Wilson also did not get along with Franklin , `` who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously '' and who considered herself `` our foremost authority on Broadway '' . She also thought that Harrington 's character of Schneider was not funny at all , although she liked Harrington himself , and found him hilarious offscreen . Wilson wrote that `` aside from Lear , nobody thought I was funny ... To make matters worse , each character , according to the show 's formula , had to have a ' serious ' moral dilemma at some point , and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink . '' At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time , Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract . Wilson later admitted , `` I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable . I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for . '' Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where `` you said your line when the red light on the camera went on ... and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on '' at which the character you 're speaking to says the next line . After the meeting with her agent , Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series , but it was too late . Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson 's unhappiness and she was released from the show after appearing in 14 episodes . The character of Ginny Wroblicki was never seen , referred to , or heard from again except in a fifth - season episode ( `` Retrospective '' ) made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series . For the next two seasons , the central cast of Ann , Julie , Barbara , and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters , including William Kirby Cullen as Julie 's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield , Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck 's parents , John Putch as Barbara 's awkward friend Bob Morton , Scott Colomby as Barbara 's boyfriend Cliff Randall , and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann 's bosses , Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport , respectively . Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily , residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semiregular variety show . Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann 's ex-husband and the girls ' father , Ed Cooper . Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie 's husband , Max , in the fifth season , but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips ' firing ( but later returned in season seven along with Philips ) . A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons , including Ron Rifkin as Ann 's boyfriend , Nick ; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick 's son , Alex ; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara 's boyfriend , later husband , Mark . Shelley Fabares , who had previously guest - starred as Ann 's rival co-worker Francine Webster , appeared more frequently , eventually becoming a regular . Nanette Fabray , who played Ann 's mother , also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season . Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark 's father , Sam , who would become Ann 's second husband . Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden , Robby Benson , Carla Borelli , Charlie Brill , Dennis Burkley , Jack Dodson , Elinor Donahue , David Dukes , Greg Evigan , Conchata Ferrell , Corey Feldman , Alice Ghostley , Lee Grant , Mark Hamill , Jim Hutton , Terry Kiser , Richard Kline , Christopher Knight , Jay Leno , Robert Mandan , Robert Morse , Denise Nicholas , J. Pat O'Malley , Jo Ann Pflug , Eve Plumb , Susan Richardson , William Schallert , Gretchen Corbett , Suzanne Somers , Ellen Travolta , Dick Van Patten , and Keenan Wynn . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="9"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano <Td_colspan="9"> Main Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath <Td_colspan="5"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Richard Masur David Kane <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer <Td_colspan="9"> Main Pat Harrington , Jr . Dwayne Schneider <Td_colspan="9"> Main Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main <Td_colspan="7"> Michael Lembeck Max Horvath <Td_colspan="4"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Main Ron Rifkin Nick Handris <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Main Boyd Gaines Mark Royer <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Shelley Fabares Francine Webster <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano <Td_colspan="3"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Main Howard Hesseman Sam Royer <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="3"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 <Td_colspan="1"> December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) March 30 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 30 ) 12 23.1 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 28 ) March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) 8 23.4 The ABC Sunday Night Movie Baretta <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 27 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 27 ) April 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 04 - 03 ) 10 23.0 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) April 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 14 ) 18 21.6 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> September 30 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 30 ) April 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 13 ) 10 23.0 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 21 <Td_colspan="1"> November 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 09 ) May 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 10 ) 11 22.0 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 25 <Td_colspan="1"> October 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 16 ) 10 22.0 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 26 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 26 ) May 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 23 ) 16 19.1 N / A <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) 44 15.9 N / A Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday - night lineup , one of the most successful in TV history , along with Archie Bunker 's Place , Alice , and The Jeffersons . The series consistently ranked among the top twenty ( if not the top ten ) programs in the ratings . However , the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times . By the end of the 1982 -- 83 season , viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16 . At this time , Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on , but agreed to do a ninth ( and final ) season . ( Although both were offered contracts for two more seasons : a ninth and a tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography Losing It : And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time . ) Awards and honors ( edit ) 1981 , 1982 : Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli 1982 : Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin 1984 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor -- Comedy Series to Pat Harrington Syndication ( edit ) CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years . From September 17 , 1979 , to February 1 , 1980 , it aired on the daytime schedule at 3 : 30 pm Eastern time ; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour , it was moved on February 4 , 1980 , to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm . On September 28 , 1981 , it moved to 10 am Eastern time , and on September 20 , 1982 , it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid . Soon after , the show entered off - network syndication , airing on local stations around the country , and nationally on WGN , TBS , and the E ! Network . Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017 . As of July 23 , 2017 , the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV . It also can be seen on the satellite service FeTV . Cast reunions ( edit ) The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60 - minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22 , 2005 , at 9 : 00 pm ET , reuniting Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , Valerie Bertinelli , and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters . Regular cast members Richard Masur , Shelley Fabares , Nanette Fabray , Michael Lembeck , and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews . The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time : The Complete First Season DVD set . On February 26 , 2008 , Franklin , Phillips , Bertinelli , and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set , Phillips ' drug problems , and the show 's theme song on NBC 's Today Show as part of a week - long segment titled `` Together Again : TV 's Greatest Casts Reunited '' . Bertinelli , Harrington , and ( on tape ) Franklin appeared on the September 10 , 2008 , episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray 's 40th birthday . In 2011 , Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin 's last acting roles before her death in 2013 . Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series . One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29 . Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli , Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington Jr. , Richard Masur , Mackenzie Phillips , and Glenn Scarpelli . DVD releases ( edit ) On April 24 , 2007 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1 . On September 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5 , 2017 . Season 2 was released on March 27 , 2018 . Season 3 was released on June 12 , 2018 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 15 April 24 , 2007 The Complete Second Season 24 March 27 , 2018 The Complete Third Season 24 June 12 , 2018 The Complete Series 209 December 5 , 2017 Remake ( edit ) Main article : One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series , with a Latino cast , for Netflix , beginning in 2017 . The ensemble is led by Justina Machado , with Rita Moreno , Stephen Tobolowsky , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles . Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Celizic ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Cast of ' One Day at a Time ' reunites on TODAY '' . msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Mary Louise . My First Hundred Years , pp. 133 - 139 . Overlook Press . c. 2015 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1687 - 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ 1983 - 84 Ratings History http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/09/1983-84-ratings-history-networks-are.html Jump up ^ `` Barbara 's Crisis '' . TV.com . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for `` One Day at a Time '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED ! ' The Complete Series ' DVDs in 2017 from Shout ! 27 - disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December Archived 2017 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - Shout ! 's Street Date for a Separate ' Season 2 ' Set. 3 - DVD release will be available near the end of March Archived 2017 - 12 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - ' Season 3 ' DVDs to be Sold Separately for the First Time this June . Available since December in The Complete Series , Shout ! will now separate this season TV Shows on DVD , March 5 , 2018 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs '' . Deadline Hollywood . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time . One Day at a Time on IMDb One Day at a Time at TV.com One Day at a Time at epguides.com Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time <Th_colspan="2"> Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Day_at_a_Time&oldid=854586964 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1984 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Sony franchises Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in Indianapolis Television series about families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 11 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. One Day at a Time - 1975-1984 sitcom
2. Bonnie Franklin, Mackenzie Phillips, Valerie Bertinelli - main cast members
3. Divorced mother raising two teenaged daughters
4. Tackled serious issues related to second-wave feminism
5. Aired on CBS, moved around the prime time schedule |
1,260,557,684,013,657,300 | who played uncle jesse on dukes of hazzard | Denver Pyle - wikipedia Denver Pyle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Denver Pyle <Td_colspan="2"> Keir Dullea and Pyle ( right ) in 1962 Denver Dell Pyle ( 1920 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 1920 Bethune , Kit Carson County Colorado , U.S. December 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 25 ) ( aged 77 ) Burbank , California , U.S. Cause of death Lung Cancer Resting place Forreston Cemetery in Forreston , Ellis County , Texas Years active 1947 -- 1997 Spouse ( s ) Marilee Carpenter ( 1955 -- 1970 ) ( divorced ) 2 sons Tippie Johnston ( 1983 -- 1997 ) ( his death ) Denver Dell Pyle ( May 11 , 1920 -- December 25 , 1997 ) was an American film and television actor . He was known for portraying Briscoe Darling , Jr. in several episodes of The Andy Griffith Show , and playing Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979 - 85 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Limited roles 2.2 Continuing roles 2.3 Later years 3 Charitable efforts 4 Recognition 5 Personal life 6 Death 7 Selected filmography 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Pyle was born in Bethune , Colorado on May 11 , 1920 to farmer Ben H. Pyle ( 1895 -- 1988 ) and his wife Maude ( 1899 -- 1985 ) ; His brother , Willis ( 1914 - 2016 ) , was an animator known for his work with Walt Disney Animation Studios and UPA . After graduating from high school , Pyle briefly attended Colorado State University , but dropped out to enter show business . Pyle was a drummer and band member until the United States entered World War II , when he joined the United States Navy . Career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the war , Pyle embarked on his film career . He starred in several movies and on television during the 1950s and 1960s . Limited roles ( edit ) Pyle guest - starred between 1951 and 1953 fourteen times on the syndicated television series The Range Rider with Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones , appeared as an outlaw in a 1951 episode of the television series The Lone Ranger titled `` Backtrail '' , episode 71 , `` The Outcast '' , episode 166 , `` Woman in the White Mask and episode 187 , `` Cross of Santo Domingo '' . In 1953 , Pyle appeared as Emil Hatch in episode # 46 of The Adventures of Superman entitled `` Beware the Wrecker '' . He had a part in the 1955 Audie Murphy film To Hell and Back , appeared twice on NBC 's 1955 -- 1956 western anthology series Frontier ( in `` Mother of the Brave '' and in `` The Voyage of Captain Castle '' ) . Pyle appeared twice as an unidentified bank robber in Duncan Renaldo 's syndicated western series The Cisco Kid . In 1954 , he was cast as a henchman of the outlaw Sam Bass in Stories of the Century . Pyle was twice cast on CBS 's The Public Defender in the role of George Hansen , and three times on the religious anthology series , Crossroads on ABC . He acted the part of a police detective in the 1956 film noir Please Murder Me , starring Raymond Burr . Pyle was cast as Carter in the 1955 episode `` Joey 's Father '' on Fury . Three years later , he played an arsonist in the episode `` The Fire Watchers '' of the same series . In 1956 Pyle appeared as `` Vance Kiley '' in the episode called `` Quicksand '' in the TV western series Lone Ranger . In 1958 , Pyle starred with Judith Evelyn in the episode `` Man in the Moon '' of the NBC docudrama about the Cold War Behind Closed Doors , hosted by and occasionally starring Bruce Gordon . He appeared as a Professor in the syndicated Men Into Space series ' 1959 episode Moonquake . In an episode of Ripcord he played a suicidal parachutist . Pyle appeared twice each on the CBS western series My Friend Flicka and NBC 's The Restless Gun with John Payne . He guest starred with Grant Withers in the 1959 episode `` Tumbleweed Ranger '' of Tris Coffin 's syndicated western series 26 Men , billed as true stories of the Arizona Rangers . He appeared seven times on Richard Boone 's CBS western Have Gun -- Will Travel , his final appearance on the show in 1960 as the character Croft in `` The Puppeteer '' . He guest - starred in 1960 in several other westerns , including Pony Express , The Man from Blackhawk , and Tombstone Territory . He guest - starred in the episode `` Trail of the Dead '' , the story of five missing western prospectors , of Rod Cameron 's modern western syndicated series State Trooper . He appeared with Sammy Jackson in the episode `` Resurrection '' of the syndicated American Civil War drama , The Gray Ghost . He was cast as Big Red in the 1959 episode `` Woman in the River '' of the ABC / Warner Bros. detective series Bourbon Street Beat , starring Andrew Duggan and Richard Long . He made several appearances as Briscoe Darling , Jr. on The Andy Griffith Show . Pyle was cast in a number of western movies by John Ford , including The Horse Soldiers with William Holden and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance . He played a Tennessee soldier ( called `` Thimblerig '' ) in John Wayne 's The Alamo ( 1960 ) . He portrayed Sam Houston in several episodes of CBS 's The Adventures of Jim Bowie . He guest - starred as a law enforcement officer in Jim Davis ' other syndicated series , Rescue 8 , and appeared as well in an episode of the ABC sitcom , The Real McCoys . Pyle was cast in the 1960 episode `` Three Wise Men '' of ABC 's Stagecoach West as an outlaw who promises to turn himself into the authorities if he can spend Christmas with his family . About this time , Pyle appeared in the segment `` Lawyer in Petticoats '' of William Bendix 's 1960 NBC western series Overland Trail , and thereafter in 1961 in `` Hand of Vengeance '' of the syndicated western series Two Faces West . Pyle was cast as Jed Corrigan in the 1961 episode `` The Tramp '' of the NBC family drama series National Velvet . Pyle guest - starred twice on the CBS series `` Route 66 '' with Martin Milner and George Maharis , first in 1961 in the episode `` The Newborn '' and again in 1962 in `` A Long Piece Of Mischief '' . He appeared as the father of the doomed family in the dystopian episode `` Black Leather Jackets '' of The Twilight Zone . In 1963 , Pyle guest - starred on `` The Dick Van Dyke Show '' as Uncle George in the episode `` Uncle George '' . He appeared in the 1963 -- 1964 season of ABC 's drama about college life Channing . He portrayed the character Brill in the 1964 episode , `` Johnny Ride the Pony : One , Two , Three '' , of the NBC education drama series , Mr. Novak , starring James Franciscus . Pyle appeared 14 times on Gunsmoke , seven times on Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theatre , and twice on Frontier Justice , all on CBS . He appeared in seven episodes as Ben Thompson ( and twice as other characters ) on the ABC western series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp ' . Pyle played the frontier character Deadwood Dick in the 1966 episode `` The Resurrection of Deadwood Dick '' on the syndicated anthology series Death Valley Days . He appeared twice in Cheyenne starring Clint Walker . He played Sergeant Tripp in the episode `` The Enemy '' of the James Arness ABC series How the West Was Won . He also is known for portraying both the suspect and the murder victim on the last original Perry Mason episode , `` The Case of the Final Fadeout '' in 1966 . He was the only actor to play a victim , a suspect and the actual murderer ( in previous episodes ) on the series in six appearances . Among his other appearances he played defendant Robert Crane in `` The Case of the Deadly Double '' in 1958 , murderer Tilden Stuart in `` The Case of the Jealous Journalist '' and murderer Emery Fillmore in `` The Case of the Renegade Refugee '' ( both in 1961 ) , and murderer Frank Honer in `` The Case of the Shifty Shoebox '' in 1963 . Pyle portrayed Grandpa Tarleton in all twenty - six episodes of Tammy in the 1965 -- 1966 season . Pyle portrayed the vengeful Texas Ranger Frank Hamer in the 1967 movie Bonnie and Clyde . He also appeared in an episode of The High Chaparral as a general who had lost his son . In 1968 he appeared as Titus Purcell , patriarch of a family of homesteaders , in the episode `` The Price of Tomatoes '' in the sitcom Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Working for the first time with Jim Nabors playing Gomer Pyle , spun - off from the Andy Griffith Show , he utilized a screen persona similar to Briscoe Darling , Jr . Pyle had a guest - starring role in 1973 on The Streets of San Francisco . In 1975 , Walt Disney Productions released a film based on the novel Escape to Witch Mountain . In this film , Tony and Tia were played by Ike Eisenmann and Kim Richards , Lucas Deranian by Donald Pleasence , and the children 's Uncle Bené by Pyle . He appeared as a judge residing in the town of Purgatory in the first - season episode of Kung Fu , titled `` Ancient Warrior '' . Continuing roles ( edit ) Pyle played the role of Mad Jack in 36 episodes of the NBC series The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams ( 1977 -- 1978 ) . He played Buck Webb ( Doris Day 's television series father ) during the first two seasons of CBS 's The Doris Day Show ( 1968 -- 1970 ) . He said in 1968 that he based his acting in that role on his father 's personality . He did some writing and directing for the short - lived half - hour western Dirty Sally starring Jeanette Nolan , which ran on CBS in the first half of 1974 . He also played a small role on The Waltons as a relative to the Baldwin sisters . Pyle 's best - known and longest - running television role was that of Uncle Jesse Duke in the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard ( 1979 -- 1985 ) ( 146 episodes ) . Later years ( edit ) In his later life , Pyle played mostly cameo television roles and retired from full - time acting . His last film role was in the 1994 film Maverick . His last known acting role was as Jesse Duke in the 1997 CBS made - for - TV movie The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! . Charitable efforts ( edit ) Pyle sponsored Uncle Jesse 's Fishing Tournament in Lamar County , Texas . In 10 years of operation , the tournament raised more than $160,000 to support children 's programs there . Recognition ( edit ) Pyle has a star in the Motion Pictures section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7083 Hollywood Boulevard . It was dedicated on December 12 , 1997 . In 1991 , the Texas Senate passed a resolution honoring Pyle and his wife for their work with Special Olympics and the Denver Pyle 's Children 's Charities . Personal life ( edit ) In 1955 , Pyle married Marilee Carpenter ( 1924 -- 2010 ) , a production assistant at 20th Century Fox . They had sons , David and Tony in 1956 and 1957 , respectively . According to her obituary , `` Marilee advised and assisted Denver throughout his fifty - year career in motion pictures and television -- uninterrupted even by their divorce in 1970 -- until his death in 1997 . '' In 1983 , Pyle married Tippie Johnston . That union lasted until his death . Death ( edit ) Pyle died of lung cancer on Christmas Day in 1997 . Memorial services were held January 6 , 1998 , at First Baptist Church in Waxahachie , Texas . He is buried in an unmarked grave at the Forreston Cemetery in Forreston in Ellis County south of Waxahachie , Texas . His remains are interred beside those of his second wife 's parents , J.T. Johnston ( 1914 -- 1993 ) and Erin Birch Johnston ( 1913 -- 1989 ) . Selected filmography ( edit ) The Man from Colorado ( 1948 ) ( uncredited ) Federal Agent at Large ( 1950 ) To Hell and Back ( 1955 ) The Left Handed Gun ( 1958 ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 ) Cast a Long Shadow ( 1959 ) The Alamo ( 1960 ) The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) Geronimo ( 1962 ) The Rounders ( 1965 ) Mara of the Wilderness ( 1965 ) Shenandoah ( 1965 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) Welcome to Hard Times ( 1967 ) Bonnie and Clyde ( 1967 ) as Frank Hamer Bandolero ! ( 1968 ) 5 Card Stud ( 1968 ) Something Big ( 1971 ) Cahill U.S. Marshal ( 1973 ) Escape to Witch Mountain ( 1975 ) Hawmps ! ( 1976 ) Buffalo Bill and the Indians , or Sitting Bull 's History Lesson ( 1976 ) Welcome to L.A. ( 1976 ) Return from Witch Mountain ( 1978 ) Legend of the Wild ( 1981 ) Delta Fever ( 1987 ) as Walt Return to Mayberry ( 1986 , TV movie ) as Briscoe Darling Maverick ( 1994 ) as Old Gambler on Riverboat The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) as Uncle Jesse Duke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security Death Index '' . New England Historic Genealogical Society . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Great Character Actors , dougmacaulay.com ; accessed March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willis Pyle Obituary '' . New York Times . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Willis Pyle , Famed Animator on ' Pinocchio ' and ' Mr. Magoo , ' Dies at 101 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rohde , David ( December 28 , 1997 ) . `` Denver Pyle , 77 , Best Known For ' Dukes of Hazzard ' Role '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . He is survived by his wife , Tippy , whom he married in 1983 and two sons , David of Newport Beach , Calif. , and Tony of San Clemente , Calif . Jump up ^ `` Behind Closed Doors '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Death Valley Days : `` The Resurrection of Deadwood Dick '' `` . Internet Movie Database . October 1 , 1966 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Pyle Chose Acting Over Law '' . New York , Troy . The Times - Record . September 7 , 1968 . p. 28 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : A sad farewell to Uncle Jessee '' . Texas , Paris . The Paris News . January 1 , 1998 . p. 4 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Denver Pyle '' . Texas , Paris . The Paris News . December 31 , 1997 . p. 16 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Denver Pyle '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Shawn R. ( April 13 , 1991 ) . `` 300 athletes participate in area Olympics '' . Texas , Paris . The Paris News . p. 1 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Marilee Carpenter Pyle , 85 '' . Los Angeles Times . January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forreston Cemetery '' . cemeteries-of-tx.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Colorado portal California portal Texas portal Film portal Television portal Denver Pyle on IMDb Denver Pyle at the TCM Movie Database Denver Pyle memorial photo montage on YouTube Denver Pyle at Find a Grave <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Dukes of Hazzard <Td_colspan="2"> Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Reunion films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ! ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run VIAF : 87283467 LCCN : no2002031216 IATH : w6nx3fjq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Pyle&oldid=800934906 '' Categories : 1920 births 1997 deaths American male film actors American sailors United States Merchant Marine American male television actors Deaths from lung cancer Male actors from Colorado People from Kit Carson County , Colorado Male actors from Los Angeles Deaths from cancer in California Burials in Texas 20th - century American male actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Denver Pyle - American film and television actor
2. The Andy Griffith Show - TV series in which Pyle portrayed Briscoe Darling, Jr.
3. The Dukes of Hazzard - TV series in which Pyle played Jesse Duke
4. Career in film and television - Pyle's extensive work in movies and TV shows
5. Personal life and death - Pyle's marriages, children, and his battle with lung cancer |
803,611,163,390,163,700 | is it legal to marry your aunt in uk | Avunculate marriage - Wikipedia Avunculate marriage Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Avunculate marriage is marriage between an uncle and a niece or between an aunt and a nephew ( second - degree relative ) . In some societies avunculate marriage is prohibited as a form of incest , while in others it is legal , even common . The partners of an avunculate marriage have the same genetic relationship as half - siblings or a grandparent and grandchild , sharing on average 25 % of their genetic material . This is more than that of a first cousin relationship , in which on average the members share 12.5 % of their genetic material , but less than that of cousin - siblings ( 37.5 % ) or full siblings ( 50 % ) . Avunculate marriages were once frequent among the royal houses of Europe , as Leviticus 18 was not interpreted to explicitly forbid the marriage of a man with the daughter of his sibling ; in Catholic countries a papal dispensation could be and often was obtained to allow such a marriage . According to the Talmud , avunculate marriage ( specifically an uncle marrying his niece ) is commended by Jewish law , however , Sadducees and other Jewish sects believed that such unions are Biblically prohibited . Avunculate marriage is banned in Islam , thus it is illegal in most Muslim countries . Avunculate marriage is currently illegal in most Anglophone jurisdictions , but is allowed in Argentina , Australia , , Brazil , Finland , Malaysia , the Netherlands , and Russia . Avunculate marriage is the preferred type of union among the Awá - Guajá people of the eastern Amazon basin . List of avunculate marriages ( edit ) Nahor , son of Terah and his niece , Milcah Jochebed and her nephew , Amram Leonidas , King of Sparta and his half - niece , Gorgo Alexander I of Epirus and his niece Cleopatra of Macedon Ptolemy VIII Physcon and his niece Cleopatra III of Egypt Ptolemy X Alexander I and his niece , Berenice III of Egypt Ptolemy XII Auletes and his half - niece , Cleopatra V of Egypt Roman Emperor Claudius and his fourth wife and niece , Agrippina the Younger Musa ibn Musa , Wali of Zaragoza and Governor of Upper March and his half - niece Assona Íñiguez Vietnamese Prince Tran Hung Dao and his consort and paternal aunt , Princess Thien Thanh Alfonso X of Castile had a concubinage with his paternal half aunt Maria Alfonso de Leon Infante John , Constable of Portugal and his half - niece , Isabel of Barcelos ( 1424 ) Afonso V of Portugal and his niece , Joanna of Castile ( second wife ) ( 1475 ) Jacques of Savoy , Count of Romont and his niece , Marie of Luxembourg , Countess of Vendôme ( 1484 ) Joanna of Naples and her nephew , King Ferdinand II of Naples ( 1496 ) Ferdinand II of Aragon and his half - grandniece , Germaine of Foix ( second wife ) ( 1505 ) Philip II of Spain and his niece , Anna of Austria ( fourth wife ) ( 1570 ) Charles II , Archduke of Austria and his niece , Maria Anna of Bavaria ( 1571 ) Ferdinand II , Archduke of Austria , and his niece , Anne Juliana Gonzaga ( second wife ) ( 1582 ) Chiefess Kapohauola and her nephew , Chief Kaka ʻe Maximilian I , Elector of Bavaria and his niece , Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria ( 1635 ) Prince Maurice of Savoy and his niece , Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy ( 1642 ) Karl Eusebius , Prince of Liechtenstein and his niece , Johanna Beatrix of Dietrichstein ( 1644 ) Philip IV of Spain and his niece , Mariana of Austria ( second wife ) ( 1646 ) Leopold I , Holy Roman Emperor and his niece , Margaret Theresa of Austria ( 1666 ) . Voltaire ( François - Marie Arouet ) , lived in concubinage with his niece , Marie Louise Mignot Denis . Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and his niece Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg - Schwedt ( 1755 ) Pedro III of Portugal and his niece Maria I of Portugal ( 1760 ) Prince Benedetto , Duke of Chablais and his half - niece Princess Maria Ana of Savoy ( 1775 ) Infanta Benedita and her nephew , José , Prince of Brazil ( 1777 ) Prince Eugene of Saxe - Hildburghausen and his niece , Caroline of Saxe - Hildburghausen ( 1778 ) King Kamehameha the Great of Hawai ʻi and his niece , Queen Keōpūolani ( c. 1796 ) Sir John Acton , 6th Baronet , Prime Minister of Naples and his niece Marianna Acton ( 1799 ) Francis IV , Duke of Modena , and his niece , Maria Beatrice of Savoy ( titular queen of England and Scotland according to the Jacobite succession ) ( 1812 ) Leopold , Prince of Salerno and his niece , Archduchess Clementina of Austria ( 1816 ) Infante Carlos , Count of Molina , and his niece , Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal ( 1816 ) , and later his niece , Maria Teresa of Portugal ( 1838 ) Kamehameha II and his half - niece Kalani Pauahi Ferdinand VII of Spain and his niece Maria Isabel of Portugal ( 1816 ) , and later his niece Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies ( 1829 ) Gustav , Landgrave of Hesse - Homburg and his niece , Princess Louise of Anhalt - Dessau ( 1818 ) Leopold , Grand Duke of Baden and his half - grand niece Princess Sophie of Sweden ( 1819 ) Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his niece Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily ( 1819 ) Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha and his niece Duchess Marie of Württemberg ( second wife ) ( 1832 ) James Mayer de Rothschild , founder of the French branch of the Rothschild banking family , and his niece Betty Salomon von Rothschild ( c. 1825 ) . Mongkut and his half grandniece Somanass Waddhanawathy ( 1851 ) , and his half grandniece Debsirindra ( 1851 ) , and later his half grandniece Phannarai ( 1851 ) . Svasti Sobhana and his half - niece Abha Barni Richard von Metternich ( son of the famous Austrian Chancellor ) and his niece , Pauline von Metternich ( 1856 ) . Duke Nicholas of Württemberg and his half - niece Duchess Wilhelmine of Württemberg ( 1868 ) Amadeo I of Spain and his niece , Maria Letizia Bonaparte ( second wife ) ( 1888 ) Porfirio Díaz , president of Mexico ( 1876 -- 80 , 1884 -- 1911 ) , and his niece Delfina Ortega Diaz Henryk Sienkiewicz , Polish novelist , and his niece , Maria Babska. ( 1904 ) Klara Hitler , daughter of Johann Pölzl and Johanna Hiedler and Adolf Hitler 's mother . Either her grandfather Johann Nepomuk Hiedler or his brother was likely her husband Alois Hitler 's biological father . Moreover , Johann was her future husband 's step - uncle . Even after they were married , Klara still called her husband `` uncle '' . Emperor Jomei and his niece Empress Kōgyoku Emperor Kōtoku and his niece Princess Hashihito Emperor Tenmu and his niece Empress Jitō , Princess Ōta , Princess Ōe , Princess Niitabe Prince Kusakabe and his aunt Empress Genmei Emperor Shōmu and his aunt Empress Kōmyō Emperor Junna and his niece Princess Seishi Emperor Suzaku and his niece Princess Hiroko Emperor En'yū and his niece Princess Sonshi Emperor Go - Ichijō and his aunt Fujiwara no Ishi Emperor Go - Suzaku and his aunt Fujiwara no Yoshiko Emperor Hui of Han and his niece Empress Zhang Yan Sun Xiu and his niece Empress Zhu See also ( edit ) Consanguinity Cousin marriage List of coupled cousins Sibling marriage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Avunculate Marriage in the Bible Jump up ^ `` Schedule 2 : Forbidden marriages -- Marriage Act 1955 ( as of 25 February 2012 ) -- New Zealand Legislation '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . 25 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . A man / woman may not marry his / her -- ... ( 4 ) father 's sister / brother ; ( 5 ) mother 's sister / brother ; ... ( 19 ) brother 's daughter / son ; ( 20 ) sister 's daughter / son Jump up ^ Sect . 23B of The Marriage Act 1961 of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia as currently in force provides in its ( 1 ) that a marriage is in a variety of circumstances null and void , including where ( ... ) `` ( b ) the parties are within a prohibited relationship '' , this latter defined in the following ( 2 ) as being `` ( a ) between a person and an ancestor or descendant of the person ; or ( b ) between a brother and a sister ( whether of the whole blood or the half - blood ) ( ... ) ; ( ... ) and not otherwise ( i.e. not void in any other circumstances ; my emphasis ) . '' The section ends with the following note : `` '' ancestor `` , in relation to a person , means any person from whom the first - mentioned person is descended including a parent of the first - mentioned person . '' . From the foregoing it should now be abundantly clear that avunculate marriage is not prohibited in Australia . The prohibitions quoted from the relevant New Zealand Act in the previous note have their origin in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer , which fact points up one of the main differences between the two Australasian countries . The ( Australian ) Family Law Act 1975 has not the slightest relevance to the present subject . Jump up ^ Pikkanen , Antti ( 24 July 2014 ) . `` Lapsena alttarille -- Jenna Karjalainen meni naimisiin alaikäisenä '' . Nyt.fi . Helsingin Sanomat . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . ( Oikeusm ) inisteriö käsittelee myös muita avioliittoon liittyviä poikkeuslupia . Lupaa voi anoa , jos esimerkiksi haluaa mennä naimisiin sisarensa lapsen kanssa . Mutta sellaisia hakemuksia tulee hyvin harvoin , 2000 - luvulla pari kolme . Jump up ^ Law Reform ( Marriage and Divorce ) Act 1976 Archived March 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( for Hindus only ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Family Code of the Russian Federation , Article 14 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Loretta A. Cormier , Kinship with monkeys : the Guajá foragers of eastern Amazonia , Columbia University Press , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12524 - 6 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sparta Revisited - Spartan Leodnidas I and Gorgo Jump up ^ Durant , Will ; Ariel Durant ( 1965 ) . The Age of Voltaire : a History of Civilization in Western Europe from 1715 to 1756 , with Special Emphasis on the Conflict between Religion and Philosophy . The Story of Civilization : Part IX . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 391 -- 93 . Jump up ^ See the Polish Wikipedia article on `` Henryk Sienkiewicz . '' Jump up ^ The Hitler Family Tree Jump up ^ Family tree of Adolf Hitler <Th_colspan="2"> Incest Incest Accidental incest Avunculate marriage Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage notable cases in the Middle East Covert incest Inbreeding Incest between twins Motherfucker Parallel and cross cousins Snokhachestvo Sibling incest Child incestuous abuse Laws regarding incest Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code Consanguinity Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Cousin marriage court cases in the United States Mahram Muth v. Frank Laws regarding incest in the United States Prohibited degree of kinship Ten Abominations Culture Incest in the Bible Incest in folklore Incest in popular culture Incest in film and television Incest in literature Incest pornography Incest taboo Jewish views on incest Theory Science Coefficient of relationship Genetic sexual attraction Inbreeding depression Pedigree collapse Psychology Electra complex Jocasta complex Oedipus complex Phaedra complex Westermarck effect Cases Alvarez case Armando Lucero Colt clan incest case Fritzl case Goler clan Maria Ersdotter Moe incest case Mongelli case Patrick Stübing Sheffield incest case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avunculate_marriage&oldid=803026428 '' Categories : Types of marriage Kinship and descent Incest Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Avunculate marriage
2. Incest
3. Genetic relationship
4. Prohibited relationships
5. Cultural acceptance of avunculate marriage |
8,094,210,760,189,982,000 | how to resume a movie on amazon prime | IMDb - Wikipedia IMDb For the database system , see In - memory database . For the Malaysian fund , see 1MDB . IMDb <Td_colspan="2"> Type of site Online database for movies , television , and video games Available in English Owner Amazon Created by Col Needham ( CEO ) Subsidiaries Box Office Mojo Website imdb.com Alexa rank 54 ( July 2018 ) Commercial Yes Registration Optional registration , registered members can write reviews , edit the site , vote on ratings Launched 17 October 1990 ; 27 years ago ( 1990 - 10 - 17 ) Current status Active IMDb , an abbreviation of Internet Movie Database , is an online database of information related to world films , television programs , home videos and video games , and internet streams , including cast , production crew and personnel biographies , plot summaries , trivia , and fan reviews and ratings . An additional fan feature , message boards , was abandoned in February 2017 . Originally a fan - operated website , the database is owned and operated by IMDb.com , Inc. , a subsidiary of Amazon . As of December 2017 , IMDb has approximately 4.7 million titles ( including episodes ) and 8.3 million personalities in its database , as well as 83 million registered users . Contents 1 Features 2 History 2.1 History before website 2.2 On the web 2.3 As an independent company 2.4 As Amazon.com subsidiary ( 1998 -- present ) 3 IMDbPro 4 Television episodes numbers 5 Characters ' filmography 6 Instant viewing 7 Content and format 7.1 Data provided by subjects 7.2 Copyright , vandalism and error issues 7.3 Data format and access 7.4 Film titles 8 Ancillary features 8.1 User ratings of films 8.1. 1 Rankings 8.2 Message boards 9 Statistics 10 Litigation 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Features ( edit ) The movie and talent pages of IMDb are accessible to all internet users , but a registration process is necessary to contribute information to the site . Most data in the database is provided by volunteer contributors . The site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries . Users with a proven track record of submitting factual data are given instant approval for additions or corrections to cast , credits , and other demographics of media product and personalities . However , image , name , character name , plot summaries , and title changes are supposedly screened before publication , and usually take between 24 and 72 hours to appear . All registered users choose their own site name , and most operate anonymously . They have a profile page which shows how long a registered user has been a member , as well as personal movie ratings ( should the user decide to display them ) and , since 2015 , `` badges '' are added representing how many contributions a particular registered user has submitted . These badges range from total contributions made to independent categories such as photos , trivia , bios , etc . If a registered user or visitor is in the entertainment industry and has an IMDb page , that user / visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO . There is no single index of contributors , no index on each profile page of the items contributed , and ( except for plot synopses and biographies ) no identification of contributors to each product 's or person 's data pages . Users are also invited to rate any film on a scale of 1 to 10 , and the totals are converted into a weighted mean - rating that is displayed beside each title , with online filters employed to deter ballot - stuffing . History ( edit ) History before website ( edit ) IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled `` Those Eyes '' , about actresses with beautiful eyes . Others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own . Needham subsequently started an `` Actors List '' , while Dave Knight began a `` Directors List '' , and Andy Krieg took over `` THE LIST '' from Hank Driskill , which would later be renamed the `` Actress List '' . Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working , but soon retired people were added , so Needham started what was then ( but did not remain ) a separate `` Dead Actors / Actresses List '' . The goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible . By late 1990 , the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein . On 17 October 1990 , Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists , and thus the database that would become the IMDb was born . At the time , it was known as the `` rec. arts. movies movie database '' . On the web ( edit ) The database had been expanded to include additional categories of filmmakers and other demographic material as well as trivia , biographies , and plot summaries . The movie ratings had been properly integrated with the list data , and a centralized email interface for querying the database had been created by Alan Jay . Later , in 1993 , it moved onto the World Wide Web , ( a network in its infancy at that time ) under the name of Cardiff Internet Movie Database . The database resided on the servers of the computer science department of Cardiff University in Wales . Rob Hartill was the original web interface author . In 1994 , the email interface was revised to accept the submission of all information , which enabled people to email the specific list maintainer with their updates . However , the structure remained so that information received on a single film was divided among multiple section managers , the sections being defined and determined by categories of film personnel and the individual filmographies contained therein . Over the next few years , the database was run on a network of mirrors across the world with donated bandwidth . As an independent company ( edit ) In 1996 IMDb was incorporated in the United Kingdom , becoming the Internet Movie Database Ltd . Founder Col. Needham became the primary owner as well as the figurehead . General revenue for site operations was generated through advertising , licensing and partnerships . As Amazon.com subsidiary ( 1998 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1998 , Jeff Bezos , founder , owner , and CEO of Amazon.com , struck a deal with Needham and other principal shareholders to buy IMDb outright for approximately $55 million and attach it to Amazon as a subsidiary , private company . This gave IMDb the ability to pay the shareholders salaries for their work , while Amazon.com would be able to use IMDb as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes . IMDb continued to expand its functionality . On 15 January 2002 , it added a subscription service known as IMDbPro , aimed at entertainment professionals . IMDbPro was announced and launched at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival . It provides a variety of services including film production and box office details , as well as a company directory and the ability of subscribers to add personal information pages with details at variance with pages about them appearing in the database . As an additional incentive for users , as of 2003 , users identified as one of `` the top 100 contributors '' of hard data received complimentary free access to IMDbPro for the following calendar year ; for 2006 this was increased to the top 150 contributors , and for 2010 to the top 250 . In 2008 , IMDb launched their first official foreign language version with the German IMDb.de . Also in 2008 , IMDb acquired two other companies : Withoutabox and Box Office Mojo . The website was originally Perl - based , but IMDb no longer discloses what software it uses for reasons of security . As of May 2011 , the site has been filtered in China for more than one year , although many users address it through proxy server or by VPN . IMDbPro ( edit ) Actors , crew , and industry executives can post their own resume and upload photos of themselves for a yearly fee . This fee gives them membership in IMDbPro . IMDbPro can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee , which is US $19.99 per month , or if paid annually , US $149.99 . Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality , as well as agent contact information for any actor , producer , director etc. that has an IMDb page . Enrolling in IMDbPro for industry personnel , enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page , as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page . Anyone can register as an IMDb user and contribute to the site as well as view its content , however those users enrolled in IMDbPro have greater access and privileges . Television episodes numbers ( edit ) On 26 January 2006 , `` Full Episode Support '' came online , allowing the database to support separate cast and crew listings for each episode of every television series . This increased the number of titles in the database from 485,000 to nearly 755,000 . Characters ' filmography ( edit ) On 2 October 2007 , the characters ' filmography was added . Character entries are created from character listings in the main filmography database , and as such do not need any additional verification by IMDb staff . They have already been verified when they are added to the main filmography . Instant viewing ( edit ) On 15 September 2008 , a feature was added that enables instant viewing of over 6,000 movies and television shows from CBS , Sony and a number of independent film makers , with direct links from their profiles . Due to licensing restrictions , this feature is available only to viewers in the United States . Content and format ( edit ) Data provided by subjects ( edit ) In 2006 , IMDb introduced its `` Résumé Subscription Service '' , where actors and crew can post their own résumé and upload photos of themselves for a yearly fee . The base annual charge for including a photo with an account was US $39.95 until 2010 , when it was increased to US $54.95 . IMDb résumé pages are kept on a sub-page of the regular entry about that person , with a regular entry automatically created for each résumé subscriber who does not already have one . As of 2012 , Resume Services is now included as part of an IMDbPro subscription , and is no longer offered as a separate subscription service . Copyright , vandalism and error issues ( edit ) All volunteers who contribute content to the database technically retain copyright on their contributions but the compilation of the content becomes the exclusive property of IMDb with the full right to copy , modify , and sublicense it and they are verified before posting . Credit is not given on specific title or filmography pages to the contributor ( s ) who have provided information . Conversely , a credited text entry , such as a plot summary , may be corrected for content , grammar , sentence structure , perceived omission or error , by other contributors without having to add their names as co-authors . Due to the time required for processing submitted data or text before it is displayed , IMDb is different from user - contributed projects like Wikipedia , Discogs or OpenStreetMap in that contributors can not add , delete , or modify the data or text on impulse , and the manipulation of data is controlled by IMDb technology and salaried staff . IMDb has been subject to deliberate additions of false information ; in 2012 a spokesperson said : `` We make it easy for users and professionals to update much of our content , which is why we have an ' edit page . ' The data that is submitted goes through a series of consistency checks before it goes live . Given the sheer volume of the information , occasional mistakes are inevitable , and , when reported , they are promptly fixed . We always welcome corrections . '' The Java Movie Database ( JMDB ) is reportedly creating an IMDb_Error. log file that lists all the errors found while processing the IMDb plain text files . A Wiki alternative to IMDb is Open Media Database whose content is also contributed by users but licensed under CC - by and the GFDL . Since 2007 , IMDb has been experimenting with wiki - programmed sections for complete film synopses , parental guides , and FAQs about titles as determined by ( and answered by ) individual contributors . Data format and access ( edit ) IMDb does not provide an API for automated queries . However , most of the data can be downloaded as compressed plain text files and the information can be extracted using the command - line interface tools provided . There is also a Java - based graphical user interface ( GUI ) application available that is able to process the compressed plain text files , which allows a search and a display of the information . This GUI application supports different languages , but the movie related data are in English , as made available by IMDb . A Python package called IMDbPY can also be used to process the compressed plain text files into a number of different SQL databases , enabling easier access to the entire dataset for searching or data mining . Film titles ( edit ) The IMDb has sites in English as well as versions translated completely or in part into other languages ( Danish , Finnish , French , German , Hungarian , Italian , Polish , Portuguese , Spanish and Romanian ) . The non-English language sites display film titles in the specified language . Originally , IMDb 's English language sites displayed titles according to their original country - of - origin language , however , in 2010 IMDb began allowing individual users in the UK and USA to choose primary title display by either the original - language titles , or the US or UK release title ( normally , in English ) . Ancillary features ( edit ) User ratings of films ( edit ) As one adjunct to data , the IMDb offers a rating scale that allows users to rate films on a scale of one to ten . It has been alleged that the rating system is flawed , for several reasons . IMDb indicates that submitted ratings are filtered and weighted in various ways in order to produce a weighted mean that is displayed for each film , series , and so on . It states that filters are used to avoid ballot stuffing ; the method is not described in detail to avoid attempts to circumvent it . In fact , it sometimes produces an extreme difference between the weighted average and the arithmetic mean . Rankings ( edit ) The IMDb Top 250 is a list of the top rated 250 films , based on ratings by the registered users of the website using the methods described . As of 15 June 2018 , The Shawshank Redemption is # 1 on the list . The `` Top 250 '' rating is based on only the ratings of `` regular voters '' . The number of votes a registered user would have to make to be considered as a user who votes regularly has been kept secret . IMDb has stated that to maintain the effectiveness of the Top 250 list they `` deliberately do not disclose the criteria used for a person to be counted as a regular voter '' . In addition to other weightings , the Top 250 films are also based on a weighted rating formula referred to in actuarial science as a credibility formula . This label arises because a statistic is taken to be more credible the greater the number of individual pieces of information ; in this case from eligible users who submit ratings . Though the current formula is not disclosed , IMDb originally used the following formula to calculate their weighted rating : W = R ⋅ v + C ⋅ m v + m ( \ displaystyle W = ( \ frac ( \ R \ cdot v + C \ cdot m \ ) ( v + m ) ) ) where : W ( \ displaystyle W \ ) = weighted rating R ( \ displaystyle R \ ) = average for the movie as a number from 1 to 10 ( mean ) = ( Rating ) v ( \ displaystyle v \ ) = number of votes for the movie = ( votes ) m ( \ displaystyle m \ ) = minimum votes required to be listed in the Top 250 ( currently 25,000 ) C ( \ displaystyle C \ ) = the mean vote across the whole report ( currently 7.0 ) The W ( \ displaystyle W \ ) in this formula is equivalent to a Bayesian posterior mean ( see Bayesian statistics ) . The IMDb also has a Bottom 100 feature which is assembled through a similar process although only 1500 votes must be received to qualify for the list . The Top 250 list comprises a wide range of feature films , including major releases , cult films , independent films , critically acclaimed films , silent films , and non-English language films . Documentaries , short films and TV episodes are not currently included . Since 2015 , there has been a Top 250 list devoted to ranking television shows . Message boards ( edit ) Beginning in 2001 , the Internet Movie Database also maintained message boards for every title ( excepting , as of 2013 , TV episodes ) and name entry , along with over 140 main boards . This began in 2001 . In order to post on the message boards a user needed to `` authenticate '' their account via cell phone , credit card , or by having been a recent customer of the parent company Amazon.com . Message boards expanded in recent years . The Soapbox started in 1999 as a general message board meant for debates on any subjects . The Politics board started in 2007 was a message board to discuss politics , news events , and current affairs , as well as history and economics . As of 20 February 2017 , all the message boards and their content have been permanently removed . According to the website , the decision was made because the boards were `` no longer providing a positive , useful experience for the vast majority of our more than 250 million monthly users worldwide '' . Col Needham also mentioned in a post some months earlier that the boards received less income from ads , and that their members only made up a very small part of the website 's visitors . The boards were costly to run due to the system 's age and dated design , which did not make business sense . The decision to remove the message boards was met with outspoken backlash across the web and on social media , and sparked an online petition garnering over 8,000 signatures . In the days leading up to 20 February 2017 , both Archive.org and MovieChat.org preserved the entire contents of the IMDb message boards using `` web scraping '' technologies . Statistics ( edit ) As of June 2018 , IMDb has the following statistics : Feature film 479,551 Short film 625,117 TV series 146,943 TV episode 3,343,668 TV film 125,301 TV special 10,949 TV mini-series 22,711 TV short 8,453 Video 123,630 Video game 21,407 Litigation ( edit ) In 2011 , in the case of Hoang v. Amazon.com , IMDb was sued by an anonymous actress for more than US $ 1,000,000 due to IMDb 's revealing her age ( 40 , at the time ) . The actress claimed that revealing her age could cause her to lose acting opportunities . Judge Marsha J. Pechman , a U.S. district judge in Seattle , dismissed the lawsuit , saying the actress had no grounds to proceed with an anonymous complaint . The actress re-filed and so revealed that she was Huong Hoang of Texas , who uses the stage name Junie Hoang . In 2013 , Pechman dismissed all causes of action except for a breach of contract claim against IMDb ; a jury then sided with IMDb on that claim . The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court judgment in March 2015 . Also in 2011 , in the case of United Video Properties Inc. , et al. v. Amazon.Com Inc. et al. , IMDb and Amazon were sued by Rovi Corporation and others for patent infringement over their various program listing offerings . The patent claims were ultimately construed in a way favorable to IMDb and Rovi / United Video Properties lost the case , though as of November 2014 it is on appeal . On 1 January 2017 , the State of California implemented state bill AB - 1687 , a SAG - AFTRA - backed anti-ageism statute which requires `` commercial online entertainment employment services '' to honor requests by their subscribers for their ages and birthdays to be hidden . On 23 February 2017 , Judge Vince Girdhari Chhabria issued a stay on the bill pending a further trial , claiming that it possibly violated the First Amendment because it inhibited the public consumption of factual information . He also questioned the intent of the bill , as it was ostensibly meant to target IMDb . As of the beginning of 2017 , IMDb has received 2,300 requests from individuals to remove their date of birth from the site . Included in this group were 10 Academy Award winners and another 71 who 've been nominated for Oscars , Emmys , or Golden Globes . See also ( edit ) AllMovie AllMusic -- a similar database , but for music All Media Network -- a commercial database launched by the Rovi Corporation that compiles information from the former services AllMovie and AllMusic Animator.ru Big Cartoon DataBase DBCult Film Institute Discogs Douban Filmweb FindAnyFilm Flickchart Goodreads Internet Adult Film Database Internet Movie Cars Database ( IMCDb ) Internet Movie Firearms Database ( IMFDb ) Internet Book Database ( IBookDb ) Internet Broadway Database ( IBDb ) Internet Off - Broadway Database ( IOBDb ) Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( ISFDb ) Internet Theatre Database ( ITDb ) Letterboxd List of films considered the best List of films considered the worst Metacritic Rotten Tomatoes TheTVDB Internet portal film portal television in the United Kingdom portal companies portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Imdb.com '' . Site info . Alexa Internet . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . IMDb . Press Room . Jump up ^ `` Submission guide for users '' . IMDb . Help Center . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Col Needham created IMDb '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Historical Internet Movie Database Site '' . Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics . Archived from the original on 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB History '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` IMDB turned 20 on 17 October 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` SEC Info - Amazon Com Inc - ' 8 - K ' for 4 / 27 / 98 - EX-99.2 '' . secinfo.com. April 27 , 1998 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ IMDb . `` Internet bookseller Amazon.com announces acquisition of United Kingdom company The Internet Movie Database Ltd '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire Europe . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Needham , Col ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Top 250 contributors for 2010 '' . IMDb . IMD ; announcement . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What software are you using to run IMDb ? '' . IMDb. 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chacksfield , Marc ( 14 January 2010 ) . `` China blocks number - one movie site IMDb '' . TechRadar. 2012 Future US , Inc . Jump up ^ `` IMDbPro signup '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Harrison ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` IMDb now serves full - length videos '' . cnet . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Modine , Austin ( 16 September 2008 ) . `` IMDb adds full - length streaming movies ( Show your US ID card at the door ) '' . The Register . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lycos Europe and IMDb sign sales agreement for 9 European markets '' . Lycos Europe . press release . 10 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Can I subscribe only for one month or one year ? '' . IMDb . Resume FAQ . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Is there any difference between a regular IMDb name page and an IMDb name page created via IMDb Resume ? '' . IMDb . Resume FAQ . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Copyright and Conditions of Use '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The plain text data files '' . IMDb . Alternate Interfaces . Jump up ^ `` Which A-list star is hacking IMDb pages ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Java Movie Database ( JMDB ) '' . Jmdb.de . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Open Media Database '' . omdb.org . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Interfaces '' . IMDb . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IMDbPY '' . IMDbPY . sourceforge.net . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why IMDb 's Top 250 matters ... and why it does n't '' . Screenrant.com. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 movies as voted by our users '' . IMDb . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The user votes average on film or show X is 9.4 , so it should appear in your Top 250 Movies or TV list , yet it does n't . Why ? '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Norberg , Ragnar ( 2006 ) . `` Credibility Theory '' . Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science ( PDF ) . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470012505. tac068 . ISBN 0470846763 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) also available via `` Credibility Theory '' ( PDF ) . mirror . Jump up ^ `` IMDB 's statement on their voting calculation '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Vote FAQ '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bottom 100 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 TV '' . IMDb . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Each TV episode uses the same message board for the whole series Jump up ^ `` IMDb Message Boards '' . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can someone on the inside explain to me '' . IMDb.com Customer Community . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How some users are trying to save IMDB 's message board '' . Vice.com . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Archiveteam IMDb message board archive ( raw data ) '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The MovieChat IMDb Message Board Archive ( web - based ) '' . MovieChat.org . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Room '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Lawsuit against IMDb revealing private information '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acting unions criticise IMDb in age row '' . BBC News . BBC . 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actress sued Amazon for revealing age 40 identified as Huong ( Junie ) Hoang '' . News.sky.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Actress age claim against IMDb rejected '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` IMDb preserves legal win over revelation of actress ' age '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Case Docket : United Video Properties Inc. , et al v. Amazon.Com Inc. et al '' . RECAP . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Rovi sues Amazon for not licensing its Electronic TV Guide patent '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullin , Joe ( 4 November 2013 ) . `` Netflix roasts Rovi 's ' Interactive TV guide ' patents at ITC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California enacts law requiring IMDb to remove actor ages on request '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge pauses enforcement of IMDb Age Censorship law '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bray , Hiawatha ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Internet censorship , Hollywood style '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . 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3,640,891,420,925,676,000 | whats the name of the dog on family guy | List of family Guy characters - wikipedia List of family Guy characters Jump to : navigation , search The Griffin family . From the left : Chris , Peter , Stewie ( in baby carrier ) , Lois , Meg , and Brian ( dog in front ) Family Guy is an American animated comedy series created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . Characters are listed only once , normally under the first applicable subsection in the list ; very minor characters are listed with a more regular character with whom they are associated . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Griffin family 1.1 Peter Griffin 1.2 Lois Griffin 1.3 Meg Griffin 1.4 Chris Griffin 1.5 Stewie Griffin 1.6 Brian Griffin 1.7 Relatives of the Griffin family 2 Spooner Street neighbors 2.1 Quagmire family 2.2 Brown family 2.3 Swanson family 2.4 Goldman family 3 Quahog Channel 5 News 4 Peter 's co-workers 5 Members of James Woods High School 6 Other recurring characters 7 Gag characters 8 Deaths 9 References The Griffin family ( edit ) Main article : Griffin family Peter Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Peter Griffin Peter Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the patriarch of the Griffin household , an Irish - American blue - collar worker . He is a lazy , immature , obese , laid - back , dim - witted , outspoken , eccentric alcoholic . Peter 's jobs have included working at the Happy Go Lucky Toy Factory , working as a fisherman , and currently working at Pawtucket Brewery . Lois Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Lois Griffin Lois Patrice Griffin ( née Pewterschmidt ) ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) is Peter 's wife and the mother of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . She is a Jewish / German / Scots / Anglo - American housewife who cares for her kids and her husband , while also teaching children to play the piano . Lois is also very flirtatious and has slept with numerous people on the show . Meg Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Meg Griffin Megatron `` Meg '' Griffin ( voiced by Lacey Chabert in season 1 , Mila Kunis since season 2 ) is the Griffins ' 18 - year - old child and only daughter . She is a self - conscious , somewhat unattractive teenage girl with severely low self - esteem , being portrayed as generally soft and non-rebellious . Meg has had several love interests including Brian Griffin , Mayor Adam West , Tom Tucker , Glenn Quagmire , and Joe Swanson . Chris Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Chris Griffin Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin ( voiced by Seth Green ) is Peter and Lois ' 14 - year - old son . He is obese , irresponsible , and emotionally effusive . A recurring gag is that an evil monkey lives in his closet which he finds out is not evil in the episode `` Hannah Banana '' . Chris tries fitting in with his peers , but fails due to his social awkwardness . Stewie Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Stewie Griffin Stewart Gilligan `` Stewie '' Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the Griffins ' one - year - old child , but often behaves in adult ways such as speaking in an upper - class British accent . He is a child genius who frequently aspired to murder his mother Lois and take over the world but has since mellowed out considerably . Stewie built a time machine with which he and Brian have traveled through time . He has turned 1 year old in Chitty Chitty Death Bang , and has n't aged past one year since . In fact , in Road to Rupert , he says he is a year old . Brian Griffin ( edit ) Main article : Brian Griffin Brian Griffin ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) is the family 's anthropomorphic talking white Labrador Retriever and the best friend of both Peter and Stewie . He and Stewie are often at the center of the show 's most critically acclaimed episodes , most notably the `` Road to ... '' episodes , where he and Stewie go on road - trips together . Brian is portrayed as an intellectual -- a Brown University attendee -- who often serves as the family 's voice of reason , pointing out how ridiculous Peter 's ideas are . He is not - so - secretly in love with Lois and is an unsuccessful , unemployed writer . In `` Life of Brian '' , Brian is hit by a car and dies from his injuries , with the family by his side . The family then decides to adopt a new streetwise dog with a thick New Jersey accent , named Vinny . However in `` Christmas Guy '' ( two episodes later ) , Stewie still misses Brian . He finds a way to go back in time and successfully saves him , also meaning that the family never adopted Vinny ( though Stewie and Vinny did say their goodbyes ) . Brian was n't revealed to be an atheist until season 7 ; in fact , in earlier seasons , he was shown to be very much a believer of God , especially in `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' in season 2 . Relatives of the Griffin family ( edit ) Francis Griffin ( voiced by Charles Durning ) -- Peter 's grumpy and stubborn adoptive father , Lois 's adoptive father - in - law , and the adoptive paternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . He was once married to Peter 's natural birth mother Thelma Griffin . An obsessively devout Roman Catholic , he hates Lois because she is not a Catholic , and often calls her a `` Protestant whore '' , disapproves of his son 's family 's lifestyle , and frequently attempts to force his religious views on them . To a lesser extent he disapproves of Lois due to her heritage , and is angry with Peter for not marrying an `` Irish rose '' . When Peter and Lois got married , Francis taped the sign `` To a Protestant Whore '' underneath the `` Just Married '' sign on the limousine . Despite all of this , he truly did love and care for Peter , and showed on multiple occasions to care for his grandchildren . Francis used to have a job at a metal fabrication plant ; after his short retirement , he became a bodyguard for the Pope . In the episode `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , Francis dies on Meg 's 17th birthday when Peter ( dressed up as a clown ) gets drunk and tries to ride a unicycle down the stairs , but ends up falling off the stairs and landing on top of Francis . Francis dies in a hospital after uttering `` Peter ... you 're a fat stinking drunk ! '' as his last words . Francis appears at the memorial in `` Perfect Castaway '' . In `` Family Goy '' , Francis appears as a ghost where he tells Peter not to convert to Judaism . Mickey McFinnigan ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Peter 's biological father , making him the biological paternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and father - in - law of Lois . He is an Irish drunk . He reprises a major role in `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , when Peter visits him in Ireland . Mickey mocks Peter at first and bullies him , but Peter challenges him to a drinking contest and wins . Finally , Mickey accepts Peter into his family and spoils him ever after by buying Guinness and more . Thelma Griffin ( voiced by Florence Stanley in the first appearance , Phyllis Diller in later appearances ) -- Ex-wife to Francis , mother of Peter , and paternal grandmother of Meg , Chris , and Stewie . She is the mother - in - law of Lois . She first appears in `` Holy Crap '' . She is 82 years old ( as stated in the episode `` Mother Tucker '' ) , has gray hair and noticeable wrinkles below her eyes , and wears purple earrings and a purple bead necklace . She also wears glasses like her son and husband and is a heavy smoker . Unlike Francis , she is generally friendly and personable , and gets along well with Lois . Before Francis ' death , she divorced him because she had `` needs he did n't fill '' and dated Tom Tucker for a while in `` Mother Tucker '' . She often appears with news inconvenient or troubling to Peter and his family . Her brief partnership with Peter 's biological father , Irishman Mickey McFinnegan , is only established in the episode `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . In the episode `` Grumpy Old Man '' , it is revealed that Thelma was sent to a retirement home . In the Season 12 episode `` Mom 's the Word '' , it is revealed that Thelma died from a stroke . Thelma 's death was written into the series because of Phyllis Diller 's own death in August 2012 . Karen `` Heavy Flo '' Griffin ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- Peter 's older sister who is a professional wrestler who first appears in `` Peter 's Sister . '' She is the aunt of Meg , Chris , and Stewie and sister - in - law of Lois . Karen is shown as the reason Peter bullies Meg where he was picked on by Karen . During her fight with Peter in the ring , Karen was knocked out by Meg using a real folding chair instead of a fake folding chair which puts her in a coma . Carter Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Lois 's father , Babs 's husband , and the maternal grandfather of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and father - in - law of Peter . He is also a billionaire industrialist , shipping mogul , and owner of several major companies . His company in the episode `` Business Guy '' is named Pewterschmidt Industries , and he is also a member of a fancy yacht club , where he mingles with other superwealthy people . He is a hard worker , and has been shown to have become temporarily senile as a result of forced retirement in `` Grumpy Old Man '' . Carter is a domineering , devious and manipulative individual who despises his son - in - law , Peter , whom he often insults , badmouths and seeks to humiliate . On rare occasions , he and Peter work together , normally with a common goal . He is married to Barbara , with whom he had three children -- Lois , Carol , and Patrick . In `` No Chris Left Behind '' and `` Fresh Heir '' , he is shown to have a strong relationship with Chris . It is revealed in `` Welcome Back , Carter '' that he was an Allied officer . He is shown to be a womanizer with a fetish for Asian women , having had affairs in `` Welcome Back , Carter '' and `` Carter and Tricia '' , and hiring an Asian prostitute in `` Stewie Kills Lois '' . Lois left Peter once , but with persuasion from him , entered the dating scene , but he eventually convinced her to take him back . In `` Screwed the Pooch '' , it is implied that Carter had an affair with an African - American woman , resulting in a mulatto son as mentioned by Lois . In Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy , Carter plays both Owen Lars and Emperor Palpatine . Barbara `` Babs '' Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Carter 's wife , the mother of Lois , Carol , and Patrick , and the maternal grandmother of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and mother - in - law to Peter . It is noted on a few occasions Barbara only married Carter for his wealth and family heritage . She is demeaning but more polite to Peter than her husband is . In appearance , she is basically an older version of Lois . In the episode `` The Fat Guy Strangler '' , it is revealed that she had an affair with Jackie Gleason which traumatized Patrick . In `` Family Goy '' , it is revealed she is Jewish , and a survivor of the Holocaust . She only changed her religion so she and Carter could gain access to country clubs . It is also revealed in that episode that her maiden name was Hebrewbergmoneygrabber , which was changed to Hebrewberg to escape Nazi prosecution . In the episode `` Running Mates '' , she is described as passive aggressive . Barbara Pewterschmidt is also the ex-wife of billionaire Ted Turner . She left Carter in `` Welcome Back Carter '' after learning he had an affair . However , she does eventually forgive him after deeming herself too old to remarry . Carol Pewterschmidt - West ( voiced by Carol Kane in the first appearance , Julie Hagerty in later appearances ) -- Lois ' younger sister and the aunt of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and sister - in - law of Peter . She has been married and divorced nine times where her previous last names have included Johnson , Carrington , Stone , O'Craggedy , Consago , Steinhols , Washington , Proudfoot and Thong . In `` Emission Impossible '' , Peter and Lois had to stay with her when she ended up pregnant . The baby , a boy , is born in the episode yet never seen again . In `` Brothers & Sisters '' , Carol moved in with Peter and Lois after her latest divorce where she ended up meeting Mayor Adam West . Her previous husbands include Evan Johnson ( who bonded with Carol over the Boston Red Sox baseball team ) , Randall Carrington ( who is always bringing people very unusual and inconvenient gifts ) , and Doggie Daddy ( it was mentioned that Augie caused a strain in their relationship ) . She gets married to Adam West and is still with him since the `` Thanksgiving '' episode . Patrick Pewterschmidt ( voiced by Robert Downey Jr. in the first appearance , Oliver Vaquer in the second appearance ) -- The older brother of Lois and Carol and the uncle of Meg , Chris , and Stewie , and Peter 's brother - in - law . He has been kept hidden by her mother and father . He first appeared in the episode `` The Fat Guy Strangler '' . When a picture of Lois 's family was broken , she noticed a folded - in part of the picture included a brother she did n't know she had . She then broke into her parents ' house and found out where he lived . Then she and the family drove to the address which was found to be a mental institution . When there seemed to be nothing wrong with him they decided to check him out and take him in . Later it is discovered that he has an imaginary wife named Marian and , more importantly , that he had a hatred of overweight people due to a bad experience from his childhood ( witnessing comedian Jackie Gleason having a sexual encounter with his mother ) . At the same time , there is a rash of killings in the neighborhood of fat men , and Patrick is strongly suggested to be this `` Fat Guy Strangler '' . After denying it , Lois finally decides she must take him back , after he tries to strangle Peter to death . Patrick appeared in the season 10 episode `` Killer Queen '' , in which he helped Peter and Joe after he is released from the mental institution by Charles Yamamoto as part of his revenge plot on Chris which involved framing Patrick . After Charles dies from having the cover of the Queen album News of the World shown to him by Stewie , Patrick identifies Charles as the one who let him out of the mental institution . Patrick manages to slip away after that with Peter having to injure Joe to make it look like a struggle . Jasper ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Brian 's flamboyantly homosexual cousin . Brian stays with him in Hollywood in `` Brian Does Hollywood '' . Jasper marries a Filipino named Ricardo , in `` You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives '' . Jasper also makes a short appearance in `` E. Peterbus Unum '' during a flashback of Peter getting something the family does n't need ( in this case , a new dog -- one that looks like a flamboyantly gay version of Brian ) . He also appeared in `` Brian 's Play '' , when he was seen chatting to Brian through a webcam . His most recent appearance ( along with Ricardo ) was at Brian 's funeral in `` Life of Brian '' . Bertram ( voiced by Wallace Shawn ) -- The son of a gym teacher and her partner through artificial insemination . Bertram 's biological father is Peter Griffin . Bertram appears in `` Emission Impossible '' , `` Sibling Rivalry '' and `` The Big Bang Theory '' . In `` Emission Impossible '' , Bertram is a sperm inside Peter 's testicles . He enters combat with Stewie Griffin in order to prevent his destruction , as Stewie wishes to remain the baby of the family . The two became frenemies , and Stewie changes his mind on a new family member . In `` Sibling Rivalry '' , it is revealed that a mishap prior to Peter receiving a vasectomy caused Bertram to be part of a sperm donation used to impregnate a female gym teacher 's partner . After he is born , he begins playing at the same park as Stewie , and the two fight over who will rule the playground . Stewie eventually disarms Bertram , who admits defeat and runs away . Bertram appears again in `` The Big Bang Theory '' , in which he tries to erase Stewie from the universe by killing Leonardo da Vinci , one of Stewie 's ancestors . Although he kills da Vinci , he is killed in turn by Stewie who manages to maintain the time line and save the universe . Bertram also appears as the main antagonist in Stewie 's history in Family Guy Video Game ! . An alternate reality version of Bertram is the main antagonist in the video game Family Guy : Back to the Multiverse . Dylan Flannigan ( voiced by Seth Green ) -- Brian 's 13 - year - old human son . He first appears in , `` The Former Life of Brian '' . His mother Tracy was devastated when Brian left her . After Brian apologizes to Dylan for not being there for him , Brian turns his son 's life around , making him into a charming , polite young man . Dylan then decides to leave the Griffin house and change his mother like Brian changed him . In `` Brian 's a Bad Father '' , Dylan returns as the star of a Disney Channel show . Biscuit -- Brian 's deceased mother who appears in a flashback of `` Road to Rhode Island '' . She was stuffed by her owners after her death . She is also seen during a flashback in `` Chris Cross '' . Coco -- Brian 's deceased father who has never appeared on screen , but has been mentioned several times by Brian . According to Chris in `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , Coco was hit by a milk truck . Brian , when saying a statement with racism in it , quickly follows it with `` that was my father talking '' . Spooner Street neighbors ( edit ) John Herbert ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- An elderly pederast often referred to solely by last name , who resides just down the street from the Griffin family and distributes Popsicles to small children in his basement . He has a particular interest in Chris ; in the episode `` Play It Again , Brian '' , Chris finally realizes this and asks Herbert , `` Are you a pedophile ? '' , to no onscreen answer . Also , in `` Spies Reminiscent of Us '' , Stewie refers to a `` pedophile who lives down the street '' about which nobody is taking any action `` because he 's so funny '' , clearly talking about Herbert . He has a dog named Jesse , who is also very old and is unable to use his hind legs . He has a high - pitched , very soft effeminate voice and pronounces sibilant consonants with a high - pitched whistle . Herbert is often seen wearing a light blue robe and slippers , walks with a walker and frequently makes inappropriate , sexually tinged comments to teenage boys ( in `` Road to the North Pole '' , Herbert wants a little drummer boy for Christmas , while staring at a poster of Nick Jonas ) . It is revealed later on that he is the eldest member of the Skull and Bones secret society . He was also a corporal in the United States Army and a POW during World War II . Herbert plays Obi - Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars episodes . In `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , he drove an ice cream truck which in past episodes he has used to lure little boys . In `` Internal Affairs '' , Herbert 's ice cream truck is hijacked and destroyed during one of Peter and the Giant Chicken 's fighting rampages . In an interview , Henry stated that he based Herbert 's voice on an old man he used to meet at a grocery store . Before the character was used for the show , Mike would use the Herbert voice to motivate stalled writers at meetings . He also appeared in The Cleveland Show episode `` It 's the Great Pancake , Cleveland Brown '' as Cleveland Jr. 's first house when he was trick or treating . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , it is revealed that Herbert 's first name is John and that he has a grandniece named Sandy . Quagmire family ( edit ) Glenn Quagmire ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The Griffins ' next - door single sex - addicted neighbor and one of Peter 's best friends . He is an airline pilot for Spirit Airlines ( as revealed at the end of `` Passenger Fatty - Seven '' ) , but is best known for his extreme sexuality and always saying `` Giggity '' or `` Alright '' . He is attracted to nearly every woman ( especially Lois Griffin ) . His sister is Brenda Quagmire . In one episode , he is revealed to have been Jack the Ripper in a past life . He has a soft side for cats and despises Brian from `` Jerome is the New Black '' and onward . His dad is Dan Quagmire / Ida Davis , who is a male - to - female transgender woman . Crystal Quagmire ( voiced by Alex Borstein in `` Fore , Father '' , Allison Janney in `` Quagmire 's Mom '' ) -- The mother of Glenn and Brenda Quagmire and the ex-wife of Dan . Her first appearance was in `` Fore Father '' where she is seen in a flashback breastfeeding Glenn . When facing prison time for statutory rape in `` Quagmire 's Mom '' , Quagmire places the blame for his behavior on living with his sexually promiscuous mom during his trial where her actions are seen during a flashback sequence . She arrives at his trial where a lot of the generic men attending the trial recognize her as noted by Mayor Adam West . Crystal admits her faults , but claims to have found religion and asks that he be released to her custody . The judge presiding over the trial rejects her request and sentences Quagmire to twenty years in prison . She tries to get him to find solace in God as well , but he rejects her words . Stewie even asked Crystal if she is aware of what Dan has been through . Just before he reports to prison , the judge arrives and announces that he has commuted Quagmire 's sentence , thanks to his mother 's `` talents '' . He is surprised that despite her new religious life , she would do such a thing , but she admits that she would do anything to help him . Dan Quagmire / Ida Davis ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The father of Glenn and Brenda Quagmire and the ex-husband of Crystal Quagmire . Dan was a war hero in the Vietnam War . He was thought to be a homosexual by Peter . When Glenn asked his father if this was true , Dan claimed that he was a woman trapped in a man 's body and came to Quahog for a sex change operation . Following the operation , he takes the name Ida Davis . In `` Quagmire 's Mom '' , Stewie asks Crystal if she knows what her ex-husband has gone through . Brenda Quagmire ( voiced by Nana Visitor in `` Jerome Is the New Black '' , Kaitlin Olson in `` Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q '' ) -- The sister of Glenn Quagmire and the daughter of Dan and Crystal , who used to be in an abusive relationship . Gary Quagmire - The brother of Glenn and Brenda Quagmire and the son of Dan and Crystal who was mentioned and has yet to make an appearance . He is deaf . Brown family ( edit ) Cleveland Brown ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- Peter 's mild - mannered friend who formerly owned and ran a deli . He is a heavyset , mustached African - American male who is very polite to everyone and has a unique laugh . He is the father of Cleveland Jr . A running gag in the series is the front of his house being damaged , usually as a result of one of Peter 's shenanigans , while Cleveland is in the upstairs bathtub . The tub always falls into the front yard with Cleveland exclaiming , `` What the hell ? ! No , no , no , no , no , no ! ! ! '' Following his departure from Quahog , the character became the star of his own spin - off series The Cleveland Show during which he lived in Stoolbend , Virginia . In `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Cleveland brings his family along when he moves back to Quahog ever since The Cleveland Show had stopped production . In `` Take a Letter , '' Cleveland obtains a job as a postal worker at Quahog 's branch of the United States Postal Service . Cleveland appears as R2 - D2 in the Star Wars episodes . Loretta Brown ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Cleveland 's late ex-wife , and the mother of Cleveland Brown Jr . She had a liking for cricket and the television program Friends . Performing Loretta 's gravely voice was very demanding on Alex Borstein , and early in the show , Loretta had very few lines , the bulk of which were `` Mm - hmm ! '' She treats Cleveland harshly , and cheats on him with , among others , Glenn Quagmire , leading the Browns to divorce . In the episode `` Love , Blactually '' , it is revealed that Loretta has regretted her actions and wants Cleveland back , but he refuses her advances . Cleveland informs her he needs to move on , and advises her to do the same . She takes Cleveland 's house in the divorce and puts it up for sale , yet is still apparently living there some months later . In The Cleveland Show episode `` Gone with the Wind '' , Loretta dies in an accident when Peter drops a Brontosaurus skeleton ( which Brian had dug up from the Griffin Family 's yard ) on her house and she goes through the same bathtub gag that Cleveland went through which she does n't survive . Quagmire ended up driving her body down to Stoolbend for her funeral . It is also revealed in this episode that she had also cheated on Cleveland with Mayor Adam West , Ollie Williams , Frank Sinatra Jr. , and the Greased - Up Deaf Guy . This character was revealed to have died in the `` Gone With the Wind '' episode of season 1 of The Cleveland Show : she fell out of her house while in the bathtub -- as Cleveland had done numerous times in the past as part of a running gag -- but , unlike Cleveland , she did not survive , but broke her neck and died . Cleveland Brown Jr. ( voiced by Mike Henry in earlier appearances , Kevin Michael Richardson in `` The Cleveland Show '' and later appearances ) -- The son to Cleveland and Loretta Brown . In his appearances on Family Guy , he is slim , hyperactive and has an apparent knack for golf . However , starting with the first episode The Cleveland Show , he is somewhat older and both severely obese and somewhat lethargic ( the reason for this sudden weight gain is never explained , but is assumed to be caused by excessive overeating from stress due to the trauma he had been through ) . Also , it is revealed that he has lost his faith in God because of the affair his mother had with Quagmire that led to his parents ' divorce . When Cleveland became engaged to Donna , Cleveland Brown Jr. became the stepbrother of Roberta and Rallo . As of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Junior has moved back to Quahog along with Cleveland and the rest of the family and has become an infrequently - appearing member of the Family Guy cast , retaining his appearance from The Cleveland Show . Donna Tubbs - Brown ( voiced by Sanaa Lathan ) -- Cleveland 's second and current wife and one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show . She has two biological children from a previous marriage with Robert named Roberta and Rallo . As a result of her marriage to Cleveland , she has adopted his son Cleveland Brown Jr. as her stepson . In `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , Donna moved to Quahog with Cleveland when The Cleveland Show folded , and is now part of the regular cast of Family Guy , now replacing the initial role of the now - deceased Loretta . Roberta Tubbs - Donna 's teenage daughter and stepdaughter to Cleveland . She was one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show . As of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , she is now occasionally referred to and less frequently seen on Family Guy . Rallo Tubbs ( voiced by Mike Henry ) - Donna 's five - year - old son and stepson to Cleveland . He was one of the main characters of The Cleveland Show and , as of `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' , he is now an infrequently - appearing cast member of Family Guy . Swanson family ( edit ) Joe Swanson ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) -- the Griffins ' neighbor and Peter 's friend . He is a paraplegic police officer who suffers from impotence and incontinence . Joe still proves to be an extremely skilled police officer , as he is constantly seen pursuing criminals or rescuing victims with the aid of his wheelchair and even goes so far as to abandon his wheelchair to complete his work . In `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' , Joe mentioned that he was crippled stopping the Grinch from stealing Christmas from an orphanage . He is usually shown as being very tactful , but he also has severe anger issues ( In `` Road to Rupert '' , for example , he overreacts when Peter makes it difficult for him to revoke his driving license . ) He is married to Bonnie Swanson , who was once pregnant for many years . They have a son named Kevin who staged his own death in Iraq . He also has an infant daughter , Susie . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Swanson 's story about being crippled during a fight with the Grinch was a cover - up . Joe Swanson was actually crippled by Bobby `` The Shirt '' Briggs , who he kills later in that episode . A recurring joke for Joe is that his legs are often depicted as being flexible to the point of not seeming to have any bones in them at all . Bonald `` Bonnie '' Swanson ( voiced by Jennifer Tilly ) -- Joe 's calm and soft - spoken wife who is the mother of Kevin and Susie Swanson . She is pregnant from her first appearance in `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' in season one until `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' in season seven . Her prolonged pregnancy is pointed out by Peter in the season four episode `` Blind Ambition '' . Joe temporarily leaves her in `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' , when he regains the ability to walk . He returns to her when she tries shooting him to paralyze him . After missing several times , he shoots himself . In `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' , she finally gives birth to a daughter named Susie . In `` The Hand That Rocks The Wheelchair '' , Bonnie is arrested after Meg plants a gun in her purse due to Meg 's infatuation with Joe , which she acquires when Bonnie asks her to look after Joe while she is out of town . She is later released from police custody . In `` Foreign Affairs '' , Bonnie goes to Paris with Lois in the hopes of having an affair after feeling neglected by Joe . She nearly leaves Joe for a French man , also in a wheelchair , named François . After intervention from Lois , Joe comes to Paris and apologizes for neglecting her before proving his love by walking ( although it is actually Quagmire walking while tied to Joe 's back ) . Bonnie reunites with Joe and they return to Quahog . In the season ten episode `` Internal Affairs '' , it is shown that Bonnie was once a stripper at The Fuzzy Clam where she first met Joe . Kevin Swanson ( voiced by Jon Cryer in his debut episode , Seth MacFarlane in other earlier appearances , Scott Grimes in later appearances ) -- Joe and Bonnie 's son and first child . Meg has a crush on him . He was mainly seen in the first three seasons , only making a few occasional appearances after that with no speaking parts . In the episode `` Stew - Roids '' , Joe said that Kevin died in the Iraq War . In `` Thanksgiving '' , Kevin returns and tells them a story that he was in a coma following a bomb that had been placed inside a turkey during Thanksgiving years before and faked his own death in order to leave the war and return home . However even upon the episode of his return to the series , Kevin 's appearances remain occasional and somewhat less frequent than his baby sister Susie , even though he continues to live under his parents ' roof . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , it was mentioned that Bonnie stopped Kevin 's suicide attempt . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Kevin shares a room with Susie as they get to know each other . In `` Turkey Guys '' , it is revealed that Kevin is dating a short person . Susie Swanson -- Joe and Bonnie 's infant daughter who was born in the episode `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' . Stewie develops a crush on the newborn Susie and is seen practicing guitar to write a song about her and later shows Brian a music video he made of the song `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' by Bryan Adams . In the episode `` Stew - Roids '' , it is shown that Susie is strong enough to beat up Stewie . In `` Joe 's Revenge '' , it is revealed that Susie and Kevin share a room as they get to know each other . Although Susie has not yet spoken , the voice of her inner monologues are provided by Patrick Stewart . Bud Swanson ( voiced by Ed O'Neill ) -- The father of Joe Swanson and the grandfather of Kevin and Susie Swanson . His first and only appearance so far was in `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' . Joe was initially estranged from Bud because of Bud 's intolerance towards handicapped people and his fear that it would happen to him , Joe , or anyone else he loved ( though he was unaware of Joe 's paraplegic state when they reconnected ) . Joe tells his father to confront his fears and the two reconcile with Bud having accepted Joe 's paraplegic state . Goldman family ( edit ) Mort Goldman ( voiced by John G. Brennan ) -- A Jewish pharmacist of Polish descent , and one of Peter 's friends . He runs Goldman 's Pharmacy and was married to Muriel Goldman , with whom he had one son , Neil . Mort 's family are grotesque stereotypes of American Jews . Mort frequently discusses his various maladies and childhood bullying in otherwise polite conversation . He takes on the characteristics of Sol Rosenberg , a character from The Jerky Boys created by John G. Brennan in the late 1980s . Although he first appeared one season after his son Neil , Mort has since become a major supporting character . Mort bowled a perfect game in the episode `` Blind Ambition '' . Mort plays a Jawa in the `` Blue Harvest '' episode , and Lando Calrissian in the `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' and `` It 's a Trap ! '' episodes . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Mort attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he is placed next to Krusty the Clown due to both of them being Jewish . In `` The Boys in the Band , '' it is shown that Mort tends to occasionally work as Glenn Quagmire 's Horse Gimp which Chris describes to his parents as `` a sexual fetishist who derives erotic pleasure from dressing in horse - themed leather gear . '' Muriel Goldman ( voiced by Nicole Sullivan ) -- Mort 's wife whose physical appearance is very close to her husband 's . She met Mort via a video dating service , presumably during their youth , as they had their first kiss at age of fourteen while both of them were suffering from a head cold . Later in her life , one of her main recreations was watching old films along with the album Hotel California to find if any of them synchronize . She was murdered in the Season 9 premiere `` And Then There Were Fewer '' where she was stabbed in the back by Diane Simmons . Neil Goldman ( voiced by Seth Green ) -- Mort 's stereotypical nerdy teenage son who has an unrequited crush on Meg . He is the editor of the school newspaper , is part of the A / V Club , and works at his father 's pharmacy where he is employee of the month , according to Family Guy Online . He is more confident than his father , so much so that he does not seem to realize that Meg has nothing but contempt for him . At one point in the series , both Neil and Meg become interns at Channel 5 , and they share a kiss . Neil speaks with a lisp when he wears his retainer , but when he removes it , he speaks with a deep , smooth bass ( cf . the apocryphal story that Demosthenes improved his elocutionary skills by holding stones in his mouth during everyday speech ) . Seth MacFarlane does his voice ( nearly identical to the voice of Stan Smith from MacFarlane 's American Dad ! ) until Neil puts his retainer back in . Quahog Channel 5 news ( edit ) Thomas `` Tom '' Tucker ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Tucker is the arrogant , baritone male news anchor at Channel 5 . He was also an actor before moving to Quahog ; he was in Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . Tom tends to insult everybody around him , particularly former co-anchor Diane Simmons . He disliked her and frequently traded insults with her on - air . His family includes his first wife , Stacy ; his second wife , Sarah ; and a son from his first marriage named Jake , whose face is upside down . He is shown to be protective of his son and dislikes people 's use of the term `` freak '' . MacFarlane stated that Tucker 's voice is the easiest to do for him , and he was `` sort of modeled after the cigarette spokesmen from the 1940s commercials '' . Tom hardly speaks in completely normal sentences , instead using his news anchor dialect in regular conversation ( e.g. `` Back to you , ( character ) '' ) . In `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' , Meg Griffin had a temporary crush on him until he showed his true colors and did n't care if Neil Goldman died . Meg yelled at Tom saying he only cared about his ratings . In the episode `` Mother Tucker '' , Tom has a brief relationship with Peter Griffin 's mother , Thelma Griffin , where he became a father figure to a childish Peter ... In the episode `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , Simmons killed Muriel Goldman and Derek Wilcox , James Woods , as well as Woods ' then girlfriend leaving evidence to frame Tucker . In `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , Tucker was released from prison and mentions on the news that Diane was the killer and is now dead . He introduces Joyce Kinney as Diane 's successor . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , Peter learns about Tucker 's life as George P. Wilbur and had done minor TV appearances after that . Peter plans to get Tom back on the track in Hollywood . He started off by getting Tom a minor part in an episode of NCIS where Tom played a mechanic that Leroy Jethro Gibbs questions . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Tom Tucker attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Kent Brockman . Joyce Kinney ( voiced by Christine Lakin ) -- The news station 's latest news co-anchor who was introduced in the episode `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' as a successor to the late Diane Simmons . In the season 9 episode `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' , it is revealed that she went to high school with Lois and harbors a grudge against her for a humiliating prank committed by Lois and the cheerleading squad . When Lois confides in her over drinks that she was in a porn film , Joyce announces it on the news the next day causing most of Quahog to loathe Lois . Also , it is revealed that in order to have a name that would work on television she changed her last name from Chevapravatdumrong ( the last name of the series ' co-producer ) to Kinney . When Lois showed the `` Quest for Fur '' porn film in church , Joyce was present and not pleased that the congregation forgave Lois . Diane Simmons ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- The news station 's late former news co-anchor and talk show hostess . In `` The King Is Dead '' , it was revealed that her birth name was Diane Seidelman . She and fellow anchor Tom Tucker often traded insults on the air . Her largest role on the show was when Peter hired her to play Anna in his version of The King and I ; she quit after he kept changing everything . In `` Patriot Games '' , it was revealed that she was the widow of an unnamed man who committed suicide after Tom Tucker asked , `` Diane , did n't your first husband blow his brains out ? '' In the season 9 premiere `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , it was mentioned that she used to date James Woods until he broke up with her around the same time when Tom Tucker tried to replace her . Diane reveals that she worked with Tom for 15 years . This caused her to plan revenge on both men with James Woods ending up murdered and leaving evidence that Tom Tucker murdered Muriel Goldman , Derek Wilcox , James Woods ' girlfriend Priscilla and Quagmire 's then - girlfriend Stephanie . Lois put the pieces together , only to come face to face with Diane , who took Lois to the edge of a cliff , where she intended to kill her . However , Diane is shot and killed with a sniper rifle fired by Stewie . After saving Lois 's life he then states that `` If anyone 's gon na take that bitch down , it 's gon na be me ... '' In `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , her murderous actions and demise were mentioned by Tom ; Diane was replaced by Joyce Kinney . Lori Alan has appeared in Seth MacFarlane 's animated short Larry & Steve , a precursor to Family Guy . When Family Guy was created , Lori Alan auditioned for the role of Lois , but eventually was cast as Diane . Lori Alan stated that she based Diane 's voice on her own mother ( who was also a voice actress ) . Ollie Williams ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) -- The news station 's Blaccu - Weather Forecast reporter . Ollie Williams is a fast - talking black man who works at the Quahog News Station . Ollie rarely speaks for more than about 1 -- 3 seconds . His news reports are always rapidly spoken and loud . The only time he was ever calm was in `` 420 '' , having smoked marijuana and it was later revealed his hyperkinetic style was also influenced by alcoholism in the episode `` Friends of Peter G . '' . Ollie has only spoken for longer than a few seconds on two occasions , one in an episode where Ollie and Tom were talking about him stuck in a rainstorm with his umbrella blown away , and in `` Lois Kills Stewie '' where he recaps the previous episode , `` Stewie Kills Lois '' . Tricia Takanawa ( voiced by Alex Borstein ) -- Typically referred to as `` Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa '' by her colleagues , she speaks in a nasal monotone cadence that Borstein has described as `` all presentation and no substance '' . She is confirmed as being Japanese in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . In `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' , Tricia has a distrusting African - American boyfriend named Tyrone who gets suspicious of her when she has to work at night . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Tricia Takanawa attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Peter 's co-workers ( edit ) The following characters have worked with Peter at different jobs : Mr. Jonathan Weed ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) -- The owner of the Happy - Go - Lucky Toy Factory , where Peter originally worked under his supervision . He speaks with a strong Spanish accent and is described as an `` effeminate weirdo '' by his employees . He disapproves of nearly all of Peter 's actions , mainly because most of them are detrimental to the company , and fires or comes close to firing Peter on multiple occasions . In `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' , he is invited to the Griffins ' house for dinner . He promotes Peter to head of toy development and minutes later chokes to death on a dinner roll after it was Heimlich maneuvered out of Brian 's throat and into Mr. Weed 's mouth . His video will describes how the factory will be replaced by a children 's hospital starting `` now '' as the machinery promptly endangers everyone at the factory . His great - grandfather 's surname was `` Bermudagrass '' but was changed to Weed at Ellis Island . In the episode `` Lois Kills Stewie '' , Stewie tells Lois , before attempting to shoot her , `` Say hello to Cleveland for me , Oh , and Mr. Weed '' . Santos and Pasqual -- A pair of Portuguese immigrants who do not speak English . All of their dialogue is subtitled and not understood by the other characters . In `` From Method to Madness '' , they lament leaving Portugal for various low - paying jobs in Quahog such as caterers , fishermen , janitors , and babysitters . Peter treats them poorly . In return , they urinate in his refreshments when the opportunity arises as seen in `` The Cleveland - Loretta Quagmire '' . In this episode , Pasqual saves Joe 's life after he nearly drowns by using CPR . This prompts Lois to demand that Peter take CPR classes in order to learn what to do should the situation happen again . Angela ( voiced by Carrie Fisher ) -- Peter and Opie 's supervisor who is in charge of the Shipping Department at the Pawtucket Brewery . She likes Opie far better than Peter , and treats Peter very coldly , repeatedly rewarding Opie as employee of the month . However , Angela fires Opie in `` The Blind Side '' . Peter tried to befriend her based on her love of animals , but ended up horrifying her by staging a bloody cockfight in her house . In `` Peter - assment '' , Angela targets Peter with sexual lust after Peter comes to work without wearing his glasses ( which were broken at the time ) . After Peter refused to have sex with her and cheat on Lois , she tried to gas herself in her car . After Peter rescued her , it was revealed that she has not dated anyone in ten years . Feeling sorry for her , Peter disguised himself as a stereotypical 1920s New York billionaire and had sex with her . Angela knew it was really Peter , but what she did not know was that Peter , as a means of remaining faithful to Lois , hid Mort Goldman ( who did it for $2 ) in his pants so it was Mort who actually had sex with her , not Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Angela attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Following Carrie Fisher 's unexpected death on December 27 , 2016 , Seth MacFarlane revealed that Angela would appear on at least two more episodes that Fisher had already done voiceover work on in Season 15 , but would n't comment on the character 's future except by saying that `` Family Guy will miss ( Fisher ) immensely . '' Opie ( voiced by Mark Hentemann ) -- An apparently mentally - challenged and gibberish - speaking co-worker of Peter at the Pawtucket Brewery and ward of the state . He has won `` Employee of the Month '' at least twenty times and has been promoted ahead of Peter . He seems to have mental retardation and never really does anything about it . He sometimes tells Peter to stick his finger in his mouth , only to bite it . He wears two different shoes on each foot . He once went for a haircut that went horribly awry . No - one other than Angela seems to understand what he 's saying . However , Peter has been shown to understand him in some instances such as when he gets fired . In `` Whistle While Your Wife Works '' , Opie watched Peter and Lois have sex in his office at the brewery . In `` Blue Harvest '' , he played a Tusken Raider . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Peter sends him a shoutout on The Price is Right . In `` It 's A Trap ! '' , he plays a small amphibious alien that swallows the door droid , voiced by Consuela , from Jabba the Hutt , played by Joe Swanson 's , palace . In `` The Blind Side '' , Opie is fired from his position for doing something unnecessary that only Peter understood and is replaced by a deaf woman named Stella . He makes a cameo crowd appearance when Peter proposes reinstating the city government in `` Tea Peter '' . Opie can also be seen as Stewie rides through town under Brian 's car in `` Family Guy Viewer Mail 2 '' . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Opie attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . In `` Underage Peter , '' it is revealed that Opie spoke gibberish due to the effects of alcohol . Fouad ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- One of Peter Griffin 's co-workers at the Pawtucket Brewery . He is a recent immigrant to the United States , apparently of Arab ethnicity . In all his appearances , he has demonstrated that he is extremely earnest in his attempts to learn a Western sense of humor and understand its subtleties , such as the nature of a sarcastic or ironic comment . He laughs in a loud manner at sarcastic or ironic statements before explaining why the joke was funny ( for example , `` Ahh ! Is funny because ... '' ) . Peter does not seem to have a strong relationship with Fouad , likely due to his comparatively short time employed at the Pawtucket Brewery , however Peter gets along much better with Fouad than he does with Opie or Angela . Fouad first appears in `` Chick Cancer '' , being introduced by Peter as that foreign guy at work who helped him understand sarcasm . In `` Blue Harvest '' , Fouad plays Lieutenant Shann Childsen on the Death Star prison deck , who laughs when Chewbacca ( played by Brian ) asks for a cell by the pool , stating that it is funny because prisons do not have luxury areas such as swimming pools . In `` Padre de Familia '' , Peter suspects that Fouad may be an illegal immigrant and is angered because of it . Fouad 's voice is also heard off - camera in a DVD exclusive scene in `` Three Kings '' . In `` The Shawshank Redemption '' segment , Captain Byron Hadley ( played by Seamus ) yells for lights out calling the inmates `` ladies '' and Fouad replies that it is funny because they are men . Stella ( voiced by Marlee Matlin ) -- A deaf worker at the Pawtucket Brewery . She debuted in `` The Blind Side '' as Opie 's successor . Members of James Woods high school ( edit ) Principal Shepherd ( voiced by Gary Cole ) -- The principal of James Woods Regional High School . He was revealed to be Jewish in `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Principal Shepherd attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was placed next to Principal Skinner . In `` The Peter Principal , '' Principal Shepherd had a bitter divorce and suffers a breakdown causing the board of education to put him on an indefinite paid leave . As Vice-Principal Brenda McGuire was found dead in her car , the board of education asks for someone to come forward to be the interim principal until a permanent replacement for Principal Shepherd can be found . When Lois anonymously tipped off the board of education about how Peter was helping Meg and her friends on their revenge on some students , the board of education intervenes causing them to fire Pete and reinstate Principal Shepherd after he recovered from his divorce following his sex trip to Thailand . Mr. Berler ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Mr. Berler is one of Meg 's teachers at James Woods Regional High School . In `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' , he disagrees with Neil Goldman 's selection of James T. Kirk as the better Star Trek captain supporting Captain Jean - Luc Picard as the superior officer . In `` The Simpsons Guy , '' Mr. Berler made a cameo at the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Connie D'Amico ( voiced by Fairuza Balk in `` Let 's Go to the Hop '' , Lisa Wilhoit in all subsequent appearances ) -- The head cheerleader and most popular girl in school . Connie is portrayed as extremely egotistical , shallow , promiscuous , and vain and one of the most notorious of many bullies of James Woods Regional High . She is normally seen with her three best friends : Gina , Scott , and Doug . She shows great disdain toward Meg and encourages her friends to bully her . More than once , Connie has formed an alliance with Meg , usually to further her own social standing . At least once -- in `` Stew - Roids '' -- Connie turns to Meg after she realizes what it is like to be shunned and mercilessly taunted by her classmates . Chris likes her , and she dated him when he briefly became popular . She danced with Peter when he went undercover as `` Lando Griffin '' at the Winter Snowball dance . Peter is attracted to her . In `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Connie makes fun of Meg which leads to Peter smashing Connie 's head against a fire extinguisher in front of her friends and Meg ( who stops Peter in the end and leads him away ) . Gina ( voiced by Alex Borstein in the first appearance , Camille Guaty in later appearances ) -- A popular student and cheerleader at James Woods Regional High School who is Connie D'Amico's best friend . Esther ( voiced by Tamera Mowry in `` Barely Legal '' and `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Christina Milian in later episodes ) -- An African - American girl who is one of Meg 's friends . Patty ( voiced by Alexandra Breckenridge in `` Barely Legal '' , Barclay DeVeau in `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' , Emily Osment in later episodes ) -- A redheaded girl who is one of Meg 's friends . She has two moms implying that her biological mother is a lesbian . Ruth Cochamer ( voiced by Natasha Melnick ) -- One of Meg 's friends . Her tongue is supposedly cut off during her and Meg 's trip to Paris when they are kidnapped in `` Leggo My Meg - O '' . In later episodes however , she continues to converse normally with no mention of how her tongue was restored . Other recurring characters ( edit ) Mayor Adam West ( voiced by Adam West ) -- The Mayor of Quahog who is named after the actor who provides his voice . He is a highly odd and delusional politician . He has been shown to be good - natured but generally irresponsible . He also has a love affair with Meg in `` Deep Throats '' . Mayor West played Grand Moff Tarkin in `` Blue Harvest '' . As of `` Brothers & Sisters '' , he marries Lois ' sister Carol thus making him Peter and Lois 's brother - in - law and the uncle - by - marriage of Meg , Chris and Stewie . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Mayor Adam West attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Beer where he was sitting next to Mayor Joe Quimby . Bruce ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A mustached man who speaks effeminately in a calm , drawn - out voice with a slight lisp , as well as occasionally smacking his lips before a sentence . Though he was not given a name until the episode `` No Chris Left Behind '' , he has appeared in several episodes without being named on - screen ; however , he is referred to in commentary tracks prior to that episode as `` the Performance Artist '' . He even comments on it the first time his name is spoken in the series . He has several catchphrases , the most notable being `` Oh , no ! '' . He first appeared as the clerk of an `` exotic entertainment '' shop in the Season 1 episode `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' , and was then seen sitting astride an obese donkey at the Renaissance fair when Peter fought the Black Knight . He has since been seen with a variety of jobs including a deacon , a therapist , a medium , a lawyer , a masseur and a barman . More recently , he was seen working at the bowling alley selling rental shoes as seen in `` The Splended Source '' , refereeing the boxing match where Lois fought Deirdre Jackson in `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' , and working at Quahog Laser Tag in `` Forget - Me - Not '' . He has also been seen training to be a police officer , teaching a CPR course , chairing the Quahog Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and entertaining children at the Quahog Library . He is a member of the school board committee of James Woods Regional High School . Although Bruce himself is generally limited to occasional appearances , his voice is lent to a number of anthropomorphic creatures including a large bee , the shark in a parody of Jaws , a Xenomorph from a parody of Aliens , a Tetris block , and a giant mutant rat . In `` Blue Harvest '' , he played the role of Greedo . He makes an appearance as Admiral Piett on the Imperial Star Destroyer in the episode `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' . Bruce often talks to his unseen roommate Jeffrey . It is implied that Bruce is gay and that Jeffrey is his domestic partner , as in `` Road to the North Pole '' where he states in the song `` All I Want for Christmas '' that he wants a wedding ring from a guy named Jeffrey . In the episode `` BFFs '' of The Cleveland Show , Peter says that Bruce was his therapist and referred to him as `` that gay guy who has , like , a thousand jobs '' . Another character voiced by Mike Henry who was heavily implied to be Jeffrey appeared in both the Family Guy episodes `` Friends of Peter G . '' and `` Finders Keepers '' , and The Cleveland Show episode `` Die Semi-Hard '' before being confirmed to be Jeffrey in `` Underage Peter . '' Bruce is also noted for his tendency to give unsolicited advice about mundane subjects , often during critical events . This occurs most notably during his training as a 911 operator . When a victim calls to report a man in her home , he provides tips for being a good host to unexpected guests . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Bruce attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Waylon Smithers . Carl ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- The manager of the local gas station and convenience store called the Quahog Mini Mart . He speaks in a calm , monotone voice and shows almost no emotion regarding anything happening around him . Carl is a cinephile , having an obsession with films and attractive actresses . In `` Road to the North Pole '' , he wants a Blu - ray of The Wiz for Christmas . He goes out of his way to discuss exciting movies . He becomes good friends with recurring customer Brian and eventually becomes friends with Chris , when Chris worked for him in `` Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) '' . Carl and Chris establish a friendship based on their mutual interest in movies . He does not get along with Meg . In `` Friends of Peter G . '' , it is revealed that the reason that he knows so much about movies is because he 's an alcoholic and he spent so much time in his house and watched every film he could get his hands on . In the Star Wars episodes , Carl plays Yoda . Consuela ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A maid who is the head of the Maids ' Union . She is Hispanic and speaks very broken English . She usually says `` No , no , no ... '' , whenever asked to do anything . She first appears in `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' demanding Lemon Pledge in a court case . She is seen answering the door as Superman 's maid at the Fortress of Solitude in `` Stewie Kills Lois '' telling Joe and the police officers that Superman is not home . She appears in a cutaway in `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' on the game show Are You Smarter Than a Hispanic Maid ? . In `` Dog Gone '' , she goes to work for the Griffin family , but proves to be so annoying that they drug her with chloroform and leave her with Joe . She has a nephew named Mikey , who apparently sells light - up yo - yos , and a son named Rodrigo , who is in prison . Another of her nephews was molested by James Woods before he committed suicide , as revealed in `` And Then There Were Fewer '' when she was working as Woods ' maid . In `` Stewie Goes for a Drive '' , Stewie runs away from home and ends up in a bad neighborhood . Consuela ( for the second time not wearing a maid 's uniform , but a turquoise tracksuit ) finds and takes him to her home and puts him in her bathtub , which is also being used to make soup for a Quinceañera being held at her house . Brian tracks Stewie to Consuela 's house but she refuses to let him go , claiming that Stewie is her son `` Ernesto '' . A young male relative of Consuela threatens Brian with a gun . Stewie takes the gun , shoots Consuela in the foot and fires into the air to dissuade the guests from preventing their escape . Consuela also appears as Darth Vader 's maid in `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , and as the controller of the security system at the palace of Jabba the Hutt in `` It 's a Trap ! '' . She also appears as Donna 's housekeeper in The Cleveland Show season 3 episode `` Die Semi-Hard '' . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , it is revealed that Consuela has a husband who is still living in Mexico . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Consuela attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where she was sitting next to Bumblebee Man due to them being Hispanic . In `` Dearly Deported , '' it is revealed that Consuela has a niece named Isabella who has children of her own . Death ( voiced by Norm Macdonald in the first appearance , Adam Carolla in later appearances ) -- The Grim Reaper figure in the form of a skeleton in a black robe who seldom removes his hood . Underneath his hood is a human skull with spiders and snakes crawling in and out of the eye sockets , mouth , and ear cavities as seen in `` Death Lives '' . He is present in `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' when Mr. Weed dies after choking during dinner at the Griffins ' . In `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' , it is revealed that anyone who touches his bones dies instantly ( though in `` Death Is a Bitch '' it seems that this is contradicted , but while Stewie rubs his ankle to heal it faster , Death being out of commission , no one at all is able to die ) . In `` Wasted Talent '' , Death comes to a college campus where a party had taken place and everybody is dead with beer bottles around the room . After doing his deed , he drinks some beer bottles to try to find a silver scroll ( for Pawtucket Pat 's contest ) . He ends up getting drunk and crashes his car . In `` Friends of Peter G . '' , Death shows Peter what his life would be like if he continues to drink as much as he does , and if he does not drink at all . Peter learns to control his drinking from this . Death later ends up in a car crash in `` Grumpy Old Man '' , leading him to be taken away by `` Super Death '' ( a larger version of himself ) who tells him he was going to be reincarnated as a Chinese child . He disappears only to reappear seconds later as he was reincarnated a Chinese baby girl . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , Death takes Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe to speak to God . Dr. Elmer Hartman ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- A Yale - educated yet incompetent doctor who works at Quahog 's hospital . Dr. Hartman is generally shown to be an unskilled doctor and his skills fluctuate from episode to episode . Occasionally , he seems to know exactly what he 's doing and performing great medical feats , such as plastic surgery to restore Peter 's face , to other episodes where he does n't even understand common medical terminology , or needs a chart to find body parts and lets Meg take care of patients while he is gone , as in `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' . He temporarily loses his medical license in `` Stewie Loves Lois '' when Peter accuses him of rape ( it turns out that Hartman had in fact merely performed a normal prostate exam , though Peter did n't understand the procedure ) . He manages to regain his license after treating Peter 's urination problem . In `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' , Peter brought up the fact that Hartman sounds very similar to Carter Pewterschmidt when he speaks . As a response , Hartman tells Peter that Carter is one of his patients and that there are only so many voices in the world ; some are bound to be similar and that he never noticed because they do n't talk all that much despite the fact that Carter is in fact a patient of his . This was brought up to turn the scenario that MacFarlane voices both Hartman and Carter into a comical situation . His name comes from MacFarlane 's close friend and fellow animator Elmer `` Butch '' Hartman . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Hartman gives Peter one of his kidneys because the Griffin family are his last paying customers . Also in the episode , Hartman reveals that while attempting to clone a chicken , he inadvertently created the Giant Chicken where Peter says he is going to want to discuss with Dr. Hartman later . In `` Secondhand Spoke '' , it is revealed that Hartman has a gay son . In `` Ratings Guy '' , it is revealed that Hartman is the worst doctor at Quahog 's hospital . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Dr. Hartman was among the Quahog citizens to attend the trial between Pawtucket Patriot Ale and Duff Beer in Springfield . He was shown to have been seated next to Dr. Nick Riviera ( who was also an incompetent doctor ) . In `` Once Bitten '' , Dr. Hartman enlisted his dad to get him and Seamus into a movie theater . In `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' , it is revealed that Hartman has Dyslexia . Frank Sinatra Jr. ( voiced by himself ) -- A singer , songwriter and conductor who meets Brian Griffin in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' following his near - death experience . Frank gives him some words of wisdom before taking the stage at the Quahog Cabana Club . Brian and Frank start to sing together , and eventually Stewie Griffin joins them , forming the `` New Rat Pack '' . In `` Tales of a Third Grade Nothing , '' Frank and Brian purchase the Quahog Cabana Club . When business fails to improve , the two look to Stewie to bring in more customers . Stewie turns the club into a trendy Hollywood style night club called pLace that ultimately fails when Andy Dick shows up to party . The episode `` Bookie of the Year '' was Frank Sinatra Jr. 's final role before he died where he was shown helping Brian and Stewie with a restaurant plan . God ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The father of Jesus Christ and the creator of life . He is a central part of the basic tenets in the religion of Christianity . Although the basic concept of God exists in other monotheistic and polytheistic religions , it is the Christian God that serves as the basis for the character in Family Guy . His appearance in the show is the stereotypical appearance of an Abrahamic god in the Western world ; a bald - headed Caucasian man with long white hair , a huge white beard and a white robe . Contrary to the widespread belief of a benevolent and pure God , the `` God '' character in Family Guy has often been shown to have several human flaws , especially being shown as being socially irresponsible and sexually perverted . In the episode `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' , He aims a sniper rifle with red dot sight at Meg from the clouds after she says , `` Oh God , kill me now '' , but is interrupted by a phone call before he can complete the task . In the episode `` Blind Ambition '' , God flirts with a woman at the Drunken Clam , and lights her a cigarette with lightning before accidentally vaporizing her and setting the bar on fire , to which He exclaims , `` Jesus Christ ! '' Jesus then arrives , and hastily leaves the area with God in a Cadillac Escalade before they can be caught up in the blaze . In `` Untitled Griffin Family History '' , God asks His roommate Chuggs for a lighter , using it to light a fart . On his second attempt , the lit fart sets in motion the Big Bang that creates the universe . In `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Joseph quarrels with a teenage Jesus , before Jesus storms out of the room shouting , `` You 're not my real father ! '' He then goes on to give God a phone call asking if he can go back to live with him in Heaven , but is rejected . God then turns to a young woman named Janet lying in his bed , hoping to have sex with her . Janet hands him a condom to His disappointment , and asks her to reconsider , saying it is His birthday , but Janet refuses . In `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Peter thanks God thinking he is set to participate in a threesome with Lois and her friend Naomi , to which God replies `` Do n't mention it , Peter '' . A jingle is then heard singing , `` God ! He knows what turns you on ! '' after which God says , `` Have fun ! '' In `` Into Fat Air '' , God and Jesus discuss on how to name a country in the Himalayas . God says that the mountains look like nipples , to which Jesus replies by saying that He ca n't just call a country `` Nipples '' . In response , God suggests the name `` Nepal '' to Jesus ' approval . In other episodes , God 's serious side has also been shown on occasion such as in `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' where he curses Peter with six of the 10 plagues after he lied to the people of Quahog about being a healer and is then worshipped as a god . In `` Holy Crap '' , while reading the Bible , Stewie declares his love for God for being `` so deliciously evil '' . Horace ( voiced by John G. Brennan ) -- The proprietor and bartender of The Drunken Clam for 30 years . Has been shown to have been working there for at least as long as Peter and his friends have been regulars . Horace has also been shot a handful of times , but has recovered from each incident . In `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' , Horace sold The Drunken Clam following a storm and moved to Florida . He later repurchased it after moving back to Quahog . In `` Blind Ambition '' , Horace 's life is saved by Peter ( who was blind at the time ) when The Drunken Clam was on fire . In `` Save the Clam '' , Horace is accidentally killed when a baseball hit by Jerome hits him during a baseball game between The Drunken Clam and Mort 's Pharmacy . His death causes the bank to close The Drunken Clam which was enough for Peter , Joe and Quagmire to protest this until Jerome buys The Drunken Clam to keep Horace 's legacy alive . Jake Tucker ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Tom Tucker 's deformed son and Chris ' former classmate . Jake 's many appearances show him with an `` upside - down face '' ; a mouth near the top of his head and eyes near the bottom . In `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' , he gets a normal face , via toxic waste . Although typically depicted as a demanding and obnoxious brat , Jake craves his father 's attention , which he rarely gets . It is also revealed in `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' that he `` does n't have a bottom '' . Though Tom often neglects him , he often shows that he cares when Brian accused Jake of giving Chris alcohol . However , when Chris gets his own back on Jake by planting drugs in his locker an enraged Tom declares him a `` bad boy '' and loses faith in him . In `` Mother Tucker '' , Jake is noticeably neglected by Tom when Tom pays more attention to Peter . But Peter then realizes that Tom should pay more attention to Jake . James Woods ( voiced by himself ) -- An actor whose fictional persona becomes a criminal sociopath . In `` Peter 's Got Woods '' , he is invited by Peter to help deal with the local high school being named for Woods , i.e. James Woods Regional High School . While Brian 's attentions are turned to his girlfriend , Peter becomes friends with Woods . This friendship ends when Woods becomes jealous of Brian . Peter and Brian lure Woods into a crate , forgetting to make holes for air , and ship him off to be studied by `` top men '' . Woods returns in `` Back to the Woods '' , stealing Peter 's wallet and assuming his identity . Peter retaliates by assuming Woods ' identity and ruining his credibility on the Late Show with David Letterman . When Woods shows up to fight Peter , he is again lured into a crate to be studied by `` top men '' . In `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , Woods makes an appearance as General Maximilian Veers . In `` Brian Griffin 's House of Payne '' , the CBS producers hire Woods to star in Brian Griffin 's television show , Woods making multiple changes to Brian 's original script that prompt Brian to back out of the project . James Woods reappears in `` And Then There Were Fewer '' in which he becomes a born - again Christian due to his new relationship with young news intern Priscilla . Woods turns his life over to Jesus wishing to make amends for his sins . Woods is later killed as part of an elaborate murder plot orchestrated by Diane Simmons . In `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , it is revealed that the paramedics who loaded Woods ' body into the ambulance recognized him and had his body rushed to a special Hollywood hospital where a teenage girl 's life force was drained into Woods which successfully resurrected him . He 's still a born - again Christian when he encounters Peter Griffin and Tom Tucker in Hollywood . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , James Woods was present in Springfield at the trial between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . During this time , he interacted with his Simpsons counterpart from `` Homer and Apu '' . The episode `` Inside Family Guy '' had James Woods hosting the behind the scenes - theme of the episode . Jeffrey ( voiced by Mike Henry ) - Jeffrey is Bruce 's boyfriend . Jerome ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) -- An African - American man who first appeared in `` Jerome is the New Black '' where he won the audition as a temporary replacement for Cleveland . It is revealed he was involved with Lois Griffin in their younger days before she met Peter , which made Peter jealous enough to burn down Jerome 's house . So Lois invited him to come live with them . Peter believed that Jerome was trying to steal Lois from him and became jealous . He kicked Jerome out of his house , but later apologized to him and they remained friends . Jerome also tells Peter that he had some nasty ass sex with Meg when he was staying with the Griffins although Peter told him that he does n't care about that . He returns in `` Save the Clam '' playing for Mort Goldman 's softball team against Peter and his team from The Drunken Clam . He accidentally kills Horace by swinging the ball towards his face . Jerome appears at the funeral where he apologizes for accidentally killing Horace . When it came to the demolition of The Drunken Clam which Peter , Quagmire , and Joe were protesting , Jerome appears and uses his sports earnings from lacrosse ( which also happens to be his brother 's name ) to buy The Drunken Clam in order to keep Horace 's legacy alive . In `` Baby Got Black '' , it is revealed that Jerome has a daughter named Pam and at first disapproved of her relationship with Chris . Jesus Christ ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane in early episodes , David Goodman in `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , Seth Green in `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Alec Sulkin in later episodes ) -- The central figure of Christianity . Throughout the duration of the series , there has been a running gag that Jesus drives a Cadillac Escalade . This is first seen in the episode `` Blind Ambition '' , in which he uses it to pick up God from the Drunken Clam after He accidentally set the bar on fire . In `` North by North Quahog '' , he is seen in the car in a trailer for the action film The Passion of the Christ 2 : Crucify This starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus and Chris Tucker , and directed by Mel Gibson . Jesus Christ 's most prominent appearance on the show came in the episode `` I Dream of Jesus '' , where he worked in disguise at a vinyl record store called `` Dead Format Records '' before being recognized by Peter . After a public display of his powers , including walking on water , he becomes a huge celebrity in Quahog . While having dinner with the Griffins , Jesus proves to Brian that he actually is Jesus Christ by turning their dinners into ice cream sundaes , before immensely enlarging Lois ' breasts at Peter 's request , to the absolute shock of Brian . As the episode progresses , Jesus lets fame get to his head more and more while becoming more distant from Peter and his family , and ultimately gets himself incarcerated for drug abuse . When Peter visits him in prison , Jesus apologizes for his actions and decides that he probably was n't mature enough to return to the world . He then gives Peter another record of `` Surfin ' Bird '' as a gift after the first one he had was destroyed by Brian and Stewie . In `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' , he turned water into funk . In the episode `` Holy Crap '' , Francis repeatedly gives Jesus the employee of the week award , and is himself later seen in a golf course going for a fourth birdie . Upon missing his putt , he uses his power to move the ball into the hole . In the episode `` And the Wiener is ... '' , Jesus and Moses use guns to defeat the Romans in a film by the National Gun Association . In the episode `` Deep Throats '' , Lois asks `` What if Jesus had given up ? '' , after which Jesus is seen in a shabby - looking house sitting lazily in a chair , with several children running around him , and calls out to their mother asking why their ironing board is still out . In `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , the adult Stewie tells his infant self of a time when he went back in time on vacation to see Jesus , saying that his abilities may have been exaggerated a bit . A cutaway shows adult Stewie and other members of the public watching Jesus perform Art Metrano 's `` tricks '' while humming the song `` Fine and Dandy '' . In `` Boys Do Cry '' , Stewie imagines what it would be like meeting Jesus , and in a cutaway is then seen entering a room in Jesus ' house to find him naked washing himself in a tub . Despite noticing Stewie , he carries on . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , he has an African - American counterpart in `` Black Jesus '' who is portrayed as a cool laid back character and is seen wearing sunglasses . In `` Go , Stewie , Go '' , he is seen in a dodgeball game on the side of the jocks pelting numerous balls at the nerds . In `` Life of Brian '' , Stewie is seen at the last supper suggesting the idea of rebellion to Judas Iscariot , pointing out that Jesus ordered five margaritas while all Judas had was the salad . In other episodes , Jesus has also been portrayed as a voice of reason , such as in `` Family Goy '' , where he tells Peter about his Jewish identity after Peter and Lois quarreled over whether their family should be Christian or Jewish . However , in response to Peter 's question asking which religion his family should follow , Jesus says `` 6 or 1 , they 're all complete crap '' . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , it is shown that Jesus is dating Carrie Underwood . In `` The 2000 - Year - Old Virgin , '' Jesus has broken up with Carrie Underwood . Jillian Russell ( voiced by Drew Barrymore ) -- Brian 's sexy , bulimic , and dimwitted ex-girlfriend who is portrayed as a stereotypical blonde . She is quite ignorant ; for example , she does not understand that Adolf Hitler was defeated decades ago . She has a close friendship with Peter , who treats her more like a daughter than he does Meg , due to their similar levels of intelligence . The remainder of the Griffin family look on her as a figure of mockery and symbol of Brian 's shallowness , although she has affection for them , involving them all in her wedding . She first appeared in `` Whistle While Your Wife Works '' . She is the only girlfriend that Brian has dated for more than one episode , and was a recurring character in Season 5 . He stays with her purely for sex , though after they split , he felt strong feelings of love for her . In `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , when Brian talks about Jillian 's bulimia , he goes on to compare her to Karen from The Carpenters , who succumbed to anorexia in 1983 , claiming she `` overdid it '' but he thinks `` Jillian 's found a good balance '' . She breaks up with Brian in `` Movin ' Out '' when it is revealed that Brian did not want a committed relationship with her , and she briefly dated Mayor West . She got married in the episode `` We Love You , Conrad '' . In `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , her husband Derek Wilcox was murdered by Diane Simmons , making Jillian a widow . She is shown dating again in `` Tiegs for Two '' , where Quagmire attempts to date her to make Brian jealous , but she and Cheryl Tiegs leave together when they realize how immature both men are acting . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , Jillian is among the ex-girlfriends of Brian that Stewie assembles . Jim Kaplan ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A con man who tricks Peter into spending money on various useless things on many occasions . He was first introduced as Doug but has been referred to as Jim in later episodes . First appearing in `` There 's Something About Paulie '' , he sells a car to Peter that does not have an engine under the hood but rather a picture of one by claiming that the car belonged to James Bond . He later sells Peter volcano insurance in `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' where Peter paid him with Lois ' rainy day money ( which she planned to use after Stewie broke Meg 's glasses ) . With help from the accountant Max Weinstein , Peter reclaimed the money . Jim later sells Peter a TiVo in `` Bango Was His Name Oh ! '' . In `` A Fish out of Water '' , he gives Peter a loan for Peter 's new fishing boat and Peter offers up his house as collateral which later gets taken over by the bank and sold to a fashionable , artsy , neo-hippie - ish new couple named Jim and Abby . In `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , he sells Peter a tank for Meg at a car dealership for her first car and finally convinces him by saying `` Did I mention it 's a tank ? '' Judge ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) -- The unnamed African - American judge who presides over trials involving any of this show 's characters . Paddy Tanniger -- A short red - haired angry man who was a caddy manager and a Hummer salesman . He was best known for ending his statements with `` Big whoop , wan na fight about it ? '' He was eventually killed when he was run over by a tank piloted by Brian and Stewie in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . It is mentioned on the DVD commentary for `` The Perfect Castaway '' that the character is disliked by nearly all the writing staff which led to his death . Rupert ( voiced by David Boat in `` Road to the North Pole '' ) -- A stuffed teddy bear that belongs to one - year - old Stewie Griffin . Though inanimate , Rupert has become his personal confidant and best friend . Stewie confides all his secrets and machinations in Rupert , and often gets upset when Rupert does not respond . Rupert has been known to double as a pistol when needed `` Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater '' . Rupert has been damaged several times . The first time in a flashback in `` Stu & Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' , Stewie argued with Brian about the economy and Brian decided to eat one of Rupert 's legs . Stewie got the leg back after a while . The second time involved encountering an unfamiliar Rottweiler dog in `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Rupert was torn to shreds but was later sewn back together by Lois . In `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' , Stewie tears Rupert in two , after waking up from a Santa Claus - themed nightmare . In `` Killer Queen '' , Stewie shoots Rupert in the head with a gun rather than risk letting him die a worse death when he sees the cover of a Queen album . In `` The Man with Two Brians '' , he is humped by New Brian for two hours . Stewie is then shown dragging a body into the garbage , later revealed to be New Brian . At the end of the episode Stewie is shown crying in the shower and washing Rupert in despair , constantly reassuring him that it was n't his fault . In `` Chick Cancer '' , when Stewie married Olivia Fuller , he had Rupert officiate the ceremony . `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' had the creation of Stewpert , a being where Stewie and Rupert were fused together after Stewie activated his teleportation device before he realized Rupert was inside , in reference to Brundlefly of The Fly . Stewie had several times referred to him as gay . Stewie accused Rupert of choosing to watch the boys in `` Road to Rhode Island '' as opposed to watching their bags as Stewie has told him to , much to Stewie 's chagrin . In the episode `` Road to Rupert '' . Brian accidentally sells Rupert causing both Brian and Stewie ( after Brian confesses to selling Rupert by accident ) to head off to the Swiss Alps to retrieve him from the family that he was sold to , eventually challenging the father of the family to a ski race to either get him back or give the family Brian as the stakes , Stewie does not respect the rules and throws hot tea in the other young boy ' eyes blinding him long enough to grab Rupert , but Stewie later says that he was through with Rupert and was too old for him , saying `` ... after all , Brian , I 'm nearly one . '' Stewie has also imagined Rupert as a muscular , human male a few times , including in `` Road to the North Pole '' , where he builds a buff Rupert snowman in the opening credit sequence . However , Rupert retains his Teddy Bear head . In a DVD exclusive scene in `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' , Stewie explores the experience of masturbating and in his fantasy buff Rupert makes out with an equally buff Brian while Stewie is tied to the bed . In the episode `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' , Rupert 's head is ripped off by Stewie 's evil pet turtle Sheldon who Stewie enters a fight with in return . In `` Total Recall '' , the factory that made Rupert demands all bears are sent back due to them becoming a choking hazard . Lois in shock sends him back and Brian and Stewie go on a life - threatening quest to get him back , only just saving Rupert ( and Stewie ) from instant death on a furnace . As they return home , Stewie celebrates with Rupert only for Rupert 's eye to come off and Stewie to swallow it supposedly killing him with Chris who witnessed the scene casually shouting `` Mom , Stewie 's dead '' . In the episode `` Quagmire 's Quagmire '' , Stewie must decide whether to `` play '' with Rupert anymore after Lois finds his newborn plush toy , a blue , scruffy looking , bow - tied teddy bear named Oscar who was apparently given to him by Babs Pewterschmidt ( his maternal grandmother ) when Stewie was born . This fact is stated by Meg who is in the attic , organizing items from boxes along with Lois . Stewie treats Rupert like a nagging wife juxtaposed to Oscar 's imaginary role as the still loved ex-girlfriend . In `` Stewie , Chris & Brian 's Excellent Adventure '' , Rupert tells the other stuffed animals that he is straight after Stewie and Brian leave with Chris in the time machine . Seamus Levine ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Seamus is a tough fisherman with two peg - legs as well as two peg arms . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye . He makes his first appearance in the episode `` A Fish Out of Water '' . While spending time with Peter and the gang in a steam room , it is revealed his whole body from the neck down is wood . He tends to warn Peter of danger . Seamus had his own talk show in `` Perfect Castaway '' . In his premiere episode , he jokes that his father was a tree , but in the episode `` And Then There Were Fewer '' he blames his condition on James Woods . Seamus initially claims that Woods carved him from wood and did not wish hard enough for him to be a real boy , but he later revealed that they both got high on acid one day and Woods ate off Seamus ' arms and legs , thinking that he was a steak . In `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' , when Seamus is seen naked , his body is entirely wooden while his head is human , bringing into question how he can sustain life . He played Byron Hadley in the series ' portrayal of The Shawshank Redemption which was seen the second of the `` Three kings '' . In a DVD exclusive scene , Seamus tries out for Fox News Channel in `` FOX - y Lady '' . He gets a ship in a bottle for Christmas in `` Road to the North Pole '' . In `` Tiegs for Two '' , he attends Quagmire 's class on how to pick up women . In `` Cool Hand Peter '' , Seamus attempts to join in Peter , Joe , Cleveland , and Quagmire 's road trip only to be rejected by Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Seamus attended the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale where he was sitting next to Captain Horatio McCallister . Vinny ( voiced by Tony Sirico ) -- A talking Italian greyhound whose first appearance in the franchise occurs in `` Life of Brian '' . After Brian is killed in a tragic car accident , the Griffin family decides to find another dog at the pet store to ease their grief . They meet Vinny , a pussyhound ( he is 1 / 16th cat ) of Italian descent . Each member of the family is taken by the dog , save for Stewie , and he is adopted into their family . Stewie , still mourning over the death of Brian , rebuffs the hound and makes several attempts to get him out of the family . However , once Stewie learns that Vinny had also undergone a period of mourning when his owner died in a freak yoga accident , he comes to accept Vinny as a part of the family . Like Brian , Vinny is an anthropomorphized dog where he is described as having a `` tough guy attitude '' , and according to executive producer Steve Callaghan , `` Vinny is just a lot more rough around the edges , and is a really good match for Stewie . '' His personality is that of a streetwise , `` wise guy '' Italian American . In `` Christmas Guy '' , Vinny found out that Carter Pewterschmidt canceled an event at Quahog Mall upon asking around and reported this to the Griffin family . Vinny helps Stewie distract his past self so he can steal the return pad from his backpack and travel back in time to save Brian . Before Stewie goes back in time , he says his goodbyes to Vinny . Just before Stewie travels back in time , Vinny walks off shouting `` Georgette , I 'm coming home ! '' to which Stewie questions himself on who `` Georgette '' is . At the end of `` The Boys in the Band , '' Vinny was seen performing with Olivia Fuller . Gag characters ( edit ) Al Harrington ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- The owner , president , and CEO of `` Al Harrington 's Wacky Waving Inflatable Arm - Flailing Tubeman Emporium and Warehouse '' . In an advertisement , he speaks at an incredibly fast rate and could be described as `` in - your - face '' , but just in that friendly - annoying way , as described by Peter . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Al Harrington made a cameo at the trial in Springfield between Duff Beer and Pawtucket Patriot Ale . Barbershop Quartet ( voiced by Jon Joyce , Bob Joyce , Rick Logan , and Randy Crenshaw ) -- A group of four men that sing close harmony songs in specific episodes . Buzz Killington ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A man who dresses and acts as if he is a 19th - century British man of means . His name is based on the term `` buzzkill '' . He is a stereotype of a socially popular person in the late 19th century , but by today 's standard would be regarded as a `` buzzkill '' . He is typically introduced into otherwise fun situations , such as a wild party , but his contributions ( showing etchings , telling stories ) bring the party ( and fun ) to a grinding halt . Conway Twitty -- Usually seen in archival footage of his performances , which are used when one of the characters needs a distraction . The first such appearance was in the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' where Meg 's wedding had just been called off and Peter said that the guests were expecting a show -- cut to a clip of Twitty singing his best - known song , `` Hello Darlin ' '' . Twitty has also been featured in `` Bill and Peter 's Bogus Journey '' and `` The Juice is Loose '' ( which featured a 3 - minute clip of him singing `` I See the Want To in Your Eyes '' ) . In `` It 's a Trap ! '' , he 's referred to as Darth Twitty and a Darth Vader helmet is digitally placed over his hair . In `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' , Peter beats up Justin Bieber just before a concert , so the scene cuts to `` Conway Bieber '' digitally sporting the young singer 's floppy hair . In `` 3 Acts of God '' , God tells Peter that Twitty wanted him to tell Peter to quit using him in cutaway gags . Cookie Monster ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Cookie Monster is a character from Sesame Street who has made various appearances on this show . A stuffed Evil Monkey hanging in a closet Evil Monkey ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- A monkey living in Chris 's closet , who scares Chris whenever he jumps out of the closet by pointing at him with an evil grimace and a strange tremble ( which the monkey claims is due to a copper deficiency ) . For much of the series , the family believes the Evil Monkey is a figment of Chris 's imagination . In `` Hannah Banana '' , Chris blames him for a bad test grade , saying that he scared him while he was trying to study . Peter and Lois are stunned when Chris catches him and shows him to them . The Evil Monkey explains that he moved into Chris 's closet after his wife had an affair and divorced him , and pointing at Chris was his way of trying to make conversation . Chris is unconvinced , but when Monkey helps him write a book report , they become friends . Eventually , Monkey moves out of Chris 's closet and , saying `` I 'll go where I 'm needed '' , moves into Jake Tucker 's closet . The monkey 's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker . In The Cleveland Show episode `` BFFs '' , Peter Griffin brought the Evil Monkey with him to rescue Cleveland and his friends from hillbilly rapists . Ernie the Giant Chicken ( voiced by Danny Smith ) -- An anthropomorphic , human - sized chicken that often fights violently and suddenly with Peter Griffin , usually interrupting some unrelated event . The fight scenes are often long and melodramatic , involving the destruction of large sections of Quahog and sometimes killing bystanders . Peter always wins , but it is then shown that the Giant Chicken is still alive . This rivalry begins in `` Da Boom '' when the Giant Chicken gives Peter an expired coupon , which angers Peter ( however , in `` Meet the Quagmires '' , Peter 's meddling in his past allows him to accidentally punch the Giant Chicken while dancing at the Country Club , giving a new origin to the rivalry ) . In `` Blind Ambition '' , the Giant Chicken turns up while the Spooner Street residents are discussing Quagmire peeping in the ladies ' room watching Lois , and Peter interrupts his defense of Quagmire to rejoin the fight . In `` No Chris Left Behind '' , their fight comes to a halt when Peter and the Giant Chicken forget what they have been fighting about , and Peter is cordially invited to dinner with the Chicken and his wife . Although the character 's official name in scripts and production documents is simply `` the Giant Chicken '' , the Chicken is referred to as `` Ernie '' in the dinner scene . When the bill comes , both Peter and Ernie try to pay ; this starts out politely but quickly escalates to a fight that resumes their feud . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , the Chicken ends up attacking an amnesiac Peter when he insults his lawn . The blow to the head causes Peter to remember who he is , and he states that he does not remember making peace with the Chicken , who resumes smashing various objects on his head . Ernie is shown as Boba Fett in the Star Wars episodes `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' and `` It 's a Trap ! '' . In `` New Kidney in Town '' , Dr. Hartman tells the Griffins about a failed cloning attempt that resulted in a violent man - sized chicken . Peter responds that they should talk . He also appears in `` Trading Places '' , when Chris makes a chicken noise and says it was fake . The Chicken 's fight with Peter continues in `` Internal Affairs '' , where Peter accidentally backs into the front of the Chicken 's car ; during this brawl , the Chicken is close to killing Peter at an oil rig , but gets burned alive by the falling debris and plunges into the ocean , taking on the appearance of a roasted chicken -- but he reveals he 's still alive by opening his eyes . In `` Yug Ylimaf '' , Brian and Stewie witness a backwards fight between Peter and the Chicken that `` ends '' by Peter opening his car door in front of the Chicken 's moving bicycle . He is the main antagonist in Family Guy Video Game ! disguised as Mr. Belvedere . Ernie is not directly referenced in the episode `` Life of Brian '' , but in the veterinary surgery waiting room when Peter asks a decapitated chicken if he should be running around , the chicken says `` Do n't talk to me . You have a bad reputation in the chicken community '' . In the crossover episode with The Simpsons , titled `` The Simpsons Guy '' , Comic Book Guy references the aforementioned `` chicken fights '' , by claiming the epic fight between Peter and Homer Simpson was the `` worst chicken fight ever '' . Fred Flintstone ( voiced by Jeff Bergman ) -- Fred Flintstone is a caveman from The Flintstones who has made various appearances on the show.In `` Patriot Games '' where he warns viewers to ' vote no on Indian gaming laws ' . He also bet with Stewie on the Mike Tyson vs. Carol Channing fight on Celebrity Boxing . In `` Believe it or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' when at Peter Griffin 's men 's club , he confesses to Barney that he was walking by his house when he saw Betty undressing . Fred says that Betty saw him , but kept undressing leading to an `` erocktion . '' Fred also appeared in `` Peter 's Daughter '' as they see a marriage counselor / divorce lawyer named Mr. Stoneberg over the rough parts of their marriage . In `` Quagmire 's Baby , '' Fred Flintstone was seen in Wildest Police Chases being pursued by police officers which ended at a movie theater where the police officers apprehend Fred Flintstone when he tried to climb the fence . In `` The Simpsons Guy , '' Fred Flintstone is the judge who presided over the trial involving Pawtucket Patriot Beer and Duff Beer in Springfield . While he finds in favor of Duff Beer , Fred Flintstone states that they pale in comparison to his favorite beer Bud Rock . The Greased - up Deaf Guy ( voiced by Mike Henry ) -- A naked man covered in grease who first appears in `` The Thin White Line '' . His speech is indicative of someone with prelingual deafness . He is always shown running ; even when stopped , he will continue to run in place , flailing his arms . In `` North by North Quahog '' , he mentions that he used to be a lawyer . In `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , he is seen speaking in court during the show 's Law and Order - parody intro . He was named Jay after an audience member by the same name in Family Guy Live queried his name in a Q&A session . He appears in the direct - to - DVD movie Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . He also appears in Family Guy Online . The reason for his condition was revealed in `` Yug Ylimaf '' where an accident with Stewie 's time machine caused Brian and Stewie to witness him on his way to work hurrying past a grease truck that explodes , burning off his suit , and covering him in grease . James William Bottomtooth III ( voiced by Chris Sheridan ) -- A character who suffers from a severe underbite ( Habsburg jaw ) , which has given him a comically oversized lower jaw and has made his speech impossible to understand due to his extreme Locust Valley lockjaw accent . He has a taste for brandy , which he pours into his lower jaw . He is part of the staff of The New Yorker in `` Brian Goes Back to College '' . In `` You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives '' , he refuses to sign Brian 's petition against Mayor Adam West 's gay marriage ban because he is a devout Christian . He has a son named James William Bottomtooth IV who attends Morningwood Academy and bears a strong resemblance to his father ( particularly the large lower jaw and speech ) . Like his classmates , he holds a strong antipathy for Chris , as seen in `` No Chris Left Behind '' , until he finds out that Chris is the grandson of Carter Pewterschmidt , who also attended Morningwood . He is part of the mob that rushes the Griffin home in `` The Juice Is Loose '' to deal with O.J. Simpson . In `` 420 '' , he catches a bag of marijuana in his jaw . In `` Tiegs for Two '' , he attends Quagmire 's class on how to pick up women . Kool - Aid Man ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- The mascot for the popular drink Kool - Aid , is parodied in several episodes . In `` Death Has a Shadow '' and `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , when each family member exclaims `` Oh no ! '' to the Judge 's sentencing of Peter , the Kool - Aid Man breaks through the courtroom wall yelling `` OH YEAH ! '' , then backs away awkwardly . In `` Peterotica '' , he has an epiphany while sitting in his living room when a car crashes through his wall , which put him on the receiving end of the trademarked breaking wall for the first time . In `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , after Stewie panics about the existence of the Tooth Fairy , Brian and Chris fail to calm Stewie , then Glenn Quagmire makes an attempt , then the Kool - Aid Man is seen in a pair of boxing gloves at the back of a line of other characters . In `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' , Evil Stewie lures him out by pretending to impersonate other people saying `` Oh no ! '' ; when he bursts through the wall , Evil Stewie shatters him with a baseball bat , and drinks up the spilled Kool - Aid . Thanks to Stewie 's and Brian 's interference , the Kool - Aid Man misses his cue when they travel back to the events in `` Death Has a Shadow '' in `` Back to the Pilot '' , when he shatters trying to back out of the courthouse . He is still able to yell at Stewie and Brian where he blamed them for messing things up . In `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' , the Kool - Aid Man is with his parents when they meet his date in the form of an anthropomorphic Yoo - hoo bottle . In `` The Simpsons Guy '' , the Kool - Aid Man attempts to break through the wall during a trial between Peter and Homer Simpson in Springfield . However , he calls Peter to apologize that he `` went to the wrong Springfield '' as he broke through the wall of the courthouse there , which references the fact that the state in which The Simpsons Springfield is located has never been revealed . Phineas and Barnaby -- Two strongmen that usually pursue two goals : working out at the Quahog Gym and riding high - wheel ' Ordinary ' bicycles of the 1860s -- 1890s . Tomik and Bellgarde ( voiced by John Viener and Alec Sulkin ) -- Two foreign guys who have `` been living in the United States almost long enough to sound American '' . They first appear in `` The Former Life of Brian '' sitting in a coffee shop discussing how much fun they had at a `` discotheque '' and reflecting that they had drunk `` so many liters of beer '' . In `` Extra Large Medium '' , they wonder how to celebrate Gerbitz Day , a holiday in their native country . In `` Road to the North Pole '' , they participated in the musical number `` All I Really Want For Christmas '' where they revealed they do not know what Christmas is and that their home country has a similar holiday called `` Kishkev Fufleer '' . They are alcoholics attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings Peter attends in `` Friends of Peter G . '' They do not share any stories , but participate in the performance of `` Mr. Booze '' . Vern and Johnny ( voiced by Seth MacFarlane ) -- Two Vaudeville characters who appear in cutaways and are dressed in traditional turn - of - the - century outfits . Vern will often perform a line or two of a song and then , either because he is finished or because his act is not going well , he asks Johnny to `` play me off '' , at which point Johnny enthusiastically plays `` Galloping Gertie '' on the piano . They debut in the episode `` Holy Crap '' and perform in the talent show in `` Deep Throats '' . They appear in two small boats connected by a rope by Carter Pewterschmidt 's racing yacht in `` Model Misbehavior '' . In `` Saving Private Brian '' , they are both shot to death by Stewie , who says `` They 're dead , all right ? We 're not gon na be seeing them again '' . This is later proven wrong in `` Back to the Woods '' when Vern is shown to be performing in the surface world as a ghost and Johnny is shown playing piano in Hell because he is later revealed to be a child molester . Deaths ( edit ) Four actors who voiced semi-regular Family Guy characters have died : Phyllis Diller ( d . 2012 ) , who played Peter 's mother , Thelma , after the character 's first appearance ; Charles Durning ( d . 2012 ) , who voiced his father , Francis , and who died after his character had already died in the series ; Carrie Fisher ( d . 2016 ) , who played Angela , Peter 's boss at the brewery ; Adam West ( d . 2017 ) , who voiced Mayor Adam West . In addition , Frank Sinatra Jr. , who appeared in three episodes as himself , died in 2016 . Don LaFontaine also appeared in 6 episodes before his death in September 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Brian Griffin Returns to Family Guy '' . Mediaite. 2013 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Leah ; Venkateswaren , Nandini ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Mike Henry of `` Family Guy '' talks voices , gags and instinct `` . Campus Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Meg and Quagmire Jump up ^ Walker , Jodi ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' : Details on Cleveland 's return '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FOX November Sweeps -- Press Release Spoilers '' . SpoilerTV.com. 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / SethMacFarlane : Yes , tonight 's episode is '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Interview with Lori Alan , the voice of Diane Simmons '' . everyjoe.com . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of Peter G . '' . Family Guy . Season 9 . Episode 10 . February 13 , 2011 . 12 : 13 minutes in . Fox . This poor gentleman used to speak in long , eloquent sentences . But after years of drinking he can only speak in short , choppy utterances . Jump up ^ Steve Callaghan ( writer ) ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 9 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2016/12/28/carrie-fisher-family-guy/ Jump up ^ `` A Fistful of Meg '' . Family Guy . Season 12 . Episode 4 . 2013 - 11 - 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Valentine 's Day in Quahog Jump up ^ Cannon , William ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Griffin Dies : 4 Things To Know About ' Family Guy ' Newcomer Vinny '' . Latin Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Vinny Arrives '' . DailyMail.co.uk . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Episode Guide 2014 Season 12 -- 3 Acts of God , Episode 13 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 21 , 2003 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diller 's last episode was in season 6 , episode 6 , `` Padre de Familia '' Jump up ^ Francis Griffin died in season 5 , episode 10 , `` Peter 's Two Dads '' , but then came back as a vision of Peter 's in season 8 , episode 2 , `` Family Goy '' Jump up ^ Fisher 's last appearance was in season 15 , episode 17 , `` Peter 's Lost Youth '' Jump up ^ West 's last appearance will be in the episode `` Peter Gets Fired '' , scheduled to air in November 2017 Jump up ^ Sinatra 's last appearance was in season 15 , episode 2 , `` Bookie of the Year '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . 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Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_characters&oldid=801901262 '' Categories : Animated human characters Family Guy characters Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Family Guy characters
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-6,361,086,062,351,116,000 | who invented the machine that broke the enigma code | Enigma machine - wikipedia Enigma machine Jump to : navigation , search Military Enigma machine , model `` Enigma I '' , used during the late 1930s and during the war ; displayed at Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano , Italy Military Enigma machine ( in wooden box ) The Enigma cipher machine Enigma machine Enigma rotors Breaking Enigma Polish Cipher Bureau Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Cadix Ultra The Enigma machines were a series of electro - mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early - to mid-20th century to protect commercial , diplomatic and military communication . Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s , and adopted by military and government services of several countries , most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II . Several different Enigma models were produced , but the German military models , having a plugboard , were the most complex . Japanese and Italian models were also in use . Around December 1932 , Marian Rejewski , a Polish mathematician and cryptanalyst , while working at the Polish Cipher Bureau , used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message encipherment procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine . Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine , so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages . The French spy , Hans - Thilo Schmidt obtained access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932 . Those keys included the plugboard settings . The French passed the material to the Poles , and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring . Consequently , the Polish mathematicians were able to build their own Enigma machines , which were called Enigma doubles . Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski , both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University . The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key , which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read the German Enigma messages . Over time , the German cryptographic procedures improved , and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue reading the Enigma traffic . As part of that effort , the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors , compiled catalogues , built a cyclometer to help make a catalogue with 100,000 entries , made Zygalski sheets and built the electro - mechanical cryptologic bomb to search for rotor settings . In 1938 , the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter . The Poles had six bomby , but when the Germans added two more rotors , ten times as many bomby were needed , but the Poles did not have the resources . On 26 and 27 July 1939 , in Pyry near Warsaw , the Poles initiated French and British military intelligence representatives into their Enigma - decryption techniques and equipment , including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb , and promised each delegation a Polish - reconstructed Enigma . The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort . During the war , British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma . The intelligence gleaned from this source , codenamed `` Ultra '' by the British , was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort . Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses , in practice it was German procedural flaws , operator mistakes , failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures , and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that , during the war , enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and `` turned the tide '' in the Allies ' favour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Design 2.1 Electrical pathway 2.2 Rotors 2.3 Stepping 2.4 Turnover 2.5 Entry wheel 2.6 Reflector 2.7 Plugboard 2.8 Accessories 2.8. 1 Schreibmax 2.8. 2 Fernlesegerät 2.8. 3 Uhr 2.9 Mathematical analysis 3 Operation 3.1 Basic operation 3.2 Details 3.3 Indicator 3.4 Additional details 4 History 4.1 Commercial Enigma 4.1. 1 Enigma A ( 1923 ) 4.1. 2 Enigma B ( 1924 ) 4.1. 3 Enigma C ( 1926 ) 4.1. 4 Enigma D ( 1927 ) 4.1. 4.1 `` Navy Cipher D '' -- Italian Navy 4.1. 5 Enigma H ( 1929 ) 4.1. 6 Enigma K 4.1. 7 Typex 4.2 Military Enigma 4.2. 1 Funkschlüssel C 4.2. 2 Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) 4.2. 3 Wehrmacht Enigma I ( 1930 -- 1938 ) 4.2. 4 M3 ( 1934 ) 4.2. 5 Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) 4.2. 6 M4 ( 1942 ) 5 Breaking Enigma 6 Surviving machines 7 Derivatives 8 Simulators 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Name ( edit ) The German firm Scherbius & Ritter , co-founded by Arthur Scherbius , patented ideas for a cipher machine in 1918 and began marketing the finished product under the brand name Enigma in 1923 , initially targeted at commercial markets . With its adoption ( in slightly modified form ) by the German Navy in 1926 and the German Army and Air Force soon after , the name Enigma became widely known in military circles . The word enigma is a Latin word , derived from the Ancient Greek word enigma ( αίνιγμα ) used in English , but not native German . Design ( edit ) Enigma in use , 1943 Like other rotor machines , the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems . The mechanical subsystem consists of a keyboard ; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged adjacently along a spindle ; one of various stepping components to turn at least one rotor with each key press , and a series of lamps , one for each letter . Electrical pathway ( edit ) Enigma wiring diagram with arrows and the numbers 1 to 9 showing how current flows from key depression to a lamp being lit . The A key is encoded to the D lamp . D yields A , but A never yields A ; this property was due to a patented feature unique to the Enigmas , and could be exploited by cryptanalysts in some situations . The mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit . When a key is pressed , one or more rotors rotate on the spindle . On the sides of the rotors are a series of electrical contacts that , after rotation , line up with contacts on the other rotors or fixed wiring on either end of the spindle . When the rotors are properly aligned , each key on the keyboard is connected to a unique electrical pathway through the series of contacts and internal wiring . Current , typically from a battery , flows through the pressed key , into the newly configured set of circuits and back out again , ultimately lighting one display lamp , which shows the output letter . For example , when encrypting a message starting ANX ... , the operator would first press the A key , and the Z lamp might light , so Z would be the first letter of the ciphertext . The operator would next press N , and then X in the same fashion , and so on . The scrambling action of Enigma 's rotors is shown for two consecutive letters with the right - hand rotor moving one position between them . Current flowed from the battery ( 1 ) through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch ( 2 ) to the plugboard ( 3 ) . Next , it passed through the ( unused in this instance , so shown closed ) plug `` A '' ( 3 ) via the entry wheel ( 4 ) , through the wiring of the three ( Wehrmacht Enigma ) or four ( Kriegsmarine M4 and Abwehr variants ) installed rotors ( 5 ) , and entered the reflector ( 6 ) . The reflector returned the current , via an entirely different path , back through the rotors ( 5 ) and entry wheel ( 4 ) , proceeding through plug `` S '' ( 7 ) connected with a cable ( 8 ) to plug `` D '' , and another bi-directional switch ( 9 ) to light the appropriate lamp . The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma 's security . The diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression , which caused rotation of at least the right - hand rotor . Current passed into the set of rotors , into and back out of the reflector , and out through the rotors again . The greyed - out lines are other possible paths within each rotor ; these are hard - wired from one side of each rotor to the other . The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses , first to G , and then to C . This is because the right - hand rotor has stepped , sending the signal on a completely different route . Eventually other rotors step with a key press . Rotors ( edit ) Enigma rotor assembly . In the Wehrmacht Enigma , the three installed movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels : the entry wheel , on the right , and the reflector on the left . Main article : Enigma rotor details The rotors ( alternatively wheels or drums , Walzen in German ) formed the heart of an Enigma machine . Each rotor was a disc approximately 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in diameter made from hard rubber or bakelite with 26 brass , spring - loaded , electrical contact pins arranged in a circle on one face ; the other side housing the corresponding number of circular plate electrical contacts . The pins and contacts represent the alphabet -- typically the 26 letters A -- Z ( this will be assumed for the rest of this description ) . When the rotors were mounted side - by - side on the spindle , the pins of one rotor rested against the plate contacts of the neighbouring rotor , forming an electrical connection . Inside the body of the rotor , 26 wires connected each pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern . Most of the rotors were identified by Roman numerals , and each issued copy of rotor I was wired identically to all others . The same was true for the special thin beta and gamma rotors used in the M4 naval variant . Three Enigma rotors and the shaft , on which they are placed when in use . By itself , a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption -- a simple substitution cipher . For example , the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the opposite face , and so on . Enigma 's security came from using several rotors in series ( usually three or four ) and the regular stepping movement of the rotors , thus implementing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher . When placed in an Enigma , each rotor can be set to one of 26 possible positions . When inserted , it can be turned by hand using the grooved finger - wheel , which protrudes from the internal Enigma cover when closed . So that the operator can know the rotor 's position , each had an alphabet tyre ( or letter ring ) attached to the outside of the rotor disc , with 26 characters ( typically letters ) ; one of these could be seen through the window , thus indicating the rotational position of the rotor . In early models , the alphabet ring was fixed to the rotor disc . A later improvement was the ability to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the rotor disc . The position of the ring was known as the Ringstellung ( `` ring setting '' ) , and was a part of the initial setting prior to an operating session . In modern terms it was a part of the initialization vector . Two Enigma rotors showing electrical contacts , stepping ratchet ( on the left ) and notch ( on the right - hand rotor opposite D ) . Each rotor contained a notch ( or more than one ) that controlled rotor stepping . In the military variants , the notches are located on the alphabet ring . The Army and Air Force Enigmas were used with several rotors , initially three . On 15 December 1938 , this changed to five , from which three were chosen for a given session . Rotors were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them : I , II , III , IV and V , all with single notches located at different points on the alphabet ring . This variation was probably intended as a security measure , but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British Banburismus attacks . The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services : at first six , then seven , and finally eight . The additional rotors were marked VI , VII and VIII , all with different wiring , and had two notches , resulting in more frequent turnover . The four - rotor Naval Enigma ( M4 ) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three - rotor version . This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner one and by adding a thin fourth rotor . That fourth rotor was one of two types , Beta or Gamma , and never stepped , but could be manually set to any of 26 positions . One of the 26 made the machine perform identically to the three - rotor machine . Stepping ( edit ) To avoid merely implementing a simple ( and easily solvable ) substitution cipher , every key press caused one or more rotors to step by one twenty - sixth of a full rotation , before the electrical connections were made . This changed the substitution alphabet used for encryption , ensuring that the cryptographic substitution was different at each new rotor position , producing a more formidable polyalphabetic substitution cipher . The stepping mechanism varied slightly from model to model . The right - hand rotor stepped once with each keystroke , and other rotors stepped less frequently . Turnover ( edit ) The Enigma stepping motion seen from the side away from the operator . All three ratchet pawls ( green ) push in unison as a key is depressed . For the first rotor ( 1 ) , which to the operator is the right - hand rotor , the ratchet ( red ) is always engaged , and steps with each keypress . Here , the middle rotor ( 2 ) is engaged because the notch in the first rotor is aligned with the pawl ; it will step ( turn over ) with the first rotor . The third rotor ( 3 ) is not engaged , because the notch in the second rotor is not aligned to the pawl , so it will not engage with the rachet . The advancement of a rotor other than the left - hand one was called a turnover by the British . This was achieved by a ratchet and pawl mechanism . Each rotor had a ratchet with 26 teeth and every time a key was pressed , the set of spring - loaded pawls moved forward in unison , trying to engage with a ratchet . The alphabet ring of the rotor to the right normally prevented this . As this ring rotated with its rotor , a notch machined into it would eventually align itself with the pawl , allowing it to engage with the ratchet , and advance the rotor on its left . The right - hand pawl , having no rotor and ring to its right , stepped its rotor with every key depression . For a single - notch rotor in the right - hand position , the middle rotor stepped once for every 26 steps of the right - hand rotor . Similarly for rotors two and three . For a two - notch rotor , the rotor to its left would turn over twice for each rotation . The first five rotors to be introduced ( I -- V ) contained one notch each , while the additional naval rotors VI , VII and VIII each had two notches . The position of the notch on each rotor was determined by the letter ring which could be adjusted in relation to the core containing the interconnections . The points on the rings at which they caused the next wheel to move were as follows . Position of turnover notches Rotor Turnover position ( s ) BP mnemonic Royal II Flags III Wave IV Kings V Above VI , VII and VIII A and N The design also included a feature known as double - stepping . This occurred when each pawl aligned with both the ratchet of its rotor and the rotating notched ring of the neighbouring rotor . If a pawl engaged with a ratchet through alignment with a notch , as it moved forward it pushed against both the ratchet and the notch , advancing both rotors . In a three - rotor machine , double - stepping affected rotor two only . If in moving forward the ratchet of rotor three was engaged , rotor two would move again on the subsequent keystroke , resulting in two consecutive steps . Rotor two also pushes rotor one forward after 26 steps , but since rotor one moves forward with every keystroke anyway , there is no double - stepping . This double - stepping caused the rotors to deviate from odometer - style regular motion . With three wheels and only single notches in the first and second wheels , the machine had a period of 26 × 25 × 26 = 16,900 ( not 26 × 26 × 26 , because of double - stepping ) . Historically , messages were limited to a few hundred letters , and so there was no chance of repeating any combined rotor position during a single session , denying cryptanalysts valuable clues . To make room for the Naval fourth rotors , the reflector was made much thinner . The fourth rotor fitted into the space made available . No other changes were made , which eased the changeover . Since there were only three pawls , the fourth rotor never stepped , but could be manually set into one of 26 possible positions . A device that was designed , but not implemented before the war 's end , was the Lückenfüllerwalze ( gap - fill wheel ) that implemented irregular stepping . It allowed field configuration of notches in all 26 positions . If the number of notches was a relative prime of 26 and the number of notches were different for each wheel , the stepping would be more unpredictable . Like the Umkehrwalze - D it also allowed the internal wiring to be reconfigured . Entry wheel ( edit ) The current entry wheel ( Eintrittswalze in German ) , or entry stator , connects the plugboard to the rotor assembly . If the plugboard is not present , the entry wheel instead connects the keyboard and lampboard to the rotor assembly . While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to security , it proved an obstacle to Rejewski 's progress during his study of the rotor wirings . The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on a QWERTZ keyboard : Q → A , W → B , E → C and so on . The military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order : A → A , B → B , C → C , and so on . It took inspired guesswork for Rejewski to penetrate the modification . Reflector ( edit ) Internal mechanism of an Enigma machine showing the type B reflector and rotor stack . With the exception of models A and B , the last rotor came before a ' reflector ' ( German : Umkehrwalze , meaning ' reversal rotor ' ) , a patented feature unique to Enigma among the period 's various rotor machines . The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor in pairs , redirecting current back through the rotors by a different route . The reflector ensured that Enigma is self - reciprocal : conveniently , encryption was the same as decryption . The reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself . This was a severe conceptual flaw and a cryptological mistake subsequently exploited by codebreakers . In Model ' C ' , the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions . In Model ' D ' , the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions , although it did not move during encryption . In the Abwehr Enigma , the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner similar to the other wheels . In the German Army and Air Force Enigma , the reflector was fixed and did not rotate ; there were four versions . The original version was marked ' A ' , and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937 . A third version , Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940 , possibly by mistake , and was solved by Hut 6 . The fourth version , first observed on 2 January 1944 , had a rewireable reflector , called Umkehrwalze D , allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings . Plugboard ( edit ) The plugboard ( Steckerbrett ) was positioned at the front of the machine , below the keys . When in use during World War II , there were ten connections . In this photograph , just two pairs of letters have been swapped ( A ↔ J and S ↔ O ) . The plugboard ( Steckerbrett in German ) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator ( visible on the front panel of Figure 1 ; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid ) . It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930 , and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine ( German Navy ) . The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor . Enigma without a plugboard ( known as unsteckered Enigma ) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods ; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard , driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it . A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters in pairs ; for example , E and Q might be a steckered pair . The effect was to swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling unit . For example , when an operator presses E , the signal was diverted to Q before entering the rotors . Up to 13 steckered pairs might be used at one time , although only 10 were normally used . Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard , and proceeded to the entry - rotor or Eintrittswalze . Each letter on the plugboard had two jacks . Inserting a plug disconnected the upper jack ( from the keyboard ) and the lower jack ( to the entry - rotor ) of that letter . The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was inserted into another letter 's jacks , thus switching the connections of the two letters . Accessories ( edit ) The Schreibmax was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma , removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel . Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or more convenient . Schreibmax ( edit ) Some M4 Enigmas used the Schreibmax , a small printer that could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon . This eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and transcribe the letters . The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel . To install the printer , the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed . It improved both convenience and operational security ; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext . Fernlesegerät ( edit ) Another accessory was the remote lamp panel Fernlesegerät . For machines equipped with the extra panel , the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel . A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards , but that required , as with the Schreibmax , that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed . The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it . Uhr ( edit ) The Enigma Uhr attachment In 1944 , the Luftwaffe introduced a plugboard switch , called the Uhr ( clock ) , a small box containing a switch with 40 positions . It replaced the standard plugs . After connecting the plugs , as determined in the daily key sheet , the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions , each producing a different combination of plug wiring . Most of these plug connections were , unlike the default plugs , not pair-wise . In one switch position , the Uhr did not swap letters , but simply emulated the 13 stecker wires with plugs . Mathematical analysis ( edit ) The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations . Assuming a three - rotor German Army / Air Force Enigma , let P ( \ displaystyle P ) denote the plugboard transformation , U ( \ displaystyle U ) denote that of the reflector , and L , M , R ( \ displaystyle L , M , R ) denote those of the left , middle and right rotors respectively . Then the encryption E ( \ displaystyle E ) can be expressed as E = P R M L U L − 1 M − 1 R − 1 P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = PRMLUL ^ ( - 1 ) M ^ ( - 1 ) R ^ ( - 1 ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) After each key press , the rotors turn , changing the transformation . For example , if the right - hand rotor R ( \ displaystyle R ) is rotated i ( \ displaystyle i ) positions , the transformation becomes ρ i R ρ − i ( \ displaystyle \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) , where ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the cyclic permutation mapping A to B , B to C , and so forth . Similarly , the middle and left - hand rotors can be represented as j ( \ displaystyle j ) and k ( \ displaystyle k ) rotations of M ( \ displaystyle M ) and L ( \ displaystyle L ) . The encryption transformation can then be described as E = P ( ρ i R ρ − i ) ( ρ j M ρ − j ) ( ρ k L ρ − k ) U ( ρ k L − 1 ρ − k ) ( ρ j M − 1 ρ − j ) ( ρ i R − 1 ρ − i ) P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = P ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) U ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) Combining three rotors from a set of five , the rotor settings with 26 positions , and the plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected , the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 ( nearly 159 quintillion ) different settings . Operation ( edit ) Basic operation ( edit ) Play media Enciphering and deciphering using an enigma machine A German Enigma operator would be given a plaintext message to encrypt . For each letter typed in , a lamp indicated a different letter according to a pseudo-random substitution , based upon the wiring of the machine . The letter indicated by the lamp would be recorded as the enciphered substitution . The action of pressing a key also moved the rotor so that the next key press used a different electrical pathway , and thus a different substitution would occur . For each key press there was rotation of at least the right hand rotor , giving a different substitution alphabet . This continued for each letter in the message until the message was completed and a series of substitutions , each different from the others , had occurred to create a cyphertext from the plaintext . The cyphertext would then be transmitted as normal to an operator of another Enigma machine . This operator would key in the cyphertext and -- as long as all the settings of the deciphering machine were identical to those of the enciphering machine -- for every key press the reverse substitution would occur and the plaintext message would emerge . Details ( edit ) German Kenngruppenheft ( a U-boat codebook with grouped key codes ) Monthly key list Number 649 for the German Air Force Enigma , including settings for the reconfigurable reflector . In use , the Enigma required a list of daily key settings and auxiliary documents . In German military practice , communications were divided into separate networks , each using different settings . These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park , and were assigned code names , such as Red , Chaffinch , and Shark . Each unit operating in a network was given the same settings list for its Enigma , valid for a period of time . The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate and more secure than those in other services and employed auxiliary codebooks . Navy codebooks were printed in red , water - soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if they were endangered . An Enigma machine 's setting ( its cryptographic key in modern terms ; Schlüssel in German ) specified each operator - adjustable aspect of the machine : Wheel order ( Walzenlage ) -- the choice of rotors and the order in which they are fitted . Ring settings ( Ringstellung ) -- the position of each alphabet ring relative to its rotor wiring . Plug connections ( Steckerverbindungen ) -- the pairs of letters in the plugboard that are connected together . In very late versions , the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector . Starting position of the rotors ( Grundstellung ) -- chosen by the operator , should be different for each message . For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted , both sender and receiver had to configure their Enigma in the same way ; rotor selection and order , ring positions , plugboard connections and starting rotor positions must be identical . Except for the starting positions , these settings were established beforehand , distributed in key lists and changed daily . For example , the settings for the 18th day of the month in the German Luftwaffe Enigma key list number 649 ( see image ) were as follows : Wheel order : IV , II , V Ring settings : 15 , 23 , 26 Plugboard connections : EJ OY IV AQ KW FX MT PS LU BD Reconfigurable reflector wiring : IU AS DV GL FT OX EZ CH MR KN BQ PW Indicator groups : lsa zbw vcj rxn Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent , although in practice considerable effort protected the wiring configuration . If the wiring is secret , the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 3 x 10 ( approximately 380 bits ) ; with known wiring and other operational constraints , this is reduced to around 10 ( 76 bits ) . Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities ; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try a brute force attack . Indicator ( edit ) See also : Cryptanalysis § Indicator Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period , typically a day . A different initial rotor position was used for each message , a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography . The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near - identical settings ( termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth ) , would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such as Friedman 's Index of coincidence . The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before the ciphertext , usually after having been enciphered . The exact method used was termed the indicator procedure . Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible . Figure 2 . With the inner lid down , the Enigma was ready for use . The finger wheels of the rotors protruded through the lid , allowing the operator to set the rotors , and their current position , here RDKP , was visible to the operator through a set of windows . One of the earliest indicator procedures for the Enigma was cryptographically flawed and allowed Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the plugboard Enigma . The procedure had the operator set his machine in accordance with the secret settings that all operators on the net shared . The settings included an initial position for the rotors ( the Grundstellung ) , say , AOH . The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the rotor windows . At that point , the operator chose his own arbitrary starting position for the message he would send . An operator might select EIN , and that became the message setting for that encryption session . The operator then typed EIN into the machine twice . The results were the encrypted indicator . The EIN typed twice might encrypt into XHTLOA , which would be transmitted along with the encrypted message . Finally , the operator then spun the rotors to his message settings , EIN in this example , and typed the plaintext of the message . At the receiving end , the operator set the machine to the initial settings and typed in the first six letters of the message ( XHTLOA ) . In this example , EINEIN emerged on the lamps , so the operator would learn the message setting that the sender used to encrypt this message . The receiving operator would set his rotors to EIN , type in the rest of the ciphertext , and get the deciphered message . This indicator scheme had two weaknesses . First , the use of a global initial position ( Grundstellung ) meant all message keys used the same polyalphabetic substitution . In later indicator procedures , the operator select his initial position for encrypting the indicator and sent that initial position in the clear . The second problem was the repetition of the indicator , which was a serious security flaw . The message setting was encoded twice , resulting in a relation between first and fourth , second and fifth , and third and sixth character . These security flaws enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932 . The early indicator procedure was subsequently described by German cryptanalysts as the `` faulty indicator technique '' . During World War II , codebooks were only used each day to set up the rotors , their ring settings and the plugboard . For each message , the operator selected a random start position , let 's say WZA , and a random message key , perhaps SXT . He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the message key SXT . Assume the result was UHL . He then set up the message key , SXT , as the start position and encrypted the message . Next , he transmitted the start position , WZA , the encoded message key , UHL , and then the ciphertext . The receiver set up the start position according to the first trigram , WZA , and decoded the second trigram , UHL , to obtain the SXT message setting . Next , he used this SXT message setting as the start position to decrypt the message . This way , each ground setting was different and the new procedure avoided the security flaw of double encoded message settings . This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only . The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate . Prior to encryption the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book . The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to convert sentences into four - letter groups . A great many choices were included , for example , logistic matters such as refuelling and rendezvous with supply ships , positions and grid lists , harbour names , countries , weapons , weather conditions , enemy positions and ships , date and time tables . Another codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel : the key identification and message key . Additional details ( edit ) The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters . Punctuation was replaced with rare character combinations . A space was omitted or replaced with an X . The X was generally used as full - stop . Some punctuation marks were different in other parts of the armed forces . The Wehrmacht replaced a comma with ZZ and the question mark with FRAGE or FRAQ . The Kriegsmarine replaced the comma with Y and the question mark with UD . The combination CH , as in `` Acht '' ( eight ) or `` Richtung '' ( direction ) , was replaced with Q ( AQT , RIQTUNG ) . Two , three and four zeros were replaced with CENTA , MILLE and MYRIA . The Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe transmitted messages in groups of five characters . The Kriegsmarine , using the four rotor Enigma , had four - character groups . Frequently used names or words were varied as much as possible . Words like Minensuchboot ( minesweeper ) could be written as MINENSUCHBOOT , MINBOOT , MMMBOOT or MMM354 . To make cryptanalysis harder , messages were limited to 250 characters . Longer messages were divided into several parts , each using a different message key . History ( edit ) The Enigma family included multiple designs . The earliest were commercial models dating from the early 1920s . Starting in the mid-1920s , the German military began to use Enigma , making a number of security - related changes . Various nations either adopted or adapted the design for their own cipher machines . A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the US National Cryptologic Museum . From left to right , the models are : 1 ) Commercial Enigma ; 2 ) Enigma T ; 3 ) Enigma G ; 4 ) Unidentified ; 5 ) Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) Enigma ; 6 ) Heer ( Army ) Enigma ; 7 ) Kriegsmarine ( Naval ) Enigma -- M4 . An estimated 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed . After the end of World War II , the Allies sold captured Enigma machines , still widely considered secure , to developing countries . Commercial Enigma ( edit ) Scherbius 's Enigma patent -- U.S. Patent 1,657,411 , granted in 1928 . On 23 February 1918 , Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used rotors . Scherbius and E. Richard Ritter and founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter . They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design , but neither agency was interested . Scherbius & Ritter then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas , who founded the Chiffriermaschinen Aktien - Gesellschaft ( Cipher Machines Stock Corporation ) on 9 July 1923 ; Scherbius and Ritter were on the board of directors . Enigma a ( 1923 ) ( edit ) Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine -- Enigma model A -- which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1924 . The machine was heavy and bulky , incorporating a typewriter . It measured 65 × 45 × 38 cm and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) . Enigma B ( 1924 ) ( edit ) In 1924 Enigma model B was introduced , and was of a similar construction . While bearing the Enigma name , both models A and B were quite unlike later versions : they differed in physical size and shape , but also cryptographically , in that they lacked the reflector . Enigma C ( 1926 ) ( edit ) The reflector -- suggested by Scherbius 's colleague Willi Korn -- was introduced in Enigma C ( 1926 ) . Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors . It lacked a typewriter , relying on the operator ; hence the informal name of `` glowlamp Enigma '' to distinguish it from models A and B . Enigma D ( 1927 ) ( edit ) The Enigma C quickly gave way to Enigma D ( 1927 ) . This version was widely used , with shipments to Sweden , the Netherlands , United Kingdom , Japan , Italy , Spain , United States and Poland . In 1927 Hugh Foss at the British Government Code and Cypher School was able to show that commercial Enigma machines could be broken provided that suitable cribs were available . `` Navy cipher D '' -- Italian Navy ( edit ) Other countries used Enigma machines . The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as `` Navy Cipher D '' . The Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War . British codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines , which lacked a plugboard . Enigma were also used by diplomatic services . Enigma H ( 1929 ) ( edit ) A rare 8 - rotor printing Enigma model H ( 1929 ) . There was also a large , eight - rotor printing model , the Enigma H , called Enigma II by the Reichswehr . In 1933 the Polish Cipher Bureau detected that it was in use for high - level military communications , but that it was soon withdrawn , as it was unreliable and jammed frequently . Enigma k ( edit ) The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use , which was very similar to commercial Enigma D . The machine was cracked by Poland , France , the United Kingdom and the United States ( the latter codenamed it INDIGO ) . An Enigma T model ( codenamed Tirpitz ) was used by Japan . Typex ( edit ) Once the British broke the Enigma , they fixed the problem with it and created their own , which the Germans believed to be unsolvable . Military Enigma ( edit ) Funkschlüssel C ( edit ) The Reichsmarine was the first military branch to adopt Enigma . This version , named Funkschlüssel C ( `` Radio cipher C '' ) , had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926 . The keyboard and lampboard contained 29 letters -- A-Z , Ä , Ö and Ü -- which were arranged alphabetically , as opposed to the QWERTZUI ordering . The rotors had 28 contacts , with the letter X wired to bypass the rotors unencrypted. 3 rotors were chosen from a set of five and the reflector could be inserted in one of four different positions , denoted α , β , γ and δ . The machine was revised slightly in July 1933 . Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) By 15 July 1928 , the German Army ( Reichswehr ) had introduced their own exclusive version of the Enigma machine ; the Enigma G . The Abwehr used the Enigma G ( the Abwehr Enigma ) . This Enigma variant was a four - wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors . This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press , and so is also known as the `` counter machine '' or the Zählwerk Enigma . Wehrmacht Enigma i ( 1930 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) Enigma machine G was modified to the Enigma I by June 1930 . Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht , or `` Services '' Enigma , and was used extensively by German military services and other government organisations ( such as the railways ) before and during World War II . Heinz Guderian in the Battle of France , with an Enigma machine The major difference between Enigma I ( German Army version from 1930 ) , and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters , greatly increasing cryptographic strength . Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector and the relocation of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings . The machine measured 28 cm × 34 cm × 15 cm ( 11.0 in × 13.4 in × 5.9 in ) and weighed around 12 kg ( 26 lb ) . In August 1935 , the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications . M3 ( 1934 ) ( edit ) By 1930 , the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine , citing the benefits of increased security ( with the plugboard ) and easier interservice communications . The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma , designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3 . While the Army used only three rotors at that time , the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five . Enigma in use on the Russian front Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) ( edit ) In December 1938 , the Army issued two extra rotors so that the three rotors were chosen from a set of five . In 1938 , the Navy added two more rotors , and then another in 1939 to allow a choice of three rotors from a set of eight . M4 ( 1942 ) ( edit ) See also : German Navy 4 - rotor Enigma A four - rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942 , called M4 ( the network was known as Triton , or Shark to the Allies ) . The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor . Enigma G , used by the Abwehr , had four rotors , no plugboard , and multiple notches on the rotors . The German - made Enigma - K used by the Swiss Army had three rotors and a reflector , but no plugboard . It had locally re-wired rotors and an additional lamp panel . An Enigma model T ( Tirpitz ) -- a modified commercial Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese . An Enigma machine in the UK 's Imperial War Museum Enigma in use in Russia ( image Bundesarchiv ) Enigma Breaking Enigma ( edit ) Main article : Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Surviving machines ( edit ) US Enigma replica on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , USA . The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s . Since then , interest in the Enigma machine has grown . Enigmas are on public display in museums around the world , and several are in the hands of private collectors and computer history enthusiasts . The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three - and four - rotor German military variants , as well as several civilian versions . Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes Centre in Bletchley Park , the Government Communications Headquarters , the Science Museum in London , the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw , the Swedish Army Museum ( Armémuseum ) in Stockholm , the Military Museum of A Coruña in Spain , the Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik , Norway , The Artillery , Engineers and Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna , Finland the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby , Denmark , and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate , both in Canberra , Australia . The Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibits a rare Polish Enigma double assembled in France in 1940 . A four -- rotor Kriegsmarine ( German Navy , 1 . February 1942 to 1945 ) Enigma machine on display at the US National Cryptologic Museum In the United States , Enigma machines can be seen at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California , and at the National Security Agency 's National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , where visitors can try their hand at enciphering and deciphering messages . Two machines that were acquired after the capture of U-505 during World War II are on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago , Illinois . A four rotor device is on display in the ANZUS Corridor of the Pentagon on the second floor , A ring , between corridors 9 and 10 . This machine is on loan from Australia . The United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs has a machine on display in the Computer Science Department . There 's also a machine located at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans . The Museum of World War II in Boston has seven Enigma machines on display , including a U-Boat four - rotor model , one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer , one of fewer than ten surviving ten - rotor code machines , an example blown up by a retreating German Army unit , and two three - rotor Enigmas that visitors can operate to encode and decode messages themselves . In Canada , a Swiss Army issue Enigma - K , is in Calgary , Alberta . It is on permanent display at the Naval Museum of Alberta inside the Military Museums of Calgary . A 4 - rotor Enigma machine is on display at the Military Communications and Electronics Museum at Canadian Forces Base ( CFB ) Kingston in Kingston , Ontario . Occasionally , Enigma machines are sold at auction ; prices have in recent years ranged from US $40,000 to US $547,500 in 2017 . Replicas are available in various forms , including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model , an Enigma implemented in electronics ( Enigma - E ) , various simulators and paper - and - scissors analogues . A rare Abwehr Enigma machine , designated G312 , was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000 . In September , a man identifying himself as `` The Master '' sent a note demanding £ 25,000 and threatening to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid . In early October 2000 , Bletchley Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom , but the stated deadline passed with no word from the blackmailer . Shortly afterward , the machine was sent anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman , missing three rotors . In November 2000 , an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the return of the missing parts . The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident . In October 2001 , Yates was sentenced to 10 months in prison and served three months . In October 2008 , the Spanish daily newspaper El País reported that 28 Enigma machines had been discovered by chance in an attic of Army headquarters in Madrid . These 4 - rotor commercial machines had helped Franco 's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War because , though the British cryptologist Alfred Dilwyn Knox in 1937 broke the cipher generated by Franco 's Enigma machines , this was not disclosed to the Republicans , who failed to break the cipher . The Nationalist government continued using its 50 Enigmas into the 1950s . Some machines have gone on display in Spanish military museums , including one at the National Museum of Science and Technology ( MUNCYT ) in La Coruña . Two have been given to Britain 's GCHQ . The Bulgarian military used Enigma machines with a Cyrillic keyboard ; one is on display in the National Museum of Military History in Sofia . Derivatives ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design , spinning off other rotor machines . The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents ; Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine . The British paid no royalties for the use of the patents , to protect secrecy . The Typex implementation is not the same as that found in German or other Axis versions . A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Little used , it contained four rotors mounted vertically . In the U.S. , cryptologist William Friedman designed the M - 325 , a machine logically similar , although not in construction . A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands - based Tatjana van Vark . This device makes use of 40 - point rotors , allowing letters , numbers and some punctuation to be used ; each rotor contains 509 parts . Machines like the SIGABA , NEMA , Typex and so forth , are deliberately not considered to be Enigma derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma transform . Several software implementations exist , but not all exactly match Enigma behaviour . The most commonly used software derivative ( that is not compliant with any hardware implementation of the Enigma ) is at EnigmaCo.de . Many Java applet Enigmas only accept single letter entry , complicating use even if the applet is Enigma compliant . Technically , Enigma@home is the largest scale deployment of a software Enigma , but the decoding software does not implement encipherment making it a derivative ( as all original machines could cipher and decipher ) . A user - friendly 3 - rotor simulator , where users can select rotors , use the plugboard and define new settings for the rotors and reflectors is available . The output appears in separate windows which can be independently made `` invisible '' to hide decryption . Another includes an `` autotyping '' function which takes plaintext from a clipboard and converts it to cyphertext ( or vice versa ) at one of four speeds . The `` very fast '' option produces 26 characters in less than one second . A Japanese Enigma clone , codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Tatjana van Vark 's Enigma - inspired rotor machine . Electronic implementation of an Enigma machine , sold at the Bletchley Park souvenir shop Simulators ( edit ) Name Platform Machine types Uhr UKW - D Franklin Heath Enigma Simulator Android K Railway , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No EnigmAndroid Android Wehrmacht I , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Abwehr G31 , G312 , G260 , D , K , Swiss - K , KD , R , T No No Andy Carlson Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Java Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Minarke ( Minarke Is Not A Real Kriegsmarine Enigma ) C / Posix / CLI ( MacOS , Linux , UNIX , etc . ) Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine , M3 , M4 No No Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Java Kriegsmarine M3 No No PA3DBJ G - 312 Enigma Simulator Javascript G312 Abwehr No No Daniel Palloks Universal Enigma Javascript Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 . D ( commercial ) , K ( Swiss ) , Railway , Tirpitz ( Japan ) , A-865 Zählwerk , G - 111 Hungary / Munich , G - 260 Abwehr / Argentina , G - 312 Abwehr / Bletchley Yes No Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Javascript D , I , Norway , M3 , M4 , Zählwerk , G , G - 111 , G - 260 , G - 312 , K , Swiss - K , KD , Railway , T Yes Yes Terry Long Enigma Simulator MacOS Kriegsmarine M3 No No Paul Reuvers Enigma Simulator for RISC OS RISC OS Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , G - 312 Abwehr No No Dirk Rijmenants Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Windows Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Windows Abwehr , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Railway No No In popular culture ( edit ) Literature Hugh Whitemore 's play , Breaking the Code ( 1986 ) , focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing , who was the central force in continuing to solve the Enigma code in the United Kingdom , during World War II . Turing was played by Derek Jacobi , who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of the play . Robert Harris ' novel Enigma ( 1995 ) is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8 . Neal Stephenson 's novel Cryptonomicon ( 1999 ) prominently features the Enigma machine and efforts to break it , and portrays the German U-boat command under Karl Dönitz using it in apparently deliberate ignorance of its penetration . Films Sekret Enigmy ( 1979 ; translation : The Enigma Secret ) , is a Polish film dealing with Polish aspects of the subject . The plot of the film U-571 ( released in 2000 ) revolves around an attempt by American , rather than British , forces to seize an Enigma machine from a German U-boat . Harris ' book , with substantial changes in plot , was adapted as the film Enigma ( 2001 ) , directed by Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott . The film was criticised for historical inaccuracies , including neglect of the role of Poland 's Biuro Szyfrów . The film -- like the book -- makes a Pole the villain , who seeks to betray the secret of Enigma decryption . The film The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) tells the story of Alan Turing and his attempts to crack the Enigma machine code during World War II . Television In the British television series The Bletchley Circle , the Typex was used by the protagonists during the war , and in Season 2 , Episode 4 , they visit Bletchley Park to seek one out , in order to crack the code of the black market procurer and smuggler Marta , who used the Typex to encode her ledger . The Circle , forced to settle for using an Enigma , instead , successfully cracks the code . In season 5 , episode 23 ( `` Scrambled '' ) of the American television series Elementary a drug smuggling gang uses a four - rotor Enigma machine as part of their effort to encrypt their communications . See also ( edit ) Beaumanor Hall , a stately home used during the Second World War for military intelligence Joan Clarke Erich Fellgiebel Gisbert Hasenjaeger -- responsible for Enigma security Fritz Thiele United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory Arlington Hall Enigma - disambiguation page References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 26 January 2011 ) . The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78784 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lord , Bob ( 1998 -- 2010 ) . `` 1937 Enigma Manual by : Jasper Rosal -- English Translation '' . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ralph Erskine : The Poles Reveal their Secrets -- Alastair Dennistons 's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry . Cryptologia . Rose - Hulman Institute of Technology . Taylor & Francis , Philadelphia PA 30.2006 , 4 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Gordon Welchman , who became head of Hut 6 at Bletchley Park , has written : `` Hut 6 Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles , in the nick of time , the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine , and of the operating procedures that were in use . '' Gordon Welchman , The Hut Six Story , 1982 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine , and the term `` Ultra '' has often been used almost synonymously with `` Enigma decrypts '' . Ultra also encompassed decrypts of the German Lorenz SZ 40 and 42 machines that were used by the German High Command , and decrypts of Hagelin ciphers and other Italian ciphers and codes , as well as of Japanese ciphers and codes such as Purple and JN - 25 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Stripp 1993 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Enigma '' . Crypto Museum . Retrieved 1 Dec 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rijmenants , Dirk ; Technical details of the Enigma machine Cipher Machines & Cryptology ^ Jump up to : Hamer , David ( January 1997 ) . `` Enigma : Actions Involved in the ' Double - Stepping ' of the Middle Rotor '' . Cryptologia. 21 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 50 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 119791885779 . Archived from the original ( zip ) on 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sale , Tony . `` Technical specifications of the Enigma rotors '' . Technical Specification of the Enigma . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lückenfüllerwalze '' . Cryptomuseum.com . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Philip Marks , `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 Jump up ^ Reuvers , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` Enigma accessories '' . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Rejewski 1980 . Jump up ^ 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 -- Numberphile on YouTube Jump up ^ Miller , A. Ray ( 2001 ) . `` The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Jump up ^ Friedman , W.F. ( 1922 ) . The index of coincidence and its applications in cryptology . Department of Ciphers . Publ 22 . Geneva , Illinois , USA : Riverbank Laboratories . OCLC 55786052 . Jump up ^ Huttenhain & Fricke 1945 , pp. 4 , 5 . Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Enigma message procedures Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Kurzsignalen on German U-boats Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma General Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma Officer and Staff Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ US 1657411 , Scherbius , Arthur , `` Ciphering Machine '' , issued January 24 , 1928 , assigned to Chiffriermaschinen AG Jump up ^ `` image of Enigma Type B '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Bletchley Park Trust Museum display Jump up ^ Smith 2006 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Numberphile ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) , Flaw in the Enigma Code - Numberphile , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 39 -- 41 , 299 . Jump up ^ Ulbricht 2005 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 40 , 299 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Stripp 1993 , plate 3 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 41 , 299 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Stripp , 1993 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 says August 1934 . Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 15 say October 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , David . `` Enigma machine from World War II finds unlikely home in Beverly Hills '' . Los Angeles Times . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` The National Signals Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` Enigma exhibition in London pays tribute to Poles '' . Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 13 March 2016 , ' Enigma Relay ' -- how Poles passed the baton to Brits in the run for WWII victory , '' . pilsudski.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Enigma machines -- known locations * Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Selling prices of Enigma and NEMA -- all prices converted to US $ Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christi 's ; 4 Rotor enigma auction Jump up ^ `` Man jailed over Enigma machine '' . BBC News . 19 October 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham Keeley . Nazi Enigma machines helped General Franco in Spanish Civil War , The Times , 24 October 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Taller de Criptografía -- Enigmas españolas '' . Cripto.es . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schneier on Security : Rare Spanish Enigma Machine '' . Schneier.com. 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communication equipment '' . znam.bg. 29 November 2003 . Jump up ^ van Vark , Tatjana The coding machine Jump up ^ 3 rotor download Jump up ^ Enigma at Multimania Jump up ^ Autotype download Jump up ^ Franklin Heath Ltd . `` Enigma Simulator -- Android Apps on Google Play '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` F - Droid '' . f-droid.org . Jump up ^ Andy Carlson , Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Jump up ^ John Gilbert , Minarke -- A Terminal Friendly Enigma Emulator Jump up ^ Russell Schwager , Enigma Simulator Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ PA3DBJ G - 312 , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Daniel Palloks , Universal Enigma Jump up ^ Summerside Makerspace , Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Jump up ^ Terry Long , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Paul Reuvers , Enigma Simulator for RISC OS Jump up ^ Dirk Rijmenants , Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Jump up ^ Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Jump up ^ Enigma machine on IMDb Jump up ^ Laurence Peter ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret '' . BBC News . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , F.L. ( 2000 ) . Decrypted Secrets ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 66871 - 3 . Hamer , David H. ; Sullivan , Geoff ; Weierud , Frode ( July 1998 ) . `` Enigma Variations : An Extended Family of Machines '' ( PDF ) . Cryptologia . Abingdon : Taylor & Francis . XXII ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 119891886885 . ISSN 0161 - 1194 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Stripp , Alan ( 1993 ) . Hinsley , F.H. ; Stripp , Alan , eds . The Enigma Machine : Its Mechanism and Use . Codebreakers : The Inside Story of Bletchley Park . Kahn , David ( 1991 ) . Seizing the Enigma : The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes , 1939 -- 1943 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 42739 - 8 . Kozaczuk , Władysław ( 1984 ) . Kasparek , Christopher , ed . Enigma : How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken , and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two . Frederick , MD : University Publications of America . ISBN 0 - 89093 - 547 - 5 . Kozaczuk , Władysław . `` The origins of the Enigma / ULTRA '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2003 . Kruh , L. ; Deavours , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The Commercial Enigma : Beginnings of Machine Cryptography '' . Cryptologia. 26 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110291890731 . Marks , Philip ; Weierud , Frode ( 2000 ) . `` Recovering the Wiring of Enigma 's Umkehrwalze A '' ( PDF ) . Cryptologia. 24 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 66 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110091888781 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2012 . Rejewski , Marian ( 1980 ) . `` An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher '' . Applicationes mathematicae. 16 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1730 - 6280 . Smith , Michael ( 2000 ) . Station X : The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park . Pan . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7148 - 2 . Smith , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How it began : Bletchley Park Goes to War '' . In Copeland , B Jack . Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284055 - 4 . Ulbricht , Heinz ( 2005 ) . `` Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma -- Trügerische Sicherheit : Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste '' ( The Enigma Cipher Machine -- Deceptive Security : A contribution to the history of intelligence services ) ( PDF ) . PhD Thesis ( in German ) . Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Richard James ( 2010 ) . GCHQ : The Uncensored Story of Britain 's Most Secret Intelligence Agency . HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 727847 - 3 . Bertrand , Gustave ( 1973 ) . Enigma : ou , La plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939 -- 1945 . Plon . Calvocoressi , Peter ( 2001 ) . Top Secret Ultra . M & M Baldwin . pp. 98 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 41 - 9 . Grime , James . `` Enigma -- 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Grime , James . `` The Enigma Flaw '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Heath , Nick , Hacking the Nazis : The secret story of the women who broke Hitler 's codes TechRepublic , 27 March 2015 Herivel , John ( 2008 ) . Herivelismus : And the German Military Enigma . M & M Baldwin . Huttenhain , Orr ; Fricke ( 1945 ) , OKW / Chi Cryptanalytic Research on Enigma , Hagelin and Cipher Teleprinter Messages , TICOM Keen , John ( 1 August 2012 ) . Harold ' Doc ' Keen and the Bletchley Park Bombe . M & M Baldwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 48 - 8 . Large , Christine ( 6 October 2003 ) . Hijacking Enigma : The Insider 's Tale . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86346 - 6 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part II '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 3 ) , July 2001 , pp. 177 -- 212 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part III '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 4 ) , October 2001 , pp. 296 -- 310 . Paillole , Paul ( 1985 ) . Notre espion chez Hitler ( Our Spy with Hitler ) ( in French ) . Robert Laffont . Perera , Tom ( 2010 ) . Inside ENIGMA . Bedford , UK : Radio Society of Great Britain . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905086 - 64 - 1 . Perera , Tom . The Story of the ENIGMA : History , Technology and Deciphering , 2nd Edition , CD - ROM , 2004 , Artifax Books , ISBN 1 - 890024 - 06 - 6 sample pages Rebecca Ratcliffe : Searching for Security . The German Investigations into Enigma 's security . In : Intelligence and National Security 14 ( 1999 ) Issue 1 ( Special Issue ) S. 146 -- 167 . Ratcliffe , Rebecca ( 1 January 2005 ) . Winkel , Brian J. , ed . How Statistics led the Germans to believe Enigma Secure and Why They Were Wrong : neglecting the practical Mathematics of Cipher machines . The German Enigma Cipher Machine : Beginnings , Success , and Ultimate Failure . Artech House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58053 - 996 - 8 . Rejewski , Marian. ( 1 ) How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma `` , Annals of the History of Computing 3 , 1981 . This article is regarded by Andrew Hodges , Alan Turing 's biographer , as `` the definitive account '' ( see Hodges ' Alan Turing : The Enigma , Walker and Company , 2000 paperback edition , p. 548 , footnote 4.5 ) . Quirantes , Arturo ( April 2004 ) . `` Model Z : A Numbers - Only Enigma Version '' . Cryptologia. 28 ( = 2 ) : 153 -- 156 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110491892845 . Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2011 ) . Enigma : The Battle For The Code . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78022 - 123 - 6 . Ulbricht , Heinz . Enigma Uhr , Cryptologia , 23 ( 3 ) , April 1999 , pp. 194 -- 205 . Welchman , Gordon ( 1982 ) . The Hut Six Story : Breaking the Enigma Codes . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 069180 - 3 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1999 ) . The Ultra Secret . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 64405 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enigma machine . Gordon Corera , Poland 's overlooked Enigma codebreakers , BBC News Magazine , 4 July 2014 Long - running list of places to visit a unit in the real world Bletchley Park National Code Centre Home of the British codebreakers during the Second World War Enigma machines on the Crypto Museum website Pictures of a four - rotor naval enigma , including Flash ( SWF ) views of the machine Enigma Pictures and Demonstration by NSA Employee at RSA Enigma machine at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Kenngruppenheft Process of building an Enigma M4 replica Breaking German Navy Ciphers An online Enigma Machine simulator Enigma simulation Enigma Simulator APK Universal Enigma simulator Public Enigma Simulator -- Java simulator , including 13 Enigma machine variations <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Classical cryptography Ciphers by family Caesar Affine ( Atbash ) ROT13 Null Null cipher ( Null encryption ) One time pad Book One - time pad Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Tap code 3D ( Trifid : Nihilist and VIC cipher ) Square Two - square Four - square Substitution cipher Autokey Chaocipher Great Hill Keyword Running key Transposition cipher Rail fence cipher Other Alberti BATCO ( Slidex ) Beaufort Dvorak Enigma Elian Kama Sutra Navajo code Pigpen Playfair Polyalphabetic Rasterschlüssel 44 Reihenschieber Reservehandverfahren Scytale Smithy code Solitaire Straddling checkerboard Tabula recta Transposition Trithemius Vigenère Cryptanalysis Frequency analysis Index of coincidence ( Units : Ban and Nat ) Information leakage Kasiski examination Miscellaneous Cryptogram Bacon Scytale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cipher machines Rotor machines CCM Enigma M - 125 Fialka Hebern HX - 63 KL - 7 Lacida M - 325 Mercury NEMA OMI Portex RED SIGABA SIGCUM Singlet Typex Mechanical Bazeries cylinder C - 36 C - 52 CD - 57 Cipher disk HC - 9 Kryha Jefferson disk M - 94 M - 209 Reihenschieber Scytale Teleprinter 5 - UCO BID 770 DUDEK KW - 26 KW - 37 Lorenz SZ 40 / 42 Siemens and Halske T52 Secure voice BID 150 FASCINATOR KY - 3 KY - 57 KY - 58 KY - 68 NESTOR OMNI SCIP Sectéra Secure Module SIGSALY STE STU - II STU - III VINSON Other JADE KG - 84 KL - 43 KL - 51 Noreen Red Purple Pinwheel Rockex In Computer Hardware AES instruction set Intel SHA extensions IBM 4758 IBM 4764 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography <Td_colspan="2"> Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh00004694 GND : 4209290 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enigma_machine&oldid=836822176 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1918 Broken stream ciphers Cryptographic hardware Cryptography Rotor machines Signals intelligence of World War II World War II military equipment of Germany Encryption devices Enigma machine Military communications of Germany Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2017 Articles that may contain original research from April 2013 All articles that may contain original research CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 01 : 52 . 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-4,554,318,711,445,343,700 | by far the most popular mass audience sport in the 1920s was | Roaring Twenties - wikipedia Roaring Twenties Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Roaring Twenties ( disambiguation ) . Roaring Twenties <Td_colspan="2"> Josephine Baker performing the Charleston Date 1920s Location Western nations The Roaring Twenties was the period of Western society and Western culture that occurred during and around the 1920s . It was a period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Western Europe , particularly in major cities such as Berlin , Chicago , London , Los Angeles , New York City , Paris , and Sydney . In the French Third Republic , the decade was known as the `` années folles '' ( `` Crazy Years '' ) , emphasizing the era 's social , artistic and cultural dynamism . Jazz music blossomed , the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women , and Art Deco peaked . This era saw the large - scale development and use of automobiles , telephones , motion pictures , radio , and electric appliances . Aviation became a business . Nations saw rapid industrial and economic growth , accelerated consumer demand , and significant changes in lifestyle and culture . The media focused on celebrities , especially sports heroes and movie stars , as cities rooted for their home teams and filled the new palatial cinemas and gigantic sports stadiums . In most major democratic states , women won the right to vote . The social and cultural features known as the Roaring Twenties began in leading metropolitan centers , then spread widely in the aftermath of World War I . The United States gained dominance in world finance . Thus , when Germany could no longer afford to pay World War I reparations to the United Kingdom , France and the other Allied Powers , the United States came up with the Dawes Plan ; named after banker , and later 30th Vice President Charles G. Dawes , respectively . Wall Street invested heavily in Germany , which repaid its reparations to countries that , in turn , used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington . By the middle of the decade , prosperity was widespread , with the second half of the decade known , especially in Germany , as the `` Golden Twenties '' . The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of novelty associated with modernity and a break with traditions . Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology . New technologies , especially automobiles , moving pictures , and radio , brought `` modernity '' to a large part of the population . Formal decorative frills were shed in favor of practicality in both daily life and architecture . At the same time , Jazz and dancing rose in popularity , in opposition to the mood of World War I. As such , the period is also often referred to as the Jazz Age . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 ended the era , as the Great Depression brought years of worldwide gloom and hardship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy 1.1 New products and technologies 1.1. 1 Automobiles 1.1. 2 Radio 1.1. 3 Cinema replaces vaudeville 1.1. 4 Sound movies 1.1. 5 Aviation 1.1. 6 Television 1.1. 7 Biological progress : penicillin 1.2 New infrastructure 2 Society 2.1 Attire 2.2 Suffrage 2.3 Lost Generation 2.4 Social criticism 2.5 Art Deco 2.6 Expressionism and surrealism 2.7 Cinema 2.8 Harlem 2.9 The Jazz Age 2.10 Dance 2.11 Fashion 2.12 Sexuality of women during the 1920s 2.13 The changing role of women 2.14 Liberalism in Europe 2.15 Homosexuality 2.16 Psychoanalysis 3 Culture 3.1 Immigration restrictions 3.2 Prohibition 3.2. 1 Rise of the speakeasy 3.3 Literature 3.4 Solo flight across the Atlantic 3.5 Sports 3.5. 1 Olympics 3.5. 2 Balkans 3.5. 3 United States 3.6 Organized Crime 4 Culture of Weimar Germany 5 American politics 5.1 Decline of labor unions 5.2 Progressivism in 1920s 5.2. 1 Business progressivism 6 Canadian politics 7 End of the Roaring Twenties 7.1 Black Tuesday 7.2 Repeal of Prohibition 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Europe 10.2 United States 11 External links Economy ( edit ) Chart 1 : USA GDP annual pattern and long - term trend , 1920 -- 40 , in billions of constant dollars The Roaring Twenties was a decade of great economic growth and widespread prosperity , driven by recovery from wartime devastation and postponed spending , a boom in construction , and the rapid growth of consumer goods such as automobiles and electricity in North America and Western Europe and a few other developed countries such as Australia . The economy of the United States , which had successfully transitioned from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy , boomed and provided loans for a European boom as well . However , some sectors were stagnant , especially farming and coal mining . The United States became the richest country in the world per capita and since the late 19th century was the largest in terms of total GDP . Its industry was based on mass production , and its society acculturated into consumerism . European economies , by contrast , had a more difficult postwar readjustment and began to flourish about 1924 . At first , the end of wartime production caused a brief but deep recession , the post -- World War I recession of 1919 -- 20 . Quickly , however , the American and Canadian economies rebounded as returning soldiers re-entered the labor force and munitions factories were retooled to produce consumer goods . New Products and technologies ( edit ) Mass production made technology affordable to the middle class . Automobiles ( edit ) Further information : Cars in the 1920s The automotive industry , the film industry , the radio industry , and the chemical industry skyrocketed during the 1920s . Of chief importance was the automotive industry . Before the war , cars were a luxury good . In the 1920s , mass - produced vehicles became common throughout the United States and Canada . By 1927 , the Ford Motor Company discontinued the Ford Model T , after selling 15 million units of that model . The model had been in continued production from October 1908 to May , 1927 . The company planned to replace the old model with a new one , Ford Model A . The decision was a reaction to competition . Due to the commercial success of the Model T , Ford had dominated the automotive market from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s . In the mid-1920s , Ford 's dominance eroded , as its competitors had caught up with Ford 's mass production system . They began to surpass Ford in some areas , offering models with more powerful engines , new convenience features , or cosmetic customization . Only about 300,000 vehicles were registered in 1918 in all of Canada , but by 1929 , there were 1.9 million , and automobile parts were being manufactured in Ontario , near Detroit , Michigan . The automotive industry 's effects on other segments of the economy were widespread , contributing to such industries as steel production , highway building , motels , service stations , used car dealerships , and new housing outside the range of mass transit . Ford opened factories around the world and proved a strong competitor in most markets for its low - cost , easy - maintenance vehicles . General Motors , to a lesser degree , followed along . European competitors avoided the low - price market and concentrated on more expensive vehicles for upscale consumers . Radio ( edit ) Radio became the first mass broadcasting medium . Radios were expensive , but their mode of entertainment proved revolutionary . Radio advertising became the grandstand for mass marketing . Its economic importance led to the mass culture that has dominated society since this period . During the `` Golden Age of Radio '' , radio programming was as varied as the Television programming of the 21st century . The 1927 establishment of the Federal Radio Commission introduced a new era of regulation . In 1925 , electrical recording , one of the greatest advances in sound recording , became available for commercially issued gramophone records . Cinema replaces vaudeville ( edit ) The cinema boomed , producing a new form of entertainment that virtually ended the old vaudeville theatrical genre . Watching a film was cheap and accessible ; crowds surged into new downtown movie palaces and neighborhood theaters . Since the early 1910s , lower - priced cinema successfully competed with vaudeville . Many vaudeville performers and other theatrical personalities were recruited by the film industry , lured by greater salaries and less arduous working conditions . The introduction of the sound film at the end of the decade in the 1920s eliminated vaudeville 's last major advantage . Vaudeville was in sharp financial decline . The prestigious Orpheum Circuit , a chain of vaudeville and movie theaters , was absorbed by a new film studio . Sound movies ( edit ) In 1923 , inventor Lee de Forest at Phonofilm released a number of short films with sound . Meanwhile , inventor Theodore Case developed the Movietone sound system and sold the rights to the film studio Fox Film . In 1926 , the Vitaphone sound system was introduced . The feature film Don Juan ( 1926 ) was the first feature - length film to utilize the Vitaphone sound system with a synchronized musical score and sound effects , though it had no spoken dialogue . The film was released by the film studio Warner Bros ... In October 1927 , the sound film The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) turned out to be a smash box office success . It was innovative for its use of sound . Produced with the Vitaphone system , most of the film does not contain live - recorded audio , relying on a score and effects . When the movie 's star , Al Jolson , sings , however , the film shifts to sound recorded on the set , including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad - libbed speech -- one of Jolson 's character , Jakie Rabinowitz ( Jack Robin ) , addressing a cabaret audience ; the other an exchange between him and his mother . The `` natural '' sounds of the settings were also audible . The film 's profits were proof enough to the film industry that the technology was worth investing in . In 1928 , the film studios Famous Players - Lasky ( later known as Paramount Pictures ) , First National Pictures , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Universal Studios signed an agreement with Electrical Research Products Inc . ( ERPI ) for the conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film . Initially , all ERPI - wired theaters were made Vitaphone - compatible ; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well . Also in 1928 , Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) marketed a new sound system , the RCA Photophone system . RCA offered the rights to its system to the subsidiary RKO Pictures . Warner Bros. continued releasing a few films with live dialogue , though only in a few scenes . It finally released Lights of New York ( 1928 ) , the first all - talking full - length feature film . The animated short film Dinner Time ( 1928 ) by the Van Beuren Studios was among the first animated sound films . It was followed a few months later by the animated short film Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) , the first sound film by the Walt Disney Animation Studios . It was the first commercially successful animated short film and introduced the character Mickey Mouse. Steamboat Willie was the first cartoon to feature a fully post-produced soundtrack , which distinguished it from earlier sound cartoons . It became the most popular cartoon of its day . For much of 1928 , Warner Bros. was the only studio to release talking features . It profited from its innovative films through box office results . The other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology and started producing their own sound films and talking films . In February 1929 , sixteen months after The Jazz Singer , Columbia Pictures became the 8th and last major studio of its era to release a talking feature . In May 1929 , Warner Bros. released On with the Show ! ( 1929 ) , the first all - color , all - talking feature film . Soon silent film production ceased . The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930 . Four other silent features , all low - budget Westerns , were also released in early 1930 . Aviation ( edit ) British flier Amy Johnson in 1930 The 1920s also included milestones in aviation that seized the world 's attention . In 1927 , Charles Lindbergh rose to fame with the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight . He took off from Roosevelt Field in New York and landed on the Paris -- Le Bourget Airport . It took Lindbergh 33.5 hours to cross the Atlantic Ocean . His aircraft , the Spirit of St. Louis , was a custom - built , single engine , single - seat monoplane . It was designed by aeronautical engineer Donald A. Hall . In Britain Amy Johnson ( 1903 -- 1941 ) was the heroine , as the first woman to fly alone from Britain to Australia . Flying solo or with her husband , Jim Mollison , she set numerous long - distance records during the 1930s . Television ( edit ) The 1920s saw numerous inventors continue the work on television , but programs did not reach the public until the eve of the Second World War , and few people saw any before the late 1940s . In July 1928 , John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with a filter of a different primary color ; and three light sources at the receiving end , with a commutatorto alternate their illumination . That same year he also demonstrated stereoscopic television . In 1927 , Baird transmitted a long - distance television signal over 438 miles ( 705 km ) of telephone line between London and Glasgow ; Baird transmitted the world 's first long - distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station . Baird then set up the Baird Television Development Company Ltd , which in 1928 made the first transatlantic television transmission , from London to Hartsdale , New York , and the first television programme for the BBC . Biological progress : penicillin ( edit ) Further information : History of penicillin For decades biologists had been at work on the medicine that became penicillin . In 1928 , Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovered a substance which killed a number of disease - causing bacteria . In 1929 , he named the new substance penicillin . His publications were largely ignored at first but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s . In 1930 , Cecil George Paine , a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield , attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae , eruptions in beard follicles , but was unsuccessful . Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum , a gonococcal infection in infants , he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin , on November 25 , 1930 . He then cured four additional patients ( one adult and three infants ) of eye infections , and failed to cure a fifth . New infrastructure ( edit ) The new automobile dominance led to a new psychology celebrating mobility . Cars and trucks needed road construction , new bridges and regular highway maintenance , largely funded by local and state government through taxes on gasoline . Farmers were early adopters as they used their pickups to haul people , supplies and animals . New industries were spun off -- to make tires and glass and refine fuel , and to service and repair cars and trucks by the millions . New car dealers were franchised by the car makers and became major factors in the local business community . Tourism gained an enormous boost , with hotels , restaurants and curio shops proliferating . Electrification , having slowed during the war , progressed greatly as more of the U.S. and Canada was added to the electric grid . Most industries switched from coal power to electricity . At the same time , new power plants were constructed . In America , electricity production almost quadrupled . Telephone lines also were being strung across the continent . Indoor plumbing and modern sewer systems were installed for the first time in many houses . Urbanization reached a milestone in the 1920 census , that showed slightly more Americans lived in urban areas towns and cities of 2,500 or more people ) than in small towns or rural areas . However , the nation was fascinated with its great metropolitan centers that contained about 15 % of the population . New York and Chicago vied in building skyscrapers , and New York pulled ahead with the Empire State Building . The basic pattern of the modern white - collar job was set during the late 19th century , but it now became the norm for life in large and medium cities . Typewriters , filing cabinets , and telephones brought unmarried women into clerical jobs . In Canada by the end of the decade , one in five workers was a woman . Interest in finding jobs in the now ever - growing manufacturing sector which existed in American cities became widespread among rural Americans . Society ( edit ) Attire ( edit ) Main article : Women 's clothing The 20 's fashion for women was all about getting loose . Women wore dresses all day , everyday . Day dresses had a drop waist , which was a sash or belt around the low waist or hip and a skirt that hung anywhere from the ankle on up to the knee , never above . Daywear had sleeves ( long to mid-bicep ) and a skirt that was straight , pleaded , hank hem , or tired . Main article : Men 's clothing For most men , suits were the day to day attire . Striped , plaid , or windowpane suits came in dark gray , blue , and brown in the winter and ivory , white , tan , and pastels in the summer . Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage With some exceptions , many countries expanded women 's voting rights in representative and direct democracies across the world such as , the United States , Canada , Great Britain and most major European countries in 1917 -- 21 , as well as India . This influenced many governments and elections by increasing the number of voters available . Politicians responded by spending more attention on issues of concern to women , especially peace , public health , education , and the status of children . On the whole , women voted much like their menfolk , except they were more interested in peace . Lost generation ( edit ) Main article : Lost Generation The Lost Generation was composed of young people who came out of World War I disillusioned and cynical about the world . The term usually refers to American literary notables who lived in Paris at the time . Famous members included Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , and Gertrude Stein . These authors , some of them expatriates , wrote novels and short stories expressing their resentment towards the materialism and individualism rampant during this era . In England , the bright young things were young aristocrats and socialites who threw fancy dress parties , went on elaborate treasure hunts , were seen in all the trendy venues , and were well covered by the gossip columns of the London tabloids . Social criticism ( edit ) Main article : Social issues of the 1920s in the United States Climax of the new architectural style : the Chrysler Building in New York City was built after the European wave of Art Deco reached the United States . As the average American in the 1920s became more enamored of wealth and everyday luxuries , some began satirizing the hypocrisy and greed they observed . Of these social critics , Sinclair Lewis was the most popular . His popular 1920 novel Main Street satirized the dull and ignorant lives of the residents of a Midwestern town . He followed with Babbitt , about a middle - aged businessman who rebels against his safe life and family , only to realize that the young generation is as hypocritical as his own . Lewis satirized religion with Elmer Gantry , which followed a con man who teams up with an evangelist to sell religion to a small town . Other social critics included Sherwood Anderson , Edith Wharton , and H.L. Mencken . Anderson published a collection of short stories titled Winesburg , Ohio , which studied the dynamics of a small town . Wharton mocked the fads of the new era through her novels , such as Twilight Sleep ( 1927 ) . Mencken criticized narrow American tastes and culture in various essays and articles . Art Deco ( edit ) Main article : Art Deco Art Deco was the style of design and architecture that marked the era . Originating in Europe , it spread to the rest of western Europe and North America towards the mid-1920s . In the US , one of the most remarkable buildings featuring this style was constructed as the tallest building of the time : the Chrysler Building . The forms of art deco were pure and geometric , though the artists often drew inspiration from nature . In the beginning , lines were curved , though rectilinear designs would later become more and more popular . Expressionism and surrealism ( edit ) Further information : Weimar culture Painting in North America during the 1920s developed in a different direction from that of Europe . In Europe , the 1920s were the era of expressionism , and later surrealism . As Man Ray stated in 1920 after the publication of a unique issue of New York Dada : `` Dada can not live in New York '' . Cinema ( edit ) Further information : cinema of the United States Further information : 1920s in film Further information : Pre-Code Hollywood Felix the Cat , a popular cartoon character of the decade , exhibits his famous pace . At the beginning of the decade , films were silent and colorless . In 1922 , the first all - color feature , The Toll of the Sea , was released . In 1926 , Warner Bros. released Don Juan , the first feature with sound effects and music . In 1927 , Warner released The Jazz Singer , the first sound feature to include limited talking sequences . The public went wild for talkies , and movie studios converted to sound almost overnight . In 1928 , Warner released Lights of New York , the first all - talking feature film . In the same year , the first sound cartoon , Dinner Time , was released . Warner ended the decade by unveiling , in 1929 , the first all - color , all - talking feature film , On with the Show . Cartoon shorts were popular in movie theaters during this time . In the late 1920s , Walt Disney emerged . Mickey Mouse made his debut in Steamboat Willie on November 18 , 1928 , at the Colony Theater in New York City . Mickey would go on to star in more than 120 cartoon shorts , the Mickey Mouse Club , and other specials . This would jump - start Disney and lead to creation of other characters going into the 1930s . Oswald , a character created by Disney , before Mickey , in 1927 , was contracted by Universal for distribution purposes , and starred in a series of shorts between 1927 and 1928 . Disney lost the rights to the character , but in 2006 , regained the rights to Oswald . He was the first Disney character to be merchandised . The period had the emergence of box - office draws such as Mae Murray , Ramón Novarro , Rudolph Valentino , Charlie Chaplin , Buster Keaton , Harold Lloyd , Warner Baxter , Clara Bow , Louise Brooks , Bebe Daniels , Billie Dove , Dorothy Mackaill , Mary Astor , Nancy Carroll , Janet Gaynor , Charles Farrell , William Haines , Conrad Nagel , John Gilbert , Greta Garbo , Dolores del Río , Norma Talmadge , Colleen Moore , Nita Naldi , John Barrymore , Norma Shearer , Joan Crawford , Mary Pickford , Douglas Fairbanks , Anna May Wong , Al Jolson , and others . Harlem ( edit ) Main article : Harlem Renaissance African - American literary and artistic culture developed rapidly during the 1920s under the banner of the `` Harlem Renaissance '' . In 1921 , the Black Swan Corporation opened . At its height , it issued 10 recordings per month . All - African American musicals also started in 1921 . In 1923 , the Harlem Renaissance Basketball Club was founded by Bob Douglas . During the later 1920s , and especially in the 1930s , the basketball team became known as the best in the world . The first issue of Opportunity was published . The African American playwright , Willis Richardson , debuted his play The Chip Woman 's Fortune , at the Frazee Theatre ( also known as the Wallacks theatre ) . Notable African American authors such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston began to achieve a level of national public recognition during the 1920s . African American culture has contributed the largest part to the rise of jazz . The Jazz Age ( edit ) Further information : Jazz The 1920s brought new styles of music into the mainstream of culture in avant - garde cities . Jazz became the most popular form of music for youth . Historian Kathy J. Ogren says that by the 1920s jazz had become the `` dominant influence on America 's popular music generally . '' Scott DeVeaux argues that a standard history of jazz has emerged such that : After an obligatory nod to African origins and ragtime antecedents , the music is shown to move through a succession of styles or periods : New Orleans jazz up through the 1920s , swing in the 1930s , bebop in the 1940s , cool jazz and hard bop in the 1950s , free jazz and fusion in the 1960s ... There is substantial agreement on the defining features of each style , the pantheon of great innovators , and the canon of recorded masterpieces . The pantheon of performers and singers from the 1920s include Louis Armstrong , Duke Ellington , Sidney Bechet , Jelly Roll Morton , Joe `` King '' Oliver , James P. Johnson , Fletcher Henderson , Frankie Trumbauer , Paul Whiteman , Bix Beiderbecke , Adelaide Hall and Bing Crosby . The development of urban and city blues also began in the 1920s with performers such as Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey . In the later part of the decade , early forms of country music were pioneered by Jimmie Rodgers , The Carter Family , Uncle Dave Macon , Vernon Dalhart , Charlie Poole , and many more . Dance ( edit ) Dance clubs became enormously popular in the 1920s . Their popularity peaked in the late 1920s and reached into the early 1930s . Dance music came to dominate all forms of popular music by the late 1920s . Classical pieces , operettas , folk music , etc. , were all transformed into popular pole dancing melodies to satiate the public craze for pole dancing much as the disco phenomenon later did in the late 1970s . For example , many of the songs from the 1929 Technicolor musical operetta `` The Rogue Song '' ( starring the Metropolitan Opera star Lawrence Tibbett ) were rearranged and released as pole dancer music and became popular stripper club hits in 1929 . Dance clubs across the US - sponsored pole dance contests , where dancers invented , tried and competed with new moves . Professionals began to hone their skills in tap dance and other dances of the era throughout the stage circuit across the United States . With the advent of talking pictures ( sound film ) , musicals became all the rage and film studios flooded the box office with extravagant and lavish musical films . The representative was the musicals Gold Diggers of Broadway , which became the highest - grossing film of the decade . Harlem played a key role in the development of dance styles . Several entertainment venues attracted people of all races . The Cotton Club featured black performers and catered to a white clientele , while the Savoy Ballroom catered to a mostly black clientele . Some religious moralists preached against `` Satan in the dance hall '' but had little impact . The most popular dances throughout the decade were the foxtrot , waltz , and American tango . From the early 1920s , however , a variety of eccentric novelty dances were developed . The first of these were the Breakaway and Charleston . Both were based on African American musical styles and beats , including the widely popular blues . The Charleston 's popularity exploded after its feature in two 1922 Broadway shows . A brief Black Bottom craze , originating from the Apollo Theater , swept dance halls from 1926 to 1927 , replacing the Charleston in popularity . By 1927 , the Lindy Hop , a dance based on Breakaway and Charleston and integrating elements of tap , became the dominant social dance . Developed in the Savoy Ballroom , it was set to stride piano ragtime jazz . The Lindy Hop later evolved into other Swing dances . These dances , nonetheless , never became mainstream , and the overwhelming majority of people in Western Europe and the U.S. continued to dance the foxtrot , waltz , and tango throughout the decade . The dance craze had a large influence on popular music . Large numbers of recordings labeled as foxtrot , tango , and waltz were produced and gave rise to a generation of performers who became famous as recording artists or radio artists . Top vocalists included Nick Lucas , Adelaide Hall , Scrappy Lambert , Frank Munn , Lewis James , Chester Gaylord , Gene Austin , James Melton , Franklyn Baur , Johnny Marvin , Annette Hanshaw , Helen Kane , Vaughn De Leath , and Ruth Etting . Leading dance orchestra leaders included Bob Haring , Harry Horlick , Louis Katzman , Leo Reisman , Victor Arden , Phil Ohman , George Olsen , Ted Lewis , Abe Lyman , Ben Selvin , Nat Shilkret , Fred Waring , and Paul Whiteman . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : Flapper Further information : 1920s in Western fashion Actress Norma Talmadge Immortalized in movies and magazine covers , young women 's fashions of the 1920s set both a trend and social statement , a breaking - off from the rigid Victorian way of life . These young , rebellious , middle - class women , labeled ' flappers ' by older generations , did away with the corset and donned slinky knee - length dresses , which exposed their legs and arms . The hairstyle of the decade was a chin - length bob , which had several popular variations . Cosmetics , which until the 1920s were not typically accepted in American society because of their association with prostitution , became , for the first time , extremely popular . In the 1920s new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase . The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the `` Neue Frauen , '' `` New Girl '' -- what Americans called the flapper . She was young and fashionable , financially independent , and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions . The magazines kept her up to date on styles , clothes , designers , arts , sports , and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones . Sexuality of women during the 1920s ( edit ) The 1920s was a period of social revolution , coming out of World War I , society changed as inhibitions faded and youth demanded new experiences and more freedom from old controls . Chaperones faded in importance as `` anything goes '' became a slogan for youth taking control of their subculture . A new woman was born -- a `` flapper '' who danced , drank , smoked and voted . This new woman cut her hair , wore make - up , and partied . She was known for being giddy and taking risks ; she was known as a flapper . Women gained the right to vote in most countries . New careers opened for single women in offices and schools , with salaries that helped them to be more independent . With their desire for freedom and independence came change in fashion . One of the most dramatic post-war changes in fashion was the woman 's silhouette ; the dress length went from floor length to ankle and knee length , becoming more bold and seductive . The new dress code emphasized youth : corsets were left behind and clothing was looser , with more natural lines . The hourglass figure was not popular anymore , whereas a slimmer , boyish body type was considered appealing . The flappers were known for this and for their high spirits , flirtatiousness , and stereotypical recklessness when it came to their search for fun and thrills . Coco Chanel , was one of the most enigmatic fashion figures of the 1920s . She was recognized for her avant - garde designs ; her clothing was a mixture of wearable , comfortable , and elegant . She was the one to introduce a different aesthetic into fashion , especially a different sense for what was feminine , and based her design on new ethics ; she designed for an active woman , one that could feel at ease in her dress . Chanel 's primary goal was to empower freedom . She was the pioneer for women wearing pants and for the little black dress , which were signs of a more independent lifestyle . The changing role of women ( edit ) Map of local U.S. suffrage laws just prior to passing of the 19th Amendment Dark blue = full women 's suffrage Bright red = no women 's suffrage Most British historians depict the 1920s as an era of domesticity for women with little feminist progress , apart from full suffrage which came in 1928 . On the contrary , argues Alison Light , literary sources reveal that many British women enjoyed : the buoyant sense of excitement and release which animates so many of the more broadly cultural activities which different groups of women enjoyed in this period . What new kinds of social and personal opportunity , for example , were offered by the changing cultures of sport and entertainment ... by new patterns of domestic life ... new forms of a household appliance , new attitudes to housework ? With the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 , that gave women the right to vote , American feminists attained the political equality they had been waiting for . A generational gap began to form between the `` new '' women of the 1920s and the previous generation . Prior to the 19th Amendment , feminists commonly thought women could not pursue both a career and a family successfully , believing one would inherently inhibit the development of the other . This mentality began to change in the 1920s , as more women began to desire not only successful careers of their own , but also families . The `` new '' woman was less invested in social service than the Progressive generations , and in tune with the consumerist spirit of the era , she was eager to compete and to find personal fulfillment . Higher education was rapidly expanding for women . Linda Eisenmann claims , `` New collegiate opportunities for women profoundly redefined womanhood by challenging the Victorian belief that men 's and women 's social roles were rooted in biology . '' Advertising agencies exploited the new status of women , for example in publishing automobile ads in women 's magazines , at a time when the vast majority of purchasers and drivers were men . The new ads promoted new freedoms for affluent women while also suggesting the outer limits of the new freedoms . Automobiles were more than practical devices . They were also highly visible symbols of affluence , mobility , and modernity . The ads , says Einav Rabinovitch - Fox , `` offered women a visual vocabulary to imagine their new social and political roles as citizens and to play an active role in shaping their identity as modern women . '' Significant changes in the lives of working women occurred in the 1920s . World War I had temporarily allowed women to enter into industries such as chemical , automobile , and iron and steel manufacturing , which were once deemed inappropriate work for women . Black women , who had been historically closed out of factory jobs , began to find a place in industry during World War I by accepting lower wages and replacing the lost immigrant labor and in heavy work . Yet , like other women during World War I , their success was only temporary ; most black women were also pushed out of their factory jobs after the war . In 1920 , 75 % of the black female labor force consisted of agricultural laborers , domestic servants , and laundry workers . Equal Rights envoys of the National Woman 's Party , 1927 Legislation passed at the beginning of the 20th century mandated a minimum wage and forced many factories to shorten their workdays . This shifted the focus in the 1920s to job performance to meet demand . Factories encouraged workers to produce more quickly and efficiently with speedups and bonus systems , increasing the pressure on factory workers . Despite the strain on women in the factories , the booming economy of the 1920s meant more opportunities even for the lower classes . Many young girls from working class backgrounds did not need to help support their families as prior generations did and were often encouraged to seek work or receive vocational training which would result in social mobility . The achievement of suffrage led to feminists refocusing their efforts towards other goals . Groups such as the National Women 's Party continued the political fight , proposing the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923 and working to remove laws that used sex to discriminate against women , but many women shifted their focus from politics to challenge traditional definitions of womanhood . Young women , especially , began staking claim to their own bodies and took part in a sexual liberation of their generation . Many of the ideas that fueled this change in sexual thought were already floating around New York intellectual circles prior to World War I , with the writings of Sigmund Freud , Havelock Ellis and Ellen Key . There , thinkers claimed that sex was not only central to the human experience , but also that women were sexual beings with human impulses and desires , and restraining these impulses was self - destructive . By the 1920s , these ideas had permeated the mainstream . In the 1920s , the co-ed emerged , as women began attending large state colleges and universities . Women entered into the mainstream middle class experience but took on a gendered role within society . Women typically took classes such as home economics , `` Husband and Wife '' , `` Motherhood '' and `` The Family as an Economic Unit '' . In an increasingly conservative postwar era , a young woman commonly would attend college with the intention of finding a suitable husband . Fueled by ideas of sexual liberation , dating underwent major changes on college campuses . With the advent of the automobile , courtship occurred in a much more private setting . `` Petting '' , sexual relations without intercourse , became the social norm for a portion of college students . Despite women 's increased knowledge of pleasure and sex , the decade of unfettered capitalism that was the 1920s gave birth to the ' feminine mystique ' . With this formulation , all women wanted to marry , all good women stayed at home with their children , cooking and cleaning , and the best women did the aforementioned and in addition , exercised their purchasing power freely and as frequently as possible to better their families and their homes . Liberalism in Europe ( edit ) The Allied victory in the First World War seems to mark the triumph of liberalism , not just in the Allied countries themselves , but also in Germany and in the new states of Eastern Europe , as well as Japan . Authoritarian militarism as typified by Germany had been defeated and discredited . Historian Martin Blinkhorn argues that the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of `` cultural pluralism , religious and ethnic toleration , national self - determination , free - market economics , representative and responsible government , free trade , unionism , and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body , the League of Nations . '' However , as early as 1917 , the emerging liberal order was being challenged by the new communist movement taking inspiration from the Russian Revolution . Communist revolts were beaten back everywhere else , but they did succeed in Russia . Homosexuality ( edit ) Speed Langworthy 's Sheet music poking fun at the masculine traits many women adopted during the 1920s . Further information : LGBT history in the United States Further information : List of lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender - related films of the 1920s Homosexuality became much more visible and somewhat more acceptable . London , New York , Paris , Rome , and Berlin were important centers of the new ethic . Crouthamel argues that in Germany , the First World War promoted homosexual emancipation because it provided an ideal of comradeship which redefined homosexuality and masculinity . The many gay rights groups in Weimar Germany favored a militarised rhetoric with a vision of a spiritually and politically emancipated hypermasculine gay man who fought to legitimize `` friendship '' and secure civil rights . Ramsey explores several variations . On the left , the Wissenschaftlich - humanitäres Komitee ( Scientific - Humanitarian Committee ; WhK ) reasserted the traditional view that homosexuals were an effeminate `` third sex '' whose sexual ambiguity and nonconformity was biologically determined . The radical nationalist Gemeinschaft der Eigenen ( Community of the Self - Owned ) proudly proclaimed homosexuality as heir to the manly German and classical Greek traditions of homoerotic male bonding , which enhanced the arts and glorified relationships with young men . The politically centrist Bund für Menschenrecht ( League for Human Rights ) engaged in a struggle for human rights , advising gays to live in accordance with the mores of middle - class German respectability . Humor was used to assist in acceptability . One popular American song , `` Masculine Women , Feminine Men '' , was released in 1926 and recorded by numerous artists of the day ; it included these lyrics : Masculine women , Feminine men Which is the rooster , which is the hen ? It 's hard to tell ' em apart today ! And , say ! Sister is busy learning to shave , Brother just loves his permanent wave , It 's hard to tell ' em apart today ! Hey , hey ! Girls were girls and boys were boys when I was a tot , Now we do n't know who is who , or even what 's what ! Knickers and trousers , baggy and wide , Nobody knows who 's walking inside , Those masculine women and feminine men ! The relative liberalism of the decade is demonstrated by the fact that the actor William Haines , regularly named in newspapers and magazines as the # 1 male box - office draw , openly lived in a gay relationship with his partner , Jimmie Shields . Other popular gay actors / actresses of the decade included Alla Nazimova and Ramón Novarro . In 1927 , Mae West wrote a play about homosexuality called The Drag , and alluded to the work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs . It was a box - office success . West regarded talking about sex as a basic human rights issue , and was also an early advocate of gay rights . Profound hostility did not abate in more remote areas such as western Canada . With the return of a conservative mood in the 1930s , the public grew intolerant of homosexuality , and gay actors were forced to choose between retiring or agreeing to hide their sexuality even in Hollywood . Psychoanalysis ( edit ) Vienna psychiatrist Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) played a major role in Psychoanalysis , which impacted avant - garde thinking , especially in the humanities and artistic fields . Historian Roy Porter says : He advanced challenging theoretical concepts such as unconscious mental states and their repression , infantile sexuality and the symbolic meaning of dreams and hysterical symptoms , and he prized the investigative techniques of free association and dream interpretation , to methods for overcoming resistance and uncovering hidden unconscious wishes . Other influential proponents of psychoanalysis included Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) , Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) , and Helene Deutsch ( 1884 -- 1982 ) . Adler argued that a neurotic individual would overcompensate by manifesting aggression . Porter notes that Adler 's views became part of `` an American commitment to social stability based on individual adjustment and adaptation to healthy , social forms . '' Culture ( edit ) Immigration restrictions ( edit ) The United States became more anti-immigration in policy . The Immigration Act of 1924 limited immigration to a fraction proportionate to that ethnic group in the United States in 1890 . The goal was to freeze the pattern of European ethnic composition , and to exclude almost all Asians . Hispanics were not restricted . Australia , New Zealand and Canada also sharply restricted or ended Asian immigration . In Canada , the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 prevented almost all immigration from Asia . Other laws curbed immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe . Prohibition ( edit ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Progressive movement gradually caused local communities in many parts of Western Europe and North America to tighten restrictions of vice activities , particularly gambling , alcohol , and narcotics ( though splinters of this same movement were also involved in racial segregation in the U.S. ) . This movement gained its strongest traction in the U.S. and its crowning achievement was the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the associated Volstead Act which made illegal the manufacture , import and sale of beer , wine and hard liquor ( though drinking was technically not illegal ) . The laws were specifically promoted by evangelical Protestant churches and the Anti-Saloon League to reduce drunkenness , petty crime , wife abuse , corrupt saloon - politics , and ( in 1918 ) , Germanic influences . The KKK was an active supporter in rural areas , but cities generally left enforcement to a small number of federal officials . The various restrictions on alcohol and gambling were widely unpopular leading to rampant and flagrant violations of the law , and consequently to a rapid rise of organized crime around the nation ( as typified by Chicago 's Al Capone ) . In Canada , prohibition ended much earlier than in the U.S. , and barely took effect at all in the province of Quebec , which led to Montreal becoming a tourist destination for legal alcohol consumption . The continuation of legal alcohol production in Canada soon led to a new industry in smuggling liquor into the U.S. Rise of the speakeasy ( edit ) `` Save A Little Dram For Me '' Prohibition era song recorded by Thomas Edison studio , 1922 . Duration 3 : 29 . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Speakeasies were illegal bars selling beer and liquor after paying off local police and government officials . They became popular in major cities and helped fund large - scale gangsters operations such as those of Lucky Luciano , Al Capone , Meyer Lansky , Bugs Moran , Moe Dalitz , Joseph Ardizzone , and Sam Maceo . They operated with connections to organized crime and liquor smuggling . While the U.S. Federal Government agents raided such establishments and arrested many of the small figures and smugglers , they rarely managed to get the big bosses ; the business of running speakeasies was so lucrative that such establishments continued to flourish throughout the nation . In major cities , speakeasies could often be elaborate , offering food , live bands , and floor shows . Police were notoriously bribed by speakeasy operators to either leave them alone or at least give them advance notice of any planned raid . Literature ( edit ) Further information : 1920s § Literature The Roaring Twenties was a period of literary creativity , and works of several notable authors appeared during the period . D.H. Lawrence 's novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover was a scandal at the time because of its explicit descriptions of sex . Books that take the 1920s as their subject include : The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald , set up in 1922 in the vicinity of New York City , is often described as the symbolic meditation on the `` Jazz Age '' in American literature . All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque recounts the horrors of World War I and also the deep detachment from German civilian life felt by many men returning from the front . This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald , primarily set up in post-World War I Princeton University , portrays the lives and morality of youth . The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway is about a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s . Solo flight across the Atlantic ( edit ) Charles Lindbergh gained sudden great international fame as the first pilot to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean , flying from Roosevelt Airfield ( Nassau County , Long Island ) , New York to Paris on May 20 -- May 21 , 1927 . He had a single - engine airplane , the `` Spirit of St. Louis '' , which had been designed by Donald Hall and custom built by Ryan Airlines of San Diego , California . His flight took 33.5 hours . The President of France bestowed on him the French Legion of Honor and , on his arrival back in the United States , a fleet of warships and aircraft escorted him to Washington , D.C. , where President Calvin Coolidge awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross . Sports ( edit ) The Roaring Twenties was the breakout decade for sports across the modern world . Citizens from all parts of the country flocked to see the top athletes of the day compete in arenas and stadia . Their exploits were loudly and highly praised in the new `` gee whiz '' style of sports journalism that was emerging ; champions of this style of writing included the legendary writers Grantland Rice and Damon Runyon in the U.S. Sports literature presented a new form of heroism departing from the traditional models of masculinity . High school and junior high school students were offered to play sports that they had n't been able to play in the past . Several sports , such as golf , that had previously been unavailable to the middle - class finally became available . Also , a notable motorsports feat was accomplished in Roaring Twenties as driver Henry Seagrave , driving his car the Golden Arrow , reaches at the time in 1929 a record speed of 231.44 mph . Olympics ( edit ) Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro , IOC officials toured the region , helping countries establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition . In some countries , such as Brazil , sporting and political rivalries hindered progress as opposing factions battled for control of the international sport . The 1924 Olympic Games in Paris and the 1928 games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes . Sports journalism , modernity , and nationalism excited Egypt . Egyptians of all classes were captivated by news of the Egyptian national soccer team 's performance in international competitions . Success or failure in the Olympics of 1924 and 1928 was more than a betting opportunity but became an index of Egyptian independence and a desire to be seen as modern by Europe . Egyptians also saw these competitions as a way to distinguish themselves from the traditionalism of the rest of Africa . Balkans ( edit ) The Greek government of Eleftherios Venizelos initiated a number of programs involving physical education in the public schools and raised the profile of sports competition . Other Balkan nations also became more involved in sports and participated in several precursors of the Balkan Games , competing sometimes with Western European teams . The Balkan Games , first held in Athens in 1929 as an experiment , proved a sporting and a diplomatic success . From the beginning , the games , held in Greece through 1933 , sought to improve relations among Greece , Turkey , Bulgaria , Yugoslavia , Romania , and Albania . As a political and diplomatic event , the games worked in conjunction with an annual Balkan Conference , which resolved issues between these often - feuding nations . The results were quite successful ; officials from all countries routinely praised the games ' athletes and organizers . During a period of persistent and systematic efforts to create rapprochement and unity in the region , this series of athletic meetings played a key role . United States ( edit ) The most popular American athlete of the 1920s was baseball player Babe Ruth . His characteristic home run hitting heralded a new epoch in the history of the sport ( the `` Live - ball era '' ) , and his high style of living fascinated the nation and made him one of the highest - profile figures of the decade . Fans were enthralled in 1927 when Ruth hit 60 home runs , setting a new single - season home run record that was not broken until 1961 . Together with another up - and - coming star named Lou Gehrig , Ruth laid the foundation of future New York Yankees dynasties . A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey aka Garrett won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time . Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion was the most sought - after boxer in 1920 's Brooklyn , New York . College football captivated fans , with notables such as Red Grange , running back of the University of Illinois , and Knute Rockne who coached Notre Dame 's football program to great success on the field and nationwide notoriety . Grange also played a role in the development of professional football in the mid-1920s by signing on with the NFL 's Chicago Bears . Bill Tilden thoroughly dominated his competition in tennis , cementing his reputation as one of the greatest tennis players of all time . And Bobby Jones popularized golf with his spectacular successes on the links ; the game did not see another major star of his stature come along until Arnold Palmer and then Jack Nicklaus in the early 1960s . Ruth , Dempsey , Grange , Tilden , and Jones are collectively referred to as the `` Big Five '' sporting icons of the Roaring Twenties . Organized crime ( edit ) See also : American Mafia The Balinese Room , famed Galveston , Texas casino / nightclub opened in the 1920s by the Maceo crime syndicate During the 19th century vices such as gambling , alcohol , and narcotics and been popular throughout the United States in spite of not always being technically legal . Enforcement against these vices had always been spotty . Indeed , most major cities established red - light districts to regulate gambling and prostitution despite the fact that these vices were typically illegal . However , with the rise of the Progressive Movement in the early 20th century , laws gradually became tighter with most gambling , alcohol , and narcotics outlawed by the 1920s . Because of widespread public opposition to these prohibitions , especially alcohol , a great economic opportunity was created for criminal enterprises . Organized crime blossomed during this era , particularly the American Mafia . So lucrative were these vices that some entire cities in the U.S. became illegal gaming centers with vice actually supported by the local governments . Notable examples include Miami , Florida and Galveston , Texas . Many of these criminal enterprises would long outlast the roaring twenties and ultimately were instrumental in establishing Las Vegas as a gaming center . Culture of Weimar Germany ( edit ) Bauhaus Dessau , built from 1925 to 1926 to a design by Walter Gropius The Europahaus , one of the hundreds of cabarets in Weimar Berlin , 1931 Weimar culture was the flourishing of the arts and sciences that flourished in Germany during the Weimar Republic , from 1918 until Hitler 's rise to power in 1933 . 1920s Berlin was at the hectic center of the Weimar culture . Although not part of Germany , German - speaking Austria , and particularly Vienna , is often included as part of Weimar culture . Bauhaus was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts . Its goal of unifying art , craft , and technology became influential worldwide , especially in architecture . Germany , and Berlin in particular , was fertile ground for intellectuals , artists , and innovators from many fields . The social environment was chaotic , and politics were passionate . German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in 1918 . Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist Albert Einstein ; sociologists Karl Mannheim , Erich Fromm , Theodor Adorno , Max Horkheimer , and Herbert Marcuse ; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl ; sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld ; political theorists Arthur Rosenberg and Gustav Meyer ; and many others . Nine German citizens were awarded Nobel prizes during the Weimar Republic , five of whom were Jewish scientists , including two in medicine . Sport took on a new importance as the human body became a focus that pointed away from the heated rhetoric of standard politics . The new emphasis reflected the search for freedom by young Germans alienated from rationalized work routines . American politics ( edit ) See also : United States presidential election , 1920 The 1920s saw dramatic innovations in American political campaign techniques , based especially on new advertising methods that had worked so well selling war bonds during the First World War . Governor James M. Cox of Ohio , the Democratic Party candidate , made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies , train station speeches , and formal addresses , reaching audiences totaling perhaps 2,000,000 people . It resembled the William Jennings Bryan campaign of 1896 . By contrast , the Republican Party candidate Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio relied upon a `` Front Porch Campaign . '' It brought 600,000 voters to Marion , Ohio , where Harding spoke from his home . Republican campaign manager Will Hays spent some $8,100,000 ; nearly four times the money Cox 's campaign spent . Hays used national advertising in a major way ( with advice from adman Albert Lasker ) . The theme was Harding 's own slogan `` America First . '' Thus the Republican advertisement in Collier 's Magazine for October 30 , 1920 , demanded , `` Let 's be done with wiggle and wobble . '' The image presented in the ads was nationalistic , using catchphrases like `` absolute control of the United States by the United States , '' `` Independence means independence , now as in 1776 , '' `` This country will remain American . Its next President will remain in our own country , '' and `` We decided long ago that we objected to a foreign government of our people . '' 1920 was the first presidential campaign to be heavily covered by the press and to receive widespread newsreel coverage , and it was also the first modern campaign to use the power of Hollywood and Broadway stars who traveled to Marion for photo opportunities with Harding and his wife . Al Jolson , Lillian Russell , Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford , were among the celebrities to make the pilgrimage . Business icons Thomas Edison , Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone also lent their cachet to the Front Porch Campaign . On election night , November 2 , 1920 , commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time . Announcers at KDKA - AM in Pittsburgh , PA read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in . This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers . Calvin Coolidge was inaugurated as President after the sudden death of President Warren G. Harding in 1923 ; he was re-elected in 1924 in a landslide against a divided opposition . Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president : his inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio ; on 12 February 1924 , he became the first American president to deliver a political speech on radio . Herbert Hoover was elected President in 1928 . Decline of labor unions ( edit ) Main article : Labor history of the United States § Weakness of organized labor 1920 -- 1929 Unions grew very rapidly during the war but after a series of failed major strikes in steel , meatpacking and other industries , a long decade of decline weakened most unions and membership fell even as employment grew rapidly . Radical unionism virtually collapsed , in large part because of Federal repression during World War I by means of the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 . The major unions supported the third party candidacy of Robert La Follette in 1924 . The 1920s marked a period of sharp decline for the labor movement . Union membership and activities fell sharply in the face of economic prosperity , a lack of leadership within the movement , and anti-union sentiments from both employers and the government . The unions were much less able to organize strikes . In 1919 , more than 4,000,000 workers ( or 21 % of the labor force ) participated in about 3,600 strikes . In contrast , 1929 witnessed about 289,000 workers ( or 1.2 % of the workforce ) stage only 900 strikes . Unemployment rarely dipped below 5 % in the 1920s and few workers faced real wage losses . Progressivism in 1920s ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of social activism and political reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s . The politics of the 1920s was - unfriendly toward the labor unions and liberal crusaders against business , so many if not all historians who emphasize those themes write off the decade . Urban cosmopolitan scholars recoiled at the moralism of prohibition and the intolerance of the nativists of the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , and denounced the era . Historian Richard Hofstadter , for example , in 1955 wrote that prohibition , `` was a pseudo-reform , a pinched , parochial substitute for reform '' that `` was carried about America by the rural - evangelical virus '' . However , as Arthur S. Link emphasized , the progressives did not simply roll over and play dead . Link 's argument for continuity through the 1920s stimulated a historiography that found Progressivism to be a potent force . Palmer , pointing to people like George Norris , say , `` It is worth noting that progressivism , whilst temporarily losing the political initiative , remained popular in many western states and made its presence felt in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies . '' Gerster and Cords argue that `` Since progressivism was a ' spirit ' or an ' enthusiasm ' rather than an easily definable force with common goals , it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s , if not beyond . '' Even the Klan has been seen in a new light , as numerous social historians reported that Klansmen were `` ordinary white Protestants '' primarily interested in purification of the system , which had long been a core progressive goal . Business progressivism ( edit ) What historians have identified as `` business progressivism '' , with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover reached an apogee in the 1920s . Wik , for example , argues that Ford 's `` views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened , progressive , and often far ahead of his times . '' Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the 1920s involving increased democracy , efficient government , corporate regulation , social justice , and governmental public service . William Link finds political progressivism dominant in most of the South in the 1920s . Likewise it was influential in Midwest . Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the progressive impulse in the 1920s . Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement , and moved into causes such as world peace , good government , maternal care ( the Sheppard -- Towner Act of 1921 ) , and local support for education and public health . The work was not nearly as dramatic as the suffrage crusade , but women voted and operated quietly and effectively . Paul Fass , speaking of youth , says `` Progressivism as an angle of vision , as an optimistic approach to social problems , was very much alive . '' The international influences which had sparked a great many reform ideas likewise continued into the 1920s , as American ideas of modernity began to influence Europe . There is general agreement that the Progressive era was over by 1932 , especially since a majority of the remaining progressives opposed the New Deal . Canadian politics ( edit ) Canadian politics were dominated federally by the Liberal Party of Canada under William Lyon Mackenzie King . The federal government spent most of the decade disengaged from the economy and focused on paying off the large debts amassed during the war and during the era of railway over expansion . After the booming wheat economy of the early part of the century , the prairie provinces were troubled by low wheat prices . This played an important role in the development of Canada 's first highly successful third party , the Progressive Party of Canada that won the second most seats in the 1921 national election . As well with the creation of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 Canada achieved with other British former colonies autonomy ; creating the British Commonwealth . End of the Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Black Tuesday ( edit ) Main article : Wall Street Crash of 1929 The Dow Jones Industrial Stock Index had continued its upward move for weeks , and coupled with heightened speculative activities , it gave an illusion that the bull market of 1928 to 1929 would last forever . On October 29 , 1929 , also known as Black Tuesday , stock prices on Wall Street collapsed . The events in the United States added to a worldwide depression , later called the Great Depression , that put millions of people out of work across the world throughout the 1930s . Repeal of prohibition ( edit ) The 21st Amendment , which repealed the 18th Amendment , was proposed on February 20 , 1933 . The choice to legalize alcohol was left up to the states , and many states quickly took this opportunity to allow alcohol . Prohibition was officially ended with the ratification of the Amendment on December 5 , 1933 . See also ( edit ) 1920s portal Depression of 1920 -- 21 France in the 1920s Golden Twenties , the equivalent period in Germany Interwar Britain Interwar period , worldwide Jazz Age Los Angeles in the 1920s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anton Gill , A Dance Between Flames : Berlin Between the Wars ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Marc Moscato , Brains , Brilliancy , Bohemia : Art & Politics in Jazz - Age Chicago ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Lesley A. Hall , `` Impotent ghosts from no man 's land , flappers ' boyfriends , or crypto ‐ patriarchs ? Men , sex and social change in 1920s Britain . '' Social History 21 # 1 ( 1996 ) : 54 -- 70 . Jump up ^ David Robinson , Hollywood in the Twenties ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller , Supreme City : How jazz age Manhattan gave birth to modern America ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Jody Blake , Le Tumulte Noir : modernist art and popular entertainment in jazz - age Paris , 1900 -- 1930 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Jack Lindsay , The roaring twenties : literary life in Sydney , New South Wales in the years 1921 - 6 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Lamb ( 2000 ) . 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07538 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pamela Horn , Flappers : The Real Lives of British Women in the Era of the Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Angela J. Latham , Posing a Threat : Flappers , Chorus Girls , and Other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Madeleine Ginsburg , Paris fashions : the art deco style of the 1920s ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Bärbel Schrader , and Jürgen Schebera . The '' golden '' twenties : art and literature in the Weimar Republic ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Paul N. Hehn ( 2005 ) . A Low Dishonest Decade : The Great Powers , Eastern Europe , And the Economic Origins of World War II , 1930 -- 1941 . Continuum . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1761 - 9 . Jump up ^ based on data in Susan Carter , ed . Historical Statistics of the US : Millennial Edition ( 2006 ) series Ca9 Jump up ^ George H. Soule , Prosperity Decade : From War to Depression : 1917 -- 1929 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ George Soule . Prosperity Decade : From War to Depression : 1917 -- 1929 ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Model T Facts '' ( Press release ) . US : Forid . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon ( 2007 - 03 - 01 ) . `` 10 Moments That Made American Business '' . americanheritage.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan History '' . Detroit News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sorensen 1956 , pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984 , pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Sloan 1964 , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ James Foreman - Peck , `` The American challenge of the twenties : multinationals and the European motor industry . '' Journal of Economic History 42 # 4 ( 1982 ) : 865 -- 881 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of Musical Film , 1927 -- 30 : Part II '' . Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Stephens , E.J. ; Wanamaker , Marc ( 2010 ) . Early Warner Bros. Studios . Arcadia Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 738 - 58091 - 0 . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Why The Jazz Singer ? '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Steamboat Willie ( 1929 ) Archived 2011 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . at Screen Savour Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2012 , pp. 512 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Spencer Dunmore , Undaunted : Long - Distance Flyers in the Golden Age of Aviation ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Patent US1925554 -- Television apparatus and the like '' . Jump up ^ R.F. Tiltman , How `` Stereoscopic '' Television is Shown , Radio News , November 1928 . Jump up ^ Interview with Paul Lyons Archived 2009 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Historian and Control and Information Officer at Glasgow Central Station Jump up ^ `` Historic Figures : John Logie Baird ( 1888 -- 1946 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Wainwright M , Swan HT ; Swan ( January 1986 ) . `` C.G. Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy '' . Medical History . 30 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 56 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300045026 . PMC 1139580 . PMID 3511336 . Jump up ^ Howie , J ( 1986 ) . `` Penicillin : 1929 -- 40 '' . British Medical Journal ( Clinical research ed . ) . 293 ( 6540 ) : 158 -- 159 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 293.6540. 158 . PMC 1340901 . PMID 3089435 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , M ( 1987 ) . `` The history of the therapeutic use of crude penicillin '' . Medical History . 31 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 50 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300046305 . PMC 1139683 . PMID 3543562 . Jump up ^ James J. Flink , `` Three stages of American automobile consciousness . '' American Quarterly 24.4 ( 1972 ) : 451 - 473 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ John A. Jakle , and Keith A. Sculle , Fast food : Roadside restaurants in the automobile age ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Wells , Car Country : Automobiles , Roads and the Shaping of the Modern American Landscape , 1890 -- 1929 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ David E. Nye , Electrifying America : Social meanings of a new technology , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Dan Bryan . `` The Great ( Farm ) Depression of the 1920s '' . American History USA . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The vote came years later in France , Italy , Quebec , Spain and Switzerland . Jump up ^ June Hannam , Mitzi Auchterlonie , and Katherine Holden , eds . International encyclopedia of women 's suffrage ( Abc - Clio Inc , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Rosemary Skinner Keller ; Rosemary Radford Ruether ; Marie Cantlon ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America . Indiana UP . p. 1033 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34688 - 6 . Jump up ^ Josephine Donovan ( 2012 ) . Feminist Theory , Fourth Edition : The Intellectual Traditions . A&C Black . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 6830 - 6 . Jump up ^ Julie V. Gottlieb ( 2016 ) . ' Guilty Women ' , Foreign Policy , and Appeasement in Inter-War Britain . Springer . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 31660 - 8 . Jump up ^ D.J. Taylor ( 2010 ) . Bright Young People : The Lost Generation of London 's Jazz Age . Macmillan . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 5895 - 0 . Jump up ^ Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Jump up ^ emmickey_UNCG http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characterstandard/mickey/mickey.html Jump up ^ emmickey_UNCG http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/oswald/oswald.html Jump up ^ J.G. Ellrod , The Stars of Hollywood Remembered : Career Biographies of 81 Actors and Actesses of the Golden Era , 1920s -- 1950s ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Arnold Shaw , The jazz age : popular music in the 1920 's ( Oxford UP , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Kathy J. Ogren , The Jazz Revolution : Twenties America and the Meaning of Jazz ( 1989 ) p 11 . Jump up ^ Scott DeVeaux , `` Constructing the jazz tradition : Jazz historiography . '' Black American Literature Forum 25 # 3 ( 1991 ) pp 525 -- 60 in JSTOR , . Jump up ^ Ted Gioia , The history of jazz ( Oxford UP , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Ralph G. Giordano , Satan in the dance hall : Rev. John Roach Straton , social dancing , and morality in 1920s New York City ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Danielle Robinson , `` ' Oh , You Black Bottom ! ' Appropriation , Authenticity , and Opportunity in the Jazz Dance Teaching of 1920s New York . '' Dance Research Journal 38.1 -- 2 ( 2006 ) : 19 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Howard Spring , `` Swing and the Lindy Hop : dance , venue , media , and tradition . '' American Music ( 1997 ) 15 # 2 : 183 -- 207 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Frances Rust ( 1969 ) . Dance in Society : An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Social Dance and Society in England from the Middle Ages to the Present Day . Routledge . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 55407 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jim Cox , Music radio : the great performers and programs of the 1920s through early 1960s ( McFarland , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Carolyn Kitch , The Girl on the Magazine Cover ( University of North Carolina Press , 2001 ) . pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Nina Sylvester , `` Before Cosmopolitan : The Girl in German women 's magazines in the 1920s . '' Journalism Studies 8 # 4 ( 2007 ) : 550 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Lucy Moore , Anything Goes : A Biography of the Roaring Twenties ( Atlantic Books , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Bingham , Jane ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : 1920 -- 1938 . Chicago Illinois : Heinemann Library . Jump up ^ Paula S. Fass , The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s ( Oxford UP , 1977 ) Jump up ^ Litchfield Historical Society ( 2015 ) . The House of Worth : Fashion Sketches , 1916 -- 1918 . Courier Dover . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 79924 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lurie , Alison ( 1981 ) . The Language of Clothes . New York : New York : Random House . Jump up ^ Brand , Jan ( 2007 ) . Fashion & Accessories . Arnhem : Terra . Jump up ^ Bingham , Adrian ( 2015 ) , `` ' An Era of Domesticity ' ? Histories of Women and Gender in Interwar Britain '' , Cultural and Social History , 1 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 233 , doi : 10.1191 / 1478003804cs0014ra Jump up ^ Alison Light , Forever England : Femininity , Literature and Conservatism between the Wars ( 1991 ) p. 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dorothy M. Setting a Course : American Women in the 1920s ( Twayne Publishers , 1987 ) p. 33 . Jump up ^ Nancy Woloch , Women and the American Experience : A Concise History ( 2002 ) . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Linda Eisenmann , Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States ( 1998 ) p. 440 . Jump up ^ `` Baby , You Can Drive My Car : Advertising Women 's Freedom in 1920s America . '' American Journalism 33.4 ( 2016 ) : 372 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Alice Kessler - Harris , Out to Work : A History of Wage - Earning Women in the United States ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) p. 219 . Jump up ^ Kessler - Harris , Alice . Out to Work : A History of Wage - Earning Women in the United States p. 237 . Jump up ^ Kessler - Harris , Out to Work : A History of Wage - Earning Women in the United States pp 237 , 288 . Jump up ^ Nancy Woloch , Women and the American Experience : A Concise History ( McGraw -- Hill , 2002 ) p. 246 . Jump up ^ Woloch , Women and the American Experience : A Concise History p. 274 . Jump up ^ Woloch , Women and the American Experience : A Concise History , pp. 28 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Ruth Schwartz Cowan , Two Washes in the Morning and a Bridge Party at Night : The American Housewife between the Wars ( 1976 ) p. 184 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Atkin ; Michael Biddiss ( 2008 ) . Themes in Modern European History , 1890 -- 1945 . Routledge . pp. 243 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 22257 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gregory M. Luebbert , Liberalism , fascism , or social democracy : Social classes and the political origins of regimes in interwar Europe ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Julian Jackson ( 2009 ) . Living in Arcadia : Homosexuality , Politics , and Morality in France from the Liberation to AIDS . University of Chicago Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 38928 - 8 . Jump up ^ Florence Tamagne ( 2006 ) . A History of Homosexuality in Europe : Berlin , London , Paris , 1919 -- 1939 . Algora Publishing . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 357 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jason Crouthamel , `` ' Comradeship ' and ' Friendship ' : Masculinity and Militarisation in Germany 's Homosexual Emancipation Movement after the First World War , '' Gender and History , ( April 2011 ) 23 # 1 pp 111 -- 129 Jump up ^ Glenn Ramsey , `` The Rites of ' Artgenossen ' : Contesting Homosexual Political Culture in Weimar Germany , '' Journal of the History of Sexuality , ( January 2008 ) , 17 # 1 pp 85 -- 109 Jump up ^ The song was written by Edgar Leslie ( words ) and James V. Monaco ( music ) and featured in Hugh J. Ward 's Musical Comedy `` Lady Be Good . '' Jump up ^ Artists who recorded this song include : 1 . Frank Harris ( Irving Kaufman ) , ( Columbia 569D , 1 / 29 / 26 ) 2 . Bill Meyerl & Gwen Farrar ( the UK , 1926 ) 3 . Joy Boys ( the UK , 1926 ) 4 . Harry Reser 's Six Jumping Jacks ( the UK , 2 / 13 / 26 ) 5 . Hotel Savoy Opheans ( HMV 5027 , UK , 1927 , aka Savoy Havana Band ) 6 . Merrit Brunies & His Friar 's Inn Orchestra on Okeh 40593 , 3 / 2 / 26 Jump up ^ A full reproduction of the original sheet music with the complete lyrics ( including the amusing cover sheet ) can be found at : http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an6301650 Jump up ^ Mann , William J. , Wisecracker : the life and times of William Haines , Hollywood 's first openly gay star ( Viking , 1998 ) pp 2 -- 6 , 12 -- 13 , 80 -- 83 . Jump up ^ See Three Plays by Mae West : Sex , The Drag and Pleasure Man Jump up ^ Jill Watts ( 2003 ) . Mae West : An Icon in Black and White . Oxford University Press . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534767 - 8 . Jump up ^ Terry L. Chapman , `` ' An Oscar Wilde Type ' : ' The Abominable Crime of Buggery ' in Western Canada , 1890 -- 1920 , '' Criminal Justice History , ( 1983 ) , Vol. 4 , pp 97 -- 118 Jump up ^ Daniel Hurewitz , `` Goody - Goodies , Sissies , and Long - Hairs : The Dangerous Figures in 1930s Los Angeles Political Culture , '' Journal of Urban History , ( November 2006 ) 33 # 1 pp 26 -- 50 ^ Jump up to : Roy Porter ( 1999 ) . The Greatest Benefit to Mankind : A Medical History of Humanity . W.W. Norton . pp. 516 -- 517 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24244 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Higham , Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860 -- 1925 ( 1955 ) pp 312 -- 30 Jump up ^ Alison Bashford , `` Immigration restriction : rethinking period and place from settler colonies to postcolonial nations . '' Journal of Global History 9 # 1 ( 2014 ) : 26 -- 48 . Jump up ^ W. Peter Ward , White Canada forever : popular attitudes and public policy towards Orientals in British Columbia ( McGill - Queens UP , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ P. O'Connor , `` Keeping New Zealand white , 1908 -- 1920 '' , New Zealand Journal of History 2 ( 1968 ) pp. 41 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Sean Brawley , The white peril : foreign relations and Asian immigration to Australia and North America , 1919 -- 1978 ( U of New South Wales Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent ( 2010 ) . Last Call : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439171691 . Jump up ^ Gerald Hallowell , `` Prohibition in Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner , Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ David Imhoof , `` The Game of Political Change : Sports in Göttingen during the Weimar and Nazi Eras '' , German History , July 2009 , Vol. 27 Issue 3 , pp 374 -- 394 Jump up ^ Cesar Torres , `` The Latin American ' Olympic explosion ' of the 1920s : Causes and consequences '' , International Journal of the History of Sport , November 2006 , Vol. 23 # 7 pp 1088 -- 1111 Jump up ^ Shaun Lopez , `` Football as National Allegory : Al - Ahram and the Olympics in 1920s Egypt '' , History Compass , January 2009 , Vol. 7 Issue 1 , pp 282 -- 305 , Jump up ^ Penelope Kissoudi , `` Sport , Politics and International Relations in the Balkans : the Balkan Games from 1929 to 1932 '' , International Journal of the History of Sport , November 2008 , Vol. 25 Issue 13 , pp 1771 -- 1813 Jump up ^ `` Mafia in the United States '' . History.com . Jump up ^ Peter Gay , Weimar Culture : The Outsider as Insider ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Lee Congdon , Exile and Social Thought : Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria , 1919 -- 1933 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Kathleen James - Chakraborty , Bauhaus Culture : From Weimar to the Cold War ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. ( 2001 ) . The Jews in Weimar Germany . Transaction Publishers . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0692 - 5 . Jump up ^ Theodore F. Rippey , `` Athletics , Aesthetics , and Politics in the Weimar Press . '' German Studies Review ( 2005 ) 28 # 1 : 85 -- 106 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Andrew Sinclair , The Available Man : The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding ( 1965 ) p. 162 Jump up ^ John Morello , Selling the President , 1920 : Albert D. Lasker , Advertising , and the Election of Warren G. Harding ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ , Robert Zieger , American Workers , American Unions ( 1994 ) pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Age of Reform ( 1955 ) p. 287 Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920 's ? '' , American Historical Review Vol. 64 , No. 4 ( July 1959 ) , pp. 833 -- 851 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Niall A. Palmer , The twenties in America : politics and history ( 2006 ) p 176 Jump up ^ Patrick Gerster and Nicholas Cords , Myth in American history ( 1977 ) p 203 Jump up ^ , Stanley Coben , `` Ordinary white Protestants : The KKK of the 1920s '' , Journal of Social History , Fall 1994 , Vol. 28 Issue 1 , pp 155 -- 65 Jump up ^ Joan Hoff Wilson , Herbert Hoover : Forgotten Progressive ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Reynold M. Wik , `` Henry Ford 's Science and Technology for Rural America '' , Technology & Culture , July 1962 , Vol. 3 Issue 3 , pp 247 -- 257 Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties '' , South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , The Emergence of the New South , 1913 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William A. Link , The Paradox of Southern Progressivism , 1880 -- 1930 ( 1997 ) p 294 Jump up ^ Judith Sealander , Grand Plans : Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio 's Miami Valley , 1890 -- 1929 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Maureen A. Flanagan , America Reformed : Progressives and Progressivisms , 1890s -- 1920s ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Susan Zeiger , `` Finding a cure for war : Women 's politics and the peace movement in the 1920s '' , Journal of Social History , Fall 1990 , Vol. 24 Issue 1 , pp 69 -- 86 in JSTOR Jump up ^ J. Stanley Lemons , `` The Sheppard -- Towner Act : Progressivism in the 1920s '' , Journal of American History Vol. 55 , No. 4 ( March 1969 ) , pp. 776 -- 786 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jayne Morris - Crowther , `` Municipal Housekeeping : The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women 's Clubs in the 1920s '' , Michigan Historical Review , March 2004 , Vol. 30 Issue 1 , pp 31 -- 57 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After suffrage : women in partisan and electoral politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Paula S. Fass , The damned and the beautiful : American youth in the 1920 's ( 1977 ) p 30 Jump up ^ Daniel T. Rodgers , Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age ( 2000 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ Otis L. Graham , An Encore for Reform : The Old Progressives and the New Deal ( 1968 ) Further reading ( edit ) Blom , Philipp . Fracture : Life and Culture in the West , 1918 -- 1938 ( Basic Books , 2015 ) . Jobs , Richard Ivan , and David M. Pomfret , eds . The Transnationality of Youth . '' Transnational Histories of Youth in the Twentieth Century ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2015 ) contents . Europe ( edit ) Abra , Allison . `` Going to the palais : a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain , 1918 -- 1960 . '' Contemporary British History ( Sep 2016 ) 30 # 3 pp 432 -- 433 . Archer - Straw , Petrine . Negrophilia : Avant - Garde Paris and Black Culture in the 1920s ( 2000 ) . Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book Berliner , Brett A. Ambivalent Desire : The Exotic Black Other in Jazz - Age France ( 2002 ) Bernard , Philippe , and Henri Dubief . The Decline of the Third Republic , 1914 -- 1938 ( The Cambridge History of Modern France ) ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search Bingham , Adrian . Gender , Modernity & the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain ( 2004 ) 271pp . Branson , Noreen . Britain in the Nineteen Twenties ( 1976 ) . Brockmann , Stephen , and Thomas W. Kniesche , eds . Dancing on the Volcano : Essays on the Culture of the Weimar Republic ( 1994 ) ; Germany Ferguson , Neal . `` Women 's Work : Employment Opportunities and Economic Roles , 1918 -- 1939 . '' Albion 7 # 1 ( Spring 1975 ) : 55 -- 68 . in Great Britain Guerin , Frances . Culture of Light : Cinema and Technology in 1920s Germany ( 2005 ) Jones , Andrew F. Yellow Music : Media Culture & Colonial Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age ( 2001 ) Kolb , Eberhard . The Weimar Republic ( 2005 ) , Germany 1919 -- 1933 Mowat , Charles . Britain Between the Wars , 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) , Thorough scholarly coverage ; emphasis on politics Rippey , Theodore F. `` Rationalisation , Race , and the Weimar Response to Jazz '' , German Life and Letters `` , January 2007 , Vol. 60 Issue 1 , pp 75 -- 97 , Schloesser , Stephen . Jazz Age Catholicism : Mystic Modernism in Postwar Paris 1919 -- 1933 ( 2005 ) Søland , Birgitte . Becoming modern : young women and the reconstruction of womanhood in the 1920s . ( Princeton UP , 2000 ) . On Denmark ; contents Szreter , Simon , and Kate Fisher . Sex before the sexual revolution : Intimate life in England 1918 -- 1963 ( Cambridge UP , 2010 ) . Tebbutt , Melanie . Making Youth : A History of Youth in Modern Britain ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2016 ) . Taylor , D.J. Bright Young People : The Lost Generation of London 's Jazz Age ( 2009 ) Zeldin , Theodore . France : 1848 -- 1945 : Politics and Anger ; Anxiety and Hypocrisy ; Taste and Corruption ; Intellect and Pride ; Ambition and Love ( 2 vol 1979 ) , topical history United States ( edit ) Allen , Frederick Lewis . Only Yesterday : An Informal History of the Nineteen - Twenties. ( 1931 ) , the first and still the most widely read survey of the era , complete text online free . Best , Gary Dean . The Dollar Decade : Mammon and the Machine in 1920s America . ( 2003 ) . Cohen , Lizabeth . Making a New Deal : Industrial Workers in Chicago , 1919 -- 1939 ( 1990 ) Cohen , Lizabeth . `` Encountering Mass Culture at the Grassroots : The Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s '' , American Quarterly , Vol. 41 , No. 1 ( March 1989 ) , pp. 6 -- 33 . in JSTOR Conor , Liz . The Spectacular Modern Woman : Feminine Visibility in the 1920s . ( 2004 ) . 329pp . Cowley , Malcolm . Exile 's Return : A Literary Odyssey of the 1920s . ( 1934 ) online 1999 edition Crafton , Donald ( 1997 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19585 - 2 Delgadillo , Charles E. , `` ' A Pretty Weedy Flower ' : William Allen White , Midwestern Liberalism , and the 1920s Culture War '' , Kansas History 35 ( Autumn 2012 ) , 186 -- 202 . Dumenil , Lynn . The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s . 1995 Fass , Paula . The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s . 1977 . Fuess , Claude M. ( 1940 ) . Calvin Coolidge : The Man from Vermont . Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5673 - 9 . Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Hicks , John D. Republican Ascendancy , 1921 -- 1933 . ( 1960 ) political and economic survey Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Huggins , Nathan Irvin . Harlem Renaissance . ( 1971 ) . Jackson , Joe . Atlantic Fever : Lindbergh , His Competitors , and the Race to Cross the Atlantic . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 37410 - 675 - 1 . Kallen , Stuart A . The Roaring Twenties ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 7377 - 0885 - 9 Kyvig , David E. ; Daily Life in the United States , 1920 -- 1939 : Decades of Promise and Pain , 2002 online edition Leuchtenburg , William E. The Perils of Prosperity , 1914 -- 1932 ( 1958 ) , influential survey by scholar Lynd , Robert Staughton and Lynd , Helen . Middletown : A Study in Contemporary American Culture . ( 1929 ) ; highly influential sociological study of Muncie , Indiana McNeese , Tim , and Richard Jensen , https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iluZC7DnU7oC World War I and the Roaring Twenties : 1914 -- 1928 ) ( 2010 ) , pp 75 -- 118 ; textbook Marsden , George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture : The Shaping of Twentieth - Century Evangelicalism , 1870 -- 1925 ( 1980 ) Murray , Robert K. ( 1969 ) . The Harding Era 1921 -- 1923 : Warren G. Harding and his Administration . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0541 - 6 . Noggle , Burl . Into the Twenties : The United States from Armistice to Normalcy. ( 1974 ) . Robertson , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Film Facts . New York : Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7943 - 0 Scharf , Lois , and Joan M. Jensen , eds . The American Housewife between the Wars . Decades of Discontent : The Women 's Movement , 1920 -- 1940 . ( 1983 ) . Sloan , Alfred P. ( 1964 ) , McDonald , John , ed. , My Years with General Motors , Garden City , NY , USA : Doubleday , LCCN 64011306 , OCLC 802024 . Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker ( ISBN 978 - 0385042352 ) . Sorensen , Charles E. ; with Williamson , Samuel T. ( 1956 ) , My Forty Years with Ford , New York , New York , USA : Norton , LCCN 56010854 . Various republications , including ISBN 9780814332795 . Stricker , Frank . `` Affluence for Whom ? Another Look at Prosperity and the Working Classes in the 1920s '' , Labor History 24 # 1 ( 1983 ) : 5 -- 33 Soule , George . Prosperity Decade : From War to Depression : 1917 -- 1929 ( 1947 ) , comprehensive economic history Starr , Kevin . Material Dreams : Southern California through the 1920s . ( 1996 ) online edition Tindall , George Brown . The Emergence of the New South , 1913 -- 1945 ( 1967 ) comprehensive regional history Williams , Iain Cameron . `` Underneath a Harlem Moon : The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall '' ( Bayou Jazz Lives ) , Continuum , 2003 , ISBN 0826458939 External links ( edit ) The 1920s Quiz : Life in the Roaring Twenties Teaching the American Twenties Exhibit from the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin 1920s timeline , Harlem Roaring Twenties study guide and teacher resources -- timeline , quotes , analysis , multimedia The Roaring Twenties -- History.com Video ( 48 : 15 ) − America in color : The 1920s on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia American Temperance Society Anti-Saloon League Association Against the Prohibition Amendment Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Cullen -- Harrison Act Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 Molly Pitcher Club Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Voluntary Committee of Lawyers Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Willis -- Campbell Act Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. 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1,541,524,039,601,086,200 | who is the girl singing in paris chainsmokers | Paris ( the Chainsmokers song ) - wikipedia Paris ( the Chainsmokers song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Paris '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Chainsmokers <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Memories ... Do Not Open Released January 13 , 2017 Format Digital download Genre EDM pop synth - pop Length 3 : 43 Label Disruptor Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Taggart Kristoffer Eriksson Fredrik Häggstam Charlee Nyman Producer ( s ) The Chainsmokers <Th_colspan="2"> The Chainsmokers singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` All We Know '' ( 2016 ) `` Paris '' ( 2017 ) `` Something Just Like This '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` All We Know '' ( 2016 ) `` Paris '' ( 2017 ) `` Something Just Like This '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Paris '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Paris '' is a song by American DJ duo The Chainsmokers . It features uncredited vocals from American singer Emily Warren , who also co-wrote `` Do n't Let Me Down '' . It was released on January 13 , 2017 , as the lead single from their debut album , Memories ... Do Not Open , through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records . It was served to Top 40 radio on January 17 , 2017 , as the follow - up radio single to `` Closer '' . It reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The single became the duo 's fourth number one on the Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart in its issue dated February 25 , 2017 , and their fifth number one on the magazine 's Dance / Electronic Songs chart in its issue dated March 11 , 2017 . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performance 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) In an interview with Billboard 's Taylor Weatherby , Warren said about the collaboration : The Chainsmokers happened to be in New York and I was working on some stuff at a studio nearby , and they were like , ' Can you please come ? We 're finishing this song . It needs a little something ; we do n't know what it is . Can you just come sing some background or something ? ' So I came in and just layered some of Drew 's parts and sang those different parts that you can hear on the song . They were like , ' All right , sick , the song 's done now . ' It was awesome . They just put me in the booth and were like , ' Do whatever you want , ' and it turned out how it did . '' She was also asked about why she was n't credited on the song , to which she replied , `` I think that their reasoning was that they wanted it to be a Chainsmokers thing and not featuring anyone . Drew did most of the singing and is doing a lot more singing now . And since it 's not a proper duet , the vocal is meant to be more of an effect than an actual part . And there 's other stuff I 'm doing with them that I 'm singing on , so I think in terms of what 's coming out , they did n't want to do a lot of features . Critical reception ( edit ) Nolan Feeney of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B rating , saying `` The track itself makes similar alterations to the band 's sound without straying too far from the formula : You 'll find the familiar chilled - out keyboards of ' Closer ' , a guitar loop like the one in ' Do n't Let Me Down ' , and more lyrics about nostalgia and youth and living wild and free , but there 's no real drop , and the synths that kick in at the end are relatively subtle . On paper , that all sounds like a bid to showcase some stripped - down musicianship , and The Chainsmokers have certainly earned the right to do so : anyone who thinks they 're just DJs who twist knobs just has n't been paying attention . But in the end , ' Paris ' feels like the demo of a song that wants to take more risks than it actually does . '' Idolator 's Carl Williott claimed `` it 's a subdued piece of EDM - pop , relying more on guitars than synths , but it 's still that signature ' smokers MOR sound '' , and also stated `` the song is about Paris , but the visual takes place on a beach with a supermodel because nothing makes sense in 2017 . '' Raisa Bruner of Time labeled it `` a less - than - encouraging reflection on yet another tricky relationship '' and went on to say `` this seems to be The Chainsmokers ' sweet spot : slow - burning tunes -- this one is especially down - tempo -- with tropical house undercurrents , a little bit of nostalgic story , and an emotionally ambiguous core . '' USA Today 's Patrick Ryan stated `` the low - key banger is a nostalgic ode to the City of Lights , painting a schmaltzy picture of millennial romance that 's marked by cigarette drags and disheveled hotel rooms . '' Chris Southcott from Gloss pointed out that this song sounds like Midnight City by M83 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Paris '' debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number seven , but in its second week , the song dropped to number 11 but it bounced back to the top 10 in its February 25 , 2017 issue . The song peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the duo 's fourth top 10 entry . On the Canadian Hot 100 it debuted at number two behind Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video for `` Paris '' was released on January 12 , 2017 . It was edited and directed by Rory Kramer and shows an unknown man who is holding the camera filming the journey through a tropical country together with a young girl who is played by Alexis Ren . The official music video for `` Paris '' was released on February 16 , 2017 . It features the duo ( Drew Taggart and Alex Pall ) walking , intercut with shots of them and American model Martha Hunt , who stars in the video , in a house that begins floating and rising up into the sky , with the duo watching from the ground . Towards the end of the show , Hunt slides out of the window of the floating house and somehow falls back down into the same house from which she fell . Live performance ( edit ) On March 5 , 2017 , The Chainsmokers performed `` Paris '' at the iHeartRadio Music Awards at The Forum in Inglewood , California . The song was also performed during The Chainsmokers ' appearance on Saturday Night Live as musical guest on April 8 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Paris '' 3 : 41 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Paris '' ( VINAI Remix ) 3 : 38 2 . `` Paris '' ( LOUDPVCK Remix ) 3 : 51 3 . `` Paris '' ( Pegboard Nerds Remix ) 2 : 54 4 . `` Paris '' ( Jewelz & Sparks Remix ) 3 : 34 5 . `` Paris '' ( Party Thieves Remix ) 2 : 56 6 . `` Paris '' ( FKYA Remix ) 3 : 15 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 14 Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 14 Colombia ( National - Report ) 50 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 59 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany Dance ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 19 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 34 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 36 Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 36 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 35 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 54 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 26 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 33 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 30 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 45 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 657,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various January 13 , 2017 Digital download Disruptor Columbia United Kingdom Contemporary hit radio United States January 16 , 2017 Hot AC radio January 17 , 2017 Top 40 radio Rhythmic radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carl Williott ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hear The Chainsmokers ' ' Paris ' - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music left behind by George Michael to come out this year '' . The Sunday Times ( Sri Lanka ) . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Various digital releases of `` Paris '' : `` Paris - Single by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . `` Paris - Single by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . `` Paris - Singe av The Chainsmokers på Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . `` Paris - Single by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . `` Paris - Single by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Medved ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Who Is the Female Singer on the New Chainsmokers Song ' Paris ' ? - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Ties Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs '' from Billboard ( February 16 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week ( March 11 , 2017 ) from Billboard ( March 11 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Weatherby ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emily Warren Talks Working With The Chainsmokers , Singing on ' Paris ' - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor Weatherby ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emily Warren Talks Working With The Chainsmokers , Singing on ' Paris ' - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feeney ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Paris ' : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raisa Bruner ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to ' Paris ' , the Latest Song from The Chainsmokers - TIME '' . Time . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers go solo on sentimental new single ' Paris ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Southcott ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` The new Chainsmokers song ' Paris ' sounds really similar to M83 's ' Midnight City ' '' . Gloss . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Lyric Video : The Chainsmokers - Paris '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers - Paris '' . ChainsmokersVEVO . YouTube . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Watch The Chainsmokers & Coldplay Perform ' Something Just Like This ' & ' Paris ' at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris - Single by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paris ( Remixes ) - EP by The Chainsmokers on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 20 al 26 de Marzo , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Dance Singles Chart -- Week Commencing 12 February 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 19 del 2017 - Del 05 / 05 / 2017 al 12 / 05 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 12 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201713 into search . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved February 8 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers : Paris '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Paris '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . February 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - The Chainsmokers '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Mar 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 9 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 11 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201716 into search . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 431 '' . auspOp . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Enter The Chainsmokers in the field Interpret . Enter Paris in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( The Chainsmokers ; ' Paris ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type The Chainsmokers in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Paris and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( The Chainsmokers ; ' Paris ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Paris in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Chainsmokers -- Paris '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` The 20 Top - Selling Songs of 2017 , So Far '' . Yahoo ! Music . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . January 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases - Hot Adult Contemporary Rock Songs and Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . January 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases - R&B Song and Hip - Hop Music Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . January 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> The Chainsmokers <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Memories ... Do Not Open Extended plays Bouquet Collage Singles `` # Selfie '' `` Roses '' `` Until You Were Gone '' `` New York City '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` Inside Out '' `` Closer '' `` All We Know '' `` Paris '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Honest '' `` Sick Boy '' `` You Owe Me '' `` Everybody Hates Me '' `` Somebody '' Promotional singles `` Setting Fires '' `` The One '' `` Young '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_(The_Chainsmokers_song)&oldid=841796725 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs The Chainsmokers songs Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Songs about Paris Songs written by Andrew Taggart Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 03 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Paris" - The Chainsmokers song
2. EDM pop synth-pop
3. Memories... Do Not Open - The Chainsmokers' debut album
4. Uncredited vocals from Emily Warren
5. Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit |
9,003,075,272,277,729,000 | how much does 1 gram of calcium cost | Prices of elements and their compounds - Wikipedia Prices of elements and their compounds The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to table ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2013 ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This table lists the elements by their name and gives some historical prices for them and their commonly traded compounds . The first of the two price columns shows the price in US dollars per kg of the compound specified . The second shows the USD price per kg of element in the compound . Dates on prices facilitate forex conversion . Elements of only short half - lives are unlikely to be traded on a secondary market outside of nuclear lab production , and were therefore excluded from the main table . The current cutoff excludes elements with atomic number greater than 105 . They have no known isotope with a half - life greater than 1.5 hours and are listed separately later . <Th_colspan="3"> Element <Th_colspan="6"> Compound <Td_colspan="3"> Name , Symbol , Number Compound / form / isotope Conditions of price Price ( $ / kg ) By compound weight Price ( $ / kg ) By element weight Date Ref . Actinium Ac 89 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ac 99 % pure ( 1 ) $1203 / mCi with permit $100 > Fiscal year 2003 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Aluminium Al 13 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> P1020A ( = > 99.7 % Al ) LME official cash , ask NL $1.3 - $2.5 $1.3 - $2.5 2002 - 2018 ( 4 ) Americium Am 95 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> AmO powder > 99 % ( 5 ) gram units in steel cont . <Td_colspan="2"> $728000 ( oxide ? ) Sept. 1998 ( 6 ) <Td_colspan="3"> AmO powder > 99.9 % mg units , NRC Form 741 <Td_colspan="2"> $180250000 ( ox. ? ) Sept. 1998 ( 7 ) Antimony Sb 51 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 99.65 % pure CIF US port $5 - $7 2009 - 2018 ( 8 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 99.65 % pure Free on board China $4 - $5 2009 - 2018 ( 9 ) Argon Ar 18 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Arsenic As 33 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99 % pure $1 - $2 2010 - 2018 ( 10 ) Astatine At 85 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Barium Ba 56 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Barium chromate 99 % $100 July 11 , 2010 ( 11 ) Berkelium Bk 97 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Beryllium Be <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $7480 ( 12 ) Bismuth Bi 83 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.99 % pure $17 - $29 2008 - 2018 ( 13 ) Boron <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $11140 ( 14 ) Bromine Br 35 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $50 ( 15 ) Cadmium Cd 48 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.95 % pure $4 - $5 2010 - 2018 ( 16 ) Caesium Cs 55 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $11000 ( 17 ) Calcium Ca 20 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $200 ( 18 ) Californium Cf 98 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - synthetic $27000000000 ( 19 ) Carbon 6 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $24 ( 20 ) Cerium Ce 58 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Cerium ( IV ) oxide ( CeO ) , 99 % Free On Board China $1 - $4 $1 - $4 Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 21 ) Chlorine Cl 17 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $1 - $2 ( 22 ) Chromium Cr 24 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 99.9 % , Electrolytic Vac Melt Grade FOB North America $7 - $11 $7 - $11 2005 - 2018 ( 23 ) Cobalt Co 27 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.8& pure Aerospace application $30 - $93 2005 - 2018 ( 24 ) Copper Cu 29 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Commodity copper LME Cash off . fix . bid $5.1 - $8.8 $5.1 - $8.8 2007 - 2018 ( 25 ) Curium Cm 96 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Dubnium Db 105 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Dysprosium Dy 66 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Dysprosium ( III ) oxide ( Dy O ) , 99 % Free On Board China $85 - $350 $65 - $230 2007 - 2017 ( 26 ) Einsteinium Es 99 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Erbium Er 68 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $95 - $900 2007 - 2017 Europium Eu 63 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Europium oxide , 99 % Free On Board China $150 - $370 - 2007 - 2017 ( 27 ) Fermium Fm 100 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Fluorine 9 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $1900 ( 28 ) Francium Fr 87 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Gadolinium Gd 64 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99 % pure FOB China $19 - $55 2010 - 2017 ( 29 ) Gallium Ga 31 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.99 % pure CIF Main Airport $525 July 8 , 2010 ( 30 ) Germanium Ge 32 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.99 % pure CIF Main Airport $940 - $1700 2010 - 2018 ( 31 ) Gold Au 79 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Gold 24kt $9600 - $66600 2001 - 2018 ( 32 ) Hafnium Hf 72 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $1200 ( 33 ) Helium He <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $52 ( 34 ) Holmium Ho 67 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $8600 Hydrogen <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Gas + 99 % in bulk $0.7 - $5 $0.7 - $5 2004 - 2018 ( 35 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Liquid + 99 % in bulk $2 - $9 $2 - $9 2004 - 2018 ( 36 ) Indium In 49 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.99 % $180 - $1000 2005 - 2018 ( 37 ) Iodine 53 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $83 ( 38 ) Iridium Ir 77 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $35000 - $42000 2010 - 2018 ( 39 ) Iron Fe 26 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $0.019 - $0.072 2010 - 2018 ( 40 ) Krypton Kr 36 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Lanthanum La 57 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Lanthanum oxide ( La O ) , 99 % Free On Board China $2.1 - $3.9 $1.2 - $2.9 Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 41 ) Lawrencium Lr 103 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Lead Pb 82 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Commodity lead LME Cash off . fix . bid $1.1 - $4.1 $1.1 - $4.1 2007 - 2018 ( 42 ) Lithium Li <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $270 ( 43 ) Lutetium Lu 71 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $2400 $340000 ( ? ) 2003 ( 44 ) Magnesium Mg 12 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.9 % pure $5.8 July 8 , 2010 ( 45 ) Manganese Mn 25 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 99.7 % min FOB China $1.5 $1.5 2005 - 11 - 25 ( 46 ) Mendelevium Md 101 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Mercury Hg 80 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 99.99 % ? $14 - $18 $14 - $18 2005 - 2018 ( 47 ) Molybdenum Mo 42 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Molybdenum oxide Mo 57 % $21 - $33 2010 - 2018 ( 48 ) Neodymium Nd 60 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Neodymium oxide ( Nd O ) , 99 % Free On Board China $24 - $39 $18 - $29 Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 49 ) Neon Ne 10 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $330 ( 50 ) Neptunium Np 93 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $600000 - $666000 Nickel Ni 28 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Commodity nickel LME Cash off . fix . bid $25 - $55 $25 - $55 2007 - 2018 ( 51 ) Niobium Nb 41 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $40 - $180 2001 - 2018 ( 52 ) Nitrogen 7 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 99.999 % UHP 311 scf cyl . at U of Florida $3 - $4 $3 - $4 2006 - 2018 ( 53 ) ( 54 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 99.999 % UHP 249 scf cyl . at U of Arizona $5 - $6 $5 - $6 2008 - 2018 ( 55 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 99.9995 % Liquid Nitrogen own still ( 56 ) $0.074 $0.074 Oct. 2008 YTD avg . ( 57 ) Nobelium No 102 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Osmium Os 76 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $13000 - $77000 2008 - 2018 ( 58 ) ( 59 ) Oxygen O 8 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $3 ( 60 ) Palladium Pd 46 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $8000 - $33000 2008 - 2018 ( 61 ) Phosphorus 15 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $300 ( 62 ) Platinum Pt 78 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Platinum 99.95 % $28000 - $80000 2008 - 2018 ( 63 ) ( 64 ) Plutonium Pu 94 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure Not legal to own . $4000000 - $5600000 ( 65 ) , ( 66 ) Polonium Po 84 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Potassium 19 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $1000 ( 67 ) Praseodymium Pr 59 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Praseodymium oxide ( Pr O ) , 99 % Free On Board China $22 - $37 $16 - $28 Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 68 ) Promethium Pm 61 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Protactinium Pa 91 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $280000 ( 69 ) Radium Ra 88 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Radon Rn 86 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Rhenium Re 75 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pellets min 99.9 % $35000 - $168000 2008 - 2018 ( 70 ) ( 71 ) Rhodium Rh 45 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.9 % pure $70000 - $350000 2010 - 2018 ( 72 ) ( 73 ) Rubidium Rb 37 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $6000 - $12000 2010 - 2018 ( 74 ) Ruthenium Ru 44 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $2000 - $14000 2010 - 2018 ( 75 ) Rutherfordium Rf 104 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Samarium Sm 62 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Samarium oxide ( Sm O ) , 99 % $2 - $5 $1 - $4 Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 76 ) Scandium Sc 21 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $4400 - $15000 2007 - 2017 ( 77 ) ( 78 ) Selenium Se 34 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.5 % pure $80 - $280 2010 - 2018 ( 79 ) Silicon Si 14 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 98.5 % ( 5 - 5 - 3 ) FOB P.R.C. China $2 - $3 ( 80 ) , ( 81 ) Silver Ag 47 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Silver bullion $500 - $1500 2010 - 2018 ( 82 ) Sodium Na 11 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $250 ( 83 ) Strontium Sr 38 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $1000 ( 84 ) Sulfur 16 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $500 ( 85 ) Tantalum Ta 73 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Tantalite basis 30 % Ta205 , Tantalum Ore $120 - $160 2010 - 2018 ( 86 ) Technetium Tc 43 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - Tellurium Te 52 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $240 ( 87 ) Terbium Tb 65 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Tb metal 99 % min FOB China $420 - $720 2010 - 2018 ( 88 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Terbium oxide $400 - $700 2010 - Qly avgs . Q1 - Q3 2007 ( 89 ) Thallium Tl 81 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $480 ( 90 ) Thorium Th 90 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $500 - $5000 2008 - 2018 ( 91 ) , ( 92 ) Thulium Tm 69 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> - $20000 - $70000 1998 - 2018 Tin Sn 50 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Commodity tin LME Cash off . fix . bid $16 - $26 $16 - $26 2010 - 2018 ( 93 ) Titanium Ti 22 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ti sponge TG100 12x25mm Long term contract $4 - $16 2010 - 2018 ( 94 ) Tungsten 74 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ammonium paratungstate FOB P.R.C. China $22 - $55 2006 - 2018 ( 95 ) ( 96 ) Uranium U 92 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Yellowcake 0.7 % U , Depleted 0.2 - 0.4 % U Not legal to own . $15000000 ( U ) 2008 - 2018 ( 97 ) , ( 98 ) <Td_colspan="3"> ( U3O8e ) $40 - $75 2008 - 2018 ( 99 ) Vanadium V 23 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Vanadium pentoxide 98 % min $14.33 July 8 , 2010 ( 100 ) Xenon Xe 54 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $1200 ( 101 ) Ytterbium Yb 70 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $14000 ( 102 ) Yttrium Y 39 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> min 99.9 % pure FOB China $35 - $45 2010 - 2018 ( 103 ) Zinc Zn 30 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Commodity zinc LME Cash off . fix . bid $2.1 - $4.5 $2.1 - $4.5 2007 - 2018 ( 104 ) Zirconium Zr 40 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> pure $1570 ( 105 ) These elements above 105 were excluded from the above table : <Th_colspan="3"> Highly unstable elements Name Symbol No . Bohrium Bh 107 Copernicium Cn 112 Darmstadtium Ds 110 Flerovium Fl 114 Hassium Hs 108 Livermorium Lv 116 Meitnerium Mt 109 Moscovium Mc 115 Nihonium Nh 113 Oganesson Og 118 Roentgenium Rg 111 Seaborgium Sg 106 Tennessine Ts 117 See also ( edit ) Element collecting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Names taken from Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005 , Table I Jump up ^ mCi / kg = ( Avogadro 's number ) / ( atomic weight ) * ( 1 - 10 ^ ( log (. 5 ) / ( half - life in seconds ) ) ) / 37000 Jump up ^ http://www.chemicool.com/elements/erbium.html Jump up ^ http://mineralprices.com Jump up ^ http://www.chemicool.com/elements/holmium.html Jump up ^ Stephen B. Castor and James B. Hedrick . `` Rare Earth Elements '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gray , Theodore ( 2010 ) . The Elements . Jump up ^ http://www.chemicool.com/elements/thulium.html Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/831 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prices_of_elements_and_their_compounds&oldid=841576994 '' Categories : Properties of chemical elements Chemical industry Pricing Commodity markets Hidden categories : Articles with obsolete information from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 17 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Prices of elements and their compounds
2. Historical prices for elements and compounds
3. Trading of elements and their compounds
4. Price comparison by compound weight and element weight
5. Exclusion of elements with short half-lives from trading |
-5,651,062,017,242,641,000 | visit to partnership firm and study the management of the firm and a report on it information | Partnership - wikipedia Partnership Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal A partnership is an arrangement where parties , known as partners , agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests . The partners in a partnership may be individuals , businesses , interest - based organizations , schools , governments or combinations . Organizations may partner to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach . A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be only governed by a contract . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Partnership agreements 3 Partner compensation 3.1 Equity vs. salaried partners 3.2 Law firms 4 Taxation 5 Common law 5.1 Forms of partnership 5.2 Silent partners 5.3 Australia 5.4 Bangladesh 5.5 Canada 5.6 Hong Kong 5.7 India 5.8 United Kingdom limited partnership 5.9 United States 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Partnerships have a long history , they were already in use in Medieval times in Europe and in the Middle East . In Europe , the partnerships contributed to the Commercial Revolution which started in the 13th century . In the 15th , century the cities member of the Hanseatic League , would mutually strengthen each other ; a ship from Hamburg to Danzig , would not only carry its own cargo but was also commissioned to transport freight for other members of the league . This practice not only saved time and money ; but also constituted a first step toward partnership . This capacity to join forces in reciprocal services became a distinctive feature , and a long lasting success factor , of the Hanseatic team spirit . A close examination of Medieval trade in Europe shows that numerous significant credit based trades were not bearing interest . Hence , pragmatism and common sense called for a fair compensation for the risk of lending money , and a compensation for the opportunity cost of lending money without using it for other fruitful purposes . In order to circumvent the usury laws edicted by the Church , other forms of reward were created , in particular through the widespread form of partnership called commenda , very popular with Italian merchant bankers . Florentine merchant banks were almost sure to make a positive return on their loans , but this would be before taking into account solvency risks . In the Middle East , the Qirad and Mudarabas institutions developed when trade with the Levant , namely the Ottoman Empire and the Muslim Near East , flourished and when early trading companies , contracts , bills of exchange and long - distance international trade were established . After the fall of the Roman Empire , the Levant trade revived in the tenth to eleventh centuries in Byzantine Italy . The eastern and western Mediterranean formed part of a single commercial civilization in the Middle Ages , and the two regions were economically interdependent through trade ( in varying degrees ) . Partnership agreements ( edit ) Although not required by law , partners should create a partnership agreement that defines the important terms of their relationship . Partnership agreements can be formed in the following areas : Business : two or more companies join forces in a joint venture or a consortium to i ) work on a project ( e.g. industrial or research project ) which would be too heavy or too risky for a single entity , ii ) join forces to have a stronger position on the market , iii ) comply with specific regulation ( e.g. in some emerging countries , foreigners can only invest in the form of partnerships with local entrepreneurs . In this case , the alliance may be structured in a process comparable to a Mergers & Acquisitions transaction . Politics ( or geopolitics ) : In what is usually called an alliance , governments may partner to achieve their national interests , sometimes against allied governments holding contrary interests , as occurred during World War II and the Cold War . Knowledge : In education , accrediting agencies increasingly evaluate schools , or universities , by the level and quality of their partnerships with local or international peers and a variety of other entities across societal sectors . Individual : Some partnerships occur at personal levels , such as when two or more individuals agree to domicile together , while other partnerships are not only personal , but private , known only to the involved parties . Partnerships present the involved parties with complex negotiation and special challenges that must be navigated unto agreement . Overarching goals , levels of give - and - take , areas of responsibility , lines of authority and succession , how success is evaluated and distributed , and often a variety of other factors must all be negotiated . Once agreement is reached , the partnership is typically enforceable by civil law , especially if well documented . Partners who wish to make their agreement affirmatively explicit and enforceable typically draw up Articles of Partnership . Trust and pragmatism are also essential as it can not be expected that everything can be written in the initial partnership agreement , therefore quality governance and clear communication are critical success factors in the long run . It is common for information about formally partnered entities to be made public , such as through a press release , a newspaper ad , or public records laws . While industrial partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and accelerate success , some forms of collaboration may be considered ethically problematic . When a politician , for example , partners with a corporation to advance the latter 's interest in exchange for some benefit , a conflict of interest results ; consequentially , the public good may suffer . While technically lawful in some jurisdictions , such practice is broadly viewed negatively or as corruption . Partner compensation ( edit ) Partner compensation will often be defined by the terms of a partnership agreement . Partners who work for the partnership may receive compensation for their labor before any division of profits between partners . Equity vs. salaried partners ( edit ) In certain partnerships of individuals , particularly law firms and accountancy firms , equity partners are distinguished from salaried partners ( or contract or income partners ) . The degree of control which each type of partner exerts over the partnership depends on the relevant partnership agreement . An equity partner is a part - owner of the business , and is entitled to a proportion of the distributable profits of the partnership . A salaried partner who is paid a salary but does not have any underlying ownership interest in the business and will not share in the distributions of the partnership ( although it is quite common for salaried partners to receive a bonus based on the firm 's profitability ) . Although individuals in both categories are described as partners , equity partners and salaried partners have little in common other than joint and several liability . In many legal systems , salaried partners are not technically `` partners '' at all in the eyes of the law . However , if their firm holds them out as partners , they are nonetheless subject to joint and several liability . In their most basic form , equity partners enjoy a fixed share of the partnership ( usually , but not always an equal share with the other partners ) and , upon distribution of profits , receive a portion of the partnership 's profits proportionate to that share . In more sophisticated partnerships , different models exist for determining either ownership interest , profit distribution , or both . Two common alternate approaches to distribution of profit are `` lockstep '' and `` source of origination '' compensation ( sometimes referred to , more graphically , as `` eat what you kill '' ) . Lockstep involves new partners joining the partnership with a certain number of `` points '' . As time passes , they accrue additional points , until they reach a set maximum sometimes referred to as a plateau . The length of time it takes to reach the maximum is often used to describe the firm ( so , for example , one could say that one firm has a `` seven - year lockstep '' and another has a `` ten - year lockstep '' depending on the length of time it takes to reach maximum equity ) . Source of origination involves the compensation of profits according to a formula that takes into consideration the amount of revenue and profit generated by each partner , such that partners who generate more revenue receive a greater share of the partnership 's distributed profit . Law firms ( edit ) Source of origination compensation is rarely seen outside of law firms . The principle is simply that each partner receives a share of the partnership profits up to a certain amount , with any additional profits being distributed to the partner who was responsible for the `` origination '' of the work that generated the profits . British law firms tend to use the lockstep principle , whereas American firms are more accustomed to source of origination . When British firm Clifford Chance merged with American firm Rogers & Wells , many of the difficulties associated with that merger were blamed on the difficulties of merging a lockstep culture with an source of origination culture . Taxation ( edit ) Partnerships recognized by a government body may enjoy special benefits from taxation policy . Among developed countries , for example , business partnerships are often favored over corporations in taxation policy , since dividend taxes only occur on profit before they are distributed to the partners . However , depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates , owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation . In such countries , partnerships are often regulated via anti-trust laws , so as to inhibit monopolistic practices and foster free market competition . Enforcement of the laws , however , varies considerably . Domestic partnerships recognized by governments typically enjoy tax benefits , as well . Common law ( edit ) At common law , members of a business partnership are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership . Forms of partnership have evolved that may limit a partner 's liability . Forms of partnership ( edit ) As common law there are two basic forms of partnership : general partnership : a partnership in which all partners manage the business and are personally liable for its debts . General partners have an obligation of strict liability to third parties injured by the Partnership . General partners may have joint liability or joint and several liability depending upon circumstances . limited partnership ( LP ) : a partnership in which general partners manage the partnership 's operations , and limited partners forego the right to manage the business in exchange for limited liability for the partnership debts . The liability of limited partners is limited to their investment in the partnership . More recently , additional forms of partnership have been recognized : limited liability partnership ( LLP ) : a form of partnership in which all partners may have some degree of limited liability . limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) : a form of limited partnership in which general partners have limited liability for the debts and obligations of the limited partnership . Silent partners ( edit ) A silent partner is one who still shares in the profits and losses of the business , but who is not involved in its management . Sometimes the silent partner 's interest in the business will not be publicly known . A silent partner is often an investor in the partnership , who is entitled to a share of the partnership 's profits . Silent partners may prefer to invest in limited partnerships in order to insulate their personal assets from the debts or liabilities of the partnership . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Partnership ( Australia ) Summarising s . 5 of the Partnership Act 1958 ( Vic ) ( hereinafter the `` Act '' ) , for a partnership in Australia to exist , four main criteria must be satisfied . They are : Valid Agreement between the parties ; To carry on a business -- this is defined in s . 3 as `` any trade , occupation or profession '' ; In Common -- meaning there must be some mutuality of rights , interests and obligations ; View to Profit -- thus charitable organizations can not be partnerships ( charities are typically incorporated associations under Associations Incorporations Act 1981 ( Vic ) ) Partners share profits and losses . A partnership is basically a settlement between two or more groups or firms in which profit and loss are equally divided Bangladesh ( edit ) In Bangladesh , the relevant law for regulating partnership is the Partnership Act 1932 . A partnership is defined as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all . The law does not require written partnership agreement between the partners to form a partnership . A partnership does not also required to be registered , however an unregistered partnership has a number of limitation regarding enforcing its rights in any court . A partnership is considered as a separate legal identity ( i.e. separate from its owners ) in Bangladesh only if the partnership is registered . There must be a minimum of 2 partners and maximum of 20 partners . Canada ( edit ) Statutory regulation of partnerships in Canada fall under provincial jurisdiction . A partnership is not a separate legal entity and partnership income is taxed at the rate of the partner receiving the income . It can be deemed to exist regardless of the intention of the partners . Common elements considered by courts in determining the existence of a partnership are that two or more legal persons : Are carrying on a business In common With a view to profit . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Partnership ( Hong Kong ) A partnership in Hong Kong is a business entity formed by the Hong Kong Partnerships Ordinance , which defines a partnership as `` the relation between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit '' and is not a joint stock company or an incorporated company . If the business entity registers with the Registrar of Companies it takes the form of a limited partnership defined in the Limited Partnerships Ordinance . However , if this business entity fails to register with the Registrar of Companies , then it becomes a general partnership as a default . India ( edit ) According to section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932 , `` Partnership is defined as the relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business run by all or any one of them acting for all '' . This definition superseded the previous definition given in section 239 of Indian Contract Act 1872 as -- `` Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons who have agreed to combine their property , labor , skill in some business , and to share the profits thereof between them '' . The 1932 definition added the concept of mutual agency . The Indian Partnerships have the following common characteristics : 1 ) A partnership firm is not a legal entity apart from the partners constituting it . It has limited identity for the purpose of tax law as per section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932 . 2 ) Partnership is a concurrent subject . Contracts of partnerships are included in the Entry no. 7 of List III of The Constitution of India ( the list constitutes the subjects on which both the State government and Central ( National ) Government can legislate i.e. pass laws on ) . 3 ) Unlimited Liability . The major disadvantage of partnership is the unlimited liability of partners for the debts and liabilities of the firm . Any partner can bind the firm and the firm is liable for all liabilities incurred by any firm on behalf of the firm . If property of partnership firm is insufficient to meet liabilities , personal property of any partner can be attached to pay the debts of the firm . 4 ) Partners are Mutual Agents. The business of firm can be carried on by all or any of them for all . Any partner has authority to bind the firm . Act of any one partner is binding on all the partners . Thus , each partner is ' agent ' of all the remaining partners . Hence , partners are ' mutual agents ' . Section 18 of the Partnership Act , 1932 says `` Subject to the provisions of this Act , a partner is the agent of the firm for the purpose of the business of the firm '' 5 ) Oral or Written Agreements . The Partnership Act , 1932 nowhere mentions that the Partnership Agreement is to be in written or oral format . Thus the general rule of the Contract Act applies that the contract can be ' oral ' or ' written ' as long as it satisfies the basic conditions of being a contract i.e. the agreement between partners is legally enforceable . A written agreement is advisable to establish existence of partnership and to prove rights and liabilities of each partner , as it is difficult to prove an oral agreement . 6 ) Number of Partners is minimum 2 and maximum 50 in any kind of business activities. Since partnership is ' agreement ' there must be minimum two partners . The Partnership Act does not put any restrictions on maximum number of partners . However , section 464 of Companies Act 2013 , and Rule 10 of Companies ( Miscellaneous ) Rules , 2014 prohibits partnership consisting of more than 50 for any businesses , unless it is registered as a company under Companies Act , 2013 or formed in pursuance of some other law . Some other law means companies and corporations formed via some other law passed by Parliament of India . 7 ) Mutual agency is the real test . The real test of ' partnership firm ' is ' mutual agency ' set by the Courts of India , i.e. whether a partner can bind the firm by his act , i.e. whether he can act as agent of all other partners . United Kingdom limited partnership ( edit ) Main article : UK partnership law A limited partnership in the United Kingdom consists of : One or more people called general partners , who are liable for all debts and obligations of the firm ; and One or of the firm beyond the amount contributed . Limited partners may not : Draw out or receive back any part of their contributions to the partnership during its lifetime ; or Take part in the management of the business or have power to bind the firm . If they do , they become liable for all the debts and obligations of the firm up to the amount drawn out or received back or incurred while taking part in the management , as the case may be . United States ( edit ) Main article : Partnership taxation in the United States The federal government of the United States does not have specific statutory law governing the establishment of partnerships . Instead , every U.S. state and the District of Columbia has its own statutes and common law that govern partnerships . U.S. jurisdictions largely follow general common law principles of partnerships whether a general partnership , a limited partnership or a limited liability partnership . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws has issued non-binding model laws ( called uniform act ) in which to encourage the adoption of uniformity of partnership law into the states by their respective legislatures . Model laws include the Uniform Partnership Act and the Uniform Limited Partnership Act . Although the federal government does not have specific statutory law for establishing partnerships , it has an extensive statutory and regulatory scheme for the taxation of partnerships , set forth in the Internal Revenue Code and Code of Federal Regulations . The IRC is Title 26 of the United States Code wherein Subchapter K of Chapter 1 creates tax consequences based upon partnership operations that effectively serve as a federal statutory scheme that governs many aspects of partnerships . See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Law portal Alliance Consortium Business partnering Corporation General partnership Joint venture Keiretsu Limited liability partnership ( LLP ) Limited partnership ( LP ) Partnership accounting Partnership taxation Strategic Alliance Types of business entity Up or out ( aka partnership system ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beerbühl , Margrit Schulte ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Networks of the Hanseatic League '' . EGO European History Online . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jean Favier , Gold & Spices : the rise of commerce in the middle ages , Holmes & Meier Pub ; 1st US edition , July 1998 Jump up ^ Jairus Banaji ( 2007 ) , `` Islam , the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism '' , Historical Materialism 15 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 , Brill Publishers . Jump up ^ Laiou , Angeliki E. ( 2008 ) . The Economic History of Byzantium : From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century . Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 088402332X . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 9 July 2016 ) . `` What Is a Partnership '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bamford , James ; Ernst , David ; Fubini , David G. ( 3 February 2004 ) . `` Launching a World - Class Joint Venture '' . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Coispeau , Olivier ( 18 May 2015 ) . Mergers & Acquisitions and Partnerships in China . World Scientific Publishing Co. p. 311 . ISBN 9814641022 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Zadek , Simon ; Radovich , Sacha ( April 2006 ) . `` Governing collaborative governance '' ( PDF ) . John F. Kennedy School of Government . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrill - Robins , Mira ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Equity vs. Non-Equity Partnerships '' . LexisNexis Legal Newsroom . Relx Group . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Norman ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Better carrots for partner compensation strategies '' . Lexology . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ( 5 July 2010 ) . `` Law firm merger activity picks up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership '' . Reference for Business . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silent partner '' . Wex . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Partnership Act , 1932 '' . Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division . Ministry of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Section 4 of the Partnership Act 1932 . Jump up ^ Goni , Osman . `` Should you register your partnership ? '' . Osman Goni . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Should you register your partnership ? '' . Osman Goni . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to start a partnership business in Bangladesh - OGR Legal '' . Resource Portal of OGR Legal . OGR Legal . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 : Partnerships -- Am I in One and Why Does it Matter ? '' . Business Law Clinic . University of Victoria , Faculty of Law . 6 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Ordinances , CAP 38 Partnership Ordinance '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Partnerships Ordinance , Chapter 38 , section 3 '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` CAP 37 Limited Partnerships Ordinance '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hong Kong Limited Partnerships Ordinance , Chapter 37 , section 4 '' . Hklii.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Partnership Act , 1932 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Corporate Affairs . Government of India . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . GND : 4045283 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partnership&oldid=811849242 '' Categories : Partnerships Business law Types of business entity Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių مازِرونی नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Partnership agreements
2. Partner compensation
3. Taxation of partnerships
4. Forms of partnership
5. Silent partners |
-4,278,541,019,826,437,000 | when do the new season of law and order svu start | Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 20 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 20 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 20 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 20 promotional poster Starring Mariska Hargitay Kelli Giddish Ice - T Peter Scanavino Philip Winchester Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 19 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The twentieth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on Thursday , September 27 , 2018 , at 9PM ET with a two - part premiere episode . The following Thursday , the series started airing new episodes at 10PM ET . This landmark season of SVU tied it with both the original Law & Order series and Gunsmoke as longest - running scripted non-animated U.S. primetime TV series . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a twentieth season on May 9 , 2018 . Production started on July 16 , 2018 . On July 12 , 2018 , Executive Producer Julie Martin posted a photo of a script on Twitter , teasing that the first hour of the two - hour season premiere is tentatively titled `` Man Up '' . Martin teased on August 14 , 2018 , that the fourth episode of the season ( titled `` Revenge '' ) would be `` a devious twist and turn edge - of - your - seater '' . The episode also featured Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Stanies . A deleted scene featuring Benson and Noah from the previous season will be re-shot and placed into an episode this season . This season is also set to feature an introduction of the latest franchise installment Law & Order : Hate Crimes which will occur in the latter part of the season . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Ice - T as Sergeant Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr . Philip Winchester as ADA Peter Stone Recurring cast ( edit ) Ryan Buggle as Noah Porter - Benson Vivian and Charlotte Cabell as Jesse Rollins George Newbern as Dr. Al Pollack Sandrine Holt as Psychologist Lisa Abernathy Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Lauren Noble as Carmen Mark Tallman as Deputy Chief Gavin Riley Yvonna Kopacz - Wright as Dr. Darby Wilder Carl Weathers as State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Staines Tom Titone as Judge Joshua Goldfarb Jolly Abraham as Dr. Patel Guest stars ( edit ) On July 13 , 2018 , Deadline announced that Scandal 's George Newbern would be guest starring over the course of the season in a recurring role as Dr. Al Pollack . Pollack is described as a charming , handsome , and wealthy doctor who is set to be a future as well as past love interest to Detective Amanda Rollins ( Kelli Giddish ) . Rollins mentions him cheating on her with a prostitute in the previous season . Days later it was reported that Dylan Walsh would play John Conway , an abusive father who rapes his own son , in the season premiere . Walsh previously guest starred in the eighth season of SVU . Mark Tallman portrays Gavin Riley , the new chief of detectives , in a recurring role . Carl Weathers reprised his role as his Chicago Justice character , State 's Attorney Mark Jefferies , in the episode `` Zero Tolerance '' . On August 16 , 2018 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Homeland actress Sandrine Holt would be cast in a recurring role this season , as Dr. Lisa Abernathy , a clinical psychologist that consults on cases for the district attorney 's office . Holt previously guest starred in the seventeenth season . On September 27 , 2018 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Sebastian Roché would guest star as Arlo Beck , the charismatic leader of a female empowerment group , in the episode `` Accredo '' , which aired October 18 , 2018 . Roché previously made two guest appearances on the flagship series , Law & Order . Sasha Alexander is set to guest star as Anne Mill in the November 1st episode `` Caretaker . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 435 `` Man Up '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 5.09 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a fifteen year old boy is sexually assaulted . Despite having evidence , he is too scared to name his attacker and therefore refuses to name who attacked him , making things complicated for the detectives . When it is discovered , the detectives do their best to protect the teenager from being abused again . Meanwhile , Rollins talks things out with her ex boyfriend who cheated on her with an escort and also confides in Benson that she is pregnant for a second time , who worries that she is not as strong or fast as she used to be . 436 `` Man Down '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 5.09 <Td_colspan="8"> The case involving a teenager who was sexually assaulted continues and Stone takes the rapist to court . However , an unexpected verdict comes back in , shocking everyone involved . The victim ends up making a tragic decision which results in several people dead and injured and the Special Victims Unit must charge the victim . An upset Stone along with the rest of the squad decide to try their best to charge the boy 's rapist as well in order to get justice for all the victims who were killed or injured in the attack . Meanwhile , Rollins starts having doubts about her pregnancy . 437 `` Zero Tolerance '' Michael Pressman Richard Sweren & Céline C. Robinson October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 2002 4.21 <Td_colspan="8"> A nine year old girl is taken from her mother at the US Mexico border and ends up in a child sex trafficking ring in New York , which quickly comes to the attention of the Special Victims Unit . Benson and Stone try and fight their hardest to try and reunite the girl with her family with the court system but meet many obstacles . Eventually , Stone decides to ask for help from an old friend . Meanwhile , Rollins decides to give her rocky relationship with Pollack another chance . 438 `` Revenge '' Martha Mitchell Michael Chernuchin & Lawrence Kaplow October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 2003 4.44 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a seemingly random young couple is brutally assaulted by a masked pizza delivery man in their apartment . The detectives soon realise they are dealing with a serial rapist when another couple is assaulted . Eventually , the detectives discover a complicated and twisted revenge plot from one of the victims and the rapists past and dig into the victims past to reveal what could of caused someone to attack her and several others . 439 5 `` Accredo '' Jean de Segonzac Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen October 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 18 ) 2005 3.95 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a woman who is part of a women empowerment group is found brutally sexually assaulted and murdered . The prime suspect quickly becomes her ex husband due to her violent past with him , but eventually the detectives are led to the empowerment groups charismatic male leader , who may not be as charming as he seems to be . Meanwhile , Rollins tries to keep her pregnancy under wraps to avoid desk duty and Tutuola and Carisi start wondering who the baby 's father is . Episode inspired by the NXIVM case . 440 6 `` Exile '' Stephanie Marquardt Michael Chernuchin & Allison Intrieri October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 2006 4.22 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate the sexual assault of a young homeless woman . The squad soon realise that the woman has a dual personality which makes things complicated . However , when she goes missing , the squad becomes challenged to not only uncover her whereabouts but also her real identity . The detectives later discover that someone from her past may be responsible and that the assault may have happened a long time ago . However , the squad meet a dead end in their investigation and Benson makes a generous decision to help the victim recover from her ordeal . 441 7 `` Caretaker '' TBA TBA November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) 2007 TBD 442 8 `` Hell 's Kitchen '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 ) 2008 TBD 443 9 `` Mea Culpa '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 15 ) 2009 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Man Up '' September 27 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.09 1.1 3.33 2.1 8.42 `` Man Down '' September 27 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.09 1.1 3.33 2.1 8.42 `` Zero Tolerance '' October 4 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.21 1.0 3.14 2.0 7.36 `` Revenge '' October 11 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.44 1.0 3.13 1.9 7.58 5 `` Accredo '' October 18 , 2018 1.0 / 5 3.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Exile '' October 25 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.22 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Caretaker '' November 1 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Hell 's Kitchen '' November 8 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Mea Culpa '' November 15 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` SVU Renewed for Season 20 at NBC '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICE T ( @ FINALLEVEL ) : `` Back on the set ... ! '' `` . Twitter / ICE T. July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Martin ( @ JulieMartinSVU ) : `` # SVU20 # SoItBegins '' `` . Twitter / Julie Martin . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Martin ( @ JulieMartinSVU ) : `` The return of Nikki Staines ... '' `` . Twitter / Julie Martin . August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Martin ( @ JulieMartinSVU ) : `` This scene will be in an upcoming episode ... '' `` . Twitter / Julie Martin . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` NBC Orders ' Law & Order : Hate Crimes ' Series From Dick Wolf & Warren Leight '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal 's George Newbern Joins ' Law & Order : SVU ' As Recurring '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Taps Dylan Walsh for Season 20 Recurring Role '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Mark Tallman To Recur On NBC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matthew ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU season 20 : Carl Weathers to reprise Chicago Justice character '' . Matt Carter Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Puts Sandrine Holt on the Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` The Originals star Sebastian Roché to appear on Law & Order : SVU '' . Entertainemnt Weekly . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( October 13 , 2018 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU season 20 episode 7 : Sasha Alexander to appear '' . Matt Carter Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up , ' I Feel Bad ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Superstore , ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Supernatural , ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up , ' Will & Grace ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caretaker '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hell 's Kitchen '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BpUSsQuhegZ/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Manifest ' is Most - Watched NBC Drama Series Premiere in 19 Years '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/broadcast-live-7-ratings-oct-1-7-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/live-plus-7-ratings-oct-8-manifest-1202990062/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) <Th_colspan="2"> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Peter Stone Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Chicago franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_20)&oldid=866239929 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 20
2. Cast and characters of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
3. Episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 20
4. Ratings of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 20
5. Production details of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 20 |
-9,166,834,432,132,704,000 | what is the fastest an ostrich can run | Fastest animals - wikipedia Fastest animals This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This is a list of the fastest animals in the world , grouped by types of animal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fastest organism 2 Birds 3 Reptiles 4 Fish 5 Mammals 6 Invertebrates 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Fastest organism ( edit ) The fastest land animal is the cheetah , which has a recorded speed of 109.4 -- 120.7 km / h ( 68.0 -- 75.0 mph ) . The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of 389 km / h ( 242 mph ) . The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin , which has a recorded speed of 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) . While comparing between various classes of animals , a different unit is used , body length per second for organisms . The fastest organism on earth , relative to body length , is the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis , which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second . The equivalent speed for a human running as fast as this mite would be 1,300 mph ( 2,092 km / h ) . This is far in excess of the previous record holder , the Australian tiger beetle , Cicindela eburneola , the fastest insect in the world relative to body size , which has been recorded at 1.86 metres per second ( 6.7 km / h ; 4.2 mph ) or 171 body lengths per second . The cheetah , the fastest land mammal , scores at only 16 body lengths per second while Anna 's hummingbird has the highest known length - specific velocity attained by any vertebrate List of animals by speed Rank Animal Maximum speed Class Notes Peregrine falcon 389 km / h ( 242 mph ) Flight The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal , fastest animal in flight , fastest bird , and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom . The peregrine achieves its highest velocity not in horizontal level flight , but during its characteristic hunting stoop . While stooping , the peregrine falcon soars to a great height , then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) . Golden eagle 240 -- 320 km / h ( 150 -- 200 mph ) Flight White - throated needletail swift 169 km / h ( 105 mph ) Flight Eurasian hobby 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) Flight Can sometimes outfly the swift 5 Frigatebird 153 km / h ( 95 mph ) Flight The frigatebird 's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing - area - to - body - weight ratio of any bird . 6 Rock dove ( pigeon ) 148.9 km / h ( 92.5 mph ) Flight Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph ( 148.9 km / h ) average speed on a 400 - mile ( 640 km ) race . 7 Spur - winged goose 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) Flight 8 Black marlin 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) Swimming A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second ( 82 mph ; 132 km / h ) . 9 Gyrfalcon 128 km / h ( 80 mph ) Flight 10 Grey - headed albatross 127 km / h ( 79 mph ) Flight 11 Cheetah 109.4 -- 120.7 km / h ( 68.0 -- 75.0 mph ) Land Fastest land - animal , fastest feline , the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km / h ( 60.0 mph ) in under three seconds , though endurance is limited . 12 Sailfish 109.19 km / h ( 67.85 mph ) Flight - swimming 13 Anna 's hummingbird 98.27 km / h ( 61.06 mph ) Flight 14 Swordfish 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) Swimming 15 Pronghorn 7001245833333333333 ♠ 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) Land 16 Springbok 7001244444444444444 ♠ 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) Land 17 Blue wildebeest 7001223611111111111 ♠ 80.5 km / h ( 50.0 mph ) Land 18 Lion 7001223611111111111 ♠ 80.5 km / h ( 50.0 mph ) Land 19 Blackbuck 7001222222222222222 ♠ 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) Land Birds ( edit ) See also : List of birds by flight speed Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes Peregrine falcon 389 km / h ( 242 mph ) The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird , and the fastest member of the animal kingdom . When in its hunting dive , the stoop , it soars to a great height , then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) . However , it does not hold first place when travelling in level flight . Golden eagle 240 -- 320 km / h ( 150 -- 200 mph ) In full stoop , a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 kilometers per hour ( 150 to 200 mph ) when diving after prey . Although less agile and maneuverable , the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon 's stooping and gliding speeds . White - throated needletail 169 km / h ( 105 mph ) The fastest - flying bird in flapping flight . Eurasian hobby 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting . Frigatebird 153 km / h ( 95 mph ) The frigatebird 's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing - area - to - body - weight ratio of any bird . Rock dove ( pigeon ) 148.9 km / h ( 92.5 mph ) Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph ( 148.9 km / h ) average speed on a 400 - mile ( 640 km ) race . Spur - winged goose 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) Red - breasted merganser 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) Gyrfalcon 128 km / h ( 80 mph ) Grey - headed albatross 127 km / h ( 79 mph ) Anna 's hummingbird 98.27 km / h ( 61.06 mph ) The stated speed equals 276 body lengths per second , the highest known length - specific velocity attained by any vertebrate . Ostrich 96.6 km / h ( 60 mph ) The ostrich is the tallest and heaviest species of all living birds . Although its bulky body means that flying is out of the question , the ostrich has adapted to life on the ground with impressive agility . Ostriches are superb runners that can sprint at speeds of up to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) on average , with a peak 60 mph ( 96.6 km / h ) during short periods , with 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) strides . This also makes the ostrich the fastest animal on two legs . The ostrich is also an endurance runner and can jog at 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) for as long as half an hour . Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm . Jump up ^ Swordfish and ostrich have approximately equal average recorded speeds . ^ Jump up to : The average recorded speeds of both blue wildebeest and lion are approximately equal . Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm . Reptiles ( edit ) Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes Central bearded dragon 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) Green Iguana 35 km / h ( 22 mph ) Green Iguanas are the largest lizards to dwell in trees , and can move faster than the fastest snake can move along the ground . Leatherback sea turtle 35.28 km / h ( 21.92 mph ) Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle , with a large , teardrop - shaped body . Black mamba 23 km / h ( 14 mph ) Komodo dragon 21 km / h ( 13 mph ) Komodo dragons are also speedy reptiles . They can run briefly up to 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) but prefer to hunt by stealth . Fish ( edit ) Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes Black marlin 129 km / h ( 80 mph ) A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second ( 82 mph ; 132 km / h ) . Sailfish 109.19 km / h ( 67.85 mph ) In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key , Florida , United States , sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters ( 300 feet ) in 3 seconds , equivalent to a speed of 109 km / h ( 68 mph ) , although this speed includes leaps out of the water , which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed . Swordfish 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) The 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600 - pound ( 270 kg ) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships , as has been known to occur ; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed . Yellowfin tuna 76 km / h ( 47 mph ) Many tuna species are capable of swimming at fast speeds colloquially cited at around 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . The tails of tuna move fast enough to cause cavitation , which slows them down as vapour accumulates . Tuna have bony fins without nerve endings , which prevents the fish from feeling the pain of cavitation but does not fully protect them from the implosive damage . Shortfin mako shark 72 km / h ( 45 mph ) Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line , the Shortfin Mako has been reliably clocked at 31 miles ( 50 kilometres ) per hour , and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 46 miles ( 74 kilometres ) per hour . But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course . Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes -- representing a wide range of body sizes -- swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second . Thus , for an average - sized , 6.5 - foot ( 2 - metre ) Shortfin , its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 45 miles ( 72 kilometres ) per hour . Yet some estimates of the top - speed of a Shortfin Mako are considerably higher . Mammals ( edit ) Animal Maximum speed Notes Mexican free - tailed bat ( in flight ) 7001444444444444444 ♠ 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) Cheetah 109.4 -- 120.7 km / h ( 68.0 -- 75.0 mph ) The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km / h ( 60.0 mph ) in under three seconds , though endurance is limited : most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time . When sprinting , cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground . See Sarah , the fastest cheetah . Pronghorn 7001245833333333333 ♠ 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) The pronghorn ( American antelope ) is the fastest animal over long distances ; it can run 56 km / h for 6 km ( 35 mph for 4 mi ) , 67 km / h for 1.6 km ( 42 mph for 1 mi ) , and 88.5 km / h for 0.8 km ( 55 mph for 0.5 mi ) . Springbok 7001244444444444444 ♠ 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) The springbok , an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa , can make long jumps and sharp turns while running . Unlike pronghorns , springboks are poor long - distance runners . Wildebeest 7001223611111111111 ♠ 80.5 km / h ( 50.0 mph ) The wildebeest , an antelope , exists as two species : the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest . Both are extremely fast runners , which allows them to flee from predators . They are better at endurance running than at sprinting . Lion 80.5 km / h ( 50.0 mph ) The lion ( Panthera leo ) It is the second fastest wild cat with a top running speed of 80.5 km / h though it lasts only for very short bursts and can be highly exhausting , hence they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack . Blackbuck 7001222222222222222 ♠ 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) for over 1.5 km ( 0.93 mi ) at a time . Each of its strides ( i.e. , the distance between its hoofprints ) is 5.8 -- 6.7 m ( 19 -- 22 ft ) . Hare 7001223520000000000 ♠ 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) in short distances of approximately 90 meters , and a top speed of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) for about 20 meters . Greyhound 7001205555555555555 ♠ 74 km / h ( 46 mph ) Greyhounds are the fastest dogs , and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing . Jackrabbit 7001200000000000000 ♠ 72 km / h ( 45 mph ) The jackrabbit 's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in one bound ; some can even reach 6 m ( 20 ft ) . Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig - zags to outrun predators . African wild dog 7001197222222222222 ♠ 71 km / h ( 44 mph ) When hunting , African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km / h ( 41 mph ) in bursts , and they can maintain speeds of 56 -- 60 km / h ( 35 -- 37 mph ) for up to 4.8 km ( 3 mi ) . Their targeted prey rarely escapes . Kangaroo 7001197222222222222 ♠ 71 km / h ( 44 mph ) The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21 -- 26 km / h ( 13 -- 16 mph ) , but speeds of up to 71 km / h ( 44 mph ) can be attained over short distances , while it can sustain a speed of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) for nearly 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) . The faster a kangaroo hops , the less energy it consumes ( up to its cruising speed ) . Horse 7001196555555555555 ♠ 70.76 km / h ( 43.97 mph ) The fastest horse speed was achieved by a thoroughbred . Onager 7001194444444444444 ♠ 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) The onager consists of several subspecies , which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds . Thomson 's gazelle 7001194444444444444 ♠ 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) Thomson 's gazelles , being long - distance runners , can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance . Their speed is partially due to their `` stotting '' , or bounding leaps . Coyote 7001180555555555555 ♠ 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) Coyotes can easily reach 48 km / h ( 30 mph ) , and can sprint at 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) when hunting . Even when lacking a front foot , a coyote can still run at around 32 km / h ( 20 mph ) . Common dolphin 7001180555555555555 ♠ 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammal . When reaching their top speed , they take very short breaths . As an example , fin whales , which are much larger , can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds Zebra 7001177777777777777 ♠ 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi ( 28 and 601 km ) and they can travel 10 mi ( 16 km ) a day while grazing . Tiger 7001177777777777777 ♠ 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) They live in jungles , and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , although only in short bursts . Hyena 7001166666666666666 ♠ 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) The hyena can run up to 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) ; some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena . They use their speed to chase their prey , sometimes traveling 15 mi ( 24 km ) in a single chase . Human Instantaneous max. 7001132100320000000 ♠ 47.56 km / h ( 29.55 mph ) Avg max over fastest 10 to 20m was 45 kmh / 28 mph Compared to other land animals , humans are exceptionally capable of endurance , but exceptionally incapable of great speed . * Usain Bolt set the 100 m world record at 9.58 seconds . His absolute fastest recorded speeds ( between individual strides ) during that sprint were 13.2 meters / second ( 29.55 mph / 47.52 km / h ) between strides during the 50m to 70m intervals . Average overall maximum speeds over this 20m section of the race ( where max speed is reached during approx . the middle ) to 75m were 44 -- 45 km / h ( 28 mph ) before tapering from 75m onwards . Hicham El Guerrouj set the current men 's mile run ( 5,280 feet / 1,609.344 metres ) world record of 3 : 43.13 . Svetlana Masterkova set the current women 's mile run ( 5,280 feet / 1,609.344 metres ) world record of 4 : 12.56 . In the absence of significant external factors , non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m / s ( 5.0 km / h ; 3.1 mph ) and run at about 5.1 m / s ( 18 km / h ; 11 mph ) . Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m / s to upwards of 2.5 m / s ( 9.0 km / h ; 5.6 mph ) and running 1 mile ( 1.6 kilometers ) in 6.5 minutes , humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds . African elephant 7000692912000000000 ♠ 24.9 km / h ( 15.5 mph ) Invertebrates ( edit ) Animal Maximum recorded speed Notes Horsefly 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) The pursuit maneuver used by male Hybomitra hinei wrighti , measured by interpolation of slow - motion cinematography . Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae 36 km / h ( 22 mph ) Many of these species `` fly '' out of the water to escape danger . The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres . Paratarsotomus macropalpis ~ 22 cm / s or 800 m / h ( 8.7 in / s or 0.51 mph ) 0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California , tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second , equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km / h ( 1,300 mph ) . It can withstand temperatures of 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) , which are lethal to many animals . Tiger beetle 6.8 km / h ( 4.2 mph ) The Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola , is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size , which has been recorded at 6.8 km / h ( 4.2 mph ) or 171 body lengths per second . It can fly at a speed of 27 mph See also ( edit ) Speed records Slowest animals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Different sources cite different speeds ; estimates include 96 -- 120 km / h ( 60 -- 75 mph ) , 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , 104 km / h ( 65 mph ) , and 104.4 km / h ( 64.9 mph ) . There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals , and claims of the cheetah running 114 km / h ( 71 mph ) or faster have been discredited . Jump up ^ Estimates include `` over 53 miles ( 86 kilometers ) per hour '' , 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) , an `` alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour ( 96.6 km / h ) '' ( emphasis added ) , 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) , and `` a top speed of about 100 km / hr ( 62 mph ) '' ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) ( specifically the black wildebeest ) , `` approximately 80 km / h or 50 mph '' , and `` over 50 miles per hour ( 80.5 km / h ) '' ( specifically the blue wildebeest ) . Jump up ^ Different sources cite different speeds ; estimates include 96 -- 120 km / h ( 60 -- 75 mph ) , 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , 104 km / h ( 65 mph ) , and 104.4 km / h ( 64.9 mph ) . There is a tendency to overestimate the speed of fast animals , and claims of the cheetah running 114 km / h ( 71 mph ) or faster have been discredited . Jump up ^ Estimates include `` over 53 miles ( 86 kilometers ) per hour '' , 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) , an `` alleged top speed of 60 miles an hour ( 96.6 km / h ) '' ( emphasis added ) , 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) , and `` a top speed of about 100 km / hr ( 62 mph ) '' ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) ( specifically the black wildebeest ) , `` approximately 80 km / h or 50 mph '' , and `` over 50 miles per hour ( 80.5 km / h ) '' ( specifically the blue wildebeest ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 67 km / h ( 42 mph ) , 68.4 km / h ( 42.5 mph ) , and 69 km / h ( 43 mph ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) , 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) , and 72 km / h ( 45 mph ) ( some attribute this to the antelope jackrabbit , others to the white - tailed jackrabbit , and still others to jackrabbits in general . ) Jump up ^ Estimates include 66 km / h ( 41 mph ) and 71 km / h ( 44 mph ) Jump up ^ Estimates include `` more than 30 miles per hour ( 48 kilometers per hour ) '' and 71 km / h ( 44 mph ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) , 69 km / h ( 43 mph ) ( specifically for the kulan subspecies ) , and 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) ( specifically for the Persian subspecies ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) and 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) . Jump up ^ Estimates include 64 km / h ( 39.8 mph ) , 64.4 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) Jump up ^ Estimates include 64 km / h ( 39.8 mph ) , Jump up ^ Estimates include 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) and 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) for both the Grévy 's zebra and Burchell 's zebra . Jump up ^ Estimates include 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) Jump up ^ Estimates include 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) , 25 -- 31 mph ( 40 -- 50 km / h ) ( specifically for the brown hyena ) and 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carwardine , Mark ( 2008 ) . Animal Records . New York : Sterling . pp. 11 , 43 . ISBN 9781402756238 . ^ Jump up to : Falling with the Falcon Flight Today Air & Space Magazine ^ Jump up to : BBC Worldwide ( 27 March 2008 ) . Black marlin - the fastest fish on the planet . Ultimate Killers - BBC wildlife . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : PTI ( 28 April 2014 ) . `` Mite runs faster than cheetah , sets record as world 's fastest land animal '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology ( FASEB ) ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Mite sets new record as world 's fastest land animal '' . Featured Research . ScienceDaily . 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Nevada Department of Wildlife . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White - tailed Jackrabbit '' . Iowa Department of Natural Resources . March 2004 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deal , Kevin H. ( 1 June 2002 ) . Wildlife & Natural Resource Management . Cengage Learning . p. 129 . ISBN 9780766826816 . Jump up ^ Ballenger , Liz . `` Lepus californicus : black - tailed jackrabbit '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World : Dee - fox . Marshall Cavendish. 2001 . p. 458 . ISBN 9780761471981 . ^ Jump up to : World Wildlife Fund . `` African Wild Dog '' . Species . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hart , Donna L. ; Sussman , Robert W. ( 2005 ) . Man The Hunted : Primates , Predators , and Human Evolution . Basic Books . p. 105 . ISBN 9780813339368 . Jump up ^ African Wildlife Foundation . `` African Wild Dog '' . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` African Wild Dog '' . Animal Bytes . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zoological Society of San Diego . `` Animal Bytes : Kangaroo and Wallaby '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Penny , Malcolm ( 2002 ) . The Secret Life of Kangaroos . Austin TX : Raintree Steck - Vaughn . ISBN 0739849867 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest speed for a race horse '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Fred ; Bruce , Jenni ( 1 October 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Animals : A Complete Visual Guide . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520244061 . Jump up ^ Reuter , Bradley . `` Equus hemionus : kulan '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grogan , Jill . `` Equus hemionus onager : onager '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomson 's Gazelle : Gazella thomsonii '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Auman , Amy ; Fye , Rachael ; Dewey , Tanya . `` Eudorcas thomsonii : Thomson 's gazelle '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Verts , B.J. ; Carraway , Leslie N. ( 1998 ) . Land Mammals of Oregon . University of California Press . p. 360 . ISBN 9780520211995 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service . `` The Coyote '' . Big Bend National Park . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ North American Wildlife . Marshall Cavendish. 1 September 2010 . ISBN 9780761479383 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Mammals - Descriptions & Behavior '' . MarineBio.org . MarineBio.org . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Zoological Society of San Diego . `` Animal Bytes : Zebra '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ African Wildlife Foundation . `` Grevy 's Zebra '' . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Damara zebra '' . Oregon Zoo . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Environmental Graffiti activist site . `` 50 Fun Facts About Tigers '' . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoological Society of San Diego . `` Animal Bytes : Spotted Hyena '' . San Diego Zoo . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidtke , Mike . `` Hyaena brunnea : brown hyena '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan : Museum of Zoology . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , M.G.L. ; Mills , Gus ; Hofer , Heribert ( 1998 ) . Hyaenas : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . IUCN . p. 33 . ISBN 9782831704425 . Jump up ^ Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF WorldCHampionships in Athletics ( Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf , New Studies in Athletics ( 2011 ) 26 : 1 / 2 Jump up ^ Biomechanical Analysis of the Sprint and Hurdles events at the 2009 IAAF WorldCHampionships in Athletics ( Rolf Graubner & Eberhard Nixdorf , New Studies in Athletics ( 2011 ) 26 : 1 / 2 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2013 '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Browning , R.C. , Baker , E.A. , Herron , J.A. and Kram , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 2 ) : 390 -- 398 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00767.2005 . PMID 16210434 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mohler , B.J. ; Thompson , W.B. ; Creem - Regehr , S.H. ; Pick , H.L. Jr ; Warren , W.H. Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` Visual flow influences gait transition speed and preferred walking speed '' . Experimental Brain Research . 181 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 228 . doi : 10.1007 / s00221 - 007 - 0917 - 0 . PMID 17372727 . Jump up ^ Levine , R.V. ; Norenzayan , A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Pace of Life in 31 Countries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 30 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 205 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022199030002003 . Jump up ^ Minetti , A.E. ( 2000 ) . `` The three modes of terrestrial locomotion '' . In Benno Maurus Nigg , Brian R. MacIntosh , Joachim Mester . Biomechanics and Biology of Movement . Human Kinetics . pp. 67 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 0331 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hutchinson , John ( 2003 ) . Biomechanics : Are fast - moving elephants really running ? . Nature . Jump up ^ Chapter 1 : Fastest Flyer , Book of Insect Records , University of California , 31 May 1994 . Retrieved October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis is World 's Fastest Terrestrial Animal , Study Says , Sci-News.com , 28 April 2014 . Retrieved May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fastest_animals&oldid=846166824 '' Categories : Lists of animals Animals by adaptation Biological records Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Dynamic lists All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Slovenčina தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fastest animals in the world
2. Cheetah - fastest land animal
3. Peregrine falcon - fastest bird
4. Black marlin - fastest animal in the sea
5. South Californian mite - fastest organism relative to body length |
2,631,754,735,272,316,400 | what is meant by specific gravity in tamil | Specific gravity - wikipedia Specific gravity Not to be confused with specific weight . This article is about the measurement using water as a reference . For a general use of specific gravity , see Relative density . For the property implied by `` specific '' , see Intensive property . <Th_colspan="2"> Specific gravity Common symbols SG SI unit Unitless Derivations from other quantities S G true = ρ sample ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( true ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance ; equivalently , it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume . Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance . The reference substance for liquids is nearly always water at its densest ( at 4 ° C or 39.2 ° F ) ; for gases it is air at room temperature ( 20 ° C or 68 ° F ) . Nonetheless , the temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference . Pressure is nearly always 1 atm ( 101.325 kPa ) . A US Navy Aviation Boatswain 's Mate tests the specific gravity of JP - 5 fuel Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry . In British beer brewing , the practice for specific gravity as specified above is to multiply it by 1,000 . Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines , hydrocarbons , sugar solutions ( syrups , juices , honeys , brewers wort , must , etc . ) and acids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Measurement : apparent and true specific gravity 2.1 Pycnometer 2.2 Digital density meters 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References Details ( edit ) Being a ratio of densities , specific gravity is a dimensionless quantity . The reason for the specific gravity being dimensionless is to provide a global consistency between the U.S. and Metric Systems , since various units for density may be used such as pounds per cubic feet or grams per cubic centimeter , etc . Specific gravity varies with temperature and pressure ; reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature and pressure or be corrected to a standard reference temperature and pressure . Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water . Those with SG greater than 1 are denser than water and will , disregarding surface tension effects , sink in it . Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it . In scientific work , the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density ( mass per unit volume ) of the substance under study . It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application , often for historical reasons . True specific gravity can be expressed mathematically as : S G true = ρ sample ρ H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( true ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) where ρ is the density of the sample and ρ is the density of water . The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air : S G apparent = W A , sample W A , H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( apparent ) ) = ( \ frac ( W_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) , ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) ( W_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) , \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) where W represents the weight of the sample measured in air and W the weight of water measured in air . It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties : S G true = ρ sample ρ H 2 O = m sample V m H 2 O V = m sample m H 2 O g g = W V , sample W V , H 2 O ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ text ( true ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( V ) ) ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ( V ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( g ) ( g ) ) = ( \ frac ( W_ ( \ mathrm ( V ) , ( \ text ( sample ) ) ) ) ( W_ ( \ mathrm ( V ) , \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) where g is the local acceleration due to gravity , V is the volume of the sample and of water ( the same for both ) , ρ is the density of the sample , ρ is the density of water and W represents a weight obtained in vacuum . The density of water varies with temperature and pressure as does the density of the sample . So it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or weights were determined . It is nearly always the case that measurements are made at 1 nominal atmosphere ( 101.325 kPa ± variations from changing weather patterns ) . But as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances ( such as petroleum products ) , variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity is being measured . For true ( in vacuo ) specific gravity calculations , air pressure must be considered ( see below ) . Temperatures are specified by the notation ( T / T ) , with T representing the temperature at which the sample 's density was determined and T the temperature at which the reference ( water ) density is specified . For example , SG ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 20 ° C and of the water at 4 ° C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures , we note that , while SG = 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.000 000 ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) , it is also the case that SG = ⁄ = 6999998363000000000 ♠ 0.998 363 ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) . Here , temperature is being specified using the current ITS - 90 scale and the densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale . On the previous IPTS - 68 scale , the densities at 20 ° C and 4 ° C are 6999998207100000000 ♠ 0.998 2071 and 6999999972000000000 ♠ 0.999 9720 respectively , resulting in an SG ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) value for water of 6999998234300000000 ♠ 0.998 2343 . As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and as these are found in tables of SG versus concentration , it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of specific gravity . For example , in the brewing industry , the Plato table lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG , and was originally ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) i.e. based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature ( 20 ° C ) but referenced to the density of water at 4 ° C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density ρ equal to 999.972 kg / m in SI units ( ( ( val 0.999972 u = g / cm in cgs units or 62.43 lb / cu ft in United States customary units ) . The ASBC table in use today in North America , while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent specific gravity measurements at ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) on the IPTS - 68 scale where the density of water is 6999998207100000000 ♠ 0.998 2071 g / cm . In the sugar , soft drink , honey , fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by weight is taken from a table prepared by A. Brix which uses SG ( 17.5 ° C / 17.5 ° C ) . As a final example , the British SG units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 ° F and are thus ( 15.56 ° C / 15.56 ° C ) . Given the specific gravity of a substance , its actual density can be calculated by rearranging the above formula : ρ substance = S G × ρ H 2 O . ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho _ ( \ text ( substance ) ) ) = SG \ times \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) . ) Occasionally a reference substance other than water is specified ( for example , air ) , in which case specific gravity means density relative to that reference . Measurement : apparent and true specific gravity ( edit ) Pycnometer ( edit ) Specific gravity can be measured in a number of value ways . The following illustration involving the use of the pycnometer is instructive . A pycnometer is simply a bottle which can be precisely filled to a specific , but not necessarily accurately known volume , V. Placed upon a balance of some sort it will exert a force . F b = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) = g \ left ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) where m is the mass of the bottle and g the gravitational acceleration at the location at which the measurements are being made . ρ is the density of the air at ambient pressure and ρ is the density of the material of which the bottle is made ( usually glass ) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight , by Archimedes Principle must be subtracted . The bottle is filled with air , but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced . Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid , for example pure water . The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes : F w = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b + V ρ w − V ρ a ) . ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) = g \ left ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( b ) ) ) ) + V \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) - V \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) \ right ) . ) If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this ( or tare the balance before making the water measurement ) we obtain . F w , n = g V ( ρ w − ρ a ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( w , n ) ) = gV ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ) where the subscript n indicates that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle . The bottle is now emptied , thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample . The force , net of the empty bottle , is now : F s , n = g V ( ρ s − ρ a ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( s , n ) ) = gV ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ) where ρ is the density of the sample . The ratio of the sample and water forces is : S G A = g V ( ρ s − ρ a ) g V ( ρ w − ρ a ) = ρ s − ρ a ρ w − ρ a . ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = ( \ frac ( gV ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ) ( gV ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) - \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ) . ) This is called the Apparent Specific Gravity , denoted by subscript A , because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a hydrometer ( the stem displaces air ) . Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance . The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force . Nor does SG depend on the actual volume of the pycnometer . Further manipulation and finally substitution of SG , the true specific gravity ( the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the specific gravity in vacuo ) , for ρ / ρ gives the relationship between apparent and true specific gravity . S G A = ρ s ρ w − ρ a ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w = S G V − ρ a ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) ) ( 1 - ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( SG_ ( \ mathrm ( V ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) ) ( 1 - ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) ) ) ) In the usual case we will have measured weights and want the true specific gravity . This is found from S G V = S G A − ρ a ρ w ( S G A − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle SG_ ( \ mathrm ( V ) ) = SG_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( a ) ) ) ( \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) ) ) \ left ( SG_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - 1 \ right ) . ) Since the density of dry air at 101.325 kPa at 20 ° C is 6997120499999999999 ♠ 0.001 205 g / cm and that of water is 6999998203000000000 ♠ 0.998 203 g / cm the difference between true and apparent specific gravities for a substance with specific gravity ( 20 ° C / 20 ° C ) of about 1.100 would be 6996120000000000000 ♠ 0.000 120 . Where the specific gravity of the sample is close to that of water ( for example dilute ethanol solutions ) the correction is even smaller . Digital density meters ( edit ) Hydrostatic pressure - based instruments This technology relies upon Pascal 's Principle which states that the pressure difference between two points within a vertical column of fluid is dependent upon the vertical distance between the two points , the density of the fluid and the gravitational force . This technology is often used for tank gauging applications as a convenient means of liquid level and density measure . Vibrating element transducers This type of instrument requires a vibrating element to be placed in contact with the fluid of interest . The resonant frequency of the element is measured and is related to the density of the fluid by a characterization that is dependent upon the design of the element . In modern laboratories precise measurements of specific gravity are made using oscillating U-tube meters . These are capable of measurement to 5 to 6 places beyond the decimal point and are used in the brewing , distilling , pharmaceutical , petroleum and other industries . The instruments measure the actual mass of fluid contained in a fixed volume at temperatures between 0 and 80 ° C but as they are microprocessor based can calculate apparent or true specific gravity and contain tables relating these to the strengths of common acids , sugar solutions , etc . The vibrating fork immersion probe is another good example of this technology . This technology also includes many coriolis - type mass flow meters which are widely used in chemical and petroleum industry for high accuracy mass flow measurement and can be configured to also output density information based on the resonant frequency of the vibrating flow tubes . Ultrasonic transducer Ultrasonic waves are passed from a source , through the fluid of interest , and into a detector which measures the acoustic spectroscopy of the waves . Fluid properties such as density and viscosity can be inferred from the spectrum . Radiation - based gauge Radiation is passed from a source , through the fluid of interest , and into a scintillation detector , or counter . As the fluid density increases , the detected radiation `` counts '' will decrease . The source is typically the radioactive isotope cesium - 137 , with a half - life of about 30 years . A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid -- typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping ... Buoyant force transducer The buoyancy force produced by a float in a homogeneous liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the float . Since buoyancy force is linear with respect to the density of the liquid within which the float is submerged , the measure of the buoyancy force yields a measure of the density of the liquid . One commercially available unit claims the instrument is capable of measuring specific gravity with an accuracy of ± 0.005 SG units . The submersible probe head contains a mathematically characterized spring - float system . When the head is immersed vertically in the liquid , the float moves vertically and the position of the float controls the position of a permanent magnet whose displacement is sensed by a concentric array of Hall - effect linear displacement sensors . The output signals of the sensors are mixed in a dedicated electronics module that provides an output voltage whose magnitude is a direct linear measure of the quantity to be measured . Inline continuous measurement Slurry is weighed as it travels through the metered section of pipe using a patented , high resolution load cell . This section of pipe is of optimal length such that a truly representative mass of the slurry may be determined . This representative mass is then interrogated by the load cell 110 times per second to ensure accurate and repeatable measurement of the slurry . Examples ( edit ) Helium gas has a density of 0.164 g / L ; it is 0.139 times as dense as air . Air has a density of 1.18 g / L . Material Specific gravity Balsa wood 0.2 Oak wood 0.75 Ethanol 0.78 Water Table salt 2.17 Aluminium 2.7 Cement 3.15 Iron 7.87 Copper 8.96 Lead 11.35 Mercury 13.56 Depleted uranium 19.1 Gold 19.3 Osmium 22.59 ( Samples may vary , and these figures are approximate . ) Urine normally has a specific gravity between 1.003 and 1.035 . Blood normally has a specific gravity of approximately 1.060 . Vodka 80 proof has a specific gravity of 0.9498 . See also ( edit ) API gravity Baumé scale Buoyancy Fluid mechanics Gravity ( beer ) Hydrometer Jolly balance Pycnometer Plato scale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hough , J.S. , Briggs , D.E. , Stevens , R and Young , T.W. Malting and Brewing Science , Vol. II Hopped Wort and Beer , Chapman and Hall , London , 1991 , p. 881 Jump up ^ Bettin , H. ; Spieweck , F. : `` Die Dichte des Wassers als Funktion der Temperatur nach Einführung des Internationalen Temperaturskala von 1990 '' PTB - Mitteilungen 100 ( 1990 ) pp. 195 -- 196 Jump up ^ ASBC Methods of Analysis Preface to Table 1 : Extract in Wort and Beer , American Society of Brewing Chemists , St Paul , 2009 Jump up ^ ASBC Methods of Analysis op . cit . Table 1 : Extract in Wort and Beer Jump up ^ DIN51 757 ( 04.1994 ) : Testing of mineral oils and related materials ; determination of density Jump up ^ Density -- VEGA Americas , Inc . Ohmartvega.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Process Control Digital Electronic Hydrometer . Gardco . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : UCSB Jump up ^ Table of liqueurs Specific Gravity <Th_colspan="2"> hide Mineral identification <Td_colspan="2"> Cleavage Crystal habit Crystal system Fracture Lustre Mohs scale Specific gravity Streak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_gravity&oldid=843695411 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Physical quantities Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Specific gravity measurement
2. Apparent and true specific gravity
3. Pycnometer
4. Digital density meters
5. Ultrasonic transducer |
-5,202,860,105,497,464,000 | why was san juan bautista built in its location | Mission San Juan Bautista - wikipedia Mission San Juan Bautista Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Mission San Juan Bautista in California . For other missions named `` San Juan Bautista '' , see Mission San Juan Bautista ( disambiguation ) . Mission San Juan Bautista <Td_colspan="2"> A view of the restored Mission San Juan Bautista and its added three - bell campanario ( `` bell wall '' ) in 2010 . Two of the bells were salvaged by Father Nick Senf in 2009 from the original chime , which was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Mission San Juan Bautista in California Location 406 2nd Street San Juan Bautista , California 95045 Coordinates 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W / 36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Coordinates : 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W / 36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Name as founded La Misión del Glorios Precursor de Jesu Cristo , Nuestro Señor San Juan Bautista English translation The Mission of the Glorious Precursor of Jesus Christ , Our Lord , Saint John the Baptist Patron Saint John the Baptist Nickname ( s ) `` Mission of Music '' Founding date June 24 , 1797 Founding priest ( s ) Father Fermín Lasuén Founding Order Fifteenth Military district Third Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Mutsun , Yokuts Costeño Native place name ( s ) Popeloutchom Baptisms 4,106 Marriages 1,003 Burials 2,854 Secularized 1835 Returned to the Church 1859 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey Current use Parish Church <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> California Historical Landmark Reference no . 195 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> http://www.oldmissionsjb.org/ Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista , San Benito County , California . Founded on June 24 , 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order , the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in present - day California . Named for Saint John the Baptist , the mission is the namesake of the city of San Juan Bautista . Barracks for the soldiers , a nunnery , the Jose Castro House , and other buildings were constructed around a large grassy plaza in front of the church and can be seen today in their original form . The Ohlone , the original residents of the valley , were brought to live at the mission and baptized , followed by Yokuts from the Central Valley . Mission San Juan Bautista has served mass daily since 1797 , and today functions as a parish church of the Diocese of Monterey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) The church chancel with Easter decoration A photograph of Mission San Juan Bautista taken between 1880 and 1910 . The steeple ( far right ) , constructed after the mission was secularized , was subsequently destroyed in a fire . Aerial view of Mission San Juan Bautista Following its creation in 1797 , San Juan 's population grew quickly . By 1803 , there were 1,036 Native Americans living at the mission . Ranching and farming activity had moved apace , with 1,036 cattle , 4,600 sheep , 22 swine , 540 horses and 8 mules counted that year . At the same time , the harvest of wheat , barley and corn was estimated at 2,018 fanegas , each of about 220 pounds . Father Pedro Estévan Tápis ( who had a special talent for music ) joined Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta , at Mission San Juan Bautista in 1815 to teach singing to the Indians . He employed a system of notation developed in Spain that uses varied colors or textures for polyphonic music , usually ( from bottom to top ) solid black , solid red , black outline ( sometimes solid yellow ) and red outline ( or black outline when yellow was used ) . His choir of Native American boys performed for many visitors , earning the San Juan Bautista Mission the nickname `` the Mission of Music . '' Two of his handwritten choir books are preserved at the San Juan Bautista Museum . When Father Tapis died in 1825 he was buried on the mission grounds . The town of San Juan Bautista , which grew up around the mission , expanded rapidly during the California Gold Rush and continues to be a thriving community today . The mission is situated adjacent to the San Andreas Fault , and has suffered damage from numerous earthquakes , such as those of 1800 and 1906 . However , the mission was never entirely destroyed at once . It was restored initially in 1884 , and then again in 1949 with funding from the Hearst Foundation . The three - bell campanario , or `` bell wall , '' located by the church entrance , was fully restored in 2010 . An unpaved stretch of the original El Camino Real , just east of the mission , lies on a fault scarp . Although initially secularized in 1835 , the church was reconsecrated by the Roman Catholic Church in 1859 , and continues to serve as a parish of the Diocese of Monterey . The mission includes a cemetery , with the remains of over 4,000 Native American converts and Europeans buried there . The mission and its grounds were featured prominently in the 1958 Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo . Associate producer Herbert Coleman 's daughter Judy Lanini suggested the mission to Hitchcock as a filming location . A steeple , added sometime after the mission 's original construction and secularization , had been demolished following a fire , so Hitchcock added a bell tower using scale models , matte paintings , and trick photography at the Paramount studio in Los Angeles . The tower does not resemble the original steeple . The tower 's staircase was assembled inside a studio . The San Juan Bautista is one of the 21 missions in California . The San Juan Bautista was founded on June 24 , 1797 . It was called the Mission of Music and was named for St. John the Baptist . However , it was also called , `` The Mission of the Glorious Precursor of Jesus Christ , Our Lord San Juan Bautista . '' The person who founded the San Juan Bautista was named Fr . Fermín Francisco Lasuėn . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California Rancho San Justo Teatro Campesino USNS Mission San Juan ( AO - 126 ) -- a Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bennett 1897b , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 241 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 121 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 132 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ Robert Iacopi , Earthquake Country ( Menlo Park : Lane Publishing , 2004 , 1971 ) . Sources ( edit ) Bennett , John E. ( February 1897b ) . `` Should the California Missions Be Preserved ? -- Part II '' . Overland Monthly . XXIX ( 170 ) : 150 -- 161 . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Levy , Richard . ( 1978 ) . William C. Sturtevant , and Robert F. Heizer , ed . Handbook of North American Indians . 8 ( California ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 004578 - 9 . Milliken , Randall ( 1995 ) . A Time of Little Choice : The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 -- 1910 . Ballena Press Publication , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 87919 - 132 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Thunder Bay Press , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Juan Bautista . Mission San Juan Bautista -- official site Early photographs , sketches , land surveys of Mission San Juan Bautista , via Calisphere , California Digital Library Vertigo on IMDb Listing and photographs of church at the Historic American Buildings Survey Listing , drawings and photographs of mission at the Historic American Buildings Survey Another view of the Mission Facade , circa 1980s Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 105 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista Cemetery at Find a Grave <Th_colspan="3"> Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California Ordinaries Bishop of Two Californias Francisco García Diego y Moreno José Maria González Rubio Bishop of Monterey Joseph Sadoc Alemany Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Bishop of Monterey - Los Angeles Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Francisco Mora y Borrell George Thomas Montgomery Thomas James Conaty John Joseph Cantwell Bishop of Monterey - Fresno John Bernard MacGinley Philip George Scher Aloysius Joseph Willinger Bishop of Monterey in California Harry Anselm Clinch Thaddeus Anthony Shubsda Sylvester Donovan Ryan Richard John Garcia Churches Cathedral Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo Parishes Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Mission San Miguel Arcángel Holy Cross Church ( the former Mission Santa Cruz ) Education High school Mission College Preparatory High School , San Luis Obispo Notre Dame High School , Salinas Palma High School , Salinas Saint Francis Central Coast Catholic High School , Watsonville Santa Catalina School , Monterey <Td_colspan="3"> Catholicism portal <Th_colspan="2"> Franciscan Missions in California <Td_colspan="2"> San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) See also Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival Style architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List <Td_colspan="2"> Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_San_Juan_Bautista&oldid=826222398 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California San Juan Bautista , California 1797 in Alta California Museums in San Benito County , California Religious museums in California History museums in California Churches in San Benito County , California Cemeteries in California 1797 establishments in California California Historical Landmarks Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California History of San Benito County , California Spanish Colonial architecture in California National Register of Historic Places in Monterey County , California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . About Wikipedia | 1. Mission San Juan Bautista
2. Spanish mission in California
3. San Juan Bautista, California
4. History of Mission San Juan Bautista
5. Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey |
3,540,503,400,206,333,400 | who pays the us women's soccer team | United States Soccer Federation - Wikipedia United States Soccer Federation Jump to : navigation , search `` USSF '' redirects here . For other uses , see USSF ( disambiguation ) . For the results of the presidential election , see United States Soccer Federation presidential election , 2018 . It has been suggested that United States Soccer Federation presidential election , 2002 be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2018 . Coordinates : 41 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 14 '' W / 41.857768 ° N 87.620445 ° W / 41.857768 ; - 87.620445 United States Soccer Federation <Th_colspan="2"> CONCACAF <Td_colspan="2"> Founded April 5 , 1913 ; 104 years ago ( 1913 - 04 - 05 ) Headquarters Chicago , Illinois FIFA affiliation Provisional : August 2 , 1913 Full member : June 27 , 1914 CONCACAF affiliation September 18 , 1961 ( original member ) President Carlos Cordeiro Website U.S. Soccer The United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) , commonly referred to as U.S. Soccer , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization and the official governing body of the sport of soccer in the United States . With headquarters in Chicago , Illinois , the FIFA member governs U.S. amateur and professional soccer , including the men 's , women 's , youth , beach soccer , futsal , and Paralympic national teams . U.S. Soccer sanctions referees and soccer tournaments for most soccer leagues in the United States . The U.S. Soccer Federation also administers and operates the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , which was first held in 1914 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization and governance 1.1 Affiliate members of the U.S. Soccer Federation 1.1. 1 Professional Council 1.1. 2 Adult Council 1.1. 3 Youth Council 1.1. 4 Other affiliate members 2 History 3 National teams 3.1 U.S. men 's national team 3.2 U.S. women 's national team 3.3 Youth national teams 3.4 U.S. Paralympic National Team 4 Headquarters and national training center 5 Professional leagues 5.1 Men 5.2 Women 5.2. 1 Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , 2001 -- 2003 5.2. 2 Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) , 2009 -- 2011 5.2. 3 National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) , 2013 -- present 6 Controversies 6.1 Concussions 6.2 MLS relationship 6.3 International competitiveness 7 Coaches and technical staff 8 Presidents 9 Current sponsorships 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Organization and governance ( edit ) U.S. Soccer is governed by a Board of Directors that administers the affairs of U.S. Soccer . People in key leadership positions include : Carlos Cordeiro -- president Dan Flynn -- CEO and secretary general U.S. Soccer members comprise individuals and affiliate organizations . The national council is the representative membership body of the federation . It elects the president and vice president , amends the bylaws , approves the budgets , decides on policies adopted by the board , and affirms actions of the Board . U.S. Soccer is a member of the worldwide soccer body FIFA and the North American soccer body CONCACAF , and also has a relationship with the U.S. Olympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee . The federation convenes in an annual meeting , usually held in February . Every four years , the annual meeting 's attendees hold an election for the federation 's president and vice president . Affiliate members of the U.S. Soccer Federation ( edit ) USSF recognizes the following affiliate members : Professional Council ( edit ) Major League Soccer ( MLS ) National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) North American Soccer League ( NASL ) United Soccer League ( USL ) Adult Council ( edit ) United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) Youth Council ( edit ) United States Youth Soccer Association ( USYSA ) American Youth Soccer Organization ( AYSO ) US Club Soccer Soccer Association for Youth , USA ( SAY ) Other affiliate members ( edit ) American Amputee Soccer Association Armed Forces Sports Council United Soccer Coaches ( formerly : National Soccer Coaches Association of America ( NSCAA ) ) United States Power Soccer Association ( USPSA ) U.S. Soccer Foundation ( USSF ) United States Futsal Federation United States Specialty Sports Association - Soccer United States of America Deaf Soccer Association ( USA Deaf Soccer ) History ( edit ) United States Soccer Federation headquarters building , known as U.S. Soccer House , 1801 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago See also : Names for association football § North America U.S. Soccer was originally known as the United States Football Association . It formed on April 5 , 1913 and on August 15 of that year was accepted as one of the earliest member organizations of FIFA and the first from North and Central America . The affiliation was temporary and at the following year 's FIFA Congress in 1914 , the USFA , as it was abbreviated at the time , was accepted as a full FIFA member . The governing body of the sport in the United States added the word `` soccer '' to its name in 1945 , when it became the United States Soccer Football Association . It dropped the word football from its name in 1974 to become known as the United States Soccer Federation . U.S. Soccer has hosted several global soccer tournaments , including the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 1999 and 2003 , and the Summer Olympics in 1984 and 1996 . National teams ( edit ) U.S. men 's national team ( edit ) Main article : United States men 's national soccer team The United States national team was first assembled in 1885 to play Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom . The men 's national team was invited to the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and qualified for the World Cup in 1934 , finishing third place in 1930 out of 13 teams participating . In 1950 the United States scored one of its most surprising victories with a 1 -- 0 win over heavily favored England , who were amongst the world 's best sides at the time . The United States failed to reach another World Cup until an upstart team qualified for the 1990 World Cup with the `` goal heard around the world '' scored by Paul Caligiuri against Trinidad and Tobago , which started the modern era of soccer in the United States . The 1990 men 's national team was quickly disposed of at the World Cup , but nonetheless had qualified for its first World Cup in 40 years . The United States hosted the 1994 World Cup , setting total and average attendance records that still stand , including drawing 94,194 fans to the final . The United States made a surprising run to the second round with a shocking victory over Colombia which saw Andrés Escobar , the player responsible for the United States ' first goal ( an own goal ) , later shot to death in his homeland . 1998 saw another disappointing addition to the history of the men 's national team as it finished last out of the 32 teams that qualified for the World Cup . This embarrassment , which included a total collapse of team chemistry and leadership , led to the firing of manager Steve Sampson . The U.S. team hired Bruce Arena , who had won the first two MLS Cups in Major League Soccer history , and who went on to become the most successful United States men 's national team manager in history . In 2002 Bruce Arena led a mix of veterans and MLS - seasoned youth to a quarterfinal appearance , dispatching contenders Portugal in group play and archrivals Mexico in the Round of 16 , before losing a closely fought game with eventual runners - up Germany in the quarterfinal . The team looked to match or surpass that feat in 2006 ; the U.S. was drawn into a group with Italy , the Czech Republic and Ghana . The United States lost to the Czech Republic 3 -- 0 in their opening game , drew Italy , 1 -- 1 , in their second game ( a match that saw two U.S. players and an Italian player red carded ) , and lost to Ghana , 2 -- 1 . The United States did not advance out of the group , but were the only team to face eventual winner Italy without losing . In the wake of the team 's disappointing performance , Arena 's contract was not renewed . Bob Bradley , Chivas USA manager and Arena 's assistant manager with the men 's national team , eventually succeeded Arena in 2007 . The U.S. qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa , winning the CONCACAF qualifying tournament . At the World Cup , the Americans tied England 1 -- 1 , tied Slovenia , 2 -- 2 . and then won their group by defeating Algeria 1 -- 0 on a stoppage time goal by Landon Donovan . In the Round of 16 , the United States played Ghana , and fell 2 -- 1 in extra time . Entering the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , the U.S team won all three friendly `` send - off '' matches leading up to the competition : 2 -- 0 , over Azerbaijan , 2 -- 1 , over Turkey , and 2 -- 1 over fellow World Cup participant and defending African champions Nigeria . They were led at the time by Jürgen Klinsmann , who helped lead West Germany to victory in the 1990 World Cup and was the first player to score at least three goals in three consecutive World Cups . During the 2014 World Cup , the U.S. won their first match against Ghana , 2 -- 1 . Clint Dempsey scored in the first minute of the match giving the U.S. the early lead . Ghana did not respond until the 82nd minute scoring the equalizer goal . The U.S. then reclaimed the lead , thanks to John Brooks scoring the game - winning goal off his head just four minutes later in the 86th minute to regain the lead and take the match . The U.S. gained three points for their win and was off to a great start in the `` Group of Death '' claimed by critics for the teams the U.S. would have to go through ( Germany , Ghana , and Portugal ) . The second match of the World Cup for the U.S. was a different story . Portugal claimed the early lead , with Nani scoring in the 5th minute to take the early 1 -- 0 lead . It was n't till the 64th minute till the U.S. scored the equalizing goal , thanks to Jermaine Jones , tying the match at 1 apiece . The U.S. then claimed the lead on a goal by Clint Dempsey again , scoring in the 81st minute to take a 2 -- 1 lead . However , in the final minute of extra time , the world player of the year , Cristiano Ronaldo drilled a perfect cross to teammate Silvestre Varela who headed in the tying goal , making the final score 2 -- 2 . The tie gave each team a point in the overall standings , bringing the U.S. to 4 points total , and gave Portugal their first point of the World Cup having lost their opening match to Germany , 4 -- 0 . The U.S. claimed a spot in the knockout round in spite of a 1 -- 0 loss to eventual champion Germany in their final group game due to them winning the tiebreaker with Portugal . However , they bowed out the tournament in the round of 16 in a 2 -- 1 loss to Belgium . Goalkeeper Tim Howard helped the U.S. keep a 0 -- 0 tie at full time . In extra time , there were two Belgian goals . The U.S. struck back with a goal by 19 - year - old phenom Julian Green but could not manage another goal . Klinsman was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching and was replaced by Bruce Arena in November 2016 . The U.S. finished in fifth place in the fifth round of the CONCACAF qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which concluded in October 2017 . This marks the first time that the U.S. failed to qualify for the World Cup since 1986 . As a result of the fifth - place finish , Bruce Arena was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching later that month . U.S. Women 's national team ( edit ) Main article : United States women 's national soccer team The women 's national team has won three FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments in 1991 , 1999 and 2015 ( placing second in 2011 and third in 1995 , 2003 , and 2007 ) ; the Olympic Gold Medal in 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 ; and seven Algarve Cups and six CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cups . The FIFA Women 's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 , and the women 's national team became the first team to win the prize after beating Norway in the final . In 1999 , the United States hosted the FIFA Women 's World Cup for the first time . During their tournament run , the women 's national team established a new level of popularity for the women 's game , culminating in a final against China that drew 90,185 fans , an all - time attendance record for a women 's sports event , to a sold - out Rose Bowl . After neither team scored in regulation or extra time , the final went to a penalty shootout , which the United States won 5 -- 4 . The celebration by Brandi Chastain after she converted the winning penalty , in which she took off her shirt , revealing her sports bra in the process , is one of the more famous images in U.S. women 's sports . Youth national teams ( edit ) U.S. Soccer Federation oversees and promotes the development of the following national youth teams : U.S. Under - 23 Men U.S. Under - 23 Women U.S. Under - 20 Men U.S. Under - 20 Women U.S. Under - 18 Men U.S. Under - 18 Women U.S. Under - 17 Men U.S. Under - 17 Women U.S. Under - 15 Boys U.S. Under - 15 Girls U.S. Under - 14 Boys U.S. Under - 14 Girls U.S. Paralympic national team ( edit ) Main article : United States men 's Paralympic soccer team The U.S. Paralympic Soccer Team is an elite level program for men that selects players from across the United States in preparation for International standard competition . The team competes in 7 - a-side football . The squad is composed of athletes who have cerebral palsy or have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury . The program is Coached by Stuart Sharp under the oversight of the U.S. Soccer Federation . Headquarters and national Training Center ( edit ) U.S. Soccer House is located in two refurbished mansions at 1801 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago , Illinois and serves as the headquarters for the U.S. Soccer Federation . In 2003 , U.S. Soccer opened their National Training Center at StubHub Center in Carson , California . The $130 million facility includes a soccer - specific stadium , home to the MLS team Los Angeles Galaxy . Additionally , four grass soccer fields , a FieldTurf soccer field and a general training area are specifically dedicated to U.S. Soccer . Both the senior and youth men 's and women 's US national teams hold regular camps at StubHub Center . U.S. Soccer was also exploring a possibility of building the National Training and Coaching Development Center in Kansas City , Kansas . On April 9 , 2015 , the Training Center received final approval from the local governments . U.S. Soccer agreed to a 20 - year lease , with the project set to break ground in 2016 and finishing some time in 2017 . Professional leagues ( edit ) Despite the growth of men 's and women 's professional soccer in the United States in the last few decades , by far the largest category of soccer in the United States , at least in terms of participation , is boys and girls youth soccer . Though organized locally by organizations all over the United States , there are two main youth soccer organizations working nationwide through affiliated local associations . The United States Youth Soccer Association boasts over three million players between the ages of five and 19 , while American Youth Soccer Organization has more than 300,000 players between the ages of four and 19 . This makes soccer one of the most played sports by children in the United States . Men ( edit ) Further information : Major League Soccer , North American Soccer League , and United Soccer League The professional first - division league in North America is Major League Soccer which , as of the upcoming 2018 season , has 20 teams in the U.S. and 3 in Canada . The league has added three teams since 2017 with the addition of Atlanta United FC and Minnesota United FC in 2017 and Los Angeles FC in 2018 , and plans to add five more teams no later than the early 2020s . The league operates as a single - entity league , which means MLS , and not the individual teams , holds the contracts on players . The one sanctioned second - division men 's outdoor soccer league is the United Soccer League ( USL ) . Previously , the second North American Soccer League had second - division status , sharing it with the USL in the 2017 season , but the NASL was denied second - division sanctioning for 2018 due to considerable instability in the league . The new NASL has no official tie to the former NASL that operated from 1968 to 1984 ; though , some of the teams share names with their historic counterparts . Unlike MLS that is a single - entity operation , the new NASL , like the old NASL , has no salary cap and players are contracted by the individual teams . The season is a split format ( similar to that of many leagues in Latin America ) that features seven teams , including one Puerto Rican team . Previous to the reorganization of the NASL in 2009 , the USL First Division operated as the professional second - division league in the United States . However , a dispute among its teams and ownership led to the creation of the NASL which applied for and was awarded by USSF second division status . The 2010 season was played as a combined USL / NASL league format before NASL officially separated in 2011 . The United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) were a collection of five leagues spanning the lower divisions of men 's professional soccer , as well as women 's soccer and youth soccer . After the 2010 season , the USL folded its former First and Second Divisions into a new professional third - division league , USL Pro , that launched in 2011 . At launch , it had 15 teams : 11 on the U.S. mainland , three in Puerto Rico , and one in Antigua and Barbuda . The Puerto Rican teams , plagued by ownership and economic issues , were dropped from the league after 2011 , and the Antigua team discontinued operations after a winless 2013 season . In January 2013 , USL and MLS reached an agreement to integrate USL Pro league competition with the MLS Reserve League spawning the creation of secondary teams directly affiliated with MLS franchises . This was done primarily to improve player development in North America , strengthen league competition and build ties between divisions in the American soccer pyramid . This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL Pro team affiliations and player loans , and it will lead to more games for teams and to the development of American players . The deal has proven to be a boon for USL Pro , and in 2015 , after a rebrand to USL , 24 teams were participating in a healthy and stable 3rd division . USL was provisionally sanctioned as a second - division league for 2017 , claiming that their final applications met all the standards for second - division sanctioning . There are currently no sanctioned third - division leagues . Two leagues have indicated that they will seek third - division status . United Soccer Leagues , administrator of the USL and PDL leagues , announced that they would start a new league , tentatively called D3 , and seek third - division certification and targeting 2019 as the first season for the new league . National Independent Soccer Association ( NISA ) led by former Chicago Fire general manager Peter Wilt plans on fielding 8 - 10 teams in 2018 and has stated that it will seek third - division certification . A fourth - division league in the United States is the Premier Development League , which as of 2015 is expected to have 58 U.S. teams , and six Canadian teams . Though the PDL does have some paid players , it also has many teams that are made up entirely or almost entirely of college soccer players who use the league as an opportunity to play competitive soccer in front of professional scouts during the summer , while retaining amateur status and NCAA eligibility . Another fourth - division league in the United States is the National Premier Soccer League . In addition to MLS and the USL , the United States Adult Soccer Association governs amateur soccer competition for adults throughout the United States , which is effectively the amateur fifth - division of soccer in the United States . The USASA sanctions regional tournaments that allow entry into the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , the oldest continuous national soccer competition in the United States . Since 1914 , the competition has been open to all U.S. Soccer affiliated clubs , and currently pits teams from all five levels of the American soccer pyramid against each other each year , similarly to England 's FA Cup . Women ( edit ) Further information : Women 's soccer in the United States Women 's soccer in the United States has been played at the professional level in three separate leagues since 2001 . The first two attempts at professional leagues lasted three seasons each . Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) , 2001 -- 2003 ( edit ) Main article : Women 's United Soccer Association The Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) was founded in 2001 . Headlined by the stars of the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup - winning team , $30 million dollars was initially invested by numerous cable tv networks and owners . The league 's inaugural match was held between the Washington Freedom featuring Mia Hamm and the Bay Area CyberRays ( featuring Brandi Chastain ) at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. . In addition to the 34,148 fans in attendance being greater than any MLS game that weekend , the Turner Network Television ( TNT ) broadcast reached 393,087 households : more than two MLS games broadcast on ESPN and ESPN2 . The league folded in 2003 . Women 's professional Soccer ( WPS ) , 2009 -- 2011 ( edit ) Boston Breakers squad featuring Kristine Lilly before a match , 2009 Main article : Women 's Professional Soccer The second attempt , Women 's Professional Soccer , was founded in 2009 , and featured involvement of many former WUSA figures . The champion of WPS ' first season in 2009 was Sky Blue FC , out of the New York -- New Jersey area . They defeated the Los Angeles Sol 1 -- 0 at The Home Depot Center in Carson , California . WPS launched with seven teams , all based in the United States . The Sol folded after the league 's inaugural season , and two new teams joined for 2010 , bringing WPS to eight teams . However , the 2010 season saw considerable instability , with another charter team , Saint Louis Athletica , folding during the season , champions FC Gold Pride folding after the season , and the Chicago Red Stars deciding to regroup in the second - tier Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) . The 2011 season , in which six teams based along the East Coast played , was marked by low attendance for most of the season and conflict with Dan Borislow , who had purchased the former Washington Freedom , moved the team to South Florida , and renamed it magicJack . The dispute between WPS and Borislow led the league to suspend the magicJack franchise , with Borislow responding by suing . The legal battle led WPS to suspend its 2012 season , with hopes of returning in 2013 , but WPS soon decided to fold completely . National Women 's Soccer league ( NWSL ) , 2013 -- present ( edit ) Main article : National Women 's Soccer League Portland Thorns players before a match , April 2015 On November 21 , 2012 , U.S. Soccer , in conjunction with the Canadian Soccer Association ( CSA ) and Mexican Football Federation ( FMF ) , announced the formation of a new professional league for the 2013 season . The league , unnamed at the time of the initial announcement but later unveiled as the National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) , launched in April 2013 with eight teams . Like WUSA and WPS , NWSL teams are privately owned with some owned by existing MLS teams . The American and Canadian federations pay the salaries for many of their respective national team members . U.S. Soccer initially committed to funding up to 24 national team members , with the CSA committing to paying 16 players and FMF pledging support for at least 12 and possibly as many as 16 . In addition , U.S. Soccer housed the league 's front office for the first four years , and scheduled matches to avoid any possible conflict with international tournaments . Four of the league 's charter teams had WPS ties -- the Boston Breakers , Chicago Red Stars , Sky Blue FC , and the Western New York Flash . The other four initial teams were located in the Kansas City , Portland , Seattle , and Washington , D.C. markets with the Portland team run by the Portland Timbers of MLS . The NWSL expanded to nine teams for 2014 by adding the Houston Dash , run by the Houston Dynamo of MLS . In 2016 , it expanded to 10 with the addition of another MLS - backed team , the Orlando Pride . Ahead of the 2017 season , A&E Networks announced it had taken an equity stake in the league and Lifetime would begin broadcasting games to a national television audience . As of 2017 , additional expansion teams were being discussed by Los Angeles FC , Vancouver Whitecaps , and FC Barcelona . Controversies ( edit ) Concussions ( edit ) In 2014 parents and former players filed a Class Action Lawsuit against the United States Soccer Federation , FIFA , and other Soccer Organizations for failure to create policies that would prevent , evaluate and manage concussion injuries . Soccer is second only to American football in the number of concussion injuries per year . MLS relationship ( edit ) The USSF has been accused by representatives of the North American Soccer League , among others , of unfairly protecting MLS 's leading role in American professional soccer . Among their concerns is that the USSF benefits from financial dealings with MLS that it does not have with other leagues , giving it an apparent incentive to protect MLS from competition . This includes the contract that the USSF has with MLS 's Soccer United Marketing ( SUM ) subsidiary in which most USSF sponsorship , television licensing and royalty revenues ( outside of its apparel deal with Nike , Inc . ) are paid through SUM . The USSF reported $15,433,754 in revenues through the SUM relationship in its 2014 audited financial report . In 2015 , the NASL took issue with proposed USSF rule changes reportedly making it harder to gain co-equal `` Division 1 '' status with MLS that would increase the NASL 's influence within the USSF as well as presumably allow more access to international competition and larger media and sponsorship contracts , calling the draft proposal `` ... an anti-competitive bait and switch , with the purpose of entrenching MLS 's monopoly position at the very time when the NASL is threatening to become a significant competitor . '' Seats on the USSF 's Professional Council governing committee are also based proportionally on pyramid level , giving MLS more votes when choosing the two professional league representatives on the USSF 's Board of Directors . In 2015 , those representatives are MLS Commissioner Don Garber and Alec Papadakis , CEO of the United Soccer League that announced an affiliation with MLS in 2015 . International competitiveness ( edit ) High - profile international soccer figures including former USMNT Head Coach Jürgen Klinsmann , former LA Galaxy head coach and USMNT Head Coach Bruce Arena and Manchester City manager and former FIFA World Coach of the Year Pep Guardiola , have expressed beliefs that the top - down structure of soccer developed and managed by the USSF in the United States , including pressure to have the best American players in MLS rather than higher - quality leagues in other countries , is hampering the nation 's competitiveness in international soccer . Conversely , Klinsmann has been criticized in turn by MLS representatives for recommending that American players leave MLS development systems to pursue professional careers in Europe in order to test themselves against higher levels of players in preparation for international competition . In 2015 , MLS Commissioner Don Garber said , `` I do believe our national team coach has a short - term objective . That 's what he 's hired to do . That does n't mean next week , but it 's to win the Gold Cup , it 's to have the best possible team in 2018 . And our goals and objectives are broader than that , and that 's why we agree on some things but do n't agree on others . '' Coaches and technical staff ( edit ) Men 's coaches Level Name Notes Senior Dave Sarachan ( interim ) Under - 23 Andi Herzog Under - 20 Tab Ramos Under - 19 vacant Under - 18 Omid Namazi Under - 17 John Hackworth Under - 16 Shaun Tsakiris Under - 15 Dave Van Den Bergh Under - 14 Brian Johnson Futsal Keith Tozer Beach Eddie Soto Paralympic vacant Women 's coaches Level Name Notes Senior Jill Ellis Under - 23 vacant Under - 20 Jitka Klimková Under - 19 Keri Sarver Under - 18 Jaime Frias Under - 17 Mark Carr Under - 16 Kacey White Under - 15 Tracey Kevins Under - 14 Jill Ellis Technical Staff Level Name Notes Technical director vacant Youth technical director Tab Ramos Technical advisor Brian Johnson Technical advisor Carson Porter Director of scouting Tony Lepore Director of coaching education Dave Chesler Director of youth national teams Jim Moorhouse Women 's technical director April Heinrichs Women 's youth development director Jill Ellis Women 's yead development coach April Kater Presidents ( edit ) United States Soccer Football Association ( until 1974 ) James McGuire ( 1952 -- 1954 ) Jack Flamhaft ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Gene Ringsdorf ( 1961 -- 1963 ) George Fishwick ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Bob Guelker ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Erwin Single ( 1969 -- 1971 ) James McGuire ( 1971 -- 1974 ) United States Soccer Federation ( 1974 -- present ) Gene Edwards ( 1974 -- 1984 ) Werner Fricker ( 1984 -- 1990 ) Alan Rothenberg ( 1990 -- 1998 ) Robert Contiguglia ( 1998 -- March 11 , 2006 ) Sunil Gulati ( March 11 , 2006 -- January 10 , 2018 ) Carlos Cordeiro ( January 10 , 2018 -- present ) Current sponsorships ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nike Continental Coca - Cola Powerade Liberty Mutual AT&T Thorne See also ( edit ) Soccer in the United States portal Women 's association football portal Association football portal American Football Association U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year USWNT All - Time Best XI National Soccer Hall of Fame U.S. Soccer Development Academy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer celebrates 100th anniversary '' . CONCACAF. April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramón Coll , electo Presidente de la Confederación de Futbol de América del Norte , América Central y el Caribe '' . La Nación ( Google News Archive ) . September 23 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2018/02/10/13/58/20180210-news-new-us-soccer-president-carlos-cordeiro-elected-annual-general-meeting Jump up ^ `` Organizational Structure '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's how U.S. Soccer 's presidential election works '' . Soccer America . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer Affiliates '' . ussoccer.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Timeline . Resources.ussoccer.com ( August 10 , 2010 ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spalding 's Official Soccer Football Guide 1914 -- 15 , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer : History '' . ussoccer.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer Timeline '' . U.S. Soccer Federation . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` October 10 , 2009 : Honduras 2 -- 3 USA '' . espnfc.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer : Youth national teams '' . ussoccer.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Soccer : Paralympic Soccer '' . ussoccer.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago : Home to U.S. Soccer House '' . ussoccer.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Under - 17 MNT To Be First to Practice at National Training Center at The Home Depot Center Friday '' . ussoccer.com . June 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` A home in Kansas ? U.S. Soccer exploring new training center '' . bigapplesoccer.com. April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Sam . `` National soccer education and training center gets final approval for construction in Kansas City , Kan '' . kansascity.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Augustine , Lisa ; Jacobson , Jake . `` Children 's Mercy and Sporting Kansas City announce youth health and pediatric sports medicine initiative '' . childrensmercy.org . Children 's Mercy Hospital . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Soccer Federation Rejects NASL 's Division II Application '' . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASL 2011 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FC Edmonton wins first - ever NASL game '' . The Soccer Room . April 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLS , USL Pro reach deal on restructured Reserve League '' . www.mlssoccer.com . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USL PRO & MLS Announce Partnership '' . www.uslpro.uslsoccer.com . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Soccer grants provisional division two sanctioning to both NASL , USL '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` USL President Ensures Compliance as League Submits D2 Application to U.S. Soccer '' . Jump up ^ `` USL to Launch Third - Division League in 2019 '' . United Soccer Leagues. April 2 , 2013 ... See also USLD3.com . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : The National Independent Soccer Association ( NISA ) -- A New Division III Professional Soccer League Expects to Launch in 2018 '' . NISA . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Womens United Soccer Association '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grainey , Timothy F. ( 2012 ) . Beyond it Like Beckham : The Global Phenomenon of Women 's Soccer . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4036 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Soccer President Sunil Gulati Announces New Women 's League to Begin Play in Spring of 2013 '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Jeff ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Hopes high for new women 's soccer league '' . ESPN FC . Soccer USA blog . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New soccer league to feature 8 teams '' . espnW . Associated Press . November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A + E Networks , National Women 's Soccer League Ink Major Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish soccer giant Barcelona expands into U.S. market '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NWSL expansion a priority in Los Angeles , says commissioner '' . Angels on Parade . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : With Mia Hamm 's influence , LAFC set for NWSL expansion '' . Soccer Wire . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren . `` Class Action Concussion Lawsuit Filed Against FIFA And U.S. Soccer Associations '' . Jump up ^ Gessel , LM ; Fields , SK ; Collins , CL ; Dick , RW ; Comstock , RD ( 2007 ) . `` Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes '' . J Athl Train . 42 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 503 . PMC 2140075 . PMID 18174937 . Jump up ^ Vinton , Nathaniel ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` MLS rival accuses league of violating antitrust laws '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States Soccer Federation , Inc . Financial Statements , Years Ended March 31 , 2015 and 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Major League Soccer . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scannell , Kara ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` League cries foul at US Soccer Federation 's new rules '' . Financial Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Jeff ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Jurgen Klinsmann firm on young player advice as MLS frustration grows '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dell'Apa , Frank ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` BRUCE ARENA ON USMNT : ' WE 'RE NOT THERE YET ' '' . One World Sports . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borg , Simon ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola says focus of US soccer should be on coaching and academies '' . MLSSoccer.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garber : MLS to pursue USMNT stars despite Klinsmann objections '' . ESPN FC. April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . 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6,734,184,376,535,578,000 | when did little house on the prarie take place | Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) - wikipedia Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Little House on the Prairie <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as Little House : A New Beginning Genre Western Drama Based on Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder Developed by Blanche Hanalis Directed by William F. Claxton Maury Dexter Victor French Michael Landon Leo Penn Starring Michael Landon Melissa Gilbert Karen Grassle Melissa Sue Anderson Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Matthew Labyorteaux Richard Bull Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor Alison Arngrim Jonathan Gilbert Kevin Hagen Dabbs Greer Victor French Merlin Olsen Kyle Richards Dean Butler Linwood Boomer Shannen Doherty Theme music composer David Rose Composer ( s ) David Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 204 ( + 4 specials ) ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Ed Friendly Producer ( s ) John Hawkins William F. Claxton Running time 48 - 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Ed Friendly Productions NBC Distributor Worldvision Enterprises CBS Television Distribution ( USA ) NBCUniversal International Television Distribution ( non-USA and Cozi airings ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Monaural Original release September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) -- March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Little House on the Prairie ( film ) Followed by Little House on the Prairie : A Look Back to Yesterday Related shows Father Murphy Little House on the Prairie ( known as Little House : A New Beginning in its final season ) is an American western drama television series , starring Michael Landon , Melissa Gilbert , Karen Grassle , and Melissa Sue Anderson , about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , in the 1870s and 1880s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books . Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s . He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie . Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls . The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked the two - part episode `` I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures , with Sean Durkin as the director , Scott Rudin as the producer , and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 4 Themes 5 Spin - offs and sequels 5.1 Little House : A New Beginning 5.2 Movie specials 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Nielsen ratings 7.2 Accolades 7.3 Popularity in Spain 8 Other media 8.1 Syndication 8.2 DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases 8.3 List of releases 9 Announced film adaptation 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie episodes Based on the autobiographical `` Little House '' stories , episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family , who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter , Laura . However , episodes also focus on other family and community members , providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America . The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls ( farmer and mill worker ) , his wife Caroline , and their four daughters , Mary , Laura , Carrie , and Grace , though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven . Other essential characters include the Oleson family : Nels , proprietor of the town 's general store , Oleson 's Mercantile ; his malicious , gossiping wife , Harriet , who runs the Mercantile with him ; and their two children , Nellie and Willie , and later , their adopted daughter , Nancy ; Isaiah Edwards , Grace Snider Edwards and their three adopted children ; the Garvey family , Jonathan , Alice , and Andy ; Rev. Robert Alden ; Lars Hanson , the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill ; and Dr. Hiram Baker , the town 's physician . Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls , and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls . Cast and characters ( edit ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls , 1975 Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie characters Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series , a total of 190 of the 204 episodes . Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight , but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House : A New Beginning ( season nine ) . Main cast ( edit ) Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 8 ) Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert ( Quinn ) Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Richard Bull as Nels Oleson Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor as Harriet Oleson Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton ( seasons 1 - 7 , 9 ) Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson Victor French as Isaiah Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 ) Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Radames Pera as John ( Sanderson , Jr . ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Brian Part as Carl ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Kyle Richards as Alicia ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 , 8 ) Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew `` Andy '' Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 8 ) Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson ( seasons 8 & 9 ) Jason Bateman as James ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Missy Francis as Cassandra ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder ( season 9 ) Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Many actors , who were either well - known or went on to become famous , guest - starred on the show . Willie Aames ( episode 3.15 ) Anne Archer ( episode 1.17 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 3 episodes ) Jonathan Banks ( episode 6.16 ) Billy Barty ( 2 episodes ) Peter Billingsley ( episode 8.12 ) Dirk Blocker ( episode 1.9 ) Ray Bolger ( 2 episodes , S5 ) Ernest Borgnine ( episode 1.13 / 14 ) Christopher Bowman ( episodes 5.9 , 5.18 ) Todd Bridges ( episode 3.18 ) Red Buttons ( episode 1.19 ) Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash ( episode 3.1 ) Charles Cioffi ( episode 5.22 ) Michael Conrad ( episode 4.8 ) Keith Coogan ( episode 7.15 ) James Cromwell ( episode 7.1 ) David Faustino ( episode 7.5 ) Gil Gerard ( episode 4.4 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( episode 2.18 ) Jerry Hardin ( episode 5.23 ) Melora Hardin ( episodes 8.1 / 2 , Look Back to Yesterday ) Mariette Hartley ( episode 2.19 ) John Hillerman ( episode 5.8 ) Rance Howard ( episode 3.13 ) Ernie Hudson ( episode 8.8 ) Rick Hurst ( episode 1.3 ) John Ireland ( episode 3.4 ) Burl Ives ( episode 3.10 ) Ford Rainey ( episodes 2.2 , 4.21 ) Richard Jaeckel ( episodes 2.18 , 7.17 / 18 ) Jack Kruschen ( episode 8.6 ) Katy Kurtzman ( episodes 3.19 , 4.16 ) Charles Lane ( episode 9.3 ) Sheila Larken ( episode 9.13 ) Robert Loggia ( episode 9.4 ) Mike Lookinland ( episode 4.4 ) Chuck McCann ( episode 1.11 ) Vera Miles ( episode 9.19 ) Richard Mulligan ( episode 2.21 ) Patricia Neal ( episode 2.7 ) James Olson ( episode 6.10 ) Sean Penn ( uncredited student extra ) Eddie Quillan ( 7 episodes ) Anne Ramsey ( episode 5.1 ) Nick Ramus ( episode 4.13 ) Kim Richards ( episode 1.7 ) James B. Sikking ( episode 3.17 ) Queenie Smith ( 5 episodes ) Madeleine Stowe ( episode 7.6 ) Robert Torti ( episode 8.6 ) Mitch Vogel ( episode 1.23 ) M. Emmet Walsh ( episode 8.8 ) Collin Wilcox ( episode 4.7 ) Harris Yulin ( episode 1.20 ) and three of Landon 's children : Michael Landon , Jr. ( episode 3.20 ) Leslie Landon ( 4 guest episodes ) Shawna Landon ( Little House Years / episode 9.15 ; both uncredited ) Production notes ( edit ) Of the 204 episodes , Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87 ; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68 , while co-star Victor French helmed 18 . Maury Dexter ( who was often an assistant director ) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively . Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles , while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed . Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora , California . Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes . In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape , where the show is supposed to take place , there are no tall mountains . The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose . The ending theme music , also written by Rose , originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series , Bonanza . Themes ( edit ) Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption , alcoholism , faith , poverty , blindness , and prejudice of all types including racism . Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction ( i.e. morphine ) , leukemia , child abuse , and even rape . Although predominantly a drama , the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well . Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza . Season two 's `` A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Matter of Circumstance '' ; season five 's `` Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Dream To Dream '' ; season seven 's `` The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` The Sound of Sadness '' ; season eight 's `` He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` He Was Only Seven '' ; and season nine 's `` Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` It 's A Small World '' . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Little House : a new Beginning ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show ( though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director ) , season nine was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more characters were added to the cast . A new family , the Carters ( Stan Ivar as John , Pamela Roylance as Sarah , Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb , and David Friedman as younger son Jason ) , move into the Ingalls house . Meanwhile , Almanzo and Laura take in their niece , Jenny Wilder , when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter , Rose . The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes , while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters . The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . The show lost viewers , and this version of the series was canceled after one season . However , the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format . Movie specials ( edit ) Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season : Little House : A Look Back to Yesterday ( 1983 ) , Little House : The Last Farewell ( 1984 ) , and Little House : Bless All the Dear Children ( 1984 ) . In The Last Farewell , Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove . They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township , and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain . Despite their best efforts , the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away . At a town meeting , John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has . Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town . When asked why the set was blown up , the show 's producer , Kent McCray , said that when the series started , he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state . When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings , Michael Landon thought for a while and said , `` What if we blow up the town ? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away . '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings , except for the little house and the church . Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up . Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell , but ended up being the last of the three movies to air . Given its Christmas - related content , NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season . Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series : the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years ( 1979 ) , a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six . Broadcast history ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT , to moderate ratings . In 1976 , the series became a Monday night staple on NBC ; after the move , it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 75 ) : # 13 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 76 ) : Not in top 30 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 77 ) : # 15 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : # 7 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 79 ) : # 14 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 80 ) : # 16 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 81 ) : # 10 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 82 ) : # 24 ( Tied with : The Facts of Life ) Season 9 ( 1982 -- 83 ) : # 28 Accolades ( edit ) 1978 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Fighter '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , David Rose , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1980 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Melissa Sue Anderson 1981 : Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script , Michael Landon , episode `` May We Make Them Proud '' 1982 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , David Rose , episode `` He Was Only Twelve '' ( Part 2 ) 1983 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert 1984 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert Popularity in Spain ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , La Casa de la Pradera ( Little House on the Prairie ) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series . In 1976 Karen Grassle ( Caroline Quiner Ingalls ) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress , and the series itself won for best foreign series ; Melissa Sue Anderson ( Mary Ingalls ) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979 . The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor ( Harriet Oleson ) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980 . Other media ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run . In addition to airing on local stations , it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel . In the past , it has aired on TV Land and TBS . As of September 19 , 2016 , the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily , with the exception of Seasons eight and nine . In the U.S. , television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution . Originally , NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises , since networks could not own syndication arms at the time . As a result of corporate changes , Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment , finally passing to CTD in 2007 . In Canada , reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS , a Christian - based network , as of September 1 , 2008 . Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series , it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines . The show is typically stripped ( run five days a week ) in syndication , which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more . NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well . Sister company NBC Universal International Television distributes the series internationally . DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases ( edit ) The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD , high - definition Blu - ray , and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy . In addition , some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS . Starting with Season 7 , the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com . There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another . The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution , a company based in Quebec . A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises , the series ' former distributor . Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters , while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints , also from Worldvision . Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions . The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality , such as tracking lines , as well as audio problems , though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons . The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning . These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim , Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler . For the original movies & complete series sets , Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon , the casting of the show , and more . Imavision also released a French - language version of the series . Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions . Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision , but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below . The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback ( a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label ) ; this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2 . Unlike the original North American DVD sets , the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes . In 2014 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD , and also for the first time , in high definition on Blu - ray , as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video . These new releases , which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters , contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound . The Blu - rays , with their high bitrate , high definition 1080p picture ( as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs ) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available . The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs . Starting with Season 7 , Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com . In the process , they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio ( though with a relatively high bitrate ) , simplifying the on - screen disc menus , and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons . The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English , French , and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles . They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases , but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called `` The Little House Phenomenon '' . Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie . Season 7 contains no special features . Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras , with `` Look Back to Yesterday '' and `` The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8 , and `` Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9 . Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this , both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline , and also because they included `` The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending . Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order , since `` Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though `` The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced . None of the available releases of the series contain `` Little House Years '' , which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips . While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available , there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems . The most significant of these , affecting all formats of the remastered releases , include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode , `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style , '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's `` Home Again , '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie , `` The Last Farewell . '' List of releases ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Name No. of episodes Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> DVD release dates Remastered DVD & Blu - ray release date Digital Copy release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 1 Region 1 Season 1 24 1974 -- 1975 July 8 , 2003 July 25 , 2005 March 25 , 2014 March 25 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 2 22 1975 -- 1976 July 8 , 2003 March 27 , 2006 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 3 22 1976 -- 1977 November 4 , 2003 March 10 , 2008 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 4 22 1977 -- 1978 February 17 , 2004 May 26 , 2008 January 20 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 5 24 1978 -- 1979 June 29 , 2004 August 4 , 2008 April 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 6 24 1979 -- 1980 October 26 , 2004 May 3 , 2010 July 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 7 22 1980 -- 1981 February 15 , 2005 July 17 , 2010 October 6 , 2015 ( DVD ) December 22 , 2015 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 8 22 1981 -- 1982 June 14 , 2005 March 20 , 2011 January 19 , 2016 ( DVD ) March 22 , 2016 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 9 22 1982 -- 1983 November 1 , 2005 January 20 , 2012 April 19 , 2016 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> 3 - Movie Box Set 3 movies 1983 -- 1984 November 28 , 2006 None ( but is in Complete set ) September 13 , 2016 ( DVD only ) September 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="6"> The Complete Television Series 204 1974 -- 1984 November 11 , 2008 October 7 , 2015 ( Dutch import ) October 6 , 2015 ( DVD only ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Announced film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( feature film ) In October 2012 , Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series 's pilot is under development , with Scott Rudin as the producer . However , the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016 , where the film resumed development . It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter , although Rudin is still the film 's producer . No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Farewell Summary '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lennon . `` The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove '' . Prairie Fans . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Melissa ( 2009 ) . Prairie Tale : A Memoir ( pp. 141 - 142 ) . Simon Spotlight Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1978 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1979 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Voigtlander , 75 ; Won Emmys for ' Little House ' Cinematography '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 1988 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family - Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies '' . www.insp.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of April 29 , 2013 ) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie : Seasons 1 - 10 '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie in the Works at Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Grab your bonnets ! ' Little House on the Prairie ' is heading to the big screen '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Little House on the Prairie movie back in development '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House : Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb Little House : The Last Farewell on IMDb Little House : Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide Little House on the Prairie Official Website <Th_colspan="2"> hide Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson BNF : cb13506393j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)&oldid=845069152 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) English - language television programs NBC network shows Period family drama television series Period television series Television programs based on American novels Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Television shows set in Minnesota Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Little House on the Prairie TV series
2. Laura Ingalls Wilder
3. Michael Landon
4. Walnut Grove, Minnesota
5. Family living on a farm |
7,772,682,731,535,163,000 | when was family allowance introduced for first child | Child benefits in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Child benefits in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Child benefits in the United Kingdom are a series of welfare payments and tax credits made to parents with children in the UK , a major part of the welfare state . Contents ( hide ) 1 The child tax allowance 2 Family Allowance 3 Family Income Supplement 4 Child Benefit and the end of child tax allowance 5 Current rates 6 See also 7 References The child tax allowance ( edit ) The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 ' People 's Budget ' of Lloyd - George . This introduced a £ 10 income tax allowance per child , for tax payers earning under £ 500 per annum . Following extensive Parliamentary debate , the Budget became law as the Finance Act ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 1910 on 29 April 1910 . Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling , two pence in the pound ( 5.83 % ) , the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child . Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax , this was a subsidy for middle class parents . The nominal value of these tax credits were generally , though not always , increased in line with income tax rates . For instance , by 1916 , income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound ( 25 % ) , and the tax credit to £ 25 , giving a value of the tax credit of £ 6 5 shillings ... Family allowance ( edit ) Calls began for a specific family payment in the early part of the 20th century . These were successfully opposed by those who saw men , earning higher wages than women , as bread - winners , supporting the family through their wages - family allowance payments were seen as socialist and / or feminist in nature . In addition , eugenicist arguments perceived the poor as unworthy of support . Over the 1930s , growing evidence showed that large numbers of children were born into poverty , with 47 % suffering five years or more of malnutrition . Higher wages would not effectively target these children , as the majority of male workers had no dependent children . A White Paper of Family Allowances was published in May 1942 , giving costings for various levels of family allowance . These were not immediately adopted , and following the publication of the Beveridge Report , which called for subsistence levels of payments , uprated with the cost of living , the Family Allowances Act 1945 was passed . This provide for a five shilling per week payment for each child , after the first . This was designed to support large families , and was set well below the nine shilling a week subsistence level ( further devalued by inflation ) recommended by Beveridge . In 1952 the rate was increased to eight shillings per week . In 1956 the rate for the third and subsequent children was increased to ten shillings per week , and the maximum age for payments for dependent children was increased from 15 to 18 . In 1968 the rates were increased from 8 to 15 and then 18 shillings and from 10 to 17 shillings and then £ 1 respectively , but this was paid for in part by a reduction in the value of child tax allowance , so that the poor would benefit , but the middle classes did not . In 1975 , the rate was increased to £ 1.50 for each child after the first . Family income Supplement ( edit ) Family Income Supplement was introduced in 1970 by the new Conservative government of Edward Heath , following a child poverty campaign , effective from August 1971 , and provided for a payment to families on low wages . Claimants were required to provide payslips , to prove they were in employment , for a minimum of 24 hours per week . Takeup of the benefit was initially poor , with only half of those eligible claiming . Rates were raised largely in line with inflation to 1979 , but several above - inflation increases followed under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher . By November 1984 , rates had risen to a maximum £ 23 / week for one child , and an additional maximum of £ 2 / week for each subsequent child , based on a maximum income threshold of £ 90 / week , plus £ 10 / week for each additional child . In addition , the numbers of families in receipt of the benefit , which showed no increase in the number of recipients over the 1970s ( in 1972 , there were 89,000 in receipt , and in 1980 , 88,000 ) , grew increased sevenfold over the course of the 1979 -- 1997 Conservative governments . Year Claimants Annual Growth rate 1972 89,000 N / A 1980 85,000 0 % 1985 199,000 18.5 % 300,000 9.8 % 1995 600,000 13.6 % 1999 780,000 6.8 % The Social Security Act 1986 provided for Family Income Supplement to be replaced with Family Credit , a similar scheme . Child benefit and the end of child tax allowance ( edit ) The Child Benefit Bill was introduced in 1975 by Barbara Castle , introducing for the first time a universal payment , paid for each child , doubling the number of children within its scope . Like the family allowance , which it replaced , the new benefit was not means tested ; an attempt by the Callaghan government to introduce this was thwarted in 1976 when cabinet papers were leaked to the Child Poverty Action Group . The rate payable was £ 1 / week for the first and £ 1.50 for each subsequent child . An addition 50p was payable to lone - parent families . Unlike the family allowance , provision was made for the rate to be uprated , at the Secretary of State 's discretion , each year . By the end of 1978 the rate had been increased to £ 3 / week for each child , with an additional £ 2 / week payable to lone - parent families . In 1979 the Child Tax Allowance was removed , the value of the allowance taken up in higher child benefit payments , now £ 4 / week , plus £ 2.50 / week extra for lone - parent families . Child benefit rates were uprated roughly in line with inflation until 1988 , but subsequently was frozen until 1990 , in order to curb welfare spending . A new higher rate of child benefit , payable for the first child only , was introduced in 1991 . This was £ 1 higher than the rate payable for subsequent children , which was again frozen , at £ 7.25 / week . From 1991 Child Benefit increased in line with inflation , until 1998 , when the new Labour government increased the first child rate by more than 20 % , and abolished the Lone Parent rate . Rates increased again in line with inflation until 2010 , since which time they have been frozen . Effective from 7 January 2013 , Child Benefit , a universal benefit since its introduction , became means tested - those earning more than £ 50,000 per year would have part of their benefit withdrawn , and if earning over £ 60,000 , would receive nothing at all . The charge was based on individual , not household income , hence two earners on £ 49,999 would receive full child benefit , while one earner earning £ 60,000 would receive none . Current rates ( edit ) The following are the rates that apply as of March 2017 . Who the allowance is for Weekly rate Eldest or only child £ 20.70 Additional children £ 13.70 ( per child ) See also ( edit ) Speenhamland system Family Credit Working Families Tax Credit Child Tax Credit Universal Credit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Finance ( 1909 - 10 ) Act 1910 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Family , Dependence , and the Origins of the Welfare State : Britain and France - Susan Pedersen Jump up ^ `` The Cabinet Papers -- The Beveridge Report and child benefit '' . nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1967 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons ( 3 March 1999 ) . `` House of Commons - Social Security - Report '' . publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances : 15 Jul 1968 : House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou '' . theyworkforyou.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Benefits Act 1975 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Documents on Health and Social Services : 1834 to the Present Day - Brian Watkin Jump up ^ `` ff / taxcredits '' . ifs.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Late Labour MP Malcolm Wicks admits child benefit leak '' . BBC . 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Child Benefit '' ( PDF ) . Revenuebenefits.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` HM Revenue & Customs : The High Income Child Benefit charge - the basics '' . hmrc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Child benefit cap is tough but fair - FT.com '' . ft.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gov.uk ( last updated 27 March 2017 ) . Child Benefit rates . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=798012334 '' Categories : Pensions and benefits in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 13 : 15 . About Wikipedia | 1. Child benefits in the United Kingdom
2. Welfare payments and tax credits
3. Family Allowance
4. Family Income Supplement
5. Current rates |
4,948,163,830,777,774,000 | when did def leppard's drummer lose his arm | Rick Allen ( drummer ) - wikipedia Rick Allen ( drummer ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rick Allen <Td_colspan="2"> Allen live with Def Leppard on 13 August 2008 in Winnipeg <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Birth name Richard John Cyril Allen Also known as The Thunder God ( 1963 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1963 ( age 54 ) Dronfield , Derbyshire , England Genres Hard rock , heavy metal , glam metal Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Drums , percussion , vocals Years active 1978 -- present Labels Island , Mercury , Polygram Associated acts Def Leppard Website rickallen.com Richard John Cyril Allen ( born 1 November 1963 ) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978 . He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band , which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase . He is known as `` The Thunder God '' by fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Accident and recovery 3 Gear 4 Raven Drum Foundation 5 One Hand Drum Company 6 Side projects 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Allen started playing drums at the age of nine . He performed in bands called Grad , Smokey Blue , Rampant , and the Johnny Kalendar Band . When Allen was 14 , his mother replied on his behalf to an advertisement placed by a band called `` Def Leppard '' looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ( `` Leppard loses skins '' was the advertisement 's headline ) . Later , on 1 November 1978 , his 15th birthday , Allen joined the band . In 1979 , he dropped out of school ( other band members left their jobs around the same time ) to concentrate on a career in music . In September 1979 , they opened for Sammy Hagar at London 's Hammersmith Odeon . Subsequently , Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC / DC during October and November 1979 . Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon . On 14 March 1980 , the band released their first album , On Through the Night . Since their first album , Allen continues to record and tour with the band . Accident and recovery ( edit ) `` What I 've experienced through losing my arm , I would n't change . The human spirit is so strong . '' Rick Allen On the afternoon of 31 December 1984 , Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield . While trying to pass another car at a high speed , he lost control of his Corvette C4 , which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field . He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened , causing his left arm to be severed , while his girlfriend suffered head injuries , resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling ; she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash . Doctors initially reattached Allen 's arm , but because of an infection , it had to be re-amputated . His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident . Gear ( edit ) Allen has used custom - manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind . He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm , which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi - hat , bass drum , snare drum , and a tom drum . He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list . On 16 October 2009 , Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster . Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick . Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums , Allen also uses Remo drumheads ( usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum ) , Zildjian cymbals ( mostly K customs and A customs ) , and a LP rock cowbell . Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994 . In 1995 , he began to use Easton Ahead drumsticks . Raven Drum Foundation ( edit ) Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation , a charity located in Malibu , California , with a mission to serve , educate , and empower veterans and people in crisis . The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs , drum circle events , and collaborative partnerships . Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009 : Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating , so we were able to go in there and design a program around them . It developed into drum council , which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp . We had tremendous success . One Hand Drum Company ( edit ) The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation . Currently , the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick , a drawing by Rick of a one - armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph . The StikRick site sells T - shirts , hats , and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a `` Life Is Great ! ! Be A Rockstar ! ! '' slogan . Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity . Side projects ( edit ) In May and June 2000 , Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project , featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama . Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums . In November 2004 , Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One . Personal Life ( edit ) Allen was married to his wife Stacy from 1991 to 2000 ; they had a daughter in 1997 . In 1995 , Allen was arrested for spousal abuse . He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings , sought counselling , and served 30 days community service on a graffiti - removal work crew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gold , Adam ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Def Leppard 's Rick Allen : The Cream Interview ( Updated ) '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Allen -- Bio -- About Rick Allen '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biography '' . Zildjian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Laura ( 2010 ) . Def Leppard : Arena Rock Band . Enslow . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 766 - 03234 - 7 . Jump up ^ page of a Def Leppard web site with details about Rick Allen 's car accident Jump up ^ Fricke , D. , and M. Selinger . `` To Hell & Back . ( Cover Story ) . '' Rolling Stone 629 ( 1992 ) : 38 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christine . `` Reclaiming the Rhythm : An Interview with Rick Allen . '' Percussive Notes 08 2002 : 54 , 56 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Whirlwind / Def Leppard Archived 19 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Drummers Of All Time ! '' . gigwise.com . Gigwise . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamaha Welcomes Legendary Rick Allen to its Drum Roster Yamaha Artists . Yamaha.com ( 16 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solid as Oak : Def Leppard Drummer Plays Yamaha -- Drums -- News & Events -- Yamaha United States . Usa.yamaha.com ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mission and Vision Archived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Raven Drum Foundation . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Def Leppard 's Rick Allen '' ( 2009 ) `` . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hand Drum Company -- About Us . Noflash.stikrick.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Monroe Music Store -- Freedom Sessions Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Laurenmonroe.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Helligar , Jeremy ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` Passages '' . People . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) RickAllen.com The Raven Drum Foundation Rick Allen @ DefLeppard.com Preceded by Tony Kenning Def Leppard Drummer 1978 -- present Incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> hide Def Leppard <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Elliott Rick Savage Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Tony Kenning Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High ' n ' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah ! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Live albums Mirror Ball -- Live & More Viva ! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time - Live from Detroit Compilations Retro Active Vault : Def Leppard Greatest Hits ( 1980 -- 1995 ) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages : The Definitive Collection EPs The Def Leppard E.P. Live : In the Clubs , in Your Face The Lost Session Singles `` Wasted '' `` Rock Brigade '' `` Hello America '' `` Let It Go '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` Photograph '' `` Rock of Ages '' `` Foolin ' '' `` Too Late for Love '' `` Women '' `` Animal '' `` Pour Some Sugar on Me '' `` Hysteria '' `` Armageddon It '' `` Love Bites '' `` Rocket '' `` Let 's Get Rocked '' `` Make Love Like a Man '' `` Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad '' `` Heaven Is '' `` Stand Up ( Kick Love into Motion ) '' `` Tonight '' `` I Wanna Touch U '' ( Promo ) `` Two Steps Behind '' `` Desert Song '' `` Action '' `` Miss You in a Heartbeat '' `` When Love & Hate Collide '' `` Slang '' `` Work It Out '' `` All I Want Is Everything '' `` Breathe a Sigh '' `` Promises '' `` Paper Sun '' `` Goodbye '' `` Now '' `` Long , Long Way to Go '' `` No Matter What '' `` Rock On '' `` 20th Century Boy '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Undefeated '' Other songs `` High ' n ' Dry ( Saturday Night ) '' `` Rock ! Rock ! ( Till You Drop ) '' Videography Historia Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize Video Archive Historia / Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize / Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages : The DVD Collection CMT Crossroads -- Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Viva ! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time - Live from Detroit Concert tours Def Leppard Early Tours 1978 -- 1979 On Through the Night World Tour Pyromania World Tour Hysteria World Tour Adrenalize World Tour Slang World Tour Euphoria World Tour Yeah ! Tour Downstage Thrust Tour Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour Mirror Ball Tour Viva ! Hysteria The KISS 40th Anniversary World Tour World Tour 2015 Def Leppard & Journey 2018 Tour Related Discography Members Awards & Nominations Hysteria -- The Def Leppard Story Cybernauts Man Raze Down ' n ' Outz Atomic Mass Gogmagog Jeff Rich Frank Noon MusicBrainz : fc555fbc - a441 - 47e5 - 8ee4 - 21af15c454dd VIAF : 226863730 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Allen_(drummer)&oldid=846613468 '' Categories : 1963 births Def Leppard members English amputees English rock drummers English heavy metal drummers Living people People from Dronfield Amputee musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Rick Allen: English drummer for Def Leppard
2. Amputation and recovery: Overcoming the loss of his left arm
3. Gear: Custom drum equipment and ranking as a top drummer
4. Raven Drum Foundation: Charity co-founded by Allen
5. Side projects: Collaborations and music with his wife |
-5,394,171,801,190,315,000 | who won the conn smythe trophy in 2009 | Conn Smythe Trophy - wikipedia Conn Smythe Trophy Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Conn Smythe Trophy <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Award details Sport Ice hockey Given for `` Most valuable player for his team '' in the National Hockey League playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> History First award 1964 -- 65 NHL season Most recent Sidney Crosby The Conn Smythe Trophy ( French : Trophée Conn Smythe ) is awarded annually to the player judged most valuable to his team ( MVP ) during the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) Stanley Cup playoffs . It is named after Conn Smythe , the longtime owner , general manager , and head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs . The Conn Smythe Trophy has been awarded 48 times to 42 players since the 1964 -- 65 NHL season . Each year , at the conclusion of the final game of the Stanley Cup Final , members of the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association vote to elect the player deserving of the trophy . The trophy is handed out prior to the presentation of the Stanley Cup by the NHL Commissioner and only the winner is announced , in contrast to most of the other NHL awards which name three finalists and are presented at a ceremony . Unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada ( the Super Bowl MVP , the NBA Finals MVP , and the World Series MVP ) , the Conn Smythe is based on a player 's performance during the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The Conn Smythe Trophy was introduced in 1964 by Maple Leaf Gardens Limited to honor Conn Smythe , the former owner , General Manager , and coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs and a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder . The centerpiece of the trophy is a stylized silver replica of Maple Leaf Gardens , the arena built under Smythe 's ownership of the Maple Leafs , and their home from 1931 to 1999 . Backing the arena replica is a large silver botanically - accurate maple leaf . The arena replica and leaf are set atop a square wooden foundation , the front of which bears a dedication plaque . Additional tiers below the foundation , sloping outward , contain maple leaf - shaped plates bearing the inscriptions of the winners ' names . The base of the Conn Smythe Trophy has been expanded twice over the years to accommodate more winners . Although the 16 nameplates on the original base tier were filled up after 1980 , a new tier was not added until the 1983 - 84 season . Following the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals , the 20 nameplates on the new tier were filled up , so the first nine winners ' nameplates were moved up to the remaining three sides of the foundation tier , with the remaining nameplates shifted accordingly to keep the winners in chronological order . Due to the cancellation of the 2004 - 05 season , the trophy was n't filled up again until 2010 , after which a new tier was added , making room for 24 more names . The first winner of the award was center Jean Béliveau of the Montreal Canadiens in 1965 . The first player and only defenseman to win it twice was Bobby Orr , who scored the Cup - clinching goals for the Boston Bruins in 1970 and 1972 . Goaltender Bernie Parent ( for the Philadelphia Flyers ) and centers Wayne Gretzky ( for the Edmonton Oilers ) , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby ( for the Pittsburgh Penguins ) have also won it twice each , with Parent , Lemieux , and Crosby each winning theirs back to back ( 1974 / 1975 , 1991 / 1992 , and 2016 / 2017 respectively ) . Goaltender Patrick Roy is the only player to win the trophy three times , and also the only player to win it as a member of two different teams ( with the Canadiens in 1986 and 1993 , and with the Colorado Avalanche in 2001 ) ; his wins also fall into three different decades . Ken Dryden , the 1971 Smythe winner , is the only NHL player to win this trophy before winning the Calder Trophy as rookie of the year ( in 1972 ) : Montreal called him up to play only six regular season games , which is not enough to qualify as a rookie season . Dave Keon 's eight playoff points in 1967 is the fewest ever by a non-goalie Conn Smythe winner , as he was a defensive forward and is the only Maple Leafs player to win the trophy donated by his club 's parent company . Though the award rewards a player who performed particularly well over the entirety of the playoffs , it has never been given to a player whose team did not at least reach the Stanley Cup Finals . The trophy has been awarded to members of the team that lost the Finals five times , most recently Jean - Sébastien Giguère of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in 2003 , who backstopped his team 's surprise run to the Finals , where they pushed the New Jersey Devils to seven games . The only skater to win the award in a losing cause is Philadelphia 's Reggie Leach , who won it in 1976 as he had set a league record for most goals in the playoffs ( 19 ) , which included a five - goal game in the semifinals and four goals in the Finals , even though the Canadiens swept his Flyers . With seven exceptions , the winners of the Conn Smythe Trophy have all been Canadian . The seven non-Canadian winners are Americans Brian Leetch , who won it in 1994 , Tim Thomas in 2011 , Jonathan Quick in 2012 , and Patrick Kane in 2013 ; Russian Evgeni Malkin , who won it in 2009 ; and Swedes Nicklas Lidstrom and Henrik Zetterberg , who won it in 2002 and 2008 , respectively . Only three players have won the Conn Smythe Trophy and the Hart Memorial Trophy for Most Valuable Player during the regular season in the same year : Orr in 1970 and 1972 , Guy Lafleur in 1977 and Gretzky in 1985 . These three players also won the Art Ross Trophy as regular season leading scorer , while Orr also won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as top defenceman to give him a record four individual original NHL awards in 1970 . The trophy had been won sixteen times each by centers and goaltenders , nine times by defensemen , seven times by right wings , and just once by a left wing ( Bob Gainey of Montreal in 1979 ) . Canadiens players have won it nine times , Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburg Penguins players five times , and Oilers , Flyers , and New York Islanders players four times each . The St. Louis Blues are the only team without a Stanley Cup victory to have a Conn Smythe Trophy winner , as Glenn Hall won in 1968 . Winners ( edit ) Patrick Roy , the only three - time winner and , as of 2016 , the only player in NHL history to win the award with more than one team . Bernie Parent , two - time winner and the first player to win the award in consecutive years . Mario Lemieux , two - time winner and the second player to win the award in consecutive years . Sidney Crosby , reigning trophy winner , and third player to win the award in consecutive years . Positions key Centre LW Left Wing Defence RW Right Wing Goaltender Player is still active in the NHL Player was a member of the defeated team in the Stanley Cup Finals Conn Smythe Trophy winners Year Winner Team Position Win # 1965 Beliveau , Jean Jean Beliveau Montreal Canadiens 1966 Crozier , Roger Roger Crozier Detroit Red Wings 1967 Keon , Dave Dave Keon Toronto Maple Leafs 1968 Hall , Glenn Glenn Hall St. Louis Blues 1969 Savard , Serge Serge Savard Montreal Canadiens 1970 Orr , Bobby Bobby Orr ( 1 ) Boston Bruins 1971 Dryden , Ken Ken Dryden Montreal Canadiens 1972 Orr , Bobby Bobby Orr ( 2 ) Boston Bruins 1973 Cournoyer , Yvan Yvan Cournoyer Montreal Canadiens RW Parent , Bernie Bernie Parent ( 1 ) Philadelphia Flyers Parent , Bernie Bernie Parent ( 2 ) Philadelphia Flyers 1976 Leach , Reggie Reggie Leach Philadelphia Flyers RW 1977 Lafleur , Guy Guy Lafleur Montreal Canadiens RW 1978 Robinson , Larry Larry Robinson Montreal Canadiens 1979 Gainey , Bob Bob Gainey Montreal Canadiens LW 1980 Trottier , Bryan Bryan Trottier New York Islanders 1981 Goring , Butch Butch Goring New York Islanders 1982 Bossy , Mike Mike Bossy New York Islanders RW Smith , Billy Billy Smith New York Islanders 1984 Messier , Mark Mark Messier Edmonton Oilers 1985 Gretzky , Wayne Wayne Gretzky ( 1 ) Edmonton Oilers 1986 Roy , Patrick Patrick Roy ( 1 ) Montreal Canadiens Hextall , Ron Ron Hextall Philadelphia Flyers 1988 Gretzky , Wayne Wayne Gretzky ( 2 ) Edmonton Oilers 1989 MacInnis , Al Al MacInnis Calgary Flames 1990 Ranford , Bill Bill Ranford Edmonton Oilers 1991 Lemieux , Mario Mario Lemieux ( 1 ) Pittsburgh Penguins 1992 Lemieux , Mario Mario Lemieux ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Penguins 1993 Roy , Patrick Patrick Roy ( 2 ) Montreal Canadiens 1994 Leetch , Brian Brian Leetch New York Rangers 1995 Lemieux , Claude Claude Lemieux New Jersey Devils RW Sakic , Joe Joe Sakic Colorado Avalanche 1997 Vernon , Mike Mike Vernon Detroit Red Wings 1998 Yzerman , Steve Steve Yzerman Detroit Red Wings 1999 Nieuwendyk , Joe Joe Nieuwendyk Dallas Stars 2000 Stevens , Scott Scott Stevens New Jersey Devils 2001 Roy , Patrick Patrick Roy ( 3 ) Colorado Avalanche 2002 Lidstrom , Nicklas Nicklas Lidstrom Detroit Red Wings 2003 Giguere , Jean - Sebastien Jean - Sebastien Giguere Anaheim , Mighty Ducks of Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Richards , Brad Brad Richards Tampa Bay Lightning 2005 & -- & -- & -- & -- 2006 Ward , Cam Cam Ward Carolina Hurricanes 2007 Niedermayer , Scott Scott Niedermayer Anaheim Ducks 2008 Zetterberg , Henrik Henrik Zetterberg Detroit Red Wings 2009 Malkin , Evgeni Evgeni Malkin Pittsburgh Penguins Toews , Jonathan Jonathan Toews Chicago Blackhawks 2011 Thomas , Tim Tim Thomas Boston Bruins 2012 Quick , Jonathan Jonathan Quick Los Angeles Kings 2013 Kane , Patrick Patrick Kane Chicago Blackhawks RW 2014 Williams , Justin Justin Williams Los Angeles Kings RW 2015 Keith , Duncan Duncan Keith Chicago Blackhawks 2016 Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby ( 1 ) Pittsburgh Penguins 2017 Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Penguins Jump up ^ No winner due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout See also ( edit ) List of National Hockey League awards List of Stanley Cup champions List of NHL statistical leaders References ( edit ) General Conn Smythe Trophy at NHL.com Conn Smythe Trophy history at HHOF.net Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy History '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Joseph Leach '' . Legends of Hockey . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . <Th_colspan="2"> Conn Smythe Trophy <Td_colspan="2"> National Hockey League Stanley Cup playoffs Most Valuable Player Player was a member of the losing team in the Stanley Cup Finals <Td_colspan="2"> 1965 : Béliveau 1966 : Crozier 1967 : Keon 1968 : Hall 1969 : Savard 1970 : Orr 1971 : Dryden 1972 : Orr 1973 : Cournoyer 1974 : Parent 1975 : Parent 1976 : Leach 1977 : Lafleur 1978 : Robinson 1979 : Gainey 1980 : Trottier 1981 : Goring 1982 : Bossy 1983 : Smith 1984 : Messier 1985 : Gretzky 1986 : Roy 1987 : Hextall 1988 : Gretzky 1989 : MacInnis 1990 : Ranford 1991 : Lemieux 1992 : Lemieux 1993 : Roy 1994 : Leetch 1995 : Lemieux 1996 : Sakic 1997 : Vernon 1998 : Yzerman 1999 : Nieuwendyk 2000 : Stevens 2001 : Roy 2002 : Lidstrom 2003 : Giguère 2004 : Richards 2005 : None 2006 : Ward 2007 : Niedermayer 2008 : Zetterberg 2009 : Malkin 2010 : Toews 2011 : Thomas 2012 : Quick 2013 : Kane 2014 : Williams 2015 : Keith 2016 : Crosby 2017 : Crosby <Th_colspan="3"> Stanley Cup Finals <Td_colspan="3"> Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials <Td_colspan="3"> Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey <Th_colspan="2"> Stanley Cup playoffs 1910s -- 1920s 1910 . 1911 . 1912 . 1913 . 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 . 2005 . 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 . 2018 . 2019 . 2020 . 2021 . 2022 . 2023 . 2024 . 2025 . 2026 . 2027 . 2028 . 2029 See also Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal <Th_colspan="2"> NHL awards and trophies Team Stanley Cup Prince of Wales Clarence S. Campbell Presidents ' Trophy Individual Adams Art Ross Calder Conn Smythe Hart Jennings King Clancy Lady Byng Lindsay Masterton Messier NHL Foundation Norris Rocket Richard Selke Vezina Defunct Crozier O'Brien Cup Plus / Minus Man of the Year Award Conacher Award <Th_colspan="2"> National Hockey League <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Conference <Td_colspan="2"> Eastern Conference <Th_colspan="2"> Pacific Division <Td_colspan="2"> Anaheim Ducks <Td_colspan="2"> Arizona Coyotes <Td_colspan="2"> Calgary Flames <Td_colspan="2"> Edmonton Oilers <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Kings <Td_colspan="2"> San Jose Sharks <Td_colspan="2"> Vancouver Canucks <Td_colspan="2"> Vegas Golden Knights <Th_colspan="2"> Central Division <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago Blackhawks <Td_colspan="2"> Colorado Avalanche <Td_colspan="2"> Dallas Stars <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota Wild <Td_colspan="2"> Nashville Predators <Td_colspan="2"> St. Louis Blues <Td_colspan="2"> Winnipeg Jets <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Division <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Bruins <Td_colspan="2"> Buffalo Sabres <Td_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings <Td_colspan="2"> Florida Panthers <Td_colspan="2"> Montreal Canadiens <Td_colspan="2"> Ottawa Senators <Td_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Lightning <Td_colspan="2"> Toronto Maple Leafs <Th_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Division <Td_colspan="2"> Carolina Hurricanes <Td_colspan="2"> Columbus Blue Jackets <Td_colspan="2"> New Jersey Devils <Td_colspan="2"> New York Islanders <Td_colspan="2"> New York Rangers <Td_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Flyers <Td_colspan="2"> Pittsburgh Penguins <Td_colspan="2"> Washington Capitals <Td_colspan="2"> Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Centennial Classic Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures <Td_colspan="2"> Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conn_Smythe_Trophy&oldid=789298331 '' Categories : National Hockey League trophies and awards Awards established in 1964 Most valuable player awards Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Conn Smythe Trophy
2. Most valuable player in NHL playoffs
3. Awarded annually since 1964
4. Named after Conn Smythe
5. Based on player's performance throughout playoffs |
-651,142,260,544,283,900 | which of the following is a configuration definition file in iac | Infrastructure as code - wikipedia Infrastructure as code This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Infrastructure as code ( IaC ) is the process of managing and provisioning computer data centers through machine - readable definition files , rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools . The IT infrastructure managed by this comprises both physical equipment such as bare - metal servers as well as virtual machines and associated configuration resources . The definitions may be in a version control system . It can use either scripts or declarative definitions , rather than manual processes , but the term is more often used to promote declarative approaches . IaC approaches are promoted for cloud computing , which is sometimes marketed as infrastructure as a service ( IaaS ) . IaC supports IaaS , but should not be confused with it . Contents 1 Overview 2 Added value and advantages 3 Types of approaches 4 Methods 5 Tools 5.1 Continuous configuration automation 5.1. 1 Community content 6 Relationship to DevOps 7 See also 8 References Overview ( edit ) IaC grew as a response to the difficulty posed from two pieces of technology -- utility computing and second - generation web frameworks . This brought about widespread scaling problems for many enterprises that were previously only witnessed by huge companies . In 2006 specifically the launch of Amazon Web Services ' Elastic Compute Cloud and the 1.0 version of Ruby on Rails just months before . With new tools emerging to handle this ever growing field , the idea of IaC was born . The thought of modelling infrastructure with code , and then having the ability to design , implement , and deploy applications infrastructure with known software best practices appealed to software developers and IT infrastructure administrators . The ability to treat it like code and use the same tools as any other software project would allow developers to rapidly deploy applications . In February 2011 Amazon announced AWS CloudFormation which provides a declarative template - based IaC model for configuring AWS . Added value and advantages ( edit ) The value of IaC can be broken down into three , measurable categories : Cost ( reduction ) , speed ( faster execution ) and risk ( remove errors and security violations ) . Cost reduction aims at helping not only the enterprise financially , but also in terms of people and effort , meaning that by removing the manual component , people are able to refocus their efforts towards other enterprise tasks . Infrastructure automation enables speed through faster execution when configuring your infrastructure and aims at providing visibility to help other teams across the enterprise work quickly and more efficiently . Automation removes the risk associated with human error , like manual misconfiguration ; removing this can decrease downtime and increase reliability . These outcomes and attributes help the enterprise move towards implementing a culture of DevOps , the combined working of development and operations . Types of approaches ( edit ) There are generally three approaches to IaC : declarative ( functional ) vs. imperative ( procedural ) vs. intelligent ( environment aware ) . The difference between the declarative , the imperative and the intelligent approach is essentially ' what ' versus ' how ' versus ' why ' . The declarative approach focuses on what the eventual target configuration should be ; the imperative focuses on how the infrastructure is to be changed to meet this ; the intelligent approach focuses on why the configuration should be a certain way in consideration of all the co-relationships and co-dependencies of multiple applications running on the same infrastructure typically found in production . The declarative approach defines the desired state and the system executes what needs to happen to achieve that desired state . Imperative defines specific commands that need to be executed in the appropriate order to end with the desired conclusion . The intelligent determines the correct desired state before the system executes what needs to happen to achieve a desired state that does not impact co-dependent applications . Environment aware desired state is the next generation of IaC . Methods ( edit ) There are two methods of IaC : ' push ' and ' pull ' . The main difference is the manner in which the servers are told how to be configured . In the pull method the server to be configured will pull its configuration from the controlling server . In the push method the controlling server pushes the configuration to the destination system . Tools ( edit ) There are many tools that fulfill infrastructure automation capabilities and use IaC . Broadly speaking , any framework , or tool that performs changes or configures infrastructure declaratively or imperatively based on a programmatic approach can be considered IaC . Traditionally , server ( lifecycle ) automation and configuration management tools were used to accomplish IaC , now enterprises are using continuous configuration automation tools or stand - alone IaC frameworks , such as Microsoft 's PowerShell DSC . Continuous configuration automation ( edit ) All continuous configuration automation ( CCA ) tools can be thought of as an extension of traditional IaC frameworks ; it leverages IaC to change , configure , and automate infrastructure , but it also provides visibility , efficiency and flexibility in how your infrastructure is managed . These additional attributes provide enterprise level security and compliance - making companies keen on implementing these types of tools . Community content ( edit ) An important aspect when considering CCA tools , if they are open source , is the community content . As Gartner states , the value of CCA tools is `` as dependent on user community - contributed content and support as it is on the commercial maturity and performance of the automation tooling . '' Vendors like Puppet and Chef , those that have been around a significant amount of time , have created their own communities ; Chef has Chef Community Repository and Puppet has PuppetForge , other vendors rely on adjacent communities and leverage other IaC frameworks such as PowerShell DSC . New vendors are emerging that are not content driven , but model driven with the intelligence in the product to deliver content . These visual , object - oriented systems work well for developers , but they are especially useful to production oriented DevOps and operations constituents that value models versus scripting for content . As the field continues to develop and change , the community based content will become ever important to how IaC tools are used , unless they are model driven and object oriented . Notable CCA tools include : Tool Released by Method Approach Written in Ansible Tower RedHat Push Declarative and imperative Python CFEngine CFEngine Pull Declarative - Chef Chef Pull Imperative Ruby Otter Inedo Push Declarative and imperative - Puppet Puppet Pull Declarative Ruby SaltStack SaltStack Push and Pull Declarative and imperative Python Terraform HashiCorp Push Declarative Go Relationship to DevOps ( edit ) IaC can be a key attribute of enabling best practices in DevOps -- Developers become more involved in defining configuration and Ops teams get involved earlier in the development process . Tools that utilize IaC bring visibility to the state and configuration of servers and ultimately provide the visibility to users within the enterprise , aiming to bring teams together to maximize their efforts . Automation in general aims to take the confusion and error - prone aspect of manual processes and make it more efficient , and productive . Allowing for better software and applications to be created with flexibility , less downtime , and an overall cost effective way for the company . IaC is intended to reduce the complexity that kills efficiency out of manual configuration . Automation and collaboration are considered central points in DevOps ; Infrastructure automation tools are often included as components of a DevOps toolchain . See also ( edit ) AWS CloudFormation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wittig , Andreas ; Wittig , Michael ( 2016 ) . Amazon Web Services in Action . Manning Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61729 - 288 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Colin ; Cosgrove , Terrence ( 26 August 2015 ) . Innovation Insight for Continuous Configuration Automation Tools . Gartner ( Report ) . Jump up ^ Bower , Joseph L. ; Christensen , Claton M. `` Disruptive Technologies : Catching the Wave '' . Harvard Business Review . Jump up ^ Riley , Chris ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Version Your Infrastructure '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2011/02/25/introducing-aws-cloudformation/ Jump up ^ AWS in Action & Wittig ( 2016 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Macvittie , Lori ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` How Deploy Frequency Impacts Infrastructure Stability '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ Phillips , Andrew ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` Moving from Infrastructure Automation to True DevOps '' . DevOps.com . Jump up ^ `` Declarative v. Imperative Models for Configuration Management : Which Is Really Better ? '' . Scriptrock.com . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Loschwitz , Martin ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Choosing between the leading open source configuration managers '' . Admin Network & Security . Lawrence , KS USA : Linux New Media USA LLC . Jump up ^ Venezia , Paul ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Puppet vs. Chef vs. Ansible vs. Salt '' . networkworld.com . Network World . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Garner Market Trends : DevOps -- Not a Market , but Tool - Centric Philosophy That supports a Continuous Delivery Value Chain ( Report ) . Gartner. 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chaganti , Ravikanth ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` DevOps , Infrastructure as Code , and PowerShell DSC : The Introduction '' . PowerShell Magazine . PowerShell Magazine . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Phil ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Puppet or Chef ? '' . Jump up ^ Ramos , Martin ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Continuous Integration : Infrastructure as Code in DevOps '' . easydynamics.com . Jump up ^ Infrastructure As Code : Fueling the Fire for Faster Application Delivery ( Report ) . Forrester . March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wurster , Laurie F. ; Colville , Ronni J. ; Height , Cameron ; Tripathi , Somendra ; Rastogi , Aditi . Emerging Technology Analysis : DevOps a Culture Shift , Not a Technology ( Report ) . Gartner . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure_as_Code&oldid=853457975 '' Categories : Agile software development Software development process Configuration management Systems engineering Orchestration software Cloud computing Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from March 2018 All articles with a promotional tone All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 22 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Infrastructure as code (IaC)
2. Managing and provisioning computer data centers
3. Declarative vs imperative approaches in IaC
4. Continuous configuration automation (CCA) tools
5. Relationship between IaC and DevOps |
8,527,775,291,823,837,000 | which company finally made the first commercial computer in us | UNIVAC I - wikipedia UNIVAC I UNIVAC I operator 's console UNIVAC I at Franklin Life Insurance Company The UNIVAC I ( UNIVersal Automatic Computer I ) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States . It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly , the inventors of the ENIAC . Design work was started by their company , Eckert -- Mauchly Computer Corporation ( EMCC ) , and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand ( which later became part of Sperry , now Unisys ) . In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared , the machine was simply known as `` the UNIVAC '' . The first Univac was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March 31 , 1951 , and was dedicated on June 14 that year . The fifth machine ( built for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ) was used by CBS to predict the result of the 1952 presidential election . With a sample of just 1 % of the voting population it famously predicted an Eisenhower landslide while the conventional wisdom favored Stevenson . Contents 1 History 1.1 Market positioning 1.2 Installations 2 Technical description 2.1 Major physical features 2.2 Main memory details 2.3 Instructions and data 2.4 Input / output 2.5 Operations 2.6 Reliability 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links History ( edit ) Market positioning ( edit ) Remington Rand employees , Harold E. Sweeney ( left ) and J. Presper Eckert ( center ) demonstrate the U.S. Census Bureau 's UNIVAC for CBS reporter Walter Cronkite ( right ) . UNIVAC I operator 's console closeup The UNIVAC I was the first American computer designed at the outset for business and administrative use with fast execution of relatively simple arithmetic and data transport operations , as opposed to the complex numerical calculations required of scientific computers . As such the UNIVAC competed directly against punch - card machines , though the UNIVAC originally could neither read nor punch cards . That shortcoming hindered sales to companies concerned about the high cost of manually converting large quantities of existing data stored on cards . This was corrected by adding offline card processing equipment , the UNIVAC Card to Tape converter and the UNIVAC Tape to Card converter , to transfer data between cards and UNIVAC magnetic tapes . However , the early market share of the UNIVAC I was lower than the Remington Rand Company wished . To promote sales , the company joined with CBS to have UNIVAC I predict the result of the 1952 Presidential election . UNIVAC I predicted Eisenhower would have a landslide victory over Adlai Stevenson whom the pollsters favored . The CBS crew was so certain that UNIVAC was wrong that they pretended it was not working . As the election continued and it became clear it was correct all along , the announcer admitted their sleight of hand and the machine became famous . The result was a greater public awareness of computing technology , and from then on computerized predictions were a must - have part of election night broadcasts . Installations ( edit ) Univac I at Census Bureau with two operators The first contracts were with government agencies such as the Census Bureau , the U.S. Air Force , and the U.S. Army Map Service . Contracts were also signed by the ACNielsen Company , and the Prudential Insurance Company . Following the sale of Eckert -- Mauchly Computer Corporation to Remington Rand , due to the cost overruns on the project , Remington Rand convinced Nielsen and Prudential to cancel their contracts . The first sale , to the Census Bureau , was marked with a formal ceremony on March 31 , 1951 , at the Eckert -- Mauchly Division 's factory at 3747 Ridge Avenue , Philadelphia . The machine was not actually shipped until the following December , because , as the sole fully set - up model , it was needed for demonstration purposes , and the company was apprehensive about the difficulties of dismantling , transporting , and reassembling the delicate machine . As a result , the first installation was with the second computer , delivered to the Pentagon in June 1952 . UNIVAC installations , 1951 -- 1954 Date Customer Comments 1951 U.S. Census Bureau , Suitland , MD Not shipped until 1952 1952 U.S. Air Force Pentagon , Arlington , VA 1952 U.S. Army Map Service Washington , DC . Operated at factory April -- September 1952 1953 New York University ( for the Atomic Energy Commission ) New York , NY 1953 Atomic Energy Commission Livermore , CA 1953 U.S. Navy David W. Taylor Model Basin , Bethesda , MD 1954 Remington Rand Sales office , New York , NY 1954 General Electric Appliance Division , Louisville , KY . First business sale . 1954 Metropolitan Life New York , NY 1954 U.S. Air Force Wright - Patterson AFB , Dayton , OH 1954 U.S. Steel Pittsburgh , PA 1954 Du Pont Wilmington , DE 1954 U.S. Steel Gary , IN 1954 Franklin Life Insurance Springfield , IL 1954 Westinghouse Pittsburgh , PA 1954 Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Los Angeles , CA 1954 Sylvania Electric New York , NY 1954 Consolidated Edison New York , NY Originally priced at US $ 159,000 , the UNIVAC I rose in price until they were between $1,250,000 and $1,500,000 . A total of 46 systems were eventually built and delivered . The UNIVAC I was too expensive for most universities , and Sperry Rand , unlike companies such as IBM , was not strong enough financially to afford to give many away . However Sperry Rand donated UNIVAC I systems to Harvard University ( 1956 ) , the University of Pennsylvania ( 1957 ) , and Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland , Ohio ( 1957 ) ; the UNIVAC I at Case was still operable in 1965 but had been supplanted by a UNIVAC 1107 . A few UNIVAC I systems stayed in service long after they were made obsolete by advancing technology . The Census Bureau used its two systems until 1963 , amounting to 12 and nine years of service , respectively . Sperry Rand itself used two systems in Buffalo , New York until 1968 . The insurance company Life and Casualty of Tennessee used its system until 1970 , totaling over 13 years of service . Technical description ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mercury delay line memory of UNIVAC I Major physical features ( edit ) UNIVAC I used about 5,000 vacuum tubes , weighed 16,686 pounds ( 8.3 short tons ; 7.6 t ) , consumed 125 kW , and could perform about 1,905 operations per second running on a 2.25 MHz clock . The Central Complex alone ( i.e. the processor and memory unit ) was 4.3 m by 2.4 m by 2.6 m high . The complete system occupied more than 35.5 m2 ( 382 ft2 ) of floor space . Main memory details ( edit ) The main memory consisted of 1000 words of 12 characters . When representing numbers , they were written as 11 decimal digits plus sign . The 1000 words of memory consisted of 100 channels of 10 - word mercury delay line registers . The input / output buffers were 60 words each , consisting of 12 channels of 10 - word mercury delay line registers . There are six channels of 10 - word mercury delay line registers as spares . With modified circuitry , seven more channels control the temperature of the seven mercury tanks , and one more channel is used for the 10 word `` Y '' register . The total of 126 mercury channels is contained in the seven mercury tanks mounted on the backs of sections MT , MV , MX , NT , NV , NX , and GV . Each mercury tank is divided into 18 mercury channels . Each 10 - word mercury delay line channel is made up of three sections : A channel in a column of mercury , with receiving and transmitting quartz piezo - electric crystals mounted at opposite ends . An intermediate frequency chassis , connected to the receiving crystal , containing amplifiers , detector , and compensating delay , mounted on the shell of the mercury tank . A recirculation chassis , containing cathode follower , pulse former and retimer , modulator , which drives the transmitting crystal , and input , clear , and memory - switch gates , mounted in the sections adjacent to the mercury tanks . Instructions and data ( edit ) Instructions were six alphanumeric characters , packed two instructions per word . The addition time was 525 microseconds and the multiplication time was 2150 microseconds . A non-standard modification called `` Overdrive '' did exist , that allowed for three four - character instructions per word under some circumstances . ( Ingerman 's simulator for the UNIVAC , referenced below , also makes this modification available . ) Internal view of UNIVAC I Digits were represented internally using excess - 3 ( `` XS3 '' ) binary coded decimal ( BCD ) arithmetic with six bits per digit using the same value as the digits of the alphanumeric character set ( and one parity bit per digit for error checking ) , allowing 11 - digit signed magnitude numbers . But with the exception of one or two machine instructions , UNIVAC was considered by programmers to be a decimal machine , not a binary machine , and the binary representation of the characters was irrelevant . If a non-digit character was encountered in a position during an arithmetic operation the machine passed it unchanged to the output , and any carry into the non-digit was lost . ( Note , however , that a peculiarity of UNIVAC I 's addition / subtraction circuitry was that the `` ignore '' , space , and minus characters were occasionally treated as numeric , with values of -- 3 , -- 2 , and -- 1 respectively , and the apostrophe , ampersand , and left parenthesis were occasionally treated as numeric , with values 10 , 11 , and 12 . ) Input / output ( edit ) Besides the operator 's console , the only I / O devices connected to the UNIVAC I were up to 10 UNISERVO tape drives , a Remington Standard electric typewriter and a Tektronix oscilloscope . The UNISERVO was the first commercial computer tape drive commercially sold . It used data density 128 bits per inch ( with real transfer rate 7,200 characters per second ) on magnetically plated phosphor bronze tapes . The UNISERVO could also read and write UNITYPER created tapes at 20 bits per inch . The UNITYPER was an offline typewriter to tape device , used by programmers and for minor data editing . Backward and forward tape read and write operations were possible on the UNIVAC and were fully overlapped with instruction execution , permitting high system throughput in typical sort / merge data processing applications . Large volumes of data could be submitted as input via magnetic tapes created on offline card to tape system and made as output via a separate offline tape to printer system . The operators console had three columns of decimal coded switches that allowed any of the 1000 memory locations to be displayed on the oscilloscope . Since the mercury delay line memory stored bits in a serial format , a programmer or operator could monitor any memory location continuously and with sufficient patience , decode its contents as displayed on the scope . The on - line typewriter was typically used for announcing program breakpoints , checkpoints , and for memory dumps . Operations ( edit ) A typical UNIVAC I installation had several ancillary devices . There were , typically : a printer that read a magnetic tape and printed output on continuous - form paper ; a card - to - tape converter , that read punched cards and recorded their images on magnetic tape ; and a tape - to - card converter , that read a magnetic tape and produced punched cards . There was no UNIVAC provided operating system . Operators loaded on a UNISERVO a program tape which could be loaded automatically by processor logic . The appropriate source and output data tapes would be mounted and the program started . Results tapes then went to the offline printer or typically for data processing into short term storage to be updated with the next set of data produced on the offline card to tape unit . The mercury delay line memory tank temperature was very closely controlled as the speed of sound in mercury varies with temperature . In the event of a power failure , many hours could elapse before the temperature stabilized . Reliability ( edit ) Eckert and Mauchly were uncertain about the reliability of digital logic circuits and little was known at the time . The UNIVAC I was designed with parallel computation circuits and result comparison . In practice , only failing components yielded comparison faults as their circuit designs were very reliable . Tricks were used to manage the reliability of tubes . Prior to use in the machine , large lots of the predominant tube type 25L6 were burned in and carefully tested . Often half of a production lot would be thrown away . Technicians installed a tested and burned - in tube in an easily diagnosed location such as the memory recirculate amplifiers . Then , when aged further , this `` golden '' tube was sent to stock to be used in a difficult to diagnose logic position . It took about 30 minutes to turn on the computer as all filament power supplies were stepped up to operating value over that time , to reduce in - rush current and thermal stress on the tubes . As a result , uptimes ( MTBF ) of many days to weeks were obtained on the processor . The UNISERVO did not have vacuum columns but springs and strings to buffer tape from the reels to the capstan . These were a frequent source of failures . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNIVAC I . List of UNIVAC products History of computing hardware List of vacuum tube computers Ferranti Mark 1 Grace Hopper Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first commercial computer in the world was the BINAC built by the Eckert -- Mauchly Computer Corporation and delivered to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , L.R. , `` Coming to grips with Univac , '' Annals of the History of Computing , IEEE , vol. 28 , no. 2 , pp. 32 , 42 , April -- June 2006 . doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2006.27 Jump up ^ Reference : CNN 's feature on the 50th anniversary of the UNIVAC . Jump up ^ Norberg , Arthur Lawrence ( 2005 ) . Computers and Commerce : A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert - Mauchly Computer Company , Engineering Research Associates , and Remington Rand , 1946 - 1957 . MIT Press . pp. 190 , 217 . ISBN 9780262140904 . Jump up ^ Lukoff , Herman ( 1979 ) . From Dits to Bits : A personal history of the electronic computer . Portland , Oregon , USA : Robotics Press . pp. 127 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 89661 - 002 - 0 . LCCN 79 - 90567 . Jump up ^ Univac i . ( 2003 ) . In Encyclopedia of computer science . Retrieved from http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/encyccs/univac_i/0 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan . American History : A Survey . 12th Ed . Jump up ^ UNIVAC conference , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . 171 - page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers involved with the Univac computer , held on 17 -- 18 May 1990 , Washington DC . The meeting involved 25 engineers , programmers , marketing representatives , and salesmen who were involved with the UNIVAC , as well as representatives from users such as General Electric , Arthur Andersen , and the U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Ceruzzi , Paul E. A history of modern computing , MIT , 1998 . The source notes that the list is compiled from a number of sources and does not include UNIVACs that were completed not delivered in the period 1951 -- 54 . In some cases the dates are approximate . Depending on the definition of `` installed '' the order may be slightly different . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Computing Machinery : News - UNIVAC Acceptance Tests '' . Mathematics of Computation. 5 ( 35 ) : 176 -- 177 . 1951 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 51 - 99425 - 2 . ISSN 0025 - 5718 . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Computing Machinery : News - Eckert - Mauchly Division , Remington Rand Inc '' . Mathematics of Computation. 5 ( 36 ) : 245 . 1951 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 51 - 99416 - 1 . ISSN 0025 - 5718 . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Computing Machinery : News - UNIVAC Acceptance Tests '' . Mathematics of Computation. 6 ( 38 ) : 119 . 1952 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 52 - 99400 - 3 . ISSN 0025 - 5718 . Jump up ^ `` Automatic Computing Machinery : News - UNIVAC Acceptance Tests '' . Mathematics of Computation. 6 ( 40 ) : 247 . 1952 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 52 - 99384 - 8 . ISSN 0025 - 5718 . ^ Jump up to : . Digital_Computer_Newsletter_V05N03_Jul53. pdf. `` 1 . UNIVAC '' . Digital Computer Newsletter. 5 ( 3 ) : 2 . July 1953 . Jump up ^ `` THE UNIVAC '' . Digital Computer Newsletter. 6 ( 1 ) : 2 . Apr 1954 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . UNIVAC '' . Digital Computer Newsletter. 6 ( 3 ) : 4 -- 5 . Jul 1954 . Jump up ^ `` 2 . The UNIVAC '' . Digital Computer Newsletter. 6 ( 2 ) : 2 . Jan 1954 . Jump up ^ The vacuum tubes used in the UNIVAC I were mostly of type 25L6 , but the machine also used tubes of type 6AK5 , 7AK7 , 6AU6 , 6BE6 , 6SN7 , 6X5 , 28D7 , 807 , 829B , 2050 , 5545 , 5651 , 5687 , 6AL5 , 6AN5 , 6AH6 , 5V4 , 5R4 , 4D32 , 3C23 , and 8008 . Jump up ^ Weik , Martin H. ( March 1961 ) . `` UNIVAC I '' . ed-thelen.org . A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems . External links ( edit ) UNIVAC Conference Oral history on 17 -- 18 May 1990 . Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis . 171 - page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers , including Jean Bartik , involved with the Univac computer , held on 17 -- 18 May 1990 . The meeting involved 25 engineers , programmers , marketing representatives , and salesmen who were involved with the UNIVAC , as well as representatives from users such as General Electric , Arthur Andersen , and the U.S. Census . Margaret R. Fox Papers , 1935 -- 1976 , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . collection contains reports , including the original report on the ENIAC , UNIVAC , and many early in - house National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) activity reports ; memoranda on and histories of SEAC , SWAC , and DYSEAC ; programming instructions for the UNIVAC , LARC , and MIDAC ; patent evaluations and disclosures relevant to computers ; system descriptions ; speeches and articles written by Margaret Fox 's colleagues ; and correspondence of Samuel Alexander , Margaret Fox , and Samuel Williams . UNIVAC I documentation -- From computer documentation repository www.bitsavers.org UNIVAC 1 : The First Mass - Produced Computer - Unisys History Newsletter , Volume 5 , Number 1 at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 22 , 2017 ) The UNIVAC and the Legacy of the ENIAC -- From the University of Pennsylvania Library ( PENN UNIVERSITY / exhibitions ) UNIVAC 1 Computer System -- By Allan G. Reiter , formerly of the ERA division of Remington Rand UNIVAC I & II Simulator -- By Peter Zilahy Ingerman ; Shareware simulator of the UNIVAC I and II . Archived download Core memory slide show -- This slide show contains a photo of a 1951 core memory module for a UNIVAC I Remington - Rand Presents UNIVAC -- Promotional film from the collection of the Computer History Museum , Mountain View , California `` Winky Blinky Lights `` Off The Broiler '' . archive.is . Pictures and video in flash of UNIVAC main console ; sales and marketing documents . 10 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) `` Want To Buy A Brain '' , May 1949 , Popular Science early illustrated article on the UNIVAC for the general public Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNIVAC_I&oldid=863957945 '' Categories : UNIVAC mainframe computers Early computers Vacuum tube computers Computer - related introductions in 1951 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 05 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. UNIVAC I - first commercial computer in the United States
2. Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation - designers of UNIVAC I
3. Market positioning of UNIVAC I - competition with punch-card machines
4. Installations of UNIVAC I - government agencies and companies
5. Technical description of UNIVAC I - physical features, memory, and operations |
1,931,631,106,466,588,000 | all but one of the following were a part of zhou literature | Apocrypha - wikipedia Apocrypha Jump to : navigation , search `` Apocryphal '' redirects here . For the section found in some Bibles called Apocrypha , see Biblical apocrypha . For The X-Files episode , see Apocrypha ( The X-Files ) . Apocryphal letter of Sultan Mohammed II to the Pope ( `` Notes et extraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au XVe siècle '' ) / published by Nicolas Jorga . Series 4 : 1453 -- 1476 , Paris ; Bucarest , 1915 , pages 126 -- 127 Apocrypha are works , usually written , of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin . Biblical apocrypha is a set of texts included in the Latin Vulgate and Septuagint but not in the Hebrew Bible . While Catholic tradition considers the texts to be deuterocanonical , Protestants consider them apocryphal . Thus , Protestant bibles do not include the books within the Old Testament but have often included them in a separate section . Other non-canonical apocryphal texts are generally called pseudepigrapha , a term that means `` false writings '' . The word 's origin is the Medieval Latin adjective apocryphus , `` secret , or non-canonical '' , from the Greek adjective ἀπόκρυφος ( apokryphos ) , `` obscure '' , from the verb ἀποκρύπτειν ( apokryptein ) , `` to hide away '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Examples 2.1 Esoteric writings and objects 2.2 Writings of questionable value 2.3 Spurious writings 2.4 Other 2.5 Metaphorical usage 3 Texts 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Intertestamental 3.3 Christianity 3.3. 1 Disputes over canonicity 3.3. 2 New Testament apocrypha 3.3. 3 List of Sixty 3.4 Confucianism and Taoism 3.5 Buddhism 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Introduction ( edit ) Apocrypha is commonly applied in Christian religious contexts involving certain disagreements about biblical canonicity . Apocryphal writings are a class of documents rejected by some as being either pseudepigraphical and / or unworthy to be properly called Scripture , though , as with other writings , they may sometimes be referenced for support , such as the Book of Jasher . While writings that are now accepted by Christians as Scripture were recognized as being such by various believers early on , the establishment of a largely settled uniform canon was a process of centuries , and what the term `` canon '' ( as well as `` apocrypha '' ) precisely meant also saw development . The canonical process took place with believers recognizing writings as being inspired by God from known or accepted origins , subsequently being followed by official affirmation of what had become largely established through the study and debate of the writings . The Roman Catholic church provided its first dogmatic definition of her entire canon in 1546 , which put a stop to doubts and disagreements about the status of the Apocrypha , as well as certain other books , which had continued from the beginning of the NT church . The leader of the Protestant Reformation , Martin Luther , like the Catholic church father Jerome ( and certain others ) , favored the Masoretic canon for the Old Testament , excluding apocryphal books in his non-binding canon as being worthy to properly be called Scripture , but included most of them in a separate section , as per Jerome . Luther did not include the deuterocanonical books in his Old Testament , terming them `` Apocrypha , that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures , but are useful and good to read . '' Explaining the Eastern Orthodox Church 's canon is made difficult because of differences of perspective with the Roman Catholic church in the interpretation of how it was done . Today Orthodox accept a few more books than appear in the Catholic canon . Examples ( edit ) Esoteric writings and objects ( edit ) The word `` apocryphal '' ( ἀπόκρυφος ) was first applied to writings which were kept secret because they were the vehicles of esoteric knowledge considered too profound or too sacred to be disclosed to anyone other than the initiated . For example , the disciples of the Gnostic Prodicus boasted that they possessed the secret ( ἀπόκρυφα ) books of Zoroaster . The term in general enjoyed high consideration among the Gnostics ( see Acts of Thomas , pp. 10 , 27 , 44 ) . Sinologist Anna Seidel refers to texts and even items produced by ancient Chinese sages as apocryphal and studied their uses during Six Dynasties China ( A.D. 220 to 589 ) . These artifacts were used as symbols legitimizing and guaranteeing the Emperor 's Heavenly Mandate . Examples of these include talismans , charts , writs , tallies , and registers . The first examples were stones , jade pieces , bronze vessels and weapons , but came to include talismans and magic diagrams . From their roots in Zhou era China ( 1066 to 256 B.C. ) these items came to be surpassed in value by texts by the Han dynasty ( 206 B.C. to A.D. 220 ) . Most of these texts have been destroyed as Emperors , particularly during the Han dynasty , collected these legitimizing objects and proscribed , forbade and burnt nearly all of them to prevent them from falling into the hands of political rivals . It is therefore fitting with the Greek root of the word , as these texts were obviously hidden away to protect the ruling Emperor from challenges to his status as Heaven 's choice as sovereign . Writings of questionable value ( edit ) `` Apocrypha '' was also applied to writings that were hidden not because of their divinity but because of their questionable value to the church . Many in Protestant traditions cite Revelation 22 : 18 -- 19 as a potential curse for those who attach any canonical authority to extra-biblical writings such as the Apocrypha . However , a strict explanation of this text would indicate it was meant for only the Book of Revelation . Rv. 22 : 18 -- 19f . ( KJV ) states : `` For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book , If any man shall add unto these things , God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book : And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy , God shall take away his part out of the book of life , and out of the holy city , and from the things which are written in this book . '' In the context of Revelations , a book predicting the future atrocities of man , it means that God will strip them of the goodness of life ( `` from the things written in this book '' ) and that they will be removed from heaven ( `` out of the book of life '' ) . The early Christian theologian Origen , in his Commentaries on Matthew , distinguishes between writings which were read by the churches and apocryphal writings : γραφὴ μὴ φερομένη μέν ἒν τοῖς κοινοῖς καὶ δεδημοσιευμένοις βιβλίοις εἰκὸς δ ' ὅτι ἒν ἀποκρύφοις φερομένη ( writing not found on the common and published books in one hand , actually found on the secret ones on the other ) . The meaning of αποκρυφος is here practically equivalent to `` excluded from the public use of the church '' , and prepares the way for an even less favourable use of the word . Spurious writings ( edit ) In general use , the word `` apocrypha '' came to mean `` false , spurious , bad , or heretical . '' This meaning also appears in Origen 's prologue to his commentary on the Song of Songs , of which only the Latin translation survives : De scripturis his , quae appellantur apocriphae , pro eo quod multa in iis corrupta et contra fidem veram inveniuntur a maioribus tradita non placuit iis dari locum nec admitti ad auctoritatem . `` Concerning these scriptures , which are called apocryphal , for the reason that many things are found in them corrupt and against the true faith handed down by the elders , it has pleased them that they not be given a place nor be admitted to authority . '' Other ( edit ) Other uses of apocrypha developed over the history of Western Christianity . The Gelasian Decree ( generally held now as being the work of an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 ) refers to religious works by church fathers Eusebius , Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria as apocrypha . Augustine defined the word as meaning simply `` obscurity of origin , '' implying that any book of unknown authorship or questionable authenticity would be considered apocryphal . On the other hand , Jerome ( in Protogus Galeatus ) declared that all books outside the Hebrew canon were apocryphal . In practice , Jerome treated some books outside the Hebrew canon as if they were canonical , and the Western Church did not accept Jerome 's definition of apocrypha , instead retaining the word 's prior meaning ( see : Deuterocanon ) . As a result , various church authorities labeled different books as apocrypha , treating them with varying levels of regard . Origen ( who stated that `` the canonical books , as the Hebrews have handed them down , are twenty - two '' ) , Clement and others cited some apocryphal books as `` scripture , '' `` divine scripture , '' `` inspired , '' and the like . On the other hand , teachers connected with Palestine and familiar with the Hebrew canon excluded from the canon all of the Old Testament not found there . This view is reflected in the canon of Melito of Sardis , and in the prefaces and letters of Jerome . A third view was that the books were not as valuable as the canonical scriptures of the Hebrew collection , but were of value for moral uses , as introductory texts for new converts from paganism , and to be read in congregations . They were referred to as `` ecclesiastical '' works by Rufinus . These three opinions regarding the apocryphal books prevailed until the Protestant Reformation , when the idea of what constitutes canon became a matter of primary concern for Roman Catholics and Protestants alike . In 1546 the Catholic Council of Trent reconfirmed the canon of Augustine , dating to the second and third centuries , declaring `` He is also to be anathema who does not receive these entire books , with all their parts , as they have been accustomed to be read in the Catholic Church , and are found in the ancient editions of the Latin Vulgate , as sacred and canonical . '' The whole of the books in question , with the exception of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh , were declared canonical at Trent . The Protestants , in comparison , were diverse in their opinion of the deuterocanon early on . Some considered them divinely inspired , others rejected them . Anglicans took a position between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches ; they kept them as Christian intertestamental readings and a part of the Bible , but no doctrine should be based on them . John Wycliffe , a 14th - century Christian Humanist , had declared in his biblical translation that `` whatever book is in the Old Testament besides these twenty - five shall be set among the apocrypha , that is , without authority or belief . '' Nevertheless , his translation of the Bible included the apocrypha and the Epistle of the Laodiceans . Martin Luther did not class apocryphal books as being Scripture , but in both the German ( 1534 ) translation of the Bible , the apocrypha are published in a separate section from the other books , although the Lutheran and Anglican lists are different . In some editions ( like the Westminster ) , readers were warned that these books were not `` to be any otherwise approved or made use of than other human writings . '' A milder distinction was expressed elsewhere , such as in the `` argument '' introducing them in the Geneva Bible , and in the Sixth Article of the Church of England , where it is said that `` the other books the church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners , '' though not to establish doctrine . Among some other Protestants , the term apocryphal began to take on extra or altered connotations : not just of dubious authenticity , but having spurious or false content , not just obscure but having hidden or suspect motives . Protestants were ( and are ) not unanimous in adopting those meanings . The Church of England agreed , and that view continues today throughout the Lutheran Church , the worldwide Anglican Communion , and many other denominations . Whichever implied meaning is intended , Apocrypha was ( and is ) used primarily by Protestants , in reference to the books of questioned canonicity . Catholics and Orthodox sometimes avoid using the term in contexts where it might be disputatious or be misconstrued as yielding on the point of canonicity . Thus the respect accorded to apocryphal books varied between Protestant denominations . Most Protestant published Bibles that include the apocryphal books will relocate them into a separate section ( rather like an appendix ) , so as not to intermingle them with their canonical books . According to the Orthodox Anglican Church : On the other hand , the Anglican Communion emphatically maintains that the Apocrypha is part of the Bible and is to be read with respect by her members . Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer , the Benedictus es and Benedicite , are taken from the Apocrypha . One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book ( Tob. 4 : 8 -- 9 ) . Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily , Sunday , and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer . There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary ( The books used are : II Esdras , Tobit , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch , Three Holy Children , and I Maccabees . ) The position of the Church is best summarized in the words of Article Six of the Thirty - nine Articles : `` In the name of Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical Books of the Old and New Testament , of whose authority there was never any doubt in the Church ... And the other Books ( as Hierome ( St. Jerome ) saith ) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners ; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine . With few exceptions , the 66 book Protestantism canon ( such as listed in the Westminster Confession of 1646 ) has been well established for centuries , and with many today contending against the Apocrypha using various arguments . Metaphorical usage ( edit ) The adjective apocryphal is commonly used in modern English to refer to any text or story considered to be of dubious veracity or authority , although it may contain some moral truth . In this broader metaphorical sense , the word suggests a claim that is in the nature of folklore , factoid or urban legend . Texts ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Jewish apocrypha Although Orthodox Jews believe in the exclusive canonization of the current 24 books in the Tanakh , they also consider the Oral Torah to be authoritative , which they believe was handed down from Moses . The Sadducees -- unlike the Pharisees but like the Samaritans -- seem to have maintained an earlier and smaller number of texts as canonical , preferring to hold to only what was written in the Law of Moses ( making most of the presently accepted canon , both Jewish and Christian , apocryphal in their eyes ) . Certain circles in Judaism , such as the Essenes in Judea and the Therapeutae in Egypt , were said to have a secret literature ( see Dead Sea scrolls ) . Other traditions maintained different customs regarding canonicity . The Ethiopic Jews , for instance , seem to have retained a spread of canonical texts similar to the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians , cf Encyclopaedia Judaica , Vol 6 , p 1147 . Intertestamental ( edit ) Main article : Biblical apocrypha See also : Intertestamental period During the birth of Christianity , some of the Jewish apocrypha that dealt with the coming of the Messianic kingdom became popular in the rising Jewish Christian communities . Occasionally these writings were changed or added to , but on the whole it was found sufficient to reinterpret them as conforming to a Christian viewpoint . Christianity eventually gave birth to new apocalyptic works , some of which were derived from traditional Jewish sources . Some of the Jewish apocrypha were part of the ordinary religious literature of the Early Christians . This was strange , as the large majority of Old Testament references in the New Testament are taken from the Greek Septuagint , which is the source of the deuterocanonical books as well as most of the other biblical apocrypha . Slightly varying collections of additional Books ( called deuterocanonical by the Roman Catholic Church ) form part of the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox canons . See Development of the Old Testament canon . The Book of Enoch is included in the biblical canon only of the Oriental Orthodox churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea . The Epistle of Jude quotes the book of Enoch , and some believe the use of this book also appears in the four gospels and 1 Peter . The genuineness and inspiration of Enoch were believed in by the writer of the Epistle of Barnabas , Irenaeus , Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria and much of the early church . The epistles of Paul and the gospels also show influences from the Book of Jubilees , which is part of the Ethiopian canon , as well as the Assumption of Moses and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs , which are included in no biblical canon . The high position which some apocryphal books occupied in the first two centuries was undermined by a variety of influences in the Christian church . All claims to the possession of a secret tradition ( as held by many Gnostic sects ) were denied by the influential theologians like Irenaeus and Tertullian , which modern historians refer to as the Proto - orthodox , the timeframe of true inspiration was limited to the apostolic age , and universal acceptance by the church was required as proof of apostolic authorship . As these principles gained currency , books deemed apocryphal tended to become regarded as spurious and heretical writings , though books now considered deuterocanonical have been used in liturgy and theology from the first century to the present . Christianity ( edit ) Disputes over canonicity ( edit ) The actual status of the books which the Catholic church terms Deuterocanonicals ( second canon ) and Protestantism refers to as Apocrypha has been an issue of disagreement which preceded the Reformation . Many believe that the pre-Christian - era Jewish translation ( into Greek ) of holy scriptures known as the Septuagint , a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures originally compiled around 280 B.C. , originally included the apocryphal writings in dispute , with little distinction made between them and the rest of the Old Testament . Others argue that the Septuagint of the first century did not contain these books but were added later by Christians , The earliest extant manuscripts of the Septuagint are from the fourth century , and suffer greatly from a lack of uniformity as regards containing apocryphal books , and some also contain books classed as Pseudepigrapha , from which texts were cited by some early writers in the second and later centuries as being Scripture . While a few scholars conclude that the Jewish canon was the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty , it is generally considered not to have been finalized until about 100 A.D. or somewhat later , at which time considerations of Greek language and beginnings of Christian acceptance of the Septuagint weighed against some of the texts . Some were not accepted by the Jews as part of the Hebrew Bible canon and the Apocrypha is not part of the historical Jewish canon . Early church fathers such as Athanasius , Melito , Origen , and Cyril of Jerusalem , spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the apocrypha , but the most weighty opposition was the fourth century Catholic scholar Jerome who preferred the Hebrew canon , whereas Augustine and others preferred the wider ( Greek ) canon , with both having followers in the generations that followed . The Catholic Encyclopedia states as regards the Middle Ages , `` In the Latin Church , all through the Middle Ages ( 5th century to the 15th century ) we find evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals . There is a current friendly to them , another one distinctly unfavourable to their authority and sacredness , while wavering between the two are a number of writers whose veneration for these books is tempered by some perplexity as to their exact standing , and among those we note St. Thomas Aquinas . Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity . '' The prevailing attitude of Western medieval authors is substantially that of the Greek Fathers . The wider Christian canon accepted by Augustine became the more established canon in the western Church after being promulgated for use in the Easter Letter of Athanasius ( circa 372 A.D. , though in the same letter he denied all apocryphal books as being Scripture , except for Baruch , while excluding Esther ) . the Synod of Rome ( 382 A.D. , but its Decretum Gelasianum is generally considered to be a much later addition ) and the local councils of Carthage and Hippo in north Africa ( 391 and 393 A.D ) . Nevertheless , none of these constituted indisputable definitions , and significant scholarly doubts and disagreements about the nature of the Apocrypha continued for centuries and even into Trent , which provided the first infallible definition of the Catholic canon in 1546 . This canon came to see appropriately 1,000 years of nearly uniform use by the majority , even after the 11th - century schism that separated the church into the branches known as the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches . In the 16th century , the Protestant reformers challenged the canonicity of the books and partial - books found in the surviving Septuagint but not in the Masoretic Text . In response to this challenge , after the death of Martin Luther ( February 8 , 1546 ) the ecumenical Council of Trent officially ( `` infallibly '' ) declared these books ( called `` deuterocanonical '' by Catholics ) to be part of the canon in April , 1546 A.D. While the Protestant Reformers rejected the parts of the canon that were not part of the Hebrew Bible , they included the four New Testament books Luther held as doubtful canonicity along with the Apocrypha in his non-binding canon ( though most were separately included in his bible , as they were in some editions of the KJV bible until 1947 ) . Protestantism therefore established a 66 book canon with the 39 books based on the ancient Hebrew canon , along with the traditional 27 books of the New Testament . Protestants also rejected the Catholic term `` deuterocanonical '' for these writings , preferring to apply the term `` apocryphal '' which was already in use for other early and disputed writings . As today ( but along with others reasons ) , various reformers argued that those books contained doctrinal or other errors and thus should not have been added to the canon for that reason . The differences between canons can be seen under Biblical canon and Development of the Christian biblical canon . Explaining the Eastern Orthodox Church 's canon is made difficult because of differences of perspective with the Roman Catholic church in the interpretation of how it was done . Those differences ( in matters of jurisdictional authority ) were contributing factors in the separation of the Roman Catholics and Orthodox around 1054 , but the formation of the canon which Trent would later officially definitively settle was largely complete by the fifth century , in not settled , six centuries before the separation . In the eastern part of the church , it took much of the fifth century also to come to agreement , but in the end it was accomplished . The canonical books thus established by the undivided church became the predominate canon for what was later to become Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox alike . The East did already differ from the West in not considering every question of canon yet settled , and it subsequently adopted a few more books into its Old Testament . It also allowed consideration of yet a few more to continue not fully decided , which led in some cases to adoption in one or more jurisdictions , but not all . Thus , there are today a few remaining differences of canon among Orthodox , and all Orthodox accept a few more books than appear in the Catholic canon . The Psalms of Solomon , 3 Maccabees , 4 Maccabees , the Epistle of Jeremiah the Book of Odes , the Prayer of Manasseh and Psalm 151 are included in some copies of the Septuagint , some of which are accepted as canonical by Eastern Orthodox and some other churches . Protestants accept none of these additional books as canon either , but see them having roughly the same status as the other Apocrypha . New Testament Apocrypha ( edit ) Main article : New Testament apocrypha New Testament apocrypha -- books similar to those in the New Testament but almost universally rejected by Catholics , Orthodox and Protestants -- include several gospels and lives of apostles . Some were written by early Jewish Christians ( see the Gospel according to the Hebrews ) . Others of these were produced by Gnostic authors or members of other groups later defined as heterodox . Many texts believed lost for centuries were unearthed in the 19th and 20th centuries , producing lively speculation about their importance in early Christianity among religious scholars , while many others survive only in the form of quotations from them in other writings ; for some , no more than the title is known . Artists and theologians have drawn upon the New Testament apocrypha for such matters as the names of Dismas and Gestas and details about the Three Wise Men . The first explicit mention of the perpetual virginity of Mary is found in the pseudepigraphical Infancy Gospel of James . Before the fifth century , the Christian writings that were then under discussion for inclusion in the canon but had not yet been accepted were classified in a group known as the ancient antilegomenae . These were all candidates for the New Testament and included several books which were eventually accepted , such as : The Epistle to the Hebrews , 2 Peter , 3 John and the Revelation of John ( Apocalypse ) . None of those accepted books can be considered Apocryphal now , since all Christendom accepts them as canonical . Of the uncanonized ones , the Early Church considered some heretical but viewed others quite well . Some Christians , in an extension of the meaning , might also consider the non-heretical books to be `` apocryphal '' along the manner of Martin Luther : not canon , but useful to read . This category includes books such as the Epistle of Barnabas , the Didache , and The Shepherd of Hermas which are sometimes referred to as the Apostolic Fathers . The Gnostic tradition was a prolific source of apocryphal gospels . While these writings borrowed the characteristic poetic features of apocalyptic literature from Judaism , Gnostic sects largely insisted on allegorical interpretations based on a secret apostolic tradition . With them , these apocryphal books were highly esteemed . A well - known Gnostic apocryphal book is the Gospel of Thomas , the only complete text of which was found in the Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945 . The Gospel of Judas , a Gnostic gospel , also received much media attention when it was reconstructed in 2006 . Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians as well as Protestants generally agree on the canon of the New Testament , see Development of the New Testament canon . The Ethiopian Orthodox have in the past also included I & II Clement and Shepherd of Hermas in their New Testament canon . List of sixty ( edit ) The List of Sixty , dating to around the 7th century , lists the sixty books of the Bible . The unknown author also lists several apocryphal books that are not included amongst the sixty . These books are : Adam Enoch Lamech Twelve Patriarchs Prayer of Joseph Eldad and Modad Testament of Moses Assumption of Moses Psalms of Solomon Apocalypse of Elijah Ascension of Isaiah Apocalypse of Zephaniah Apocalypse of Zechariah Apocalyptic Ezra History of James Apocalypse of Peter Itinerary and Teaching of the Apostles Epistle of Barnabas Acts of Paul Apocalypse of Paul Didascalia of Clement Didascalia of Ignatius Didascalia of Polycarp Gospel According to Barnabas Gospel According to Matthew Confucianism and Taoism ( edit ) Prophetic texts called the Ch'an - wei ( zh : 讖緯 ) were written by Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE to 220 CE ) Taoist priests to legitimize as well as curb imperial power . They deal with treasure objects that were part of the Zhou ( 1066 to 256 BCE ) royal treasures . Emerging from the instability of the Warring States period ( 476 -- 221 BCE ) , ancient Chinese scholars saw the centralized rule of the Zhou as an ideal model for the new Han empire to emulate . The Ch'an - wei are therefore texts written by Han scholars about the Zhou royal treasures , only they were not written to record history for its own sake , but for legitimizing the current imperial reign . These texts took the form of stories about texts and objects being conferred upon the Emperors by Heaven and comprising these ancient sage - king 's ( this is how the Zhou emperors were referred to by this time , about 500 years after their peak ) royal regalia . The desired effect was to confirm the Han emperor 's Heavenly Mandate through the continuity offered by his possession of these same sacred talismans . It is because of this politicized recording of their history that it is difficult to retrace the exact origins of these objects . What is known is that these texts were most likely produced by a class of literati called the fangshi . These were a class of nobles who were not part of the state administration ; they were considered specialists or occultists , for example diviners , astrologers , alchemists or healers . It is from this class of nobles that the first Taoist priests are believed to have emerged . Seidel points out however that the scarcity of sources relating to the formation of early Taoism make the exact link between the apocryphal texts and the Taoist beliefs unclear . Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhist apocrypha Apocryphal Jatakas of the Pali Buddhist canon , such as those belonging to the Paññāsajātaka collection , have been adapted to fit local culture in certain Southeast Asian countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals . Within the Pali tradition , the apocryphal Jatakas of later composition ( some dated even to the 19th century ) are treated as a separate category of literature from the `` Official '' Jataka stories that have been more - or-less formally canonized from at least the 5th century -- as attested to in ample epigraphic and archaeological evidence , such as extant illustrations in bas relief from ancient temple walls . See also ( edit ) Occult Shakespeare apocrypha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Little , Williams . Onions , C.T. , editors . The Oxford Universal Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 1955 ^ Jump up to : Bromiley , Geoffrey William , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Apocrypha '' . The International standard Bible encyclopedia ( 2 ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . Jump up ^ `` Apocrypha - Definition '' . merriam-webster.com . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2009 ) . Forgotten Scriptures : The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings . Louisville , KY 40202 - 1396 . pp. 11 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 0664233570 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia ( Vol. 3 ed . ) . , Washington , DC 20064 : Catholic University of America . 2003 . pp. 20 , 26 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael David ( 2007 ) . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . p. 457 . Jump up ^ Willett , Herbert Lockwood ( 21 April 2018 ) . `` The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary : Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms , Including Biographical , Geographical , Historical , Archæological and Doctrinal Themes , Superbly Illustrated with Over 600 Maps and Engravings '' . Howard - Severance Company . Retrieved 21 April 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Charles 1911 ^ Jump up to : Seidel , Anna . `` Imperial treasures and Taoist sacraments '' , in M. Strickmann , ed. , Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honor of Rolf A. Stein , II , Bruxelles , Institut belge des hautes etudes chinoises . pp. 291 - 371 . Jump up ^ Commentaries on Matthew , X . 18 , XIII. 57 Jump up ^ `` Origen on the Canon '' . BibleResearcher.com . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Wycliffe 's Translation '' . nnu.edu . Jump up ^ The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments Archived August 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION OF FAITH '' . BibleResearcher.com . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Blocher , Henri ( 2004 ) . `` Helpful or Harmful ? The `` Apocrypha '' and Evangelical Theology `` . European Journal of Theology ( 13.2 ) : 81 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Webster , William . `` The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha Part 3 '' . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shamoun , Sam . `` Are The Jewish Apocrypha Inspired Scripture ? Pt. 4 '' . Answering Islam - A Christian - Muslim dialog . Answering Islam . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SADDUCEES '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ The Old Testament Canon Archived December 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament Archived December 31 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Deuterocanonical books literally means books of the second canon . The term was coined in the 16th century . Jump up ^ The Style Manual for the Society of Biblical Literature recommends the use of the term deuterocanonical literature instead of apocrypha in academic writing , although not all apocryphal books are properly deuterocanonical . Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ Software , Accordance Bible . `` New Release : Comprehensive Bible Cross References '' . Accordance Bible Software . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wegner , Paul D. ( 2004 ) . The Journey from Texts to Translations : The Origin and Development of the Bible . Baker Academic . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0801027994 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Roger T. ( November 1 , 2008 ) . The Canon of the Old Testament ( PDF ) . Eugene , OR : Wipf & Stock Pub . pp. 62 , 382 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 1606082492 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , E.E. ( 1992 ) . The Old Testament in Early Christianity . Ada , MI 49301 : Baker . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Archer , Jr , Gleason ( 2007 ) . A survey of Old Testament introduction ( ( Rev. and expanded ) . ed . ) . Chicago , IL : Moody Press . pp. 75 -- 86 . ASIN 0802484344 . ISBN 978 - 0802484345 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Biddle , Martin Hengel with the assistance of Roland Deines ; introd . by Robert Hanhart ; transl . by Mark E. ( 2004 ) . The Septuagint as Christian Scripture : its prehistory and the problem of its canon ( North American paperback ed . ) . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 080102790X . Jump up ^ Davies , Philip R. ( September 1 , 2013 ) . Rethinking Biblical Scholarship : Changing Perspectives 4 . Routledge . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1844657278 . Jump up ^ Newman , Robert C. `` THE COUNCIL OF JAMNIA AND THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON '' ( PDF ) . Gordon Faculty Online . Gordon College . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondence of Augustine and Jerome concerning the Latin Translation of the Scriptures '' . bible-researcher.com . Jump up ^ Knight , Kevin . `` . Canon of the Old Testament '' . New Advent . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lienhard , S.J.A.B. , Joseph . The Bible , the Church , and Authority . Collegeville , Minnesota : Fordham University . p. 59 . Jump up ^ bible-researcher.com . `` Athanasius on the Canon '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ BURKITT , F.C. `` THE DECRETUM GELASIANUM '' . tertullian.org . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jedin , Hubert ( 1947 ) . Papal Legate At The Council Of Trent . St Louis : B. Herder Book Co. pp. 270 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Jared ( 1978 ) . Cajetan Responds : A Reader in Reformation Controversy . Washington : The Catholic University Press of America . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1957 ) . An Introduction to the Apocrypha . New York : Oxford . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1908 ) . Canon of the Old Testament . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ H. Tavard , , George ( 1959 ) . Holy Writ or Holy Church . London : Burns & Oates . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hiers , Richard H. ( October 1 , 2001 ) . The Trinity Guide to the Bible . Norcross , GA 3007 : Trinity Press International . p. 148 . ISBN 1563383403 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Old Testament Canon and Apocrypha '' . BibleResearcher . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidel , Anna . `` Imperial treasures and Taoist sacraments '' , in M. Strickmann , ed. , Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honor of Rolf A. Stein , II , Bruxelles , Institut belge des hautes etudes chinoises. 291 -- 371 . Jump up ^ ( Phra ) , Hōrāthibō̜dī ; Siam ) , Nārāi ( King of ; Prince Paramānuchit Chinōrot ( Son Of Phutthayō̜Tfā Čhulālōk , King of Siam ( 1993 ) . The Tale of Prince Samuttakote . ISBN 9780896801745 . Jump up ^ http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_tham_vessantara_jataka_-_a_critical_study_of_the_vj_and_its_influence_on_kengtung_buddhism_eastern_shan_state.pdf Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Charles , Robert Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Apocryphal Literature '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 175 -- 183 . External links ( edit ) Look up apocrypha in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Apocrypha Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deuterocanonical books . Alin Suciu 's blog on various Coptic apocrypha The Apocrypha is in the religion section at the e. Lib . Noncanonical Literature Complete NT Apocrypha Claims to be the largest collection of New Testament apocrypha online Deuterocanonical books - Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website ( also presents the full text in Arabic ) LDS Bible Dictionary - Apocrypha -- Definition & LDS POV , including brief book descriptions . Aldenicum The Trilogy , an apocryphal view on life and reality around us . Christian Cyclopedia article on Apocrypha New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Canon Comparison Chart Schem , A.J. ( 1879 ) . `` Apocrypha '' . The American Cyclopædia . `` Apocrypha '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Apocrypha public domain audiobook at LibriVox EarlyChristianWritings.com A chronological list of early Christian books and letters , both complete and incomplete works ; canonical , apocryphal and Gnostic . Many with links to English translations . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apocrypha&oldid=841939600 '' Categories : Apocrypha Christian terminology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2010 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge ქართული اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Apocrypha
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4. Pseudepigrapha
5. Canonicity |
-2,981,072,932,673,078,300 | what's the difference between gb and gib | Gibibyte - wikipedia Gibibyte Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Multiples of bytes <Th_colspan="3"> Decimal Value <Th_colspan="2"> Metric 1000 kB kilobyte 1000 MB megabyte 1000 GB gigabyte 1000 TB terabyte 1000 PB petabyte 1000 EB exabyte 1000 ZB zettabyte 1000 YB yottabyte <Th_colspan="5"> Binary Value <Th_colspan="2"> IEC <Th_colspan="2"> JEDEC 1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte 1024 MiB mebibyte MB megabyte 1024 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte 1024 TiB tebibyte <Td_colspan="2"> -- 1024 PiB pebibyte <Td_colspan="2"> -- 1024 EiB exbibyte <Td_colspan="2"> -- 1024 ZiB zebibyte <Td_colspan="2"> -- 1024 YiB yobibyte <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="5"> Orders of magnitude of data The gibibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information . The binary prefix gibi means 2 , therefore one gibibyte is equal to 1073741824bytes = 1024 mebibytes . The unit symbol for the gibibyte is GiB . It is one of the units with binary prefixes defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) in 1998 . The gibibyte is closely related to the gigabyte ( GB ) , which is defined by the IEC as 10 bytes = 1000000000bytes , 1GiB ≈ 1.074 GB . 1024 gibibytes are equal to one tebibyte . In the context of computer memory , gigabyte and GB are customarily used to mean 1024 ( 2 ) bytes , although not in the context of data transmission and not necessarily for hard drive size . Hard drive and SSD manufacturers use the gigabyte to mean 1000000000 bytes . Therefore , the capacity of a 128 GB SSD is 128 000 000 000 bytes . Expressed in gibibytes this is about 119.2 GiB . Some operating systems , including Microsoft Windows , display such a drive capacity as 119 GB , using the SI prefix G with the binary meaning . No space is missing : the size is simply being expressed in a different unit , even though the same prefix ( G ) is used in both cases . The use of gigabyte ( GB ) to refer to 1000000000 bytes in some contexts and to 1073741824 bytes in others , sometimes in reference to the same device , has led to claims of confusion , controversies , and lawsuits . The IEC created the binary prefixes ( kibi , mebi , gibi , etc . ) in an attempt to reduce such confusion . They are increasingly used in technical literature and open - source software , and are a component of the International System of Quantities . See also ( edit ) Gibibit IEEE 1541 IEC 80000 - 13 Orders of magnitude ( data ) SI prefix Binary prefix References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Prefixes for binary multiples '' . NIST. 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ International Electrotechnical Commission ( January 1999 ) , IEC 60027 - 2 Amendment 2 : Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology - Part 2 : Telecommunications and electronics Jump up ^ `` Gigabyte , usage note '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital settles over size - Geek.com '' . Geek.com. 2006 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Judge , Peter . `` Seagate pays out over gigabyte definition ZDNet '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital Settles Hard - Drive Capacity Lawsuit '' . Fox News . 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gigabytes vs. gibibytes class action suit nears end '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IEC 80000 - 13 : 2008 '' . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Units of information Base unit bit Platform - dependent units nibble byte syllable parcel word Platform - independent units <Td_colspan="2"> unibit ( 1 ) dibit ( 2 ) tribit ( 3 ) quadbit ( 4 ) <Td_colspan="2"> quartet ( 4 ) sextet ( 6 ) octet ( 8 ) hextet ( 16 ) <Td_colspan="2"> declet ( 10 ) doublet ( 16 ) quadlet ( 32 ) octlet ( 64 ) hexlet ( 128 ) <Td_colspan="2"> triad ( 3 ) tetrad ( 4 ) pentad ( 5 ) hexad ( 6 ) heptad ( 7 ) octad ( 8 ) <Td_colspan="2"> slab ( 12 ) catena ( 24 ) Traditional bit units kilobit megabit gigabit terabit petabit exabit zettabit yottabit Traditional byte units kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte petabyte exabyte zettabyte yottabyte IEC bit units kibibit mebibit gibibit tebibit pebibit exbibit zebibit yobibit IEC byte units kibibyte mebibyte gibibyte tebibyte pebibyte exbibyte zebibyte yobibyte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibibyte&oldid=817662186 '' Categories : Units of information Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 20 : 35 . About Wikipedia | 1. Binary prefixes
2. Gibibyte vs gigabyte
3. Units of information
4. Confusion over storage capacity
5. IEC binary prefixes |
8,747,316,483,150,737,000 | who wrote the song for all we know | For All We Know ( 1934 song ) - Wikipedia For All We Know ( 1934 song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the song from the film Lovers and Other Strangers and popularized by the Carpenters , see For All We Know ( 1970 song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` For All We Know '' is a popular song published in 1934 . The music was written by J. Fred Coots and the lyric by Sam M. Lewis . The first charting versions in 1934 were by Hal Kemp ( # 3 on the US charts ) and Isham Jones ( # 16 ) . A version by Dinah Washington reached # 88 on the chart in 1962 . A version by Nat King Cole is also well known . The version by The Spinners in 1965 gave it a more contemporary sound . The Rosemary Clooney version is heard over the closing credits of Dan Ireland 's 2005 British film , Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont . Cover versions ( edit ) Monty Alexander Steve Allen Gene Ammons Arild Andersen The Andrews Sisters Eden Atwood Joan Baez Chet Baker Phil Baker Long John Baldry Bluesiana Triangle Boilermaker Jazz Band Stefano Bollani , Piano Solo ( ECM , 2006 ) Bobby Broom Marc Broussard Cameron Brown Lawrence Brown Les Brown and His Band of Renown Dave Brubeck , Jazz at the College of the Pacific ( 1956 ) Joe Burke Carol Burnett Gary Burton Ann Hampton Callaway Mike Campbell Thelma Carpenter Benny Carter Ray Charles Cyrus Chestnut June Christy , The Misty Miss Christy ( 1956 ) Clayton - Hamilton Orchestra Al Cohn Freddy Cole Nat King Cole , The Very Thought of You ( 1958 ) Nina Simone Bill Coleman Ray Conniff Michael Crawford Doris Day Will Downing Clint Eastwood Gloria Estefan Roberta Flack Frank Fontaine , Sings How Sweet It Is Aretha Franklin , Laughing on the Outside ( 1962 ) The Four Freshmen , Four Freshmen and Five Saxes ( 2008 ) Crystal Gayle Dexter Gordon , At the Montmartre Jazz - Huis Copenhagen ( 1967 ) Lalah Hathaway Donny Hathaway , Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway ( 1972 ) Billie Holiday , Lady in Satin ( 1958 ) Dick Hyman and Mary Mayo Harry James Keith Jarrett Jay and the Americans Jack Jones Beverly Kenney Alicia Keys ( live ) Abbey Lincoln , Abbey Sings Abbey ( 1989 ) , Drugstore Cowboy Barbara Lusch Gloria Lynne Wynton Marsalis , Hot House Flowers ( 1984 ) Susannah McCorkle , Heart and Minds ( 2000 ) Bette Midler Matt Monro New York Voices , A Day Like This ( MCG Jazz , 2007 ) Noisettes , Do n't Give Up ( 2006 ) Dianne Reeves Joe Sample and Lalah Hathaway David Sanborn , Pearls ( 1995 ) Jody Sandhaus Nina Simone ( 1959 version , 1961 version ) The Spinners ( 1967 ) Stan Getz with Cal Tjader ( 1958 ) Sonny Stitt Ruben Studdard J.D. Souther Rod Stewart Barbra Streisand ( studio 1991 , live 1994 ) The Suntones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pearls overview '' . * Allmusic.com . This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For_All_We_Know_(1934_song)&oldid=824236550 '' Categories : 1934 songs Songs with lyrics by Sam M. Lewis Songs with music by John Frederick Coots Nat King Cole songs Rosemary Clooney songs Ray Charles songs Doris Day songs Aretha Franklin songs Roberta Flack songs Jay and the Americans songs Nina Simone songs Rod Stewart songs Barbra Streisand songs Pop standard stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "For All We Know" - a popular song published in 1934
2. J. Fred Coots - composer of the music for "For All We Know"
3. Sam M. Lewis - lyricist for "For All We Know"
4. Various artists who have covered "For All We Know"
5. The popularity and cultural significance of "For All We Know" |
8,915,961,620,931,355,000 | who has the most power in great britain | Government of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Government of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` Her Majesty 's Government '' redirects here . For other central governments , see Government of Canada , Government of New Zealand , Government of Australia , and Government of Gibraltar . For the use of the term , see Her Majesty 's Government ( term ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Her Majesty 's Government in the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Central government <Td_colspan="2"> Logo of Her Majesty 's Government <Th_colspan="2"> Overview State United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Leader Prime Minister Appointed by Secretaries of State and other Ministers of the Crown are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister , if or when , and as long as , the monarch is or can be satisfied that the Prime Minister can or is able to command the confidence of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . Main organ Cabinet Responsible to Parliament Headquarters 10 Downing Street London Website www.gov.uk United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The Government of the United Kingdom , formally referred to as Her Majesty 's Government , is the governing authority for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . It is also commonly referred to as simply the UK government or the British government The government is led by the Prime Minister , who selects all the remaining ministers . The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision - making committee , known as the Cabinet . The government ministers all sit in Parliament , and are accountable to it . The government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation , and since the Fixed - terms Parliaments Act 2011 , general elections are held every five years to elect a new House of Commons , unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two - thirds vote for a snap election ( as was the case in 2017 ) in the House of Commons , in which case an election may be held sooner . After an election , the monarch ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons , usually by possessing a majority of MPs . Under the uncodified British constitution , executive authority lies with the monarch , although this authority is exercised only by , or on the advice of , the prime minister and the cabinet . The Cabinet members advise the monarch as members of the Privy Council . They also exercise power directly as leaders of the Government Departments . The current prime minister is Theresa May , who took office on 13 July 2016 . She is the leader of the Conservative Party , which won a majority of seats in the House of Commons in the general election on 7 May 2015 , when David Cameron was the party leader ; although at the last general election she failed to secure a majority government . Prior to this , Cameron and the Conservatives led a coalition from 2010 to 2015 with the Liberal Democrats , in which Cameron was prime minister . Contents ( hide ) 1 Government in Parliament 2 Her Majesty 's Government and the Crown 2.1 Domestic powers 2.2 Foreign powers 3 Government departments 4 Location 5 Devolved governments 6 Local government 7 Limits of government power 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Government in Parliament ( edit ) A key principle of the British Constitution is that the government is responsible to Parliament . This is called responsible government . The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch ( that is , the King or Queen who is the Head of State at any given time ) does not make any open political decisions . All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament . This constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch , beginning with the Magna Carta in 1215 . Parliament is split into two houses : the House of Lords and the House of Commons . The House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful . The House of Lords is the upper house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws , the House of Commons can usually vote to overrule its amendments . Although the House of Lords can introduce bills , most important laws are introduced in the House of Commons -- and most of those are introduced by the government , which schedules the vast majority of parliamentary time in the Commons . Parliamentary time is essential for bills to be passed into law , because they must pass through a number of readings before becoming law . Prior to introducing a bill , the government may run a public consultation to solicit feedback from the public and businesses , and often may have already introduced and discussed the policy in the Queen 's Speech , or in an election manifesto or party platform . Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit ; they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House . For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords . There have been some recent exceptions to this : for example , cabinet ministers Lord Mandelson ( First Secretary of State ) and Lord Adonis ( Secretary of State for Transport ) sat in the Lords and were responsible to that House during the government of Gordon Brown . British Parliament Since the start of Edward VII 's reign in 1901 , the prime minister has always been an elected member of Parliament ( MP ) and therefore directly accountable to the House of Commons . A similar convention applies to the Chancellor of the Exchequer . It would likely be politically unacceptable for the budget speech to be given in the Lords , with MPs unable to directly question the Chancellor , especially now that the Lords have very limited powers in relation to money bills . The last Chancellor of the Exchequer to be a member of the House of Lords was Lord Denman , who served as interim Chancellor of the Exchequer for one month in 1834 . Under the British system , the government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons . It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply ( by voting through the government 's budgets ) and to pass primary legislation . By convention , if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a General Election is held . The support of the Lords , while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay , is not vital . A government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House . The House of Commons is thus the Responsible house . The prime minister is held to account during Prime Minister 's Question Time ( PMQs ) which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject . There are also departmental questions when ministers answer questions relating to their specific departmental brief . Unlike PMQs both the cabinet ministers for the department and junior ministers within the department may answer on behalf of the government , depending on the topic of the question . During debates on legislation proposed by the government , ministers -- usually with departmental responsibility for the bill -- will lead the debate for the government and respond to points made by MPs or Lords . Committees of both the House of Commons and House of Lords hold the government to account , scrutinise its work and examine in detail proposals for legislation . Ministers appear before committees to give evidence and answer questions . Government ministers are also required by convention and the Ministerial Code , when Parliament is sitting , to make major statements regarding government policy or issues of national importance to Parliament . This allows MPs or Lords to question the government on the statement . When the government instead chooses to make announcements first outside Parliament , it is often the subject of significant criticism from MPs and the Speaker of the House of Commons . Her Majesty 's government and the Crown ( edit ) Main article : Royal Prerogative in the United Kingdom British monarchy The British monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II , is the head of state and the sovereign , but not the head of government . The monarch takes little direct part in governing the country , and remains neutral in political affairs . However , the legal authority of the state that is vested in the sovereign , known as The Crown , remains the source of the executive power exercised by the government . In addition to explicit statutory authority , in many areas the Crown also possesses a body of powers known as the Royal Prerogative , which can be used for many purposes , from the issue or withdrawal of passports to declaration of war . By long - standing custom , most of these powers are delegated from the sovereign to various ministers or other officers of the Crown , who may use them without having to obtain the consent of Parliament . The head of the government , the prime minister , also has weekly meetings with the monarch , when she `` has a right and a duty to express her views on Government matters ... These meetings , as with all communications between The Queen and her Government , remain strictly confidential . Having expressed her views , The Queen abides by the advice of her ministers . '' Royal Prerogative powers include , but are not limited to , the following : Domestic powers ( edit ) The power to appoint ( and also , in theory , dismiss ) a prime minister . This power is exercised by the monarch herself . By convention she appoints ( and is expected to appoint ) the individual most likely to be capable of commanding the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons . The power to dismiss and appoint other ministers . This power is exercised by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister . The power to assent to and enact laws by giving ( Royal ) Assent to Bills passed by both Houses of Parliament , which is required in order for a law to ( from a passed Bill ) make it into the Statute Books ( i.e. , to become a valid law ) as an Act ( of Parliament ) . This is exercised by the monarch , who also theoretically has the power to refuse assent , although no monarch has refused assent to a bill passed by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708 . The power to give and to issue commissions to commissioned officers in the Armed Forces . The power to command the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom . This power is exercised by the Defence Council in the Queen 's name . The power to appoint members to Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council . The power to issue ( and also to suspend , cancel , recall , impound , withdraw or revoke ) British passports and the general power to provide ( or deny ) British passport facilities to British citizens and British nationals . This is exercised ( in the United Kingdom , but not necessarily in the case of the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands or the British Overseas Territories ) by the Home Secretary . The Royal Prerogative of mercy ( although capital punishment has been abolished ( thereby removing the need to use this power to issue pardons to commute a death penalty imposed , usually substituted into life imprisonment in lieu ) , this power is still used under rare circumstances ( e.g. to remedy errors in sentencing calculation ) . The power to grant ( and also to cancel and annul ) honours . The power to create corporations ( including the status of being a city , with its own corporation ) by Royal Charter , and also to amend , replace and revoke existing charters . Foreign powers ( edit ) The power to ratify and make treaties . The power to declare war and conclude peace with other nations . The power to deploy the Armed Forces overseas . The power to recognise states . The power to credit and receive diplomats . Even though the United Kingdom has no single constitutional document , the government published the above list in October 2003 to increase transparency , as some of the powers exercised in the name of the monarch are part of the Royal Prerogative . However , the complete extent of the Royal Prerogative powers has never been fully set out , as many of them originated in ancient custom and the period of absolute monarchy , or were modified by later constitutional practice , Government departments ( edit ) Main article : British government departments Government ministers are supported by 560,000 Civil Servants and other staff working in the 24 Ministerial Departments and their executive agencies . There are also an additional 26 non-Ministerial Departments with a range of further responsibilities . Location ( edit ) Main entrance of 10 Downing Street , the residence and offices of the First Lord of HM Treasury The prime minister is based at 10 Downing Street in Westminster , London . Cabinet meetings also take place here . Most government departments have their headquarters nearby in Whitehall . Devolved governments ( edit ) Main article : Devolution in the United Kingdom Since 1999 , certain areas of central government have been devolved to accountable governments in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . These are not part of Her Majesty 's Government , and are accountable to their own institutions , with their own authority under the Crown . By contrast , there is no devolved government in England . Local government ( edit ) Refurbishment notice at Old Fire Station , Oxford , showing HM Government support . Main articles : Local government in England , Local government in Scotland , Local government in Wales , and Local government in Northern Ireland Up to three layers of elected local authorities ( such as County , District and Parish Councils ) exist throughout all parts of the United Kingdom , in some places merged into Unitary Authorities . They have limited local tax - raising powers . Many other authorities and agencies also have statutory powers , generally subject to some central government supervision . Limits of government power ( edit ) The government 's powers include general executive and statutory powers , delegated legislation , and numerous powers of appointment and patronage . However , some powerful officials and bodies , ( e.g. HM judges , local authorities , and the Charity Commissions ) are legally more or less independent of the government , and government powers are legally limited to those retained by the Crown under Common Law or granted and limited by Act of Parliament , and are subject to European Union law and the competencies that it defines . Both substantive and procedural limitations are enforceable in the Courts by judicial review . Nevertheless , magistrates and mayors can still be arrested for and put on trial for corruption , and the government has powers to insert commissioners into a local authority to oversee its work , and to issue directives that must be obeyed by the local authority , if the local authority is not abiding by its statutory obligations . By contrast , as in every other European Union ( EU ) member state , EU officials can not be prosecuted for any actions carried out in pursuit of their official duties , and foreign country diplomats ( though not their employees ) and foreign Members of the European Parliament are immune from prosecution in the UK under any circumstance . As a consequence , neither EU bodies nor diplomats have to pay taxes , since it would not be possible to prosecute them for tax evasion . This caused a dispute in recent years when the US Ambassador to the UK claimed that London 's congestion charge was a tax , and not a charge ( despite the name ) , and therefore he did not have to pay it -- a claim the Greater London Authority disputed . Similarly , the monarch is totally immune from criminal prosecution and may only be sued with her permission ( this is known as sovereign immunity ) . The monarch , by law , is not required to pay income tax , but Queen Elizabeth II has voluntarily paid it since 1993 , and also pays local rates voluntarily . However , the monarchy also receives a substantial grant from the government , the Sovereign Support Grant , and Queen Elizabeth II 's inheritance from her mother , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , was exempt from inheritance tax . In addition to legislative powers , HM Government has substantial influence over local authorities and other bodies set up by it , by financial powers and grants . Many functions carried out by local authorities , such as paying out housing benefit and council tax benefit , are funded or substantially part - funded by central government . Even though the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is supposed to be independent of the government on a day - to - day level and is supposed to be politically unbiased , some commentators have argued that the prospects of the BBC having its funding cut or its charter changed in future charter renewals in practice cause the BBC to be subtly biased towards the government of the day ( or the likely future government as an election approaches ) at times . Neither the central government nor local authorities are permitted to sue anyone for defamation . Individual politicians are allowed to sue people for defamation in a personal capacity and without using government funds , but this is relatively rare ( although George Galloway , who was a backbench MP for a quarter of a century , has sued or threatened to sue for defamation a number of times ) . However , it is a criminal offence to make a false statement about any election candidate during an election , with the purpose of reducing the number of votes they receive ( as with libel , opinions do not count ) . See also ( edit ) British politics portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal Departments of the United Kingdom Government Gov.uk Government spending in the United Kingdom British Government frontbench Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition List of British governments Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Whole of Government Accounts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifth Committee of the Constitution Committee of the House of Lords , Session 2013 - 14 : Constitutional implications of coalition government , Chapter 2 '' . UK Parliament . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Report of the Select Committee on the Treasury of the House of Commons , Session 1997 - 98 : Accountability of the Bank of England , Paragraphs 7 - 13 '' . UK Parliament . 29 October 1997 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government Retrieved 28 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Overview of the UK system of government : Directgov -- Government , citizens and rights . Archived direct.gov.uk webpage . Retrieved on 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation '' . UK Parliament . 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ House of Commons -- Justice Committee -- Written Evidence . Publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The monarchy : Directgov -- Government , citizens and rights . Archived direct.gov.uk webpage . Retrieved on 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ The Parliament Acts -- UK Parliament . Parliament.uk ( 21 April 2010 ) . Retrieved on 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Committees -- UK Parliament . Parliament.uk ( 21 April 2010 ) . Retrieved on 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministerial Code . Cabinet Office 2010 Jump up ^ `` Speakers ' statements on ministerial policy announcements made outside the House '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Parliamentary Information List . Department of Information Services . www.parliament.uk. 16 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Queen and Prime Minister '' . The British Monarchy. 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mystery lifted on Queen 's powers Politics . The Guardian . Retrieved on 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Civil Service Statistics . civilservant.org.uk . September 2011 Jump up ^ LIST OF MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITIES Including Executive Agencies and NonMinisterial Departments . Cabinet Office 2009 Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State sends in commissioners to Tower Hamlets '' . Gov.uk. 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Immunity of Members of the European Parliament '' ( PDF ) . European Union . October 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) GOV.UK , the UK government website Official website of 10 Downing Street UK Government list of ministers from GOV.UK How Government works overview from GOV.UK <Th_colspan="2"> Heads of governments of the United Kingdom Her Majesty 's Government ( Central ) Minority Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May ( Conservative ) Northern Ireland Executive ( Devolved ) Power - sharing Home rule First Minister Vacant ( since 9 January 2017 ) deputy First Minister Vacant ( since 9 January 2017 ) Scottish Government ( Devolved ) Minority Scottish National Party First Minister Nicola Sturgeon ( SNP ) Welsh Government ( Devolved ) Majority Coalition Labour / Liberal Democrats / Independent First Minister Carwyn Jones ( Labour ) <Td_colspan="2"> Heads of governments of British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies <Th_colspan="3"> Departments of Her Majesty 's Government Ministerial Attorney General 's Office Cabinet Office Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Department for Education Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Department for Exiting the European Union Department for International Development Department for International Trade Department for Transport Department for Work and Pensions Department of Health and Social Care Foreign and Commonwealth Office Her Majesty 's Treasury Home Office Ministry of Defence Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government Ministry of Justice Northern Ireland Office Office of the Advocate General for Scotland Office of the Leader of the House of Commons Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Scotland Office UK Export Finance Wales Office Non-ministerial Charity Commission for England and Wales Competition and Markets Authority Crown Prosecution Service Food Standards Agency Forestry Commission Government Actuary 's Department Government Legal Department Her Majesty 's Land Registry Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs National Crime Agency National Savings and Investments Office for Standards in Education , Children 's Services and Skills Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation Office of Rail and Road Ordnance Survey Serious Fraud Office Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The National Archives UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment Water Services Regulation Authority <Td_colspan="3"> Category Commons <Th_colspan="2"> British -- Irish Council <Td_colspan="2"> Good Friday Agreement Member jurisdictions United Kingdom Ireland Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Member bodies Government of the United Kingdom Government of Ireland Policy Council of Guernsey Isle of Man Government Council of Ministers of Jersey Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Work areas Demography eHealth Environment Indigenous , minority and lesser - used languages Knowledge economy Misuse of drugs Social inclusion Tourism Transport Representatives of states May Varadkar St Pier Quayle Gorst Vacant Sturgeon Jones <Th_colspan="2"> Governments of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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-6,816,291,978,966,470,000 | what is the most visited vacation spot in the world | World Tourism rankings - wikipedia World Tourism rankings The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication , which is released three times throughout the year . In the publication , UN regions and subregions are ranked by the number of international visitor arrivals , by the revenue generated by inbound tourism , and by the expenditures of outbound travelers . Contents 1 Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia - Pacific 1.4 Europe 1.5 Middle East 2 International tourism receipts 2.1 Africa 2.2 Americas 2.3 Asia - Pacific 2.4 Europe 2.5 Middle East 3 International tourism expenditures 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Most visited destinations by international TOURIST arrivals ( edit ) In 2016 , there were 1.235 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide , with a growth of 4 % as compared to 1.186 billion in 2015 . The top 10 international tourism destinations in 2016 were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) France 82.6 million 84.5 million 2.2 0.9 United States 75.6 million 77.5 million 2.4 3.3 Spain 75.6 million 68.5 million 10.3 5.5 China 59.3 million 56.9 million 4.2 2.3 5 Italy 52.4 million 50.7 million 3.2 4.4 6 United Kingdom 35.8 million 34.4 million 4.0 5.6 7 Germany 35.6 million 35.0 million 1.7 6.0 8 Mexico 35.0 million 32.1 million 8.9 9.4 9 Thailand 32.6 million 29.9 million 8.9 20.6 10 Austria 28.1 million 26.7 million 5.2 5.7 Africa ( edit ) In 2015 , there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to Africa , a decrease of 3 % from 2014 . In 2015 , the top ten African destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2014 ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) Change ( 2013 to 2014 ) ( % ) Morocco 10.2 million 10.3 million 1.0 2.4 Egypt 9.1 million 9.6 million 5.1 5.0 South Africa 8.9 million 9.5 million 6.8 0.1 Tunisia 5.4 million 7.2 million 25.2 2.6 5 Zimbabwe 2.1 million 1.9 million 9.4 2.6 6 Algeria 1.7 million 2.3 million 25.7 15.8 7 Mozambique 1.6 million 1.7 million 6.6 11.9 8 Botswana 1.5 million 2.0 million 22.3 27.3 9 Ivory Coast 1.4 million 0.5 million 205.9 23.9 10 Namibia 1.4 million 1.3 million 5.1 12.2 <Td_colspan="7"> Note : Egypt is classified under `` Middle East '' in the UNWTO . Americas ( edit ) In 2016 , there were over 199 million international tourist arrivals to the Americas . In 2016 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) United States 75.6 million 77.4 million 2.4 3.3 Mexico 35.0 million 32.1 million 8.9 9.4 Canada 20.0 million 18.0 million 11.1 8.7 Brazil 6.6 million 6.3 million 4.3 1.9 5 Dominican Republic 6.0 million 5.6 million 6.4 8.9 6 Chile 5.6 million 4.5 million 26.0 21.9 7 Argentina 5.6 million 5.7 million 3.1 3.3 8 Cuba 4.0 million 3.5 million 13.7 17.5 9 Peru 3.7 million 3.5 million 8.4 7.5 10 Puerto Rico 3.7 million 3.5 million 5.5 9.1 Asia - Pacific ( edit ) In 2016 , there were over 308 million international tourist arrivals to Asia - Pacific , an increase of 9.0 % over 2015 . In 2016 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) China 59.3 million 56.9 million 4.2 2.3 Thailand 32.6 million 29.9 million 8.9 20.6 Malaysia 26.8 million 25.7 million 4.0 6.3 Hong Kong 26.6 million 26.7 million 0.5 3.9 5 Japan 24.0 million 19.7 million 21.8 47.1 6 South Korea 17.2 million 13.2 million 30.3 6.8 7 Macau 15.7 million 14.3 million 9.8 1.8 8 India 14.6 million 13.3 million 9.7 1.4 9 Singapore 12.9 million 12.1 million 7.1 1.6 10 Indonesia 12.0 million 10.0 million -- 5.6 Europe ( edit ) In 2016 , there were over 616 million international tourist arrivals to Europe , an increase of 1.0 % over 2015 . In 2016 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) France 82.6 million 84.5 million 2.2 0.9 Spain 75.6 million 68.5 million 10.3 5.5 Italy 52.4 million 50.7 million 3.2 4.4 United Kingdom 35.8 million 34.4 million 4.0 5.6 5 Germany 35.6 million 35.0 million 1.7 6.0 6 Austria 28.1 million 26.7 million 5.2 5.7 7 Turkey 25.4 million 39.5 million -- 0.8 8 Greece 24.8 million 23.6 million 5.1 7.1 9 Russia 24.6 million 26.9 million 8.6 5.6 10 Poland 17.5 million 16.7 million 4.4 4.6 Middle East ( edit ) In 2015 , there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to the Middle East , an increase of 2.0 % over 2014 . In 2015 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2014 ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) Change ( 2013 to 2014 ) ( % ) Turkey 39.5 million 39.8 million 0.8 5.3 Saudi Arabia 18.0 million 18.3 million 1.5 15.8 United Arab Emirates 14.2 million 13.2 million 7.6 32.1 Egypt 9.1 million 9.6 million 5.1 5.0 5 Iran 5.2 million 5.0 million 5.4 4.2 6 Jordan 3.8 million 4.0 million 5.7 1.1 7 Qatar 2.9 million 2.8 million 3.7 8.2 8 Israel 2.8 million 2.9 million 4.4 1.2 9 Oman 1.9 million 1.6 million 17.8 15.7 10 Lebanon 1.5 million 1.4 million 12.1 6.3 <Td_colspan="7"> Note : Iran is classified as part of `` South Asia '' in the UNWTO . Turkey and Israel are classified as part of `` Southern / Medit. Europe '' in the UNWTO . International Tourism receipts ( edit ) International tourism receipts grew to US $1,260 billion in 2015 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.4 % from 2014 . The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top twelve tourism earners for the year 2015 , with the United States by far the top earner . Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ billion ) ( 2016 ) International tourism receipts ( US $ billion ) ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) United States 205.9 205.4 0.3 % 7.0 % Spain 60.3 56.5 6.9 % 13.3 % Thailand 49.9 44.9 11.0 % 16.9 % China 44.4 45.0 1.2 % 2.1 % 5 France 42.5 44.9 5.3 % 22.9 % 6 Italy 40.2 39.4 2.0 % 13.3 % 7 United Kingdom 39.6 45.5 12.9 % 2.3 % 8 Germany 37.4 36.9 1.4 % 14.8 % 9 Hong Kong 32.9 36.2 9.1 % 5.8 % 10 Australia 32.4 28.9 12.3 % 8.2 % Africa ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) South Africa 7,910 Morocco 6,548 Egypt 5,258 Tanzania 2,135 5 Mauritius 1,572 6 Tunisia 1,239 7 Botswana 1,101 8 Nigeria 1,070 9 Sudan 1,009 10 Zimbabwe 824 Americas ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) United States 205,940 Mexico 19,571 Canada 18,213 Dominican Republic 6,723 5 Brazil 6,024 6 Colombia 4,773 7 Argentina 4,687 8 Panama 4,258 9 Puerto Rico 3,985 10 Costa Rica 3,879 Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) Thailand 49,871 China 44,432 Hong Kong 32,860 Australia 32,423 5 Japan 30,678 6 Macau 29,881 7 India 22,427 8 Singapore 18,386 9 Malaysia 18,074 10 South Korea 17,210 Europe ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) Spain 60,346 France 42,481 Italy 40,246 United Kingdom 39,615 5 Germany 37,433 6 Austria 19,300 7 Turkey 18,743 8 Switzerland 15,937 9 Greece 14,618 10 Netherlands 14,054 Middle East ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2015 ) Turkey 18,743 United Arab Emirates 17,481 Saudi Arabia 10,130 Lebanon 6,857 5 Egypt 6,065 6 Israel 5,794 7 Qatar 5,035 8 Jordan 4,065 9 Iraq 4,060 10 Oman 1,540 International Tourism expenditures ( edit ) The World Tourism Organization reports the following source countries as the top ten spenders on international tourism for the year 2017 . With China by far being the top spender . Rank Country International tourism expenditure ( 2016 ) International tourism expenditure ( 2017 ) China $250.1 billion $257.7 billion United States $123.6 billion $135.2 billion Germany $79.8 billion $83.7 billion United Kingdom $64.8 billion $63.4 billion 5 France $40.3 billion $41.4 billion 6 Australia $30.8 billion $34.0 billion 7 Canada $28.7 billion $32.0 billion 8 Russia $24.0 billion $31.1 billion 9 South Korea $27.2 billion $30.6 billion 10 Italy $25.0 billion $27.1 billion See also ( edit ) Tourism World Travel Monitor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights : 2017 Edition World Tourism Organization '' . doi : 10.18111 / 9789284419029 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTO / Member States of Middle East '' . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA TOURIST ARRIVALS IN 2016 REACHES 12.023 MILLION GOAL , SURGES 15.54 % '' . Jump up ^ `` Number of foreign visitors arriving in Turkey from 2000 to 2016 '' . Statista . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNWTO World Tourism Barometer April 2018 '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Official website List of countries by international inbound tourists World Statistics Eltiempo.com <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism Types Accessible Adventure Agritourism Alternative Atomic Birth Business Culinary Enotourism Cultural Archaeological Bookstore Heritage Militarism heritage Literary Tolkien Music Pop - culture Dark Holocaust Disaster Domestic Drug Ecotourism Shark Extreme Factory Tourism Garden Genealogy Geotourism Honeymoon Jihadi Jungle Justice LGBT Medical Dental Moon Nautical Rail Religious Christian Halal Kosher Rural Sacred Safaris Sex Child sex Female sex Slum Space Sports Stag party Suicide Sustainable Vacation Volunteer travel War Water Wellness Wildlife Hospitality industry Bed and breakfast Boutique hotel Conference and resort hotels Convention center Destination spa Front desk General manager Homestay Hospitality management studies Hospitality services Hostel Hotel Hotel manager Inn Island resort Motel Referral chain Resort Resort town Restaurant Seaside resort Ski resort Terminology Campus tour Convention ( meeting ) Gift shop Grand Tour Holiday ( vacation ) Hypermobility Package tour Passport Perpetual traveler Road trip Roadside attraction Souvenir Staycation Sunday drive Tour guide Tour operator Tourism geography Tourism minister Tourism region Tourist attraction Tourist gateway Tourist trap Touron Transport Travel Travel agency Travel behavior Travel document Travel insurance Travel literature Travel medicine Travel survey Travel technology Travel warning Travel website Trip planner Visa Visitor center Industry organizations , rankings and events American Bus Association American Hotel and Lodging Association American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute BEST Education Network Caribbean Tourism Organization Destination marketing organization European Travel Commission Historical archive on tourism South - East Asian Tourism Organisation Tourism Radio Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report Wikivoyage World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers World Tourism Day World Tourism Organization World Tourism rankings World Travel and Tourism Council World Travel Monitor Lists Adjectival tourisms Attractions Bibliography Casino hotels Casinos Convention and exhibition centers Hotels Largest hotels in the world Motels Travel magazines UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites by country <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of countries by tourism rankings <Td_colspan="2"> Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites World Tourism rankings <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna <Th_colspan="2"> Tourism in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Tourism_rankings&oldid=853998014 '' Categories : Lists of countries by economic indicator International rankings Tourism - related lists World Tourism Organization Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gagauz Bahasa Indonesia Македонски मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 08 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. World Tourism rankings
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1,126,287,582,073,055,700 | in good times and bad times that's what friends are for | That 's What Friends Are for - wikipedia That 's What Friends Are for Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see That 's What Friends Are For ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` That 's What Friends Are For '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Rod Stewart <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Night Shift soundtrack Released 1982 Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Carole Bayer Sager <Th_colspan="2"> Night Shift soundtrack track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Love Too Good to Last '' ( 4 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 5 ) `` Someday , Someway '' ( 6 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager . It was first recorded in 1982 by Rod Stewart for the soundtrack of the film Night Shift , but it is better known for the 1985 cover version by Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder . This recording , billed as being by `` Dionne & Friends '' , was released as a charity single for AIDS research and prevention . It was a massive hit , becoming the number 1 single of 1986 in the United States , and winning the Grammy Awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Song of the Year . Its sales raised over US $3 million for its cause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Dionne Warwick cover 2.1 Personnel 3 1990 benefit concert 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Personnel ( edit ) Rod Stewart -- vocals Jim Cregan -- guitar , background vocals Jimmy `` Z '' Zavala -- saxophone Kevin Savigar -- keyboards Jay Davis -- bass Tony Brock -- drums , background vocals Dionne Warwick cover ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` That 's What Friends Are For '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder ( as `` Dionne & Friends '' ) <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Friends B - side `` Two Ships Passing in the Night '' Released November 1985 Format 7 '' 12 '' Genre Soul pop soft rock adult contemporary Length 4 : 14 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Carole Bayer Sager Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach Carole Bayer Sager <Th_colspan="2"> Dionne Warwick singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Whisper in the Dark '' ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Whisper in the Dark '' ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) Wrap Her Up 1985 `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) That 's What Friends Are For1985 `` Cry to Heaven '' ( 1986 ) Cry to Heaven1986 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Gladys Knight singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Till I See You Again '' ( 1985 ) Till I See You Again1985 `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) That 's What Friends Are For1985 `` Send It to Me '' ( 1986 ) Send It to Me1986 <Th_colspan="2"> Stevie Wonder singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Part - Time Lover '' ( 1985 ) Part - Time Lover 1985 `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) That 's What Friends Are For1985 `` Go Home '' ( 1985 ) Go Home 1985 <Td_colspan="2"> A one - off collaboration headed by Dionne Warwick and featuring Gladys Knight , Elton John , and Stevie Wonder was released as a charity single in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1985 . The song was written in the key of E ♭ . It was recorded as a benefit for American Foundation for AIDS Research , and raised over US $3 million for that cause . Warwick , who had previously raised money for blood - related diseases such as sickle - cell anemia , wanted to help combat the then - growing AIDS epidemic because she had seen friends die painfully of the disease . Elton John played piano and Stevie Wonder played harmonica ; the two had previously worked together on 1983 's `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' . Clockwise from left , Gladys Knight , Carole Bayer - Sager , Burt Bacharach , Dionne Warwick , Stevie Wonder , and Elton John , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' , 1985 The song peaked at number one for three weeks on the soul chart and for four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1986 , and became Billboard 's number one single of 1986 . In the U.S. , it was certified Gold on January 15 , 1986 by the RIAA . It was the final US number one for all but John . Due to Stevie Wonder 's involvement , it also holds the distinction of being the last number one song for anyone who had topped the charts before the British Invasion ( Stevie Wonder 's first number 1 hit , `` Fingertips '' , came in 1963 ) . The Dionne and Friends version of the song won the performers the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , as well as Song of the Year for its writers , Bacharach and Bayer Sager . This rendition is also listed at number 75 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of all time . Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight , and Stevie Wonder performed the song live together for the first time in 23 years at the 25th Anniversary AmfAR Gala in New York City on February 10 , 2011 . Personnel ( edit ) Dionne Warwick -- vocals Elton John -- vocals Gladys Knight -- vocals Stevie Wonder -- vocals , harmonica 1990 benefit concert ( edit ) On March 17 , 1990 an AIDS benefit titled That 's What Friends Are For : Arista Records 15th Anniversary Concert was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . One month later , CBS aired a two - hour version of the concert on television . The celebrity guests and Arista label performers were : Air Supply , Lauren Bacall , Burt Bacharach , Eric Carmen , Chevy Chase , Jane Curtin , Clive Davis , Taylor Dayne , Michael Douglas , Exposé , Whoopi Goldberg , Melanie Griffith , Hall & Oates , Jennifer Holliday , Whitney Houston , Alan Jackson , Kenny G , Melissa Manchester , Barry Manilow , Milli Vanilli , Jeffrey Osborne , Carly Simon , Patti Smith , Lisa Stansfield , The Four Tops , and Dionne Warwick . `` That 's What Friends Are For '' was the finale song sung by Warwick and cousin Houston before being joined on the stage by the other guests of the event . Over $2.5 million was raised that night for the Arista Foundation which gave the proceeds to various AIDS organizations . Other versions ( edit ) Other recordings are by Shirley Bassey ( 1991 ) , Cilla Black & Cliff Richard ( a duet for Cilla Black 's Through the Years album in 1993 ) and Helen Reddy ( for The Burt Bacharach Album : Broadway Sings the Best of Burt Bacharach in 1998 ) Mexican singer Manuel Mijares covered it in his 2009 Spanish - language album Vivir Así under the title of `` Para ti yo estoy '' , a trio with Daniela Romo & Pandora `` The Friends Project '' recorded a version that was arranged and produced by Australian singer Nathan Leigh Jones and directed by Michael Akers . Those taking part were singer - songwriter and piano player David Raleigh , Tony Award winning and Emmy - nominated Alan Cumming , Broadway actor , producer and singer Billy Porter and indie pop star Ari Gold . Revenues went to Ali Forney Center , a NYC shelter for homeless gay and lesbian youth In 1987 , at the Soul Train Music Awards , Dionne Warwick , Stevie Wonder , Luther Vandross and Whitney Houston performed live together References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That 's What Friends Are For '' . Washington Post . 1988 . So working against AIDS , especially after years of raising money for work on many blood - related diseases such as sickle - cell anemia , seemed the right thing to do . ' You have to be granite not to want to help people with AIDS , because the devastation that it causes is so painful to see . I was so hurt to see my friend die with such agony , ' Warwick remembers . ' I am tired of hurting and it does hurt . ' Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 610 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 1986 Billboard Jump up ^ Billboard , December 27 , 1986 Jump up ^ Greatest of All - Time - Hot 100 Songs Billboard.com Jump up ^ Heyman , Marshall ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Superstar ' Friends ' Reunite '' . The Wall Street Journal . External links ( edit ) Rod Stewart Lyrics Metro Lyrics Dionne Warwick and Friends Lyrics Metro Lyrics Preceded by `` Say You , Say Me '' by Lionel Richie Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single January 11 , 1986 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Go Home '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Say You , Say Me '' by Lionel Richie Billboard Hot 100 number one single January 18 , 1986 -- February 8 , 1986 Succeeded by `` How Will I Know '' by Whitney Houston Preceded by `` Say You , Say Me '' by Lionel Richie Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number one single January 25 -- February 8 , 1986 Succeeded by `` Do Me , Baby '' by Meli'sa Morgan Preceded by `` A Good Heart '' by Feargal Sharkey Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single March 3 , 1986 Succeeded by `` When the Going Gets Tough , the Tough Get Going '' by Billy Ocean <Th_colspan="2"> Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dionne Warwick <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed , Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me , Yester - You , Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` Golden Lady `` All in Love Is Fair '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Elton John Category : Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_What_Friends_Are_For&oldid=835538025 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1985 singles 1986 singles 1980s ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Charity singles All - star recordings Dionne Warwick songs Elton John songs Gladys Knight songs Grammy Award for Song of the Year Number - one singles in Australia Rod Stewart songs Stevie Wonder songs Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Helen Reddy songs Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager Pop ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Arista Records singles Soul ballads Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "That's What Friends Are For" song
2. Rod Stewart
3. Dionne Warwick
4. Charity single for AIDS research
5. Grammy Award-winning song |
-522,907,814,046,647,740 | when does the new season of the crossing start | The Crossing ( tv series ) - wikipedia The Crossing ( tv series ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Crossing <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin Starring Steve Zahn Natalie Martinez Sandrine Holt Opening theme `` Letting the Cables Sleep '' by Bush Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Olmstead Jason T. Reed Jay Beattie Dan Dworkin David Von Ancken Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Dworkin / Beattie Brick Moon ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release April 2 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) -- June 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 09 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that aired on ABC . The series debuted on April 2 , 2018 , and aired its final episode on June 9 , 2018 On March 19 , 2018 , ABC released the pilot episode on their website . The series was filmed in British Columbia , Canada . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC cancelled the show after one season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town -- but they claim to be from America , 180 years in the future . Moreover , at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make her a threat . Cast ( edit ) Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis Natalie Martinez as Reece Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren Tommy Bastow as Marshall Rob Campbell as Paul Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer Simone Kessell as Rebecca Kelley Missal as Hannah Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster Bailey Skodje as Leah John D'Leo as Will Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin Production ( edit ) Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan , Oregon and in Seattle , the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver in 2017 . The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff 's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach , north of Vancouver . The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show 's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city . Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston , British Columbia and in New Westminster . The first camp footage was filmed at Camp McLean . Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late - November 2017 . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC canceled the show after one season . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Rob Bowman Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) 5.40 <Td_colspan="6"> People awaken underwater in the ocean near Port Canaan , Oregon . Most drown , but 47 survivors wash ashore and are interned . Another , Reece , is picked up by commercial fishermen . Local Sheriff Jude Ellis is the first on the scene , but is soon pushed aside by FBI Agent Emma Ren of the Department of Homeland Security . The survivors all claim to have fled from 180 years in the future . Apex , a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities , took over and began exterminating normal humans . Reece seeks out Jude to try to find her daughter Leah , but events reveal that she is an Apex . A survivor named Thomas insists on meeting Emma 's boss , Craig Lindauer , a Homeland Security deputy undersecretary , claiming they are not the first group to come from the future , but is horrified when he recognizes Lindauer as one of them . `` A Shadow Out of Time '' David Von Ancken Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 4.48 <Td_colspan="6"> In a flash - forward to the year 2187 , Apex agent Reece finds Leah , an orphaned normal human baby , and secretly raises her . When this is finally discovered , she shoots her superiors and flees . In the present day , Jude tries to arrange a peaceful meeting between Reece and Emma , but Emma informs Lindauer , who instead dispatches a heavily armed team to capture Reece . She is shot , but escapes . Meanwhile , Leah shows symptoms of the incurable disease engineered by Apex to wipe out the rest of humanity . `` Pax Americana '' Ken Girotti Michael Narducci April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 4.09 <Td_colspan="6"> A wounded Reece neutralizes her pursuers , then kidnaps Jude 's son Oliver . Survivor Hannah sneaks out of the guarded refugee camp and meets Marshall , a troubled young man , in Port Canaan . Somehow , Marshall 's photo is in her now - lost locket . Lindauer assigns virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to study Leah 's disease . Meanwhile , Emma discovers unsettling information which makes her question Lindauer 's motives . `` The Face of Oblivion '' Tara Nicole Weyr Evan Bleiweiss April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) 4.08 <Td_colspan="6"> After Reece offers to trade Oliver for Leah , Jude reaches out to Emma , but Leah is very ill and in quarantine . Sophie volunteers to explain the situation to Reece . Meanwhile , Hannah 's secret past comes to light ; she was forced to collaborate with Apex . Survivor Paul wants to try to locate his wife , part of the earlier migration . When Emma visits the woman , she discovers something that costs her her life . 5 `` Ten Years Gone '' Jeffrey Hunt Rebecca Sonnenshine April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 3.62 <Td_colspan="6"> Flashbacks reveal the coming of the `` First Arrivals '' inadvertently caused a car accident that killed Marshall 's mother . The earlier time travelers tried to change history and prevent Apex from coming into existence by secretly assassinating 27 key people . However , the appearance of the second group shows they failed . Their leader , Paul 's wife , decides much more drastic measures are needed . Jude investigates Emma 's mysterious disappearance , and Sophie risks her career to save Leah 's life . 6 `` LKA '' Hanelle M. Culpepper Vivian Tse May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 3.67 <Td_colspan="6"> Jude seeks assistance from a former colleague in Oakland . He receives information that makes him suspicious of Lindauer . Minutes later , Lindauer calls and offers to meet privately with him . Lindauer fires Sophie , derailing her plan to reunite Reece with Leah . She later blacks out and wakes up very ill in a hospital bed . Survivor Caleb sends photographs of the situation at the camp to Marshall , who uploads them to conspiracy websites . Jude arrests Lindauer as he is on his way to the rendezvous . 7 `` Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream '' Alrick Riley Deirdre Mangan May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 3.53 <Td_colspan="6"> Mayor Vanessa Conway pressures Jude into releasing Lindauer . When Jude tells her about the refugees , Lindauer agrees to let them spend a day in town , under supervision . Leah and Hannah are among the first group given the privilege . To Roy 's dismay , Hannah spends the day with Marshall . Anticipating Reece will come for her child , Jude removes Leah 's tracking bracelet . However , there is a second tracker hidden inside Leah 's doll , and Reece is captured . At the camp , a woman finally regains consciousness ; she covers the walls of her cabin with Apex writing . 8 `` The Long Morrow '' David Boyd Sabir Pirzada May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 2.53 <Td_colspan="6"> Emma 's body is found on the camp grounds . When the murder weapon is found among Paul 's possessions , he is taken into custody , but that is just a ploy to reunite him with his wife . She gets him to make a video supporting the story that he and the others are members of a cult who tried to commit mass suicide . Lindauer rehires Sophie to do research using the captive Reece . Naomi , the formerly comatose woman , believes she is a prophet , and gains her first convert in Rebecca , Caleb 's wife , who is still grieving over the loss of their daughter Rachel , taken by Apex because of some special ability . 9 `` Hope Smiles from the Threshold '' P.J. Pesce Matt Olmstead June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 2.92 <Td_colspan="6"> The First Arrivals ' attempts to maintain their secrecy begin to unravel . Jude questions a woman who was picked up near the camp and has no identification ; she eventually admits that she is Diana , one of the key people who operated the time machine and the one who sent the First Arrivals . She washed ashore far enough away that she escaped the initial roundup . She identifies Lindauer and Eve , Paul 's wife , as First Arrivals . Meanwhile , Paul warns Jude by telephone that the refugees may be in mortal danger . Naomi tries to recruit Agent Foster , but when that fails , suborns another agent into helping her and five converts , including Rebecca , escape . The agent shoots Foster when he tries to stop them . Lindauer is revealed to have a daughter named Rachel who , like Naomi , bears a brand signifying she was an Apex slave . 10 `` The Androcles Option '' Alex Zakrzewski Michael Narducci & Rebecca Sonnenshine June 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 09 ) 2.09 <Td_colspan="6"> After Foster 's death , Lindauer is ordered to move everyone at the camp to high - security detention facilities . Eve plans to kill them all first with a toxin , under the guise of an inoculation . Leah is returned to the camp . Marshall gets himself arrested to pass a message via Roy to Caleb ; he needs to prepare the refugees to escape . Eve introduces Paul to their ten - year - old son Aaron ; she was pregnant when she left . She then kills Paul with the toxin for calling Jude . Questioning Caleb about Rebecca 's involvement with Naomi , Lindauer realizes his daughter is Caleb and Rebecca 's child . When Diana finds out her wife Grace escaped with Naomi , she departs to search for her , but first completes a device they need to cover the refugees ' tracks . Reece frees herself before Sophie and Jude arrive to rescue her . Reece later destroys what she thinks is Sophie 's Apex - derived possible cure , but Sophie , with only days to live , later takes it , risking a 93 % chance of death , and passes out . 11 `` These are the Names '' David Von Ancken Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie June 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 09 ) 2.10 <Td_colspan="6"> Nestor gets Marshall released , at the same time helping Reece sneak into the camp to take out the guards . That night , Roy turns off the power to the electrified fence , but is caught by Doyle , the First Arrivals ' resident killer and Lindauer 's FBI liaison . The prisoners escape , but Jude is caught bringing Diana 's device into the camp . Horrified that Eve has become as ruthless as Apex , Lindauer kills Doyle and lets Jude and Roy go , then goes into hiding himself . Diana 's device destroys all electronic records of the refugees . Two weeks later , Jude denies knowing anything to a government investigating task force . He also supplies the escapees with false identities . Caleb reunites with Rachel , now a university student . Before leaving , Leah tells Jude his surname was written repeatedly on Naomi 's cabin walls . Eve sends someone to kill Sophie , but she awakens with Apex capabilities and kills the assassin , then leaves the hospital . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 69 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' April 2 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.40 0.7 2.97 1.6 8.37 `` A Shadow Out of Time '' April 9 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.48 0.6 2.80 1.4 7.28 `` Pax Americana '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.09 N / A 2.31 N / A 6.40 `` The Face of Oblivion '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.08 N / A 2.07 N / A 6.16 5 `` Ten Years Gone '' April 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.62 0.5 2.10 1.0 5.72 6 `` LKA '' May 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.67 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 7 `` Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream '' May 14 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.53 0.4 1.85 0.9 5.38 8 `` The Long Morrow '' May 28 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Hope Smiles from the Threshold '' June 4 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.92 0.4 1.87 1.0 4.79 10 `` The Androcles Option '' June 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 2.09 0.3 1.45 0.6 3.54 11 `` These are the Names '' June 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 2.10 0.3 1.56 0.6 3.66 See also ( edit ) The Refugees The 4400 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first episode was released online on March 19 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The crossing ( ABC ) -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway World . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Crossing '' Coming Soon to ABC `` . ABC . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ABC Television Network ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) , The Crossing - Trailer , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' : Jay Karnes , Simone Kessell & Grant Harvey Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Martinez as Reece '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sandrine Holt as Emma Ren '' . ABC . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Zahn To Topline ' The Crossing ' ABC Drama Pilot ; Rob Campbell Also Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simone Kessell as Rebecca '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kelley Missal as Hannah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bailey Skodje as Leah '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin '' . ABC . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Andrew ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` TV pilot ' The Crossing ' filmed in Ucluelet '' . Westerlynews.ca . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of film production : Britannia Beach '' . Squamish - Lillooet Regional District . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is The Crossing filmed ? Locations for the new ABC series '' . Atlasofwonders.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : That 's a wrap for Sirens , The Crossing , Six - as Riverdale goes on hold '' . insidevancouver.ca . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' Canceled By ABC After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Releases The Pilot Episode of Its Upcoming New Drama THE CROSSING '' . Broadway Worldwide . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup adjusts up , ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals Game 4 adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing ( 2018 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' on CBS Leads Scripted Options in Raw Gains for Second Consecutive Week '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Crossing on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Crossing_(TV_series)&oldid=850322147 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2018 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by ABC Studios American time travel television series American adventure television series Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Oregon Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. The Crossing TV series
2. American science fiction thriller
3. Refugees from the future
4. Filmed in British Columbia, Canada
5. Cancelled after one season |
8,654,434,251,697,353,000 | sam smith the thrill of it all tour | The Thrill of It All ( Sam Smith album ) - wikipedia The Thrill of It All ( Sam Smith album ) ( Redirected from The Thrill of It All Tour ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Thrill of It All <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Sam Smith Released 3 November 2017 Length 35 : 38 Label Capitol Producer Steve Fitzmaurice ( also exec . ) Jimmy Napes ( also exec . ) Brendan Grieve Malay Tyler Johnson StarGate Emile Haynie Timbaland <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Smith chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Lost Tapes -- Remixed ( 2015 ) The Thrill of It All ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from The Thrill of It All <Td_colspan="2"> `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' Released : 8 September 2017 `` One Last Song '' Released : 3 November 2017 `` Pray '' Released : 29 March 2018 `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' Released : 29 June 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> The Thrill of It All is the second studio album by English singer and songwriter Sam Smith . It was released on 3 November 2017 through Capitol Records . Contents 1 Background 2 Singles 2.1 Promotional singles 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 Tour 10 References Background ( edit ) On 6 October 2017 , Smith announced via Twitter that his second album , titled `` The Thrill of It All '' , was to be released on 3 November 2017 . It is Smith 's second full album of material after his hugely successful debut album In the Lonely Hour ( 2014 ) , which has sold 12 million copies worldwide . Speaking to Billboard about the album , Smith said : `` I went through , like , this vortex , came out , I feel like I 've rebuilt myself as a stronger thing and I 'm just gon na go into the vortex again , '' he says in a preview that features a montage of studio sessions . `` I was n't trying to make a big pop record when I made this album . I was actually just trying to make something personal and like a diary . '' Singles ( edit ) `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' was released as the album 's lead single on 8 September 2017 . It topped the UK Singles Chart and made the top five on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` One Last Song '' was sent to radio in the United Kingdom on 3 November 2017 , on the day of album release as its second single . On 27 March 2018 , Smith announced that `` Pray '' would serve as the third single , and would feature newly recorded guest vocals from American rapper Logic . The song was released on 29 March 2018 . `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' was released as the fourth single from the album on 29 June 2018 . Promotional Singles ( edit ) On 6 October 2017 , Smith released `` Pray '' , a gospel - tinged ballad in collaboration with Timbaland , prompted by time spent in Iraq with the charity War Child as a promotional single from the album . Another promotional single , `` Burning '' , was released on 27 October 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 5.9 / 10 Metacritic 72 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph Entertainment Weekly The Guardian The Independent NME The Observer Pitchfork 5.8 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The Thrill of It All received generally positive reviews from music critics . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 72 based on 16 reviews . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph gave the album four stars , and was highly positive about it and Smith 's vocals , calling them `` supernatural '' and saying : `` The Thrill of It All does n't just wallow in love 's misery , it practically drowns in the stuff . Its 10 songs are almost unrelentingly miserable , self - absorbed and self - pitying , verging on the lachrymose and sentimental ( as lovers in the midst of a break - up often are ) . The instrumentation is understated piano and strings blended with just the occasional hint of contemporary hip - hop effects . At times , Smith 's lyrics display a slightly clunking prosaicness . There 's not much poetry in lines such as ' real love is never a waste of time ' or ' there ' ' no insurance to pay for the damage ' . Yet it all hits home , because Smith makes every note sound like a matter of life and death . ' Him ' is the album 's centrepiece , a gospel drama addressed to a judgmental ' father ' , insisting on Smith 's right to love whom he chooses . It is a kind of hymn to Him , and as the choir powers up it gains a righteous glory . '' Andy Gill from The Independent also gave a four - star review , and shared in the positivity about the album , remarking : `` Smith 's voice remains a thing of wonder throughout '' . Will Hermes for Rolling Stone also gave a positive four - star review , and said : `` Doubling down on his magnificent , gender - nonconforming voice while pushing his songcraft forward , Smith 's second LP knights one of the mightiest , most expressive vocalists of his generation . '' In another positive review Nick Levine from NME compared Smith to Adele in his review of the album , stating : `` Both have become enormously successful by singing emotional ballads that connect with huge numbers of people , and both are understandably reluctant to raise the tempo as a result . But like Adele 's 25 , this is an undeniably accomplished album that will , deservedly , shift a helluva lot of copies . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman was positive too in his three and a half - star review , and opined : `` this album maintains a consistency and intensity that places it slightly above the debut . '' Some reviews were more negative . Though making it his album of the week and giving it three stars , Alexis Petridis from The Guardian was more mixed in his review , writing : `` There 's a certain power to `` The Thrill of It All '' but it could have been a much more potent album if they 'd laid off the polish just a little . '' Kitty Empire from The Observer was less enthusiastic in a more negative two - star review , claiming Smith was `` moping by numbers '' like Adele , and surmised : `` There is little drama here , just plenty of shorthand ( sad pianos ) , a total absence of risk '' Accolades ( edit ) Publication Accolade Rank Ref . Rolling Stone 50 Best Albums of 2017 10 Commercial performance ( edit ) The Thrill of It All topped the UK Albums Chart in its first week of release with 97,328 combined units ( consisting of 83,637 sales and 13,691 sales - equivalent streams ) , giving Smith his second number - one album in the nation after In the Lonely Hour ( 2014 ) . It also had the fifth - largest opening there at the time for a 2017 album . The record fell to number two the next week with a combined total of 52,781 units . before returning to the top spot three weeks later and being displaced by Ed Sheeran 's ÷ the following week . In Australia , the album opened at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart , becoming the singer 's second album to enter at that position after In the Lonely Hour . It additionally debuted at number one on the Irish and Scottish charts . The album the entered atop the US Billboard 200 with 237,000 album - equivalent units , including 185,000 pure sales , giving Smith his first chart - topper and highest opening sales in the United States . It also had the country 's seventh - largest album opening of the year at the time . The Thrill of It All dropped to number two the following week , earning 66,000 album - equivalent units . It also became his first number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , debuting with 16,000 units , including 9,500 copies . The Thrill of It All sold over 2,376,000 copies worldwide as of July 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' Sam Smith James Napier Mikkel S. Eriksen Tor Erik Hermansen Steve Fitzmaurice Jimmy Napes Stargate 3 : 21 2 . `` Say It First '' S. Smith Napier James Ho Malay Fitzmaurice Napes 4 : 07 3 . `` One Last Song '' S. Smith Napier Tyler Johnson Fitzmaurice Napes Johnson 3 : 12 4 . `` Midnight Train '' S. Smith Napier Ho Fitzmaurice Napes Malay 3 : 27 5 . `` Burning '' S. Smith Jason `` Poo Bear '' Boyd Dominic Jordan Jimmy Giannos Fitzmaurice Napes 3 : 23 6 . `` Him '' S. Smith Brendan Grieve Reuben James Fitzmaurice Grieve 3 : 10 7 . `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' S. Smith Napier Emile Haynie Dennis Ronald Thomas Woodrow Sparrow Gene Redd Sr . George Melvin Brown Claydes Smith Richard Westfield Robert Bell Robert Mickens Ronald Bell Fitzmaurice Napes Haynie 3 : 27 8 . `` No Peace '' ( featuring Yebba ) S. Smith Napier Yebba Smith Fitzmaurice Napes 4 : 43 9 . `` Palace '' S. Smith Johnson Camaron Ochs Johnson 3 : 07 10 . `` Pray '' S. Smith Napier Timothy Mosley Darryl Pearson Larrance Dopson Jose A. Valasquez Timbaland Fitzmaurice Napes 3 : 41 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 35 : 38 <Th_colspan="5"> show Special edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 11 . `` Nothing Left for You '' S. Smith Napier Fitzmaurice Napes 3 : 46 12 . `` The Thrill of It All '' S. Smith Grieve James Fitzmaurice Napes Grieve 3 : 28 13 . `` Scars '' S. Smith Grieve Grieve Fitzmaurice 3 : 03 14 . `` One Day at a Time '' S. Smith Simon Aldred Fitzmaurice Napes 3 : 29 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 49 : 24 <Th_colspan="4"> show Target and Japanese bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 15 . `` Leader of the Pack '' S. Smith Grieve Duncan Boyce 2 : 38 16 . `` Blind Eye '' S. Smith Francis White 1 : 48 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 53 : 50 Notes signifies an additional producer Track 6 , `` Him '' , is stylised as `` HIM '' . Sample credits `` One Last Song '' contains samples from `` Be a Lion '' from The Wiz Original Cast `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' contains samples from the recording , `` Breeze and Soul '' as performed by Ed Watson & The Brass Circle Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 7 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 11 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) 15 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 French Albums ( SNEP ) 15 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 8 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 8 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) 23 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 32 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 10 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 19 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 51 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 138 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 43 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 48 French Albums ( SNEP ) 119 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 89 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 27 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 87 UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 153 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 7,500 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 50,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format ( s ) Label Ref . Various 3 November 2017 CD digital download streaming Capitol Tour ( edit ) Within releasing `` Pray '' as the promotional single on 6 October 2017 , The Thrill of It All Tour was announced firstly revealing shows in Europe and North America . It began on 20 March 2018 in Sheffield , England , and it is set to conclude on 20 November 2018 in Perth , Australia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( @ samsmithworld ) ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` My new single is PRAY feat . @ Logic301 I am so excited for you to hear this new version of one of my favourite tracks on the album . It was an absolute pleasure to collaborate with Logic to create this , such an incredible artist x Released Thursday '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` SAM SMITH `` Baby , You Make Me Crazy '' - ( Radio Date : 29 / 06 / 2018 ) `` . radiodate.it . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Duerden ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith on His Recent Struggles , Triumphant Return and Having His Eyes Opened in Iraq '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Copsey ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith will release his new album The Thrill Of It All on November 3 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Explains How ' The Thrill Of It All ' is ' Like a Diary ' in Apple Music Doc Trailer '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis Corner ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Listen to Sam Smith 's new single One Last Song , and new album The Thrill Of It All '' . Gay Times . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( @ samsmithworld ) ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` My new single is PRAY feat . @ Logic301 I am so excited for you to hear this new version of one of my favourite tracks on the album . It was an absolute pleasure to collaborate with Logic to create this , such an incredible artist x Released Thursday '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 28 March 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith -- Pray ( Official Audio ) '' . YouTube . 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Luke Morgan Britton ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith shares new single ' Burning ' , his `` favourite '' song from his new album `` . NME . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Thrill of It All by Sam Smith reviews '' . Any Decent Music . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critic Reviews for The Thrill of It All - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Kellman ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` AllMusic Review by Andy Kellman '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil McCormick ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith , The Thrill of It All , review : forget the soggy lyrics , stay for the supernatural vocals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Renner Brown ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith 's unadventurous The Thrill of It All does n't live up to its name '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexis Petridis ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith : The Thrill of It All review -- sanitised soul meets genuine despair '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Gill ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Album reviews : Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All , Stereophonics -- Scream Above the Sounds , Maroon 5 -- Red Pill Blues '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Levine ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith -- ' The Thrill of It All ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kitty Empire ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith : The Thrill of It All review -- moping by numbers '' . The Observer . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamieson Cox ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` The Thrill of It All '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Will Hermes ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Review : Sam Smith Makes His Lonely Hours Feel Universal on a Great LP '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Hurst ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith : The Thrill of It All -- Album Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Staff ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` 50 Best Albums of 2017 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Copsey ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith 's The Thrill Of It All debuts at Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart : `` This is a dream come true '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Sam Smith debuts at No. 1 just short of 100,000 sales '' . Music Week . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift claims her third Number 1 in the UK '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Charts Analysis : Taylor Swift 's Reputation soars to chart summit '' . Music Week . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith 's The Thrill of it All reclaims Number 1 album '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran scores the rare Official Chart double as Perfect and Divide claim Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk 's Beautiful Trauma holds # 1 for fourth week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` irish-charts.com -- Discography Sam Smith '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 12 November 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith 's ' The Thrill of It All ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Reputation ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Albums Hot On The Chart , And So Is Sam Smith '' . FYIMusicNews. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith - The Thrill of It All ( Target Exclusive ) '' . Target Corporation . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Thrill of It All ( Japan Bonus Track ) '' . CDJapan . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Stranih ( Top Foreign ) '' ( in Croatian ) . Top Foreign Albums . Hrvatska diskografska udruga . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201746 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith : The Thrill of It All '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 45 , 2017 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill off It All '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Week : 46 / 2017 ) '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Sam Smith '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Albums '' . Billboard Japan . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2017 - 11 - 20 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . 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Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Album combined '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Top 40 biggest albums of 2017 on the Official Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Enter Sam Smith in the field Interpret . Enter The Thrill of It All in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith `` The Thrill of It All '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Enter The Thrill of It All in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian album certifications '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter The Thrill of It All in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith -- The Thrill of It All -- Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B0754BBDF1 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Smith <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums In the Lonely Hour The Thrill of It All Remix albums The Lost Tapes -- Remixed Extended plays Nirvana Singles `` Bad Day All Week '' `` When It 's Alright '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Money on My Mind '' `` Stay with Me '' `` I 'm Not the Only One '' `` Like I Can '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' `` Pray '' `` Burning '' `` One Last Song '' Featured singles `` Latch '' `` La La La '' `` Moments '' `` Omen '' Other songs `` Safe with Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thrill_of_It_All_(Sam_Smith_album)&oldid=854716672#Tour '' Categories : 2017 albums Albums produced by Emile Haynie Albums produced by Malay ( record producer ) Albums produced by Stargate Albums produced by Timbaland Capitol Records albums Sam Smith ( singer ) albums Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Gaeilge Italiano Lietuvių Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 08 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Sam Smith's second studio album
2. The Thrill of It All Tour
3. Singles from the album
4. Critical reception of the album
5. Commercial performance and charts |
-5,155,924,704,857,758,000 | when does the hebrew month of elul begin | Elul - wikipedia Elul Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="5"> ← Av Elul ( אֱלוּל ) Tishrei → <Td_colspan="2"> The shofar is blown every morning from the first day of Elul until Rosh Hashanah ( except on Shabbat ) . <Th_colspan="1"> Month Number : 6 <Th_colspan="1"> Number of Days : 29 <Th_colspan="1"> Season : Summer <Th_colspan="1"> Gregorian Equivalent : August -- September Repentance in Judaism Teshuva `` Return '' Repentance , atonement and higher ascent in Judaism In the Hebrew Bible Altars Korban Temple in Jerusalem Prophecy within the Temple Aspects Confession Atonement Love of God Awe of God Mystical approach Ethical approach Meditation Services Torah study Tzedakah Mitzvot In the Jewish calendar Month of Elul Selichot Rosh Hashanah Shofar Tashlikh Ten Days of Repentance Kapparot Mikveh Yom Kippur Sukkot Simchat Torah Ta'anit Tisha B'Av Passover The Omer Shavuot In contemporary Judaism Baal Teshuva movement Jewish Renewal Musar movement Elul ( Hebrew : אֱלוּל , Standard Elul Tiberian ʾĔlûl ) is the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar . It is a summer month of 29 days . Elul usually occurs in August -- September on the Gregorian calendar . In the Jewish tradition , the month of Elul is a time of repentance in preparation for the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . The word `` Elul '' is similar to the root of the verb `` search '' in Aramaic . The Talmud writes that the Hebrew word `` Elul '' can be understood to be an acronym for the phrase `` Ani L'dodi V'dodi Li '' - `` I am my beloved 's and my beloved is mine '' ( Song of Solomon 6 : 3 ) . Elul is seen as a time to search one 's heart and draw close to God in preparation for the coming Day of Judgement , Rosh Hashanah , and Day of Atonement , Yom Kippur . During the month of Elul , there are a number of special rituals leading up to the High Holy Days . It is customary to blow the shofar every morning ( except on Shabbat ) from Rosh Hodesh Elul ( the first day of the month ) until the day before Rosh Hashanah . The blasts are meant to awaken one 's spirits and inspire him to begin the soul searching which will prepare him for the High Holy Days . As part of this preparation , Elul is the time to begin the sometimes - difficult process of granting and asking for forgiveness . It is also customary to recite Psalm 27 every day from Rosh Hodesh Elul through Hoshanah Rabbah on Sukkot ( in Tishrei ) . Aside from the blowing of the shofar , the other significant ritual practice during Elul is to recite selichot ( special penitential prayers ) either every morning before sunrise beginning on the Sunday immediately before Rosh Hashanah , or , if starting Sunday would not afford 4 days of selichot , then the Sunday one week prior ( Ashkenazi tradition ) or every morning during the entire month of Elul ( Sephardi tradition ) . Ashkenazi Jews begin the recitation of selichot with a special service on Saturday night between solar mid-night ( not 12 : 00 ) and morning light on the first day of Selichot . Many Jews also visit the graves of loved ones throughout the month in order to remember and honor those people in our past who inspire us to live more fully in the future . Another social custom is to begin or end all letters written during the month of Elul with wishes that the recipient have a good year . The standard blessing is `` K'tiva VaHatima Tova '' ( `` a good writing and sealing ( of judgement ) '' ) , meaning that the person should be written and sealed in the Book of Life for a good year . Tradition teaches that on Rosh Hashanah , each person is written down for a good or a poor year , based on their actions in the previous one , and their sincere efforts at atoning for mistakes or harm . On Yom Kippur , that fate is `` sealed . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Elul in Jewish history 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of the month Elul , like the names of the rest of the Hebrew calendar months , was brought from the Babylonian Exile , and originated from the Akkadian word for `` Harvest '' . A similar month name was also used in Akkadian , in the form elūlu . * Eylül is also the name for September in Turkish ; this is derived from the Arabic form Arabic : أيلول ' Aylūl , used in the Levant ( see Arabic names of calendar months ) . It was also used in Akkadian , in the form elūlu . Elul in Jewish history ( edit ) 1 Elul - Moses ascends Sinai for 3rd 40 days ( 1313 BCE ) 1 Elul - The Prophet Haggai commands that the rebuilding of the Second Temple continue ( 520 BCE ) 2 Elul - Shulchan Aruch published ( 1555 ) 3 Elul - Death of Rabbi A.I. Kook ( 1935 ) 5 Elul - Ezekiel the prophet has a prophecy of the destruction of the first temple 10 Elul - Noah dispatches raven ( 2105 BCE ) 12 Elul - Birth of Nachmanides ( 1294 ) 13 Elul - Death of Ben Ish Chai ( 1909 ) 17 Elul - Noah dispatches dove ( 2105 BCE ) 18 Elul - Death of Maharal ( 1609 ) 18 Elul - Birth of Baal Shem Tov ( 1698 ) 18 Elul - Birth of rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( 1745 ) 23 Elul - Dove brings olive Leaf to Noah ( 2105 BCE ) 23 Elul - Death of Aleksander Rebbe , Yitzchak Menachem Danziger , in Treblinka ( 1942 ) 24 Elul - Death of Chafetz Chaim ( 1933 ) 25 Elul - The 1st day of Creation ( 3761 BCE ) 25 Elul - Jerusalem Walls Rebuilt ( 335 BCE ) 25 Elul - Death of Eleazar b . Simeon , son of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai ( 2nd century CE ) 27 Elul - Death of Belzer Rebbe ( 1855 ) 29 Elul - Birth of Tzemach Tzedek ( 1789 ) See also ( edit ) High Holidays Repentance in Judaism Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Song of Songs Yom Kippur References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Suissa , David ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Love in the time of Elul '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Dates of Elul Resources on the Month of Elul The month of Elul An indepth discussion of the tradition of hearing shofar on Elul , plus meditations on the sound of shofar for each day of the month , can be found at The Shofar of Elul Jewels of Elul A reading for each day of Elul from a diverse background of Jewish sources . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Jewish and Israeli holidays and observances Jewish holidays and observances Shabbat Shabbat High Holy Days Rosh Hashanah Fast of Gedalia Ten Days of Repentance Yom Kippur Three Pilgrimage Festivals Passover Fast of the Firstborn Pesach Sheni <Td_colspan="2"> Shavuot <Td_colspan="2"> Sukkot Hoshana Rabbah Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah <Td_colspan="2"> Yom tov sheni shel galuyot Chol HaMoed Isru chag <Td_colspan="2"> Rosh Chodesh Hanukkah Tenth of Tevet Tu BiShvat Fast of Esther Purim Purim Katan Counting of the Omer Lag BaOmer 17th of Tammuz The Three Weeks The Nine Days Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Holidays / memorial days of the State of Israel Yom HaAtzmaut ( Independence Day ) Yom HaZikaron ( Memorial Day ) Yom HaShoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) Yom Yerushalayim ( Jerusalem Day ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) Ethnic minority holidays Mimouna Seharane Sigd Hebrew calendar months Tishrei Cheshvan Kislev Tevet Shevat Adar and Adar Sheni Nisan Iyar Sivan Tammuz Av Elul <Td_colspan="2"> Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elul&oldid=800152642 '' Categories : Months of the Hebrew calendar Elul Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tagalog Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Elul - the twelfth month of the Jewish civil year
2. Repentance in Judaism - the focus of the month of Elul
3. Shofar - blown every morning during Elul to awaken one's spirits
4. Selichot - special penitential prayers recited during Elul
5. High Holy Days - Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, which Elul prepares for |
-5,390,488,681,535,656,000 | what is the number of moons on uranus | Moons of Uranus - wikipedia Moons of Uranus Uranus and its six largest moons compared at their proper relative sizes and relative positions . From left to right : Puck , Miranda , Ariel , Umbriel , Titania , and Oberon Uranus is the seventh planet of the Solar System ; it has 27 known moons , all of which are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope . Uranus 's moons are divided into three groups : thirteen inner moons , five major moons , and nine irregular moons . The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with Uranus 's rings . The five major moons are massive enough to have reached hydrostatic equilibrium , and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces . The largest of these five , Titania , is 1,578 km in diameter and the eighth - largest moon in the Solar System , and about one - twentieth the mass the Earth 's Moon . The orbits of the regular moons are nearly coplanar with Uranus 's equator , which is tilted 97.77 ° to its orbit . Uranus 's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined ( mostly retrograde ) orbits at large distances from the planet . William Herschel discovered the first two moons , Titania and Oberon , in 1787 , and the other three ellipsoidal moons were discovered in 1851 by William Lassell ( Ariel and Umbriel ) and in 1948 by Gerard Kuiper ( Miranda ) . These five have planetary mass , and so would be considered ( dwarf ) planets if they were in direct orbit about the Sun . The remaining moons were discovered after 1985 , either during the Voyager 2 flyby mission or with the aid of advanced Earth - based telescopes . Contents 1 Discovery 1.1 Spurious moons 2 Names 3 Characteristics and groups 3.1 Inner moons 3.2 Large moons 3.3 Irregular moons 4 List 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Discovery ( edit ) The first two moons to be discovered were Titania and Oberon , which were spotted by Sir William Herschel on January 11 , 1787 , six years after he had discovered the planet itself . Later , Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons ( see below ) and perhaps even a ring . For nearly 50 years , Herschel 's instrument was the only one with which the moons had been seen . In the 1840s , better instruments and a more favorable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon . Eventually , the next two moons , Ariel and Umbriel , were discovered by William Lassell in 1851 . The Roman numbering scheme of Uranus 's moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time , and publications hesitated between Herschel 's designations ( where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV ) and William Lassell 's ( where they are sometimes I and II ) . With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel , Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward , and this finally stuck . In 1852 , Herschel 's son John Herschel gave the four then - known moons their names . No other discoveries were made for almost another century . In 1948 , Gerard Kuiper at the McDonald Observatory discovered the smallest and the last of the five large , spherical moons , Miranda . Decades later , the flyby of the Voyager 2 space probe in January 1986 led to the discovery of ten further inner moons . Another satellite , Perdita , was discovered in 1999 after studying old Voyager photographs . Uranus was the last giant planet without any known irregular moons , but since 1997 nine distant irregular moons have been identified using ground - based telescopes . Two more small inner moons , Cupid and Mab , were discovered using the Hubble Space Telescope in 2003 . As of 2016 , the moon Margaret was the last Uranian moon discovered , and its characteristics were published in October 2003 . The number of moons known for each of the four outer planets up to July 2018 . Uranus currently has 27 known satellites . Spurious moons ( edit ) After Herschel discovered Titania and Oberon on January 11 , 1787 , he subsequently believed that he had observed four other moons : two on January 18 and February 9 , 1790 , and two more on February 28 and March 26 , 1794 . It was thus believed for many decades thereafter that Uranus had a system of six satellites , though the four latter moons were never confirmed by any other astronomer . Lassell 's observations of 1851 , in which he discovered Ariel and Umbriel , however , failed to support Herschel 's observations ; Ariel and Umbriel , which Herschel certainly ought to have seen if he had seen any satellites beside Titania and Oberon , did not correspond to any of Herschel 's four additional satellites in orbital characteristics . Herschel 's four spurious satellites were thought to have sidereal periods of 5.89 days ( interior to Titania ) , 10.96 days ( between Titania and Oberon ) , 38.08 days , and 107.69 days ( exterior to Oberon ) . It was therefore concluded that Herschel 's four satellites were spurious , probably arising from the misidentification of faint stars in the vicinity of Uranus as satellites , and the credit for the discovery of Ariel and Umbriel was given to Lassell . Names ( edit ) Main article : Naming of moons See also : Name conflicts with minor planets Although the first two Uranian moons were discovered in 1787 , they were not named until 1852 , a year after two more moons had been discovered . The responsibility for naming was taken by John Herschel , son of the discoverer of Uranus . Herschel , instead of assigning names from Greek mythology , named the moons after magical spirits in English literature : the fairies Oberon and Titania from William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , and the sylphs Ariel and Umbriel from Alexander Pope 's The Rape of the Lock ( Ariel is also a sprite in Shakespeare 's The Tempest ) . The reasoning was presumably that Uranus , as god of the sky and air , would be attended by spirits of the air . Subsequent names , rather than continuing the airy spirits theme ( only Puck and Mab continued the trend ) , have focused on Herschel 's source material . In 1949 , the fifth moon , Miranda , was named by its discoverer Gerard Kuiper after a thoroughly mortal character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . The current IAU practice is to name moons after characters from Shakespeare 's plays and The Rape of the Lock ( although at present only Ariel , Umbriel , and Belinda have names drawn from the latter ; all the rest are from Shakespeare ) . At first , the outermost moons were all named after characters from one play , The Tempest ; but with Margaret being named from Much Ado About Nothing that trend has ended . The relative masses of the Uranian moons . The five rounded moons vary from Miranda at 0.7 % to Titania at almost 40 % of the total mass . The other moons collectively constitute 0.1 % , and are barely visible at this scale . The Rape of the Lock ( a poem by Alexander Pope ) : Ariel , Umbriel , Belinda Plays by William Shakespeare : A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Titania , Oberon , Puck The Tempest : ( Ariel ) , Miranda , Caliban , Sycorax , Prospero , Setebos , Stephano , Trinculo , Francisco , Ferdinand King Lear : Cordelia Hamlet : Ophelia The Taming of the Shrew : Bianca Troilus and Cressida : Cressida Othello : Desdemona Romeo and Juliet : Juliet , Mab The Merchant of Venice : Portia As You Like It : Rosalind Much Ado About Nothing : Margaret The Winter 's Tale : Perdita Timon of Athens : Cupid Some asteroids share names with moons of Uranus : 171 Ophelia , 218 Bianca , 593 Titania , 666 Desdemona , 763 Cupido , and 2758 Cordelia . Characteristics and groups ( edit ) Schematic of the Uranian moon -- ring system The Uranian satellite system is the least massive among those of the giant planets . Indeed , the combined mass of the five major satellites is less than half that of Triton ( the seventh - largest moon in the Solar System ) alone . The largest of the satellites , Titania , has a radius of 788.9 km , or less than half that of the Moon , but slightly more than that of Rhea , the second - largest moon of Saturn , making Titania the eighth - largest moon in the Solar System . Uranus is about 10,000 times more massive than its moons . Inner moons ( edit ) See also : Inner moon and Rings of Uranus As of 2016 , Uranus is known to have 13 inner moons . Their orbits lie inside that of Miranda . All inner moons are intimately connected to the rings of Uranus , which probably resulted from the fragmentation of one or several small inner moons . The two innermost moons ( Cordelia and Ophelia ) are as shepherds of Uranus 's ε ring , whereas the small moon Mab is a source of Uranus 's outermost μ ring . There may be two additional small ( 2 -- 7 km in radius ) undiscovered shepherd moons located about 100 km exterior to Uranus ' α and β rings . At 162 km , Puck is the largest of the inner moons of Uranus and the only one imaged by Voyager 2 in any detail . Puck and Mab are the two outermost inner satellites of Uranus . All inner moons are dark objects ; their geometrical albedo is less than 10 % . They are composed of water ice contaminated with a dark material -- probably radiation - processed organics . The small inner moons constantly perturb each other . The system is chaotic and apparently unstable . Simulations show that the moons may perturb each other into crossing orbits , which may eventually result in collisions between the moons . Desdemona may collide with either Cressida or Juliet within the next 100 million years . The five largest moons of Uranus compared at their proper relative sizes and brightnesses . From left to right ( in order of increasing distance from Uranus ) : Miranda , Ariel , Umbriel , Titania , and Oberon . Large moons ( edit ) Uranus has five major moons : Miranda , Ariel , Umbriel , Titania , and Oberon . They range in diameter from 472 km for Miranda to 1578 km for Titania . All these moons are relatively dark objects : their geometrical albedo varies between 30 and 50 % , whereas their Bond albedo is between 10 and 23 % . Umbriel is the darkest moon and Ariel the brightest . The masses of the moons range from 6.7 × 10 kg ( Miranda ) to 3.5 × 10 kg ( Titania ) . For comparison , the Moon has a mass of 7.5 × 10 kg . The major moons of Uranus are thought to have formed in the accretion disc , which existed around Uranus for some time after its formation or resulted from a large impact suffered by Uranus early in its history . Artist 's conception of the Sun 's path in the summer sky of a major moon of Uranus ( which shares Uranus 's axial tilt ) All major moons comprise approximately equal amounts rock and ice , except Miranda , which is made primarily of ice . The ice component may include ammonia and carbon dioxide . Their surfaces are heavily cratered , though all of them ( except Umbriel ) show signs of endogenic resurfacing in the form of lineaments ( canyons ) and , in the case of Miranda , ovoid race - track like structures called coronae . Extensional processes associated with upwelling diapirs are likely responsible for the origin of the coronae . Ariel appears to have the youngest surface with the fewest impact craters , while Umbriel 's appears oldest . A past 3 : 1 orbital resonance between Miranda and Umbriel and a past 4 : 1 resonance between Ariel and Titania are thought to be responsible for the heating that caused substantial endogenic activity on Miranda and Ariel . One piece of evidence for such a past resonance is Miranda 's unusually high orbital inclination ( 4.34 ° ) for a body so close to the planet . The largest Uranian moons may be internally differentiated , with rocky cores at their centers surrounded by ice mantles . Titania and Oberon may harbor liquid water oceans at the core / mantle boundary . The major moons of Uranus are airless bodies . For instance , Titania was shown to possess no atmosphere at a pressure larger than 10 -- 20 nanobar . The path of the Sun in the local sky over the course of a local day during Uranus 's and its major moons ' summer solstice is quite different from that seen on most other Solar System worlds . The major moons have almost exactly the same rotational axial tilt as Uranus ( their axes are parallel to that of Uranus ) . The Sun would appear to follow a circular path around Uranus 's celestial pole in the sky , at the closest about 7 degrees from it . Near the equator , it would be seen nearly due north or due south ( depending on the season ) . At latitudes higher than 7 ° , the Sun would trace a circular path about 15 degrees in diameter in the sky , and never set . Irregular moons of Uranus . The X axis is labeled in Gm ( million km ) and in the fraction of the Hill sphere 's radius . The eccentricity is represented by the yellow segments ( extending from the pericentre to the apocentre ) with the inclination represented on the Y axis . Irregular moons ( edit ) See also : Irregular moon As of 2005 Uranus is known to have nine irregular moons , which orbit it at a distance much greater than that of Oberon , the furthest of the large moons . All the irregular moons are probably captured objects that were trapped by Uranus soon after its formation . The diagram illustrates the orbits of those irregular moons discovered so far . The moons above the X axis are prograde , those beneath are retrograde . The radius of the Uranian Hill sphere is approximately 73 million km . Uranus 's irregular moons range in size from 120 -- 200 km ( Sycorax ) to about 20 km ( Trinculo ) . Unlike Jupiter 's irregulars , Uranus 's show no correlation of axis with inclination . Instead , the retrograde moons can be divided into two groups based on axis / orbital eccentricity . The inner group includes those satellites closer to Uranus ( a < 0.15 r ) and moderately eccentric ( ~ 0.2 ) , namely Francisco , Caliban , Stephano , and Trinculo . The outer group ( a > 0.15 r ) includes satellites with high eccentricity ( ~ 0.5 ) : Sycorax , Prospero , Setebos , and Ferdinand . The intermediate inclinations 60 ° < i < 140 ° are devoid of known moons due to the Kozai instability . In this instability region , solar perturbations at apoapse cause the moons to acquire large eccentricities that lead to collisions with inner satellites or ejection . The lifetime of moons in the instability region is from 10 million to a billion years . Margaret is the only known irregular prograde moon of Uranus , and it currently has the most eccentric orbit of any moon in the Solar System , though Neptune 's moon Nereid has a higher mean eccentricity . As of 2008 , Margaret 's eccentricity is 0.7979 . List ( edit ) Key Inner moons Major moons Irregular moons ( retrograde ) Irregular moon ( prograde ) The Uranian moons are listed here by orbital period , from shortest to longest . Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in light blue and bolded . Irregular moons with retrograde orbits are shown in dark grey . Margaret , the only known irregular moon of Uranus with a prograde orbit , is shown in light grey . Uranian moons Order Label Name Pronunciation ( key ) Image Diameter ( km ) Mass ( × 10 kg ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Orbital period ( d ) Inclination ( ° ) Eccentricity Discovery year Discoverer VI Cordelia / kɔːrˈdiːliə / 40 ± 6 ( 50 × 36 ) 0.044 7004497700000000000 ♠ 49 770 6999335034000000000 ♠ 0.335 034 6997147986467276599 ♠ 0.084 79 ° 6996259999999999999 ♠ 0.000 26 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) VII Ophelia / oʊ ˈfiːliə / 43 ± 8 ( 54 × 38 ) 0.053 7004537900000000000 ♠ 53 790 6999376400000000000 ♠ 0.376 400 6997180816110506612 ♠ 0.1036 ° 6997992000000000000 ♠ 0.009 92 1986 Terrile ( Voyager 2 ) VIII Bianca / biˈɑːŋkə / 51 ± 4 ( 64 × 46 ) 0.092 7004591700000000000 ♠ 59 170 6999434579000000000 ♠ 0.434 579 6997336848545634906 ♠ 0.193 ° 6996920000000000000 ♠ 0.000 92 1986 Smith ( Voyager 2 ) IX Cressida / ˈkrɛsɪdə / 80 ± 4 ( 92 × 74 ) 0.34 7004617800000000000 ♠ 61 780 6999463570000000000 ♠ 0.463 570 0.006 ° 6996360000000000000 ♠ 0.000 36 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 5 X Desdemona / ˌdɛzdɪˈmoʊnə / 64 ± 8 ( 90 × 54 ) 0.18 7004626800000000000 ♠ 62 680 6999473650000000000 ♠ 0.473 650 6997194167879284369 ♠ 0.111 25 ° 6996129999999999999 ♠ 0.000 13 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 6 XI Juliet / ˈdʒuːliət / 94 ± 8 ( 150 × 74 ) 0.56 7004643500000000000 ♠ 64 350 6999493065000000000 ♠ 0.493 065 6997113446401379631 ♠ 0.065 ° 6996660000000000000 ♠ 0.000 66 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 7 XII Portia / ˈpɔːrʃə / 135 ± 8 ( 156 × 126 ) 1.70 7004660900000000000 ♠ 66 090 6999513196000000000 ♠ 0.513 196 0.059 ° 6995500000000000000 ♠ 0.000 05 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 8 XIII Rosalind / ˈrɒzəlɪnd / 72 ± 12 0.25 7004699400000000000 ♠ 69 940 6999558459999999999 ♠ 0.558 460 0.279 ° 6996110000000000000 ♠ 0.000 11 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 9 XXVII Cupid / ˈkjuːpɪd / ≈ 18 0.0038 7004748000000000000 ♠ 74 800 6999618000000000000 ♠ 0.618 0.1 ° 6997130000000000000 ♠ 0.0013 2003 Showalter and Lissauer 10 XIV Belinda / bɪˈlɪndə / 90 ± 16 ( 128 × 64 ) 0.49 7004752600000000000 ♠ 75 260 6999623527000000000 ♠ 0.623 527 0.031 ° 6995700000000000000 ♠ 0.000 07 1986 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 11 XXV Perdita / pərˈdiːtə / 30 ± 6 0.018 7004764000000000000 ♠ 76 400 6999638000000000000 ♠ 0.638 0.0 ° 6997119999999999999 ♠ 0.0012 1999 Karkoschka ( Voyager 2 ) 12 XV Puck / ˈpʌk / 162 ± 4 2.90 7004860100000000000 ♠ 86 010 6999761833000000000 ♠ 0.761 833 6997557109097236591 ♠ 0.3192 ° 6996120000000000000 ♠ 0.000 12 1985 Synnott ( Voyager 2 ) 13 XXVI Mab / ˈmæb / ≈ 25 0.01 7004977000000000000 ♠ 97 700 6999923000000000000 ♠ 0.923 6997233001455141243 ♠ 0.1335 ° 6997250000000000000 ♠ 0.0025 2003 Showalter and Lissauer 14 V Miranda / mɪˈrændə / 471.6 ± 1.4 ( 481 × 468 × 466 ) 7001659000000000000 ♠ 65.9 ± 7.5 7005129390000000000 ♠ 129 390 7000141347900000000 ♠ 1.413 479 4.232 ° 6997130000000000000 ♠ 0.0013 1948 Kuiper 15 Ariel / ˈɛəriəl / 7003115780000000000 ♠ 1157. 8 ± 1.2 ( 1162 × 1156 × 1155 ) 7003135300000000000 ♠ 1353 ± 120 7005191020000000000 ♠ 191 020 7000252037900000000 ♠ 2.520 379 0.260 ° 6997119999999999999 ♠ 0.0012 1851 Lassell 16 II Umbriel / ˈʌmbriəl / 7003116940000000000 ♠ 1169. 4 ± 5.6 7003117200000000000 ♠ 1172 ± 135 7005266300000000000 ♠ 266 300 4.144177 0.205 ° 6997390000000000000 ♠ 0.0039 1851 Lassell 17 III Titania / tɪˈteɪniə / 7003157680000000000 ♠ 1576. 8 ± 1.2 7003352700000000000 ♠ 3527 ± 90 7005435910000000000 ♠ 435 910 7000870587200000000 ♠ 8.705 872 0.340 ° 6997110000000000000 ♠ 0.0011 1787 Herschel 18 IV Oberon / ˈoʊbərɒn / 7003152280000000000 ♠ 1522. 8 ± 5.2 7003301400000000000 ♠ 3014 ± 75 7005583520000000000 ♠ 583 520 7001134632390000000 ♠ 13.463 239 0.058 ° 6997140000000000000 ♠ 0.0014 1787 Herschel 19 XXII Francisco / frænˈsɪskoʊ / ≈ 22 6997720000000000000 ♠ 0.0072 7006427600000000000 ♠ 4276000 − 266.56 147.459 ° 6999145900000000000 ♠ 0.1459 2003 Holman et al . 20 XVI Caliban / ˈkælɪbæn / ≈ 72 0.25 7006723000000000000 ♠ 7230000 − 579.50 139.885 ° 6999158700000000000 ♠ 0.1587 1997 Gladman et al . 21 XX Stephano / ˈstɛfənoʊ / ≈ 32 0.022 7006800200000000000 ♠ 8002000 − 676.50 141.873 ° 6999229200000000000 ♠ 0.2292 1999 Gladman et al . 22 XXI Trinculo / ˈtrɪŋkjʊloʊ / ≈ 18 6997390000000000000 ♠ 0.0039 7006857100000000000 ♠ 8571000 − 758.10 166.252 ° 6999220000000000000 ♠ 0.2200 Holman et al . 23 XVII Sycorax / ˈsɪkəræks / 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 + 36 − 42 2.30 7007121790000000000 ♠ 12 179 000 − 1283.4 152.456 ° 6999522400000000000 ♠ 0.5224 1997 Nicholson et al . 24 XXIII Margaret / ˈmɑːrɡərɪt / ≈ 20 6997540000000000000 ♠ 0.0054 7007143450000000000 ♠ 14 345 000 1694.8 51.455 ° 6999660800000000000 ♠ 0.6608 2003 Sheppard and Jewitt 25 XVIII Prospero / ˈprɒspəroʊ / ≈ 50 0.085 7007164180000000000 ♠ 16 418 000 − 1992.8 146.017 ° 6999444800000000000 ♠ 0.4448 1999 Holman et al . 26 XIX Setebos / ˈsɛtɪbʌs / ≈ 48 0.075 7007174590000000000 ♠ 17 459 000 − 2202.3 145.883 ° 6999591400000000000 ♠ 0.5914 1999 Kavelaars et al . 27 XXIV Ferdinand / ˈfɜːrdɪnænd / ≈ 20 0.0054 7007209000000000000 ♠ 20 900 000 − 2823.4 167.346 ° 6999368200000000000 ♠ 0.3682 2003 Holman et al . Sources : NASA / NSSDC , Sheppard , et al. 2005 . For the recently discovered outer irregular moons ( Francisco through Ferdinand ) the most accurate orbital data can be generated with the Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service . The irregulars are significantly perturbed by the Sun . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The mass of Triton is about 2.14 × 10 kg , whereas the combined mass of the Uranian moons is about 0.92 × 10 kg . Jump up ^ Uranus mass of 8.681 × 10 kg / Mass of Uranian moons of 0.93 × 10 kg Jump up ^ The axial tilt of Uranus is 97 ° . Jump up ^ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Uranus . Jump up ^ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their discovery . Jump up ^ Diameters with multiple entries such as `` 60 × 40 × 34 '' reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough . The diameters and dimensions of Miranda , Ariel , Umbriel , and Oberon were taken from Thomas , 1988 . The diameter of Titania is from Widemann , 2009 . The dimensions and radii of the inner moons are from Karkoschka , 2001 , except for Cupid and Mab , which were taken from Showalter , 2006 . The radii of outer moons except Sycorax were taken from Sheppard , 2005 . The diameter of Sycorax is from Lellouch , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masses of Miranda , Ariel , Umbriel , Titania , and Oberon were taken from Jacobson , 1992 . Masses of all other moons were calculated assuming a density of 1.3 g / cm and using given radii . Jump up ^ Negative orbital periods indicate a retrograde orbit around Uranus ( opposite to the planet 's rotation ) . Jump up ^ Inclination measures the angle between the moon 's orbital plane and the plane defined by Uranus 's equator . ^ Jump up to : Detected in 2001 , published in 2003 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS Astrogeology . July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , B.A. ; Soderblom , L.A. ; Beebe , A. ; Bliss , D. ; Boyce , J.M. ; Brahic , A. ; Briggs , G.A. ; Brown , R.H. ; Collins , S.A. ( 4 July 1986 ) . `` Voyager 2 in the Uranian System : Imaging Science Results '' . Science . 233 ( 4759 ) : 43 -- 64 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 233 ... 43S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 233.4759. 43 . PMID 17812889 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , S.S. ; Jewitt , D. ; Kleyna , J. ( 2005 ) . `` An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus : Limits to Completeness '' . The Astronomical Journal . 129 : 518 -- 525 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0410059 . Bibcode : 2005AJ ... 129 ... 518S . doi : 10.1086 / 426329 . Jump up ^ Herschel , John ( 1834 ) . `` On the Satellites of Uranus '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 3 ( 5 ) : 35 -- 36 . Bibcode : 1834MNRAS ... 3 ... 35H . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 3.5. 35 . Jump up ^ Lassell , W. ( 1851 ) . `` On the interior satellites of Uranus '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 12 : 15 -- 17 . Bibcode : 1851MNRAS ... 12 ... 15L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 12.1. 15 . Jump up ^ Lassell , W. ( 1848 ) . `` Observations of Satellites of Uranus '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 8 ( 3 ) : 43 -- 44 . Bibcode : 1848MNRAS ... 8 ... 43L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 8.3. 43 . Jump up ^ Lassell , William ( December 1851 ) . `` Letter from William Lassell , Esq. , to the Editor '' . Astronomical Journal . 2 ( 33 ) : 70 . Bibcode : 1851AJ ... 2 ... 70L . doi : 10.1086 / 100198 . ^ Jump up to : Kuiper , G.P. ( 1949 ) . `` The Fifth Satellite of Uranus '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 61 ( 360 ) : 129 . Bibcode : 1949PASP ... 61 ... 129K . doi : 10.1086 / 126146 . 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( 1988 ) . `` Radii , shapes , and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates '' . Icarus . 73 ( 3 ) : 427 -- 441 . Bibcode : 1988Icar ... 73 ... 427T . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 88 ) 90054 - 1 . Jump up ^ Esposito , L.W. ( 2002 ) . `` Planetary rings '' . Reports On Progress In Physics. 65 ( 12 ) : 1741 -- 1783 . Bibcode : 2002RPPh ... 65.1741 E . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 65 / 12 / 201 . Jump up ^ Chancia , R.O. ; Hedman , M.M. ( 2016 ) . `` Are there moonlets near Uranus ' alpha and beta rings ? '' . The Astronomical Journal . arXiv : 1610.02376 . Bibcode : 2016AJ ... 152 ... 211C . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 6256 / 152 / 6 / 211 . ^ Jump up to : Karkoschka , Erich ( 2001 ) . `` Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope '' . Icarus . 151 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 151 ... 51K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6596 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Christophe ; Smith , Bradford A. ; Terrile , Richard J. ( 2003 ) . `` Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck '' . The Astronomical Journal . 126 ( 2 ) : 1080 -- 1085 . Bibcode : 2003AJ ... 126.1080 D . doi : 10.1086 / 375909 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Martin J. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ( 1997 ) . `` Orbital Stability of the Uranian Satellite System '' . Icarus . 125 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 125 ... 1D . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1996.5568 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , R.A. ; Campbell , J.K. ; Taylor , A.H. ; Synnott , S.P. ( June 1992 ) . `` The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and earth - based Uranian satellite data '' . The Astronomical Journal . 103 ( 6 ) : 2068 -- 2078 . Bibcode : 1992AJ ... 103.2068 J . doi : 10.1086 / 116211 . Jump up ^ Mousis , O. ( 2004 ) . `` Modeling the thermodynamical conditions in the Uranian subnebula -- Implications for regular satellite composition '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 413 : 373 -- 380 . Bibcode : 2004A&A ... 413 ... 373M . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20031515 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Garry E. ; Patrick Moore ( 1989 ) . Atlas of Uranus . Cambridge University Press . pp. 78 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34323 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hussmann , Hauke ; Sohl , Frank ; Spohn , Tilman ( November 2006 ) . `` Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium - sized outer planet satellites and large trans - neptunian objects '' . Icarus . 185 ( 1 ) : 258 -- 273 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 185 ... 258H . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.06. 005 . Jump up ^ Grundy , W.M. ; Young , L.A. ; Spencer , J.R. ; Johnson , R.E. ; Young , E.F. ; Buie , M.W. ( October 2006 ) . `` Distributions of H O and CO ices on Ariel , Umbriel , Titania , and Oberon from IRTF / SpeX observations '' . Icarus . 184 ( 2 ) : 543 -- 555 . arXiv : 0704.1525 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 184 ... 543G . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.04. 016 . Jump up ^ Pappalardo , R.T. ; Reynolds , S.J. ; Greeley , R. ( 1996 ) . `` Extensional tilt blocks on Miranda : Evidence for an upwelling origin of Arden Corona '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 102 ( E6 ) : 13,369 -- 13,380 . Bibcode : 1997JGR ... 10213369P . doi : 10.1029 / 97JE00802 . Jump up ^ Tittemore , William C. ; Wisdom , Jack ( June 1990 ) . `` Tidal evolution of the Uranian satellites : III . Evolution through the Miranda - Umbriel 3 : 1 , Miranda - Ariel 5 : 3 , and Ariel - Umbriel 2 : 1 mean - motion commensurabilities '' . Icarus . 85 ( 2 ) : 394 -- 443 . Bibcode : 1990Icar ... 85 ... 394T . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 90 ) 90125 - S . Jump up ^ Tittemore , W.C. ( September 1990 ) . `` Tidal heating of Ariel '' . Icarus . 87 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1990Icar ... 87 ... 110T . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 90 ) 90024 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tittemore , W.C. ; Wisdom , J. ( 1989 ) . `` Tidal Evolution of the Uranian Satellites II . An Explanation of the Anomalously High Orbital Inclination of Miranda '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 78 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 89 . Bibcode : 1989Icar ... 78 ... 63T . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 89 ) 90070 - 5 . Jump up ^ Malhotra , R. ; Dermott , S.F. ( 1990 ) . `` The Role of Secondary Resonances in the Orbital History of Miranda '' . Icarus . 85 ( 2 ) : 444 -- 480 . Bibcode : 1990Icar ... 85 ... 444M . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 90 ) 90126 - T . ^ Jump up to : Widemann , T. ; Sicardy , B. ; Dusser , R. ; Martinez , C. ; Beisker , W. ; Bredner , E. ; Dunham , D. ; Maley , P. ; Lellouch , E. ; Arlot , J. - E. ; Berthier , J. ; Colas , F. ; Hubbard , W.B. ; Hill , R. ; Lecacheux , J. ; Lecampion , J. - F. ; Pau , S. ; Rapaport , M. ; Roques , F. ; Thuillot , W. ; Hills , C.R. ; Elliott , A.J. ; Miles , R. ; Platt , T. ; Cremaschini , C. ; Dubreuil , P. ; Cavadore , C. ; Demeautis , C. ; Henriquet , P. ; Labrevoir , O. ( February 2009 ) . `` Titania 's radius and an upper limit on its atmosphere from the September 8 , 2001 stellar occultation '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 199 ( 2 ) : 458 -- 476 . Bibcode : 2009Icar ... 199 ... 458W . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2008.09. 011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service '' . IAU : Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lellouch , E. ; Santos - Sanz , P. ; Lacerda , P. ; Mommert , M. ; Duffard , R. ; Ortiz , J.L. ; Müller , T.G. ; Fornasier , S. ; Stansberry , J. ; Kiss , Cs. ; Vilenius , E. ; Mueller , M. ; Peixinho , N. ; Moreno , R. ; Groussin , O. ; Delsanti , A. ; Harris , A.W. ( September 2013 ) . `` '' TNOs are Cool `` : A survey of the trans - Neptunian region . IX . Thermal properties of Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs from combined Herschel and Spitzer observations '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 557 : A60 . Bibcode : 2013A&A ... 557A ... 60L . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201322047 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Dr. David R. ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet '' . NASA ( National Space Science Data Center ) . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , R.A. ( 1998 ) . `` The Orbits of the Inner Uranian Satellites From Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager 2 Observations '' . The Astronomical Journal . 115 ( 3 ) : 1195 -- 1199 . Bibcode : 1998AJ ... 115.1195 J . doi : 10.1086 / 300263 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Uranus . Simulation Showing the location of Uranus 's Moons `` Uranus : Moons '' . NASA 's Solar System Exploration . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . `` NASA 's Hubble Discovers New Rings and Moons Around Uranus '' . Space Telescope Science Institute . 22 December 2005 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Sheppard , Scott . `` Uranus 's Known Satellites '' . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature -- Uranus ( USGS ) <Th_colspan="2"> Moons of Uranus <Td_colspan="2"> Generally listed in increasing distance from Uranus Inner Rings of Uranus Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Cupid Belinda Perdita Puck Mab Major ( spheroid ) Miranda Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Outer ( irregular ) Francisco Caliban Stephano Trinculo Sycorax Margaret Prospero Setebos Ferdinand Geological features Arielian Kachina Chasmata Yangoor Mirandian Verona Rupes Oberonian Hamlet Mommur Chasma Puckian Titanian Gertrude Messina Chasmata Ursula Rousillon Rupes Umbrielian Wunda Vuver Skynd <Th_colspan="3"> Uranus ( outline ) Geography Atmosphere Climate Dark Spot Magnetosphere Rings Moons Ariel Miranda Oberon Puck Titania Umbriel Astronomy Discovery William Herschel Gerard Kuiper James L. Elliot William Lassell General 15 Orionis Uranus - crossing minor planets Trojans 2011 QF 99 2014 YX 49 Exploration Past Voyager 2 ( 1986 flyby ) Proposals MUSE Oceanus ODINUS NASA Uranus orbiter and probe Uranus Pathfinder Related Fiction <Td_colspan="3"> Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Makemakean Eridian Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel <Td_colspan="3"> Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . <Th_colspan="2"> The Solar System <Td_colspan="2"> The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets and Dwarf planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 79 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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7,615,402,422,940,403,000 | how many points does blake griffin have in his career | Blake Griffin - wikipedia Blake Griffin Jump to : navigation , search Blake Griffin <Td_colspan="2"> Griffin with the Los Angeles Clippers in 2013 <Th_colspan="2"> No. 23 -- Detroit Pistons Position Power forward League NBA <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1989 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1989 ( age 29 ) Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Listed weight 251 lb ( 114 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school Oklahoma Christian ( Edmond , Oklahoma ) College Oklahoma ( 2007 -- 2009 ) NBA draft 2009 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall <Td_colspan="2"> Selected by the Los Angeles Clippers Playing career 2009 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Career history 2009 -- 2018 Los Angeles Clippers 2018 -- present Detroit Pistons <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 5 × NBA All - Star ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 3 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2012 -- 2014 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 2015 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2011 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2011 ) National college player of the year ( 2009 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Big 12 Player of the Year ( 2009 ) No. 23 retired by University of Oklahoma McDonald 's All - American ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stats at NBA.com <Td_colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com <Td_colspan="2"> Blake Austin Griffin ( born March 16 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Oklahoma Sooners , when he was named the Consensus National Player of the Year as a sophomore . Griffin was selected first overall by the Los Angeles Clippers in the 2009 NBA draft , and has since been a five - time NBA All - Star and a four - time All - NBA selection . Griffin won four high school state titles at Oklahoma Christian School under his father , head coach Tommy Griffin . Griffin played two seasons of college ball for the Sooners before entering the 2009 NBA draft , when he was selected by the Clippers . During the final pre-season game of 2009 , he broke his left kneecap , had surgery , and missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season . Griffin made his NBA debut as a rookie the following season , in which he was selected as an All - Star , won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest , and was named the NBA Rookie of the Year . In 2011 , Sports Illustrated called him one of the NBA 's 15 Greatest Rookies of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 1.1 Childhood 1.2 High school 2 College career 2.1 College statistics 3 NBA career 3.1 Los Angeles Clippers ( 2009 -- 2018 ) 3.1. 1 Draft year injury ( 2009 -- 10 ) 3.1. 2 Rookie of the Year ( 2010 -- 11 ) 3.1. 3 First playoff and division title ( 2011 -- 13 ) 3.1. 4 New coach and owner ( 2013 -- 15 ) 3.1. 5 Injury - plagued seasons ( 2015 -- 18 ) 3.2 Detroit Pistons ( 2018 -- present ) 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 5.3 Regular season career highs 5.4 Playoff career highs 5.5 Triple - doubles 6 Awards and honors 6.1 NBA 6.2 College 6.3 High school 7 Acting 8 Personal life 8.1 Endorsements 8.2 Religion 8.3 Legal issues 8.4 Philanthropy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early years Childhood Griffin was born on March 16 , 1989 , in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , to Tommy Griffin , who is of Afro - Haitian descent , and Gail Griffin , who is white . His father was a basketball center and track standout at Northwestern Oklahoma State University . Griffin and his older brother , Taylor Griffin , were home - schooled by their mother from first grade until Taylor was in the tenth grade and Blake was in eighth . Growing up , Griffin was good friends with future NFL quarterback Sam Bradford . Bradford 's father owned a gym where Blake and Taylor played basketball . Before deciding to focus on basketball , Griffin also played baseball as a first baseman and football as a wide receiver , safety , and tight end . High School In 2003 , Griffin followed his brother to Oklahoma Christian School , where they played under their father , head coach Tommy Griffin . They played together during the 2003 -- 04 and 2004 -- 05 high school seasons , winning two state basketball championships . In his freshman year , the Oklahoma Christian Saints posted a perfect 29 -- 0 season and won the Class 3A boys state championship game at the State Fair Arena against Riverside Indian School , 55 -- 50 . In Griffin 's sophomore year , the Saints repeated as Class 3A state champions , defeating Sequoyah - Tahlequah 51 -- 34 , where he scored 12 points and grabbed 9 rebounds . The team finished the season with a 24 -- 2 record , with Griffin averaging 13.6 points per game . He was later named to the Little All - City All - State team in what was his final high school season with his brother . Taylor went on to accept a scholarship to play college basketball for the Oklahoma Sooners . During the summer of 2005 , Blake was a member of the Athletes First AAU team , where he played against Kevin Durant and Ty Lawson 's AAU team , the DC Blue Devils . During Griffin 's junior season , the Oklahoma Christian basketball team was moved down to Class 2A from Class 3A . As he began his third season with the Saints , he was quickly developing as a player , as he led them to a third straight state championship . He scored 22 points , grabbed 9 rebounds , and recorded 6 blocks in the finals as Oklahoma Christian defeated Washington High School , 57 -- 40 . He was named the state tournament MVP , and the Saints finished the season 27 -- 1 , with Griffin averaging 21.7 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 4.9 assists . For his efforts , he was named The Oklahoman Player of the Year and to the Tulsa World Boys All - State First Team . His play attracted the attention of the new basketball head coach for Oklahoma , Jeff Capel , who first heard of him through his brother , Taylor . That spring , Capel saw him play for the first time and was quickly impressed . Capel liked the fact that Griffin had not yet become a household name among recruiters and felt he was exactly the player he needed to rebuild the Oklahoma men 's basketball program with . Griffin had been considering Duke , Kansas , North Carolina and Texas , but his brother eventually sold him on joining Oklahoma when he raved about the direction of the Sooners and the chance to play together again for his home state . Griffin committed to Oklahoma before the start of his senior season . He went on to average 26.8 points , 15.1 rebounds , 4.9 assists and 2.9 blocks per game as a senior while leading the team to a 26 -- 3 record . In a game against Oklahoma City Southeast , he finished with 41 points , 28 rebounds , and 10 assists . The Saints advanced through the playoffs , defeating Crescent in the quarterfinals and Foyil in the semifinals to earn a berth in the Class 2A state championship once again . On March 10 , 2007 , he played his final high school game in the state title game against Pawnee High School . Griffin registered 22 points , 9 rebounds , 6 assists and 2 blocks , as the Saints defeated Pawnee 81 -- 50 , winning their fourth straight state title . He was named the Class 2A state tournament MVP for the second consecutive year after averaging 26.6 points per game in the tournament . During his four - year run , the Oklahoma Christian Saints posted a 106 -- 6 overall record . Following Griffin 's senior year , he was named the Player of the Year by both the Tulsa World and The Oklahoman . He was also named to the Oklahoma Boys All - State First Team , EA Sports All - American Second Team and Parade All - American Third Team . Additionally , he was the Gatorade Oklahoma Player of the Year and was selected to the McDonald 's All - American and Jordan Brand All - America teams . At the McDonald 's All - American game in Louisville , Kentucky , he won the Powerade Jam Fest slam dunk contest . He was ranked as the nation 's 13th best high school senior by HoopScoop , 20th by scout.com and 23rd by rivals.com . HoopScoop also rated him as the country 's third - best power forward while Rivals.com ranked him sixth and was seventh according to Scout.com . College career Griffin while playing at Oklahoma Griffin was one of the highest rated and most decorated recruits ever at Oklahoma . As a freshman at Oklahoma , he averaged 14.7 points and 9.1 rebounds and led the Sooners to a 23 -- 12 record . He ranked ninth in scoring , fourth in rebounding and third in field goal percentage in the Big 12 Conference . In a game against the Kansas Jayhawks , he suffered a sprained medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) in his left knee five minutes into the game . Less than two months after injuring his left knee , he injured his right knee in a home victory against Texas A&M . The injury this time was torn cartilage , and he had arthroscopic surgery on March 2 , 2008 . He missed the following game , a victory over in - state rival Oklahoma State Cowboys , but was back on the court a week after the injury with 14 points and 8 rebounds in a win versus Missouri . Griffin was a first - team all - district pick by the USBWA and NABC , and was named to the Big 12 All - Rookie Team and to the first - team All - Big 12 selection by league coaches and Associated Press . He became the first Sooner to make the conference All - Rookie team since Wayman Tisdale in 1983 for the Big Eight Conference . He was expected to be a lottery pick in the 2008 NBA draft but decided to return to college to give himself time to mature physically and to try to help Oklahoma win the NCAA championship . In Griffin 's sophomore season , the Sooners started out the season winning their first 12 games before falling to the Arkansas Razorbacks . In the third game of the season , in a win against the Davidson Wildcats , he scored 25 points and grabbed 21 rebounds . The very next game , he had 35 points and 21 rebounds against Gardner -- Webb , becoming the first player in Big 12 history to record back - to - back games of at least 20 points and 20 rebounds . This earned him three consecutive Big 12 player of the week honors and finished the season with a record - tying six player of the week honors . In a home victory against the Texas Tech Red Raiders , he set career bests for both points and rebounds with 40 points and 23 rebounds , becoming the only player in Big 12 history and the third player in the history of the University of Oklahoma men 's basketball program to record at least 40 points and 20 rebounds in a game , joining Wayman Tisdale ( 61 points and 22 rebounds in 1983 ) and Alvan Adams ( 43 points and 25 rebounds in 1975 ) . On February 21 , Griffin received a concussion in a loss to the Texas Longhorns , when he caught an inadvertent shot to the face from the open hand of Texas center Dexter Pittman . He sat out the second half during the Sooners loss with a bloody nose . It was the Sooners ' first loss of their conference schedule for the season . After sitting out the next game , a loss to Kansas Jayhawks , he was cleared by the medical staff and returned a week later to get 20 points and 19 rebounds in a victory over Texas Tech . Oklahoma finished second in the conference with a 13 -- 3 record but fell short in the first game of the Big 12 Tournament to Oklahoma State . In the NCAA tournament , Oklahoma was seeded No. 2 in the South Region with a 27 -- 5 record . In a second - round win over the Michigan Wolverines , Griffin scored 33 points and grabbed 17 rebounds and became just the second player in the 2000s ( decade ) with at least 30 points and 15 rebounds in an NCAA tournament game . The Sooners ended up losing to the North Carolina Tar Heels in the South Regional final . Griffin averaged 22.7 points , 14.4 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game during the regular season and earned All - American First Team honors . He led the NCAA in rebounding and was also the Big 12 scoring and rebounding leader . Griffin recorded at least 20 points and 15 rebounds 15 times , which is a Big 12 record . He also set school and Big 12 single - season records for most rebounds ( 504 ) , rebounding average ( 14.4 ) , and double - doubles ( 30 ) , and his free throw attempts ( 324 ) were the most by a Sooner in a single - season . With 30 double - doubles during the season , he was one short of the NCAA record of 31 set by David Robinson in 1986 -- 1987 . His total of 504 rebounds were the most in a season by an NCAA Division I player since Indiana State 's Larry Bird had 505 in 1978 -- 79 and his rebounding average of 14.4 was the highest since Wake Forest 's Tim Duncan averaged 14.7 in 1996 -- 97 . For his sophomore year performance , Griffin swept all six of the national player of the year awards . He was a unanimous choice by voters in all nine geographical districts for the Oscar Robertson Trophy and was named Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year , receiving 66 of the 71 national media panel members ' votes . Griffin was announced as the Naismith College Player of the Year on April 5 in Detroit . Three days after announcing that he would turn pro , he won the John Wooden Award as college basketball 's top player . He became the first Oklahoma player in school history to win the Naismith Award , Oscar Robertson Trophy , Adolph Rupp Trophy , John Wooden Award and the Associated Press player of the year . He was also named Player of the Year by the Big 12 , Sports Illustrated , The Sporting News and FoxSports.com . College statistics Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2007 -- 08 Oklahoma 33 33 28.4 . 568 . 0 . 589 9.1 1.8 1.0 . 9 14.7 2008 -- 09 Oklahoma 35 35 33.3 . 646 . 375 . 590 14.4 2.3 1.1 1.2 22.7 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 68 68 31.4 . 618 . 300 . 589 11.8 2.1 1.0 1.1 18.8 NBA career Los Angeles Clippers ( 2009 -- 2018 ) Draft year injury ( 2009 -- 10 ) On April 7 , 2009 , Griffin announced that he would give up his final two years of eligibility and declared for the NBA draft after his sophomore year . A press conference announcing his decision was aired nationally on ESPNews . He was selected as the first overall pick by the Los Angeles Clippers in the 2009 NBA draft . Griffin played for the Clippers ' Summer League Team and was named Summer League MVP . In their final preseason game , he injured his kneecap as he landed after a dunk . The day before the 2009 -- 10 season started , it was confirmed that Griffin had a stress fracture in his left knee , delaying his NBA debut for seven weeks . After resting the stress fracture for several weeks , tests revealed that his knee was not recovering properly . In January 2010 , Griffin had surgery on his broken left kneecap causing him to miss the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season . Rookie of the year ( 2010 -- 11 ) Griffin in a game against the Washington Wizards on March 12 , 2011 Since he missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season , Griffin was still considered a rookie during the 2010 -- 11 season . In his NBA debut , against the Portland Trail Blazers , Griffin registered 20 points and 14 rebounds . He set a franchise record for most consecutive double - doubles with 23 in a home game against the Golden State Warriors . His streak of consecutive double - doubles , which ended at 27 games on January 19 in a win against the Minnesota Timberwolves , was the longest rookie double - double streak since 1968 . On November 11 , 2010 , Griffin scored a then career - high 44 points against the New York Knicks and on January 17 , 2011 against the Indiana Pacers , he scored a new career - high 47 points and set a Clippers franchise record for most points by a rookie . He became the first rookie to have two 40 + point games in his rookie season since Allen Iverson during the 1996 -- 97 season . Griffin was voted to the 2011 NBA All - Star Game by coaches as a reserve on the Western Conference squad , becoming the first rookie to play in the All - Star game since Yao Ming in 2003 and the first rookie voted to the game by coaches since Tim Duncan in 1998 . He also participated in the 2011 Rookie Challenge and won the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest during the All - Star break . On March 23 , 2011 , in a double overtime win over the Washington Wizards , Griffin recorded his first career triple - double with 33 points , 17 rebounds , and 10 assists . He recorded his second triple - double with 31 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in the final game of the season against the Memphis Grizzlies . During the season , Griffin captured all six of the Western Conference Rookie of the Month honors , the first time a rookie has swept an entire season of Rookie of the Month awards since Chris Paul during the 2005 -- 06 season . He played in all 82 regular season games and became the first rookie to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds since Elton Brand did it in the 1999 -- 2000 season . He led all rookies in points , rebounds , and double - doubles , earning him the Rookie of the Year award , and was the first unanimous winner for the award since David Robinson in 1990 . He was also the only unanimous selection to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . Following his phenomenal rookie season , Sports Illustrated listed Griffin as one of the `` NBA 's 15 Greatest Rookies of All Time '' . First playoff and Division title ( 2011 -- 13 ) Griffin was voted to play as a starter for the first time in the 2012 NBA All - Star Game along with new teammate Chris Paul . He was also selected to participate in the inaugural Rising Stars Challenge in which teams were a mix of the top rookies and sophomores . Griffin was selected first by Team Shaq . Griffin averaged another double - double on the lockout - shortened season with 20.7 points per game and 10.9 rebounds per game . He and teammate Chris Paul helped lead the Los Angeles Clippers to a 40 -- 26 record and made the playoffs for the first time since 2006 . In the first round of the 2012 NBA Playoffs , Griffin helped the Clippers eliminate the Memphis Grizzlies in seven games . However , the Los Angeles Clippers were quickly swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the next round . Afterwards , Griffin was named to the All - NBA Second Team for the first time in his career . Before the 2012 -- 13 NBA season , on July 10 , 2012 , Griffin signed a contract extension reportedly worth $95 million for 5 years . The deal will keep him under contract until the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . He was also selected to compete for Team USA in the 2012 London Summer Olympics , but was removed after he injured his knee during a practice . Griffin was again voted by the fans as a starter for the 2013 NBA All - Star Game . On March 6 , 2013 , Griffin recorded his third career triple - double by scoring 23 points , grabbing 11 rebounds , and dishing out 11 assists to lead the Los Angeles Clippers to victory over the Milwaukee Bucks . Griffin finished the season averaging 18.0 points per game and 8.3 rebounds per game in 32.5 minutes per game . He and Chris Paul led the Los Angeles Clippers to a 56 -- 26 record as the Clippers won their first Pacific Division title in franchise history . The Clippers went on to lose to the Memphis Grizzlies in six games in the first round . Griffin was named to the All - NBA Second Team once again . New coach and owner ( 2013 -- 15 ) After a disappointing first round exit in the playoffs , the Los Angeles Clippers sought new leadership and hired head coach Doc Rivers . In his first season with Rivers at the helm , Griffin averaged a career - high 24.1 points per game . He was voted as a starter in the NBA All - Star Game , making it his fourth consecutive All - Star appearance and third consecutive start . From January 20 to March 26 , Griffin recorded 20 + points in a franchise - record 31 straight games . On April 2 , 2014 , Griffin and Chris Paul led the Los Angeles Clippers to a 112 -- 108 win over the Phoenix Suns to clinch their second franchise division title . The next day , Griffin recorded his fourth career triple - double with 25 points , 10 rebounds and 11 assists in a 107 -- 113 loss to the Dallas Mavericks . The Los Angeles Clippers finished with a franchise - best record of 57 -- 25 and earned the third seed in the Western Conference playoffs . They would be matched up with the Golden State Warriors in the first round . On April 21 , 2014 , Griffin scored a playoff career - high 35 points in a win over Golden State . The Clippers would eventually beat the Warriors in 7 games in the midst of the Donald Sterling controversy . They would then lose to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the conference semi-finals . Griffin was named to the All - NBA Second Team for the third straight year , whilst also finishing the season third in the MVP voting . After the controversial remarks from former Clippers owner Donald Sterling , NBA commissioner Adam Silver banned Sterling from the league for life and forced him to sell the Clippers . Former Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer later bought the Clippers for $2 billion , the largest amount paid for a franchise in NBA history . On December 8 , 2014 , Griffin scored a season - high 45 points on 14 - of - 24 shooting , including a game - winning three - pointer as time expired , as the Clippers beat the Phoenix Suns in overtime , 121 -- 120 . This was Griffin 's first career game - winning buzzer beater . It gave the Clippers their eighth straight win . On February 8 , 2015 , he was ruled out for four to six weeks due to a staph infection in his right elbow . He returned to action on March 15 after missing 15 games to record 11 points and 11 rebounds in a 100 -- 98 loss to the Houston Rockets . Griffin finished the regular season averaging 21.9 points , a career - low 7.6 rebounds , and a career - high 5.3 assists in 67 games . On April 22 , Griffin recorded his first career playoff triple - double with 29 points , 12 rebounds and 11 assists in a first round game 2 series loss to the San Antonio Spurs . Four days later in Game 4 , Griffin recorded a playoff career - high 19 rebounds and with 20 points helped the Clippers even the series at 2 -- 2 . In the series ' Game 7 victory on May 2 that moved the Clippers into the second round , Griffin recorded his second career playoff triple - double with 24 points , 13 rebounds , and 10 assists . Two days later in Game 1 of the Clippers ' semi-final match - up against the Houston Rockets , Griffin recorded 26 points , 14 rebounds and 13 assists for his second straight triple - double to lift the Clippers to a 117 -- 101 victory . The Clippers ended up losing the series to the Rockets in seven games . Injury - plagued seasons ( 2015 -- 18 ) On November 25 , 2015 , Griffin recorded season highs with 40 points and 12 rebounds in a loss to the Utah Jazz , with the Clippers dropping to 7 -- 8 after starting the season 4 -- 0 . On December 26 , he was ruled out indefinitely with a partially torn left quadriceps . While expected to return to action on January 26 , Griffin was instead ruled out for an estimated four to six weeks due to a right hand injury he sustained on January 23 from hitting a member of the team 's equipment staff , who was also his friend , during an argument at a restaurant in Toronto . The Clippers were sternly critical of Griffin , and indicated that further punitive action would follow . According to the Toronto Police Service , a police report was not filed . Griffin missed 45 games in total due to injury and suspension , returning to action for the Clippers on April 3 against the Washington Wizards . He played 24 minutes as a starter and recorded six points and five rebounds to help the Clippers clinch home - court advantage in the playoffs with a 114 -- 109 win . He appeared in five of the Clippers ' final seven games of the regular season , and managed to appear in the first four first - round playoff games against the Portland Trail Blazers before aggravating the left quad injury in Game 4 , which ruled him out for the rest of the postseason . Griffin with the Clippers in 2016 On November 5 , 2016 , Griffin scored a season - high 28 points in a 116 -- 92 win over the San Antonio Spurs , helping the Clippers start the season 5 -- 1 . He helped them improve to a league - best 7 -- 1 with 22 points and 13 rebounds against the Portland Trail Blazers on November 9 . With his fifth rebound of the night , Griffin reached 4,000 in 417 career games , the second - fastest player since 1983 -- 84 to reach 8,500 points , 4,000 rebounds and 1,500 assists ; Chris Webber did so in 408 games . On November 11 , he helped the Clippers improve to a franchise - best 8 -- 1 with 25 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder . The following day , in a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , Griffin joined an exclusive club with 9,000 career points , 4,000 rebounds and 1,500 assists . He became the fastest player to reach that plateau since Larry Bird . On December 19 , 2016 , he was ruled out until some point in January after requiring minor surgery on his right knee . He returned to action on January 24 , 2017 , scoring 12 points on 3 - of - 11 shooting in a 121 -- 110 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers . On February 6 , in just his sixth game since minor knee surgery that had him sidelined for 20 games , Griffin recorded his fifth career triple - double , and first of the season , in three quarters , finishing with 26 points , 11 rebounds and a career - high - tying 11 assists in a 118 -- 109 loss to the Toronto Raptors . Two days later , he scored a season - high 32 points in a 119 -- 115 win over the New York Knicks . On February 26 , 2017 , he set a new season high with 43 points in a 124 -- 121 overtime win over the Charlotte Hornets . On April 1 against the Los Angeles Lakers , Griffin reached 10,000 career points . He became the second player in franchise history to reach that mark , joining Randy Smith , who scored 10,467 of his club - record 12,735 points when the team was known as the Buffalo Braves . On April 22 , 2017 , Griffin was ruled out for the remainder of the 2017 NBA Playoffs with an injury to the plantar plate of his right big toe suffered during the Clippers ' 111 -- 106 win over the Utah Jazz in Game 3 of their Western Conference First Round Playoff series the night before . On July 19 , 2017 , Griffin re-signed with the Clippers to a five - year , $173 million contract . On November 22 , 2017 , he had 26 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 116 -- 103 win over the Atlanta Hawks , helping the Clippers snap a nine - game losing streak . Three days later , he made a 10 - foot jumper with 3.2 seconds remaining and had a season - high 33 points to lead the Clippers to a 97 -- 95 win over the Sacramento Kings . On November 28 , 2017 , he was ruled out for approximately two months after sustaining an MCL sprain against the Los Angeles Lakers the previous night . He returned to action earlier than expected on December 29 against the Lakers , scoring a game - high 24 points in a 121 -- 106 win . On January 22 , 2018 , he had a triple - double with 32 points , 12 rebounds and a career - high 12 assists in a 126 -- 118 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves . Griffin notched his seventh career regular - season triple - double , and second of the season . It was his third 30 - point game of the season , and he was one point shy of his season high . Detroit Pistons ( 2018 -- present ) On January 29 , 2018 , Griffin , along with Willie Reed and Brice Johnson , was traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Avery Bradley , Tobias Harris , Boban Marjanović , a future protected first - round draft pick and a future second - round draft pick . He made his debut for the Pistons three days later , recording 24 points , 10 rebounds and five assists in a 104 -- 102 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . Griffin became the first player with at least 20 points , 10 rebounds and five assists in a debut with the Pistons since Grant Hill ( 25 points , 10 rebounds and five assists ) in 1994 . On March 20 , 2018 , he had a near triple - double with 26 points , 10 assists and nine rebounds in a 115 -- 88 win over the Phoenix Suns . Two days later , he recorded 21 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 100 -- 96 overtime loss to the Houston Rockets . On March 26 , he suffered a bone bruise in his right ankle against the Los Angeles Lakers . Player profile Griffin hanging on the rim Standing at 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) and weighing 251 lb ( 114 kg ) , Griffin plays mostly as a power forward . In his rookie year , he averaged 22.5 points , 12.1 rebounds , and 3.8 assists per game , becoming just the 20th rookie in NBA history to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds a game in the shot clock era . He is an exceptional athlete which results in numerous highlight dunks . Rob Mahoney , in a January 2011 post in the New York Times basketball blog , singled out Griffin 's playmaking abilities stating , `` The overtly dominant aspects of Griffin 's play have made him one of the season 's greatest delights , but his game clearly stretches beyond the scoring and rebounding columns ... his passing aptitude should serve as a reminder of the substance in his game . The dunks are great , but it 's his multiple - layered impact that has paved his early road to stardom . '' NBA career statistics <Th_colspan="6"> Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2010 -- 11 L.A. Clippers 82 82 38.0 . 506 . 292 . 642 12.1 3.8 . 8 . 5 22.5 2011 -- 12 L.A. Clippers 66 66 36.3 . 549 . 125 . 521 10.9 3.2 . 8 . 7 20.7 2012 -- 13 L.A. Clippers 80 80 32.5 . 538 . 179 . 660 8.3 3.7 1.2 . 6 18.0 2013 -- 14 L.A. Clippers 80 80 36.1 . 528 . 273 . 715 9.5 3.9 1.2 . 6 24.1 2014 -- 15 L.A. Clippers 67 67 35.2 . 502 . 400 . 728 7.6 5.3 . 9 . 5 21.9 2015 -- 16 L.A. Clippers 35 35 33.4 . 499 . 333 . 727 8.4 4.9 . 8 . 5 21.4 2016 -- 17 L.A. Clippers 61 61 34.0 . 493 . 336 . 760 8.1 4.9 1.0 . 4 21.6 2017 -- 18 L.A. Clippers 33 33 34.5 . 441 . 342 . 785 7.9 5.4 . 9 . 3 22.6 2017 -- 18 Detroit 25 25 33.2 . 433 . 348 . 784 6.6 6.2 . 4 . 4 19.8 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 529 529 35.0 . 508 . 324 . 683 9.2 4.3 . 9 . 5 21.5 <Td_colspan="2"> All - Star 26.3 . 788 . 250 . 500 5.5 3.0 1.5 . 3 21.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2012 L.A. Clippers 11 11 35.7 . 500 . 000 . 636 6.9 2.5 1.8 . 9 19.1 2013 L.A. Clippers 6 5 26.3 . 453 . 000 . 808 5.5 2.5 . 0 . 8 13.2 2014 L.A. Clippers 13 13 36.8 . 498 . 143 . 740 7.4 3.8 1.2 1.1 23.5 2015 L.A. Clippers 14 14 39.8 . 511 . 143 . 717 12.7 6.1 1.0 1.0 25.5 2016 L.A. Clippers 31.8 . 377 . 500 . 760 8.8 4.0 . 8 . 5 15.0 2017 L.A. Clippers 33.1 . 490 . 667 1.000 6.0 2.3 . 7 . 3 20.3 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 51 50 35.5 . 492 . 304 . 724 8.5 3.9 1.1 . 9 21.0 Regular season career highs Stat High Opponent Date Points 47 vs. Indiana 000000002011 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2011 Offensive rebounds 9 vs. Portland 000000002010 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2010 Defensive rebounds 16 vs. Detroit 000000002010 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2010 Total rebounds 20 vs. San Antonio 000000002012 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2012 Assists 12 vs. Minnesota 000000002018 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2018 Playoff career highs Stat High Opponent Date Points 35 vs. Golden State 000000002014 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2014 Offensive rebounds 6 vs. Oklahoma City 000000002014 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2014 Defensive rebounds 14 vs. Oklahoma City 000000002014 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2014 Total rebounds 19 vs. San Antonio 000000002015 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2015 Assists 13 vs. Houston 000000002015 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2015 Triple - doubles Number Date Opponent Box Score Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 000000002011 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2011 vs. Washington Wizards W 127 -- 119 33 17 10 000000002011 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2011 vs. Memphis Grizzlies W 113 -- 110 31 10 10 000000002013 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2013 vs. Milwaukee Bucks W 117 -- 101 23 11 11 000000002014 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2014 vs. Dallas Mavericks L 107 -- 113 25 10 11 5 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2017 vs. Toronto Raptors L 107 - 113 26 11 11 0 6 000000002018 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2018 vs. Houston Rockets L 96 -- 100 ( OT ) 21 10 10 0 Awards and honors NBA NBA All - Star : 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 All - NBA Second Team : 2012 , 2013 , 2014 All - NBA Third Team : 2015 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2011 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Champion : 2011 Western Conference Player of the Month : March 2014 Western Conference Rookie of the Month : November 2010 , December 2010 , January 2011 , February 2011 , March 2011 , April 2011 College 2009 Naismith College Player of the Year 2009 NABC Player of the Year 2009 AP National Player of the Year 2009 AP All - American First Team 2009 John Wooden Award 2009 Adolph Rupp Trophy 2009 Oscar Robertson Trophy 2009 Sports Illustrated Player of the Year 2009 Sporting News Player of the Year 2009 NCAA rebounding leader Phillips 66 All - Big 12 Men 's Basketball Awards 2009 Big 12 Player of the Year 2009 All - Big 12 First Team 2008 All - Big 12 First Team 2008 Big 12 All - Rookie Team High school Class 2A State Championship : 2006 , 2007 Class 2A Tournament MVP : 2006 , 2007 Class 3A State Championship : 2004 , 2005 2007 McDonald 's All - American 2007 McDonald 's All - American Slam Dunk Champion 2007 EA Sports All - American Second Team 2007 Parade All - American Third Team 2007 Tulsa World Player of the Year The Oklahoman Player of the Year : 2006 , 2007 2007 Oklahoma Boys All - State First Team 2006 Tulsa World Boys All - State First Team 2005 Little All - City All - State Team Acting Griffin made his acting debut in 2018 in the Whitney Cummings comedy The Female Brain ; of his performance , critic Christy Lemire wrote , `` Griffin especially impresses with his deadpan delivery and timing . He may have a whole ' nother career waiting for him if this whole NBA thing does n't work out . '' . Personal life Griffin has a son named Ford Wilson Cameron - Griffin and a daughter named Finley Elaine Griffin with his long - time girlfriend Brynn Cameron , who is the sister of former NFL tight end Jordan Cameron . As of October 2017 , Griffin is reportedly dating TV personality and model Kendall Jenner . Endorsements In 2011 , Panini America signed Griffin to an exclusive long - term deal that will feature his autographs and memorabilia in their products . Griffin was on the cover of NCAA Basketball 10 and was also on the cover of NBA 2K13 alongside fellow NBA stars Kevin Durant and Derrick Rose . He has appeared regularly in commercials for Kia Motors , Subway , Vizio , and GameFly . Religion Griffin is a Christian . He spoke of his faith in relation to his rookie season injuries saying , `` I was just excited about the opportunity to play in the NBA . I was ready to go but everything came crashing down , so to speak , but these things happen . It was frustrating , but at the same time , I know everything happens for a reason . I do n't know what that reason is , only God knows . I just have to wait and let His plan unveil . '' Legal issues Griffin was charged with misdemeanor battery as a result of an October 2014 Las Vegas encounter . He allegedly seized a cell phone from its owner ( Daniel Schuman ) , grabbed the owner 's neck twice and slapped him , after the owner took a picture of a group of Clippers players . The charges were dismissed in March 2015 for lack of evidence . Philanthropy Griffin started a fundraiser called `` Dunking for Dollars '' , in which he donates $100 to fight childhood obesity for every dunk he makes during the season . The Kia sedan that Griffin jumped over to win the Slam Dunk Contest was donated for a charity auction on AutoTrader.com with proceeds benefiting Stand Up to Cancer . Stand Up to Cancer also has a fund - raising site called `` Team Blake '' in honor of Griffin 's close friend Wilson Holloway , who died after a three - year fight with Hodgkin 's lymphoma . See also National Basketball Association portal 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball All - Americans List of first overall NBA draft picks List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders References ^ Jump up to : NBA 's Greatest Rookies Of All Time . sportsillustrated.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin : no longer a rookie '' . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` One drop rule : A guide to black celebrities '' . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blake Griffin -- SoonerSports.com Archived May 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... soonersports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kelli ( January 26 , 2009 ) . Oklahoma forward Blake Griffin is a skilled mimic . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , Dana ( August 6 , 2009 ) . Griffin 's return to Oklahoma has Sooners looking for title . ESPN . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Marlen ( January 26 , 2009 ) . Sooners ' savior ? Blake Griffin guides Oklahoma 's title quest . USA Today . Updated 1 / 26 / 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George , Brandon ( March 21 , 2008 ) . Sooners ' Griffin built tough , thanks to folks at home . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : SportsNation . Chat with Blake Griffin . ESPN . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Givony , Jonathan ( May 22 , 2009 ) . Blake Griffin : I 'm going to work to be a complete player on both ends . draftexpress.com . Jump up ^ Chatmon , Brandon ( April 21 , 2010 ) . Athletes First boss says Sam Bradford , Blake Griffin stood out even in high school . The Oklahoman ( NewsOK.com ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Steven ( April 6 , 2009 ) . Big Red Royalty : Bradford , Griffin take similar paths to OU Archived July 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Oklahoma Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blake Griffin on playing other sports growing up . YouTube . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Heath ( March 13 , 2004 ) . OCS beats Riverside in thriller for second title in three years . Coaches Aid . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farr , Kevin ( March 12 , 2005 ) . Griffin boys lead OCS to second straight title . Coaches Aid . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor Griffin -- SoonerSports.com . soonersports.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Helmer , Joey ( June 29 , 2009 ) . Scout.com : Blake Griffin Timeline . Scout.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ YouTube -- D.C. Blue Devils vs Athlete 's First ( Kevin Durant , Ty Lawson & Blake Griffin ) . YouTube . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( October 25 , 2010 ) . Griffin changing Clippers culture . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Landsberger , Chris ( March 11 , 2006 ) . Class 2A finals 3 -- 11 -- 06 . NewsOK.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JockBio : Blake Griffin Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farr , Kevin ( March 11 , 2006 ) . OCS dominates Washington to win third straight gold ball . Coaches Aid . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coaches Aid ( March 12 , 2006 ) . Coaches Aid State Tournament picks . Coaches Aid . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the year : Blake Griffin , Oklahoma Christian School -- Griffin talking titles for his senior season '' . The Oklahoman. April 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Thayer ( March 8 , 2009 ) . Blake Griffin Follows His Brother , and Others Follow Him at Oklahoma . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Scott . Oklahoma : Boys All - State Basketball . MaxPreps.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plumlee , James ( March 10 , 2007 ) . 2A Boys Championship . NewsOK.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blake Griffin . `` Blake Griffin Bio '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O'Shea ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet PARADE 's 2007 All - America High School Boys Basketball Team '' . PARADE Magazine . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chatmon , Brandon ( April 8 , 2006 ) . `` Player of the Year : Blake Griffin '' . The Oklahoman . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand All - American Classic . Nike . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Eric ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` Griffin Dunks To a Title '' . Tulsa World . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com Rivals150 2007 '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blake Griffin '' . Rivals.com and STATS LLC -- ( c / o Yahoo.com ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wright , Scott & John Rohde ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Griffin Leaves with Knee Injury '' . The Oklahoman . ^ Jump up to : Swisher , Michael ( March 2 , 2008 ) . Scout.com : Griffin Out Until Postseason . Scout.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Sooners Minus Blake Silence Their Critics '' . The Oklahoman . Jump up ^ Wright , Scott ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` OU , OSU BASKETBALL : ALL - BIG 12 SELECTIONS -- Griffin All - Big 12 - Sooner standout also selected on all - freshman team '' . The Oklahoman . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 30 , 2008 ) . Oklahoma Sooners vs. Arkansas Razorbacks . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 18 , 2008 ) . Davidson Wildcats vs. Oklahoma Sooners . ESPN . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Player Stats -- Blake Griffin -- College Basketball -- NJ.com . New Jersey On - Line . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` Blake Griffin has 40 points , 23 boards for No. 2 Sooners against Texas Tech '' . The Oklahoman . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Associated Press , ( February 14 , 2009 ) . ' Terminator ' helps No. 2 OU crush Texas Tech . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Archived January 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Griffin day to day with concussion '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Helsley , John . `` OU loses Blake Griffin , game '' . The Oklahoman . February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 28 , 2009 ) . Oklahoma clears Blake Griffin to play against Texas Tech . USA Today . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Down Sooners In Big 12 Tourney '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George , Brandon ( March 15 , 2009 ) . Oklahoma does indeed get a No. 2 seed in the South Region Archived January 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perloff , Andrew ( March 23 , 2009 ) . Got it Done Award -- Blake Griffin is first winner . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( March 24 , 2009 ) . NCAA tournament : Close - knit family keeps Blake Griffin grounded . ESPN . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Weir ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Blake Griffin leaves his mark on NCAA tournament '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 31 , 2009 ) . Griffin , Hansbrough lead AP first team . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Helsley , John ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Blake Griffin has 40 points , 23 boards for No. 2 Sooners against Texas Tech '' . The Oklahoman . Jump up ^ `` Capel 's Sooners Still Streaking '' . Oklahoma Sports / SoonerSports.com ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin Wins Oscar Robertson Trophy As USBWA Player of the Year '' . Big 12 Conference . Big12Sports.com . March 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Big12Sports.com ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Blake Griffin , Bill Self Garner Associated Press Honors '' . Big12Sports.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Big12Sports.com ( March 30 , 2009 ) . Blake Griffin Wins Oscar Robertson Trophy As USBWA Player of the Year . Big12Sports . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( April 3 , 2009 ) . Griffin first OU player to win AP award . ESPN . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services ( April 6 , 2009 ) . Griffin caps season with Naismith Award . ESPN . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( April 10 , 2009 ) . Griffin , Moore pick up more hardware . ESPN . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 7 , 2009 ) . OU 's Griffin entering NBA draft . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 8 , 2009 ) . Oklahoma 's Griffin leads group of players entering NBA draft . USA Today . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad. `` 2009 NBA Draft Prospects : Top 100 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clippers lose Griffin to broken kneecap '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Chris . `` Los Angeles Clippers ' Blake Griffin to have season ending surgery '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Packham , Drew ( July 1 , 2010 ). Rookie Rankings : Taking a first look at the 2010 -- 11 class Archived January 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Clippers lose opener to Trail Blazers , 98 -- 88 , despite a roaring debut for Blake Griffin -- Los Angeles Times '' . articles.latimes.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( January 10 , 2011 ). Blake Griffin 's ' electric ' athleticism is shocking . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moura , Pedro ( January 20 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin 's double - double run ends . sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moura , Pedro ( January 17 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin too much for Pacers . ESPN . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ziller , Tom ( February 3 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin , Pau Gasol Among Those Named NBA All - Star Reserves In West . SB Nation . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ziller , Tom ( February 3 , 2011 ) . Clippers ' Griffin ends All - Star drought for rookies Archived February 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Evans headline selections for 2011 Rookie Challenge Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com , February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Release ( January 5 , 2011 ). Griffin , Ibaka , Jennings and McGee set for Sprite Slam Dunk Archived January 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( March 23 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin gets first triple - double in Clippers ' hard - fought win over Wizards . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 14 , 2011 ) . Clippers beat playoff - bound Grizzlies 110 -- 103 . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffin Named Western Conference Rookie of the Month . nba.com. April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 14 , 2011 ) . Griffin wraps up superb rookie season . SF Gate . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official release ( May 4 , 2011 ) . Clippers ' Griffin unanimously voted top NBA rookie Archived May 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... NBA.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 5 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin unanimously voted top NBA rookie . ESPN . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Release ( May 11 , 2011 ) . Unanimous pick Griffin leads T - Mobile All - Rookie team roster Archived May 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... NBA.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Immediate Release ( February 17 , 2012 ) . LOS ANGELES CLIPPERS ' BLAKE GRIFFIN , CLEVELAND CAVALIERS ' KYRIE IRVING ARE FIRST TWO PICKS IN 2012 BBVA RISING STARS CHALLENGE DRAFT . NBA.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CLIPPERS SIGN BLAKE GRIFFIN TO CONTRACT EXTENSION '' . NBA.com. 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin has triple - double as Clips down Bucks '' . Associated Press . 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks at Clippers '' . Jump up ^ `` Thunder 's Kevin Durant wins 2013 - 14 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Ballmer Completes Purchase of Los Angeles Clippers '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Clippers beat Suns 121 - 120 in OT on Griffin 's 3 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin to have elbow surgery '' . ESPN . February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets at Clippers '' . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Clippers '' . Jump up ^ `` Clippers at Spurs '' . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Clippers '' . Jump up ^ `` Clippers at Rockets '' . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs Clippers '' . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin out indefinitely with quadriceps injury '' . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Clippers Statement on Blake Griffin - LA Clippers '' . ^ Jump up to : Brinkley , Brian ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Blake Griffin Breaks Hand Throwing a Punch , Out 4 - 6 Weeks , Brian Brinkley '' . KFOR.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Good time turned ugly after teasing for Blake Griffin and Clippers assistant '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers welcome Griffin back with 114 - 109 win over Wizards '' . NBA.com. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` QUAD INJURY FORCES GRIFFIN OUT FOR POSTSEASON '' . NBA.com. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA CLIPPERS INJURY UPDATE '' . NBA.com. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin 's season - high 28 lead Clippers in San Antonio 116 - 92 '' . ESPN.com . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers roll past Blazers 111 - 80 , improve to NBA - best 7 - 1 '' . ESPN.com . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin scores 25 to help Clippers beat Thunder 110 - 108 '' . ESPN.com . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers win 6th straight , 119 - 105 over Timberwolves '' . ESPN.com . November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charania , Shams ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : Blake Griffin to have minor knee surgery '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Without Embiid , 76ers upset Griffin and Clippers , 121 - 110 '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan , Raptors overcome Griffin 's triple - double '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin leads Clippers past Knicks after Oakley ejection '' . ESPN.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin scores 43 , Clippers hold off Hornets 124 - 121 in OT '' . ESPN.com . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers beat Lakers 115 - 104 for Doc Rivers ' 800th victory '' . ESPN.com. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Update : Blake Griffin '' . NBA.com. April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LA Clippers re-sign All - Star forward Blake Griffin '' . NBA.com . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin to sign 5 - year , $173 M deal with Clippers , sources say '' . ESPN.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers end 9 - game losing streak behind Griffin , Johnson '' . ESPN.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin 's late jumper , 33 points lead Clippers over Kings '' . ESPN.com . November 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Blake Griffin Injury Update '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin returns to lead Clippers past Lakers , 121 - 106 '' . ESPN.com . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiggins carries Timberwolves to 126 - 118 win over Clippers '' . ESPN.com . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : L.A. Clippers Acquire Harris , Bradley , Marjanović , First & Second - Round Picks '' . NBA.com . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons acquire Blake Griffin , Willie Reed , Brice Johnson from LA Clippers '' . NBA.com . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin scores 24 in Detroit 's 104 - 102 win over Memphis '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin narrowly misses triple - double , Pistons rout Suns '' . ESPN.com . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harden scores 10 in OT to lift Rockets over Pistons 100 - 96 '' . ESPN.com . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson , Johnson lead Pistons to 108 - 96 win over Nets '' . ESPN.com. April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Griffin Stats - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` About Blake Griffin '' . BlakeDunks.net . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Rob ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Blake Griffin : Playmaker Extraordinaire '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Official Release ( December 1 , 2010 ). Knicks ' Fields , Clips ' Griffin named Rookies of the Month Archived February 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Release ( January 3 , 2011 ). Fields , Griffin win NBA Rookie honors for December Archived January 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Release ( February 1 , 2011 ). Wizards ' Wall , Clippers ' Griffin named Rookies of the Month Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... nba.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards ' Wall , Clippers ' Griffin named Rookes of the Month '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . March 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall , Griffin take Rookie of the Month honors '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall , Griffin named T - Mobile Rookies of the Month '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin Unanimous AP All - American '' . SoonerSports.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 23 , 2009 ) . OU 's Blake Griffin wins Adolph Rupp award . NewsOK.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin Wins Oscar Robertson Trophy '' . SoonerSports.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blake Griffin named SI.com Player of the Year . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved on 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Helsley , John . `` Sporting News joins Athlon Sports , FoxSports.com in naming OU 's Blake Griffin best player in America '' . NewsOK.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Big12Sports.com ( March 8 , 2009 ) . Phillips 66 All - Big 12 Men 's Basketball Awards Announced . big12sports.com . Retrieved on February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffin named Big 12 Player of the Year . Newsok.com . Retrieved on 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 EA SPORTS Boys All American Team '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy . `` The Female Brain Movie Review ( 2018 ) - Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ `` Clippers star Blake Griffin welcomes baby girl '' . Jump up ^ Turner , Broderick ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Brynn Cameron and Clippers ' Blake Griffin have baby boy '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Kendall Jenner and Blake Griffin Are a ' Full - On Couple ' '' . Us Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Olds , Chris ( April 11 , 2011 ) . Next battle in trading cards : video . ESPN . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Floyd , Brian ( February 25 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin Car Dunk Becomes Kia Commercial . SB Nation . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Griffin in line for endorsements with Subway , EA Sports '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Casacchia , Chris ( April 26 , 2011 ) . Vizio Signs Blake Griffin as New Pitchman . Orange County Business Journal . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin leaves mark on NCAA '' . Jump up ^ `` NBA Closeup ( Blake Griffin ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Clippers ' Blake Griffin to be charged with battery in Las Vegas '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin battery complaint dismissed in Vegas '' . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 30 , 2010 ) . Jefferson leads Jazz comeback win over Clippers . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Archived January 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dillman , Lisa ( May 5 , 2011 ) . Blake Griffin donating Kia to benefit charity . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blake Griffin . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Blake Griffin on Twitter <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit Pistons current roster <Td_colspan="2"> 0 Drummond 1 Jackson 5 Kennard 7 Johnson 8 Ellenson 9 Galloway 14 Smith 20 Buycks 22 Felder ( TW ) 23 Griffin 24 Moreland 25 Bullock 30 Leuer 33 Ennis 38 Hearn ( TW ) 41 Nelson 43 Tolliver <Td_colspan="2"> Head coach : Van Gundy Assistant coaches : Allen Beyer Hardaway Klask Malone Smith Walters <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adolph Rupp Trophy winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky <Th_colspan="2"> Oscar Robertson Trophy winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> NABC Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Brooks 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Williams 2002 : Gooden & Williams 2003 : Collison 2004 : Nelson & Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Green 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Pete Newell Big Man Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 : Fizer 2001 : Collins 2002 : Gooden 2003 : West 2004 : E. Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : G. Davis 2007 : Oden 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Monroe 2011 : Johnson 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Plumlee 2014 : Young 2015 : J. Okafor 2016 : Pöltl 2017 : Swanigan 2018 : Bagley <Th_colspan="2"> John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Beck 1952 : Hannon 1953 : Conlin 1954 : Quimby 1955 : Slack 1956 : Holup 1957 : Baylor 1958 : Ellis 1959 : Wright 1960 : Wright 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Silas 1964 : Pelkington 1965 : Kimball 1966 : Ware 1967 : Cunningham 1968 : Walk 1969 : Haywood 1970 : Gilmore 1971 : Gilmore 1972 : Washington 1973 : Washington 1974 : Barnes 1975 : Irving 1976 : Pellom 1977 : Mosley 1978 : K. Williams 1979 : Davis 1980 : Smith 1981 : Watson 1982 : Thompson 1983 : McDaniel 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Lane 1988 : Miller 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Bonner 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jones 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Lambert 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Mann 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Perryman 1999 : McGinnis 2000 : Phillip 2001 : Marcus 2002 : Bishop 2003 : Hunter 2004 : Millsap 2005 : Millsap 2006 : Millsap 2007 : Jones - Jennings 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Parakhouski 2011 : Faried 2012 : Anosike 2013 : Anosike 2014 : A. Williams 2015 : A. Williams 2016 : Mockevičius 2017 : Delgado 2018 : Cacok <Th_colspan="2"> 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team DeJuan Blair Stephen Curry Blake Griffin Tyler Hansbrough James Harden Second Team Sherron Collins Luke Harangody Ty Lawson Jodie Meeks Jeff Teague Hasheem Thabeet <Th_colspan="2"> Big 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1997 : LaFrentz 1998 : LaFrentz 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Fizer 2001 : Tinsley 2002 : Gooden 2003 : Collison 2004 : Allen 2005 : Simien 2006 : Tucker 2007 : Durant 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Anderson 2011 : Morris 2012 : Robinson 2013 : Smart 2014 : Ejim 2015 : Hield 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Graham <Th_colspan="2"> NBA first overall draft picks <Td_colspan="2"> 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz <Th_colspan="2"> 2009 NBA draft First round Blake Griffin Hasheem Thabeet James Harden Tyreke Evans Ricky Rubio Jonny Flynn Stephen Curry Jordan Hill DeMar DeRozan Brandon Jennings Terrence Williams Gerald Henderson Tyler Hansbrough Earl Clark Austin Daye James Johnson Jrue Holiday Ty Lawson Jeff Teague Eric Maynor Darren Collison Víctor Claver Omri Casspi Byron Mullens Rodrigue Beaubois Taj Gibson DeMarre Carroll Wayne Ellington Toney Douglas Christian Eyenga Second round Jeff Pendergraph Jermaine Taylor Dante Cunningham Sergio Llull DaJuan Summers Sam Young DeJuan Blair Jon Brockman Jonas Jerebko Derrick Brown Jodie Meeks Patrick Beverley Marcus Thornton Chase Budinger Nick Calathes Danny Green Henk Norel Taylor Griffin Sergiy Gladyr Goran Suton Jack McClinton A.J. Price Nando de Colo Robert Vaden Patty Mills Ahmad Nivins Emir Preldžić Lester Hudson Chinemelu Elonu Robert Dozier <Th_colspan="2"> NBA Rookie of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon <Th_colspan="2"> Slam Dunk Contest winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blake_Griffin&oldid=836036830 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people African - American baseball players All - American college men 's basketball players American people of European descent American sportspeople of Haitian descent Basketball players from Oklahoma Detroit Pistons players Homeschooled people in the United States Los Angeles Clippers draft picks Los Angeles Clippers players McDonald 's High School All - Americans National Basketball Association All - Stars Oklahoma Sooners men 's basketball players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Power forwards ( basketball ) Sportspeople from Manhattan Beach , California Sportspeople from Oklahoma City American Christians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 09 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Blake Griffin's basketball career
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-323,810,413,446,378,500 | what is the name of the virus that causes influenza | Influenza - wikipedia Influenza Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Haemophilus influenzae . infectious disease `` Flu '' and `` Grippe '' redirect here . For other uses , see Flu ( disambiguation ) and Grippe ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Influenza Synonyms Flu , the flu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Influenza virus , magnified approximately 100,000 times Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , runny nose , sore throat , muscle pains , headache , coughing , feeling tired Usual onset Two days after exposure Duration ~ 1 week Causes Influenza viruses Prevention Handwashing , surgical mask , influenza vaccine Medication Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir Frequency 3 -- 5 million per year Deaths ~ 375,000 per year Influenza , commonly known as `` the flu '' , is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus . Symptoms can be mild to severe . The most common symptoms include : a high fever , runny nose , sore throat , muscle pains , headache , coughing , and feeling tired . These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week . The cough , however , may last for more than two weeks . In children , there may be nausea and vomiting , but these are not common in adults . Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis , which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as `` stomach flu '' or the `` 24 - hour flu '' . Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia , secondary bacterial pneumonia , sinus infections , and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure . Three types of influenza viruses affect people , called Type A , Type B , and Type C. Usually , the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes . This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances . It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes . A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms . The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat , sputum , or nose for the virus . A number of rapid tests are available ; however , people may still have the infection if the results are negative . A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus 's RNA is more accurate . Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of viral spread . Wearing a surgical mask is also useful . Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk . The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza . It is usually well tolerated . A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year , since the virus evolves rapidly . Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir , among others , have been used to treat influenza . Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks . No benefit has been found in those with other health problems . Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak , resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths . In the Northern and Southern parts of the world , outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year . Death occurs mostly in the young , the old and those with other health problems . Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent . In the 20th century , three influenza pandemics occurred : Spanish influenza in 1918 ( ~ 50 million deaths ) , Asian influenza in 1957 ( two million deaths ) , and Hong Kong influenza in 1968 ( one million deaths ) . The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A / H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009 . Influenza may also affect other animals , including pigs , horses , and birds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Symptoms of influenza 1.2 Emergency warning signs 1.2. 1 Signs of dehydration 2 Virology 2.1 Types of virus 2.1. 1 Influenzavirus A 2.1. 2 Influenzavirus B 2.1. 3 Influenzavirus C 2.2 Structure , properties , and subtype nomenclature 2.3 Replication 3 Mechanism 3.1 Transmission 3.2 Pathophysiology 4 Prevention 4.1 Vaccination 4.2 Infection control 5 Diagnosis 6 Treatment 6.1 Antivirals 6.1. 1 Neuraminidase inhibitors 6.1. 2 M2 inhibitors 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 8.1 Seasonal variations 8.2 Epidemic and pandemic spread 9 History 9.1 Etymology 9.2 Pandemics 10 Society and culture 11 Research 12 Other animals 12.1 Bird flu 12.2 Swine flu 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Signs and symptoms Most sensitive symptoms for diagnosing influenza Symptom : sensitivity specificity Fever 68 -- 86 % 25 -- 73 % Cough 84 -- 98 % 7 -- 29 % Nasal congestion 68 -- 91 % 19 -- 41 % <Td_colspan="3"> All three findings , especially fever , were less sensitive in people over 60 years of age . Symptoms of influenza , with fever and cough the most common symptoms . Approximately 33 % of people with influenza are asymptomatic . Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection . Usually the first symptoms are chills and body aches , but fever is also common early in the infection , with body temperatures ranging from 38 to 39 ° C ( approximately 100 to 103 ° F ) . Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days , with aches and pains throughout their bodies , which are worse in their backs and legs . Symptoms of influenza Fever and chills Cough Nasal congestion Runny nose Sneezing Sore throat Hoarseness Ear pressure Earache Muscle aches Fatigue Headache Irritated , watering eyes Reddened eyes , skin ( especially face ) , mouth , throat and nose Petechial rash In children , gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea , vomiting , and abdominal pain , ( may be severe in children with influenza B ) It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections . Influenza is a mixture of symptoms of common cold and pneumonia , body ache , headache , and fatigue . Diarrhea is not normally a symptom of influenza in adults , although it has been seen in some human cases of the H5N1 `` bird flu '' and can be a symptom in children . The symptoms most reliably seen in influenza are shown in the adjacent table . Since antiviral drugs are effective in treating influenza if given early ( see treatment section , below ) , it can be important to identify cases early . Of the symptoms listed above , the combinations of fever with cough , sore throat and / or nasal congestion can improve diagnostic accuracy . Two decision analysis studies suggest that during local outbreaks of influenza , the prevalence will be over 70 % , and thus patients with any of these combinations of symptoms may be treated with neuraminidase inhibitors without testing . Even in the absence of a local outbreak , treatment may be justified in the elderly during the influenza season as long as the prevalence is over 15 % . The available laboratory tests for influenza continue to improve . The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) maintains an up - to - date summary of available laboratory tests . According to the CDC , rapid diagnostic tests have a sensitivity of 50 -- 75 % and specificity of 90 -- 95 % when compared with viral culture . Occasionally , influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia . The obvious symptom is trouble breathing . In addition , if a child ( or presumably an adult ) seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever , that is a danger sign since this relapse can be bacterial pneumonia . Sometimes , influenza may have abnormal presentations , like confusion in the elderly and a sepsis - like syndrome in the young . Encephalitis due to the flu is rare but not unheard of . One patient and his sibling had a fever , severe diarrhea , and lowering consciousness , followed by seizures and a coma and eventually death without any respiratory disease . One elderly man had confusion , a steadily lowering Glasgow Coma Scale , and soon a coma . He survived , but he had residual neurological symptoms like paraplegia and urinary incontinence . Emergency warning signs Shortness of breath Chest pain Dizziness Confusion Extreme vomiting Flu symptoms that improve but then relapse with a high fever and severe cough ( can be bacterial pneumonia ) Cyanosis Fever and a rash . Not drinking fluids Signs of dehydration ( in infants ) Far fewer wet diapers than regularly Cannot keep down fluids ( in infants ) No tears when crying . Virology. Types of virus Structure of the influenza virion . The hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle . The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to ribonuclearproteins ( RNP ) . In virus classification influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up three of the five genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae : Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C These viruses are only distantly related to the human parainfluenza viruses , which are RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that are a common cause of respiratory infections in children such as croup , but can also cause a disease similar to influenza in adults . A fourth family of influenza viruses has been proposed -- influenza D . The type species for this family is Bovine Influenza D virus which was first isolated in 2012 . Influenzavirus a This genus has one species , influenza A virus . Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A. Occasionally , viruses are transmitted to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics . The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the severest disease . The influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses . The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans , ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths , are : H1N1 , which caused Spanish Flu in 1918 , and Swine Flu in 2009 H2N2 , which caused Asian Flu in 1957 H3N2 , which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968 H5N1 , which caused Bird Flu in 2004 H7N7 , which has unusual zoonotic potential H1N2 , endemic in humans , pigs and birds H9N2 H7N2 H7N3 H10N7 H7N9 H6N1 , which only infected one person , who recovered Influenzavirus B Influenza virus nomenclature ( for a Fujian flu virus ) This genus has one species , influenza B virus . Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans and is less common than influenza A . The only other animals known to be susceptible to influenza B infection are the seal and the ferret . This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2 -- 3 times slower than type A and consequently is less genetically diverse , with only one influenza B serotype . As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity , a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age . However , influenza B mutates enough that lasting immunity is not possible . This reduced rate of antigenic change , combined with its limited host range ( inhibiting cross species antigenic shift ) , ensures that pandemics of influenza B do not occur . Influenzavirus C This genus has one species , influenza C virus , which infects humans , dogs and pigs , sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics . However , influenza C is less common than the other types and usually only causes mild disease in children . Structure , properties , and subtype nomenclature Influenzaviruses A , B and C are very similar in overall structure . The virus particle is 80 -- 120 nanometers in diameter and usually roughly spherical , although filamentous forms can occur . These filamentous forms are more common in influenza C , which can form cordlike structures up to 500 micrometers long on the surfaces of infected cells . However , despite these varied shapes , the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition . These are made of a viral envelope containing two main types of glycoproteins , wrapped around a central core . The central core contains the viral RNA genome and other viral proteins that package and protect this RNA . RNA tends to be single stranded but in special cases it is double . Unusually for a virus , its genome is not a single piece of nucleic acid ; instead , it contains seven or eight pieces of segmented negative - sense RNA , each piece of RNA containing either one or two genes , which code for a gene product ( protein ) . For example , the influenza A genome contains 11 genes on eight pieces of RNA , encoding for 11 proteins : hemagglutinin ( HA ) , neuraminidase ( NA ) , nucleoprotein ( NP ) , M1 , M2 , NS1 , NS2 ( NEP : nuclear export protein ) , PA , PB1 ( polymerase basic 1 ) , PB1 - F2 and PB2 . Hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) are the two large glycoproteins on the outside of the viral particles . HA is a lectin that mediates binding of the virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell , while NA is involved in the release of progeny virus from infected cells , by cleaving sugars that bind the mature viral particles . Thus , these proteins are targets for antiviral drugs . Furthermore , they are antigens to which antibodies can be raised . Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based on antibody responses to HA and NA . These different types of HA and NA form the basis of the H and N distinctions in , for example , H5N1 . There are 16 H and 9 N subtypes known , but only H 1 , 2 and 3 , and N 1 and 2 are commonly found in humans . Replication Host cell invasion and replication by the influenza virus . The steps in this process are discussed in the text . Viruses can replicate only in living cells . Influenza infection and replication is a multi-step process : First , the virus has to bind to and enter the cell , then deliver its genome to a site where it can produce new copies of viral proteins and RNA , assemble these components into new viral particles , and , last , exit the host cell . Influenza viruses bind through hemagglutinin onto sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells , typically in the nose , throat , and lungs of mammals , and intestines of birds ( Stage 1 in infection figure ) . After the hemagglutinin is cleaved by a protease , the cell imports the virus by endocytosis . The intracellular details are still being elucidated . It is known that virions converge to the microtubule organizing center , interact with acidic endosomes and finally enter the target endosomes for genome release . Once inside the cell , the acidic conditions in the endosome cause two events to happen : First , part of the hemagglutinin protein fuses the viral envelope with the vacuole 's membrane , then the M2 ion channel allows protons to move through the viral envelope and acidify the core of the virus , which causes the core to disassemble and release the viral RNA and core proteins . The viral RNA ( vRNA ) molecules , accessory proteins and RNA - dependent RNA polymerase are then released into the cytoplasm ( Stage 2 ) . The M2 ion channel is blocked by amantadine drugs , preventing infection . These core proteins and vRNA form a complex that is transported into the cell nucleus , where the RNA - dependent RNA polymerase begins transcribing complementary positive - sense vRNA ( Steps 3a and b ) . The vRNA either is exported into the cytoplasm and translated ( step 4 ) or remains in the nucleus . Newly synthesized viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface ( in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin , step 5b ) or transported back into the nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles ( step 5a ) . Other viral proteins have multiple actions in the host cell , including degrading cellular mRNA and using the released nucleotides for vRNA synthesis and also inhibiting translation of host - cell mRNAs . Negative - sense vRNAs that form the genomes of future viruses , RNA - dependent RNA polymerase , and other viral proteins are assembled into a virion . Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules cluster into a bulge in the cell membrane . The vRNA and viral core proteins leave the nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion ( step 6 ) . The mature virus buds off from the cell in a sphere of host phospholipid membrane , acquiring hemagglutinin and neuraminidase with this membrane coat ( step 7 ) . As before , the viruses adhere to the cell through hemagglutinin ; the mature viruses detach once their neuraminidase has cleaved sialic acid residues from the host cell . After the release of new influenza viruses , the host cell dies . Because of the absence of RNA proofreading enzymes , the RNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the viral genome makes an error roughly every 10 thousand nucleotides , which is the approximate length of the influenza vRNA . Hence , the majority of newly manufactured influenza viruses are mutants ; this causes antigenic drift , which is a slow change in the antigens on the viral surface over time . The separation of the genome into eight separate segments of vRNA allows mixing or reassortment of vRNAs if more than one type of influenza virus infects a single cell . The resulting rapid change in viral genetics produces antigenic shifts , which are sudden changes from one antigen to another . These sudden large changes allow the virus to infect new host species and quickly overcome protective immunity . This is important in the emergence of pandemics , as discussed below in the section on Epidemiology . Mechanism Transmission When an infected person sneezes or coughs more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by . In otherwise healthy adults , influenza virus shedding ( the time during which a person might be infectious to another person ) increases sharply one - half to one day after infection , peaks on day 2 and persists for an average total duration of 5 days -- but can persist as long as 9 days . In those who develop symptoms from experimental infection ( only 67 % of healthy experimentally infected individuals ) , symptoms and viral shedding show a similar pattern , but with viral shedding preceding illness by one day . Children are much more infectious than adults and shed virus from just before they develop symptoms until two weeks after infection . In immunocompromised people , viral shedding can continue for longer than two weeks . Influenza can be spread in three main ways : by direct transmission ( when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes , nose or mouth of another person ) ; the airborne route ( when someone inhales the aerosols produced by an infected person coughing , sneezing or spitting ) and through hand - to - eye , hand - to - nose , or hand - to - mouth transmission , either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as a handshake . The relative importance of these three modes of transmission is unclear , and they may all contribute to the spread of the virus . In the airborne route , the droplets that are small enough for people to inhale are 0.5 to 5 μm in diameter and inhaling just one droplet might be enough to cause an infection . Although a single sneeze releases up to 40,000 droplets , most of these droplets are quite large and will quickly settle out of the air . How long influenza survives in airborne droplets seems to be influenced by the levels of humidity and UV radiation , with low humidity and a lack of sunlight in winter aiding its survival . As the influenza virus can persist outside of the body , it can also be transmitted by contaminated surfaces such as banknotes , doorknobs , light switches and other household items . The length of time the virus will persist on a surface varies , with the virus surviving for one to two days on hard , non-porous surfaces such as plastic or metal , for about fifteen minutes from dry paper tissues , and only five minutes on skin . However , if the virus is present in mucus , this can protect it for longer periods ( up to 17 days on banknotes ) . Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen . They are inactivated by heating to 56 ° C ( 133 ° F ) for a minimum of 60 minutes , as well as by acids ( at pH < 2 ) . Pathophysiology The different sites of infection ( shown in red ) of seasonal H1N1 versus avian H5N1 . This influences their lethality and ability to spread . The mechanisms by which influenza infection causes symptoms in humans have been studied intensively . One of the mechanisms is believed to be the inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) resulting in lowered cortisol levels . Knowing which genes are carried by a particular strain can help predict how well it will infect humans and how severe this infection will be ( that is , predict the strain 's pathophysiology ) . For instance , part of the process that allows influenza viruses to invade cells is the cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin protein by any one of several human proteases . In mild and avirulent viruses , the structure of the hemagglutinin means that it can only be cleaved by proteases found in the throat and lungs , so these viruses can not infect other tissues . However , in highly virulent strains , such as H5N1 , the hemagglutinin can be cleaved by a wide variety of proteases , allowing the virus to spread throughout the body . The viral hemagglutinin protein is responsible for determining both which species a strain can infect and where in the human respiratory tract a strain of influenza will bind . Strains that are easily transmitted between people have hemagglutinin proteins that bind to receptors in the upper part of the respiratory tract , such as in the nose , throat and mouth . In contrast , the highly lethal H5N1 strain binds to receptors that are mostly found deep in the lungs . This difference in the site of infection may be part of the reason why the H5N1 strain causes severe viral pneumonia in the lungs , but is not easily transmitted by people coughing and sneezing . Common symptoms of the flu such as fever , headaches , and fatigue are the result of the huge amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( such as interferon or tumor necrosis factor ) produced from influenza - infected cells . In contrast to the rhinovirus that causes the common cold , influenza does cause tissue damage , so symptoms are not entirely due to the inflammatory response . This massive immune response might produce a life - threatening cytokine storm . This effect has been proposed to be the cause of the unusual lethality of both the H5N1 avian influenza , and the 1918 pandemic strain . However , another possibility is that these large amounts of cytokines are just a result of the massive levels of viral replication produced by these strains , and the immune response does not itself contribute to the disease . Prevention Vaccination Main article : Influenza vaccine Giving an influenza vaccination The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for high - risk groups , such as children , the elderly , health care workers , and people who have chronic illnesses such as asthma , diabetes , heart disease , or are immuno - compromised among others . In healthy adults it is modestly effective in decreasing the amount of influenza - like symptoms in a population . Evidence is supportive of a decreased rate of influenza in children over the age of two . In those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vaccination reduces exacerbations , it is not clear if it reduces asthma exacerbations . Evidence supports a lower rate of influenza - like illness in many groups who are immunocompromised such as those with : HIV / AIDS , cancer , and post organ transplant . In those at high risk immunization may reduce the risk of heart disease . Whether immunizing health care workers affects patient outcomes is controversial with some reviews finding insufficient evidence and others finding tentative evidence . Due to the high mutation rate of the virus , a particular influenza vaccine usually confers protection for no more than a few years . Every year , the World Health Organization predicts which strains of the virus are most likely to be circulating in the next year ( see Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine ) , allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that will provide the best immunity against these strains . The vaccine is reformulated each season for a few specific flu strains but does not include all the strains active in the world during that season . It takes about six months for the manufacturers to formulate and produce the millions of doses required to deal with the seasonal epidemics ; occasionally , a new or overlooked strain becomes prominent during that time . It is also possible to get infected just before vaccination and get sick with the strain that the vaccine is supposed to prevent , as the vaccine takes about two weeks to become effective . Vaccines can cause the immune system to react as if the body were actually being infected , and general infection symptoms ( many cold and flu symptoms are just general infection symptoms ) can appear , though these symptoms are usually not as severe or long - lasting as influenza . The most dangerous adverse effect is a severe allergic reaction to either the virus material itself or residues from the hen eggs used to grow the influenza ; however , these reactions are extremely rare . The cost - effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings . It has generally been found to be a cost - effective intervention , especially in children and the elderly , however the results of economic evaluations of influenza vaccination have often been found to be dependent on key assumptions . Infection Control Further information : Influenza prevention These are the main ways that influenza spreads by direct transmission ( when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes , nose or mouth of another person ) ; the airborne route ( when someone inhales the aerosols produced by an infected person coughing , sneezing or spitting ) ; through hand - to - eye , hand - to - nose , or hand - to - mouth transmission , either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as a hand - shake . Reasonably effective ways to reduce the transmission of influenza include good personal health and hygiene habits such as : not touching your eyes , nose or mouth ; frequent hand washing ( with soap and water , or with alcohol - based hand rubs ) ; covering coughs and sneezes ; avoiding close contact with sick people ; and staying home yourself if you are sick . Avoiding spitting is also recommended . Although face masks might help prevent transmission when caring for the sick , there is mixed evidence on beneficial effects in the community . Smoking raises the risk of contracting influenza , as well as producing more severe disease symptoms . Since influenza spreads through both aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces , surface sanitizing may help prevent some infections . Alcohol is an effective sanitizer against influenza viruses , while quaternary ammonium compounds can be used with alcohol so that the sanitizing effect lasts for longer . In hospitals , quaternary ammonium compounds and bleach are used to sanitize rooms or equipment that have been occupied by patients with influenza symptoms . At home , this can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach . Social distancing strategies used during past pandemics , such as closing schools , churches and theaters , slowed the spread of the virus but did not have a large effect on the overall death rate . It is uncertain if reducing public gatherings , by for example closing schools and workplaces , will reduce transmission since people with influenza may just be moved from one area to another ; such measures would also be difficult to enforce and might be unpopular . When small numbers of people are infected , isolating the sick might reduce the risk of transmission . Some patiente like the young and the elderly may have abnormal symptoms . The elderly may have confusion , white the infants may a have sepsis - like - syndrome . Diagnosis 29 yr old with H1N1 confirmed There are a number of rapid tests for the flu . One is called a Rapid Molecular Assay , when a upper respiratory tract specimen ( mucus ) is taken using a nasal swab or a nasopharyngeal swab . It should be done within 3 -- 4 days of symptom onset , as upper respiratory viral shedding takes a downward spiral after that . Treatment Main article : Influenza treatment People with the flu are advised to get plenty of rest , drink plenty of liquids , avoid using alcohol and tobacco and , if necessary , take medications such as acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) to relieve the fever and muscle aches associated with the flu . They are also advised to avoid close contact with others to prevent spread of infection . Children and teenagers with flu symptoms ( particularly fever ) should avoid taking aspirin during an influenza infection ( especially influenza type B ) , because doing so can lead to Reye 's syndrome , a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver . Since influenza is caused by a virus , antibiotics have no effect on the infection ; unless prescribed for secondary infections such as bacterial pneumonia . Antiviral medication may be effective , if given early ( within 48 hours to first symptoms ) , but some strains of influenza can show resistance to the standard antiviral drugs and there is concern about the quality of the research . High - risk individuals such as young children , pregnant women , the elderly , and those with compromised immune systems should visit the doctor for antiviral drugs . Those with the emergency warning signs should visit the emergency room at once . Antivirals The two classes of antiviral drugs used against influenza are neuraminidase inhibitors ( oseltamivir , zanamivir , laninamivir and peramivir ) and M2 protein inhibitors ( adamantane derivatives ) . Neuraminidase inhibitors Overall the benefits of neuraminidase inhibitors in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than the risks . There does not appear to be any benefit in those with other health problems . In those believed to have the flu , they decreased the length of time symptoms were present by slightly less than a day but did not appear to affect the risk of complications such as needing hospitalization or pneumonia . Previous to 2013 the benefits were unclear as the manufacturer ( Roche ) refused to release trial data for independent analysis . Increasingly prevalent resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has led to researchers to seek alternative antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action . M2 inhibitors The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine inhibit a viral ion channel ( M2 protein ) , thus inhibiting replication of the influenza A virus . These drugs are sometimes effective against influenza A if given early in the infection but are ineffective against influenza B viruses , which lack the M2 drug target . Measured resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in American isolates of H3N2 has increased to 91 % in 2005 . This high level of resistance may be due to the easy availability of amantadines as part of over-the - counter cold remedies in countries such as China and Russia , and their use to prevent outbreaks of influenza in farmed poultry . The CDC recommended against using M2 inhibitors during the 2005 -- 06 influenza season due to high levels of drug resistance . Prognosis Influenza 's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the common cold . Most people will recover completely in about one to two weeks , but others will develop life - threatening complications ( such as pneumonia ) . Thus , influenza can be deadly , especially for the weak , young and old , those with compromised immune systems , or the chronically ill . People with a weak immune system , such as people with advanced HIV infection or transplant patients ( whose immune systems are medically suppressed to prevent transplant organ rejection ) , suffer from particularly severe disease . Pregnant women and young children are also at a high risk for complications . The flu can worsen chronic health problems . People with emphysema , chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of breath while they have the flu , and influenza may cause worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure . Smoking is another risk factor associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza . According to the World Health Organization : `` Every winter , tens of millions of people get the flu . Most are only ill and out of work for a week , yet the elderly are at a higher risk of death from the illness . We know the worldwide death toll exceeds a few hundred thousand people a year , but even in developed countries the numbers are uncertain , because medical authorities do n't usually verify who actually died of influenza and who died of a flu - like illness . '' Even healthy people can be affected , and serious problems from influenza can happen at any age . People over 65 years old , pregnant women , very young children and people of any age with chronic medical conditions are more likely to get complications from influenza , such as pneumonia , bronchitis , sinus , and ear infections . In some cases , an autoimmune response to an influenza infection may contribute to the development of Guillain -- Barré syndrome . However , as many other infections can increase the risk of this disease , influenza may only be an important cause during epidemics . This syndrome has been believed to also be a rare side effect of influenza vaccines . One review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations . Getting infected by influenza itself increases both the risk of death ( up to 1 in 10,000 ) and increases the risk of developing GBS to a much higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement ( approx. 10 times higher by recent estimates ) . According to cdc.gov , `` Children of any age with neurologic conditions are more likely than other children to become very sick if they get the flu . Flu complications may vary and for some children , can include pneumonia and even death . Influenza encephalitis MRI Neurological conditions can include : Disorders of the brain and spinal cord Cerebral palsy Epilepsy ( seizure disorders ) Stroke Intellectual disability Moderate to severe developmental delay Muscular dystrophy Spinal cord injury These conditions can impair coughing , swallowing , clearing the airways , and in the worst cases , breathing . Therefor , they worsen the flu symptoms . Encephalitis is a rare but not unheard of , and can occur in the elderly and present as confusion and slurred speech . Epidemiology Seasonal variations Further information : Flu season Seasonal risk areas for influenza : November -- April ( blue ) , April -- November ( red ) , and year - round ( yellow ) . Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter , and because the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have winter at different times of the year , there are actually two different flu seasons each year . This is why the World Health Organization ( assisted by the National Influenza Centers ) makes recommendations for two different vaccine formulations every year ; one for the Northern , and one for the Southern Hemisphere . A long - standing puzzle has been why outbreaks of the flu occur seasonally rather than uniformly throughout the year . One possible explanation is that , because people are indoors more often during the winter , they are in close contact more often , and this promotes transmission from person to person . Increased travel due to the Northern Hemisphere winter holiday season may also play a role . Another factor is that cold temperatures lead to drier air , which may dehydrate mucus particles . Dry particles are lighter and can thus remain airborne for a longer period . The virus also survives longer on surfaces at colder temperatures and aerosol transmission of the virus is highest in cold environments ( less than 5 ° C ) with low relative humidity . The lower air humidity in winter seems to be the main cause of seasonal influenza transmission in temperate regions . However , seasonal changes in infection rates also occur in tropical regions , and in some countries these peaks of infection are seen mainly during the rainy season . Seasonal changes in contact rates from school terms , which are a major factor in other childhood diseases such as measles and pertussis , may also play a role in the flu . A combination of these small seasonal effects may be amplified by dynamical resonance with the endogenous disease cycles . H5N1 exhibits seasonality in both humans and birds . An alternative hypothesis to explain seasonality in influenza infections is an effect of vitamin D levels on immunity to the virus . This idea was first proposed by Robert Edgar Hope - Simpson in 1965 . He proposed that the cause of influenza epidemics during winter may be connected to seasonal fluctuations of vitamin D , which is produced in the skin under the influence of solar ( or artificial ) UV radiation . This could explain why influenza occurs mostly in winter and during the tropical rainy season , when people stay indoors , away from the sun , and their vitamin D levels fall . Epidemic and pandemic spread Further information : Flu pandemic As influenza is caused by a variety of species and strains of viruses , in any given year some strains can die out while others create epidemics , while yet another strain can cause a pandemic . Typically , in a year 's normal two flu seasons ( one per hemisphere ) , there are between three and five million cases of severe illness and around 500,000 deaths worldwide , which by some definitions is a yearly influenza epidemic . Although the incidence of influenza can vary widely between years , approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations are directly associated with influenza every year in the United States . One method of calculating influenza mortality produced an estimate of 41,400 average deaths per year in the United States between 1979 and 2001 . Different methods in 2010 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported a range from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of 49,000 per year . Roughly three times per century , a pandemic occurs , which infects a large proportion of the world 's population and can kill tens of millions of people ( see pandemics section ) . One study estimated that if a strain with similar virulence to the 1918 influenza emerged today , it could kill between 50 and 80 million people . Antigenic shift , or reassortment , can result in novel and highly pathogenic strains of human influenza New influenza viruses are constantly evolving by mutation or by reassortment . Mutations can cause small changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus . This is called antigenic drift , which slowly creates an increasing variety of strains until one evolves that can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains . This new variant then replaces the older strains as it rapidly sweeps through the human population , often causing an epidemic . However , since the strains produced by drift will still be reasonably similar to the older strains , some people will still be immune to them . In contrast , when influenza viruses reassort , they acquire completely new antigens -- for example by reassortment between avian strains and human strains ; this is called antigenic shift . If a human influenza virus is produced that has entirely new antigens , everybody will be susceptible , and the novel influenza will spread uncontrollably , causing a pandemic . In contrast to this model of pandemics based on antigenic drift and shift , an alternative approach has been proposed where the periodic pandemics are produced by interactions of a fixed set of viral strains with a human population with a constantly changing set of immunities to different viral strains . The generation time for influenza ( the time from one infection to the next ) is very short ( only 2 days ) . This explains why influenza epidemics start and finish in a short time scale of only a few months . From a public health point of view , flu epidemics spread rapidly and are very difficult to control . Most influenza virus strains are not very infectious and each infected individual will only go on to infect one or two other individuals ( the basic reproduction number for influenza is generally around 1.4 ) . However , the generation time for influenza is extremely short : the time from a person becoming infected to when he infects the next person is only two days . The short generation time means that influenza epidemics generally peak at around 2 months and burn out after 3 months : the decision to intervene in an influenza epidemic therefore has to be taken early , and the decision is therefore often made on the back of incomplete data . Another problem is that individuals become infectious before they become symptomatic , which means that putting people in quarantine after they become ill is not an effective public health intervention . For the average person , viral shedding tends to peak on day two whereas symptoms peak on day three . History See also : Timeline of influenza Etymology The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning `` influence '' and refers to the cause of the disease ; initially , this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influences . It was introduced into English in the mid-eighteenth century during a pan-European epidemic . Archaic terms for influenza include epidemic catarrh , la grippe ( from the French , first used by Molyneaux in 1694 ) , sweating sickness , and Spanish fever ( particularly for the 1918 flu pandemic strain ) . Pandemics Further information : Influenza pandemic , Spanish flu , and Hong Kong flu The difference between the influenza mortality age distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics . Deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group , United States , for the interpandemic years 1911 -- 1917 ( dashed line ) and the pandemic year 1918 ( solid line ) . Thermal imaging camera and screen , photographed in an airport terminal in Greece during the 2009 flu pandemic . Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature , one of the signs of swine flu . The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2,400 years ago . Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history , historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret , because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases . The disease may have spread from Europe to the Americas as early as the European colonization of the Americas ; since almost the entire indigenous population of the Antilles was killed by an epidemic resembling influenza that broke out in 1493 , after the arrival of Christopher Columbus . The first convincing record of an influenza pandemic was of an outbreak in 1580 , which began in Russia and spread to Europe via Africa . In Rome , over 8,000 people were killed , and several Spanish cities were almost wiped out . Pandemics continued sporadically throughout the 17th and 18th centuries , with the pandemic of 1830 -- 1833 being particularly widespread ; it infected approximately a quarter of the people exposed . The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 flu pandemic ( Spanish flu pandemic ) ( type A influenza , H1N1 subtype ) , which lasted from 1918 to 1919 . It is not known exactly how many it killed , but estimates range from 50 to 100 million people . This pandemic has been described as `` the greatest medical holocaust in history '' and may have killed as many people as the Black Death . This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50 % and the extreme severity of the symptoms , suspected to be caused by cytokine storms . Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue , cholera , or typhoid . One observer wrote , `` One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes , especially from the nose , stomach , and intestine . Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred . '' The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia , a secondary infection caused by influenza , but the virus also killed people directly , causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung . The 1918 flu pandemic was truly global , spreading even to the Arctic and remote Pacific islands . The unusually severe disease killed between two and twenty percent of those infected , as opposed to the more usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0.1 % . Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults , with 99 % of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65 , and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old . This is unusual since influenza is normally most deadly to the very young ( under age 2 ) and the very old ( over age 70 ) . The total mortality of the 1918 -- 1919 pandemic is not known , but it is estimated that 2.5 % to 5 % of the world 's population was killed . As many as 25 million may have been killed in the first 25 weeks ; in contrast , HIV / AIDS has killed 25 million in its first 25 years . Later flu pandemics were not so devastating . They included the 1957 Asian Flu ( type A , H2N2 strain ) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu ( type A , H3N2 strain ) , but even these smaller outbreaks killed millions of people . In later pandemics antibiotics were available to control secondary infections and this may have helped reduce mortality compared to the Spanish Flu of 1918 . Known flu pandemics Name of pandemic Date Deaths Case fatality rate Subtype involved Pandemic Severity Index 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic ( Asiatic or Russian Flu ) 1889 -- 1890 1 million 0.15 % possibly H3N8 or H2N2 N / A 1918 flu pandemic ( Spanish flu ) 1918 -- 1920 20 to 100 million 2 % H1N1 5 Asian Flu 1957 -- 1958 1 to 1.5 million 0.13 % H2N2 Hong Kong Flu 1968 -- 1969 0.75 to 1 million < 0.1 % H3N2 Russian flu 1977 -- 1978 no accurate count N / A H1N1 N / A 2009 flu pandemic 2009 -- 2010 105,700 -- 395,600 0.03 % H1N1 N / A The first influenza virus to be isolated was from poultry , when in 1901 the agent causing a disease called `` fowl plague '' was passed through Chamberland filters , which have pores that are too small for bacteria to pass through . The etiological cause of influenza , the virus family Orthomyxoviridae , was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931 . This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933 . However , it was not until Wendell Stanley first crystallized tobacco mosaic virus in 1935 that the non-cellular nature of viruses was appreciated . The main types of influenza viruses in humans . Solid squares show the appearance of a new strain , causing recurring influenza pandemics . Broken lines indicate uncertain strain identifications . The first significant step towards preventing influenza was the development in 1944 of a killed - virus vaccine for influenza by Thomas Francis , Jr . This built on work by Australian Frank Macfarlane Burnet , who showed that the virus lost virulence when it was cultured in fertilized hen 's eggs . Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine , with support from the U.S. Army . The Army was deeply involved in this research due to its experience of influenza in World War I , when thousands of troops were killed by the virus in a matter of months . In comparison to vaccines , the development of anti-influenza drugs has been slower , with amantadine being licensed in 1966 and , almost thirty years later , the next class of drugs ( the neuraminidase inhibitors ) being developed . Society and culture Further information : Social impact of H5N1 Influenza produces direct costs due to lost productivity and associated medical treatment , as well as indirect costs of preventative measures . In the United States , influenza is responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion per year , while it has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs . However , the economic impacts of past pandemics have not been intensively studied , and some authors have suggested that the Spanish influenza actually had a positive long - term effect on per - capita income growth , despite a large reduction in the working population and severe short - term depressive effects . Other studies have attempted to predict the costs of a pandemic as serious as the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy , where 30 % of all workers became ill , and 2.5 % were killed . A 30 % sickness rate and a three - week length of illness would decrease the gross domestic product by 5 % . Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people , and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion . Preventative costs are also high . Governments worldwide have spent billions of U.S. dollars preparing and planning for a potential H5N1 avian influenza pandemic , with costs associated with purchasing drugs and vaccines as well as developing disaster drills and strategies for improved border controls . On 1 November 2005 , United States President George W. Bush unveiled the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza backed by a request to Congress for $7.1 billion to begin implementing the plan . Internationally , on 18 January 2006 , donor nations pledged US $2 billion to combat bird flu at the two - day International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza held in China . In an assessment of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on selected countries in the Southern Hemisphere , data suggest that all countries experienced some time - limited and / or geographically isolated socio / economic effects and a temporary decrease in tourism most likely due to fear of 2009 H1N1 disease . It is still too early to determine whether the H1N1 pandemic has caused any long - term economic impacts . Research Further information : Influenza research Dr. Terrence Tumpey examining a laboratory - grown reconstruction of the 1918 Spanish flu virus in a biosafety level 3 environment . Research on influenza includes studies on molecular virology , how the virus produces disease ( pathogenesis ) , host immune responses , viral genomics , and how the virus spreads ( epidemiology ) . These studies help in developing influenza countermeasures ; for example , a better understanding of the body 's immune system response helps vaccine development , and a detailed picture of how influenza invades cells aids the development of antiviral drugs . One important basic research program is the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project , which is creating a library of influenza sequences ; this library should help clarify which factors make one strain more lethal than another , which genes most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time . Research into new vaccines is particularly important , as current vaccines are very slow and expensive to produce and must be reformulated every year . The sequencing of the influenza genome and recombinant DNA technology may accelerate the generation of new vaccine strains by allowing scientists to substitute new antigens into a previously developed vaccine strain . New technologies are also being developed to grow viruses in cell culture , which promises higher yields , less cost , better quality and surge capacity . Research on a universal influenza A vaccine , targeted against the external domain of the transmembrane viral M2 protein ( M2e ) , is being done at the University of Ghent by Walter Fiers , Xavier Saelens and their team and has now successfully concluded Phase I clinical trials . There has been some research success towards a `` universal flu vaccine '' that produces antibodies against proteins on the viral coat which mutate less rapidly , and thus a single shot could potentially provide longer - lasting protection . A number of biologics , therapeutic vaccines and immunobiologics are also being investigated for treatment of infection caused by viruses . Therapeutic biologics are designed to activate the immune response to virus or antigens . Typically , biologics do not target metabolic pathways like anti-viral drugs , but stimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes , macrophages , and / or antigen presenting cells , in an effort to drive an immune response towards a cytotoxic effect against the virus . Influenza models , such as murine influenza , are convenient models to test the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic biologics . For example , Lymphocyte T - Cell Immune Modulator inhibits viral growth in the murine model of influenza . Other animals H5N1 Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Genetic structure Infection Human mortality Global spread in 2004 in 2005 in 2006 in 2007 Social impact Pandemic Vaccine Further information : Influenzavirus A , H5N1 , and Transmission and infection of H5N1 Influenza infects many animal species , and transfer of viral strains between species can occur . Birds are thought to be the main animal reservoirs of influenza viruses . Sixteen forms of hemagglutinin and nine forms of neuraminidase have been identified . All known subtypes ( HxNy ) are found in birds , but many subtypes are endemic in humans , dogs , horses , and pigs ; populations of camels , ferrets , cats , seals , mink , and whales also show evidence of prior infection or exposure to influenza . Variants of flu virus are sometimes named according to the species the strain is endemic in or adapted to . The main variants named using this convention are : bird flu , human flu , swine flu , horse flu and dog flu . ( Cat flu generally refers to feline viral rhinotracheitis or feline calicivirus and not infection from an influenza virus . ) In pigs , horses and dogs , influenza symptoms are similar to humans , with cough , fever and loss of appetite . The frequency of animal diseases are not as well - studied as human infection , but an outbreak of influenza in harbor seals caused approximately 500 seal deaths off the New England coast in 1979 -- 1980 . However , outbreaks in pigs are common and do not cause severe mortality . Vaccines have also been developed to protect poultry from avian influenza . These vaccines can be effective against multiple strains and are used either as part of a preventative strategy , or combined with culling in attempts to eradicate outbreaks . Bird flu Flu symptoms in birds are variable and can be unspecific . The symptoms following infection with low - pathogenicity avian influenza may be as mild as ruffled feathers , a small reduction in egg production , or weight loss combined with minor respiratory disease . Since these mild symptoms can make diagnosis in the field difficult , tracking the spread of avian influenza requires laboratory testing of samples from infected birds . Some strains such as Asian H9N2 are highly virulent to poultry and may cause more extreme symptoms and significant mortality . In its most highly pathogenic form , influenza in chickens and turkeys produces a sudden appearance of severe symptoms and almost 100 % mortality within two days . As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowded conditions seen in the intensive farming of chickens and turkeys , these outbreaks can cause large economic losses to poultry farmers . An avian - adapted , highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 ( called HPAI A ( H5N1 ) , for `` highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1 '' ) causes H5N1 flu , commonly known as `` avian influenza '' or simply `` bird flu '' , and is endemic in many bird populations , especially in Southeast Asia . This Asian lineage strain of HPAI A ( H5N1 ) is spreading globally . It is epizootic ( an epidemic in non-humans ) and panzootic ( a disease affecting animals of many species , especially over a wide area ) , killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of other birds in an attempt to control its spread . Most references in the media to `` bird flu '' and most references to H5N1 are about this specific strain . At present , HPAI A ( H5N1 ) is an avian disease , and there is no evidence suggesting efficient human - to - human transmission of HPAI A ( H5N1 ) . In almost all cases , those infected have had extensive physical contact with infected birds . In the future , H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human - to - human transmission . The exact changes that are required for this to happen are not well understood . However , due to the high lethality and virulence of H5N1 , its endemic presence , and its large and increasing biological host reservoir , the H5N1 virus was the world 's pandemic threat in the 2006 -- 07 flu season , and billions of dollars are being raised and spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic . Chinese inspectors on an airplane , checking passengers for fevers , a common symptom of swine flu In March 2013 , the Chinese government reported three cases of H7N9 influenza infections in humans . Two of whom had died and the third was critically ill . Although the strain of the virus is not thought to spread efficiently between humans , by mid-April , at least 82 persons had become ill from H7N9 , of which 17 had died . These cases include three small family clusters in Shanghai and one cluster between a neighboring girl and boy in Beijing , raising at least the possibility of human - to - human transmission . WHO points out that one cluster did not have two of the cases lab confirmed and further points out , as a matter of baseline information , that some viruses are able to cause limited human - to - human transmission under conditions of close contact but are not transmissible enough to cause large community outbreaks . Swine flu In pigs swine influenza produces fever , lethargy , sneezing , coughing , difficulty breathing and decreased appetite . In some cases the infection can cause abortion . Although mortality is usually low , the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth , causing economic loss to farmers . Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3 - to 4 - week period . Direct transmission of an influenza virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible ( this is called zoonotic swine flu ) . In all , 50 human cases are known to have occurred since the virus was identified in the mid-20th century , which have resulted in six deaths . 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The New England Journal of Medicine . 353 ( 13 ) : 1374 -- 85 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra052211 . PMID 16192482 . Kamps , Bernd Sebastian ; Hoffmann , Christian ; Preiser , Wolfgang ( 2006 ) . `` Influenza Report '' . Flying Publisher . p. 225 . Levine AJ ( 1992 ) . Viruses . New York : Scientific American Library . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5031 - 7 . Baron S ( 1996 ) . Medical microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Galveston , Tex : University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . Cox NJ , Subbarao K ( October 1999 ) . `` Influenza '' . Lancet . 354 ( 9186 ) : 1277 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 99 ) 01241 - 6 . PMID 10520648 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 80892 - 4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag History Kilbourne ED ( January 2006 ) . `` Influenza pandemics of the 20th century '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 14 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 051254 . PMC 3291411 . PMID 16494710 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2009 . Collier R ( 1974 ) . The plague of the Spanish lady : the influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 13864 - 3 . Barry JM ( 2004 ) . The great influenza : the epic story of the deadliest plague in history . New York , N.Y : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89473 - 7 . Dehner G ( 2012 ) . Influenza : A Century of Science and Public Health Response . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 6189 - 5 . Microbiology Webster RG , Bean WJ , Gorman OT , Chambers TM , Kawaoka Y ( March 1992 ) . `` Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses '' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 79 . PMC 372859 . PMID 1579108 . Steinhauer DA , Skehel JJ ( 2002 ) . `` Genetics of influenza viruses '' . Annual Review of Genetics . 36 : 305 -- 32 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 36.052402. 152757 . PMID 12429695 . Pathogenesis García - Sastre A ( January 2006 ) . `` Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 051186 . PMC 3291409 . PMID 16494716 . Zambon MC ( 2001 ) . `` The pathogenesis of influenza in humans '' . Reviews in Medical Virology. 11 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 41 . doi : 10.1002 / rmv. 319 . PMID 11479929 . Epidemiology Dowdle WR ( January 2006 ) . `` Influenza pandemic periodicity , virus recycling , and the art of risk assessment '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 9 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 051013 . PMC 3291401 . PMID 16494714 . Horimoto T , Kawaoka Y ( January 2001 ) . `` Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 14 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 49 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 14.1. 129 - 149.2001 . PMC 88966 . PMID 11148006 . Epidemiology of WHO - confirmed human cases of avian influenza A ( H5N1 ) infection Treatment and prevention Harper SA , Fukuda K , Uyeki TM , Cox NJ , Bridges CB ( July 2005 ) . `` Prevention and control of influenza . Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) '' . MMWR . Recommendations and Reports . 54 ( RR - 8 ) : 1 -- 40 . PMID 16086456 . Monto AS ( January 2006 ) . `` Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 051068 . PMC 3291404 . PMID 16494718 . Research Palese P ( January 2006 ) . `` Making better influenza virus vaccines ? '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 5 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 051043 . PMC 3291403 . PMID 16494719 . WHO ( PDF ) contains latest Evolutionary `` Tree of Life '' for H5N1 article Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines published 18 August 2006 WHO 's assessment of Flu Research as of November 2006 . External links Classification ICD - 10 : J10 , J11 ICD - 9 - CM : 487 OMIM : 614680 MeSH : D007251 DiseasesDB : 6791 External resources MedlinePlus : 000080 eMedicine : med / 1170 ped / 3006 Patient UK : Influenza Find more aboutInfluenzaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Influenza at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Seasonal Influenza at the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong Info on influenza at CDC Fact Sheet Overview of influenza at World Health Organization How to avoid spreading the flu from the Smithsonian Institution <Th_colspan="2"> Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - 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4 HDS : 22714 NARA : 10638694 NDL : 00569893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza&oldid=841837303 '' Categories : Influenza Animal viral diseases Healthcare - associated infections Vaccine - preventable diseases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use dmy dates from January 2017 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT RTTEM Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kirundi Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - 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4. Influenza epidemics and pandemics
5. Replication and genetic changes in influenza viruses |
7,051,681,672,868,758,000 | when does the new just add magic come out | Just Add magic ( TV series ) - wikipedia Just Add magic ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Just Add Magic <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Kids & Family Fantasy Based on Just Add Magic by Cindy Callaghan Developed by Joanna Lewis Kristine Songco Starring Olivia Sanabia Abby Donnelly Aubrey Miller Judah Bellamy Catia Ojeda Andrew Burlinson Dee Wallace Amy Hill Composer ( s ) Deborah Lurie Zack Ryan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein Co-executive producers : Luisa Leschin Joanna Lewis Kristine Songco Producer ( s ) Pixie Wespiser Cinematography Mark Doering - Powell Running time 23 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Pictures in a Row Grasshopper Lane Entertainment Distributor Amazon.com <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format HDTV Audio format Stereo ; 5.1 Surround Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present Just Add Magic is an American live - action family television series , loosely based on the book of the same name by Cindy Callaghan . It was produced by Amazon Studios . A pilot was produced in 2015 and the series commissioned for a full season the following year . Amazon renewed the series for a second season in June 2016 after it `` set a record as the most successful Amazon Original Kids premiere weekend in terms of U.S. Prime Video streams and hours . '' On January 4 , 2018 , a trailer was released announcing more episodes , which premiered on Amazon on January 19 , 2018 , as an extension of the second season . Contents 1 Season 1 2 Season 2 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 18 ) 6 References 7 External links Season 1 ( edit ) In the lively town of Saffron Falls , teenage girls Kelly , Darbie , and Hannah are best friends who love cooking . While making some brownies for Kelly 's grandma 's ( who has a mysterious illness and can not talk ) birthday , they find an ancient cookbook in the attic . The recipes they find inside have strange names like `` Shut'em Up Shortcake '' and `` Healing Hazelnut Tart '' and require unusual ingredients , such as `` Cedronian vanilla '' and `` Taurian thyme '' . The girls go to Mama P. 's shop to get the ingredients for the `` Shut ' em Up Shortcake '' and when no one has any idea what they need , Mama P. reveals that she knows what the ingredients are , and she gives them the Cedronian Vanilla . They bake the cake , but when Kelly 's brother Buddy and Hannah eat a bite of the shortcake and find themselves unable to talk , the three friends realize they are dealing with magic spells . At the same time as Hannah and Buddy 's silence , Darbie can not stop talking . Because of this , they also realize the spells come with a consequence . Kelly , Darbie , and Hannah investigate the magical recipes and face the temptations of using magic to help overcome the everyday challenges of being middle school girls . They conclude that Mama P. knows about the magic because of appears to have extensive knowledge of magical ingredients . Furthermore , they discover that the creepy neighbor Ms. Silvers also has a connection to magic after she warns them to stay away from it , telling them that it is dangerous . The girls realize that they are the protectors of the magical cookbook and that there were many others before them , three of whom were Mama P. , Ms. Silvers and Kelly 's grandmother Becky . Among all this , Kelly has one overriding goal : to find the magical recipe that will fix her grandmother 's mysterious illness , even if it means crossing creepy Mama P. or scary Ms. Silvers . As the girls work together they find out that Kelly 's grandma Becky is under a curse , and so are Mama P. ( whose curse does not let her leave Saffron Falls ) and Ms. Silvers ( whose curse does not let her play the piano in public ) . The girls , while trying to free Grandma Quinn of her curse , uncover various mysteries of the past . Season 2 ( edit ) After Kelly , Hannah , and Darbie free the town of Mama P 's curse with their `` Last - Ditch Layer Cake '' , they also break Grandma Quinn , and Ms. Silvers 's curse , enabling them to talk again and play in public . But they also realize that they broke every curse , which means they brought back Chuck Hankins , a teenage boy from the 60 's who had suddenly gone missing because of Becky ( Grandma Quinn ) , Gina ( Ms. Silvers and Ida ( Mama P ) . Now he wants revenge and The Oc 's ( Original Cooks ) Grandma Quinn , Ms. Silvers , and Mama P. know he is dangerous even though he pretends to lose his memory . They also realize that Chuck knows about magic and wants to steal the cookbook . When searching through old city records at the library , the girls find a picture of a high school class from 1865 , when the town was founded with Chuck in it , with his name as Charles Peisser . The girls realize that Chuck is way older than the Oc 's and has disappeared once before but has stayed the same age . At the same time , Chuck meets The Traveler who sacrifices her body to put a protective spell on the girls to save them from Chuck . The Oc 's research more into Chuck 's picture and find out that the Peissers were the richest family during that time and the West Peisser Park in Saffron Falls was a part of their estate . At the same time , a strange symbol appears in the cookbook , and while trying to fix Jake 's bike with a Fixture Spell , Kelly `` fixes '' the symbol and completes it to make a number -- 8529 . She is shocked to know that the number changes as she takes a number of steps in a certain direction . She follows the book and reaches West Peisser Park . Chuck has an invisible trailer right in front of Kelly 's eyes , but Kelly is unable to see it . The girls try meeting The Traveler for help but she appears in all three of their dreams and says `` Rose '' and tells them the book is in danger and that they have to protect it , while showing the book on fire in the dream . Through an invisibility spell and a super strength spell , the girls are able to see and enter the trailer . There they discover that Chuck has another cookbook that is stealing recipes from their cookbook . They are able to steal it , and discover that Mama P 's Morbium Seed was stolen by Chuck . Mama P , who is also there , steals the seed back . The girls discover that Rose is actually Charles 's ( Chuck 's ) Little sister who is trapped in the book because of a mistake in an Immortality Spell by Chuck in the past . Chuck puts a spell on Hannah and tries to swap her for Rose , but Kelly and Darbie save her , also bringing Rose back . Chuck and Rose go back in time and live their lives , with Rose living to be 82 . West Peisser Park is mysteriously changed to Rose Peisser Park . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Olivia Sanabia as Kelly Quinn Abby Donnelly as Darbie O'Brien Aubrey Miller as Hannah Parker - Kent Judah Bellamy as Jake Williams Catia Ojeda as Terri Quinn , Kelly 's mom Andrew Burlinson as Scott Quinn , Kelly 's dad Dee Wallace as Rebecca `` Becky '' Quinn , Kelly 's grandma Amy Hill as Ida `` Mama P '' Perez Ellen Karsten as Ms. Gina Silvers Recurring ( edit ) Mira Furlan as The Traveler Zach Callison as Chuck Jeremy Guskin as RJ Aiden Lovekamp as Buddy Quinn Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally released First released Last released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 26 13 <Td_colspan="1"> October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 13 <Td_colspan="1"> January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Just Add Magic '' Joe Nussbaum Nancy Cohen , Joanna Lewis & Kristine Songco January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Three friends , Kelly , Darbie , and Hannah discover a cookbook in the attic , whose recipes have magical effects . Kelly 's grandmother is seemingly confused ; she rarely speaks or does anything active , but no one seems to know why . `` Just Add Brains '' Joe Menendez Andrew Orenstein January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The girls make Brain Boosting Bolognese to help with school and to understand the cookbook . But being know - it - alls has an unfortunate downside . The girls learn that the cookbook is seemingly infinite : trying to read through it they never seem to get any nearer to the last page . Also , three pages are torn out and missing , and the cookbook sometimes flips to a page on its own when the girls express their wish to accomplish a specific purpose . The girls learn that Kelly 's grandmother , Mama P , and Ms. Silvers were once young friends just like Kelly , Hannah , and Darbie , and that a strange woman named The Traveler gave them the cookbook . `` Just Add Dogs '' Joe Nussbaum TBA January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> To find a lost dog , the three friends cook up Lost and Found - ue , but end up attracting everything that has been lost in the neighborhood . The three missing pages from the cookbook float into Kelly 's bedroom . One of the items they return is a silver charm bracelet to Ms. Silvers , who says that it has been missing for many years . Later , she opens one of the charms and plants a seed from within it . `` Just Add Mom '' TBA John - Paul Nickel January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Wanting more information from Mama P , the girls make Bitter Truth Truffle . However , Kelly 's mom eats one first . Kelly goes out with her mom to keep her from causing problems with her truth - telling . Hannah and Darbie both eat a truffle and find that telling the truth to each other is n't so bad , although they agree that without Kelly , they probably would n't be friends . Jake comes over , and unable to lie , they tell him all about the book and magic . They make him promise not to tell anyone . They get Mama P to eat a truffle , but before they can ask her anything , she eats a second one , which ends the spell 's effect on her . Mama P cooks a spell and tries to leave town , but a mysterious wind prevents her from crossing the town border . 5 5 `` Just Add Jake '' Joe Menendez Lauren Thompson January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Not believing in magic , Jake mentions the cookbook to Mama P , and she steals it . But when she tries to look through it , all the pages go blank . The girls try to convince Jake that magic is real by trying out three random magical recipes on him , so that he 'll help them get the cookbook back . 6 6 `` Just Add Birthdays '' Elodie Keene Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Kelly and Hannah make a cake for Darbie when they forget her birthday . They also make cookies with carob chips Mama P gave them several episodes earlier . Those who eat the cookies start acting much younger than normal . 7 7 `` Just Add Mama P '' Elodie Keene Andrew Orenstein January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Convinced Mama P knows more than she 's letting on , the girls whip up some Mind Peering Peppermints . They hear nothing suspicious in her thoughts , which leads them to trust her . They try to read Ms. Silvers 's mind , and she immediately turns to them and tells them not to try it . 8 8 `` Just Add Besties '' Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Mama P mentors Kelly 's magic cooking skills , while Darbie and Hannah try to get a reclusive author 's autograph by cooking a spell that makes her their BFF . Mama P makes Kelly organize all the ingredients in her secret room , and then curses her and challenges her to overcome it without resorting to the cookbook . After a false start in which she invents a new spell , she does overcome the curse . The BFF spell works too well , and Darbie and Hannah 's attempt to end the spell fails . When they describe what they did , Kelly intuitively knows how to end the spell , and does . Mama P tells Ms. Silvers that Kelly has `` the gift '' just like her grandmother did , and Ms. Silvers warns Mama P not to make her curse Kelly the way she cursed Mama P . 9 9 `` Just Add Do - Overs '' Keith Samples John - Paul Nickel January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The girls learn that long ago The Traveler gave Mama P , Ms. Silvers , and grandma each a morbium root seed ; morbium makes any recipe a thousand times more powerful . Mama P says hers is long gone , but the girls realize that Ms. Silvers 's was in the charm bracelet they returned to her . Hannah takes a piano lesson from Ms. Silvers to try to recover the seed , but things go wrong : Kelly 's brother breaks a lamp while under Kelly 's care , Darbie 's school project goes wrong , and Ms. Silvers catches Hannah and kicks her out . So the three girls cook up a `` do - over '' spell that resets time so they can try again . On the third try Darbie 's school project is a great success , Kelly realizes that her brother is acting out because he wants to spend time with her , and Hannah finds that Ms. Silvers 's charm bracelet is empty , but also finds a scrapbook filled with newspaper clippings about bad things that have happened around town . Mama P tells the girls that it is a listing of the curses Ms. Silvers has enacted . 10 10 `` Just Add Memories '' Vanessa Parise Lauren Thompson January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grandma , Mama P , and Ms. Silvers all have photos of Chuck Hankins , a boy from when they were young . The girls find that he went missing a long time ago . Kelly cooks a Pho - get Me Not spell to examine her memories of the day her grandmother got sick , hoping to find some clue as to what caused it , but eating the Pho - get Me Not makes her lose time and memories . She sees that her grandmother wanted to talk to her that day , but that she was too busy to talk to her grandmother . She sees that when her grandmother was driving her to a basketball tryout , Ms. Silvers walked up holding a box of ingredients that the girls later found in the attic . Willie Thompson , a man the girls helped previously , tells Hannah that Chuck disappeared from a Ferris Wheel , and that Chuck was dating Ms. Silvers , but that he went out with Grandma . The girls trade notes , and learn that on her last good day , Kelly 's grandmother went to the Cedros Forest . 11 11 `` Just Add Camping '' Keith Samples Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Suspecting a clue to Kelly 's grandmother 's malady hides deep in the forest , the girls set up a Father / Daughter camping trip . While there they face their fears , and then meet The Traveler , who tells them that magic can heal Kelly 's grandmother if they are willing to pay the price . Later , the book flips open to a recipe that can break any curse , but the negative consequences will make things much worse . 12 12 `` Just Add Pluots Part 1 '' Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The girls consult with Mama P about the recipe that will break the curse . At first she says it 's too dangerous , but then she suggests that making more and having many people eat the results will dilute the negative consequences over all of them . Hannah gets Kelly grounded by her parents , worried that the magical price will be too high . Kelly escapes grounding by cooking a spell to make Darbie look like her . Hannah and Kelly argue at Mama P 's , and Hannah realizes that all the things in the scrapbook would benefit Mama P , not Ms. Silvers . She meets Ms. Silvers and they discuss Mama P 's plans . Ms. Silvers reveals that she too is cursed : outside her house , no one can hear her play music . Darbie tries to stop Mama P , but Mama P locks Darbie in her secret ingredient room and eats the first bite of the magic recipe , so her curse will be broken , rather than Kelly 's grandmother 's . Kelly goes home and gets yelled at by her mother , but manages to give her grandmother what she thinks is the first bite . 13 13 `` Just Add Pluots Part 2 '' Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> In 1965 , Rebecca Quinn ( Kelly 's grandmother ) is on the Ferris Wheel with Chuck . He takes a bite of a candy apple and disappears . The three girls argue . Gina Silvers says the spell was just supposed to keep Chuck away from magic . Ida Perez ( Mama P ) asks if Rebecca got the Morbium seed back , saying that Chuck stole it . Rebecca promises Gina that they 'll get Chuck back . In the present , Kelly 's dad lets Kelly go to the Pluot Festival because they are sending his mother away to New York for treatment and he wants the family to be together . Ms. Silvers shows up at the Pluot festival , but wo n't get involved and advises Hannah to abandon her friends and run away to avoid the consequences . Jake and Hannah free Darbie , and mix a magic protection protein shake . At the Pluot Festival , Kelly refuses to drink the shake and pours it out . She gives her grandmother what she thinks is the last bite of the recipe , but it does nothing . Mama P goes on stage and tells off the town . Jake gives Kelly his shake , so she can be protected . Mama P eats the actual last bite , and the entire town freezes in place except for the girls and Mama P -- and Ms. Silvers . The two old women bicker about who is to blame . Mama P and Ms. Silvers tell the girls that Kelly 's grandmother is n't innocent either -- that after they cursed each other , she threw the book over a waterfall to get rid of it , in effect making their curses permanent . Mama P steals Jake 's bike to ride out of town , and Ms. Silvers leaves . The girls consult the book , which opens itself to a blank page , which the girls take to mean they need to create their own spell to break the curse . They go to Mama P 's ingredient room and realize that they need the properties of three different ingredient families , but mixing them would modify those properties , so they make a layer cake , with each layer producing its own effect . As they bake , the recipe magically appears in the book , in their handwriting . They name it Last Ditch Layer Cake . As the girls are about to serve the cake , Ms. Silvers shows up with ground Morbium root and tells the girls she was going to use it to break her own curse , but they need it to strengthen the spell . They express confidence in their work and say they do n't need it . They eat the cake , and the town starts up . In addition , Grandma is back to normal and Ms. Silvers plays piano on stage and everyone can hear her . Grandma tells them that she did n't want Kelly and the girls to be endangered by the book , but The Traveler said that the cookbook was no longer hers to give back , because it belonged to the girls . She tried to get rid of the book , tearing out the three pages , but the spell she cast backfired , and in effect she cursed herself . Grandma and Ms. Silvers realize that if their curses are broken , Chuck 's might be as well , and if he 's back , no one is safe . The Ferris Wheel stops , and a young man in a leather jacket with rolled up jeans steps off and walks away through the crowd , unnoticed . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` Just Add Halloween '' Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 15 `` Just Add Summer '' Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Miso Soup spell has no effect , so instead Kelly cooks a `` Settle The Beef '' spell in an effort to get Chuck to get to them so he can settle his beef with Grandma . However , the spell warns that if the beef is not settled , a bigger problem will arise . Kelly gives the spell to Grandma but after she asks Kelly not to do magic , Kelly does not tell her that the sandwich containing the Settle the Beef was magical . Immediately after eating the sandwich , their neighbor Willie comes over and expresses his anger at Grandma for not inviting her to her wedding . They settle their disagreement . At home , Kelly 's mom expresses her anger about Grandma getting the `` first ice cream '' with Kelly , Darbie asks Grandma not to cheer so much at her basketball games , and Buddy is angry Grandma washed his lucky jersey and claims that is why they lost their most recent game . Later , Grandma is visited by Ms. Silvers who claims she will never forgive Grandma for how she used her Morbium , the magical seed the traveler gave each of them . Then Mama P comes all the way back from her job in Paris and expresses her anger at Grandma as well . She says the only one she regrets her behavior towards is Jake . Kelly realizes the bigger problem in question is the three of them , who just ca n't seem to be happy . There is a knock on the door , and it opens to reveal Chuck . 16 `` Just Add Chuck '' Joe Nussbaum John - Paul Nickel January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Chuck seems not to remember anything , although the OC 's ( Original Cooks ) refuse to believe anything he says . While they confer , Chuck runs away . Kelly , Darbie , and Hannah cook a trust spell to get Chuck to trust them , but the riddle warns to be sure their `` friend needs it more . '' They help Chuck adjust to modern life , but Kelly loses all of her trust and is suspicious of everything , including Darbie 's father 's new friend Amy , and Hannah herself . Without her trust she confronts Grandma about how Ms. Silvers claimed she misused her Morbium . The girls manage to restore Kelly 's trust , but in doing so bring back some of Chuck 's memories . They explain to Grandma that Kelly was under a spell . Grandma claims Chuck stole her Morbium , but the girls realized she was lying . 17 `` Just Add 1965 '' Keith Samples Lauren Thompson January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Darbie suspects her parents may be getting back together . The girls use an `` If These Walls Could Taco '' spell to watch what happened the day the OC 's prepared the Ca n't Recall Caramel and try to figure out why Chuck disappeared . However , everything appears to be normal . The OCs make plans to meet up at a restaurant after the Pluot festival . The girls go there and see them confer about Chuck disappearing . They begin to argue , but bring up nothing suspicious . Later , Darbie uses the spell to see if her parents are truly getting back together but she discovers that they think she 's `` getting the wrong idea '' and that her father is dating Amy , the woman at the park . Darbie is furious and upset . Meanwhile , Chuck saves Buddy from a car , earning Kelly 's parents gratitude . 18 5 `` Just Add Saphrön '' Keith Samples Aminta Goyel January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After Kelly warns him to stay away from her family and the magic cookbook , Chuck manages to create another cookbook using a picture of the girls he obtained from the Quinn attic and begins to alter the original cookbook and steal pages from it to add to his . A new place opens up called The Saphrön , where Darbie , her father and Amy dine for lunch , but Darbie continues to be unhappy about her father and Amy being together . Chuck and Mr. Quinn are also at The Saphrön , prompting Darbie to get Kelly and Hannah over there . Needing something to break her father 's trusting Chuck , Kelly looks to a magic spell to spot when someone is lying and asks Hannah to cook . With Ms. Silvers ' help , Hannah makes Lemon Lie - m Mints , and though a mint was intended only for Mr. Quinn , Jake and Darbie 's father also consume one . Mr. Quinn sees through Chuck 's lying , while Darbie 's father realizes Amy is untruthful about camping , and Jake , who is looking to work at The Saphrön after deciding to quit Mama P 's , is unimpressed with the false objectives laid out by its manager , Noelle . Jake ends up returning to Mama P 's but has some working demands . 19 6 `` Just Add Fixings '' Joe Nussbaum Marque Franklin - Williams January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 20 7 `` Just Add 8529 '' Gregory Guzik Zachary Panozzo January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 21 8 `` Just Add Muscles '' Aprill Winney Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 22 9 `` Just Add Fire '' Aprill Winney Matt Goldman January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 23 10 `` Just Add Meddling '' Lily Mariye John - Paul Nickel January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 24 11 `` Just Add Secrets '' Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 25 12 `` Just Add History '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 26 13 `` Just Add Rose '' Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 27 14 `` Just Add Fluffy '' Keith Samples Andrew Orenstein January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 28 15 `` Just Add RJ '' Keith Samples Aminta Goyel January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 29 16 `` Just Add Gumdrops '' Adam Weissman Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 30 17 `` Just Add Time '' Aprill Winney Matt Goldman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 31 18 `` Just Add Telepathy '' Aprill Winney John - Paul Nickel January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 32 19 `` Just Add Attention '' Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 33 20 `` Just Add Contagion '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 34 21 `` Just Add Beginnings '' Vanessa Parise Aminta Goyel January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 35 22 `` Just Add Silvers '' Vanessa Parise Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 36 23 `` Just Add Barriers '' Keith Samples John - Paul Nickel January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 37 24 `` Just Add Betrayal '' Keith Samples Luisa Leschin January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 38 25 `` Just Add Caroline '' Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 39 26 `` Just Add Spices '' Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Hilary . `` The Kids ' Book That Amazon Is Turning Into a TV Pilot '' . POPSUGAR Moms . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Orders 5 Original Series Including ' Man In The High Castle , ' ' Mad Dogs ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's ' Just Add Magic ' Renewed For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When the magic cookbook goes missing , it 's up to ... '' Facebook . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's Just Add Magic : Season 2B Trailer Threatens to Undo Everything '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Just Add Magic Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Just Add Magic -- Season 2 '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Just Add Magic on IMDb Just Add Magic on Amazon Video <Th_colspan="2"> Amazon Video children 's programming Current Creative Galaxy ( since 2013 ) Tumble Leaf ( since 2014 ) Just Add Magic ( since 2015 ) Wishenpoof ! ( since 2015 ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( since 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( since 2015 ) Little Big Awesome ( since 2016 ) Lost In Oz ( since 2017 ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Former Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- 16 ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- 17 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Add_Magic_(TV_series)&oldid=856921244 '' Categories : American children 's television series 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts Amazon Video original programming English - language television programs Middle school television series Magic in television Television series about friendship Amazon Video children 's programming Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Just Add Magic TV series
2. Magical cookbook
3. Teenage girls and their adventures
4. Breaking curses and solving mysteries
5. Friendship and teamwork |
-4,564,184,971,594,124,300 | are gestational sac and yolk sac the same | Gestational sac - wikipedia Gestational sac <Th_colspan="2"> Gestational sac <Td_colspan="2"> Contents in the cavity of the uterus seen at approximately 5 weeks of gestational age by obstetric ultrasonography . <Td_colspan="2"> Artificially colored , showing gestational sac , yolk sac and embryo ( measuring 3 mm as the distance between the + signs ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Carnegie stage 6a Days 12 Precursor Heuser 's membrane <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin saccus gestationalis , coeloma extraembryonicum , cavitas chorionica MeSH D058746 TE E5. 8.0. 0.1. 0.1 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The gestational sac is the large cavity of fluid surrounding the embryo . During early embryogenesis it consists of the extraembryonic coelom , also called the chorionic cavity . The gestational sac is normally contained within the uterus . It is the only available structure that can be used to determine if an intrauterine pregnancy exists until the embryo is identified . On obstetric ultrasound , the gestational sac is a dark ( `` anechoic '' ) space surrounded by a white ( `` hyperechoic '' ) rim . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Ultrasound 3 References Structure ( edit ) The gestational sac is spherical in shape , and usually located in the upper part of the fundus of the uterus . By approximately 9 weeks of gestational age , the amniotic sac has expanded to occupy the majority of the volume of the gestational sac , eventually expanding to reduce the extraembryonic coelom to a thin layer between the amnion membrane and the mesoderm . By then , the gestational sac is usually simply called the `` amniotic sac '' . Development ( edit ) During embryogenesis , the extraembryonic coelom ( or chorionic cavity ) that constitutes the gestational sac is a portion of the conceptus consisting of a cavity between Heuser 's membrane and the Trophoblast . During formation of the primitive yolk sac , some of the migrating hypoblast cells differentiate into mesenchymal cells that fill the space between Heuser 's membrane and the Trophoblast , forming the extraembryonic mesoderm . As development progresses , small lacunae begin to form within the extraembryonic mesoderm which enlarge to become the extraembryonic coelom . The extraembryonic coelom divides the extraembryonic mesoderm into two layers : extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm , which lies adjacent to Heuser 's membrane around the outside of the primitive yolk sac , and extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm , which lies adjacent to the cytotrophoblast layer of the embryo . The chorionic cavity is enclosed by the chorionic plate , which is composed of an inner layer of somatopleuric mesoderm and an outer layer of trophoblast cells . Clinical significance ( edit ) Ultrasound ( edit ) Main article : Obstetric ultrasonography Mean gestational sac diameter by gestational age . The blue line is the mean , and the green area delimits the 5th and the 95th percentiles . A : Gestational sac ( GS ) , B : Crown rump length ( CRL ) of embryo , C : Amniotic sac , D: Yolk sac The mean sac diameter ( MSD ) can effectively estimate gestational age between 5 and 6 weeks , with an accuracy of about + / - 5 days . The yolk sac and embryo should be readily identifiable when the gestational sac reaches a certain size -- a yolk sac should be seen when the gestational sac is 20mm and a fetal pole should be seen when the gestational sac reaches 25mm . Gestational sacs can be identified via ultrasound and are generally identified by the following 4 characteristics : The sac has a round or elliptical shape in longitudinal and transverse views it is surrounded by a white echogenic rim ( `` choriodecidual reaction '' ) The sac is located in the uterine fundus The sac is not implanted on the midline , but eccentrically ( to one side of the uterine cavity line ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Papaioannou , George I. ; Syngelaki , Argyro ; Poon , Leona C.Y. ; Ross , Jackie A. ; Nicolaides , Kypros H. ( 2010 ) . `` Normal Ranges of Embryonic Length , Embryonic Heart Rate , Gestational Sac Diameter and Yolk Sac Diameter at 6 -- 10 Weeks '' . Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy . 28 ( 4 ) : 207 -- 219 . doi : 10.1159 / 000319589 . ISSN 1421 - 9964 . Crown rump length before a gestational age of 6 weeks is extrapolated by assuming a gestational sac diameter of 0 at a gestational age of 2 weeks , corresponding to a fertilization age of 0 weeks . This extrapolated part is blurred because of uncertain values . Jump up ^ Karki DB , Sharmqa UK , Rauniyar RK ( 2006 ) . `` Study of accuracy of commonly used fetal parameters for estimation of gestational age '' . JNMA ; journal of the Nepal Medical Association . 45 ( 162 ) : 233 -- 7 . PMID 17189967 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Imaging > Ultrasound of Early Pregnancy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gestational_sac . <Th_colspan="2"> Membranes of the fetus and embryo Embryo Trophoblast Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Intermediate trophoblast Allantois Decidua Decidual cells Chorionic villi / Intervillous space Amnion sac cavity Fetus Umbilical cord Umbilical artery Umbilical vein Wharton 's jelly Circulatory Placenta Chorion Other Blastocoel Heuser 's membrane Vitelline duct Gestational sac Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestational_sac&oldid=854854224 '' Categories : Embryology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 07 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gestational sac
2. Embryogenesis
3. Obstetric ultrasonography
4. Clinical significance
5. Ultrasound imaging |
216,179,423,638,867,200 | value of angle of dip at magnetic equator | Magnetic dip - wikipedia Magnetic dip Illustration of magnetic dip from Norman 's book , The Newe Attractive Magnetic dip , dip angle , or magnetic inclination is the angle made with the horizontal by the Earth 's magnetic field lines . This angle varies at different points on the Earth 's surface . Positive values of inclination indicate that the magnetic field of the Earth is pointing downward , into the Earth , at the point of measurement , and negative values indicate that it is pointing upward . The dip angle is in principle the angle made by the needle of a vertically held compass , though in practice ordinary compass needles may be weighted against dip or may be unable to move freely in the correct plane . The value can be measured more reliably with a special instrument typically known as a dip circle . Dip angle was discovered by the engineer Georg Hartmann in 1544 . A method of measuring it with a dip circle was described by Robert Norman in England in 1581 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 Practical importance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Explanation ( edit ) Isoclinic lines for the year 2015 . Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself with lines of magnetic field . As the Earth 's magnetic field lines are not parallel to the surface , the north end of a compass needle will point downward in the northern hemisphere ( positive dip ) or upward in the southern hemisphere ( negative dip ) . The range of dip is from - 90 degrees ( at the South Magnetic Pole ) to + 90 degrees ( at the North Magnetic Pole ) . Contour lines along which the dip measured at the Earth 's surface is equal are referred to as isoclinic lines . The locus of the points having zero dip is called the magnetic equator or aclinic line . Practical importance ( edit ) The phenomenon is especially important in aviation , as it causes the airplane 's compass to give erroneous readings during banked turns and airspeed changes . The latter errors occur because the compass card tilts on its mount when under acceleration . Compass needles are often weighted during manufacture to compensate for magnetic dip , so that they will balance roughly horizontally . This balancing is latitude - dependent ; see Compass balancing ( magnetic dip ) . See also ( edit ) Geomagnetism -- Wikipedia book Aircraft compass turns South Atlantic Anomaly Magnetic declination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Charles ( 2003 ) . Human Accomplishment ( First ed . ) . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Norman , Robert ( 1581 ) . The newe attractive : shewing the nature , propertie , and manifold vertues of the loadstone : with the declination of the needle , touched therewith under the plaine of the horizon . Jump up ^ Wood , James , ed. ( 1907 ) ( 1900 ) . `` Aclinic Line '' . The Nuttall Encyclopædia . Jump up ^ Instrument Flying Handbook : FAA - H - 8083 - 15B . Federal Aviation Administration , US Department of Transportation . 2014 . pp. 5 -- 13 , 5 -- 14 . External links ( edit ) Compass errors Look up magnetic dip values Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_dip&oldid=838993618 '' Categories : Geomagnetism Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Magnetic dip angle
2. Earth's magnetic field lines
3. Positive and negative dip values
4. Isoclinic lines and magnetic equator
5. Practical importance in aviation |
1,997,308,851,620,135,700 | which department provides benefits for disability or death as a result of military service | Veterans benefits Administration - wikipedia Veterans benefits Administration Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Veterans Health Administration . United States Veterans Benefits Administration <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed July 21 , 1930 ( Cabinet rank 15 March 1989 ) Preceding agency Veterans Administration Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters 810 Vermont Avenue NW. , Washington , D.C. , United States 38 ° 54 ′ 3.25 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 5.37 '' W / 38.9009028 ° N 77.0348250 ° W / 38.9009028 ; - 77.0348250 Employees 27,000 ( Est ) Annual budget $58.4 billion ( 2010 ) Agency executives Thomas J. Murphy , Under Secretary for Benefits Child agency Click Here Website vba.va.gov The Veterans Benefits Administration ( VBA ) is `` an organizational element of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs '' . The Veterans Benefits Administration ( VBA ) is responsible for administering the Department 's programs that provide financial and other forms of assistance to Veterans , their dependents , and survivors . Major benefits include Veterans ' compensation , Veterans ' pension , survivors ' benefits , rehabilitation and employment assistance , education assistance , home loan guaranties , and life insurance coverage . Contents ( hide ) 1 VBA 's Mission 2 Programs Administered by VBA 2.1 Compensation and Pension Service 2.2 Education Programs 2.3 Insurance Programs 2.4 Loan Guaranty 2.5 Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment 3 References 4 External links VBA 's mission ( edit ) The mission of the Veterans Benefits Administration , in partnership with the Veterans Health Administration and the National Cemetery Administration , is to provide benefits and services to the veterans and their families in a responsive , timely and compassionate manner in recognition of their service to the Nation . `` ... to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan ... '' - Abraham Lincoln , 2nd Inaugural Address Programs administered by VBA ( edit ) VBA is one of three administrations falling under the Department of Veterans Affairs ' larger umbrella . Along with the Veterans Health Administration and the National Cemetery Administration , VBA is responsible for administering VA 's extensive non-medical benefits . According to VA 's 2010 Organizational Briefing Book , VBA is further subdivided into business lines covering specific benefits : Compensation and Pension Service ( edit ) Compensation and Pension Programs provide direct payments to Veterans , dependents , and survivors as a result of the veteran 's service - connected disability or because of financial need . Disability Compensation is a monetary benefit paid to Veterans with disabilities that are the result of a disease or injury incurred or aggravated during active military service . The benefit amount is graduated according to the degree of the veteran 's disability on a scale from 10 percent to 100 percent ( in increments of 10 percent ) . It is possible to have a non-compensable rating ( zero percent ) for a disability as well . The veteran can receive free treatment in the VA medical system for such a condition but will not receive monetary compensation for it . Dependency and Indemnity Compensation ( DIC ) benefits are generally payable to the survivors of servicemembers who died while on active duty or survivors of Veterans who died from their service - connected disabilities . Pension programs are designed to provide income support to Veterans with wartime service and their families for a nonservice - connected disability or death . These programs are for low - income Veterans and survivors . Burial and Interment Allowances are payable for certain Veterans . A higher rate of burial allowance applies if the Veteran 's death is service - connected . Spina Bifida Monthly Allowance under 38 U.S.C. 1805 is provided for children born with Spina Bifida who are children of individuals who served in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam Era or served in or near the demilitarization zone in Korea during the period September 1 , 1967 , through August 31 , 1971 . Payment is made at one of three levels and is based on degree of disability suffered by the child . Children of Women Vietnam Veterans Born with Certain Defects This program provides a monetary allowance , healthcare , and vocational training benefits to eligible children born to women who served in the Republic of Vietnam during the period beginning on February 28 , 1961 , and ending May 7 , 1975 , if they suffer from certain covered birth defects . VA identifies the birth defects as those that are associated with the service of the mother in Vietnam and result in permanent physical or mental disability . S. 2258 , Veterans ' Compensation Cost - of - Living Adjustment Act of 2014 : guaranteed cost - of - living increase by 1.5 % for disability compensation , and other specified categories . Education programs ( edit ) Education Programs provide resources to Veterans , servicepersons , reservists , and certain Veterans ' dependents to help with readjustment and restore educational opportunities lost because of service to the country , to extend benefits of higher education to qualified persons who may not otherwise be able to afford it , to aid in military recruitment and the retention of highly qualified personnel , to encourage membership in the Selected Reserve , and to enhance the national workforce . Details may be found at www.gibill.va.gov . Post-Vietnam Era Veterans Educational Assistance Program ( VEAP ) is available for eligible Veterans who entered active duty between January 1 , 1977 , and June 30 , 1985 . Benefits and entitlement are determined by the contributions paid while on active duty and Veterans have 10 years after separation in which to use the benefit . Montgomery GI Bill -- Active Duty ( MGIB ) provides a program of education benefits that may be used while on active duty or after separation . There are several distinct eligibility categories . Generally a Veteran will receive 36 months of entitlement and has 10 years after separation to use the benefit . Montgomery GI Bill -- Selected Reserve ( MGIB - SR ) is a program funded and managed by the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and is available to members of the Selected Reserve . VA administers this program but DoD determines the member 's eligibility . Generally a qualified member of the Reserve will receive 36 months of entitlement and will have 14 years in which to use the benefit . Reservists Educational Assistance Program ( REAP ) is a program funded and managed by DoD and is available to members of the Selected or Ready Reserve who are called to active duty to support contingency operations . VA administers this program but DoD determines the member 's eligibility . Generally a qualified member of the Selected or Ready Reserve will receive 36 months of entitlement and will be able to use the benefit as long as he or she remains in the Selected or Ready Reserve . National Call to Service is a program of education benefits that may be used while on active duty or after separation . The person must have enlisted on or after October 1 , 2003 , under the National Call to Service program and selected one of the two education incentives provided by that program . A Veteran will receive education benefits based on the education initiative selected . These are either ( 1 ) education benefits of up to 12 months of MGIB benefits ( the 3 - year rate ) or ( 2 ) education benefits of up to 36 months of the MGIB benefits ( half the 2 - year rate ) . Dependents Educational Assistance Program ( DEA ) is designed to assist dependents of Veterans who ( 1 ) have been determined to be 100 percent permanently and totally disabled due to a service connected condition , ( 2 ) died due to a service - connected condition , or ( 3 ) died while on active duty . Dependents typically receive 45 months of eligibility . The criteria for using this benefit are : Children have 8 years to use this benefit . A spouse of a living Veteran has 10 years to use this benefit . A surviving spouse of a Veteran who died with a 100 percent service - connected condition has 10 years to use this benefit . A surviving spouse of a Veteran who died on active duty has 20 years to use this benefit . Post-9 / 11 Educational Assistance Program ( Post 9 / 11 - GI Bill ) is a new education assistance program for certain individuals with a qualifying period of active duty service after September 10 , 2001 . Individuals will be eligible for educational assistance in the form of tuition and fees , a monthly housing allowance , and a books and supplies stipend . The new program also provides certain individuals the opportunity to transfer unused educational benefits to their spouses and children . The new program is effective August 1 , 2009 . The Post-9 / 11 GI Bill also includes the Marine Gunnery Sergeant John David Frye Scholarship Program for the children of servicemembers who died while on active duty . Insurance programs ( edit ) The Insurance Programs were created to provide life insurance at a `` standard '' premium rate to members of the armed forces who are exposed to the extra hazards of military service . Veterans are eligible to maintain their VA life insurance following discharge . In general , a new program was created for each wartime period since World War I . There are four life insurance programs that still issue coverage as well as a program of traumatic injury coverage : Servicemembers ' Group Life Insurance ( SGLI ) -- Provides up to $400,000 of life insurance coverage to active - duty members of the Uniformed Services and members of the Reserves , cadets and midshipmen of the four service academies , members of the Reserve Officer Training Corps , and members who volunteer for assignment to a mobilization category in the Individual Ready Reserve . SGLI also offers Family Servicemembers ' Group Life Insurance ( FSGLI ) for up to $100,000 in coverage for a servicemember 's spouse , if the servicemember is on active duty or a member of the Ready Reserve of a uniformed service . All dependent children are automatically insured for $10,000 at no charge . Veterans ' Group Life Insurance ( VGLI ) -- Individuals who separate from service with SGLI coverage can convert their coverage to VGLI , regardless of health , by submitting an application with the first month 's premium within 120 days of discharge . After 120 days , the individual may still be granted VGLI provided evidence of insurability is submitted within one - year of the end of the 120 - day period . If the member is totally disabled at separation , SGLI coverage continues for free for two years , after which VGLI can be granted without evidence of insurability . Service - Disabled Veterans Insurance ( SDVI ) -- A Veteran who has a VA service - connected disability rating but is otherwise in good health may apply for life insurance coverage of up to $10,000 within two years from the date of being notified by VA of the service - connected status . This insurance is limited to Veterans who left service after April 25 , 1951 . If the Veteran is totally disabled , premiums are waived , and he or she may apply for an additional $30,000 of coverage under this program . Loan Guaranty ( edit ) The Loan Guaranty Program provides assistance to Veterans , certain spouses , and service members to enable them to buy and retain homes . Assistance is provided through VA 's partial guaranty of loans made by private lenders in lieu of the substantial down payment and private mortgage insurance required in conventional mortgage transactions . This protection means that in most cases qualified Veterans can obtain a loan without making a down payment . Also , the Loan Guaranty Program offers the following : Specially Adapted Housing ( SAH ) Grants are available to Veterans that have specific service - connected disabilities for the purpose of constructing an adapted dwelling or modifying an existing dwelling to meet the Veterans needs . The goal of the SAH Program is to provide a barrier - free living environment that affords the Veterans a level of independent living he or she may not have otherwise enjoyed . Native American Direct Home Loans are available to eligible Native American Veterans and , in certain circumstances , spouses who wish to purchase or construct a home on trust lands . These loans are direct loans made by the Department of Veterans Affairs . Servicing Assistance provides help for borrowers having difficulty in making their loan payments . The assistance can take several forms but the goal is to try to keep the Veteran in the property and avoid foreclosure . Veterans Mortgage Life Insurance ( VMLI ) -- Mortgage life insurance protection for up to $200,000 is available to severely disabled Veterans who receive a SAH Grant . Servicemembers ' Traumatic Injury Protection ( TSGLI ) - is a rider to the SGLI policies and provides automatic traumatic injury coverage to all servicemembers under SGLI , effective December 1 , 2005 . It provides for payment between $25,000 and $100,000 ( depending on the type of injury ) to SGLI members who sustain a traumatic injury that results in certain severe losses . The benefit is retroactive to October 7 , 2001 , if the loss was a direct result of injuries incurred in Operations Enduring Freedom or Iraqi Freedom . Vocational rehabilitation and employment ( edit ) The Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment ( VR&E ) Program is authorized by Congress under Title 38 , USC , Chapter 31 and Code of Federal Regulations , Part 21 . It is sometimes referred to as the Chapter 31 program . This program assists Veterans with service - connected disabilities to prepare for , find , and keep suitable jobs . For Veterans with service - connected disabilities so severe that they can not immediately consider work , this program offers services to improve their ability to live as independently as possible . Services that may be provided by the VR&E Program include : Comprehensive rehabilitation evaluation to determine abilities , skills , and interests for employment Vocational counseling and rehabilitation planning for employment services Employment services such as job - training , job - seeking skills , resume development , and other work readiness assistance Assistance finding and keeping a job , including the use of special employer incentives and job accommodations On the Job Training ( OJT ) , apprenticeships , and non-paid work experiences Post-secondary training at a college , vocational , technical or business school Supportive rehabilitation services including case management , counseling , and medical referrals Independent living services for Veterans unable to work due to the severity of their disabilities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Congress approves inflation increase for veterans '' . AP . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Benefits Administration <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Agencies under the United States Department of Veterans Affairs <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : 810 Vermont Avenue NW ( Veterans Affairs Department Building ) David Shulkin , Secretary of Veterans Affairs Thomas G. Bowman , Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Board of Veterans ' Appeals Center for Women Veterans Office of Acquisition and Material Management Office of Information and Technology Office of Occupational Safety and Health Office of Policy , Planning and Preparedness Office of Regulation Policy and Management Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization VA Police Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health Veterans Health Administration Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Benefits Veterans Benefits Administration Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Memorial Affairs National Cemetery Administration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterans_Benefits_Administration&oldid=782707695 '' Categories : Disability organizations based in the United States United States Department of Veterans Affairs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 17 : 40 . About Wikipedia | 1. Veterans Benefits Administration
2. Programs administered by VBA
3. Compensation and Pension Service
4. Education Programs
5. Insurance Programs |
-1,540,061,448,752,448,500 | who was the narrator in war of the worlds | Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of the War of the Worlds - wikipedia Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of the War of the Worlds Jump to : navigation , search `` War of the Worlds ( album ) '' redirects here . For the New Generation album , see Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation . For other uses , see Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Jeff Wayne Released 6 September 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) Recorded May 1976 -- July 1977 Genre Progressive rock , symphonic rock Length 94 : 54 Label Columbia / CBS Records Producer Jeff Wayne <Th_colspan="2"> Jeff Wayne chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds ( 1978 ) Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds ( 1981 ) Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds 1981 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Clip of Jeff Wayne The War of the Worlds 20 second sample providing narration and song . During the Journalist 's narration , the leitmotif plays strongly in the background . The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist part is then heard . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds is the debut studio album by Jeff Wayne , retelling the story of The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells , released 6 September 1978 . A concept album , its main format is progressive rock and string orchestra , using narration and leitmotifs to carry the story via rhyming melodic lyrics that express the feelings of the various characters . The two - disc album remains a bestseller , having sold millions of records around the world , and by 2009 it was the 40th best selling album of all time in the UK with sales of 2,561,286 . It has since spawned multiple versions of the album , video games , DVDs , and live tours . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Part 1 : The Coming of the Martians 1.2 Part 2 : The Earth Under the Martians 1.3 Differences from Wells ' novel 2 Cast 2.1 Performers 2.1. 1 Album 2.1. 2 Tours 2.2 Black Smoke Band 2.2. 1 Album 2.3 Tours 2.4 String Orchestra 2.4. 1 Album 2.4. 2 Tours 3 About the album 3.1 Other versions of the album 3.2 Beyond the album 3.2. 1 Video games 3.2. 2 Animated version 3.2. 3 Tours 3.2. 4 DVD 3.2. 5 The New Generation 4 Track listing 4.1 LP and tape 4.2 Compact disc 4.3 Seven - disc box set 4.4 iTunes / SACD version 5 Charts 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The album consists of two disks , which correspond roughly to the two `` books '' of Wells ' novel . Part 1 : the coming of the Martians ( edit ) In a prologue , the Journalist notes that in the late 19th century few people had even considered the possible existence of extraterrestrial life , and yet , planet Earth had in fact long been enviously observed by advanced beings . The Journalist 's account begins with the sighting of several bursts of green gas which , for ten consecutive nights , erupt from the surface of Mars and appear to approach Earth . Ogilvy , an astronomer convinced that no life could exist on Mars , assures the Journalist there is no danger . Eventually something crashes onto Horsell Common , and in the resulting crater Ogilvy discovers a glowing cylinder , the top of which begins to unscrew . When this lid falls off , a Martian creature emerges . By now a crowd has gathered on the common , and when a group of inquisitive men approach the cylinder they are incinerated by the Heat - Ray -- an advanced Martian weapon . The Journalist flees with the crowd . Later , hammering sounds are heard from the pit . A company of soldiers is deployed at the common , and that evening an injured and exhausted Artilleryman wanders into the Journalist 's house and tells him his comrades have been killed by fighting machines -- tripod vehicles built and controlled by Martians , each armed with its own Heat - Ray . They set off for London -- the Journalist to ensure his lover Carrie is safe , the Artilleryman to report to headquarters -- but are soon caught in crossfire between soldiers and Martians and separated . Three days later the Journalist arrives at Carrie 's house but finds it empty . He resolves to escape London by boat and later catches sight of Carrie aboard a steamer , but the gangplank is raised before he can join her . Fighting machines then approach , threatening the steamer , but they are engaged by the Royal Navy battleship Thunder Child and two are destroyed . The steamer escapes , but Thunder Child and her crew are melted by heat - rays , leaving England defenceless against the invasion . Part 2 : the Earth under the Martians ( edit ) The wandering Journalist discovers that red weed -- the vegetation that gives Mars its colour -- has taken root on Earth and spread rapidly across the landscape . In a churchyard he encounters the Parson Nathaniel and his wife Beth . The trio take refuge in a nearby cottage that is soon surrounded by black smoke -- a Martian chemical weapon . Nathaniel , driven mad by his experiences , blames himself for the invasion and believes the invaders are demons arising from human evil . As Beth attempts to restore his faith in humanity , a Martian cylinder crashes into the cottage and she is buried under the rubble . The newly arrived Martians construct a handling machine : a squat , spider - like vehicle used to capture and collect humans . After nine days hiding in the ruins , the Journalist and Nathaniel see the Martians ' eating ' -- harvesting human blood and injecting it into their own veins . Nathaniel resolves to confront the ' demons ' , believing that he has been chosen to destroy them with his prayers and holy cross . The Journalist knocks him unconscious to silence his ravings , but the Martians are already alerted . A mechanical claw explores the cottage and drags Nathaniel away . Eventually the Martians abandon their camp and the Journalist continues his journey to London . He again encounters the Artilleryman , who is planning a subterranean utopia that would allow humans to evade the Martians and ultimately strike back with reverse - engineered fighting machines . The Journalist , however , realising the Artilleryman 's ambitions far exceed his abilities , soon leaves . Upon reaching London he finds it desolate and empty . Driven to suicide by intense despair and loneliness , he surrenders to a fighting machine but realises it is inert , the Martian inside dead . In his epilogue , the Journalist reports that the Martians were defeated by Earth 's bacteria -- to which they had no resistance -- and that , as humanity recovered from the invasion , he was reunited with Carrie . But , he says , the question remains : is Earth now safe , or are the Martians learning from their failures and preparing a second invasion ? In a second epilogue set in the near future , a NASA mission to Mars flounders when the control centre loses contact with the craft . The controller sees a green flare erupt from Mars 's surface . Differences from Wells ' novel ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Journalist '' is an amalgam of two of Wells ' characters : a writer of speculative philosophy ( who narrates much of the book ) and his younger brother who is a medical student ( who narrates the Thunder Child section ) . The Journalist 's girlfriend Carrie does not exist in the novel , where the narrator has an unnamed wife . Carrie serves two purposes : firstly , she provides a reason for the Journalist to travel to London , where he experiences the events witnessed in the novel by the narrator 's brother . Secondly , she provides the focus for the Journalist 's thoughts in the song `` Forever Autumn '' . In the novel , the Handling machine is not as big , is used for construction and does not have a basket for collecting humans . Instead the Fighting machines collect humans for consumption . In the novel , the Martians have at least one flying machine and also an autonomous digging machine . Neither are mentioned in the album . `` Parson Nathaniel '' in the novel is simply called `` the curate '' . There is no mention of a wife . Cast ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Richard Burton -- spoken words ( The Journalist : the narrator - protagonist ) Justin Hayward -- vocals ( The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist ) David Essex -- spoken words and vocals ( The Artilleryman ) Chris Thompson -- vocals ( The Voice of Humanity ) Phil Lynott -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) Julie Covington -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) Jerry Wayne -- spoken words ( The Voice of NASA ) Tours ( edit ) Richard Burton -- spoken words ( The Journalist ) ( via a `` virtual '' Richard Burton : a large bust of the Journalist plus a projected image ) Liam Neeson -- spoken words ( The Journalist ) ( The New Generation 2012 , 2014 and the Dominion Theatre stage production 2016 ) Justin Hayward -- vocals ( The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist ) ( all tours : 2006 , 2007 Australian , 2007 UK , 2009 30th Anniversary , and 2010 tour ) Alexis James -- spoken words and vocals ( The Artilleryman ) ( 2006 , 2007 UK , and 2009 30th Anniversary tour ) Michael Falzon -- spoken words and vocals ( The Artilleryman ) ( 2007 Australian tour ) Jason Donovan -- spoken words and vocals ( The Artilleryman ) ( 2010 tour ) Chris Thompson -- vocals ( The Voice of Humanity ) ( all tours : 2006 , 2007 Australian , 2007 UK , 2009 30th Anniversary , and 2010 tour ) Russell Watson -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) ( 2006 tour ) Shannon Noll -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) ( 2007 Australian and first half of 2009 30th Anniversary tour ) John Payne -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) ( 2007 UK tour ) Damien Edwards -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) ( second half of 2009 30th Anniversary tour ) Rhydian Roberts -- spoken words and vocals ( Parson Nathaniel ) ( 2010 tour ) Tara Blaise -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2006 tour ) Rachael Beck -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2007 Australian tour ) Sinéad Quinn -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2007 UK tour ) Jennifer Ellison -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2009 30th Anniversary tour ) Liz McClarnon -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2010 tour ) Carrie Hope Fletcher -- spoken words and vocals ( Beth ) ( 2014 tour ) Daniel Boys -- spoken words and vocals ( Male Understudy ) ( all tours : 2006 , 2007 Australian , 2007 UK , 2009 30th Anniversary , and 2010 tour ) Black Smoke Band ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Jeff Wayne -- composer , arranger , keyboards , synthesisers Chris Spedding -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar Herbie Flowers -- bass guitar Ken Freeman -- keyboards , synthesisers George Fenton -- santoor , zither , tar Jo Partridge -- guitars ( The Heat Ray ) , mandolin , vocals ( ' Ulla 's ) Barry Morgan -- drums Barry da Souza , Roy Jones , Ray Cooper -- percussion Paul Vigrass , Gary Osborne , Billy Lawrie -- backing vocals Tours ( edit ) Jeff Wayne -- composer , conductor Chris Spedding -- electric guitar , acoustic guitar Herbie Flowers -- bass guitar Huw Davies -- Electric Guitar Gaetan Schurrer -- Tar , Keyboards Tom Woodstock -- guitars , keyboards , backing vocals Laurie Wisefield -- guitars , mandolin , autoharp , tar Accy Yeats -- drums Gordy Marshall -- drums Julia Thornton -- percussion , harp , keyboards Steve Turner -- keyboards Neil Angilley -- keyboards Kennedy Aitchison -- keyboards String Orchestra ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Littlechap Strings Tours ( edit ) ULLAdubULLA About the album ( edit ) Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds was created by composer Jeff Wayne based on the 1898 novel by H.G. Wells . It features Academy Award nominated actor Richard Burton , Justin Hayward ( of The Moody Blues ) , Chris Thompson ( of Manfred Mann 's Earth Band ) , Phil Lynott ( of Thin Lizzy ) , Julie Covington ( of Evita and Rock Follies ) , and David Essex ( Evita , The China Plates ) . Wayne conducts what would come to be known as the Black Smoke Band and the ULLAdubULLA string orchestra . `` Forever Autumn '' was a UK Top 5 single , sung by Hayward . In Canada , it only managed to reach # 73 and fared only slightly better in the US , peaking at # 47 . The album itself spent 290 weeks in the UK album charts . It was in the top 10 in 22 countries and reached # 1 in 11 countries . In Canada , the album reached just # 76 . Most of the lyrics on the album were written by former Elton John lyricist Gary Osborne . The album was one of the first recorded on 48 tracks , using two synchronised 24 track Studer A80s at Advision Studios in London . It was engineered by Geoff Young , who brought the recordings together with only a 16 track desk . He later worked with George Michael to record `` Last Christmas '' and `` Careless Whisper '' using the same studio and equipment . The repetition of `` Ulla ! '' , the cry made by the Martians , and certain musical refrains throughout the musical act as leitmotifs . The official album comes with several paintings by Peter Goodfellow , Geoff Taylor and Michael Trim that illustrate the story . Other versions of the album ( edit ) To promote the 1978 release , an abridged album containing `` Radio edits '' was distributed to radio stations . Special intros and endings had to be added to certain tracks because they simply were not written with radio in mind . The `` air play '' album turned out so well that in 1981 CBS decided to release it commercially under the title Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds . Two Spanish versions of the album were released in 1978 , one featuring Anthony Quinn in the role of the journalist , and the other for Spain featuring Teófilo Martínez in the same role . A version in Dutch was recorded for Radio Veronica in the Netherlands , but never released as an album . A German version was released in 1980 with Curd Jürgens taking the part of the journalist . A 1989 version of `` The Eve of the War '' remixed by Ben Liebrand reached number 3 in the UK singles chart . A 1995 edition of the album featured additional remixes of some tracks and additional conceptual art . Australian progressive metal band Alchemist released a version of `` Eve of the War '' on a 1998 EP . In 2000 , a collection of remixes of tracks from the original album -- including several used in the 1998 computer game -- were released on a double CD titled The War of the Worlds : ULLAdubULLA -- the Remix Album . While most of the contributors are relatively unknown , the album includes two versions of a remix of `` Dead London '' by Apollo 440 and other remixes by house - music pioneer Todd Terry . On 23 June 2005 the original album was re-released in two forms : one in a remastered 2 - disc Hybrid Multichannel Super Audio CD set ; another in a 7 - disc `` Collector 's Edition '' featuring additional remixes , outtakes , the actors reading from the unabridged script , excerpts from the Anthony Quinn and Curd Jürgens performances as the reporter , as well as a seventh disc being a DVD showing the making of the album , produced by Phoenix Film & Television Productions . While the original ULLAdubULLA album had a limited run and went out of print , following the success of the 2005 re-release of the original album , ULLAdubULLA II was released on 17 April 2006 . This single CD release was largely made of tracks from the original remix album , with some additional new remixes by Tom Middleton and DJ Keltech , and hip - hop versions of two tracks by DJ Zube . Middleton 's remixes of `` The Eve of the War '' were also released on CD and vinyl . Beyond the album ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) In 1984 CRL Group PLC released Jeff Wayne 's Video Game Version of The War of the Worlds for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer . It was also released in Germany as Jeff Wayne 's Video Version von Der Krieg der Welten . In 1998 , a real - time strategy game , Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds , was created by Rage Software and released for the personal computer . Jeff Wayne himself produced the musical arrangements for the game , consisting of 45 minutes of material re-scored and remixed in a newer electronica style with techno beats . The game 's artwork was based on the Michael Trim , Geoff Taylor and Peter Goodfellow illustrations found throughout the original album booklet , and some of Richard Burton 's dialogue as the journalist is used in the opening and closing scenes . In 1999 , a third - person shooter , also entitled Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds , was developed by Pixelogic and released for the Sony PlayStation . It used much of the 1998 game 's music and graphical elements , but featured an entirely different campaign with a focus on vehicular combat . Animated Version ( edit ) In late 2004 the ULLAdubULLA II production had been commissioned for an animated CGI film version . Test footage of some Martian machines was released , but the film itself never materialised . Tours ( edit ) Liz McClarnon as Beth during the 2010 tour A live tour , based on the album , began in the UK and Ireland in April 2006 . Jeff Wayne returned to conduct the 48 - piece ULLAdubULLA Strings and 10 - piece Black Smoke Band . A `` virtual '' Richard Burton ( a large bust of the Journalist onto which was projected an image of a young Burton with a super-imposed actor 's mouth and jaw lip synched to the original Burton recordings ) performed as The Journalist . Justin Hayward reprised his original role as The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist and Chris Thompson returned as The Voice Of Humanity . Also from the original recording were Chris Spedding playing lead guitar and Herbie Flowers on bass guitar . Other guest artists who appeared were the `` People 's Tenor '' Russell Watson as Parson Nathaniel , Alexis James as The Artilleryman , and Tara Blaise as Beth . Daniel Boys ( known from BBC 's Any Dream Will Do ) was understudy for all the roles sung by male artists . A model Fighting Machine featured on stage . A short animated ' prequel ' to the story was also presented in the style of the upcoming feature - length film detailing the Martians ' ecological destruction of their own world ( which was originally made for the 1998 computer game ) and their preparations to invade Earth , and including a short remix of `` The Red Weed '' . The show was produced by Ray Jones , Damian Collier and Jeff Wayne . The live show toured Australia and New Zealand in 2007 , with dates in Sydney , Melbourne , Perth , Brisbane and Auckland . The Australian tour featured Australian Idol runner - up Shannon Noll as Parson Nathaniel , actress Rachael Beck as Beth and Michael Falzon as the Artilleryman , alongside Justin Hayward and Chris Thompson from the original cast with Chris Spedding and Herbie Flowers in the band . A further UK live tour took place in December 2007 with Justin Hayward , Chris Thompson , Alexis James , John Payne as Parson , and Sinéad Quinn as Beth . 2008 marked the 30th anniversary of the original album release and a number of events took place , including a `` 30th Anniversary Tour '' which started on 7 June 2009 in Dublin . The 30th anniversary saw Justin Hayward , Alexis James and Chris Thompson reprise their respective roles , with Shannon Noll taking the role of Parson Nathaniel and Jennifer Ellison as Beth . When Noll had to leave the show halfway through its 2009 tour , the role of Parson Nathaniel went to Damien Edwards , who completed the run . The virtual Richard Burton was also improved ; the whole face was animated ( an actor was found with a similar facial structure , all of Burton 's narrative parts were mimed , and his face was super-imposed onto the face of the actor ) . In November 2009 , Wayne announced on his website dates for another tour in the UK , Ireland , Germany , and the Netherlands , and for the first time , Belgium , in late 2010 -- early 2011 . Justin Hayward and Chris Thompson reprised their roles as The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist and The Voice of Humanity respectively , with Rhydian Roberts as Parson Nathaniel , Jason Donovan as The Artilleryman and Liz McClarnon as Beth . DVD ( edit ) A two disc Region 2 DVD of the 2006 Wembley Arena , London show was released 6 November 2006 by Universal . Disc 1 contains the live show and Disc 2 contains extras and a documentary of the making of the live show . It is titled Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of The Worlds - Live on Stage . The New Generation ( edit ) Main article : Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation In 2011 after a short hiatus from touring , Jeff Wayne announced a new Musical Version of The War of the Worlds album to be released in June 2012 entitled The New Generation . The release date was later pushed back to November , due to problems with scheduling recordings with guest artists . With the album 's release , The New Generation would also cross Europe on a major arena tour . Wayne explained that the idea was to return to the original album and explore H.G. Wells ' characters in more detail , as well as develop the love story between the story 's main character , George Herbert , and his fiancee Carrie . Wayne also explained that it would allow him to re-interpret his compositions with the new production techniques of today . Along with the new album would come a new voice of the Journalist , originally played by Richard Burton in the 1978 album . The role would now be played by Irish actor Liam Neeson , appearing in 3D holography on stage for the Arena tour . On 1 March 2012 , Kaiser Chiefs frontman Ricky Wilson was announced as the Artilleryman for both the album release and the tour version , while Kerry Ellis would play Beth for the arena tour only . Later , Marti Pellow was added to the tour cast and announced as the Voice of Humanity and it was confirmed that Jason Donovan would return to the production but as Parson Nathaniel rather than the Artilleryman , which he played on the previous tour . Later it was announced that Marti Pellow had switched roles to the Sung Thought of the Journalist ; Jettblack 's lead singer and guitarist Will Stapleton would take his place as the Voice of Humanity . Two new characters were also introduced for the prologue , William ( Michael Falzon ) and Vera ( Lily Osborne ) . Both Wayne and Neeson were interviewed at the album 's press conference where a clip of Neeson playing the journalist was shown . It was explained that Neeson would appear on stage as Journalist George Herbert in three ways : First as an 11 - foot holographic head and shoulders ( much like the Richard Burton image on the 2009 tour ) . Second , as a full body hologram , interacting with live performers on stage without actually being present during the show . And third : Neeson would appear in the 2 - hour CGI film displayed on a 100 - foot `` animation wall '' played throughout the show . Jeff Wayne would conduct the ULLAdubULLA Strings and Black Smoke Band as he had done in the tours before . In mid September , the cast for the new album was released casting Ricky Wilson as the Artilleryman , Joss Stone as Beth , Alex Clare as the voice of Humanity , Maverick Sabre as Parson Nathaniel , and Take That singer Gary Barlow as the Sung Thoughts of the Journalist , as well as Neeson as the voice of the Journalist . The release date for the New Generation album was set to be 12 November 2012 but moved to 26 November to coincide with the Arena tour . In February 2016 , the stage show opened at the Dominion Theatre in London 's West End and ran until 30 April 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) LP and tape ( edit ) All dialogue written by Doreen and Jerry Wayne , based upon H.G. Wells 's original text . All tracks written by Jeff Wayne , except where noted . <Th_colspan="4"> Side A ( Tape 1 , Side A ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Eve of the War '' Justin Hayward and Richard Burton 9 : 06 2 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray '' Richard Burton 11 : 36 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 20 : 42 <Th_colspan="4"> Side B ( Tape 1 , Side B) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine '' David Essex and Richard Burton 10 : 36 2 . `` Forever Autumn '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward and Richard Burton 7 : 43 3 . `` Thunder Child '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Chris Thompson and Richard Burton 6 : 10 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 24 : 29 <Th_colspan="4"> Side C ( Tape 2 , Side A ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 5 : 55 2 . `` Parson Nathaniel '' Phil Lynott and Richard Burton 1 : 45 3 . `` The Spirit of Man '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Julie Covington , Phil Lynott , and Richard Burton 9 : 52 4 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 2 ) '' Richard Burton 6 : 51 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 24 : 23 <Th_colspan="4"> Side D ( Tape 2 , Side B) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Brave New World '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) David Essex and Richard Burton 12 : 13 2 . `` Dead London '' Richard Burton 8 : 37 3 . `` Epilogue ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 2 : 42 4 . `` Epilogue ( Part 2 ) '' Jerry Wayne 2 : 02 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 25 : 34 Compact disc ( edit ) Same as LP , reorganised as a double CD . Original CD release date 1985 : All tracks written by Jeff Wayne , except where noted . <Th_colspan="4"> Disc One -- The Coming of the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Eve of the War '' ( misprinted `` The Eye of the War '' in some pressings ) Justin Hayward and Richard Burton 9 : 07 2 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray '' Richard Burton 11 : 35 3 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine '' David Essex and Richard Burton 10 : 37 4 . `` Forever Autumn '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward and Richard Burton 7 : 55 5 . `` Thunder Child '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Chris Thompson and Richard Burton 6 : 03 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 45 : 17 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Two -- The Earth Under the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 5 : 51 2 . `` The Spirit of Man '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) ( incorporates LP track `` Parson Nathaniel '' ) Phil Lynott , Julie Covington , and Richard Burton 11 : 45 3 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 2 ) '' Richard Burton 6 : 19 4 . `` Brave New World '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) David Essex and Richard Burton 12 : 36 5 . `` Dead London '' Richard Burton 8 : 36 6 . `` Epilogue ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 2 : 42 7 . `` Epilogue ( Part 2 ) '' Jerry Wayne 2 : 01 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 49 : 50 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Two -- The Earth Under the Martians ( 1989 release ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 8 . `` The Eve of The War ( Ben Liebrand Mix ) '' Richard Burton 7 : 05 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Two -- The Earth Under the Martians ( 1995 and 1996 releases ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 8 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Dubulladub ) '' Phil Lynott , Julie Covington , and Richard Burton 4 : 15 9 . `` Forever Autumn -- Remix ' 96 '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward 4 : 46 10 . `` Forever Autumn ( Dark Autumn Dub ) '' 8 : 51 11 . `` The Eve of the War ( pi - r2h Mix ) '' Justin Hayward and Richard Burton 6 : 19 Seven - disc box set ( edit ) Discs one and two of this set are hybrid SACDs and include a 5.1 channel mix ; they are identical to the standalone 2 - disc SACD edition . All tracks written by Jeff Wayne , except where noted . <Th_colspan="4"> Disc One -- The Coming of the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Eve of the War '' Justin Hayward , Richard Burton 9 : 07 2 . `` Horsell Common and The Heat Ray '' Richard Burton 11 : 35 3 . `` The Artilleryman and The Fighting Machine '' David Essex , Richard Burton 10 : 37 4 . `` Forever Autumn '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward , Richard Burton 7 : 55 5 . `` Thunder Child '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Chris Thompson , Richard Burton 6 : 03 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 45 : 17 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Two -- The Earth Under the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 5 : 51 2 . `` The Spirit of Man '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) ( incorporates LP track `` Parson Nathaniel '' ) Phil Lynott , Julie Covington , Richard Burton 11 : 45 3 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 2 ) '' Richard Burton 6 : 19 4 . `` Brave New World '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) David Essex , Richard Burton 12 : 36 5 . `` Dead London '' Richard Burton 8 : 36 6 . `` Epilogue ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 2 : 42 7 . `` Epilogue ( Part 2 ) '' Jerry Wayne 2 : 01 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 49 : 50 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Three -- The Remixes -- 1979 -- 2005 No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` UlladubUlla -- Papa Ootzie Remix '' Lewis MacLeod 3 : 11 2 . `` The Eve of the War -- Hybrid 's Fire in the Sky Mix '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Richard Burton 4 : 39 3 . `` Forever Autumn -- N - Trance Remix '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward 3 : 31 4 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray -- Max Mondo Remix '' 3 : 48 5 . `` The Spirit of Man -- Spirit of Dub -- Tom Frederikse / Gaëtan Schurrer Remix '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass ) Julie Covington , Phil Lynott 5 : 48 6 . `` The Eve of the War -- Hani Remix '' Richard Burton 4 : 16 7 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine -- Max Mondo Remix '' 3 : 50 8 . `` Brave New World -- Todd Terry Remix '' David Essex , Richard Burton 3 : 11 9 . `` Forever Autumn -- Dark Autumn Dub Tom Frederikse / Gaëtan Schurrer Remix '' 4 : 07 10 . `` The Red Weed -- Mister Joyboy Remix '' 3 : 22 11 . `` The Spirit of Destiny ( The Parson Versus Palene ) -- Cassidy / Langan / Wayne Remix '' Phil Lynott , Catherine Zeta - Jones 4 : 59 12 . `` The Eve of the War -- 1980 Disco Steve Thompson Remix '' Justin Hayward 4 : 48 13 . `` The Spirit of Man -- Max Mondo Remix '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass ) Julie Covington , Phil Lynott 5 : 17 14 . `` The Eve of the War -- Ben Liebrand Remix '' Richard Burton 3 : 50 15 . `` Brave New World -- Dario G Remix '' 5 : 10 16 . `` Dead London -- Mister Joyboy Remix '' 5 : 06 17 . `` The Eve of the War Versus Animal and Man -- Forrest / Schurrer / Wayne Remix '' Richard Burton , Anthony Hopkins 5 : 52 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 1 : 14 : 45 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Four -- The Coming of the Martians -- Revisited ( Original Studio Out - Takes : I of III ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Four Narrators ( Opening Passage ) '' Richard Burton , Anthony Quinn , Teófilo Martínez , and Curd Jürgens 0 : 47 2 . `` The Eve of the War ( Original Unused Intro ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 0 : 54 3 . `` The Eve of the War ( Early Band Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Amoo 4 : 14 4 . `` The Eve of the War ( Stripped Down Mix ) '' Jeff Wayne 4 : 05 5 . `` The Eve of the War '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Thompson 0 : 50 6 . `` ' That ' Laugh '' Jeff Wayne , Barry Morgan , Ken Freeman , Herbie Flowers , Jo Partridge , Roy Jones , Barry Desouza , Chris Spedding 0 : 49 7 . `` Out - Takes ( from Horsell Common ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Jerry Wayne 0 : 14 8 . `` Out - Takes ( from Horsell Common ) ( Continued ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Dublin 0 : 11 9 . `` Out - Takes ( from Horsell Common ) '' Jeff Wayne 1 : 56 10 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray ( Early Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 4 : 42 11 . `` Out - Takes ( from Horsell Common and the Heat Ray ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Jerry Wayne 0 : 44 12 . `` The Heat Ray Versus The Jangle Piano ( Martian Versus Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Jo Partridge 1 : 20 13 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine ( Early Band Take , Featuring Original Unused Intro ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex , Ozzie the Owl 4 : 06 14 . `` Richard Burton Out - Take '' Richard Burton , Charles Dublin 0 : 16 15 . `` Lego Toys ( Original 1969 Radio Commercial ) '' Jeff Wayne , Paul Vigrass , Gary Osborne 0 : 32 16 . `` Forever Autumn ( Original 1972 Version ) '' Jeff Wayne 2 : 55 17 . `` Bar Count -- Under Attack ( from Forever Autumn ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding 1 : 28 18 . `` Forever Autumn ( Early Version ) '' Jeff Wayne 4 : 57 19 . `` Bar Count Continues ( from Forever Autumn ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding 0 : 25 20 . `` Paperboys ( Original Unused Out - Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Charles Davis , David Essex , Geraldine 0 : 44 21 . `` Paperboys ( Original Unused Out - Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Charles Davis , David Essex , Geraldine 0 : 13 22 . `` Paperboy Shouts and Panicking Crowd ( Original Unused Out - Takes from Forever Autumn ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Davis , Geraldine 0 : 25 23 . `` Paperboy Shouts and Panicking Crowd ( Original Unused Out - Takes from Forever Autumn ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Davis , Geraldine 0 : 26 24 . `` '' Ugly Brutes ! '' and `` See Them ? '' ( Original Unused Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Charles Davis , Geraldine 0 : 09 25 . `` Forever Autumn ( Early Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Amoo 4 : 00 26 . `` Thunder Child ( Early Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Amoo 3 : 52 27 . `` Thunder Child ( Later Version ) '' Jeff Wayne 2 : 51 28 . `` Four Narrators ( The Earth Belonged to the Martians ) '' Richard Burton , Anthony Quinn , Teófilo Martínez , Curd Jürgens 0 : 26 29 . `` Four Narrators ( The Red Weed ) '' Richard Burton , Anthony Quinn , Teófilo Martínez , Curd Jürgens 0 : 24 30 . `` The Red Weed ( Early Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding , Barry Morgan , Herbie Flowers , Ken Freeman , Roy Jones , Jo Partridge , Barry Desouza , Ray Parker 4 : 28 31 . `` Unused Out - Take ( from the Red Weed ) '' Jeff Wayne 1 : 21 32 . `` The Red Weed ( Original Unused Parts ) '' Jeff Wayne 0 : 48 33 . `` The Red Weed ( Original Unused Parts ) '' Jeff Wayne 1 : 03 34 . `` Jeff 's `` Worth a Listen '' Red Weed Alternative '' Jeff Wayne 0 : 22 35 . `` Original 75 '' Radio Commercial '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Justin Hayward 1 : 16 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 58 : 13 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Five -- The Earth Under the Martians -- Revisited ( Original Studio Out - Takes : II of III ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Parson Nathaniel ( 2005 Revisited Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Amoo , The Real Thing 2 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Early Version with Unused Acting Parts ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott , Julie Covington 1 : 51 3 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Early Version Guide Vocals ) '' Jeff Wayne , Clare Torry , Bob Saker 5 : 08 4 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Jerry , Doreen & Phil Acting Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Geoff Young , Doreen Wayne , Phil Lynott 1 : 02 5 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Alternate Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott , Julie Covington 0 : 47 6 . `` '' Are You Ready Jeff ? '' ( Acting Out - Takes from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Geoff Young , Jerry Wayne , Doreen Wayne , Phil Lynott 1 : 28 7 . `` '' Are You Ready Jeff ? '' ( Acting Out - Takes from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Geoff Young , Jerry Wayne , Doreen Wayne , Phil Lynott 0 : 54 8 . `` The Spirit of Man '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott , Clare Torry 1 : 07 9 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Out - Takes , Including Original Unused Script ) '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott 0 : 31 10 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Out - Takes , Including Original Unused Script ) '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott 0 : 26 11 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Out - Takes , Including Original Unused Script ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott , Julie Covington 1 : 26 12 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth & Parson Out - Takes , Including Original Unused Script ) '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott , Julie Covington 0 : 51 13 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Out - Takes , Including Original Unused Script ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington 0 : 40 14 . `` The Spirit of ' Mayan ' ( Parson Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott 4 : 31 15 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Is Killed ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott 1 : 01 16 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Is Killed - Original Out - Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Phil Lynott 0 : 20 17 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Guitar Solo ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding , Barry Morgan , Herbie Flowers 1 : 13 18 . `` '' Outcries '' ( from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Dubin 0 : 45 19 . `` The Spirited Man ( Strings and Acoustic Guitar Alternative ) '' Jeff Wayne , Jo Partridge , The Littlechap Strings 2 : 48 20 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington 0 : 34 21 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington , Phil Lynott 0 : 35 22 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington , Phil Lynott 0 : 29 23 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington 0 : 25 24 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington 0 : 17 25 . `` The Spirit of Man ( Beth Out - Takes ) '' Jeff Wayne , Julie Covington 0 : 15 26 . `` The Spirit of Guitars ( Guitars and Strings from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding , Jo Partridge , The Littlechap Strings 0 : 46 27 . `` Tea For Two : Jerry & Phil 's Late Night Cabaret '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott 0 : 48 28 . `` Parson Nathaniel Scream Out - Takes ( from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne , Phil Lynott , Geoff Young 2 : 26 29 . `` Parson Nathaniel Scream Out - Takes ( from The Spirit of Man ) '' Jeff Wayne 2 : 09 30 . `` Original Parson Scream Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Davis 0 : 33 31 . `` Original Spanish Parson Scream Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Miguel Peñaranda 0 : 25 32 . `` German Journalist And Parson Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Manfred Lehmann 0 : 40 33 . `` Spanish Journalist and Parson Scream Out - Take '' Jeff Wayne , Teófilo Martinez , Daniel Dicenta 0 : 41 34 . `` '' And There Was Nothing I Could Do To Prevent It '' ( Out Takes And Master ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 0 : 37 35 . `` Parson Nathaniel ( Original Unused Song ) '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Amoo , The Real Thing 6 : 05 36 . `` '' Less Piano And More Air , Please ! `` '' Jeff Wayne , Barry Morgan 0 : 47 37 . `` The Artilleryman Returns ( With Unused Parts ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 1 : 33 38 . `` The Artilleryman 's Out - Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , David Essex , Geoff Young 0 : 28 39 . `` The Artilleryman 's Out - Takes ( from Brave New World ) ( Continued ) '' Jeff Wayne , David Essex , Geoff Young 0 : 24 40 . `` The Artilleryman 's Out - Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Geoff Young , David Essex 0 : 53 41 . `` Brave New World ( Early Piano Demo ) '' Jeff Wayne 3 : 41 42 . `` Brave New World ( Early Band Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Herbie Flowers , Chris Spedding , Ken Freeman , Ray Cooper , Barry Desouza , Jo Partridge 4 : 43 43 . `` The Artilleryman 's `` I 've Got A Plan ! '' Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Geoff Young , David Essex 0 : 35 44 . `` Brave New World ( Acoustic Alternative ) '' Jeff Wayne , Jo Partridge , Barry Morgan , Ken Freeman , Ray Cooper 1 : 17 45 . `` Brave New World ( Alternate Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , David Essex 2 : 22 46 . `` The Spanish Artilleryman 's Plan ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Luis Varela , Teófilo Martinez 3 : 02 47 . `` Acting Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex 0 : 23 48 . `` Acting Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex 0 : 23 49 . `` Acting Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex 0 : 22 50 . `` Acting Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex 0 : 19 51 . `` Acting Out Takes ( from Brave New World ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , David Essex 1 : 13 52 . `` Original 40 '' Radio Commercial '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Justin Hayward 0 : 42 53 . `` Regressing Bar Count '' Jeff Wayne , Chris Spedding 0 : 45 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Six -- The Earth Under the Martians -- Revisited ( Continued ) ( Original Studio Out - Takes : III of III ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Dead London ( Early Version , featuring Original Piano Demo ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 3 : 53 2 . `` Dead London ( Early Band Run - Through ) '' Jeff Wayne , Herbie Flowers , Roy Jones , Jo Partridge , Chris Spedding , Barry Desouza , Ken Freeman , Ray Cooper 6 : 31 3 . `` Murderous Out - Takes ( from Dead London ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Dublin 1 : 07 4 . `` Murderous Out - Takes ( from Dead London ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Dublin 0 : 21 5 . `` Bar Count ( from Dead London ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 0 : 25 6 . `` Breathless Out - Take ( from Dead London ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Charles Dubin 0 : 43 7 . `` Epilogue 1 ( Early Bird Take ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton 5 : 04 8 . `` The Four Narrators ( Epilogue ) '' Jeff Wayne , Richard Burton , Anthony Quinn , Curd Jürgens , Teófilo Martinez 0 : 24 9 . `` Unused Alternate NASA Epilogue Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Doreen Wayne , Charles Dubin 1 : 00 10 . `` Unused Alternate NASA Epilogue Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Doreen Wayne , Charles Dubin 0 : 44 11 . `` Unused Alternate NASA Epilogue Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Doreen Wayne , Charles Dubin 0 : 21 12 . `` NASA Epilogue ( Spanish Version ) '' Jeff Wayne , Honorio Herrero 1 : 50 13 . `` Spanish Narrator Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Anthony Quinn , Geoff Young , Anthony 's Director ( Name Unknown ) 1 : 00 14 . `` Spanish Narrator Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Anthony Quinn , Geoff Young , Anthony 's Director ( Name Unknown ) 1 : 24 15 . `` Spanish Narrator Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Anthony Quinn , Geoff Young , Anthony 's Director ( Name Unknown ) 0 : 21 16 . `` Spanish Narrator Out - Takes '' Jeff Wayne , Anthony Quinn , Geoff Young , Anthony 's Director ( Name Unknown ) 0 : 36 17 . `` The Eve of the War ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 1 : 39 18 . `` The Falling Star ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 2 : 13 19 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 2 : 36 20 . `` The Fighting Begins ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 0 : 56 21 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 3 : 56 22 . `` The Exodus from London ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 2 : 16 23 . `` The Thunder Child ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 1 : 11 24 . `` The Red Weed ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 1 : 57 25 . `` How I Fell in with the Parson ( Original Narration And Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 2 : 29 26 . `` The Days of Imprisonment ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 1 : 45 27 . `` What We Saw from the Ruined House ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 2 : 13 28 . `` The Artilleryman and the Brave New World - The Spirit of Man ( Original Narration And Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 6 : 32 29 . `` Dead London ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 4 : 36 30 . `` The Epilogue ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 1 : 09 31 . `` NASA Epilogue ( Original Narration and Acting Parts ) '' Richard Burton , Charles Davis , David Essex , Jeff Wayne 0 : 44 Disc Seven -- Deconstructing The War of the Worlds ( DVD Documentary ) This DVD accompanies Jeff Wayne in the memories of the intensive work while making the original album , featuring footage and an abundance of information about the participating crew and the workflow behind the album . ITunes / SACD Version ( edit ) When bought through iTunes or on the 2005 5.1 channel SACD version , the track layout is slightly different : All tracks written by Jeff Wayne , except where noted . <Th_colspan="4"> Disc One -- The Coming of the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Eve of the War '' Justin Hayward , Richard Burton 9 : 09 2 . `` Horsell Common and the Heat Ray '' Richard Burton 11 : 35 3 . `` The Artilleryman and the Fighting Machine '' David Essex , Richard Burton 10 : 36 4 . `` Forever Autumn '' ( lyrics by Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne ) Justin Hayward , Richard Burton 7 : 41 5 . `` Thunder Child '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) Chris Thompson , Richard Burton 6 : 16 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 45 : 17 <Th_colspan="4"> Disc Two -- The Earth Under the Martians No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 5 : 55 2 . `` The Spirit of Man '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) ( incorporates LP track `` Parson Nathaniel '' ) Phil Lynott , Julie Covington , Richard Burton 11 : 37 3 . `` The Red Weed ( Part 2 ) '' Richard Burton 5 : 24 4 . `` The Artilleryman Returns '' David Essex , Richard Burton 1 : 27 5 . `` Brave New World '' ( lyrics by Gary Osborne ) David Essex , Richard Burton 12 : 14 6 . `` Dead London '' Richard Burton 8 : 35 7 . `` Epilogue ( Part 1 ) '' Richard Burton 2 : 30 8 . `` Epilogue ( Part 2 ) '' Jerry Wayne 1 : 30 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 49 : 12 Charts ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1978 Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart Dutch Top 40 LP Top 50 UK Albums Chart ( Official Chart Company ) 5 Canada - RPM Magazine LP Top 100 76 Reception ( edit ) C. Ben Ostrander reviewed the musical version of The War of the Worlds in The Space Gamer No. 18 . Ostrander commented that `` This is a magnificent two record LP narrated by Richard Burton . Although not quite the same as Wells wrote it , WOTW is a kind of rock / radio play with modern interpretations . Included is a 16 page booklet with words , credits , and some great art work . Said to be two and a half years in the making , WOTW is better than most crap on TV , and makes for a fun evening around the stereo . '' See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums in New Zealand References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds website , The Story , Chap. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic review '' . Jump up ^ `` BPI Top 40 albums '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Shea , Christopher D. ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` ' War of the Worlds ' Shape - Shifts Onto the London Stage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Wayne - The War Of The Worlds : ULLAdubULLA The Remix Album '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Wayne 's Musical Animated Film '' . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Showbiz.com.au '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Anniversary of Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of The Worlds '' . Official Website. 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The War of The Worlds ... The New Generation '' . Official Website. 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Waynes Musical Version of The War of The Worlds '' . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/jeff%20wayne/ JEFF WAYNE 'S AL VERSION OF THE WAR OF THE WORLDS JEFF WAYNE ( CBS 96000 ) . OCC Chart Archive. 1 July 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Ostrander , C. Ben ( July -- August 1978 ) . `` Books '' . The Space Gamer . Metagaming ( 18 ) : 24 . Bibliography ( edit ) Flynn , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Jeff Wayne album '' . War of the worlds : from Wells to Spielberg . Galactic Books . pp. 75 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 9769400 - 0 - 0 . Miller , Thomas Kent . Mars in the Movies : A History . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9914 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mike Trim Art Jeff Wayne 's War Of The Worlds review ( album and DVD ) at War Of The Worlds Invasion website Electric Sky - Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of The Worlds Live - A Journal War of the Servers , a film made by machinima group Lit Fuse Films in Garry 's Mod based on Jeff Wayne 's musical . Teleport City Remembers Jeff Wayne 's War of the Worlds Preceded by Grease ( soundtrack ) by Various artists Australian Kent Music Report number - one album 2 October - 19 November 1978 Succeeded by Dire Straits by Dire Straits <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1897 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Related texts : `` The Crystal Egg '' Star Begotten Concepts Black smoke Embankment machine Fighting machine Flying machine Handling machine HMS Thunder Child Heat - Ray Red weed Characters Doctor Clayton Forrester Martians Derivative works Novels Fighters from Mars Edison 's Conquest of Mars Sherlock Holmes 's War of the Worlds The Space Machine War of the Worlds : New Millennium The Martian War War of the Worlds : Retaliation The Massacre of Mankind Radio The War of the Worlds ( 1938 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1968 ) Films The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) The Night That Panicked America The War of the Worlds : Next Century H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave War of the Worlds : Goliath Comics Killraven Superman : War of the Worlds The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume II Scarlet Traces H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds Music Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds `` Forever Autumn '' Highlights from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- The New Generation Television `` The Night America Trembled '' The Great Martian War 1913 -- 1917 War of the Worlds episodes Mor - Tax Mor - Taxans Video games War of the Worlds ( 1982 ) The War of the Worlds ( 1984 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1998 ) Jeff Wayne 's The War of the Worlds ( 1999 ) Short fiction War of the Worlds : Global Dispatches `` Mars : The Home Front '' `` To Mars and Providence '' Rainbow Mars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Wayne%27s_Musical_Version_of_The_War_of_the_Worlds&oldid=822544406 '' Categories : 1978 debut albums Alien invasions in music Columbia Records albums Science fiction concept albums Jeff Wayne albums Works based on The War of the Worlds Rock musicals Rock operas Music based on novels Music based on science fiction works Science fiction musicals Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles that may contain original research from July 2015 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français עברית Nederlands Polski Română Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds
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-3,159,836,951,240,804,000 | what car does the ceo of kia drive | Kia Motors - Wikipedia Kia Motors South Korean automobile manufacturer `` Kia '' redirects here . For other uses , see KIA . This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2018 ) Kia Motors 기아 자동차 <Td_colspan="2"> The Power to Surprise Formerly Kyungsung Precision Industry Type Public company Traded as KRX : 005380 Industry Automotive Founded December 1944 ; 73 years ago ( 1944 - 12 ) Headquarters Seoul , South Korea Area served Worldwide ( except Japan and North Korea ) Key people Hyoung - Keun ( Hank ) Lee , Vice Chairman and CEO Han Woo - Park , President and co-CEO Peter Schreyer , Chief Design Officer Products Automobiles Luxury cars Commercial vehicles Production output 3,007,976 units ( 2016 ) Revenue KRW 52.713 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income KRW3. 442 billion ( 2016 ) Net income KRW2. 755 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets KRW50. 889 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity KRW26. 759 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 53,255 ( as of December 2013 ) Parent Hyundai Motor Company ( 33.88 % ) Website www.kia.com <Td_colspan="2"> Kia Motors <Td_colspan="2"> Hangul 기아 자동차 Hanja 起亞 自動車 Revised Romanization Gia Jadongcha McCune -- Reischauer Kia Chadongch'a Kia Motor Corporation ( Hangul : 기아 자동차 ; Hanja : 起亞 自動車 , IPA : ( ki. a ) , lit . `` Kia automobile '' ; stylized as KIɅ ) , headquartered in Seoul , is South Korea 's second - largest automobile manufacturer , following the Hyundai Motor Company , with sales of over 3.3 million vehicles in 2015 . As of December 2015 , the Kia Motor Corporation is minority owned by Hyundai , which owns a 33.88 % stake valued at just over US $6 billion . Kia in turn is a minority owner of more than twenty Hyundai subsidiaries ranging from 4.9 % up to 45.37 % , totaling more than US $8.3 billion . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Affiliations and subsidiaries 3.1 Hyundai Motor Company 3.2 Kia Motors Corporation 3.3 Kia Motors America 3.4 Kia Motors Europe 3.5 Kia Motors Mexico 3.6 Kia Motors India 3.7 Kia Defense 4 Models 5 Facilities 6 Design emphasis 7 Controversies 7.1 Nuevo León plant 8 Sponsorship 8.1 Sports associations 8.2 Sports events 8.3 Sports teams 8.4 Athletes 8.5 Actors 8.6 Musicians 8.7 Music events 8.8 Charity events 8.9 Entertainment 8.10 Event hall 9 Slogans 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to Kia Motors , the name `` Kia '' derives from the Sino - Korean characters `` ki '' ( 起 , `` to come out '' ) and `` a '' ( 亞 , which stands for ( East ) Asia ) , it is roughly translated as `` to come out of the east . '' History ( edit ) Kia Motors ' South Korean factory Kia was founded in December 1944 as Kyungsung Precision Industry , a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycle parts , eventually producing Korea 's first domestic bicycle , the Samchully , in 1951 . In 1952 , Kyungsung Precision Industry changed its name to Kia Industries , and later built Honda - licensed small motorcycles ( starting in 1957 ) , Mazda - licensed trucks ( 1962 ) and cars ( 1974 ) . The company opened its first integrated automotive assembly plant in 1973 , the Sohari Plant . Kia built the small Brisa range of cars until 1981 , when production came to an end after the new military dictator Chun Doo - hwan enforced industry consolidation . This forced Kia to give up passenger cars and focus entirely on light trucks . Prior to the forced 1981 shutdown , Kia rounded out its passenger car lineup with two other foreign models assembled under license : the Fiat 132 and the Peugeot 604 . Starting in 1986 ( when only 26 cars were manufactured , followed by over 95,000 the next year ) , Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford . Kia produced several Mazda - derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries . These models included the Kia Pride , based on the Mazda 121 , and the Avella , which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire.In 1992 , Kia Motors America was incorporated in the United States . The first Kia - branded vehicles in the United States were sold from four dealerships in Portland , Oregon , in February 1994 . Since then , Kia methodically expanded one region at a time . Dealers in 1994 sold the Sephia ; and a few years later , the United States segment expanded their line with the addition of the Sportage . Over one hundred Kia dealerships existed across thirty states by 1995 , selling a record 24,740 automobiles . Kia central office at Gangnam District Seoul However , during the Asian financial crisis , Kia declared bankruptcy in 1997 ; and in 1998 reached an agreement with Hyundai Motor Company to diversify by exchanging ownership between both companies . Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51 % of the company , outbidding Ford Motor Company which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986 . After subsequent divestments , Hyundai Motor Company owns about one third of Kia Motor Corporation . While Hyundai Motor Company remains Kia 's largest stakeholder , Kia Motor Company also retains ownership in some 22 different Hyundai Motor Company subsidiaries . Since 2005 , Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its `` core future growth engine '' -- leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as chief design officer and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the ' Tiger Nose ' . In October 2006 , Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point , Georgia , representing a US $1 billion investment for the company . Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010 , after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share . In August 2014 , the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars , the Kia Soul , during a five - day visit to South Korea . The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope , their Kia Carnival and Hyundai 's Santa Fe , because it appeared in the high - profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on August 14 . In 2016 , Kia Motors model reliability was ranked first in the United States by J.D. Power and Associates , becoming the first non-luxury automaker since 1989 to top that list . Affiliations and subsidiaries ( edit ) Hyundai Motor Company ( edit ) As of December 31 , 2015 , the Hyundai Motor Company owns a 33.88 % stake in Kia Motors . Likewise , as of December 31 , 2015 , Kia Motors is owner in 22 different Hyundai companies . Its ownership percentages range from 4.9 % up to 45.37 % . Kia Motors Corporation ( edit ) Kia Motors Corporation ( KMC ) , founded in 1944 , is South Korea 's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai - Kia Automotive Group . Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries . These are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries . Kia today has 40,000 full - time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US $14.6 billion . Kia Motors Corporation 's brand slogan is `` The Power to Surprise '' . From August 2009 until December 2012 , the company has been led by Hyoung - Keun ( Hank ) Lee . Kia Motors America ( edit ) Kia Sportage Kia Optima Kia Sorento Kia Stinger Kia Forte / Cerato Kia Motors America ( KMA ) is the American sales , marketing , and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul , South Korea . KMA is based in Irvine , California . KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States . For 2008 , KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share . In November 2009 , Kia started production at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant , Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia , in West Point . As of December 2011 , the facility was building the 2012 Kia Sorento crossover vehicle and the 2012 Kia Optima sedan . Kia Motors Europe ( edit ) Kia Motors Europe ( KME ) is the European sales and marketing division of Kia Motors Corporation ( KMC ) . It has been selling cars in Europe since the first half of 1991 . In 2007 , KME moved from its previous location at Hauptstrasse 185 , Eschborn ( near Frankfurt ) , to a new purpose - built facility adjacent to the Messe , in Frankfurt city centre. From 1995 to 1999 , Kia produced left - and right - hand drive versions of the first generation Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück , Germany . From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003 , all Sportage production reverted to South Korea. When Kia launched in Europe during 1991 , it initially sold only the Pride supermini -- a rebadged version of the late 1980s Mazda 121 . It initially proved popular with buyers , but sales fell towards the end of the decade , and the end of production was finally announced in May 2000 , with its successor -- the Rio -- not going on sale for another year.By the end of 1991 , Kia had sold nearly 1,800 Prides in the United Kingdom . The first full year , 1992 , saw that figure double , and , in 1993 , it increased again to nearly 5,500 units. The European range expanded in the spring of 1994 when Kia began importing the larger Mentor , a range of medium - sized hatchbacks and sedans which were marketed as inexpensive and well - equipped alternatives to the likes of the Ford Escort and the Vauxhall / Opel Astra . A facelift in 1999 saw the Mentor name retained for the saloon ( sedan ) , but the hatchback was renamed Shuma . These models remained on sale until 2004 , when the newer Cerato was launched and gave Kia one of its first serious competitors against mainstream brands. The Clarus saloon and Sedona MPV were also launched onto the UK market during 1999 , helping Kia begin its rise in popularity. The Sportage SUV range , first sold in 1995 , has been popular across Europe , but , since 2002 , Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento. Despite Kia 's range increasing from one car as late as 1993 to three cars by the end of 1995 , British sales actually decreased in that period , from nearly 5,500 in 1993 to less than 4,000 the following year . In 1998 , Kia 's future in Britain was thrown into serious doubt when it sold less than 3,000 of its whole range -- the worst in any full year on the British market. Kia did not enter Europe 's large family car market until the launch of its Clarus four - door sedan in 1999 -- a year behind schedule due to the financial difficulties that Kia was facing before it was taken over by Hyundai . This car was similar in size to the Ford Mondeo and the Opel / Vauxhall Vectra , but , on its launch , was actually less expensive to buy than the smaller Focus and the Astra . It had a spacious interior , large boot , competitive asking price , and high equipment levels , but it had little more appeal to sway buyers away from established European brands like Ford , Vauxhall / Opel and Peugeot . Its successor , the Magentis , launched in 2001 , was still nowhere near as popular as Kia might have hoped it would be , although with a sub - £ 14,000 asking price it offered the cheapest V6 - engined car in the UK , by which time it was rare enough for a six - cylinder car to be priced at less than £ 20,000. Kia entered the MPV market in 1999 with the Sedona . On its launch , it was the lowest - priced , full - size people carrier on sale in the United Kingdom. With the range expanded by 1999 , sales for that year reached almost 6,400 -- more than double the previous year 's total . That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May , reflecting Kia 's growing popularity with British buyers . By 2009 , Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain , when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2 % in the new car market . The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales . In late 2006 , Kia opened its first own plant in Europe at a cost of approximately EUR 1.7 billion in Žilina , Slovakia , in the village of Teplička nad Váhom , after construction between October 2004 and December 2005 . It has since produced over 2.5 million units of the Kia Cee 'd , Kia Sportage and Kia Venga , as well as seven types of engines . In 2016 , 339,500 cars and 612,915 engines were manufactured . The area of the plant is 166 ha and Mobis Slovakia , the largest supplier , is situated right on the carmaker 's premises . As of December 31 , 2016 , 3,625 employees worked in the facility , while their average age was 35 . The relatively low number of employees working in three shifts is related to a high degree of automation as well as high integration with Mobis Slovakia . In 2016 , Kia Motors Slovakia recorded revenue of EUR 5.56 billion. Although the European car market knows significant difficulties , Kia announced increased sales in 2013 . Kia Motors Mexico ( edit ) The company has built a $1 billion manufacturing plant in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León , which produces 300,000 cars a year . Details of the factory , built in the city of Pesquería , were revealed in a joint press conference given by Kia Motors CEO Hyoung - Keun Lee and the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City on August 28 , 2014 . The plant was expected to be completed in the first half of 2016 . This factory is involved in controversies because it was built on unevenly purchased land and the construction agreement was made with advantage conditions and out of the local dispositions to Kia . Kia Motors India ( edit ) The company is planning to enter the Indian market in 2019 with their ' Made for India ' SUV - SP2 Concept . The company is currently building a production facility on a Greenfield land in Anantpur district , Andhra Pradesh . The expected annual production capacity is 300,000 units. Kia Motors appoints Kookhyun Shim as MD & CEO . In his new role , Shim will be responsible for leading the carmaker 's expansion in the Indian market . Shim will play a leading role in ensuring KMI 's projected timeline and schedule of operations is achieved . He will also oversee the construction of Kia Motor 's first manufacturing facility in India , to help strengthen the company 's position in the fifth largest global automotive market . Kia has committed investments to the tune of $1.1 billion to develop operations in India . Kia defense ( edit ) Kia KM420 Kia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976 , when Kia Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. ( now known as Hyundai Wia ) was established . Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715 - type vehicle named the KM450 for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government . Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory at Gwangju . Models ( edit ) Current fleet of electric and hybrid - electric vehicles Further information : List of Kia Motors automobiles Facilities ( edit ) Main article : List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities Design emphasis ( edit ) `` In the past , the Kia cars were very neutral . When you saw one on the road , you did n't really know if it was Korean or Japanese ... I think it 's very important that you are able to recognize a Kia at first sight . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Peter Schreyer Beginning in 2006 Kia identified design as its `` core future growth engine '' -- leading to the 2006 hiring of Peter Schreyer and to the 2005 hiring Tom Kearns as Chief Design Officer . Schreyer had previously worked at Audi ( designing the Audi TT ) and Volkswagen and had won the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany . Kearns had previously worked at Cadillac as Chief Design Officer and was responsible for influencing Cadillac 's direction of hard angles and sharp lines within their design . Schreyer has since been central to a complete restyling of Kia 's lineup , overseeing design activities at Kia 's design centers in Frankfurt , Los Angeles , Tokyo , and the Namyang Design Center in South Korea . With the Kee concept vehicle , shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007 , Kia introduced a new corporate grille to create a recognizable ' face ' for the brand . Known as the Tiger Nose , Schreyer indicated he wanted `` a powerful visual signal , a seal , an identifier . The front of a car needs this recognition , this expression . A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive . Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance . '' Schreyer described how the Kia Tiger Nose came to be as he explained , `` I was just working on the car and just thinking about different possibilities , and suddenly I found it . '' Commenting on the new signature grille in 2009 : `` From now on , we 'll have it on all our cars '' . Kia has since featured the Tiger Nose on all of their vehicles , ranging from the compact Kia Soul , on to the edgy new design of the Kia Optima , and to the larger SUV , the Kia Sorento. Kia cars have won the International Car of the Year award every year since 2013 . Controversies ( edit ) In late 2012 , Kia Motors was forced to admit error in inflating its United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage claims and had to reduce its fuel economy claims in the U.S. by about 3 percent across the board and to offer compensation to previous vehicle buyers . Nuevo León plant ( edit ) Announcement of the Kia assembly plant , Mexico City , 2014 Since 2014 , Kia Motors has been involved in controversies in Mexico due to alleged irregularities in the construction of one of its manufacturing plants , located in the municipality of Pesquería , Nuevo León . The construction of the plant was done in irregularly purchased land , and the agreement between Kia Motors Mexico and the State of Nuevo León , then headed by Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz , was signed with unfairly advantageous conditions , such as bigger tax incentives than those allowed by Mexican law ( tax exemptions for 20 years when the standard is 5 ) , extended to the Mexican providers of Kia . A copy of the full agreement was published in Facebook by current Nuevo León governor , Jaime Rodríguez Calderón , as part of a prosecution case against Medina and he declared that the signed agreement with his predecessor would be cancelled . A new agreement was then reached with Rodriguez 's administration on June 2016 . Former governor Medina de la Cruz and 30 other officials of the former state administration were investigated by an anti-corruption prosecutor for alleged embezzlement , improper exercise of public functions and damage to Nuevo León State assets . Medina was then taken into custody on January 26 , 2017 , in relation to this case and others in which he is involved . Sponsorship ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2012 Kia Motors sponsors the following sports teams , events and athletes : Sports associations ( edit ) FIFA UEFA Liga ACB National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Sports events ( edit ) Archery World Cup Asian Games Australian Open ( tennis tournament ) Copa Kia do Brasil ( football tournament ) Copa América FIBA Asia Championship FIFA World Cup Kia Classic ( LPGA ) Kia Lotos Race Kia Super League ( cricket ) Korea Speed Festival UEFA European Championship Universiade X Games X Games Asia Sports teams ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons Atlético Madrid ( Spanish professional football club ) Bengaluru FC ( Indian Football Club ) Boston United FC ( English Football Club ) Canterbury Bulldogs ( National Rugby League ) England women 's cricket team Essendon Football Club ( Australian Football League ) FC Girondins de Bordeaux ( French association football team ) Global F.C. ( Philippines association football team ) Kia Forte ( Shakey 's V - League ) Kia Picanto ( Philippine Basketball Association ) Kia Tigers ( Korean Baseball Team in Gwangju , South Korea ) Philippines national football team Qormi FC ( Maltese association football team ) FC Spartak Moscow ( Russian association football team ) Slovakia national football team South Korea national speed skating team Surrey County Cricket Club Toronto FC ( North American Major League Soccer team ) Vitória de Setúbal ( Portugal association football team ) Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic ( ANZ Championship netball team ) Kia Speed Skating Academy FC Steaua București ( Romanian association football team ) Athletes ( edit ) Ryan Ford ( MMA fighter ) Fernando González ( Chilean tennis player -- 2004 & 2008 Olympic medalist ) Badr Hari ( Moroccan kickboxer ) LeBron James ( Global brand ambassador ) Blake Griffin ( NBA Basketball Player ) Lee Sang - hwa ( Speed skater ) Yulia Lipnitskaya ( Russian figure skater ) Aliya Mustafina and Viktoria Komova ( both Russian artistic gymnasts ) Rafael Nadal ( Global brand ambassador ) Manny Pacquiao ( Filipino boxer ) Adelina Sotnikova ( Russian figure skater ) Michelle Wie ( Official golf ambassador & spokesperson -- KMA ) Actors ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan Laurence Fishburne Christopher Walken Musicians ( edit ) Chase Bryant Matthew Koma MisterWives Weezer Music events ( edit ) Live at The Chapel ( Australian music concert ) Vans Warped Tour YouTube Music Awards ( 2013 ) Charity events ( edit ) We Can Be Heroes ( joint - venture between Kia and DC Comics ) ; Entertainment ( edit ) Tobot X-Men Event hall ( edit ) Kia Theatre ( Philippines ) Slogans ( edit ) 자동차 공업 의 선구자 / 스피 이드 의 메이커 ( 1969 ) 신용 있는 회사 노력 하는 회사 꿈 을 가진 회사 ( 1970 ~ 1985 ) 여러분 의 안전 을 먼저 생각 합니다 ( 1990 ) 인재 를 키우는 기업 , 인재 가 키우는 기업 ( 1990 ~ 1992 ) 함께 웃는 건강한 사회 를 만들어 가는 기아 자동차 ( 1991 ) 함께 웃는 좋은 사회 , 기쁨 주는 좋은 차 ( 1992 ) 고객 의 만족 이 기아 의 보람 입니다 ( 1992 ~ 1993 ) 고객 을 위한 품질 , 세계 를 향한 기술 ( 1993 ~ 1994 ) 新 기술 로 21 세기 에 도전 하는 기아 자동차 ( 1995 ~ 1996 ) 자동차 사랑 ( 1996 ~ 1997 ) 인간 을 먼저 생각 합니다 / 안전한 차는 기아 가 만듭니다 ( 1997 ) 자동차 전문 기업 기아 자동차 ( 1998 ~ 1999 ) 고객 속 으로 기쁨 을 , 고객 속 에서 미래 를 ( 1999 ) 믿음 을 주는 차 , 꿈 을 주는 기업 ( 2000 ) 기술 의 기아 안전 의 기아 ( 2001 ) 자동차 는 기아차 가 좋습니다 ( 2001 ~ 2002 ) KIA , The Cars That Cares ( 2000 -- 2005 ) KIA , The Power To Surprise ( 2005 -- present ) See also ( edit ) Companies portal List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities Automotive industry in South Korea Hyundai Motor Group Dewan Farooque Motors Economy of South Korea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kia History '' . kia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Sales of Kia Motors '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Financial Statements For Kia Motors Corporation ( KIMTF ) '' . Jump up ^ `` KIA Motors '' . Mergent . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Kia Motors '' . Carriage Kia . Carriage Kia . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KIA Motors South Africa Archived September 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kia Models '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Information Brochure '' . Kia Motors ( UK ) . 2010 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Kia history '' . Kia UK . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rising out of Asia '' . thehyway.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` kia.co.nz '' . Jump up ^ `` kia.com.au '' . Jump up ^ Dackevall , Gunnar , ed. ( 1988 ) . BilKatalogen 1989 ( Swedish edition of German Auto Katalog ) ( in Swedish ) . Stockholm , Sweden : PM Press AB . p. 261 . 0284 - 365X . Jump up ^ `` The History of Kia Motors '' . Gear Heads . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors Corporation History '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors Corporation '' . Hoovers.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors Shareholders '' . Kia Motors . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief Design Officer Peter Schreyer '' . Kia.co.nz . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Kia Sorento SX '' . Kia Press Release . December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Peter Schreyer , Chief Design Officer '' ( Press release ) . Kia Press . March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Celebrates Grand Opening of $1 billion State - of - the - Art Automobile Manufacturing Plant in Georgia '' . Press release . Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors ' State - of - the - Art U.S. Manufacturing Facility is Featured in a Segment of the History Channel 's Hit Series Modern Marvels '' . MarketWatch . March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siemaszko , Corky ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pope Francis rides in Kia Soul during visit to South Korea '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Mark ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Pope Takes a Soul to Seoul '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Park , Si - soo ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Pope Francis bestows halo on Hyundai - Kia '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Klara , Robert ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Pope Francis Ditches his Mercedes for a Kia in Seoul , the Soul gets a big marketing blessing '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LeBeau , Phil ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kia Just Accomplished Something No Automaker Has Done in 27 Years '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Motor Company 2013 annual report '' ( PDF ) . Worldwide.hyundai.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Annual Report by Year '' . Kia.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From the ashes Motor Industry : News -- Jobs -- Awards '' . Motortrader.com . June 26 , 2000 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kia 's Record Breaking Sales Figures '' . Carpages.co.uk . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kia achieves record manufacturing volumes in Slovakia '' . Jump up ^ `` Annual Reports '' . Jump up ^ Par Romain Baly , le July 23 , 2013 ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` L'Europe sourit à Kia '' ( in French ) . Journalauto.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico '' . Mexico News.Net . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Mirna ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Compra Rodrigo Medina terreno para KIA a dos compadres ( Rodrigo Medina bought land to two compadres for KIA ) '' . zocalo.com.mx . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El exgobernador Rodrigo Medina ingresa al penal de Topo Chico '' . animalpolitico.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kia lines up three new cars for India debut '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Maric , Paul ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) . `` We Interview Peter Schreyer Head of Design at Kia '' . Carbodydesign.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Schreyer is new Kia Design Director '' . Carbodydesign.com . July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ihlwan , Moon ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Kia Motors ' Cheap Chic '' . Business Week . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Where : Peter Schreyer to head Kia Design '' . Car Design News . July 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Peter Schreyer , Chief Design Officer '' ( Press release ) . Kia Press . March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reinventions : How Kia Got Its ' Tiger Nose ' '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sloane , Alastair ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Kia on the straight and narrow for design of new sedan '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of the International Car of the Year ( ICOTY ) Award Winners -- 1997 through 2015 : ROAD & TRAVEL Magazine '' . roadandtravel.com . Jump up ^ `` New Kia president has designs on greatness '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . January 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flores , Lourdes . `` Gobierno de NL detecta 33 irregularidades en contrato de KIA ( Government of Nuevo León detects 33 irregularities in KIA agreement ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 -- via El Economista . Jump up ^ `` Kia 's $1 Billion Mexico Plant Stalls as ` Brazen One ' Spurns Pact '' . Bloomberg L.P. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Althaus , Dudley ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Mexican State Governor Reaches Incentives Deal Over Kia Car Plant '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` El exgobernador Rodrigo Medina ingresa al penal de Topo Chico ( Former governor Rodrigo Medina was jailed at Topo Chico prison ) '' . animalpolitico.com ( in Spanish ) . Animal Político . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Former Mexico governor to face trial tied to Kia tax sweeteners '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giongco , Mark ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kia hires Manny Pacquiao as head coach for PBA team '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Badua , Snow ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Kia finally settles on a moniker for PBA team -- and it 's neither Kamao nor Pride '' . Spin.ph . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azkals Extend Partnership with Kia 's Local Distributor '' . Top Gear Philippines . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball global superstar LeBron James is Kia 's luxury ambassador '' . Top Gear Philippines . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ De Guzman , Marcus ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Pierce Brosnan Makes an Unexpected Getaway with Kia '' . The Clipping Point . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl : Laurence Fishburne Sings the Sound of Luxury for Kia Ad ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Kia Optima and Christopher Walken Add Pizzazz to Super Bowl Commercial '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHASE BRYANT IS FIRST COUNTRY ARTIST FEATURED IN KIA 'S `` REDISCOVERED '' SERIES `` . Chase Bryant . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music ' Rediscovered ' by Matthew Koma at 2015 YTMA '' . Kia Motors . January 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll legend Hall & Oates Rediscovered by MisterWives '' . Kia Motors . February 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ungureanu , Ionut ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Kia Partners Up with YouTube again for 2015 Music Awards -- Video '' . AutoEvolution . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kia Motors and DC Entertainment Band Together to Create a Fleet of Justice League - inspired Vehicles for Hunger Relief Effort '' . DC Comics . October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dong , Bamboo ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Seoul Erects an 8 - Meter , 3 - Ton Tobot Kia Robot Statue '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Kia Sorento bares its claws for X-Men Special Edition '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Kia Motors ( category ) Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Kia Motors Current vehicles Cars Cadenza Ceed Cerato Forte Forte5 K2 K3 K4 K5 K7 K9 K900 Morning Optima Pegas Picanto Pro_Cee 'd Quoris Ray Stinger Minivans Carens Carnival Carnival R Grand Carnival Rondo Sedona Venga VQ SUVs / Crossovers KX Cross KX3 Sportage / KX5 Sportage ( China ) KX7 Niro Sorento Soul Soul EV Stonic Pickup trucks Besta Bongo K - Series Buses Granbird Historic vehicles Amanti Avella Besta Bongo Frontier Borrego Brisa Capital Carstar Clarus Concord Credos Elan Enterprise Euro Star Joice Lotze Lotze Advance Lotze Innovation Magentis Mentor Mohave New Pride Opirus Optima Regal Qianlima Parktown Potentia Pregio Pride Retona Retona Cruiser Rondo7 Sephia Shuma Spectra Visto X-Trek Concepts Prototypes Borrego Limited SEMA Carens Cee 'd Cerato Green Cross GT ex-Cee 'd Forte Koup Grand - Am Koni GT KCD - I Slice KCD - II KCV - III KCV4 Mojave Kee KND - 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yung Chung Mong - koo Chung Eui - sun <Td_colspan="3"> Category Commons <Th_colspan="51"> Kia Motors , a division of Hyundai Motor Group , automobile timeline , 1970s -- present Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1970s <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 City car <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> Visto <Td_colspan="7"> Picanto SA <Td_colspan="6"> Picanto TA <Td_colspan="2"> Picanto JA <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> Ray Subcompact <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> Brisa <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="15"> Pride Y <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> Qianlima <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> Brisa II / K303 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> Avella <Td_colspan="6"> Rio DC <Td_colspan="6"> Rio JB <Td_colspan="6"> Rio UB <Td_colspan="2"> Rio YB Compact <Td_colspan="6"> 124 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> Capital <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> cee 'd ED <Td_colspan="6"> cee 'd JD <Td_colspan="1"> Ceed CD <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sephia I <Td_colspan="5"> Sephia II <Td_colspan="6"> Cerato LD <Td_colspan="5"> Forte TD <Td_colspan="5"> Forte YD <Td_colspan="1"> Forte BD Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> Concord <Td_colspan="5"> Credos <Td_colspan="6"> Optima MS <Td_colspan="4"> Optima MG <Td_colspan="5"> Optima TF <Td_colspan="4"> Optima JF <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stinger CK Full - size / Executive <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="3"> 132 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> Enterprise <Td_colspan="7"> Opirus <Td_colspan="7"> Cadenza VG <Td_colspan="3"> Cadenza YG <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="3"> 604 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> Potentia <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Quoris KH <Td_colspan="1"> Quoris II Roadster <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Elan <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> Subompact SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> KX3 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stonic Compact SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="3"> Niro DE <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> Sportage NB - 7 <Td_colspan="6"> Sportage JE / KM <Td_colspan="6"> Sportage SL <Td_colspan="4"> Sportage QL <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> Retona <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> Mid-size SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> Sorento BL <Td_colspan="5"> Sorento XM <Td_colspan="5"> Sorento UM <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="12"> Mohave Mini MPV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> Venga YN Compact MPV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> Joice <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Soul AM <Td_colspan="6"> Soul PS <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> Carens RS <Td_colspan="7"> Carens UN <Td_colspan="6"> Carens RP Large MPV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Carnival KV - II <Td_colspan="9"> Carnival VQ <Td_colspan="5"> Carnival YP Pick - up <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> Bongo <Td_colspan="8"> Bongo Wide <Td_colspan="7"> Bongo Frontier <Td_colspan="15"> Bongo III / K - series Van <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> BestA <Td_colspan="9"> Pregio <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Bus / Coach <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Combi <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="14"> Granbird I <Td_colspan="12"> Granbird II <Th_colspan="28"> Kia Motors , a division of Hyundai Motor Group , North American road car timeline , 1994 -- present Type <Td_colspan="6"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> Rio <Td_colspan="6"> Rio <Td_colspan="6"> Rio <Td_colspan="2"> Rio Compact car <Td_colspan="4"> Sephia <Td_colspan="4"> Sephia <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="4"> Soul <Td_colspan="6"> Soul <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Spectra <Td_colspan="6"> Spectra <Td_colspan="4"> Forte <Td_colspan="5"> Forte <Td_colspan="1"> Forte Mid-size car <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Optima / Magentis <Td_colspan="4"> Optima / Magentis <Td_colspan="5"> Optima <Td_colspan="4"> Optima <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stinger Full - 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-7,679,021,908,953,317,000 | who founded the mormon faith in new york | Mormonism - wikipedia Mormonism This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mormon religion . For the largest and most prominent branch of Mormonism , see The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . For the people known as Mormons , see Mormons . For the general religious movement , see Latter Day Saint movement . For other uses , see Mormon ( disambiguation ) . 1841 British edition of the Book of Mormon Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity . Joseph Smith founded the movement in Western New York in the 1820s . During the 1830s and 1840s , it distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism . Mormonism represents the faith taught by Smith in the 1840s . After he was killed in 1844 , most Mormons followed Brigham Young on his westward journey to the area that became the Utah Territory , calling themselves The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Other sects include Mormon fundamentalism , which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy , and various other small independent denominations . The second - largest Latter Day Saint denomination , the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , since 2001 called the Community of Christ , does not describe itself as `` Mormon '' , but instead follows a Trinitarian Christian restorationist theology , and also considers itself Restorationist in terms of Latter Day Saint doctrine . The word Mormon originally derived from the Book of Mormon , a religious text published by Smith , which he said he translated from golden plates with divine assistance . The book describes itself as a chronicle of early indigenous peoples of the Americas and their dealings with God . Based on the name of that book , early followers of Smith were more widely known as Mormons , and their faith was called Mormonism . The term was initially considered pejorative , but Mormons no longer consider it so ( although generally preferring other terms such as Latter - day Saint , or LDS ) . Mormonism shares a common set of beliefs with the rest of the Latter Day Saint movement , including use of and belief in the Bible , as well as in other religious texts including the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants . It also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its scriptural canon , and has a history of teaching eternal marriage , eternal progression , and polygamy ( plural marriage ) ( although the LDS Church formally abandoned the practice of plural marriage in 1890 ) . Cultural Mormonism , a lifestyle promoted by Mormon institutions , includes cultural Mormons who identify with the culture , but not necessarily with the theology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief history 2 Theology 2.1 Nature of God 2.2 Restoration 2.3 Cosmology 2.4 Ordinances 2.5 Scripture 2.6 Revelation 3 Relations to other faiths 3.1 Relation to mainstream Christianity 3.2 Relation to Judaism 3.3 Relation to Islam 4 Theological divisions 4.1 Mainstream Mormon theology 4.2 Mormon fundamentalism 4.3 Liberal reformist theology 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Links to official websites of specific Mormon denominations Brief History ( edit ) See also : History of the Latter Day Saint movement and History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints A stained glass window showing Joseph Smith 's First Vision . Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening . After praying about which denomination he should join , Joseph Smith , Jr. said he received a vision in the spring of 1820 . Called the `` First Vision '' , Smith claimed God the Father instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong . During the 1820s Smith reported several angelic visitations , and was eventually told that God would use him to re-establish the true Christian church , and that the Book of Mormon would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for the restored church . Smith , Oliver Cowdery , and other early followers , began baptizing new converts in 1829 . Formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ . Smith was seen by his followers as a modern - day prophet . Joseph Smith claimed The Book of Mormon was translated from writing on golden plates in a reformed Egyptian language , translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim and seer stones . Both the special spectacles and the seer stone were at times referred to as the `` Urim and Thummim '' . He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823 , buried in a nearby hill , but he was not allowed to take the plates until 1827 . Smith began dictating the text of The Book of Mormon around the fall of 1827 until the summer of 1828 when 116 pages were lost . Translation began again in April 1829 and finished in June 1829 , saying that he translated it `` by the gift and power of God '' . After the translation was completed , Smith said the plates were returned to the angel . During Smith 's supposed possession , very few people were allowed to `` witness '' the plates . The book described itself as a chronicle of an early Israelite diaspora , becoming the indigenous peoples of the Americas , written by a people called the Nephites . According to The Book of Mormon , Lehi 's family left Jerusalem at the urging of God c. 600 BC , and later sailed to the Americas c. 589 BC . The Nephites are described as descendants of Nephi , the fourth son of the prophet Lehi . The Nephites are portrayed as having a belief in Christ hundreds of years before his birth . Historical accuracy and veracity of the Book of Mormon was and continues to be hotly contested . No archaeological , linguistic , or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered . To avoid confrontation with New York residents , the members moved to Kirtland , Ohio , and hoped to establish a permanent New Jerusalem or City of Zion in Jackson County , Missouri . However , they were expelled from Jackson County in 1833 and fled to other parts of Missouri in 1838 . Violence between the Missourians and church members resulted in the governor of Missouri issuing an `` extermination order , '' again forcing the church to relocate . The displaced Mormons fled to Illinois , to a small town called Commerce . The church bought the town , renamed it Nauvoo , and lived with a degree of peace and prosperity for a few years . However , tensions between Mormons and non-Mormons again escalated , and in 1844 Smith was killed by a mob , precipitating a succession crisis . The largest group of Mormons ( LDS Church ) accepted Brigham Young as the new prophet / leader and emigrated to what became the Utah Territory . There , the church began the open practice of plural marriage , a form of polygyny which Smith had instituted in Nauvoo . Plural marriage became the faith 's most sensational characteristic during the 19th century , but vigorous opposition by the United States Congress threatened the church 's existence as a legal institution . Further , polygamy was also a major cause for the opposition to Mormonism in the states of Idaho and Arizona . In the 1890 Manifesto , church president Wilford Woodruff announced the official end of plural marriage . Because of the formal abolition of plural marriage in 1890 , several smaller groups of Mormons broke with the LDS Church forming several denominations of Mormon fundamentalism . Meanwhile , the LDS Church had become a proponent of monogamy and patriotism , has extended its reach internationally by a vigorous missionary program , and has grown in size to a reported membership of over 15 million . The church is becoming a part of the American and international mainstream . However , it consciously and intentionally retains its identity as a `` peculiar people , '' believing their unique relationship with God helps save them from `` worldliness '' ( non-spiritual influences ) . Theology ( edit ) Nature of God ( edit ) Main article : God in Mormonism Like most other Christian groups , Mormonism teaches that there is the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit , but unlike trinitarian faiths , the LDS Church teaches that they are separate and distinct beings with the Father and Son having perfected physical bodies and the Holy Ghost having only a body of spirit . While the three beings are physically distinct , in Mormon theology they are one in thoughts , actions , and purpose and commonly referred to collectively as the `` Godhead '' . Also , Mormonism teaches that God the Father is the literal father of the spirits of all men and women , which existed prior to their mortal existence . The LDS Church also believes that a Heavenly Mother exists . Further , it is believed that all humans as children of God can become exalted , inheriting all that God has , as joint - heirs with Christ , and becoming like him as a God . Lorenzo Snow is quoted as saying `` As man now is God once was : As God now is , man may be . '' Restoration ( edit ) A depiction of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery receiving priesthood authority from John the Baptist Main article : Restoration ( Latter Day Saints ) Mormonism describes itself as falling within world Christianity , but as a distinct restored dispensation ; it characterizes itself as the only true form of the Christian religion since the time of a Great Apostasy that began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ . According to Mormons this Apostasy involved the corruption of the pure , original Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies , and followers dividing into different ideological groups . Additionally , Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to the loss of Priesthood authority to administer the Church and its ordinances . Mormons believe that God re-established the early Christian Church as found in the New Testament through Joseph Smith . In particular , Mormons believe that angels such as Peter , James , John , and John the Baptist appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various Priesthood authorities on them . Mormons thus believe that their Church is the `` only true and living church '' because divine authority was restored to it through Smith . In addition , Mormons believe that Smith and his legitimate successors are modern prophets who receive revelation from God to guide the church . They maintain that other religions have a portion of the truth and are guided by the light of Christ . Cosmology ( edit ) Main article : Mormon cosmology Smith 's cosmology is laid out mostly in Smith 's later revelations and sermons , but particularly the Book of Abraham , the Book of Moses , and the King Follett discourse . Mormon cosmology presents a unique view of God and the universe , and places a high importance on human agency . In Mormonism , life on earth is just a short part of an eternal existence . Mormons believe that in the beginning all people existed as spirits or `` intelligences , '' in the presence of God . In this state , God proposed a plan of salvation whereby they could progress and `` have a privilege to advance like himself . '' The spirits were free to accept or reject this plan , and a `` third '' of them , led by Satan rejected it . The rest accepted the plan , coming to earth and receiving bodies with an understanding that they would experience sin and suffering . In Mormonism , the central part of God 's plan is the atonement of Jesus Christ . Mormons believe that one purpose of earthly life is to learn to choose good over evil . In this process , people inevitably make mistakes , becoming unworthy to return to the presence of God . Mormons believe that Jesus paid for the sins of the world , and that all people can be saved through his atonement . Mormons accept Christ 's atonement through faith , repentance , formal covenants or ordinances such as baptism , and consistently trying to live a Christ - like life . According to Mormon scripture , the Earth 's creation was not ex nihilo , but organized from existing matter . The Earth is just one of many inhabited worlds , and there are many governing heavenly bodies , including the planet or star Kolob , which is said to be nearest the throne of God . Ordinances ( edit ) In Mormonism , an ordinance is a religious ritual of special significance , often involving the formation of a covenant with God . Ordinances are performed by the authority of the priesthood and in the name of Jesus Christ . The term has a meaning roughly similar to that of the term `` sacrament '' in other Christian denominations . An eight - year - old girl being baptized in Cerro Punta , Panama Saving ordinances ( or ordinances viewed as necessary for salvation ) include : baptism by immersion after the age of accountability ( normally age 8 ) ; confirmation and reception of the gift of the Holy Ghost , performed by laying hands on the head of a newly baptized member ; ordination to the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods for males ; an endowment ( including washing and anointing ) received in temples ; and marriage ( or sealing ) to a spouse . Mormons also perform other ordinances , which include the Lord 's supper ( commonly called the sacrament ) , naming and blessing children , giving priesthood blessings and patriarchal blessings , anointing and blessing the sick , participating in prayer circles , and setting apart individuals who are called to church positions . In Mormonism , the saving ordinances are seen as necessary for salvation , but they are not sufficient in and of themselves . For example , baptism is required for exaltation , but simply having been baptized does not guarantee any eternal reward . The baptized person is expected to be obedient to God 's commandments , to repent of any sinful conduct subsequent to baptism , and to receive the other saving ordinances . Because Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to be saved , Mormons perform ordinances on behalf of deceased persons . These ordinances are performed vicariously or by `` proxy '' on behalf of the dead . In accordance with their belief in each individual 's `` free agency '' , living or dead , Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the spirit world , just as all spirits decided to accept or reject God 's plan originally . In addition , these `` conditional '' ordinances on behalf of the dead are performed only when a deceased person 's genealogical information has been submitted to a temple and correctly processed there before the ordinance ritual is performed . Only ordinances for salvation are performed on behalf of deceased persons . See also : Baptism for the dead . Scripture ( edit ) The LDS Church scriptural canon Mormons believe in the Old and New Testaments , and the LDS Church uses the King James Bible as its official scriptural text of the Bible . While Mormons believe in the general accuracy of the modern day text of the Bible , they also believe that it is incomplete and that errors have been introduced . In Mormon theology , many lost truths are restored in the Book of Mormon , which Mormons hold to be divine scripture and equal in authority to the Bible . The Mormon scriptural canon also includes a collection of revelations and writings contained in the Doctrine and Covenants which contains doctrine and prophecy and the Pearl of Great Price which addresses briefly Genesis to Exodus . These books , as well as the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible , have varying degrees of acceptance as divine scripture among different denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement . Revelation ( edit ) Further information : Revelation ( Latter Day Saints ) In Mormonism , continuous revelation is the principle that God or his divine agents still continue to communicate to mankind . This communication can be manifest in many ways : influences of the Holy Ghost ( the principal form in which this principle is manifest ) , visions , visitations of divine beings , and others . Joseph Smith used the example of the Lord 's revelations to Moses in Deuteronomy to explain the importance of continuous revelation . `` God said , ' Thou shalt not murder ' at another time He said , ' Thou shalt utterly destroy . ' This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted -- by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the children of the kingdom are placed . Whatever God commands is right , no matter what it is , although we may not see the reason thereof till long after the events transpire . '' -- Joseph Smith , Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , pp. 256 -- 257 . Mormons believe that Smith and subsequent church leaders could speak scripture `` when moved upon by the Holy Ghost . '' In addition , many Mormons believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that have been lost and may , one day , be forthcoming . In Mormonism , revelation is not limited to church members . For instance , Latter Day Saints believe that the United States Constitution is a divinely inspired document . Mormons are encouraged to develop a personal relationship with the Holy Ghost and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family . The Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good . It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship ( leadership responsibility ) . Thus , parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families , individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges , church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve . The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true , as well as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress . In the church , personal revelation is expected and encouraged , and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion . Relations to other faiths ( edit ) Relation to mainstream Christianity ( edit ) See also : Mormonism and Christianity Mormons see Jesus Christ as the premier figure of their religion . Mormonism categorizes itself within Christianity , and nearly all Mormons self - identify as Christian . For some who define Christianity within the doctrines of Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , and Protestantism , Mormonism 's differences place it outside the umbrella of Christianity . Since its beginnings , the faith has proclaimed itself to be Christ 's Church restored with its original authority , structure and power ; maintaining that existing denominations believed in incorrect doctrines and were not acknowledged of God as his church and kingdom . Though the religion quickly gained a large following of Christian seekers , in the 1830s , many American Christians came to view the church 's early doctrines and practices as politically and culturally subversive , as well as doctrinally heretical , abominable , and condemnable . This discord led to a series of sometimes - deadly conflicts between Mormons and others who saw themselves as orthodox Christians . Although such violence declined during the twentieth century , the religion 's unique doctrinal views and practices still generate criticism , sometimes vehemently so . This gives rise to efforts by Mormons and opposing types of Christians to proselytize each other . Mormons believe in Jesus Christ as the literal firstborn Son of God and Messiah , his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering , and subsequent resurrection . However , Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) reject the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity ( In contrast , the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination , the Community of Christ , is Trinitarian and monotheistic . ) Mormons hold that the New Testament prophesied both the apostasy from the teachings of Christ and his apostles as well as the restoration of all things prior to the second coming of Christ . Some notable differences with mainstream Christianity include : A belief that Jesus began his atonement in the garden of Gethsemane and continued it to his crucifixion , rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical atonement ; and an afterlife with three degrees of glory , with hell ( often called spirit prison ) being a temporary repository for the wicked between death and the resurrection . Additionally , Mormons do not believe in creation ex nihilo , believing that matter is eternal , and creation involved God organizing existing matter . Much of the Mormon belief system is oriented geographically around the North and South American continents . Mormons believe that the people of the Book of Mormon lived in the western hemisphere , that Christ appeared in the western hemisphere after his death and resurrection , that the true faith was restored in Upstate New York by Joseph Smith , that the Garden of Eden was located in North America , and that the New Jerusalem would be built in Missouri . For this and other reasons , including a belief by many Mormons in American exceptionalism , Molly Worthen speculates that this may be why Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism as the `` quintessential ' American religion ' '' . Relation to Judaism ( edit ) See also : Mormonism and Judaism Although Mormons do not claim to be part of Judaism , Mormon theology claims to situate Mormonism within the context of Judaism to an extent that goes beyond what most other Christian denominations claim . The faith incorporates many Old Testament ideas into its theology , and the beliefs of Mormons sometimes parallel those of Judaism and certain elements of Jewish culture . In the earliest days of Mormonism , Joseph Smith taught that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas were members of some of the Lost Tribes of Israel . Later , he taught that Mormons were Israelites , and that they may learn of their tribal affiliation within the twelve Israelite tribes . Members of the LDS Church receive Patriarchal blessings which declare the recipient 's lineage within one of the tribes of Israel . The lineage is either through true blood - line or adoption . The LDS Church teaches that if one is not a direct descendant of one of the twelve tribes , upon baptism he or she is adopted into one of the tribes . Patriarchal blessings also include personal information which is revealed through a patriarch by the power of the priesthood . The Mormon affinity for Judaism is expressed by the many references to Judaism in the Mormon liturgy . For example , Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo , which means `` to be beautiful '' in Hebrew . Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake the `` Jordan River '' . The LDS Church created a writing scheme called the Deseret Alphabet , which was based , in part , on Hebrew . The LDS Church has a Jerusalem Center in Israel , where students focus their study on Near Eastern history , culture , language , and the Bible . There has been some controversy involving Jewish groups who see the actions of some elements of Mormonism as offensive . In the 1990s , Jewish groups vocally opposed the LDS practice of baptism for the dead on behalf of Jewish victims of the Holocaust and Jews in general . According to LDS Church general authority Monte J. Brough , `` Mormons who baptized 380,000 Holocaust victims posthumously were motivated by love and compassion and did not understand their gesture might offend Jews ... they did not realize that what they intended as a ' Christian act of service ' was ' misguided and insensitive ' '' . Mormons believe that when the dead are baptized through proxy , they have the option of accepting or rejecting the ordinance . Relation to Islam ( edit ) Main article : Mormonism and Islam Since its origins in the 19th century , Mormonism has been compared to Islam , often by detractors of one religion or the other . For instance , Joseph Smith was referred to as `` the modern mahomet '' ( sic ) by the New York Herald , shortly after his murder in June 1844 . This epithet repeated a comparison that had been made from Smith 's earliest career , one that was not intended at the time to be complimentary . Comparison of the Mormon and Muslim prophets still occurs today , sometimes for derogatory or polemical reasons but also for more scholarly ( and neutral ) purposes . While Mormonism and Islam certainly have many similarities , there are also significant , fundamental differences between the two religions . Mormon -- Muslim relations have been historically cordial ; recent years have seen increasing dialogue between adherents of the two faiths , and cooperation in charitable endeavors , especially in the Middle and Far East . Islam and Mormonism both originate in the Abrahamic traditions . Each religion sees its founder ( Muhammad for Islam , and Joseph Smith for Mormonism ) as being a true prophet of God , called to re-establish the truths of these ancient theological belief systems that have been altered , corrupted , or lost . In addition , both prophets received visits from an angel , leading to additional books of scripture . Both religions share a high emphasis on family life , charitable giving , chastity , abstention from alcohol , and a special reverence for , though not worship of , their founding prophet . Before the 1890 Manifesto against plural marriage , Mormonism and Islam also shared in the belief in and practice of plural marriage , a practice now held in common by Islam and various branches of Mormon fundamentalism . The religions differ significantly in their views on God . Islam insists upon the complete oneness and uniqueness of God ( Allah ) , while Mormonism asserts that the Godhead is made up of three distinct `` personages . '' Mormonism sees Jesus Christ as the promised Messiah and the literal Son of God , while Islam insists that the title `` Messiah '' means that Jesus ( or `` Isa '' ) was a prophet sent to establish the true faith , not that he was the Son of God or a divine being . Despite opposition from other Christian denominations , Mormonism identifies itself as a Christian religion , the `` restoration '' of primitive Christianity . Islam does not refer to itself as `` Christian '' , asserting that Jesus and all true followers of Christ 's teachings were ( and are ) Muslims -- a term that means submitters to God . Islam proclaims that its prophet Muhammad was the `` seal of the prophets '' , and that no further prophets would come after him . Mormons , though honoring Joseph Smith as the first prophet in modern times , see him as just one in a long line of prophets , with Jesus Christ being the premier figure of the religion . Theological divisions ( edit ) Mormon theology includes three main movements . By far the largest of these is `` mainstream Mormonism '' , defined by the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The two broad movements outside mainstream Mormonism are Mormon fundamentalism , and liberal reformist Mormonism . Mainstream Mormon theology ( edit ) See also : Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Mainstream Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian . Members of the LDS Church consider their top leaders to be prophets and apostles , and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology , while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book of Mormon and the Bible . Personal prayer is encouraged as well . The LDS Church is by far the largest branch of Mormonism . It has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that split the Latter Day Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith , Jr . The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from other branches of Mormonism , particularly those that practice polygamy . The church maintains a degree of orthodoxy by excommunicating or disciplining its members who take positions or engage in practices viewed as apostasy . For example , the LDS Church excommunicates members who practice polygamy or who adopt the beliefs and practices of Mormon fundamentalism . Mormon fundamentalism ( edit ) Main article : Mormon fundamentalism One way Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism is through the practice of plural marriage . Fundamentalists initially broke from the LDS Church after that doctrine was discontinued around the beginning of the 20th century . Mormon fundamentalism teaches that plural marriage is a requirement for exaltation ( the highest degree of salvation ) , which will allow them to live as gods and goddesses in the afterlife . Mainstream Mormons , by contrast , believe that a single Celestial marriage is necessary for exaltation . In distinction with the LDS Church , Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century , which the LDS Church has either abandoned , repudiated , or put in abeyance . These include : the law of consecration also known as the United Order ( put in abeyance by the LDS Church in the 19th century ) ; the Adam -- God teachings taught by Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church ( repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century ) ; the principle of blood atonement ( repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century ) ; and the exclusion of black men from the priesthood ( abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978 ) . Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church , in large part due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years . Others believe that it was a necessity at some point for `` a restoration of all things '' to be a truly restored Church . Liberal reformist theology ( edit ) See also : Bickertonite Some LDS Church members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church . Others have left the LDS Church and still consider themselves to be cultural Mormons . Others have formed new religions ( many of them now defunct ) . For instance the Godbeites broke away from the LDS Church in the late 19th century , on the basis of both political and religious liberalism , and in 1985 the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ broke away from the LDS Church as an LGBT - friendly denomination , which was formally dissolved in 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints LDS Church Community of Christ Mormonism and polygamy Book of Mormon Latter Day Saints in popular culture LDS cinema Standard works Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Christianity portal Latter Day Saints portal LDS Church portal Community of Christ portal Book of Mormon portal Anti-Mormonism Black people and Mormonism Black people and early Mormonism Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement List of articles about Mormonism The Joseph Smith Papers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For a discussion on a history of Mormon polygamy , see `` Plural Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints '' , lds.org . Jump up ^ Terms used in the LDS Restorationist movement ReligiousTolerance.org Jump up ^ M. Russell Ballard ( October 2011 ) , The Importance of a Name Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 1 ) ; Shipps ( 1985 , p. 36 ) ; Remini ( 2002 , p. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 16 ) Jump up ^ Smith 's 1838 written account of this vision was later canonized in a book called The Pearl of Great Price . ( See : Joseph Smith -- History 1 : 19 ) Jump up ^ Remini ( 2002 , pp. 63 , 79 ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon Translation '' , LDS.org , LDS Church , n.d. contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Rathbone , Tim ; Welch , John W. ( 1992 ) , `` Book of Mormon Translation By Joseph Smith '' , in Ludlow , Daniel H , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , New York : Macmillan Publishing , pp. 210 -- 213 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 , OCLC 24502140 Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 22 ) Jump up ^ History of the Church 1 : 315 ; Bushman ( 2008 , p. 21 ) . Jump up ^ Standard language references such as Peter T. Daniels and William Bright , eds. , The World 's Writing Systems ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) ( 990 pages ) ; David Crystal , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) ; and Roger D. Woodard , ed. , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World 's Ancient Languages ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) ( 1162 pages ) contain no reference to `` reformed Egyptian . '' `` Reformed Egyptian '' is also ignored in Andrew Robinson , Lost Languages : The Enigma of the World 's Undeciphered Scripts ( New York : McGraw Hill , 2002 ) , although it is mentioned in Stephen Williams , Fantastic Archaeology : The Wild Side of North American Prehistory ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1991 ) . On their website , Bad Archaeology , two British archaeologists , Keith Fitzpatrick - Matthews and Dames Doeser , say `` The only writing systems to have been recognized in the Americas are those used by the Maya and the Aztecs , neither of which resembles Egyptian hieroglyphs , although Joseph Smith produced a scrap of papyrus containing hieroglyphs he claimed to be a Reformed Egyptian text written by the Patriarch Abraham . '' Bad Archaeology Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 10 ) Jump up ^ Remini ( 2002 , p. 135 ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 11 ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , pp. 12 -- 14 ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 13 ) Jump up ^ Groberg , Joseph ( Spring 1976 ) . `` The Mormon Disfranchisements of 1882 to 1892 '' . Brigham Young University Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 400 . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 2 ) ; `` Official Declaration 1 '' . lds.org . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 14 ) Jump up ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics Jump up ^ Mauss ( 1994 , p. 22 ) . `` With the consistent encouragement of church leaders , Mormons became models of patriotic , law - abiding citizenship , sometimes seeming to `` out - American '' all other Americans . Their participation in the full spectrum of national , social , political , economic , and cultural life has been thorough and sincere '' Jump up ^ The term `` peculiar people '' is consciously borrowed from 1 Peter 2 : 9 , and can be interpreted as `` special '' or `` different , '' though Mormons have certainly been viewed as `` peculiar '' in the modern sense as well . Mauss ( 1994 , p. 60 ) ; See also : Russell M. Nelson , `` Children of the Covenant '' , Ensign , May 1995 . Jump up ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/the-godhead Jump up ^ `` Godhead '' , LDS.org , LDS Church Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B. ( July 2006 ) , `` In These Three I Believe '' , Ensign Jump up ^ `` Father in Heaven '' , lds.org , LDS Church Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 : Our Heavenly Family '' , Gospel Principles , LDS Church , 2009 Jump up ^ Spencer W. Kimball , `` The True Way of Life and Salvation '' , Ensign , May 1978 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ See , Robert L. Millet and Noel B. Reynolds , `` Do Latter - day Saints believe that men and women can become gods ? , '' Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship ( BYU ) , No. 5 , ( found at http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=45&chapid=534 ) Jump up ^ In Eliza R. Snow Smith , Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow ( 1884 ) , 46 ; see also `` The Grand Destiny of Man , '' Deseret Evening News , July 20 , 1901 , 22 . Jump up ^ Missionary Department of the LDS Church ( 2004 ) , Preach My Gospel ( PDF ) , LDS Church , Inc , p. 35 , ISBN 0402366174 Mormons believe the Great Apostasy had been foretold by Paul , who knew that the Lord would not come again `` except there come a falling away first '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 2 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Talmage , James E. ( 1909 ) , The Great Apostasy , The Deseret News , pp. 64 -- 65 , ISBN 0875798438 Jump up ^ Richards , LeGrand ( 1976 ) , A Marvelous Work and a Wonder , Deseret Book Company , p. 24 , ISBN 0877471614 Jump up ^ Talmage , James E. ( 1909 ) , The Great Apostasy , The Deseret News , p. 68 , ISBN 0875798438 Jump up ^ Eyring , Henry B. ( May 2008 ) , `` The True and Living Church '' , Ensign , LDS Church : 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ Smith 's restoration differed significantly from other restorationist movements of the era ( for instance , that of Alexander Campbell ) . Instead of using Bible analysis , Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did . Bushman ( 2008 , p. 5 ) Jump up ^ See JSH 1 : 69 , 72 and Doctrine and Covenants 84 : 19 - 21 Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Fielding ; Galbraith , Richard C. , eds. ( 1993 ) ( 1938 ) . Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 87579 - 647 - 8 . ( `` Have the Presbyterians any truth ? Yes . Have the Baptists , Methodists , etc. , any truth ? Yes . They all have a little truth mixed with error . We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up , or we shall not come out true ' Mormons ' . '' ) Jump up ^ Palmer ; Keller ; Choi ; Toronto ( 1997 ) . Religions of the World : A Latter - day Saint View . Brigham Young University . ( Mormons take an inclusivist position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value ) . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , pp. 64 -- 71 ) Jump up ^ Mormons differ among themselves about the form of man in the beginning ... but Smith 's intention was to assert that some essence of human personality has always existed . Bushman ( 2008 , p. 72 ) Jump up ^ See King Follett discourse and Bushman ( 2008 , p. 73 ) Jump up ^ According to the Book of Moses , Lucifer offered an alternate plan that would guarantee the salvation of all spirits , however , at the cost of their agency , essentially forcing them to be saved . God 's plan allowed spirits the freedom of choice , but left room for some to fall out of his presence into darkness . Bushman ( 2008 , p. 73 ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 77 ) Jump up ^ Nineteenth century Mormonism defined itself against Calvinistic religions that asserted humans ' incapacity and utter dependence on the grace of God . Early Mormon preachers emphasized good works and moral obligation ; however in the late twentieth century , Mormons pulled back from an `` entrenched aversion '' to the doctrines of grace , and today have an attitude of trusting in the grace of Christ while trying their best to do good works . Bushman ( 2008 , p. 76 ) Jump up ^ The ordinance is generally a physical act signifying a spiritual commitment , or a covenant . Failure to honor that commitment results in the ordinance having no effect . However , sincere repentance can restore the blessings associated with the ordinance . Jump up ^ `` '' Ordinances , '' True to the Faith , ( LDS Church , 2004 ) p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , pp. 60 -- 61 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism , Macmillan 1992 , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Matthews , Robert J. , A Bible ! A Bible , Bookcraft , 1990 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , Deseret Book , 1976 ( 1938 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 , 327 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism , Macmillan 1992 , pp. 111 ^ Jump up to : Bushman ( 2008 , p. 26 ) See also : Doctrine and Covenants 68 : 4 Jump up ^ Oaks , Dallin H. ( February 1992 ) , `` The Divinely Inspired Constitution '' , Ensign Jump up ^ See : D&C 101 : 77 -- 80 Jump up ^ `` Continuing Revelation '' . Mormon.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 8 ) ( `` As the name of the church ... suggests , Jesus Christ is the premier figure . Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet , as Muhammad does in Islam '' ) ; `` What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ '' . LDS Newsroom . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ; In a 2011 Pew Survey a thousand Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons . The most common response from those surveyed was `` Christian '' or `` Christ - centered '' . Jump up ^ `` Mormonism in America '' . Pew Research Center . January 2012 . Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion , with 97 % expressing this point of view . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Stephanie ( May 1998 ) , `` Are Mormons Christians ? '' , New Era , LDS Church Jump up ^ According to Bruce McConkie , a general authority of the LDS Church , `` Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity . '' Bruce R. McConkie , Mormon Doctrine , p. 513 Jump up ^ For example , a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found that one in three Americans surveyed do not consider Mormons to be Christian . See for example ReligionNewsblog.com Jump up ^ `` It is sometimes said that Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism . Both Mormonism and Christianity established themselves by reinterpreting a preceding faith . Christianity built on Judaism but emphasized the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ ; Mormonism began with Christianity but accepted new revelation through a modern prophet . '' Bushman ( 2008 , p. 62 ) Jump up ^ Examples of organizations that do not recognize Mormonism as Christian include : Luther Seminary ( Granquist , Mark A. ( March 7 , 2011 ) , luthersem.edu ( PDF ) , Lay School of Religion , Luther Seminary http://www.luthersem.edu/lifelong_learning/layschool/handouts/New%20and%20Old%20Religions%20Slides%20Session%204.pdf Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; contribution = ignored ( help ) ) ; Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ( `` News & Resources '' , mbts.edu , October 20 , 2011 contribution = ignored ( help ) ) ; Southern Baptist Theological Seminary ( Mohler , Albert ( n.d. ) , `` Is Mormonism Christian ? '' , christianity.com , Salem Web Network . See also : Christian countercult movement Jump up ^ Teaching that existing denominations `` were believing in incorrect doctrines , and that none of them was acknowledged by God as his church and kingdom '' Smith 1842a , p. 707 and `` all their creeds were an abomination in his sight . '' Smith 1842c , p. 748 Jump up ^ , the most publicized of which included abolitionism , plural marriage and the church 's theocratic aspirations ( both now discontinued by the mainstream faith ) , Jump up ^ For more information on historical conflicts , see History of the Latter Day Saint movement . Jump up ^ `` What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ -- LDS Newsroom '' . Newsroom.lds.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Smith History 1 : 18 - 19 '' . Scriptures.lds.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Fielding , ed. ( 1976 ) ( 1938 ) , Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , Salt Lake City : Deseret Book , p. 370 Jump up ^ See , for instance , Thessalonians 2 : 2 - 3 and Acts 3 : 19 - 21 Jump up ^ McConkie , Bruce R. ( May 1985 ) , `` The Purifying Power of Gethsemane '' , Ensign : 9 Jump up ^ Mormon scriptures speak of hell in two ways . The first is another name for spirit prison , a place for the spirits of people who have `` died in their sins . '' The second is a more permanent place called Outer Darkness , reserved for the Devil , his angels , and those who have committed the unpardonable sin . True to the Faith : A Gospel Reference , 2004 , LDS Church . `` Hell , '' p. 81 ; See also : Christian views on Hell ( Latter - day Saints ) Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 71 ) Jump up ^ Worthen , Molly , `` The Missionary Position '' , Foreign Policy , 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies '' . Ce.byu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pyle , Richard . `` Mormons , Jews sign agreement on baptizing Holocaust victims . '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 04 . AP Newswire , May 5 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Marsh and Orson Hyde Affidavit , for example ; see also PBS 's American Prophet : Prologue and Todd J. Harris , A Comparison of Muhammad and Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern , a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young University in 2007 , footnotes on pages 1 and 2 . Jump up ^ PBS 's American Prophet : Prologue . Jump up ^ See , for example : Joseph Smith and Muhammad : The Similarities , and Eric Johnson , Joseph Smith and Muhammad , a book published by the `` Mormonism Research Ministry '' and offered for sale by the anti-Mormon `` Utah Lighthouse Ministries '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Muslims and Mormons share deepening ties '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2008 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ World Muslim Congress : Mormons and Muslims ; Mormon - Muslim Interfaith Ramadan Dinner . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism , entry : `` Godhead '' . Jump up ^ Jesus Was Muslim , from the Islam - Voice website . Jump up ^ Holy Qur'an , Surah 33 , verse 40 . Jump up ^ Bushman ( 2008 , p. 8 ) ( `` In the Mormon view , many prophets preceded Smith and many will follow . '' ) In that sense , a provision for continuing revelation , Mormonism is more similar to Shia Islam . Jump up ^ The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word Mormon in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy `` Style Guide -- LDS Newsroom '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered Bushman ( 2008 , p. 91 ) ; `` Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects '' . msnbc.com. 2008 . References ( edit ) Bloom , Harold ( 1992 ) , The American Religion : The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation ( 1st ed . ) , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 9780671679972 . Brooke , John L. ( 1994 ) , The Refiner 's Fire : The Making of Mormon Cosmology , 1644 -- 1844 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Bushman , Richard Lyman ( 2008 ) , Mormonism : A Very Short Introduction , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531030 - 6 . Mauss , Armand ( 1994 ) , The Angel and the Beehive : The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation , Urbana & Chicago : University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 02071 - 5 . Eliason , Eric Alden ( 2001 ) , Mormons and Mormonism : an introduction to an American world religion , University of Illinois Press . McMurrin , Sterling M. ( 1965 ) , The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion , Salt Lake City : Signature Books , ISBN 156085135X . Ostling , Richard ; Ostling , Joan K. ( 2007 ) , Mormon America : The Power and the Promise , New York : HarperOne , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143295 - 8 . Shipps , Jan ( 1985 ) , Mormonism : The Story of a New Religious Tradition , Chicago : University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 01417 - 0 . Smith , Joseph , Jr . ( March 1 , 1842a ) , `` Church History ( Wentworth Letter ) '' , Times and Seasons , 3 ( 9 ) : 706 -- 10 ( 707 ) . Smith , Joseph ( 1 April 1842c ) , `` History of Joseph Smith '' , Times and Seasons , 3 ( 11 ) : 748 -- 49 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2002 ) , Joseph Smith : A Penguin Life , New York : Penguin Group , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03083 - X . Stark , Rodney ; Neilson , Reid Larkin ( 2005 ) , The rise of Mormonism , Columbia University Press , ISBN 9780231136341 . Toscano , Margaret ; Toscano , Paul ( 1990 ) , Strangers in Paradox : Explorations in Mormon Theology , Salt Lake City : Signature Books . White , O. Kendall , Jr. ( 1970 ) , `` The Transformation of Mormon Theology '' ( PDF ) , Dialogue : A Journal of Mormon Thought , 5 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 24 . White , O. Kendall , Jr. ( 1987 ) , Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy : A Crisis Theology , Salt Lake City : Signature Books , ISBN 0941214 - 524 . Widmer , Kurt ( 2000 ) , Mormonism and the Nature of God : A Theological Evolution , 1830 -- 1915 , Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . Further reading ( edit ) Beckwith , Francis J. , Carl Mosser , and Paul Owen , jt . eds. ( 2002 ) . The New Mormon Challenge : Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast - Growing Movement . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan. 535 p . ISBN 0 - 310 - 23194 - 9 Brooks , Melvin R. ( 1960 ) . L.D.S. Reference Encyclopedia . Salt Lake City , Utah : Bookcraft . McConkie , Bruce R. ( 1979 ) . Mormon Doctrine . Second ed . Salt Lake City , Utah : Bookcraft. 856 p . N.B. : The contents are brief articles arranged alphabetically in the form of a topical dictionary . ISBN 0 - 88494 - 446 - 8 Nelson , Nels L. ( 1904 ) . Scientific Aspects of Mormonism : or , Religion in Terms of Life . Chicago , Ill. : Press of Hillison & Etten Co. , 1904 , t.p. 1918 . xi , 347 p . Shields , Steven L. ( 1990 ) . Divergent Paths of the Restoration : a History of the Latter Day Saint Movement . Fourth ed. , rev. and enl . Los Angeles : Restoration Research . 336 p. , ill . with b&w photos . ISBN 0 - 942284 - 00 - 3 External links ( edit ) For a list of words relating to Mormonism , see the Mormonism category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Find more aboutMormonismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource PBS : Frontline + American Experience : Mormons -- PBS special on Mormon belief Patheos + Mormonism -- Patheos.com . 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-8,873,547,415,758,852,000 | pj harvey down by the water lyrics meaning | Down by the Water - wikipedia Down by the Water Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the PJ Harvey song . For the Decemberists song , see The King Is Dead ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Down by the Water '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by PJ Harvey <Th_colspan="2"> from the album To Bring You My Love B - side `` Lying in the Sun '' / `` Somebody 's Down , Somebody 's Name '' Released February 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 06 ) Format CD , 7 '' Recorded September -- October 1994 ( 1994 - 10 ) at Townhouse Studios in London , United Kingdom Genre Alternative rock Length 3 : 15 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) PJ Harvey Producer ( s ) Flood , John Parish , PJ Harvey <Th_colspan="2"> PJ Harvey singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Man - Size '' ( 1993 ) `` Down by the Water '' ( 1995 ) `` C'mon Billy '' ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Man - Size '' ( 1993 ) `` Down by the Water '' ( 1995 ) `` C'mon Billy '' ( 1995 ) `` Down by the Water '' is a song by English alternative rock musician PJ Harvey . It is the seventh track and lead single from her third studio album To Bring You My Love , released in February 1995 on Island Records . The song was written by Harvey and self - produced with Flood and John Parish . The song diverged significantly from Harvey 's former indie rock and punk blues influence , opting to use electronic instruments such as a synthesized organ and an orchestral ensemble . The lyrics narrate the story of a woman drowning her daughter and reference the traditional American folk song `` Salty Dog Blues . '' `` Down by the Water '' was Harvey 's mainstream breakthrough in the United States , where the song reached number 2 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart and received extensive rotation on MTV and college radio stations . The song received critical acclaim upon its release , charting in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 3 Music video 4 Track listings 5 Personnel 6 Chart positions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Down by the Water '' was written by Harvey and self - produced with Flood and John Parish . The song opens with vocals and a heavy organ played by Harvey . As the song progresses , it incorporates several elements including percussion instruments , drums , and an orchestral ensemble . Pete Thomas conducted the string arrangements for the song . The musicians in the ensemble include Sonia Slany on violin , Jocelyn Pook and Jules Singleton on viola , and Sian Bell on cello . The song derives elements from blues and electronica , the latter due to notable use of a synthesized organ . The song 's lyrics tell the story of a woman committing filicide . The woman drowns her daughter `` down by the water '' and `` wo n't see her again . '' The final coda features Harvey whispering the lines : `` little fish , big fish swimming in the water / come back here , man , gim me my daughter . '' The refrain was based on Lead Belly 's rendition of the traditional American folk song `` Salty Dog Blues . '' In 2005 , Harvey used the song 's lyrics in a Spin interview as an example to demonstrate that her songs were not autobiographical : `` Some critics have taken my writing so literally to the point that they 'll listen to ' Down by the Water ' and believe I have actually given birth to a child and drowned her . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Down By The Water '' The song features extensive use of a synthesized organ and features an orchestral ensemble . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Down by the Water '' was released in the United Kingdom and Australia in February 1995 on Island Records . It was the lead single from To Bring You My Love and pressed on CD and 7 '' vinyl . The CD single featured one b - side , `` Somebody 's Down , Somebody 's Name '' , and the 7 '' and Australian CD single included a second b - side `` Lying in the Sun . '' The song charted in four countries upon its release ; peaking at number 78 in Canada , number 28 in Ireland , and number 38 in the United Kingdom . The song charted in two charts in the United States ; peaking at number 48 on Billboard ' Hot 100 Airplay , and reaching number 2 on the Modern Rock Tracks `` Down by the Water '' became a modern rock radio hit due to extensive rotation on MTV and college radio stations . Critical reception to `` Down by the Water '' was positive . Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine retrospectively noted the song was an Allmusic pick and called Harvey 's song - writing `` tighter and more melodic than before , '' adding that `` the menacing ' Down by the Water ' has genuine hooks . '' Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times noted in 1995 that was one of To Bring You My Love ' `` most gripping moments '' adding `` she speaks with the captivating clarity and force of someone reaching for a final , life - saving anchor . '' `` Down by the Water '' was later nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the 38th Grammy Awards . In 2005 , Diplo sampled `` Down By The Water '' for a remix of the Mike Jones single `` Still Tippin '' and then again the following year on Plastic Little 's indie rap track `` Now I Hollar . '' Music video ( edit ) Maria Mochnacz directed the music video for `` Down by the Water '' . Due to To Bring You My Love 's large promotional push by Island Records , the video received a higher budget than Harvey 's two previous music videos for Island . The video was recorded over the course of two days in London with a large crew , by contrast to the `` anti-pop '' video for `` Man - Size , '' and was shot on 35mm film . Two camera assistants , Seamus McGarvey and Mike Valentine , recorded the separate scenes of the video . McGarvey recorded the dancing scenes and Valentine recorded the underwater scenes . A body double replaced Harvey for some of the underwater sections . The video features Harvey dancing in a red satin dress with a large wig and excessive make - up . Harvey dubbed her appearance as `` Joan Crawford on acid '' in an interview with Spin in 1996 . Describing the video in an interview with JBTV , she said : `` it was a hard video to make actually that one . It was two days worth of jumping in and out of a swimming pool . Well , one day was just in the swimming pool and the other day was just dancing on a rotating platform but it was quite hard - going after all , '' adding `` it was quite scary as well because I was jumping in with a wig which was really , really heavy so it was quite difficult to get to the surface again . And wearing high - heel silver shoes , not the best thing for swimming in . '' The video was nominated for Best Female Video at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards and has been featured on an episode of Beavis and Butt - head , Ash vs. Evil Dead and Gotham . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single ( IS CID 607 ) `` Down by the Water '' -- 3 : 15 `` Somebody 's Down , Somebody 's Name '' -- 3 : 42 UK 7 '' single ( IS 607 ) `` Down by the Water '' -- 3 : 15 `` Lying in the Sun '' -- 4 : 32 `` Somebody 's Down , Somebody 's Name '' -- 3 : 42 US promotional CD ( PRCD 6921 - 2 ) `` Down by the Water '' -- 3 : 15 Personnel ( edit ) All personnel credits adapted from To Bring You My Love 's liner notes . Musicians PJ Harvey -- vocals , organ , producer , engineer Joe Gore -- guitar John Parish -- drums , percussion Guest musicians Pete Thomas -- string arrangements Sonia Slany -- violin Jocelyn Pook -- viola Jules Singleton -- viola Sian Bell -- cello Technical personnel Flood -- producer , engineer , mixing Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 84 Canadian RPM Top 100 78 Irish Singles Chart 28 UK Singles Chart 38 US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay 48 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : To Bring You My Love ( CD ) . PJ Harvey . Island Records . 1995 . LC 0497 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( October 2005 ) . `` PJ Harvey : Shedding light on British rock 's electrifying dark star '' . Spin. 21 ( 10 ) : 82 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks -- April 24 , 1995 '' ( PDF ) . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Singles Chart . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . N.B. User must define search parameters and enter either `` P.J Harvey '' into Search By Artist or `` Down by the Water '' into Search By Song Title . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > PJ Harvey '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` unforumzed '' . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PJ Harvey Album & Song Chart History Billboard.com '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . To Bring You My Love -- PJ Harvey at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( 26 February 1995 ) . `` A Potent Artist for the ' 90s : Singer - songwriter PJ Harvey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN -- List of Grammy nominees -- Jan. 4 , 1996 '' . CNN . 4 January 1996 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthew Schnipper . `` I Blame Coco f . Robyn , `` Caesar ( Diplo Remix ) '' MP3 `` . The FADER . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plastic Little : She 's Mature Album Review - Pitchfork '' . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PJ Harvey Down by the Water 1995 Video -- Maria Mochnacz -- Photographer and Director '' . mariamochnacz.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PJ Harvey Down by the Water , 1995 -- Maria Mochnacz -- Photographer and Director '' . mariamochnacz.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Charles ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Artist of the Year : PJ Harvey '' . Spin ( 1 January 1996 ) : 58 -- 60 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ PJ Harvey ( 1995 ) . JBTV with Polly Jean Harvey ( TV ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Event occurs at 00 : 24 -- 01 : 05 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1995 '' . MTV . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 30 Apr 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . External links ( edit ) `` Down by the Water '' music video on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) PJ Harvey Studio albums Dry Rid of Me To Bring You My Love Is This Desire ? Stories from the City , Stories from the Sea Uh Huh Her White Chalk Let England Shake The Hope Six Demolition Project with John Parish Dance Hall at Louse Point A Woman a Man Walked By Compilation albums 4 - Track Demos iTunes Originals The Peel Sessions 1991 -- 2004 Videos Reeling with PJ Harvey On Tour : Please Leave Quietly Singles `` Dress '' `` Sheela - Na - Gig '' `` 50ft Queenie '' `` Down by the Water '' `` C'mon Billy '' `` Henry Lee '' ( with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds ) `` A Perfect Day Elise '' `` Good Fortune '' `` This Is Love '' `` When Under Ether '' `` The Words That Maketh Murder `` The Glorious Land '' `` The Wheel '' `` The Community of Hope '' `` Guilty '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Down_by_the_Water&oldid=827642290 '' Categories : 1995 singles PJ Harvey songs Song recordings produced by Flood ( producer ) Island Records singles Songs written by PJ Harvey Songs about death Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Down by the Water" - PJ Harvey song
2. To Bring You My Love - PJ Harvey album
3. Alternative rock
4. Filicide
5. Music video - Maria Mochnacz |
-6,195,414,100,594,101,000 | which of the following is a lingua franca is much of eastern africa | List of lingua francas - wikipedia List of lingua francas This is a list of lingua francas . A lingua franca ( English plural `` lingua francas '' , although the pseudo-Latin form `` linguae francae '' is also seen ) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language , in particular when it is a third language , distinct from both speakers ' first languages . Examples of lingua francas are numerous , and exist on every continent . The most obvious modern example is English , which is the current dominant lingua franca of international diplomacy , business , science , technology and aviation , but many other languages serve , or have served at different historical periods , as lingua francas in particular regions , or in special contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Afrikaans 1.2 Amharic 1.3 Arabic 1.4 Berber 1.5 Fanagalo 1.6 Fula 1.7 Hausa 1.8 Krio 1.9 Lingala 1.10 Manding 1.11 Sango 1.12 Swahili 1.13 Wolof 2 Asia 2.1 Akkadian 2.2 Arabic 2.3 Aramaic 2.4 Azeri 2.5 Bengali 2.6 Chinese 2.7 Hebrew 2.8 Hindustani 2.9 Malay 2.10 Nepali 2.11 Persian 2.12 Sanskrit 2.13 Tagalog 2.14 Tamil 3 Europe 3.1 English 3.2 French 3.3 German 3.4 Greek and Latin 3.5 Italian 3.6 Low German 3.7 Polish 3.8 Portuguese 3.9 Russian 3.10 Serbo - Croatian 3.11 Spanish 3.12 Turkish 3.13 Yiddish 4 Pre-Columbian North America 4.1 Chinook Jargon 4.2 Nahuatl 4.3 Occaneechi 5 South America 5.1 Quechua 5.2 Mapudungun 5.3 Tupi 6 Pidgins and creoles 6.1 Guinea - Bissau Creole 6.2 Tok Pisin 7 See also 8 References Africa ( edit ) Afrikaans ( edit ) During apartheid , the South African government aimed to establish Afrikaans as the primary lingua franca in South Africa and South African - controlled South - West Africa ( now Namibia ) , although English was also in common use . Since the end of apartheid , English has been widely adopted as the sole lingua franca . Many institutions that had names in English and Afrikaans have since dropped the Afrikaans names . Notable cases are South African Airways and the South African Broadcasting Corporation . In Namibia , Afrikaans holds a more universal role than in South Africa , across ethnic groups and races and is the spoken lingua franca in the capital Windhoek and throughout most of central and southern Namibia . There are pockets where German is commonly spoken . English is the sole official language . Amharic ( edit ) Amharic is widely spoken in Ethiopia . It is an official national language , and thereby serves as a lingua franca for the many different local populations . Arabic ( edit ) There are more Arabic speakers in Africa than Asia . It is spoken as an official language in all of the continent 's Arab League states . Arabic is also spoken as a trade language across the Sahara as far as the Sahel , including parts of Mali , Chad and Borno State in Nigeria . Berber ( edit ) During the rise of Berber dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads between 1040 and 1500 , Berber served as both the vernacular and lingua franca of Northwest Africa . Today the language is less influential due to its suppression and marginalization , and the adoption of French and Arabic by the political regimes of the Berber world as working languages . However , Tuareg , a branch of the Berber languages , is still playing the role of a lingua franca to some extent in some vast parts of the Sahara Desert , especially in southern Algeria , Mali , Niger , and Libya . Another branch , Tamazight , has become an official language of Morocco . In Algeria , Tamazight has been a national language since 2002 , and an official State Language in 2016 . Fanagalo ( edit ) Fanagalo or Fanakalo is a pidgin based on the Zulu , English , and Afrikaans languages . It was used as a lingua franca mainly in the mining industries in South Africa , however in this role it is being increasingly eclipsed by English which is viewed as being more neutral politically . Fula ( edit ) Fula ( Fula : Fulfulde or Pulaar or Pular , depending on the region ; French : Peul ) the language of the Fula people or Fulani ( Fula : Fulɓe ; French : Peuls ) and associated groups such as the Toucouleur . Fula is spoken in all countries directly south of the Sahara ( such as Cameroon , Chad , Nigeria , Niger , Mali ... ) . It is spoken mainly by Fula people , but is also used as a lingua franca by several populations of various origin , throughout Western Africa . Hausa ( edit ) Hausa is widely spoken through Nigeria and Niger and recognised in neighbouring states such as Ghana , Benin , and Cameroon . The reason for this is that Hausa people used to be traders who led caravans with goods ( cotton , leather , slaves , food crops etc . ) through the whole West African region , from the Niger Delta to the Atlantic shores at the very west edge of Africa . They also reached North African states through Trans - Saharan routes . Thus trade deals in Timbuktu in modern Mali , Agadez , Ghat , Fez in Northern Africa , and other trade centers were often concluded in Hausa . Krio ( edit ) Krio is the most widely spoken language throughout Sierra Leone even though its native speakers , the Sierra Leone Creole people or Krios ( a community of about 300,000 descendants of formerly enslaved people from the West Indies , United States and Britain ) , make up only about 5 % of the country 's population . The Krio language unites all the different ethnic groups , especially in their trade and interaction with each other . Krio is also spoken in The Gambia . Lingala ( edit ) Lingala is used by over 10 million speakers throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo , as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic , although it has only about two million native speakers . Its status is comparable to that of Swahili in eastern Africa . Between 1880 and 1900 , the colonial administration , in need of a common language for the region , adopted a simplified form of Bobangi , the language of the Bangala people , which became Lingala . Spoken Lingala has many loanwords from French , inflected with Lingala affixes . Manding ( edit ) The largely interintelligible Manding languages of West Africa serve as lingua francas in various places . For instance Bambara is the most widely spoken language in Mali , and Jula ( almost the same as Bambara ) is commonly used in western Burkina Faso and northern Côte d'Ivoire . Manding languages have long been used in regional commerce , so much so that the word for trader , jula , was applied to the language currently known by the same name . Other varieties of Manding are used in several other countries , such as Guinea , The Gambia , and Senegal . Sango ( edit ) The Sango language is a lingua franca developed for intertribal trading in the Central African Republic . It is based on the Northern Ngbandi language spoken by the Sango people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo but with a large vocabulary of French loan words . It has now been institutionalised as an official language of the Central African Republic . Swahili ( edit ) Swahili , known as Kiswahili to its speakers , is used throughout large parts of East Africa and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo as a lingua franca , despite being the mother tongue of a relatively small ethnic group on the East African coast and nearby islands in the Indian Ocean . At least as early as the late 18th century , Swahili was used along trading and slave routes that extended west across Lake Tanganyika and into the present - day Democratic Republic of Congo . Swahili rose in prominence throughout the colonial era , and has become the predominant African language of Tanzania and Kenya . Some ethnic groups now speak Swahili more often than their mother tongues , and many , especially in urban areas , choose to raise their children with Swahili as their first language , leading to the possibility that several smaller East African languages will fade away as Swahili transitions from being a regional lingua franca to a regional first language . It has official status as a national language in DR Congo , Tanzania and Kenya , and symbolic official status ( understood but not widely spoken ) in Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi . It is the first language of education in Tanzania and in much of eastern Congo . It is also the auxiliary language to be in the proposed East African Federation . Wolof ( edit ) Wolof is a widely spoken lingua franca of Senegal and The Gambia ( especially the capital , Banjul ) . It is the native language of approximately 5 million Wolof people in Senegal , and is spoken as a second language by an equal number . Asia ( edit ) Akkadian ( edit ) In the Middle East , from around 2600BCE to 1500BCE , forms of Akkadian were the universally recognized language . It was used throughout the Akkadian empire as well as internationally as a diplomatic language -- for example between Egypt and Babylon -- well after the fall of the Akkadian empire itself and even while Aramaic was more common in Babylon . Arabic ( edit ) An example of a text written in Arabic calligraphy . Arabic , the native language of the Arabs , who originally came from the Arabian Peninsula , became the lingua franca of the Islamic ( Arab ) Empire ( from CE 733 -- 1492 ) , which at its greatest extent included the borders of China and Northern India , Central Asia , Persia , Asia Minor , the Middle East , North Africa , Spain and Portugal . During the Islamic Golden Age ( around CE 1200 ) , Arabic was the language of science and diplomacy . Arabic loanwords are found in many languages , including English , Persian , Turkish , Hindustani , Somali , Spanish , Portuguese and Swahili . In Iberia , this is a legacy of the Al - Andalus period . Additionally , Arabic was used by people neighbouring the Islamic Empire . Arabic script was adopted by many other languages such as Urdu , Persian , Swahili ( changed to Latin in the late 19th century ) , Turkish ( switched to Latin script in 1928 ) , and Somali ( changed to Latin in 1972 ) . Arabic became the lingua franca of these regions not simply because of commerce or diplomacy , but also on religious grounds since Arabic is the language of the Qur'an , Islam 's holy book , sacred to Muslims . Arabic remains the lingua franca for 23 countries ( 25 with the Palestinian territories and Western Sahara ) , in the Middle East , North Africa , Horn of Africa , in addition to Chad and Eritrea . Despite a few language script conversions from Arabic to Latin as just described , Arabic is the second most widely used alphabetic system in the world after Latin . Arabic script is / has been used in languages including Afrikaans , Azeri , Bosnian , Hausa , Kashmiri , Kazakh , Kurdish , Kyrgyz , Malay , Morisco , Pashto , Persian , Punjabi , Sindhi , Somali , Tatar , Turkish , Turkmen , Urdu , Uyghur , and Uzbek . According to Encarta , which classified Chinese as a single language , Arabic is the second largest native language . Used by more than a billion Muslims around the world , it is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Aramaic ( edit ) Aramaic was the native language of the Aramaeans and became the lingua franca of the Assyrian Empire and the western provinces of the Persian Empire , and was adopted by conquered peoples such as the Hebrews . A dialect of Old Aramaic developed into the literary language Syriac . The Syriacs , such as the Syriac - Aramaean , Assyrian and Chaldean Christians , continued the use of Aramaic which ultimately evolved into the Neo-Aramaic dialects of the Middle East . Azeri ( edit ) Azeri served as a lingua franca in Transcaucasia ( except the Black Sea coast ) , Southern Daghestan , Eastern Anatolia , and all Iran including Iranian Azerbaijan from the 16th century to the early 20th century . Its role has now been taken over by Russian in the North Caucasus , and by the official languages of the various independent states of the South Caucasus . Bengali ( edit ) Bengali language acts as a lingua franca for the people living in Bangladesh and in the rural areas of West Bengal . Chinese ( edit ) A letter dated 1266 from Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire to the `` King of Japan '' ( 日本 國王 ) was written in Classical Chinese . Now stored in Todai - ji , Nara , Japan . Until the early 20th century , Classical Chinese served as both the written lingua franca and the diplomatic language in Far East Asia including China , Mongolia , Korea , Japan , Taiwan , the Ryūkyū Kingdom , and Vietnam . In the early 20th century , vernacular written Chinese replaced Classical Chinese within China as both the written and spoken lingua franca for speakers of different Chinese dialects , and because of the falling power and cultural influence of China in East Asia , English has since replaced Classical Chinese as the lingua franca in East Asia . Hebrew ( edit ) Throughout the centuries of Jewish exile , Hebrew has served the Jewish people as a lingua franca ; allowing Jews from different areas of the world to communicate effectively with one another . This was particularly valuable for cross-culture mercantile trading that became one of the default occupations held by Jews in exilic times . Without the need for translators , documents could easily be written up to convey significant legal trade information . Among early Zionists , a newly reconstructed form of Hebrew served as a common language between Jews from nations as diverse as Poland and Yemen . In modern Israel , Hebrew is the commonly accepted language of administration and trade , even among Israeli - Arabs whose mother - tongue remains Arabic . Hindustani ( edit ) Hindustani , or Hindi -- Urdu , is commonly spoken in India and Pakistan . It encompasses two standardized registers in the form of the official languages of Hindi and Urdu , as well as several nonstandard dialects . Hindi is one of the official languages of India , and Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan . Urdu is also an official language in India . However , whilst the words and much of the speaking may sound similar , many literary differences are present , and Urdu is written in Nastaliq script while Hindi is written in the Devanagari script . Hindi is also a lingua franca in Nepal . In the Terai i.e. floodplain districts of Nepal ( along the Indian border ) , Hindi is a dominant language , though the people 's mother tongues are typically Avadhi , Maithili , or Bhojpuri . Additionally , Urdu is quite useful throughout the Middle East countries due to the export of labor from South Asia . It is commonly spoken among labour working populations on land and at sea throughout the Middle East . Malay ( edit ) 1839 - Trilingual Chinese - Malay - English text - Malay was the linga franca across the Strait of Malacca , including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia , and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo . In the 15th century , during the Malacca Sultanate , Malay was used as a lingua franca in Maritime Southeast Asia , by locals , and traders and artisans that stopped at Malacca via the Straits of Malacca . Malay was also presumably used as a language of trade among the elites and artisans around the islands of modern - day Philippines . Dutch scholar , Francois Valentijn ( 1666 -- 1727 ) described the use of Malay in the region as being equivalent to the contemporary use of Latin and French in Europe . Nowadays , Malay is used mostly in Malaysia ( officially called Bahasa Malaysia ) and Brunei , and to a lesser extent in Singapore and parts of Sumatra . One of Singapore 's four official languages , the Malay language or ' Bahasa Melayu ' was the lingua franca for Malays in Singapore prior to the introduction of English as a working and instructional language , and remains so for the elder generation . Indonesian , a language based on traditional Malay and with which it is mutually intelligible , but also influenced by various languages such as Dutch , Sanskrit , Javanese , Arabic , and Portuguese , serves as a lingua franca throughout Indonesia and East Timor ( where it is considered a working language ) , areas that are home to over 700 indigenous languages . Nepali ( edit ) Nepali is the lingua franca of the many ethnic , religious and cultural communities of Nepal , and is also spoken in Bhutan , parts of India and parts of Myanmar ( Burma ) . It is one of 23 official languages of India incorporated in 8th annex of the Indian Constitution . It has official language status in the formerly independent state of Sikkim and in West Bengal 's Darjeeling district . Similarly , it is spoken by the Nepalese living in the state of Assam and other Northeast Indian states . While Nepali is closely related to the Hindi -- Urdu complex and is mutually intelligible to a degree , it has more Sanskritic derivations and fewer Persian or English loan words . Nepali is commonly written in the Devanagari script , as are Hindi , Sanskrit and Marathi . Persian ( edit ) Persian became the second lingua franca of the Islamic world , in particular of the eastern regions . Besides serving as the state and administrative language in many Islamic dynasties , some of which included Samanids , Ghurids , Ghaznavids , Ilkhanids , Seljuqids , Moguls and early Ottomans , Persian cultural and political forms , and often the Persian language , were used by the cultural elites from the Balkans to India . For example , Persian was the only oriental language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China . Arnold Joseph Toynbee 's assessment of the role of the Persian language is worth quoting in more detail : In the Iranic world , before it began to succumb to the process of Westernization , the New Persian language , which had been fashioned into literary form in mighty works of art ... gained a currency as a lingua franca ; and at its widest , about the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries of the Christian Era , its range in this role extended , without a break , across the face of South - Eastern Europe and South - Western Asia . Persian remains the lingua franca in Iran , Afghanistan and Tajikistan . Sanskrit ( edit ) Sanskrit historically served as a lingua franca throughout the majority of India . Tagalog ( edit ) Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines , the Constitution of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 . Native Tagalog speakers continue to make up one of the country 's largest linguistic and cultural groups , numbering an estimated 14 million . The Filipino language , which is standardised register of Tagalog , is taught in schools throughout the Philippines and is an official language of education and business along with English . Due to the large number of Languages of the Philippines , the designation of Tagalog ( as ' Filipino ' ) as ' national ' in character is often disputed , as Cebuano and Ilocano are among several tongues that have comparatively large numbers of speakers , and are themselves used as lingua francas . See also Imperial Manila . Tamil ( edit ) Tamil is considered as the lingua franca of Southern India and much of Sri Lanka . It is an official language in Sri Lanka and Singapore . It is also one of 23 official languages of India incorporated in the list of annex of the Indian Constitution . It has official language status once formerly in Haryana . Europe ( edit ) English language English ( edit ) Main article : English as a lingua franca See also : International English English is the current lingua franca of international business , education , science , technology , diplomacy , entertainment , radio , seafaring , and aviation . After World War II , it has gradually replaced French as the lingua franca of international diplomacy . The rise of English in diplomacy began in 1919 , when the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as in French , the dominant language used in diplomacy until that time . The widespread use of English was further advanced by the prominent international role played by English - speaking nations ( the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations ) in the aftermath of World War II , particularly in the establishment and organization of the United Nations . English is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ( the other five being French , Arabic , Chinese , Russian and Spanish ) . The seating and roll - call order in sessions of the United Nations and its subsidiary and affiliated organizations is determined by alphabetical order of the English names of the countries . When the United Kingdom became a colonial power , English served as the lingua franca of the colonies of the British Empire . In the post-colonial period , some of the newly created nations which had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as an official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others . The British Empire established the use of English in regions around the world such as North America , India , Africa , Australia and New Zealand , so that by the late 19th century its reach was truly global , and in the latter half of the 20th century , widespread international use of English was much reinforced by the global economic , financial , scientific , military , and cultural pre-eminence of the English - speaking countries and especially the U.S. Today , more than half of all scientific journals are published in English , while in France , almost one - third of all natural science research appears in English , lending support to English being the lingua franca of science and technology . English is also the lingua franca of international air traffic control and seafaring communications . French ( edit ) French was the language of diplomacy from the 17th century until the mid-20th century , and is still a working language of some international institutions . In the international sporting world French is still the lingua franca of the International Olympic Committee and FIFA. French is still seen on documents ranging from passports to airmail letters . Until the accession of the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Denmark in 1973 , French and German were the official working languages of the European Economic Community . French is spoken by educated people in cosmopolitan cities of the Middle East and North Africa and remains so in the former French colonies of the Maghreb , where French is particularly important in economic capitals such as Algiers , Casablanca and Tunis . Until the outbreak of the civil war in Lebanon , French was spoken by the upper - class Christian population . French is still a lingua franca in most Western and Central African countries and an official language of many , a remnant of French and Belgian colonialism . These African countries and others are members of the Francophonie . French is the official language of the Universal Postal Union , with English added as a working language in 1994 . See also : The Universality of the French Language German ( edit ) German served as a lingua franca in large portions of Europe for centuries , mainly the Holy Roman Empire outside of the sphere of influence of the Hanseatic League , which used Low German . Previously one of the official languages of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , German remained an important second language in much of Central and Eastern Europe long after the dissolution of that empire after World War I. Today , although to a much diminished degree after World War II , it is still the most common second language in some of the countries in the region like Slovenia ( 45 % of the population ) , Croatia ( 34 % ) , the Czech Republic ( 31 % ) and Slovakia ( 28 % ) . In others , it is also known by significant numbers of the population ( in Poland by 18 % , in Hungary by 16 % ) . World War II and its following resettlements during 1945 - 1950 had a disastrous effect on the use of the German language in Central and Eastern Europe , where it was often suppressed and eventually dropped as a lingua franca by the mid-to - late 20th century . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , German was a prerequisite language for scientists . Despite the anti-German sentiment after World War I and World War II , it remains a widespread language among scientists . Greek and Latin ( edit ) Koine Greek During the time of the Hellenistic civilization and Roman Empire , the lingua francas were Koine Greek and Latin . During the Middle Ages , the lingua franca was Greek in the parts of Europe , Middle East and Northern Africa where the Byzantine Empire held hegemony , and Latin was primarily used in the rest of Europe . Latin , for a significant portion of the expansion of the Roman Catholic Church , was the universal language of prayer and worship . During the Second Vatican Council , Catholic liturgy changed to local languages , although Latin remains the official language of the Vatican . Latin was used as the language of scholars in Europe until the early 19th century in most subjects . For instance , Christopher Simpson 's `` Chelys or The Division viol '' on how to improvise on the viol ( viola da gamba ) was published in 1665 in a multilingual edition in Latin and English , to make the material accessible for the wider European music community . Another example is the Danish - Norwegian writer Ludvig Holberg , who published his book `` Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum '' in 1741 about an ideal society `` Potu '' ( `` Utop '' backwards ) with equality between the genders and an egalitarian structure , in Latin in Germany to avoid Danish censorship and to reach a greater audience . Newton 's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin in 1687 : the first English translation did not appear until 1729 . In subjects like medicine and theology Latin has been a subject of study until the present day in most European universities , despite declining use in recent years . Italian ( edit ) The Mediterranean Lingua Franca was largely based on Italian and Provençal . This language was spoken from the 11th to 19th centuries around the Mediterranean basin , particularly in the European commercial empires of Italian cities ( Genoa , Venice , Florence , Milan , Pisa , Siena ) and in trading ports located throughout the eastern Mediterranean rim . During the Renaissance , standard Italian was spoken as a language of culture in the main royal courts of Europe , and among intellectuals . This lasted from the 14th century to the end of the 16th , when French replaced Italian as the usual lingua franca in northern Europe . On the other hand , Italian musical terms , in particular dynamic and tempo notations , have continued in use to the present day , especially for classical music , in music revues and program notes as well as in printed scores . Italian is considered the language of Opera . In the Catholic ecclesiastic hierarchy , Italian is known by a large part of members and is used in substitution of Latin in most official documents as well . The presence of Italian as the official language in Vatican City indicates its use not only in the seat in Rome , but also anywhere in the world where an episcopal seat is present . Italian served as the official lingua franca in Italian North Africa ( present - day Libya , consisting of the colonies of Cyrenaica , Tripolitania and Fazzan ) and in Italian East Africa ( consisting of the present - day countries of the Horn of Africa : Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia ) . Low German ( edit ) From about 1200 to 1600 , Middle Low German was the language of the Hanseatic League which was present in most Northern European seaports , even London . It resulted in numerous Low German words being borrowed into Danish , Norwegian and Swedish . After the Middle Ages , modern High German and Dutch began to displace Low German , and it has now been reduced to many regional dialects , although they are still largely mutually intelligible . In recent years , the language has seen a resurgence in public interest , and it is increasingly being used as a mode of communication between speakers of ( northern ) German and ( eastern ) Dutch nationality . Polish ( edit ) Polish was a lingua franca in areas of Central and Eastern Europe , especially regions that belonged to the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . Polish was for several centuries the main language spoken by the ruling classes in Lithuania and Ukraine , and the modern state of Belarus . After the Partitions of Poland and the incorporation of most of the Polish areas into the Russian Empire as Congress Poland , the Russian language almost completely supplanted Polish . Portuguese ( edit ) Portuguese served as lingua franca in the Portuguese Empire , Africa , South America and Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries . When the Portuguese started exploring the seas of Africa , America , Asia and Oceania , they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a Portuguese - influenced version of lingua franca with the local languages . When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese , the crews tried to learn this `` broken Portuguese '' . Through a process of change the lingua franca and Portuguese lexicon was replaced with the languages of the people in contact . Portuguese remains an important lingua franca in Africa ( PALOP ) , East Timor , Goa , and to a certain extent in Macau where it is recognized as an official language alongside Chinese though in practice not commonly spoken . Russian ( edit ) Russian is in use and widely understood in Northern and Central Asia , areas formerly part of the Soviet Union or bloc , and may be understood by older people in Central and Eastern Europe , formerly part of the Warsaw Pact . It remains the lingua franca in the Commonwealth of Independent States ( the former Soviet Union minus the more Western Baltic states , where English and German are preferred ) . Russian is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Serbo - Croatian ( edit ) Serbo - Croatian is a lingua franca in several of the territories of the former Yugoslavia , that is , modern Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro and Serbia . In those four countries it is the main native language , and is also spoken by ethnic minorities . For example , a Hungarian from Vojvodina and an Italian from Istria might use it as a shared second language . Most people in Slovenia and Macedonia can understand or speak Serbo - Croatian as well . It is a pluricentric language and is commonly referred to as Bosnian , Croatian , Serbian or Montenegrin depending on the background of the speaker . Spanish ( edit ) With the growth of the Spanish Empire , Spanish became established in the Americas , as well as in parts of Africa , Asia and Oceania . It became the language of global trade until Napoleonic Wars and the breakup of the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century . Spanish was used as a lingua franca throughout the former Spanish Colonial Empire , including territory in present - day U.S. , but particularly in present - day Mexico , Spanish Caribbean , Central and South America , and it remains the lingua franca within Hispanic America . At present it is the second most used language in international trade , and the third most used in politics , diplomacy and culture after English and French . Turkish ( edit ) Turkish is still in use and widely spoken in several areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and may be understood by older people in other parts of the Middle East ... Yiddish ( edit ) Yiddish originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to central and eastern Europe and eventually to other continents . For a significant portion of its history , Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews . Eastern Yiddish , three dialects of which are still spoken today , includes a significant but varying percentage of words from Slavic , Romanian and other local languages . On the eve of World War II , there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers , for many of whom Yiddish was not the primary language . The Holocaust , however , led to a dramatic , sudden decline in the use of Yiddish , as the extensive Jewish communities , both secular and religious , that used Yiddish in their day - to - day life were largely destroyed . Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war , further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union , along with the strictly Hebrew monolingual stance of the Zionist movement , led to a decline in the use of Yiddish . However , the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox ( mainly Hasidic ) communities is now increasing . It is a home language in most Hasidic communities , where it is the first language learned in childhood , used in schools , and in many social settings . In the United States , as well as South America , the Yiddish language bonded Jews from many countries . Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of Ellis Island considered Yiddish their native language . Later , Yiddish was no longer the primary language for the majority of the remaining speakers and often served as lingua franca for the Jewish immigrants who did not know each other 's primary language , particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union . Yiddish was also the language in which second generation immigrants often continued to communicate with their relatives who remained in Europe or moved to Israel , with English , Spanish or Portuguese being primary language of the first and Russian , Romanian , or Hebrew that of the second . Pre-columbian North America ( edit ) Chinook Jargon ( edit ) Chinook Jargon was originally constructed from a great variety of Amerind words of the Pacific Northwest , arising as an intra-indigenous contact language in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity . The participating peoples came from a number of very distinct language families , speaking dozens of individual languages . After European contact , the Jargon also acquired English and French loans , as well as words brought by other European , Asian , and Polynesian groups . Some individuals from all these groups soon adopted the Jargon as a highly efficient and accessible form of communication . This use continued in some business sectors well into the 20th century and some of its words continue to feature in company and organization names as well as in the regional toponymy . In the Diocese of Kamloops , British Columbia , hundreds of speakers also learned to read and write the Jargon using the Duployan shorthand via the publication Kamloops Wawa . As a result , the Jargon also had the beginnings of its own literature , mostly translated scripture and classical works , and some local and episcopal news , community gossip and events , and diaries . Novelist and early Native American activist , Marah Ellis Ryan ( 1860 ? -- 1934 ) used Chinook words and phrases in her writing . According to Nard Jones , Chinook Jargon was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II , especially among the members of the Arctic Club , making Seattle the last city where the language was widely used . Writing in 1972 , he remarked that at that later date `` Only a few can speak it fully , men of ninety or a hundred years old , like Henry Broderick , the realtor , and Joshua Green , the banker . '' Jones estimates that in pioneer times there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon . Nahuatl ( edit ) Classical Nahuatl was the lingua franca of the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica prior to the Spanish invasion in the 16th century . An extensive corpus of the language as spoken exists . Like Latin and Hebrew ( prior to the founding of modern Israel ) , Classical Nahuatl was more of a sociolect spoken among the elites ( poets , priests , traders , teachers , bureaucrats ) than a language spoken in any common family household . After the Spanish conquest , Nahuatl remained the lingua franca of New Spain . Spanish friars matched the language to a Latin alphabet , and schools were established to teach Nahuatl to Spanish priests , diplomats , judges , and political leaders . In 1570 , Nahuatl was made the official language of New Spain , and it became the lingua franca throughout Spanish North America , used in trade and the courts . During the prolonged Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spain 's native allies , mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula , spread Nahuatl to Maya areas where it was not spoken prior to the arrival of the Spanish , resulting in Nahuatl placenames across Guatemala which persist up to the present . In 1696 , the official use of any language other than Spanish was banned throughout the empire . Especially since Mexican independence , the use of Nahuatl has dwindled . Occaneechi ( edit ) Prior to European colonization , the Occaneechi dialect of the Tutelo language served as a lingua franca in the land that would become the state of Virginia . Tutelo was a Siouan language . But Robert Beverley , Jr. observed that the Tuscarora , who spoke an Iroquoian language , and the Powhatan , who spoke an Algonquian language , both used Occaneechi in religious ceremonies , much like modern Christian communities use Latin . Beverley also noted that the Occaneechi language was used by all native nations of Virginia as a trade language . After European colonists introduced devastating infectious diseases , all native languages of Virginia began to decline . All dialects of Tutelo , including Occaneechi , became extinct by the end of the 20th century . However , there is considerable documentation of the language by numerous linguists , and interest among modern Tutelo people in reviving the language . South America ( edit ) Portuguese and Spanish started to grow as lingua francas in the region in since the conquests of the 16th century . In the Case of Spanish this process was not even and as the Spanish used the structure of Inca Empire to consolidate their rule Quechua remained the lingua franca of large parts of what is now Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia . Quechua importance as a language for trade and dealing with Spanish - approved indigenous authorities ( curaca ) made the language expand even after the Spanish conquest . It was not until the rebellion of Túpac Amaru II that the Spanish authorities changed to a policy of Hispanization that was continued by the republican states of Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia . Quechua also lost influence to Spanish as the commerce circuits grew to integrate other parts of the Spanish Empire where Quechua was unknown , for example in the Rio de la Plata . Quechua ( edit ) Also known as Runa Simi , as the Inca empire rose to prominence in South America , this imperial language became the most widely spoken language in the western regions of the continent . Even among tribes that were not absorbed by the empire Quechua still became an important language for trade because of the empire 's influence . Even after the Spanish conquest of the Andes , Quechua for a long time was the most common language , and was promoted by the Spanish colonial authorities in the first centuries of colonization . Today it is still widely spoken although it has given way to Spanish as the more common lingua franca . It is spoken by some 10 million people through much of South America ( mostly in Peru , south - western and central Bolivia , southern Colombia and Ecuador , north - western Argentina and northern Chile ) . Mapudungun ( edit ) Mapudungun was for a long time used as a lingua franca in large portions of Chile and Argentine Patagonia . Adoption of Spanish was in Chile a slow process and by the 19th century the unconquered Indians of Araucanía had spread their language across the Andes during a process called Araucanization . Pehuenches were among the first non-Mapuche tribes to adopt the language . The increasing commerce over the Andes and the migration of Mapuches into the Patagonian plains contributed to the adoption of Mapudungun by other tribes of a more simple material culture . Even in Chiloé Archipelago Spaniards and mestizos adopted a dialect of Mapudungun as their main language . Tupi ( edit ) The Old Tupi language served as the lingua franca of Brazil among speakers of the various indigenous languages , mainly in the coastal regions . Tupi as a lingua franca , and as recorded in colonial books , was in fact a creation of the Portuguese , who assembled it from the similarities between the coastal indigenous Tupi -- Guarani languages . The language served the Jesuit priests as a way to teach natives , and it was widely spoken by Europeans . It was the predominant language spoken in Brazil until 1758 , when the Jesuits were expelled from Brazil by the Portuguese government and the use and teaching of Tupi was banned . Since then , Tupi as lingua franca was quickly replaced by Portuguese , although various Tupi -- Guarani languages are still spoken by small native groups in Brazil . Pidgins and creoles ( edit ) Further information : Pidgin and Creole language Various pidgin languages have been used in many locations and times as a common trade speech . They can be based on English , French , Chinese , or indeed any other language . A pidgin is defined by its use as a lingua franca , between populations speaking other mother tongues . When a pidgin becomes a population 's first language , then it is called a creole language . Guinea - Bissau Creole ( edit ) Guinea - Bissau Creole is a Portuguese Creole used as a lingua franca of Guinea - Bissau and Casamance , Senegal among people of different ethnic groups . It is also the mother tongue of many people in Guinea - Bissau . Tok Pisin ( edit ) Tok Pisin is widely spoken in Papua New Guinea as a lingua franca . It developed as an Australian English - based creole with influences from local languages and to a smaller extent German or Unserdeutsch and Portuguese . Tok Pisin originated as a pidgin in the 19th century , hence the name ' Tok Pisin ' from ' Talk Pidgin ' , but has now evolved into a modern language . Also called Pidgin English , this lingua franca is also spoken in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . The versions of Pidgin vary between PNG , the Solomons and Vanuatu , but all Pidgin speakers from these countries are able to communicate and often understand each other 's language variations . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lingua franca . Interlinguistics International auxiliary language International English Esperanto Classical language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Factbook - Ethiopia '' . CIA . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ FANAGALO -- © J. Olivier ( 2009 ) -- SA Languages . Jump up ^ Bokamba , Eyamba G. ( 2009 ) . `` The spread of Lingala as a lingua franca in the Congo Basin '' . In McLaughlin , Fiona . The Languages of Urban Africa . London , New York : Continuum . pp. 50 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 116 - 4 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arabic Alphabet '' . Encyclopædia Britannica online . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Arabic Language Programme '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People '' . Microsoft Encarta 2006 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department for General Assembly and Conference Management -- What are the official languages of the United Nations ? '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pieter Muysken , `` Introduction : Conceptual and methodological issues in areal linguistics '' , in Pieter Muysken , From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics , 2008 ISBN 90 - 272 - 3100 - 1 , p. 30 -- 31 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Viacheslav A. Chirikba , `` The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund '' in Muysken , p. 74 Jump up ^ Keith Brown , Sarah Ogilvie . Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world . -- Elsevier , 2009 . -- С. 110 - 113 . -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 087774 - 7 . An Azerbaijanian koine _́ functioned for centuries as a lingua franca , serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia , in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan . Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century . Jump up ^ Nasledie Chingiskhana by Nikolai Trubetzkoy . Agraf , 1999 ; p. 478 Jump up ^ J.N. Postgate . Languages of Iraq . British School of Archaeology in Iraq , 2007 ; ISBN 0 - 903472 - 21 - X ; p. 164 Jump up ^ ( in Malay ) Wawasan : Bahasa Melayu Salah Satu Bahasa Utama Dunia , Buku Pelan Tindakan Strategik DBP 2011 -- 2015 ( Memartabatkan Bahasa dan Persuratan Melayu ) . page 10 . Terbitan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka ( DBP ) . Archived 2015 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dr Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Islam : Religion , History , and Civilization , HarperCollins , Published 2003 Jump up ^ Robert Famighetti , The World Almanac and Book of Facts , World Almanac Books , 1998 , p. 582 Jump up ^ John Andrew Boyle , SOME THOUGHTS ON THE SOURCES FOR THE IL - KHANID PERIOD OF PERSIAN HISTORY , in Iran : Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies , British Institute of Persian Studies , vol. 12 ( 1974 ) , p. 175 Jump up ^ Arnold J. Toynbee , A Study of History , V , pp. 514 -- 15 Jump up ^ The Last Lingua Franca : English Until the Return of Babel . Nicholas Ostler . Ch. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0802717719 Jump up ^ https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/3952-cultural-crossroads-how-sanskrit-became-mughal-lingua-franca Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Buddhism p. 350 ISBN 0191579173 Jump up ^ Before the European Challenge : The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East p. 180 ISBN 0791401685 Jump up ^ 1897 Constitution of Biak - na - Bato , Article VIII , Filipiniana.net , archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 28 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Tagalog/ ^ Jump up to : Otte , T.G. ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` H - Diplo Review of Sir Ivor Roberts , ed . Satow 's Guide to Diplomatic Practice , 6th edition '' ( PDF ) . H - Diplo : 5 . One of the striking external changes in diplomatic practice over the past three decades is the extent to which English has now become indisputably the lingua franca of international diplomacy . A comparison of Satow V and VI quickly establishes the fact . It is remarkable how many passages in the Gore - Booth edition of 1979 are still in French . This has been swept away by the tides of recent history ... Jump up ^ `` Lecture 7 : World - Wide English '' . HistLing . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Reinhold Wagnleitner , `` Coca - colonization and the Cold War : the cultural mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War '' , p. 162 Jump up ^ `` The UPU : Languages '' . Universal Postal Union . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Europeans and their languages -- European commission special barometer FEB2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Henry Romanos Kahane . The Lingua Franca in the Levant ( Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin ) Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15040264 Jump up ^ Lingua Franca ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Barbour , Stephen ; Cathie Carmichael ( 2000 ) . Language and Nationalism in Europe . Oxford UP . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925085 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué los brasileños deben aprender español ? '' -- Copyright 2003 Quaderns Digitals Todos los derechos reservados ISSN 1575 - 9393 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/beverley/beverley.html Jump up ^ http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2005/06/08/tutelo-language-revitalized-96387 Jump up ^ `` Abá nhe'enga oîebyr -- Tradução : a língua dos índios está de volta '' , by Suzel Tunes essay in Portuguese . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lingua_francas&oldid=846089587 '' Categories : Interlinguistics Lists of languages Lists by continent Hidden categories : Articles with Malay - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Fula - language text Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 07 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lingua francas in Africa
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8,801,434,681,859,097,000 | where did the last name murray come from | Murray ( surname ) - wikipedia Murray ( surname ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Murray ( listen ( help info ) ) is both a Scottish and an Irish surname with two distinct respective etymologies . The Scottish version is a common variation of the word Moray , an anglicisation of the Medieval Gaelic word Muireb ( or Moreb ) ; the b here was pronounced as v , hence the Latinization to Moravia . These names denote the district on the south shore of the Moray Firth , in Scotland . Murray is a direct transliteration of how Scottish people pronounce the word Moray . The Murray spelling is not used for the geographical area , which is Moray , but it became the commonest form of the surname , especially among Scottish emigrants , to the extent that the surname Murray is now much more common than the original surname Moray . See also Clan Murray . The Irish version derives from Ó Muireadhaigh . However , there were many Scottish Murray immigrants into Ireland during the Middle Ages and so a Murray of Irish heritage today could be descended from either source of the name . Contents 1 History 2 People 6 D 7 E 8 F 9 G 10 H 11 I 12 J 13 K 14 L 15 M 16 N 17 P 18 R 19 S 20 T 21 W 22 Y 23 See also 24 References History ( edit ) A considerable number of present bearers of this surname are of Scottish origin , especially in Ulster . Possible etymologies are : From Moray in northeast Scotland , which came from the Scottish Gaelic for `` sea settlement '' . As a native Irish of this name , from Mac Muireadhaigh or Ó Muireadhaigh `` descendant of Muireadhach '' or Mac Giolla Mhuire `` descendant of the servant of the Virgin Mary '' . The motto for Murray is `` Imperio '' . `` Murrays '' trace their heritage back to the 12th century and take their name from the province of Moray , once a local kingdom . It was during this time that the Flemish lords crossed the North Sea and established themselves in the Scottish realm . Among them was Freskin . It is possible that either Freskin or his son William intermarried with the ancient royal house of Moray . The senior line of the Murrays took the surname of Sutherland and became Earls of Sutherland by 1235 . Thereafter the chiefs of the Murrays were the Lords of Petty in Moray who also became Lords of Bothwell in Clydesdale before 1253 . An heir of this line , Sir Andrew Moray , was the brilliant young general who led the Scots in 1297 in their first uprising against English rule . He was mortally wounded while winning his famous victory at Stirling Bridge . His son , Sir Andrew Murray , 4th Lord of Bothwell , third Regent of Scotland , married Christian Bruce , a sister of King Robert the Bruce . He was captured at Roxburgh early in 1333 and was a prisoner in England at the time of the Battle of Halidon Hill . He obtained his freedom in time to march to the relief of his wife , who was defending Kildrummy Castle . Sir Andrew commenced with unabated spirit to struggle in the cause of independence and died in 1338 . The last Murray Lord of Bothwell died in 1360 of the plague . By the 16th century , the Murrays of Tullibardine in Strathearn had assumed the leadership of the Murrays . This was formally confirmed by Bands of Association in 1586 and 1589 . Sir John became the 1st Earl of Tullibardine in 1606 . Thus , the Tullibardine hegemony was firmly established among the Murrays ; and George Iain Murray , 10th Duke of Atholl was also Marquis of Tullibardine as recognized in Lyon Register as Chief of the Murrays . The 2nd Earl of Tullibardine married Lady Dorothea Stewart , heiress of the Earls of Atholl in 1629 and Marquises from 1676 . To their medieval peacock 's head crest ( motto - Praite ) , they added the mermaid ( motto - Tout Pret ) , as Lords of Balquidder ; and in the seventeenth century , they took the demi - savage holding a sword and a key commemorating the capture of the last Lord of the Isles by the 1st Stewart Earl of Atholl in 1475 : hence the motto Furth , Fortune , and Fill the Fetters . ( Go forth against your enemies , have good fortune , and return with hostages and booty ) . Since 1703 , the Murray 's chiefs have been Dukes of Atholl . For a time in the 18th century , the Murray dukes were also Sovereign Lords of the Isle of Man , with their own coinage and parliament , The House of Keys . The 1st Duke 's younger son , Lord George Murray , was the Jacobite general responsible for the highlander 's successes through the early part of the 1745 uprising . Much of the above information about the Murrays was taken from the book The Highland Clans , by Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk . Lord George 's descendant George Murray , 10th Duke of Atholl , died in February 1996 . The new Duke of Atholl is John Murray , 11th Duke of Atholl , a South African . The new Duke has taken the chiefship of the Murrays . People ( edit ) Murray may refer to many people ( see also Clan Murray ) : Contents : ( hide ) Top 0 -- 9 J Q U V X Y Z Adam Murray , English footballer Adam Murray , Irish soldier known for the 1689 defence of Derry Al Murray , comedian Albert Murray , including : Albert Murray ( writer ) ( 1916 -- 2013 ) , African American literary and jazz critic , novelist and biographer Albert Murray , Baron Murray of Gravesend ( 1930 -- 1980 ) , British Labour Party politician , Member of Parliament 1964 -- 1970 Bert Murray ( born 1942 ) , English football player Alexander Murray ( 1755 -- 1821 ) , U.S. Navy officer , Revolutionary War Alexander Murray ( 1816 -- 1884 ) , U.S. Navy officer , Mexican - American and American Civil Wars Alexander Murray ( geologist ) ( 1810 -- 1884 ) , Scottish geologist Alexander Murray ( linguist ) ( 1775 -- 1813 ) , linguist and professor at Edinburgh University Alexander Murray , 1st Baron Murray of Elibank ( 1870 -- 1920 ) Alexander Murray , 6th Earl of Dunmore Alexander Murray , 8th Earl of Dunmore Alexander Borthwick Murray ( 1816 -- 1903 ) , South Australian colonist , pastoralist and parliamentarian Alexander Hunter Murray ( 1818 or 1819 -- 1874 ) , a Hudson 's Bay Company fur trader and artist Alexander Stuart Murray ( 1841 -- 1904 ) , archaeologist Aline Murray Kilmer , American poet Allan Murray , Australian rules footballer Alma Murray , ( born 1854 ) , actress Andrew Murray , including : Sir Andrew Murray , Guardian of Scotland in 1332 and again from 1335 to 1338 Andrew Murray ( botanist ) ( 1812 -- 1878 ) , Scottish botanist Andrew Murray ( Guyanese boxer ) ( 1971 -- 2002 ) , Guyanese boxer of the 1990s and 2000s Andrew Murray ( trade unionist ) , Chair of the Stop the War Coalition and former member of the Communist Party of Britain Andrew Murray ( children 's writer ) , English children 's writer Andrew Murray ( golfer ) ( born 1956 ) , English golfer Andrew Murray ( minister ) ( 1828 -- 1917 ) , South African minister of religion , missionary , and author Andrew Murray ( Australian politician ) , Australian politician , current member of the Australian Senate Andrew Murray , 1st Viscount Dunedin Andrew C. Murray , Texas state representative , 1893 -- 1895 , 1903 -- 1905 , and 1911 -- 1917 Andy Murray ( ice hockey ) , Canadian ice hockey player , coach Sir Andy Murray ( born 1987 ) , currently the top - ranked British tennis player Ann Murray , Irish mezzo - soprano Anna Evans Murray ( 1857 -- 1955 ) , American advocate for early childhood education Anne Murray ( born 1945 ) , Canadian singer Anne Murray , Duchess of Atholl Anton Murray , South African cricketer Antonio Murray , English football player Antonio Murray ( police officer ) , former Baltimore Police officer sentenced to 139 years in prison Archibald Murray ( 1860 -- 1945 ) , British general Arnold Murray , including : Arnold Murray ( pastor ) ( born 1927 ) , founder and pastor , The Shepherd 's Chapel Arnold Murray ( 1854 -- 1952 ) , one of the Last surviving Confederate veterans Arnold Murray ( 1933 -- 89 ) , lover of Alan Turing , prosecuted for homosexual activity Arthur Murray ( 1895 -- 1991 ) , American dance instructor and businessman , married to Kathryn Murray Arthur Murray , 3rd Viscount Elibank Athol Murray , Canadian priest and high school president Lady Augusta Murray Barbara Murray , actress Bert Murray ( born 1942 ) , English football player Bill Murray ( born 1950 ) , American actor Billy Murray ( actor ) ( born 1941 ) , British actor Billy Murray ( singer ) ( 1877 -- 1954 ) , American singer Bob Murray ( businessman ) , businessman and former chairman of Sunderland Football Club Brady Murray , American ice hockey player Braham Murray ( 1943 -- 2018 ) , English theatre director Brett Murray , South African artist Brian Doyle - Murray , American comedian , screenwriter and actor Bruce C. Murray , American planetary scientist Bruce Murray ( cricketer ) , New Zealand cricketer Bruce Murray ( soccer ) , American soccer player Bryan Murray ( ice hockey ) ( 1942 -- 2017 ) , Canadian ice hockey coach and executive Chad Michael Murray ( born 1981 ) , American actor , former male fashion model and teen idol Charles Murray ( disambiguation ) Charles R. Murray ( 1882 -- 1938 ) , Canadian professional golfer Charlotte Murray ( 1754 -- 1808 ) , English botanist and author better known as Lady Charlotte Murray Charlotte Murray , Duchess of Atholl ( 1731 -- 1805 ) Cheryl Murray ( born 1952 ) , British actress Chris Murray ( born 1966 ) , Canadian singer - songwriter and guitarist Christian Murray , Canadian comedy writer Clark Murray ( born 1938 ) , American sculptor Colin Murray , Canadian ice hockey player Conor Murray ( born 1989 ) , Irish rugby union player Conrad Murray ( born 1953 ) , personal physician of Michael Jackson Craig Murray ( born 1958 ) , former British Ambassador to Uzbekistan Daniel Murray ( mathematician ) ( born 1862 ) Canadian mathematician Daniel Alexander Payne Murray ( 1852 -- 1925 ) , African American intellectual Darren Murray ( born 1974 ) , Scottish footballer Darrin Murray ( born 1967 ) , New Zealand cricketer Dave Murray ( musician ) ( born 1956 ) , Iron Maiden guitarist David Murray ( disambiguation ) David Christie Murray ( 1847 -- 1907 ) , English journalist and writer David Murray - Lyon ( 1890 -- 1975 ) , officer in the Indian Army Dee Murray ( 1946 -- 1992 ) , British bassist , best known as a member of Elton John 's original rock band Denis Murray ( journalist ) ( born 1951 ) , British television journalist DeMarco Murray , Dallas Cowboys running back Denis Murray ( athlete ) , Irish athlete at the 1908 Olympic Games in London Deryck Murray ( born 1943 ) , former West Indies cricketer Devon Murray ( born 1988 ) , Irish actor Don Murray ( clarinetist ) ( 1904 -- 1929 ) , American jazz musician Don Murray ( actor ) ( born 1929 ) , American actor Don Murray ( writer ) ( 1923 -- 2006 ) , Pulitzer Prize -- winning writer for the Boston Herald Donald Walter Gordon Murray ( 1894 -- 1976 ) , Canadian surgeon Douglas Murray ( ice hockey ) ( born 1980 ) , Swedish ice hockey player Durno Murray ( 1925 -- 2009 ) , Australian ornithologist Earl Murray ( 1926 -- 1994 ) , American football player Ed Murray ( Washington politician ) , politician from Washington State Eddie Murray ( born 1956 ) , American baseball player Eddie Murray ( American football ) Edmund P. Murray ( 1930 -- 2007 ) , American novelist and journalist Edwin R. Murray ( born 1960 ) , American politician Elaine Murray , Scottish politician Eli Houston Murray , Governor of Utah Territory ( 1880 -- 1886 ) Eoin Murray , Irish auto racing driver Eric Murray ( bridge ) ( born 1928 ) , Canadian bridge player Eric Murray ( cricketer ) , South African cricketer Eric Murray ( footballer ) Eric Murray ( rower ) , New Zealand rower Eustace Clare Grenville Murray ( 1824 -- 1881 ) , English journalist Francis Murray , mayor of Brisbane Francis Edwin Murray , poet Francis Joseph Murray , American mathematician known for his foundational work on functional analysis Frank Murray , coach of the Virginia Cavaliers Franny Murray , American football player Fraser Murray ( born 1999 ) , Scottish footballer Frieda A. Murray , fantasy writer Garth Murray , Canadian ice hockey player Geoffrey Cushing - Murray , American songwriter George Murray ( disambiguation ) Gideon Oliphant - Murray , 2nd Viscount Elibank Gilbert Murray , British intellectual Gilbert Elliot - Murray - Kynynmound , 1st Earl of Minto Glen Murray ( ice hockey ) , Canadian ice hockey player Glen Murray ( politician ) ( born 1957 ) , Canadian politician Glenn Murray , English football player Gerald R. Murray , 14th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Gordon Murray , designer of Formula One race cars Gordon Murray ( puppeteer ) ( 1921 -- 2016 ) , British television producer and puppeteer K. Gordon Murray , American film producer Grace Hopper , Grace Murray Hopper , American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral Graham Murray , Australian rugby league player and coach Graham Murray , Irish GAA all star . Grant Murray , Scottish professional footballer Grover E. Murray , President of Texas Tech University ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Guillermo Murray ( born 1927 ) , Argentine - Mexican actor and director Guy Murray , American track / cross country coach and former marathon runner Hannah Murray ( born 1989 ) , English actress H.J.R. Murray ( 1868 -- 1955 ) , English chess historian Harry Murray ( 1880 -- 1966 ) , Australian Victoria Cross recipient Henry Murray ( 1893 -- 1988 ) , American psychologist who developed the Thematic Apperception Test ( TAT ) Herbert Harley Murray ( 1829 -- 1904 ) , English colonial governor Herbert Murray ( footballer ) ( 1886 -- 1918 ) , Scottish footballer Hubert Murray ( 1861 -- 1940 ) , brother of Gilbert Murray Hugh Murray ( disambiguation ) Iain Murray ( disambiguation ) Iain Murray ( sailor ) , Australian olympic sailor Ian Murray ( disambiguation ) J ( edit ) J.A. Murray ( naturalist ) Jack Murray ( disambiguation ) Jaime Murray , English actress Jamal Murray ( born 1997 ) , Canadian basketball player James Murray ( disambiguation ) Jamie Murray , Scottish tennis player Jan Murray , American stand - up comedian Janice Murray , English association footballer Janet Murray , professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology Jenni Murray , British journalist and broadcaster Jennifer Murray , British pilot and the first woman to circumnavigate the world in a helicopter Jillian Murray , an American Actress Jim Murray ( football ) , an American football executive Jim Murray ( musician ) , a San Francisco musician of the 1960s Jim Murray ( sportswriter ) ( 1919 -- 1998 ) , American sportswriter Joan Murray , American poet Joel Murray , American actor John Murray ( disambiguation ) John Courtney Murray , American priest and theologian John Stewart - Murray , 7th Duke of Atholl John Stewart - Murray , 8th Duke of Atholl Johnston Murray , Governor of Oklahoma Jon Murray ( disambiguation ) Jonathan Murray , television producer Joseph Murray ( disambiguation ) Judith Sargent Murray Judy Murray Scottish tennis coach Juggy Murray Junior Murray ( born 1968 ) , West Indian cricketer Kate Murray Katharine Stewart - Murray , Duchess of Atholl Keith Murray ( ceramic artist ) Keith Murray ( rapper ) Keith Murray ( singer ) ( born 1978 ) , lead vocalist for We Are Scientists Keith Murray , Baron Murray of Newhaven ( 1903 -- 1993 ) , British academic Ken Murray ( disambiguation ) Kenny Murray Kevin Murray ( disambiguation ) Lamond Murray ( born 1973 ) , basketball player Larry Murray Lawrence J. Murray , Jr. ( 1910 -- 2000 ) , New York politician Lawrence O. Murray , U.S. Comptroller of the Currency from 1908 to 1913 Lee Murray ( born 1977 ) , a British mixed martial arts fighter of partial Moroccan descent . Len Murray ( Lionel Murray , Baron Murray of Epping Forest , 1922 -- 2004 ) , British Trade Union leader Lenda Murray ( born 1962 ) , American female bodybuilder Les Murray ( broadcaster ) Les Murray ( poet ) Leticia Murray Lindley Murray Lindley Murray ( tennis ) ( 1892 -- 1970 ) , American tennis player Liz Murray Louise Murray ( 1854 -- 1931 ) , American local historian and museum director Lowell Murray Lynn Murray , Scottish actress Lynne Murray , British psychopathologist and academic Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( 1919 -- 1995 ) , American atheist Mae Murray ( 1885 -- 1965 ) , American actress , dancer , film producer , and screenwriter Magnus Miller Murray ( 1787 -- 1838 ) , Mayor of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Margaret Murray ( 1863 -- 1963 ) , British Egyptologist Margaret Murray ( baseball ) ( died 2006 ) , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player Margaret Polson Murray ( 1865 -- 1927 ) , Canadian social reformer , magazine editor , and founder of the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire Margaret Lally `` Ma '' Murray ( 1888 -- 1982 ) American - Canadian newspaper editor , publisher , and columnist Margaret Murray Washington ( 1865 -- 1925 ) , principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Mark Murray ( disambiguation ) Marty Murray ( born 1975 ) , Canadian hockey player Matt Murray ( disambiguation ) Matthew Murray ( 1765 -- 1826 ) , English steam engine and machine tool manufacturer Michael Murray ( organist ) ( born 1943 ) , American musician and writer Mike Murray ( cricketer ) ( born 1930 ) , English banker , cricketer and administrator Mike Murray ( ice hockey ) ( born 1966 ) , Canadian hockey player and coach Mitch Murray ( born 1940 ) , English songwriter , record producer and author Mitchell Durno Murray ( 1925 -- 2009 ) , Australian veterinary scientist and ornithologist Montolieu Oliphant - Murray , 1st Viscount Elibank ( 1840 -- 1927 ) , Scottish nobleman Nathan Lovett - Murray Nathaniel A. Murray Nathaniel O. Murray , American politician Neil Murray ( Australian musician ) Neil Murray ( British musician ) Patrick Murray ( disambiguation ) Patty Murray ( Patricia Lynn Murray , born 1950 ) , United States Senator Paul Murray ( disambiguation ) Pauli Murray Peta Murray , Australian writer Pete Murray , Australian singer - songwriter Pete Murray ( disc jockey ) Peter Murray ( Harvard Law School ) , Harvard Law professor Peter Murray - Rust Philip Murray Raymond Murray , American Marine Corps officer Red Murray , American baseball player Rem Murray , Canadian ice hockey player Richard Murray ( disambiguation ) Rob Murray , Canadian ice hockey player Robert Murray ( disambiguation ) Robin Murray , British psychiatrist Ronald Murray , American basketball player Ronald King Murray , Lord Murray , Scottish politician and judge Ruby Murray , Northern Ireland singer Rupert Murray , film director Sabina Murray Samantha Murray Samantha Murray ( tennis ) Scott Murray , Scottish rugby player Sean Murray ( disambiguation ) Shaun Murray Simon Murray ( disambiguation ) Stephen Murray , including : Stephen Murray ( actor ) ( 1912 -- 1983 ) , British actor Stephen O. Murray ( born 1950 ) , a sociologist , anthropologist scholar specialising in homosexuality Stuart Murray Stuart S. Murray Suna Murray Sunny Murray Sara Murray T.C. Murray , Irish dramatist Tavi Murray , 8th woman to win the Polar Medal Terence Aubrey Murray ( 1810 -- 1873 ) , politician in New South Wales Terry Murray Therese Murray , American politician , President of the Massachusetts Senate Thomas Murray ( disambiguation ) , including : Thomas Murray ( curler ) Tim Murray Tom J. Murray , Democratic U.S. Representative from Tennessee ( 1943 -- 1966 ) Tracy Murray , NBA basketballer Troy Murray , Canadian ice hockey player Ty Murray , American champion rodeo cowboy , husband of Jewel Wal Murray , Australian politician Walter Charles Murray Will Murray ( writer ) Willard H. Murray , Jr . William Murray ( disambiguation ) William H. Murray ( Medal of Honor recipient ) , American Medal of Honor recipient Y ( edit ) Yvonne Murray , Scottish athlete See also ( edit ) Clan Murray Moray ( name ) McMurray ( surname ) Fort McMurray Jonathan Marray ( tennis player ) Rick Murray , a fictional character in Degrassi : The Next Generation Surname list This page lists people with the surname Murray . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_(surname)&oldid=854286099 '' Categories : Surnames Surnames of British Isles origin Anglicised Irish - language surnames Anglicised Scottish Gaelic - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français Latviešu Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 06 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Scottish and Irish surname
2. Moray Firth district in Scotland
3. Clan Murray
4. Scottish emigrants
5. Murray family history |
7,634,715,096,565,698,000 | how tall is the superman at darien lake | Superman -- Ride of steel - wikipedia Superman -- Ride of steel Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Superman - Ride of Steel <Td_colspan="2"> Superman - Ride of Steel 's final airtime hill <Th_colspan="2"> Six Flags America Park section Gotham City Coordinates 38 ° 54 ′ 31 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 38 '' W / 38.9085 ° N 76.7771 ° W / 38.9085 ; - 76.7771 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 31 '' N 76 ° 46 ′ 38 '' W / 38.9085 ° N 76.7771 ° W / 38.9085 ; - 76.7771 Status Operating Opening date May 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Darien Lake Coordinates 42 ° 55 ′ 44 '' N 78 ° 23 ′ 22 '' W / 42.9288 ° N 78.3894 ° W / 42.9288 ; - 78.3894 Status Operating Opening date May 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Intamin Designer Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmbH Model Mega Coaster Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 208 ft ( 63 m ) Drop 205 ft ( 62 m ) Length 5,400 ft ( 1,600 m ) Speed 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 2 : 02 Max vertical angle 68 ° Capacity 1100 riders per hour Height restriction 54 -- 76 in ( 137 -- 193 cm ) Trains 2 trains with 8 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 32 riders per train . <Td_colspan="2"> Flash Pass Available at Six Flags America <Td_colspan="2"> Superman - Ride of Steel at RCDB Pictures of Superman - Ride of Steel at RCDB Superman -- Ride of Steel is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags America amusement park near Upper Marlboro , Maryland . Ride of Steel is an identical model located at Darien Lake amusement park in Darien , New York . Both are hypercoasters reaching heights above 200 feet ( 61 m ) , and were manufactured by Intamin . The installation at Darien Lake opened to the public on May 15 , 1999 , and the replica at Six Flags America opened a year later on May 13 , 2000 . Six Flags New England 's Superman the Ride roller coaster was previously known as `` Superman -- Ride of Steel '' prior to 2009 , but it features a significantly different layout . Contents ( hide ) 1 VR experience 2 Ride layout 2.1 Elements 3 Accidents 4 Rankings 5 References 6 External links VR experience ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Six Flags announced that the ride would be one of several rides at various Six Flags parks to feature a VR system . Riders have the option of wearing a Samsung Gear VR headset , powered by Oculus to create a 360 - degree , 3D experience while riding . It is themed to Superman saving a city from Lex Luthor 's Lex Bots who are causing chaos with an anti-gravity ray . This theming will also come to the Superman : Krypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Superman : The Ride at Six Flags New England . Ride layout ( edit ) Once the train has been dispatched from the station it makes a winding , 180 - degree turn . The train ascends 208 feet ( 63 m ) up the lift hill and then drops 205 feet ( 62 m ) at an angle of 68 degrees . The train reaches the maximum speed of 73 mph ( 117 km / h ) before entering a sharp turn and the first airtime hill . A 540 - degree helix follows , in addition to another smaller airtime hill . The finale involves a 500 - degree helix and several more airtime hills before reaching the brake run and returning to the station . Elements ( edit ) 5 airtime hills ( 4 airtime hills and a twisted airtime hill ) 2 helixes ( 540 degree and 500 degree ) Accidents ( edit ) On May 16 , 1999 , a passenger was thrown from the train at the Darien Lake installment on one of the final hills and suffered only minor injuries . On July 8 , 2011 , a handicapped passenger on the Darien Lake installment riding in the front seat fell to his death . State investigators faulted operator error as the cause of the accident and the ride was re-opened on July 22 , 2011 . Rankings ( edit ) Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Ranking 20 16 13 12 18 23 14 17 28 26 40 43 38 The station of Ride of Steel at Darien Lake Superman 's lift and first drop Superman 's first airtime hill The version of ( Superman ) Ride of Steel at Darien Lake References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Six Flags adds VR roller coasters '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rider thrown from new Darien Lake roller coaster '' . Rideaccidents.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Army amputee ejected from roller coaster , dies '' . NBC News . 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ride of Steel Reopens , Darien Lake Officials Answer Questions About Tragedy '' . WKBW TV Buffalo . July 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . August 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 7B . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 14 -- 15B . September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 18 -- 19B . September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 26 -- 27B . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Six Flags America 's Official Page for Superman : Ride of Steel <Th_colspan="2"> Darien Lake Roller coasters Boomerang : Coast to Coaster Batman The Escape Hoot N Holler Mind Eraser Moto Coaster The Predator Ride Of Steel The Viper Attractions Shipwreck Falls Former attractions Nightmare at Phantom Cave <Th_colspan="2"> Six Flags America Roller coasters Apocalypse Batwing Great Chase The Joker 's Jinx Mind Eraser Ragin ' Cajun Roar Superman -- Ride of Steel The Wild One Other rides Hurricane Harbor Shipwreck Falls Whistlestop Park Wonder Woman Lasso of Truth ( 2017 ) Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Defunct Two Face : The Flip Side Python The Great Alonzo 's Cannonball Coaster <Th_colspan="2"> Superman in amusement parks <Td_colspan="2"> Bizarro ( Six Flags Great Adventure ) Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Lex Luthor : Drop of Doom Superman el Último Escape Superman Escape Superman -- Ride of Steel Superman : Escape from Krypton Superman : Krypton Coaster Superman : La Atracción de Acero Superman the Ride Superman : Tower of Power Superman : Ultimate Escape Superman : Ultimate Flight Superman : Ultimate Flight ( Six Flags Discovery Kingdom ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_ -- _Ride_of_Steel&oldid = 796478598 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters introduced in 1999 Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2000 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin Hypercoasters Superman in amusement parks Roller coasters in Maryland Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Six Flags America Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Superman - Ride of Steel
2. Steel roller coaster
3. Six Flags America
4. Darien Lake amusement park
5. VR experience on roller coasters |
-1,748,785,369,514,640,400 | who fought with the british in war of 1812 | War of 1812 - Wikipedia War of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Anglo - American War from 1812 to 1815 . For the Franco - Russian conflict , see French invasion of Russia . For other uses of this term , see War of 1812 ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 18 , 1812 -- February 18 , 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † James Lawrence † George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † <Th_colspan="2"> Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 - 15,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 2,200 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4000 slaves freed 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) <Td_colspan="2"> * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . <Th_colspan="2"> St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier <Td_colspan="2"> 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh <Th_colspan="2"> Niagara campaign s <Td_colspan="2"> Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit frontier <Td_colspan="2"> Tippecanoe Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills <Th_colspan="2"> Chesapeake campaign <Td_colspan="2"> Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church <Th_colspan="2"> American South <Td_colspan="2"> Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer <Th_colspan="2"> Naval battles of the War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of their army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie and at the Battle of the Thames , defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation , and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 14 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 4.4. 3 Postwar fighting 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British too were offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt Affair . This led to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President which they succeeded in doing during 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander Affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt Affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . H Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European War , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , but leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent with some officers proving themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . American soldiers were well trained and brave , but in the early battles were often led by officers of questionable ability . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 American leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - In - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he build a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada , largely because the Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and it was believed in Washington that if the Americans could take the rest of Upper Canada , then they would force the British to cede that province to them when it came time to negotiate the peace . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant that the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to have Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . The plan for 1814 to invade Upper Canada via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac . The British were sending supplies to the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac , so is why the island was considered important . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans ' renewed attack on the Niagara peninsula quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 with the 170 garrison quickly surrendering to the 5 , 000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George while the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British suffered heavy casualties in a failed assault and were weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually the British raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms that weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the American advanced into Upper Canada , engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence armed with 104 guns , which had been launched in Kingston that September was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor , gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . On reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 14 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Bellefontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate USS President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship , Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship , Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament , although the American sloops Hornet , Wasp 1807 , Argus ( 1813 ) , Erie ( 1813 ) , Ontario , Peacock ( 1813 ) , Wasp ( 1813 ) , Frolic ( 1813 ) were all ship - rigged and the British Cruizer - class sloops which they encountered were brig rigged which gave the American 's a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battle 's superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ship 's being of greater force than the British ships of the same class . Britain to constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates. . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which lead to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time and her hull had begun to rot further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close range engagement , the boarding ( hand to hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and ban single ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 it what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as the had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that the had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British and their Royal Navy and the King 's Army . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the U.S. Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 ( although British and American commissioners had convened peace negotiations at Ghent in June of that year ) . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal by British victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the `` Federal City '' of Washington , D.C. On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when units of the British Army , accompanied by major ships of the Royal Navy , were obviously on their way to the capital . The inexperienced American militia , which had congregated nearby at Bladensburg , Maryland , to protect the capital , were defeated in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from the then named `` President 's House '' ( or `` President 's Palace '' ( executive mansion ) -- now the `` White House '' ) , Fourth President James Madison and the government with members of the Presidential Cabinet , fled to Virginia . Seeing that the Battle of Bladensburg , northeast of the town in rural Prince George 's County was not going well , Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered Captain Thomas Tingey , commandant of the Washington Naval Yard on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River ( now the Anacostia River ) , to set the facility ablaze to prevent the capture of American naval ships , buildings , shops and supplies . Tingey had overseen the Naval Yard 's planning and development since the national capital had been moved from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800 , and waited until the very last possible minute , nearly four hours after the order was given to execute it . The destruction included most of the facility as well as the nearly - completed frigate `` Columbia '' and the sloop `` Argus '' . The British commanders ate the supper that had been prepared for the President and his departmental secretaries after returning from hopeful glorious U.S. victory , before they burned the Executive Mansion ; American morale was reduced to an all - time low . The British viewed their actions as retaliation for the destructive American invasions and raids into Canada , most notably the Americans ' burning of York earlier in 1813 . Later that same evening , a furious storm ( some later weather experts called it a thunderstorm , almost a hurricane ) swept into Washington , D.C. , sending one or more tornadoes into the rough , unfinished town that caused more damage but finally extinguished the fires with torrential rains , leaving fire - blackened walls and partial ruins of the President 's House , The Capitol and Treasury Department that were set alight the first night . In addition , the combustibles used to finish off the Navy Yard destruction that the Americans had started , exploded , killing or maiming a large number of `` Red - Coats . '' The British left Washington , D.C. the day after the storm subsided . Having destroyed Washington 's public buildings , including the President 's Mansion and the Treasury , the British army and navy next moved several weeks later to capture Baltimore , forty miles northeast , a busy port and a key base for American privateers . However , by not immediately going overland to the port city they sneeringly called a `` nest of pirates '' , but returning to their ships anchored in the Patuxent River and proceeding later up to the Upper Bay , they gave the Baltimoreans plenty of time to reinforce their fortifications and gather regular U.S. Army and state militia troops from surrounding counties and states . The subsequent `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on Sunday , September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where the Baltimore harbour 's Patapsco River met the Chesapeake Bay , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by American snipers as he attempted to rally his troops in the first skirmish . The snipers were killed moments later , and the British paused , then continued to march northwestward to the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units deployed further up Long Log Lane on the peninsula at `` Godly Wood '' where the later Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel under command of British Col. Arthur Brooke and American commander for the Maryland state militia and its Third Brigade ( or `` Baltimore City Brigade '' ) , Brig. Gen. John Stricker . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military now arrayed facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' - now part of Patterson Park ) . These overall Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and foreseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith , who had been set in charge of the Baltimore defences instead of the discredited U.S. Army commander for the Mid-Atlantic's 10th Military District ( following the debacle the previous month at Bladensburg ) , William H. Winder. Smith had been earlier a Revolutionary War officer and commander , then wealthy city merchant and U.S. Representative , Senator and later Mayor of Baltimore . The `` Red Coats '' were unable to immediately reduce Fort McHenry , at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor to allow their ships to provide heavier naval gunfire to support their troops to the northeast . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry , where Francis Scott Key placed off - shore in a U.S. truce ship was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' , which later when set to music became named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . At the bombardment of Fort McHenry , the British naval guns , mortars and revolutionary new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore , and the ships mostly stood off out of the Americans ' range , bombarding the fort , which returned very little fire and was not too heavily damaged during the onslaught except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces and resulting in a few casualties . Despite however the heavy bombardment , casualties in the fort were slight and the British ships eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . After a last ditch night feint and barge attack during the heavy rain storm at the time led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west which was split and misdirected partly in the storm , then turned back with heavy casualties by alert gunners at supporting western batteries Fort Covington and Battery Babcock , so the British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops - from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tuckaubatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River at Prospect Bluff ( Fort Gadsden ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , with further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo Gonzalez Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town in November . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Postwar fighting In May 1815 , a band of British - allied Sauk , unaware that the war had ended months before , attacked a small band of U.S. soldiers northwest of St. Louis . Intermittent fighting , primarily with the Sauk , continued in the Missouri Territory well into 1817 , although it is unknown if the Sauk were acting on their own or on behalf of British agents . Several uncontacted isolated warships continued fighting well into 1815 and were the last American forces to take offensive action against the British . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others , becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The Navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . `` Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . '' He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public . '' The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war . '' A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , while the Indians were the losing party . The British won by losing no territories and achieving their great war goal , the total defeat of Napoleon . U.S. won by ( 1 ) securing her honor and successfully resisting a powerful empire once again , thus winning a `` second war of independence '' ; and ( 2 ) ending the threat of Indian raids and the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary -- thereby opening an unimpeded path for the United States ' westward expansion . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon . Except for occasional border disputes and the circumstances of the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained generally peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary and was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812 . It remains in effect to this day . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams - Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early American naval history Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 Bibliography of the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ As Winston Churchill concluded , `` The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power '' . From A History of the English - speaking Peoples : The age of revolution , Volume 3 of A History of the English - speaking Peoples , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Caffrey 1977 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Black 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hooks , J.W. ( 2009 ) . `` A friendly salute the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' Ebscohost P ii Jump up ^ `` John P. Deeben , `` The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires : The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy '' , Prologue Magazine , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Summer 2012 , Vol. 44 , No. 2 `` . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White 2010 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Willig 2008 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hitsman 1965 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 504 ; Zuehlke 2007 , p. 62 . 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Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 27 . Horsman , Reginald ( 1962 ) . The Causes of the War of 1812 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 498 - 04087 - 9 . Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought . Oxford University Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 . Jones , Elwood H. ( 1983 ) . `` Willcocks , Joseph '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . V ( 1801 -- 1820 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Kaufman , Erik ( 1997 ) . `` Condemned to Rootlessness : The Loyalist Origins of Canada 's Identity Crisis '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 3 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 135 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537119708428495 . Kennedy , David M ; Cohen , Lizabeth ; Bailey , Thomas A ( 2010 ) . The American Pageant . Volume I : To 1877 ( 14th ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 16659 - 1 . Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) . The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 27319 - 5 Landon , Fred ( 1941 ) . Western Ontario and the American Frontier . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 123 . Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . 1812 : War with America . Cambridge : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02584 - 4 . Latimer , Jon ( 2009 ) . Niagara 1814 : The final invasion . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 9781846034398 . Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012571 - 3 . Lindsay , Arnett G. ( October 1920 ) . `` Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves , 1783 - 1828 '' . Journal of Negro History . 55 ( 4 ) . Mills , Dudley ( 1921 ) . `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 02 - 01 - 02 . Morison , E. ( 1941 ) . The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783 -- 1860 . Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 205 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 9728155 - 6 - 2 . Nolan , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Johnson , Cantonment Davis , and Fort Edwards '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 85 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Nugent , Walter ( 2008 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1964 ) . Castereagh and Adams : England and The United States , 1812 -- 1823 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925 ) . Expansionists of 1812 . New York : Macmillan . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1955 ) . A history of United States foreign - policy . p. 126 . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) . The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : An Operational and Command Study . East Lansing : Michigan State University Press . pp. 2 -- 12 . Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) . The British at the Gates : The New Orleans Campaign in The War of 1812 . New York : GP Putnam 's Sons . pp. 303 , 306 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . New York : Harper & Row Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5912 - 3 . Remini , Robert ( 1999 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : Andrew Jackson and America 's First Military Victory . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100179 - 8 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2002 ) . Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200128 - 7 . Risjord , Norman K. ( 1961 ) . `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 210 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918543 . JSTOR 1918543 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - Clio . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 188 - 5 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Smith , Dwight L ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Smith , Joshua ( 2007 ) . Borderland Smuggling . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida . pp. 81 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2986 - 4 . Smith , Joshua ( 2011 ) . Battle for the Bay : The War of 1812 . Fredericton , NB : Goose Lane Editions . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86492 - 644 - 9 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( January 1981 ) . `` James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain : Canada , the West Indies , and the War of 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 38 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 1916855 . JSTOR 1916855 . Stagg , John C.A. ( 1983 ) . Mr. Madison 's War : Politics , Diplomacy , and Warfare in the Early American republic , 1783 -- 1830 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge University Press . pp. 5 -- 6 . Stearns , Peter N. , ed. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world . 7 . p. 547 . Stevens , Walter B. ( 1921 ) . Centennial history of Missouri ( the center state ) one hundred years in the union . St. Louis and Chicago : S.J. Clarke . Strannack , Lt. Commander Ian ( 1909 ) . The Andrew And The Onions : The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda , 1795 -- 1975 . The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press , The Bermuda Maritime Museum . ISBN 0 - 921560 - 03 - 6 . Stuart , Reginald ( 1988 ) . United States Expansionism and British North America , 1775 - 1871 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 76 . Sugden , John ( January 1982 ) . `` The Southern Indians in the War of 1812 : The Closing Phase '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . Tanner , Helen H. ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 8 . Toll , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4265 - 8 . Trautsch , Jasper M. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate '' . Journal of Military History . 77 ( 1 ) : 273 -- 293 . Trautsch , Jasper . `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews and History ( 2013 ; updated 2014 ) online Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1097 . ISBN 9781851096039 . Turner , Wesley B. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1812 : The War That Both Sides Won . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 9781550023367 . Turner , Wesley B. ( July 4 , 2011 ) . The Astonishing General : The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock . Dundurn Press . p. 311 . Updyke , Frank Arthur ( 1915 ) . The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins U.P. , full text online Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : War of 1812 bibliography Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 - 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 - 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 - 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War , Basic Books , New York , pp. 491 , ISBN 9780465020461 Url Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages James , William , ( 1847 / 1859 ) , The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 5 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 458 , Url James , William ( 1837 ) The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 6 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 468 , Ebook ( full view ) Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; Examines this Wikipedia article Online Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Md. : Scarecrow . Misiak , Zig . War of 1812 : Highlighting Native Nations . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9811880 - 2 - 7 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . 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-6,494,498,867,463,559,000 | what type of family is formed by the marriage of two individuals and their offspring | Family structure in the United States - Wikipedia Family structure in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American family '' redirects here . For other uses , see American Family . An American family composed of the mother , father , children , and extended family . The traditional family structure in the United States is considered a family support system involving two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring . However , this two - parent , nuclear family has become less prevalent , and alternative family forms have become more common . The family is created at birth and establishes ties across generations . Those generations , the extended family of aunts , uncles , grandparents , and cousins , can hold significant emotional and economic roles for the nuclear family . Over time , the traditional structure has had to adapt to very influential changes , including divorce and the introduction of single - parent families , teenage pregnancy and unwed mothers , and same - sex marriage , and increased interest in adoption . Social movements such as the feminist movement and the stay - at - home father have contributed to the creation of alternative family forms , generating new versions of the American family . Contents ( hide ) 1 At a glance 1.1 Nuclear family 1.2 Single parent 1.3 Stepfamilies 1.4 Extended family 2 Roles and relationships 2.1 Married partners 2.2 Unwed partners 2.3 Parents 2.4 Housewives 2.5 `` Breadwinners '' 2.6 Stay - at - home dads 3 Children 3.1 Only child families 3.2 Childfree and childlessness 3.3 Adopted children 4 Modern family models 4.1 Same - sex marriage , adoption , and child rearing 4.2 Single - parent households 4.3 Adoption requirements 4.4 Male / female role pressures 5 African - American family structure 6 Television portrayals 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links At a glance ( edit ) This figure illustrates the changing structure of families in the U.S. Only 7 % of families in the U.S. in 2002 were `` traditional '' families in the sense that the husband worked and earned a sufficient income for the wife and kids to stay home . Many families are now dual - earner families . The `` other '' group includes the many households that are headed by a single parent . Nuclear family ( edit ) Further information : Nuclear family The nuclear family has been considered the `` traditional '' family since the communist scare in the cold war of the 1950s . The nuclear family consists of a mother , father , and the children . The two - parent nuclear family has become less prevalent , and pre-American and European family forms have become more common . These include same - sex relationships , single - parent households , adopting individuals , and extended family systems living together . The nuclear family is also choosing to have fewer children than in the past . The percentage of married - couple households with children under 18 has declined to 23.5 % of all households in 2000 from 25.6 % in 1990 , and from 45 % in 1960 . Single parent ( edit ) Further information : Single parent See also : Teenage pregnancy A single parent ( also termed lone parent or sole parent ) is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of the other biological parent . Historically , single - parent families often resulted from death of a spouse , for instance in childbirth . Single - parent homes are increasing as married couples divorce , or as unmarried couples have children . Although widely believed to be detrimental to the mental and physical well being of a child , this type of household is tolerated . The percentage of single - parent households has doubled in the last three decades , but that percentage tripled between 1900 and 1950 . The sense of marriage as a `` permanent '' institution has been weakened , allowing individuals to consider leaving marriages more readily than they may have in the past . Increasingly , single parent families are due to out of wedlock births , especially those due to unintended pregnancy . Stepfamilies ( edit ) Stepfamilies are becoming more familiar in America . Divorce rates are rising and the remarriage rate is rising as well , therefore , bringing two families together making step families . Statistics show that there are 1,300 new stepfamilies forming every day . Over half of American families are remarried , that is 75 % of marriages ending in divorce , remarry . Extended family ( edit ) Further information : Extended family The extended family consists of grandparents , aunts , uncles , and cousins . In some circumstances , the extended family comes to live either with or in place of a member of the nuclear family . An example includes elderly parents who move in with their children due to old age . This places large demands on the caregivers , particularly the female relatives who choose to perform these duties for their extended family . Historically , among certain Asian and Native American cultures the family structure consisted of a grandmother and her children , especially daughters , who raised their own children together and shared child care responsibilities . Uncles , brothers , and other male relatives sometimes helped out . Romantic relationships between men and women were formed and dissolved with little impact on the children who remained in the mother 's extended family . Roles and relationships ( edit ) Married partners ( edit ) Further information : Marriage in the United States A married couple was defined as a `` husband and wife enumerated as members of the same household '' by the U.S. Census Bureau , but they will be categorizing same - sex couples as married couples if they are married . Same - sex couples who were married were previously recognized by the Census Bureau as unmarried partners . Same - sex marriage is legally permitted across the country since June 26 , 2015 , when the Supreme Court issued its decision in Obergefell v. Hodges . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Although Cousin marriages are illegal in most states , they are legal in many states , the District of Columbia and some territories . Some states have some restrictions or exceptions for cousin marriages and / or recognize such marriages performed out - of - state . Since the 1940s , the United States marriage rate has decreased , whereas rates of divorce have increased . Unwed partners ( edit ) See also : Cohabitation in the United States Living as unwed partners is also known as cohabitation . The number of heterosexual unmarried couples in the United States has increased tenfold , from about 400,000 in 1960 to more than five million in 2005 . This number would increase by at least another 594,000 if same - sex partners were included . Of all unmarried couples , about 1 in 9 ( 11.1 % of all unmarried - partner households ) are homosexual . The cohabitation lifestyle is becoming more popular in today 's generation . It is more convenient for couples not to get married because it can be cheaper and simpler . As divorce rates rise in society , the desire to get married is less attractive for couples uncertain of their long - term plans . Parents ( edit ) Parents can be either the biological mother or biological father , or the legal guardian for adopted children . Traditionally , mothers were responsible for raising the kids while the father was out providing financially for the family . The age group for parents ranges from teenage parents to grandparents who have decided to raise their grandchildren , with teenage pregnancies fluctuating based on race and culture . Older parents are financially established and generally have fewer problems raising children compared to their teenage counterparts . Housewives ( edit ) Further information : Housewife A housewife or `` homemaker '' is a married woman who is not employed outside of the home to earn income , but stays at home and takes care of the home and children . This includes doing common chores such as : cooking , washing , cleaning , etc . The roles of women working within the house has changed drastically as more women start to pursue careers . The amount of time women spend doing housework declined from 27 hours per week in 1965 , to less than 16 hours in 1995 , but it is still substantially more housework than their male partners . `` Breadwinners '' ( edit ) Further information : Breadwinner model A breadwinner is the main financial provider in the family . Historically the husband has been the breadwinner ; that trend is changing as wives start to take advantage of the women 's movement to gain financial independence for themselves . According to the New York Times , `` In 2001 , wives earned more than their spouses in almost a third of married households where the wife worked . '' Yet , even within nuclear families in which both spouses are employed outside of the home , many men are still responsible for a substantially smaller share of household duties . Stay - at - home dads ( edit ) Further information : Stay - at - home dad Stay - at - home dads or `` househusbands '' are fathers that do not participate in the workforce and stay at home to raise their children -- the male equivalent to housewives . Stay - at - home dads are not as popular in American society . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , `` There are an estimated 105,000 ' stay - at - home ' dads . These are married fathers with children under fifteen years of age who are not in the workforce primarily so they can care for family members , while their wives work for a living outside the home . Stay - at - home dads care for 189,000 children . '' Children ( edit ) See also : family planning Only child families ( edit ) An only child ( single child ) is one without any biological or adopted brothers or sisters . Single children are stereotypically portrayed as spoiled , self - centered , and selfish . Only children often perform better in school and in their careers than children with siblings . Childfree and childlessness ( edit ) Childfree couples choose to not have children . These include : young couples , who plan to have children later , as well as those who do not plan to have any children . Involuntary childlessness may be caused by infertility , medical problems , death of a child , or other factors . Adopted children ( edit ) Adopted children are children that were given up at birth , abandoned or were unable to be cared for by their biological parents . They may have been put into foster care before finding their permanent residence . It is particularly hard for adopted children to get adopted from foster care : 50,000 children were adopted in 2001 . The average age of these children was 7 , which shows that fewer older children were adopted . Modern family models ( edit ) Same - sex marriage , adoption , and child rearing ( edit ) Further information : Same - sex marriage in the United States and Same - sex adoption Same - sex parents are gay or lesbian couples that choose to raise children . Nationally , 66 % of female same - sex couples and 44 % of male same - sex couples live with children under eighteen years old . In the 2000 United States Census , there were 594,000 households that claimed to be headed by same - sex couples , with 72 % of those having children . In July 2004 , the American Psychological Association concluded that `` Overall results of research suggests that the development , adjustment , and well - being of children with lesbian and gay parents do not differ markedly from that of children with heterosexual parents . '' Single - parent households ( edit ) Single - parent homes in America are increasingly common . With more children being born to unmarried couples and to couples whose marriages subsequently dissolve , more children live with just one parent . The proportion of children living with a never - married parent has grown , from 4 % in 1960 to 42 % in 2001 . Of all single - parent families , 83 % are mother -- child families . Adoption requirements ( edit ) Further information : Adoption in the United States The adoption requirements and policies for adopting children have made it harder for foster families and potential adoptive families to adopt . Before a family can adopt , they must go through state , county , and agency criteria . Adoption agencies ' criteria express the importance of age of the adoptive parents , as well as the agency 's desire for married couples over single adopters . Adoptive parents also have to deal with criteria that are given by the birth parents of the adoptive child . The different criteria for adopting children makes it harder for couples to adopt children in need , but the strict requirements can help protect the foster children from unqualified couples . Currently 1,500,000 ( 2 % of all U.S children ) are adopted . There are different types of adoption ; embryo adoption when a couple is having trouble conceiving a child and instead choose to have their sperm and egg conjoined outside the womb , international adoption where couples adopt children that come from foreign countries , and private adoption which is the most common form of adoption . In private adoption , families can adopt children via licensed agencies or with by directly contacting the child 's biological parents . Male / female role pressures ( edit ) Further information : Gender role The traditional `` father '' and `` mother '' roles of the nuclear family have become blurred over time . Because of the women 's movement 's push for women to engage in traditionally masculine pursuits in society , as women choose to sacrifice their child - bearing years to establish their careers , and as fathers feel increasing pressure to be involved with tending to children , the traditional roles of fathers as the `` breadwinners '' and mothers as the `` caretakers '' have come into question . African - American family structure ( edit ) Further information : African - American family structure The family structure of African - Americans has long been a matter of national public policy interest . The 1965 report by Daniel Patrick Moynihan , known as The Moynihan Report , examined the link between black poverty and family structure . It hypothesized that the destruction of the Black nuclear family structure would hinder further progress toward economic and political equality . When Moynihan wrote in 1965 on the coming destruction of the Black family , the out - of - wedlock birthrate was 25 % amongst Blacks . In 1991 , 68 % of Black children were born outside of marriage . In 2011 , 72 % of Black babies were born to unwed mothers . Television portrayals ( edit ) The television industry initially helped create a stereotype of the American nuclear family . During the era of the baby boomers , families became a popular social topic , especially on television . Family shows such as Roseanne , All in the Family , Leave It to Beaver , The Cosby Show , Married ... with Children , The Jeffersons , and Good Times , Everybody Loves Raymond have portrayed different social classes of families growing up in America . Those `` perfect '' nuclear families have changed as the years passed and have become more inclusive , showing single - parent and divorced families , as well as older singles . Television shows that show single - parent families include Half & Half , One on One , Murphy Brown , and Gilmore Girls . While it did not become a common occurrence the iconic image of the American family was started in the early - 1930s . It was not until WWII that families generally had the economic income in which to successfully propagate this lifestyle . See also ( edit ) Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States Divorce in the United States Work -- family balance in the United States International : Japanese family structure Further reading ( edit ) Mattox , William R. , Jr. , `` America 's family time famine '' , Children Today , Nov - Dec , 1990 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Edwards , H.N. ( 1987 ) . Changing family structure and youthful well - being . Journal of Family Issues 8 , 355 -- 372 Jump up ^ Beutler , Burr , Bahr , and Herrin ( 1989 ) p. 806 ; cited by Fine , Mark A. in Families in the United States : Their Current Status and Future Prospects Copyright 1992 Jump up ^ `` For First Time since the cold war , Nuclear Families Drop Below 25 % of Households '' . Uscsumter.edu . May 15 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 7 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 18 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Glenn , N.D. ( 1987 ) . Continuity versus change , sanguineness versus concern : Views of the American family in the late 1980s . Journal of Family Issues 8 , 348 -- 354 Jump up ^ Stewart , S.D. ( 2007 ) . Brave New Stepfamilies . Thousand Oaks : Sage . Jump up ^ Brubaker , T.H. ( 1990 ) . Continuity and change in later life families : Grandparenthood , couple relationships and family caregiving . Gerentology Review 3 , 24 -- 40 Jump up ^ Teachman , Tedrow , Crowder . The Changing Demography of America 's Families Journal of Marriage and the Family , Vol. 62 ( Nov 2000 ) p. 1234 Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/census-to-change-the-way-it-counts-gay-married-couples/2014/05/26/e6c6edd0-e2a3-11e3-9743-bb9b59cde7b9_story.html Jump up ^ Barbara Bradley Hagerty ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy '' . National Public Radio : All Things Considered . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Teachman , Tedrow , Crowder . The Changing Demography of America 's Families . Journal of Marriage and the Family , Vol. 62 ( Nov 2000 ) p. 1235 ^ Jump up to : Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 271 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 275 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 326 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , pp. 328 -- 329 . 6th edition , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 367 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Gardner , Ralph ( 2003 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Alpha Women , Beta Men -- When wives are the family breadwinners '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Furstenberg , Jr. , F.F. ( 1988 ) . Good dads - bad dads : Two faces of fatherhood . In A.J. Cherlin , The changing American family and public policy ( pp. 193 -- 218 ) . Washington , DC : The Urban Institute Press ^ Jump up to : Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 328 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ `` US Census Press Releases '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Child 's Finalization Age ( Grouped ) '' . Acf.hhs.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , Married - Couple and Unmarried - Partner Households : 2000 ( February 2003 ) Jump up ^ Meezan , William and Rauch , Jonathan . Gay Marriage , Same - sex Parenting , and America 's Children . The Future of Children Vol. 15 No. 2 Marriage and Child Wellbeing ( Autumn 2005 ) p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 20 -- 21 . 6th edition , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Qualification Requirements for Prospective Adoptive Parents -- Agencies , Agency , Alcohol , A '' . Adopting.adoption.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fine , Mark A. Families in the United States : Their Current Status and Future Prospects . Family Relations vol. 41 ( Oct 1992 ) p. 431 ^ Jump up to : Moynihan 's War on Poverty report Jump up ^ Daniel P. Moynihan , The Negro Family : The Case for National Action , Washington , D.C. , Office of Policy Planning and Research , U.S. Department of Labor , 1965 . Jump up ^ National Review , April 4 , 1994 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Blacks struggle with 72 percent unwed mothers rate '' , Jesse Washington , NBC News , July 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` For Blacks , the Pyrrhic Victory of the Obama Era '' , Jason L. Riley , Wall Street Journal , November 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Benokraitis , N : Marriages & families , page 7 -- 8 . 6th edition , 2007 Jump up ^ Etuk , Lena . `` How Family Structure has Changed '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Family structure in the United States
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-1,530,133,354,858,328,600 | when did the japanese emperor move the capital to heian-kyo | Heian - kyō - wikipedia Heian - kyō Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Daidairi ( 大 内裏 , palace in the center ) and the cityscape of Heian - kyō ( miniature model at the Kyoto City Life - long Learning Center ) Heian - kyō ( 平安京 , literally `` tranquility and peace capital '' ) was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto . It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years , from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180 . Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794 , moving the Imperial Court there from nearby Nagaoka - kyō at the recommendation of his advisor Wake no Kiyomaro and marking the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history . The city was modelled after the Tang dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an ( modern - day Xi'an ) . It remained the chief political center until 1185 , when the samurai Minamoto clan defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War , moving administration of national affairs to Kamakura and establishing the Kamakura shogunate . Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different shogunates , Heian remained the site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power , and thus remained the official capital . In fact , even after the seat of Imperial power was moved to Tokyo in 1868 , since there is no law which makes Tokyo the capital , there is a view that Kyoto legally or officially remains the capital even today . In 1994 , Kyoto City held various events commemorating the 1200th anniversary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Schematic diagram of Heian - kyō 3.1 Gates 4 Map 5 See also 6 References Description ( edit ) Heian - kyō was built in what is now the central part of Kyoto city covering an area spanning the Kadono ( 葛野 郡 , Kadono - gun ) and Otagi Districts ( 愛宕 郡 , Otagi - gun ) of Yamashiro Province . The city boundaries formed a rectangle measuring 4.5 km from east to west and 5.2 km from north to south . The city layout followed Heijō - kyō ( Japan 's capital during the Nara period ) with the Imperial palace , Daidairi , placed in the centre of the northern city limits and the Suzaku Avenue ( Suzaku - ōji ) , the main thoroughfare extending from the palace down through the centre of the city , dividing it into the Right ( Ukyō ) and Left Capitals ( Sakyō ) ( the eastern side being the Left and the western side being the Right from the emperor 's viewpoint . ) The design followed Sui and Tang dynasty Changan with the exception that Heian - kyō had no city walls . It is thought that the site for the city was selected according to the principles of Shijinsōō ( 四 神 相応 , `` Four Gods Suitability '' ) based on Chinese Feng shui and relating to the Four Symbols of Chinese astrology . The boundaries of Heian - kyō were smaller than those of modern Kyoto , with Ichijō - ōji ( 一条 大路 ) at the northern limit corresponding to present - day Ichijō - dōri ( 一条 通 ) , between Imadegawa - dōri ( 今出川 通 ) and Marutamachi - dōri ( 丸太町 通 ) , Kyūjō - ōji in the south corresponding to Kujō - dōri ( 九条 通 ) slightly to the south of the present - day JR Kyōto Station and Higashi - kyōgoku - ōji in the east corresponding to present - day Teramachi Street ( Teramachi - dōri ) . The location of Nishi - kyōgoku - ōji at the western limit is estimated as a line running north to south from Hanazono Station on the JR San'in Main Line to Nishi - Kyōgoku Station on the Hankyu Kyoto Line . The layout of Heian - kyō was plotted in accordance with the principles of geomancy as a square city . Jō ( 丈 , about 3.03 m ) was the basic unit of measurement . 40 sq. jō made a chō ( 町 , 121.2 meters on each side ) . The city was further divided by major streets called ōji ( 大路 ) and minor streets called koji ( 小路 ) . Four lines of chō running east to west ( excepting the first 2 rows in the north ) were together called a jō ( 条 ) and four lines of chō running from north to south were called a bō ( 坊 ) The Cho which shared the same Jo and Bo were each given a number from 1 to 16 . In this way addresses could be identified as follows : `` Right Capital , Jō Five , Bō Two , Chō Fourteen '' ( 右京 五条 二 坊 十 四 町 ) . The width of even the minor streets was 4 Jō ( 丈 , about 12m ) and for the major streets over 8 Jō ( 丈 , about 24m ) . Almost all of the streets in present - day Kyoto have become considerably narrower . Suzaku - ōji for example was 28 Jō ( 丈 , about 84m ) wide . In addition a river ran alongside Horikawa - koji ( 堀川 小路 ) and Nishi Horikawa - koji ( 西 堀川 小路 ) . History ( edit ) In 784 AD emperor Kammu constructed Nagaoka - kyō , moving the capital from Heijō - kyō . It is thought that he wished to build a new , Emperor Tenji faction capital far from Yamato Province which was the power base for the temples and aristocrats who supported the Emperor Tenmu faction . However , only 9 years later in January 793 AD , Emperor Kammu assembled his retainers and announced another relocation of the capital ( for the reason see the entry on Nagaoka - kyō . ) The location for the new capital was to be Kadono located between two rivers in the north of Yamashiro , ten kilometres to the northeast of Nagaoka - kyō . It is said that the Emperor Kammu had previously looked out on Kadono from the Shogun Tsuka in Higashiyama Ward of Kyoto City , deciding then that it was a suitable location for the capital . Emperor Kammu 's words are recorded in the Nihon Kiryaku as follows : `` Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers as well as good transport links by sea and land making it convenient for people to assemble there from all four corners of the country . '' It is thought that the construction of Heian - kyō began from the palace , with the construction of the remainder of the city following afterwards . As a display of the emperor 's authority the Daigokuden ( main building of the palace ) was constructed at the far north of the central thoroughfare , Suzaku - oji , making the building visible from anywhere in the city . Ports such as Yodonotsu ( 淀 津 , now Yodo ) and Ōitsu ( 大井 津 ) were set up along the river next to the city . These ports acted as a transit base for collecting in goods from all over the country and for forwarding them on to the city . The goods which arrived in Heian - kyō reached the people by way of one of the two large markets ( the East market and the West market . ) This arrangement provided a stable supply of food and goods which encouraged population growth . Measures were also taken to guard against the flooding which had plagued the residents of Nagaoka - kyō . Although there was no natural river in the centre of Heian - kyō , two artificial canals ( the present day Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa ) were dug whose water level could be adjusted , simultaneously securing a supply of water and guarding against flooding . It was also permitted to construct Buddhist temples in Heian - kyō , something which had been forbidden in Nagaoka - kyō . It was thought that the power of the East and West temples might protect the city from natural disaster and disease , and priests such as Kūkai were welcomed , being able men , well versed in Buddhist scripture and with no interest in political power . On 22 October 794 AD , Emperor Kammu arrived at the new city and on 8 November proclaimed , `` I hereby name this city Heian - kyō . '' On 8 November , he changed the second kanji character of Yamashiro from 背 ( `` back '' ) to 城 ( `` castle '' ) because the capital looked like a naturally formed `` mountain castle '' surrounded by the Eastern ( Higashiyama ) , Northern ( Kitayama ) , and Western ( Nishiyama ) mountains . A movement in favour of returning the capital to Heijō - kyō arose in 810 AD , during a standoff over the emperor 's succession . However , Emperor Saga thought that keeping the capital in Heian - kyō would be best for the stability of the country and resisted this movement , naming Heian - kyō `` The Eternal City '' ( 万代 宮 , `` Yorozuyo no Miya '' ) . The land of the Right Capital overlapped the wetlands formed by the Katsura River and even by the 9th century little progress had been made in developing the area . By the 10th century when the Ritsuryō system was almost at an end , the district had become so dilapidated that it began to be used as farmland , something which had previously been forbidden within the city limits . With the exception of an area in the north of the Right Capital near to the palace , the residential areas which housed the aristocracy were all situated in the Left Capital , with the highest echelon of aristocrats such as the Fujiwara clan gathering in the northernmost part of the district . The poor of Heian - kyō began to set up home by the Kamo River , beyond the eastern limits of the city , and on the eastern banks of the river temples and country homes sprung up . So started a tendency for the city to extend out to the east . In 980 AD , at the southern tip of Suzaku - oji the Rashōmon ( the grandest of the two city gates ) collapsed never to be rebuilt . In this way the original borders of Heian - kyō extended out to the east , forming the streets of first medieval and then modern - day Kyoto . With the advent of the Kanto centred Kamakura and Edo shogunate , Heian - kyō began to lose its significance as a seat of power . The greatest decline was during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods when almost half the city was burnt to the ground during the Onin war . After this Heian - kyo separated into upper ( Kamigyō ) and lower ( Shimogyō ) cities each becoming places of little note . However , the two were to be reunited into one city during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period following the ascension of Oda Nobunaga . During the Meiji Revolution Edo was re-christened Tokyo ( becoming the new capital of Japan ) . Although Heian - kyo lost its status as capital city , it became a backup capital while the emperor was away in Tokyo . Since that time the emperor has not returned to Kyoto . However , at the direction of the Emperor Meiji , the imperial residences have been preserved and the takamikura ( 高 御座 ) -- a special throne whose location traditionally marked the seat of the emperor -- remains at the palace in Kyoto . Schematic diagram of Heian - kyō ( edit ) The green areas in the diagram are markets , temples and a garden . There were two large markets , West Market ( 西 市 ) and East Market ( 東 市 ) , facing the seventh street , Shichijō - ōji ( 七条 大路 ) . Tō - ji ( 東寺 , `` East Temple '' ) and Sai - ji ( 西寺 , `` West Temple '' ) were Buddhist temples built on the southern edge of the capital . An imperial garden called Shinsenen ( ja : 神泉苑 ) was adjacent to the Daidairi . Note that there were more paths cut short by residences straddling multiple blocks . In English ( major streets and palace only ) : Note : `` 七条 大路 '' erroneously listed twice in the diagram . Gates ( edit ) The gates of the Daidairi are marked in Japanese . The romanization of those gate names are as follows : Side ( direction ) Gate name Street name South side ( east to west ) Bifuku - mon Mibu Suzaku - mon Suzaku - ōji Kōga - mon Kōgamon - ōji West side ( south to north ) Datten - mon Ōimikado Sōheki - mon Nakamikado Impu - mon Konoe Jōsai - mon Tsuchimikado North side ( west to east ) Anka - mon Ikan - mon Tatchi - mon East side ( north to south ) Jōtō - mon Tsuchimikado Yōmei - mon Konoe Taiken - mon Nakamikado Ikuhō - mon Ōimikado Map ( edit ) Below is a 1696 map of Kyoto , known as Genroku 9 Kyoto Daizu ( 元禄 九 年 京都 大 絵図 ) held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies ( Nichibunken ) . Old map of Kyoto See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heian - kyō . Heian Palace Kyoto Chiteiki , a mid-Heian period text describing social issues within the capital Timeline of Kyoto References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , John Whitney ( 1988 ) . The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press . pp. 516 -- 17 . ISBN 0521223571 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 103 . Preceded by Nagaoka - kyō Capital of Japan 794 -- 1180 Succeeded by Fukuhara - kyō Preceded by Fukuhara - kyō Capital of Japan 1180 -- 1868 Succeeded by Tokyo Coordinates : 35 ° 00 ′ N 135 ° 46 ′ E / 35.000 ° N 135.767 ° E / 35.000 ; 135.767 VIAF : 255209808 NDL : 00955735 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heian - kyō&oldid = 827732370 '' Categories : 794 establishments 8th - century establishments in Japan Former capitals of Japan Kyoto Planned capitals Populated places established in the 8th century History of Kyoto Prefecture Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Heian-kyō: Former capital of Japan
2. Kyoto: City known as Heian-kyō
3. Imperial Court: Seat of power in Heian-kyō
4. Tang dynasty: Influence on the design of Heian-kyō
5. Kamakura shogunate: Shift of power from Heian-kyō to Kamakura |
3,317,316,604,482,842,000 | what is the job of a us marshal | United States Marshals Service - wikipedia United States Marshals Service Jump to : navigation , search `` US Marshals '' redirects here . For the film , see U.S. Marshals ( film ) . For the TV series , see U.S. Marshal ( TV series ) . Not to be confused with the first Federal Air Marshal Service , an agency within the Transportation Security Administration . Not to be confused with Marshal of the United States Supreme Court . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Marshals Service <Td_colspan="2"> Badge of a Deputy U.S. Marshal <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. Marshals Service Common name U.S. Marshals Abbreviation USMS Motto Justice , Integrity , Service <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed September 24 , 1789 <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdictional structure Federal agency United States Operations jurisdiction United States Constituting instrument United States Code , Title 28 , Chapter 37 General nature Federal law enforcement Headquarters Crystal City , Arlington , Virginia , U.S. <Td_colspan="2"> Sworn members 94 U.S. Marshals , 3,953 Deputy U.S. Marshals and criminal investigators Agency executive David Anderson , Acting Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> usmarshals.gov The United States Marshals Service ( USMS ) is a federal law - enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Justice ( 28 U.S.C. § 561 ) . It is the oldest American federal law - enforcement agency and was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington as the Office of the United States Marshal . The USMS as it stands today was established in 1969 to provide guidance and assistance to Marshals throughout the federal judicial districts . USMS is an agency of the United States executive branch reporting to the United States Attorney - General but serves as the enforcement arm of the United States federal courts to ensure the effective operation of the judiciary and integrity of the constitution . The Marshals Service is the primary agency for fugitive operations , the protection of officers of the Federal Judiciary , the management of criminal assets , the operation of the United States Federal Witness Protection Program and the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System , and execution of federal arrest warrants . Throughout its history , the Marshals have also provided unique security and enforcement services including protecting African American students enrolling in the South during the civil rights movement , escort security for United States Air Force LGM - 30 Minuteman missile convoys , law enforcement for the United States Antarctic Program , and protection of the Strategic National Stockpile . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Duties and responsibilities 2.1 Witness Protection Program 2.2 Fugitive programs 2.3 Special Operations Group 3 Training and equipment 3.1 Training 3.2 Firearms and protective gear 4 Organization 4.1 Headquarters 4.2 Federal Judicial Districts 5 Personnel 5.1 Titles 5.2 Deputy Marshals 5.3 Special Deputy Marshals 5.4 Coast Guard as Deputy Marshals 5.5 Court Security Officers 5.6 Detention Enforcement Officers 5.7 Inspectors 5.8 Line of duty deaths 5.9 Notable marshals 6 Criticism and controversy 6.1 Inspector General audits 6.2 Internal thefts 6.3 Racial discrimination 6.4 Ruby Ridge 7 U.S. Marshals in popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress . President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24 , 1789 . The Act provided that a United States Marshal 's primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States . The law defined marshals as officers of the courts charged with assisting federal courts in their law - enforcement functions : And be it further enacted , That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for a term of four years , but shall be removable from office at pleasure , whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein , and also the Supreme Court in the district in which that court shall sit . And to execute throughout the district , all lawful precepts directed to him , and issued under the authority of the United States , and he shall have the power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty , and to appoint as shall be occasion , one or more deputies . The critical Supreme Court decision affirming the legal authority of the federal marshals was made in In re Neagle 135 U.S. 1 ( 1890 ) . For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs , typically controlled by the district judge . They were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896 . Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in military service during the American Revolution . Among the first marshals were John Adams 's son - in - law Congressman William Stephens Smith for the District of New York , another New York district marshal , Congressman Thomas Morris , and Henry Dearborn for the district of Maine . From the nation 's earliest days , marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires , or as temporary transfers to the Marshals Service from other federal law - enforcement agencies . Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts , and other duties , ad hoc . Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts , and to carry out all lawful orders issued by federal judges , Congress , or the President . Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions . Local law enforcement officials were often called `` marshals '' so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official . Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work , but that was only a minor part of their workload . The largest part of the business was paper work -- serving writs ( e.g. , subpoenas , summonses , warrants ) , and other processes issued by the courts , making arrests and handling all federal prisoners . They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts . Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks , U.S. Attorneys , jurors , and witnesses . They rented the courtrooms and jail space , and hired the bailiffs , criers , and janitors . They made sure the prisoners were present , the jurors were available , and that the witnesses were on time . Deputy U.S. Marshal Morgan Earp in an 1881 photograph The marshals thus provided local representation for the federal government within their districts . They took the national census every decade through 1870 . They distributed presidential proclamations , collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing , supplied the names of government employees for the national register , and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government to function effectively . 19th century ( edit ) During the settlement of the American Frontier , marshals served as the main source of day - to - day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own . U.S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the `` Old West '' era . They were involved in apprehending desperadoes such as Bill Doolin , Ned Christie , and , in 1893 , the infamous Dalton Gang after a shoot - out that left Deputy Marshals Ham Hueston , Lafe Shadley , and posse member Dick Speed , dead . Individual deputy marshals have been seen as legendary heroes in the face of rampant lawlessness ( see Notable marshals below ) with Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Dallas Stoudenmire , and Bass Reeves as examples of well - known marshals . Bill Tilghman , Heck Thomas , and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as `` The Three Guardsmen '' when they worked together policing the vast , lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 tasked marshals to enforce the law , recover and arrest fugitive slaves . Any negligence in doing so exposed marshals and deputies to severe financial penalties . On October 26 , 1881 , Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp , his brothers , Special Deputy U.S. Marshals Morgan and Wyatt Earp , and Special Deputy U.S. Marshal John `` Doc '' H. Holliday gunned down Frank and Tom McLaury and Billy Clanton in the legendary gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone , Arizona . In 1894 , U.S. Marshals helped suppress the Pullman Strike . 20th century ( edit ) During the 1920s , U.S. Marshals enforced Prohibition . Marshals registered enemy aliens in wartime , sealed the American border against armed expeditions from foreign countries , and at times during the Cold War also swapped spies with the Soviet Union . U.S. marshals accompanying James Meredith to class In the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the civil rights movement , mainly providing protection to volunteers . In September 1962 , President John F. Kennedy ordered 127 marshals to accompany James Meredith , an African American who wished to register at the segregated University of Mississippi . Their presence on campus provoked riots at the university , but the marshals stood their ground , and Meredith registered . Marshals provided continuous protection to Meredith during his first year at Ole Miss , and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy later proudly displayed a deputy marshal 's dented helmet in his office . U.S. Marshals also protected black school children integrating public schools in the South . Artist Norman Rockwell 's famous painting The Problem We All Live With depicted a tiny Ruby Bridges being escorted by four towering United States Marshals in 1964 . Until 1965 , each U.S. District Court hired and administered its own marshals independently from all others . In 1965 , the Executive Office for US Marshals , was created as `` the first organization to supervise U.S. Marshals nationwide '' . The United States Marshals Service , a federal agency , was created in 1969 Norman Rockwell , The Problem We All Live With , 1964 , depicting U.S. Marshals escorting Ruby Bridges Since June 1975 , the Marshals Service have the mission of providing law enforcement support and escort security to United States Air Force LGM - 30 Minuteman and missile systems from military facilities . Since 1989 , the Marshals Service has been responsible for law enforcement among U.S. personnel in Antarctica . 21st century ( edit ) Marshals have protected American athletes at Olympic Games , the refugee boy Elián González before his return to Cuba in 2000 , and abortion clinics as required by federal law . In 2003 , Marshals retrieved North Carolina 's copy of the Bill of Rights . In 2002 , the Marshals Service was tasked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) to provide protective security and law enforcement capabilities in the protection of the Strategic National Stockpile ( SNS ) , such as warehouses , materiel and CDC personnel during deployment . Marshals also provide secure transportation of critical medical supplies and bio-terrorism response resources throughout the nation . Senior Inspectors of the US Marshals Service SNS Security Operations ( SNSSO ) Program have deployed to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and responded during the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 . SNSSO Senior Inspectors have also staffed National Security Special Events ( NSSE ) with their state , local and other federal partners on a regular basis . In February 2017 , Marshals began providing protective security to United States Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos , the first time since 2009 that a United States Cabinet - level official has been provided security by the Marshals . Duties and responsibilities ( edit ) Bat Masterson ( standing second from right ) , Wyatt Earp ( sitting second from left ) , and other deputy marshals during the Wild West era . The Marshals Service is responsible for apprehending wanted fugitives , providing protection for the federal judiciary , transporting federal prisoners , protecting endangered federal witnesses , and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises . The Marshals Service is responsible for 55.2 % of arrests of federal fugitives . Between 1981 and 1985 , the Marshals Service conducted Fugitive Investigative Strike Team operations to jump - start fugitive capture in specific districts . In 2012 , U.S. marshals captured over 36,000 federal fugitives and cleared over 39,000 fugitive warrants . The Marshals Service also executes all lawful writs , processes , and orders issued under the authority of the United States , and shall command all necessary assistance to execute its duties . U.S. Marshals also have the common law - based power to enlist any willing civilians as deputies . In the Old West this was known as forming a posse , although under the Posse Comitatus Act , they can not use military troops in uniform representing their unit or the military service for law enforcement duties . However , if a serviceman / woman is off duty , wearing civilian clothing , and willing to assist a law enforcement officer on his / her own behalf , it is acceptable . Title 28 USC Chapter 37 § 564 . authorizes United States Marshals , deputy marshals and such other officials of the Service as may be designated by the Director , in executing the laws of the United States within a State , to exercise the same powers which a sheriff of the State may exercise in executing the laws thereof . Except for suits by incarcerated persons , non-prisoner litigants proceeding in forma pauperis , or ( in some circumstances ) by seamen , U.S. Marshals no longer serve leading process or subpoenas in private civil actions filed in the U.S. district courts . Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , process may be served by any U.S. citizen over the age of 18 who is not a party involved in the case . The Marshals still levy executions and serve writs of garnishment . Witness protection Program ( edit ) See also : United States Federal Witness Protection Program A chief responsibility of the Marshals is the United States Federal Witness Protection Program . Fugitive programs ( edit ) The Marshals Service publicizes the names of wanted persons it places on the list of U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives , which is similar to and sometimes overlaps the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list or the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Most Wanted List , depending on jurisdiction . The 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program was established in 1983 in an effort to prioritize the investigation and apprehension of high - profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country 's most dangerous fugitives . These offenders tend to be career criminals with histories of violence or whose instant offense ( s ) pose a significant threat to public safety . Current and past fugitives in this program include murderers , sex offenders , major drug kingpins , organized crime figures , and individuals wanted for high - profile financial crimes . The Major Case Fugitive Program was established in 1985 in an effort to supplement the successful 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program . Much like the 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program , the Major Case Fugitive Program prioritizes the investigation and apprehension of high - profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country 's most dangerous individuals . All escapes from custody are automatically elevated to Major Case status . The Wall Street Journal reported on 14 November 2014 that the Marshals Service 's Technical Operations Group utilizes a so - called dirtbox to track fugitives . Special Operations Group ( edit ) The Special Operations Group ( SOG ) was created in 1971 , and is the Marshals Service 's specially trained and highly disciplined tactical unit . It is a self - supporting response team capable of responding to emergencies anywhere in the US or its territories . Most of the deputy marshals who have volunteered to be SOG members serve as full - time deputies in Marshals Service offices throughout the nation , and they remain on call 24 hours a day . The SOG also maintains a small , full - time operational cadre stationed at the Marshals Service Tactical Operations Center at Camp Beauregard , where all deputies undergo extensive , specialized training in tactics and weaponry . Deputies must meet rigorous physical and mental standards . The group 's missions include : apprehending fugitives , protecting dignitaries , providing court security , transporting high - profile and dangerous prisoners , providing witness security , and seizing assets . Training and equipment ( edit ) Training ( edit ) Marshals Service hiring is competitive and comparable to the selection process for Special Agent positions in sister agencies . Typically fewer than five percent of qualified applicants are hired and must possess at a minimum a four - year bachelor 's degree or competitive work experience ( which is usually three or more years at a local or state police department ) . While the USMS 's hiring process is not entirely in the public domain , applicants must pass a written test , an oral board interview , an extensive background investigation , a medical examination and drug test , and multiple Fitness In Total ( FIT ) exams to be selected for training . Deputy U.S. Marshals complete a 21 1 / 2 - week training program at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco , Georgia . Firearms and protective gear ( edit ) Equipment used by the USMS The primary handgun for marshals are Glock pistols in . 40 S&W caliber ( 22 , 23 , 27 ) , and each deputy may carry a backup handgun of their choice if it meets certain requirements . Deputy Marshals are also equipped with body armor and collapsible batons for daily use , and ballistic shields , helmets , and protective goggles for serving high risk warrants . Members of the U.S. Marshal SOG Teams are armed with Colt 9mm SMG with Knight 's Armament Company suppressor , HK MP - 5 9mm SMG , Remington 870 and Ithaca DS 12 - gauge shotguns , . 357 magnum revolver , Smith & Wesson Model 654 . 45cal pistol , Beretta 9mm pistol , Remington 700 . 308 cal sniper rifle with scopes , M16A2 and CAR - 15 rifles Organization ( edit ) Marshals are briefed for Operation FALCON III , 2008 Deputy U.S. Marshals and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers during a `` knock - and - announce '' procedure . The Marshals Service is based in Arlington , Virginia , and , under the authority and direction of the Attorney General , is headed by a Director , who is assisted by a Deputy Director . The Marshals Service headquarters provides command , control , and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service . Headquarters ( edit ) Director of the U.S. Marshals Service Chief of Staff Office of General Counsel Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Deputy Director of the U.S. Marshals Service Chief of District Affairs Office of Professional Responsibility Associate Director for Operations Judicial Security Division Investigative Operations Division Witness Security Division Tactical Operations Division Prisoner Operations Division Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System Chief Financial Officer Financial Services Division Associate Director for Administration Training Division Human Resources Division Information Technology Division Office of Public and Congressional Affairs Management Support Division Asset Forfeiture Division Federal judicial districts ( edit ) The US court system is divided into 94 federal judicial districts , each with a district court ( except the territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , which share a US Marshal ) . For each district there is a presidentially - appointed and Senate - confirmed United States marshal , a Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal ( GS - 14 or 15 ) ( and an Assistant Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal ( GS - 14 ) in certain larger districts ) , Supervisory Deputy U.S. Marshals ( GS - 13 ) , and as many deputy U.S. Marshals ( GS - 7 and above ) and special deputy U.S. Marshals as needed . In the United States federal budget for 2005 , funds for 3,067 deputy marshals and criminal investigators were provided . The U.S. Marshal for United States courts of appeals ( the 13 circuit courts ) is the U.S. Marshal in whose district that court is physically located . The director and each United States Marshal are appointed by the President of the United States and subject to confirmation by the United States Senate . The District U.S. Marshal is traditionally appointed from a list of qualified law enforcement personnel for that district or state . Each state has at least one district , while several larger states have three or more . Personnel ( edit ) United States Marshals escorting prisoner in court . Marshals arrest a suspect Deputy United States Marshal guarding prisoners . Titles ( edit ) Director of the United States Marshals Service : originally titled the Chief United States Marshal , top executive of the entire U.S. Marshals Service United States Marshal : for the top executive Marshals Service position ( political appointment ) in a federal judicial district Chief Deputy United States Marshal : the senior career manager for the federal judicial district who is responsible for management of the Marshals office and staff Supervisory Deputy United States Marshal : for positions in the Marshals Service responsible for the supervision of three or more deputy U.S. Marshals and clerks Deputy United States Marshal : for all nonsupervisory positions classifiable to this series Deputy Marshals ( edit ) Deputy U.S. Marshals start their careers as 0082 basic Deputy U.S. Marshals at the GS - 7 pay grade . After the first year in grade , they are promoted to GS - 9 , the following year GS - 11 , and finally journeyman GS - 12 ( automatic progression to the grade of GS - 13 is under consideration ) . Once deputies reach the GS - 11 pay grade , they are reclassified as 1811 Criminal Investigators . Criminal Investigators work additional hours and receive an additional 25 % Law Enforcement Availability Pay on top of their base pay . Deputies perform criminal investigations , execute warrants , and other investigative operations . They also protect government officials , process seized assets of crime rings for investigative agencies , and relocate and arrange new identities for federal witnesses in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program , which is headed by the USMS . After Congress passed the Adam Walsh Act , the U.S. Marshals Service was chosen to head the new federal sex offender tracking and prosecution hot team . Special Deputy Marshals ( edit ) `` The Director of the United States Marshals Service is authorized to deputize the following persons to perform the functions of a Deputy U.S. Marshal in any district designated by the Director : ( a ) Selected officers or employees of the Department of Justice ; ( b ) Selected federal , state , or local law enforcement officers whenever the law enforcement needs of the U.S. Marshals Service so require ; ( c ) Selected employees of private security companies in providing courtroom security for the Federal judiciary ; ( d ) Other persons designated by the Associate Attorney General pursuant to 28 CFR 0.19 ( a ) ( 3 ) . '' Coast Guard as Deputy Marshals ( edit ) Under Title 14 USC 634 ( b ) in the United States Coast Guard , `` Commissioned officers may be appointed as United States Deputy Marshals in Alaska . '' Court security officers ( edit ) Court Security Officers ( CSOs ) are contracted former law enforcement officers who receive limited deputations as armed Special Deputy Marshals and play a role in courthouse security . Using security screening systems , Court Security Officers attempt to detect and intercept weapons and other prohibited items that individuals attempt to bring into federal courthouses . There are more than 4,700 Court Security Officers with certified law enforcement experience deployed at more than 400 federal court facilities in the United States and its territories . Detention enforcement officers ( edit ) DEOs ( 1802s ) are responsible for the care of prisoners in USMS custody . They also are tasked with the responsibility of conducting administrative remedies for the U.S. Marshal . DEOs can be seen transporting , booking and securing federal prisoners while in USMS custody . They also provide courtroom safety and cell block security . Detention enforcement officers are deputized and fully commissioned federal law enforcement officers by the U.S. marshal . They are authorized to carry firearms and conduct all official business on behalf of the agency . Not all districts employ detention enforcement officers . Inspectors ( edit ) This title was created for promotions within the service usually for senior non-supervisory personnel . Operational ( GS - 1811 - 13 ) , non-supervisory , employees assigned to the Witness Protection Program are given the title Senior Inspector . Senior DUSMs assigned to regional fugitive task forces or working in special assignments requiring highly skilled criminal investigators often receive the title Inspector . Deputy marshals assigned to The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement ( OCDETF ) department within the USMS also hold the title of Senior Inspector . Inspectors receive a GS - 13 pay grade level . The titles of Senior Inspector and Chief Inspector are also sometimes used in the service for certain assignments and positions within the agency . Line of duty deaths ( edit ) More than 200 U.S. Marshals , deputy marshals , and special deputy marshals have been killed in the line of duty since Marshal Robert Forsyth was shot dead by an intended recipient of court papers in Augusta , Georgia , on January 11 , 1794 . He was the first U.S. federal law enforcement officer to be killed in the line of duty . The dead are remembered on an Honor Roll permanently displayed at Headquarters . Notable Marshals ( edit ) Wild Bill Hickok Bass Reeves Wyatt Earp Frank Eaton Jesse D. Bright ( 1812 -- 1875 ) , U.S. Marshal for Indiana ; later served as U.S. senator for that state Seth Bullock ( 1849 -- 1919 ) , businessman , rancher , sheriff for Montana , sheriff of Deadwood , South Dakota , U.S. Marshal of South Dakota John F. Clark , U.S. Marshals Service Director and U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia Charles Francis Colcord ( 1859 -- 1934 ) , rancher , businessman and marshal for Oklahoma Phoebe Couzins ( 1839 -- 1913 ) , lawyer , first woman appointed to the U.S. Marshals Henry Dearborn ( 1751 -- 1829 ) , marshal for the District of Maine Frederick Douglass ( 1818 -- 1895 ) , former slave and noted abolitionist leader , appointed U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia in 1877 Morgan Earp ( 1851 -- 1882 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal , Tombstone , Arizona , appointed by his brother Wyatt Virgil Earp ( 1843 -- 1905 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal , Tombstone , Arizona Wyatt Earp ( 1848 -- 1929 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal ( appointed to his brother Virgil Earp 's place by the Arizona Territorial Governor ) Frank Eaton ( 1860 -- 1958 ) , Deputy U.S. Marshal for Judge Isaac C. Parker , author , cowboy , scout , Indian fighter , and mascot for Oklahoma State University ( `` Pistol Pete '' ) Richard Griffith ( 1814 -- 1862 ) , Brigadier General in the Confederacy during the Civil War Wild Bill Hickok ( 1837 -- 1876 ) , noted Western lawman , who served as a Deputy U.S. Marshal at Fort Riley , Kansas in 1867 -- 1869 Bass Reeves ( July 1838 -- January 1910 ) is thought by most to be one of the first Black men to receive a commission as a Deputy U.S. Marshal west of the Mississippi River . Before he retired from federal service in 1907 , Reeves had arrested over 3,000 felons . Ward Hill Lamon ( 1826 -- 1893 ) , friend , and frequent bodyguard of President Abraham Lincoln , who appointed him U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia . J.J. McAlester ( 1842 -- 1920 ) , U.S. Marshal for Indian Territory ( 1893 -- 1897 ) , Confederate Army captain , merchant in and founder of McAlester , Oklahoma as well as the developer of the coal mining industry in eastern Oklahoma , one of three members of the first Oklahoma Corporation Commission ( 1907 -- 1911 ) and the second Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma ( 1911 -- 1915 ) . Benjamin McCulloch ( 1811 -- 1862 ) , U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas ; became a brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War Henry Eustace McCulloch ( 1816 -- 1895 ) , U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas . Brother of Benjamin McCulloch ; also a Confederate General James J.P. McShane ( 1909 -- 1968 ) , Appointed U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia by President John F. Kennedy then named chief marshal in 1962 John W. Marshall , U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1994 -- 1999 ) , first African - American to serve as Director of the U.S. Marshals Service ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Bat Masterson ( 1853 -- 1921 ) , noted Western lawman ; deputy to US marshal for Southern District of New York , appointed by Theodore Roosevelt Joseph Meek ( 1810 -- 1875 ) , territorial marshal for Oregon Thomas Morris ( 1771 -- 1849 ) , marshal for New York District . David Neagle , Shot former Chief Justice of California David S. Terry to protect US Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field resulting in US Supreme Court decision In re Neagle Henry Massey Rector ( 1816 -- 1899 ) , marshal for Arkansas , later governor of that state Porter Rockwell ( c. 1813 -- 1878 ) , deputy marshal for Utah William Stephens Smith ( 1755 -- 1816 ) , 1789 U.S. Marshal for New York district and son - in - law of President John Adams Dallas Stoudenmire ( 1845 -- 1882 ) , successful city marshal who tamed and controlled the remote , wild and violent town of El Paso , Texas ; became U.S. Marshal serving West Texas and New Mexico Territory just before his death Heck Thomas ( 1850 -- 1912 ) , Bill Tilghman ( 1854 -- 1924 ) , and Chris Madsen ( 1851 -- 1944 ) , the legendarily fearless `` Three Guardsmen '' of the Oklahoma Territory Cal Whitson ( 1845 -- 1926 ) , one - eyed deputy marshal for the Oklahoma Territory . Rooster Cogburn of the novel and film True Grit is largely based on Whitson William F. Wheeler ( 1824 -- 1894 ) , marshal for the Montana Territory James E. Williams ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , marshal for South Carolina , Medal of Honor recipient Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Inspector General audits ( edit ) An audit by the Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) ( November 2010 ) of the Justice Department found `` weaknesses in the USMS 's efforts to secure federal court facilities in the six USMS district offices we visited '' . The report found , among other things , that the Marshals Service 's Judicial Security Division had contracted private security firms to provide Court Security Officers without having completed background checks . Another incident involved the Marshals Service awarding a $300 million contract to a firm that had a known history of numerous criminal activities leading to convictions for mail fraud and bank fraud and false insurance claims in addition to a civil judgment against its Chief Financial Officer . Technical problems included Court Security Officers not being properly trained on security screening equipment , which also meant equipment not being used . The OIG noted that in February 2009 , several courthouses failed to detect mock explosives sent by Marshals Service Headquarters in order to test security procedures . They also found that eighteen percent of Court Security Officers had outdated firearms qualifications . Internal thefts ( edit ) On March 26 , 2009 , the body of Deputy U.S. Marshal Vincent Bustamante was discovered in Juárez , Mexico , according to the Marshals Service . Bustamante , who was accused of stealing and pawning government property , was a fugitive from the law at the time of his death . Chihuahua State Police said the body had multiple wounds to the head -- apparently consistent with an execution - style shooting . In January 2007 , Deputy U.S. Marshal John Thomas Ambrose was charged with theft of Justice Department property , disclosure of confidential information , and lying to federal agents during an investigation . Deputy Ambrose had been in charge of protecting mobster - turned - informant Nicholas Calabrese , who was instrumental in sending three mob bosses to prison for life . A federal jury convicted Ambrose on April 27 , 2009 , of leaking secret government information concerning Calabrese to William Guide , a family friend and former Chicago police officer who had also served time in prison for corruption . Ambrose also was convicted of theft of government property but acquitted of lying to federal agents . On October 27 , 2009 , Ambrose was sentenced to serve four years in prison . Racial discrimination ( edit ) In 1998 , retired Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Matthew Fogg won a landmark EEO and Title VII racial discrimination and retaliation lawsuit against the Justice Department , for which he was awarded $4 million . The jury found the entire Marshals Service to be a `` racially hostile environment '' which discriminates against blacks in its promotion practices . U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson summarized the jurors ' decision by stating that they felt there was an `` atmosphere of racial disharmony and mistrust within the United States Marshal Service '' . As of 2011 , Fogg is president of `` Bigots with Badges '' , and executive director of CARCLE ( Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law Enforcement ) , and is also associated with Law Enforcement Against Prohibition ( LEAP ) , a drug law reform organization of law enforcement officers . Ruby Ridge ( edit ) The Department of Justice under Janet Reno acknowledged wrongdoing in U.S. Marshals decisions surrounding a firefight at Ruby Ridge in 1992 , where it is alleged that a Deputy U.S. Marshal shot 14 - year - old Samuel Weaver in the back . Deputy US Marshals who were involved in a gunfight with Weaver 's father , who was wanted on a federal warrant for failure to appear , and another individual . Deputy United States Marshals dispute this claim . Deputy U.S. Marshal Billy Deegan was killed during a surveillance operation after identifying himself as a federal agent . This led to an extended gunfight in which both sides fired several rounds . Tragically , Samuel Weaver was shot and killed . His body was taken to a small building for more than a week and an autopsy was unable to determine entry and exit wounds ( see Idaho Federal Court Transcripts for clarification of this incident ) . `` Newsweek '' described the incident as `` one of the most shameful episodes in the history of American law enforcement . '' U.S. Marshals in popular culture ( edit ) Further information : List of fictional U.S. Marshals Raylan Givens in the tv series Justified Matt Dillon in the tv series Gunsmoke `` Rooster '' Cogburn in the films True Grit ( 1969 ) and True Grit ( 2010 ) See also ( edit ) Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies Civilian Military Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Defense Criminal Investigative Service ( DCIS ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division ( MCCID ) Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Army Criminal Investigation Command ( CID ) Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( OSI ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) Secret Service ( USSS ) References ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 28 , Chapter 37 Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : United States Marshals Service '' ( PDF ) . usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Marshals Service Historical Timeline '' . United States Marshals Service . n.d. Jump up ^ `` Department of Justice Organisation , Mission and Functions Manual : United States Marshals Service '' . United States Department of Justice . n.d . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States Marshals Service '' . Gpo.gov . n.d . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Celebrate 225 Years of Service '' . Department Of Justice . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service , History , Oldest Federal Law Enforcement Agency '' . Usmarshals.gov. 2004 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry D. Ball , The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories , 1846 - 1912 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ `` Records of the United States Marshals Service '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . `` Fact Sheets : General Information '' . usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Marshals Service Organizational Chart '' . United States Department of Justice . August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turk , David S. ( 2016 ) . Forging the Star : The Official Modern History of the United States Marshals Service . University of North Texas Press . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals make legal presence in Antarctica '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History in Custody : The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina 's Copy of the Bill of Rights '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Operations Support Division '' ( PDF ) . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Marshals Service , Strategic National Stockpile Security Operations '' . Sheriff Magazine . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post Danielle Douglas - Gabriel and Emma Brown . Betsy DeVos being guarded by U.S. Marshals Service February 17 2017 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service , 2013 Facts and Figures '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Marshals Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 28 USC Chapter 37 § 564 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ATF Online -- Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms Jump up ^ `` Current U.S. Marshals Service Major Case Fugitives '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Devlin ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Americans ' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Marshals Service Special Operations Group '' . SpecWarnet . n.d . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( USMS ) , U.S. Marshals Service . `` U.S. Marshals Service '' . www.usmarshals.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marshals Service for Students : A Week in the Life of a Deputy U.S. Marshal : Wednesday '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position classification standard for United States Marshal series , GS - 0082 '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Personnel Management . June 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Position Classification Standard for General Investigating / Criminal Investigating Series , GS - 1810 / 1811 '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Personnel Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 28 CFR 0.112 - Special deputation . Title 28 - Judicial Administration Code of Federal Regulations LII / Legal Information Institute . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC 634 ( b ) '' . Does Not Matter . Government Printing Office . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Court Security Officer position requirements '' . United States Marshals Service . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marshal Robert Forsyth '' . Officer Down Memorial Page . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constable Darius Quimby '' . Officer Down Memorial Page . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audit of the United States Marshals Service 's Oversight of its Judicial Facilities Security Program '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice . November 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Wanted U.S. marshal 's body found in Mexico '' . CNN . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mike ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Deputy US Marshal John T. Ambrose To Be Tried For Leaking Secrets To The Mob '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Korecki , Natasha ; Frank Main ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Deputy U.S. Marshal Ambrose guilty on two charges '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trials '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ramaea7.com '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law Enforcement '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew F. Fogg '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 27 August 1995 ) . `` Echoes of Ruby Ridge '' . Newsweek . Further reading ( edit ) Ball , Larry D . The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories , 1846 - 1912 ( 1978 ) . Ball , Larry D. `` ' Just And Right In Every Particular ' : US Marshal Zan Tidball and the Politics of Frontier Law Enforcement . '' Journal of Arizona History 34.2 ( 1993 ) : 177 - 200 . Calhoun , Frederick S. , and US Dept of Justice . The Lawmen : United States Marshals and their Deputies ( Smithsonian Press , 1989 ) . online Ellis , Mark R. Law and order in Buffalo Bill 's country : legal culture and community on the Great Plains , 1867 - 1910 ( U of Nebraska Press , 2007 ) . Gomez , Laura E. `` Race , colonialism , and criminal law : Mexicans and the American criminal justice system in territorial New Mexico . '' Law and Society Review ( 2000 ) : 1129 - 1202 . Lamar , Howard R . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) p 678 - 79 . Turk , David S. Forging the Star : The Official Modern History of the United States Marshals Service ( U of North Texas Press , 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Marshals Service . Official website Court Security Program -- includes role in CSOs Authority of FBI agents , serving as special deputy United States marshals , to pursue non-federal fugitives Deputization of Members of Congress as special deputy U.S. marshals USC on the U.S. Marshals Service Retired US Marshals Association U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Stacia Hylton Director of U.S. Marshals Service 12 / 23 / 10 to 6 / 9 / 15 United States Code 14 U.S.C. § 634 `` Officers holding certain offices '' <Th_colspan="3"> Agencies under the United States Department of Justice <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : Robert F. 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Fisheries : Office for Law Enforcement Department of Defense <Td_colspan="2"> Defense Criminal Investigative Service Department of Defense police Defense Logistics Agency Police Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( Pentagon Police ) National Security Agency Police Army Department Intelligence and Security Command Criminal Investigation Command US Army Military Police Corps Department of the Army Police Army Department Police Corrections Command Navy Department Naval Criminal Investigative Service Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division Master - at - Arms Marine Corps Police Naval Academy Police Air Force Department Office of Special Investigations Security Forces Air Force Police Department of Health and Human Services United States Food and Drug Administration ( Office of Criminal Investigations ) National Institutes of Health Police Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers United States Citizenship and Immigration Services United States Coast Guard Investigative Service Coast Guard Police Customs and Border Protection Federal Protective Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Secret Service Transportation Security Administration Office of Law Enforcement / Federal Air Marshal Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Police Bureau of Land Management : Office of Law Enforcement Hoover Dam Police National Park Service Rangers United States Park Police Fish and Wildlife Service : Office of Law Enforcement National Wildlife Refuge System : Division of Refuge Law Enforcement Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Police Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Marshals Service Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Diplomatic Security Service Office of Foreign Missions Department of Transportation United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division United States Mint Police <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Forest Service : Law Enforcement and Investigations USDA Department of Veterans Affairs Police Office of Secure Transportation DOE United States Congress Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms of the Senate United States Capitol Police Government Printing Office Police Judicial branch U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System Marshal of the United States Supreme Court ( Supreme Court Police ) Other federal law enforcement agencies Amtrak Police Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Federal Reserve Police National Zoological Park Police Postal Inspection Service ( U.S. Postal Police ) Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services GND : 6116630 - 3 LCCN : n79055156 VIAF : 141454629 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Marshals_Service&oldid=842963683 '' Categories : United States Marshals Service 1789 establishments in the United States United States Department of Justice agencies Court security Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 21 : 55 . 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8,479,714,323,617,887,000 | what president said speak softly and carry a big stick | Big stick ideology - wikipedia Big stick ideology This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials `` Big stick '' redirects here . For other uses , see Big stick ( disambiguation ) . William Allen Rogers 's 1904 cartoon recreates an episode in Gulliver 's Travels The letter in which Roosevelt first used his now famous phrase Big stick ideology , big stick diplomacy , or big stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt 's foreign policy : `` speak softly and carry a big stick . '' Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as `` the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis . '' The idea is negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong . Simultaneously threatening with the `` big stick '' , or the military , ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik , which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals . It is comparable to gunboat diplomacy , as used in international politics by imperial powers . Contents 1 Background 2 Usage 2.1 Latin America 2.1. 1 Venezuelan Affair ( 1902 ) and the Roosevelt Corollary 2.1. 2 Canal diplomacy 2.1. 2.1 Proposed construction of the Nicaragua Canal 2.1. 2.2 Construction of the Panama Canal 2.1. 3 Cuba 2.2 Japan 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The first known use of the phrase occurs in a private letter from Roosevelt ( then Governor of New York ) to Henry L. Sprague , dated January 26 , 1900 . Roosevelt wrote , in a bout of happiness after forcing New York 's Republican committee to pull support away from a corrupt financial adviser : I have always been fond of the West African proverb : `` Speak softly and carry a big stick ; you will go far . '' In an article about an interview with Governor Roosevelt , published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle on April 1 , 1900 , a reporter noted that `` His motto , he says , he has taken from the South African people : ' Speak softly -- carry a big stick -- and you will go far . ' '' Roosevelt would go on to be elected Vice President later that year , and subsequently used the aphorism publicly in an address to the Minnesota State Fair , entitled `` National Duties '' , on September 2 , 1901 : A good many of you are probably acquainted with the old proverb : `` Speak softly and carry a big stick -- you will go far . '' Four days later , President William McKinley was shot by an assassin ; his death a further eight days later elevated Roosevelt to the presidency . Roosevelt 's attribution of the phrase to `` a West African proverb '' was seen at the time as evidence of Roosevelt 's `` prolific '' reading habits , but the claim that it originated in West Africa has been disputed . No earlier citation for the phrase has been found , and there is no record of the phrase being used in West Africa before Roosevelt 's time . It has been therefore suggested that he might have coined the phrase himself . Usage ( edit ) Although used before his presidency , Roosevelt used military muscle several times throughout his two terms with a more subtle touch to complement his diplomatic policies and enforcing the Monroe Doctrine throughout multiple interventions in Latin America . This included the Great White Fleet , 16 battleships which peacefully circumnavigated the globe as an illustration of United States ' rising yet neutral prestige under Roosevelt 's direction . Latin America ( edit ) Venezuelan affair ( 1902 ) and the Roosevelt corollary ( edit ) A map of Middle America , showing the places affected by the proverbial `` big stick '' In the early 20th century , Venezuela was receiving messages from Britain and Germany about `` Acts of violence against the liberty of British subjects and the massive capture of British vessels '' who were from the UK and the acts of Venezuelan initiative to pay off long - standing debts . After British and German forces took naval action with a blockade on Venezuela ( 1902 -- 1903 ) , Roosevelt denounced the blockade . The blockade began the basis of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe doctrine . Though he had mentioned the basis of his idea beforehand in private letters , he officially announced the corollary in 1904 , stating that he only wanted the `` other republics on this continent '' to be `` happy and prosperous '' . For that goal to be met , the corollary required that they `` maintain order within their borders and behave with a just obligation toward outsiders '' . Most historians , such as one of Roosevelt 's many biographers Howard K. Beale have summarized that the corollary was influenced by Roosevelt 's personal beliefs as well as his connections to foreign bondholders . The U.S. public was very `` tense '' during the two - month blockade , and Roosevelt requested that Britain and Germany pull out their forces from the area . During the requests for the blockade 's end , Roosevelt stationed naval forces in Cuba , to ensure `` the respect of Monroe doctrine '' and the compliance of the parties in question . The doctrine was never ratified by the senate or brought up for a vote to the American public . Roosevelt 's declaration was the first of many presidential decrees in the twentieth century that were never ratified . Canal diplomacy ( edit ) The U.S. used the `` big stick '' during `` Canal Diplomacy '' , the questionable diplomatic actions of the U.S. during the pursuit of a canal across Central America . Both Nicaragua and Panama featured canal related incidents of Big Stick Diplomacy . Proposed construction of the Nicaragua canal ( edit ) Main article : Nicaragua Canal In 1901 , Secretary of State John Hay pressed the Nicaraguan Government for approval of a canal . Nicaragua would receive $1.5 million in ratification , $100,000 annually , and the U.S. would `` provide sovereignty , independence , and territorial integrity '' . Nicaragua then returned the contract draft with a change ; they wished to receive , instead of an annual $100,000 , $6 million in ratification . The U.S. accepted the deal , but after Congress approved the contract a problem of court jurisdiction came up . The U.S. did not have legal jurisdiction in the land of the future canal . An important note is that this problem was on the verge of correction , until Pro-Panama representatives posed problems for Nicaragua ; the current leader ( General José Santos Zelaya ) did not cause problems , from the outlook of U.S. interests . Construction of the Panama canal ( edit ) Main article : History of the Panama Canal In 1899 , the Isthmian Canal Commission was set up to determine which site would be best for the canal ( Nicaragua or Panama ) and then to oversee construction of the canal . After Nicaragua was ruled out , Panama was the obvious choice . A few problems had arisen , however . With the U.S. ' solidified interests in Panama ( then a small portion of Colombia ) , both Colombia and the French company that was to provide the construction materials raised their prices . The U.S. , refusing to pay the higher - than - expected fees , `` engineered a revolution '' in Colombia . On November 3 , 1903 , Panama ( with the support of the United States Navy ) revolted against Colombia . Panama became a new republic , receiving $10 million from the U.S. alone . Panama also gained an annual payment of $250,000 , and guarantees of independence . The U.S. gained the rights to the canal strip `` in perpetuity '' . Roosevelt later said that he `` took the Canal , and let Congress debate '' . After Colombia lost Panama , they tried to appeal to the U.S. by the reconsidering of treaties and even naming Panama City the capital of Colombia . Cuba ( edit ) Main articles : Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment The U.S. , after the Spanish -- American War , had many expansionists who wanted to annex Cuba . Many people felt that a foreign power ( outside of the U.S. ) would control a portion of Cuba , thus the U.S. could not continue with its interests in Cuba . Although many advocated annexation , this was prevented by the Teller Amendment , which states `` hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty , jurisdiction , or control over said island except for pacification thereof , and asserts its determination , when that is accomplished , to leave the government and control of the island to its people . '' When summarized , this could mean that the U.S. would not interfere with Cuba and its peoples . The expansionists argued though , that the Teller Amendment was created `` ignorant of actual conditions '' and that this released the U.S. from its obligation . Following the debate surrounding the Teller Amendment , the Platt Amendment took effect . The Platt Amendment ( the name is a misnomer ; the Platt Amendment is actually a rider to the Army Appropriation Act of 1901 ) was accepted by Cuba in late 1901 , after `` strong pressure '' from Washington . The Platt Amendment , summarized by Thomas A. Bailey in `` Diplomatic History of the American People '' : Cuba was not to make decisions impairing her independence or to permit a foreign power ( e.g. , Germany ) to secure lodgment in control over the island . Cuba pledged herself not to incur an indebtedness beyond her means ( It might result in foreign intervention ) . The United States was at liberty to intervene for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence . Cuba would agree to an American - sponsored sanitation program ( Aimed largely at yellow fever ) . Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the United States sites for naval or coaling stations ( Guantánamo became the principal base ) . With Platt Amendment in place , Roosevelt pulled the troops out of Cuba . This action was met with public unrest and outcries for annexation , with reasons ranging from `` U.S. interests '' to `` dominant white race '' . The Indianapolis News said , `` It is manifest destiny for a nation to own the islands which border its shores . '' A year later , Roosevelt wrote , Just at the moment I am so angry with that infernal little Cuban republic that I would like to wipe its people off the face of the earth . All that we wanted from them was that they would behave themselves and be prosperous and happy so that we would not have to interfere . -- Theodore Roosevelt , Roosevelt to White Japan ( edit ) At the conclusion of the Russo - Japanese War in September 1905 , President Roosevelt leveraged his position as a strong but impartial leader in order to negotiate a peace treaty between the two nations . `` Speaking softly '' earned the President enough prestige to even merit a Nobel Peace Prize the following year for his efforts . See also ( edit ) Peace through strength USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) ( nicknamed the Big Stick ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ `` Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy '' . High Beam Encyclopedia . 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Speak Softly ... '' Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gambling and Vice in the State Capital '' , The Brooklyn Daily Eagle , April 1 , 1900 , p39 Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Strenuous Life : Essays and Addresses . New York : Century . p. 288 . Jump up ^ http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/678.pdf Jump up ^ `` Speak Softly ... '' Library of Congress Exhibit . Library of Congress . 2007 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Davis 1990 , p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Martin , Gary . `` Speak Softly And Carry a Big Stick '' . ^ Jump up to : Bailey 1980 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Hershey 1903 , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Barck , Jr. 1974 , p. 99 Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt : Foreign Policy '' . Encarta . MSN . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 1993 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Fagan , Patrick ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) . `` On Historians ' Changing Perceptions of Theodore Roosevelt Pre-1950s and Post-1940s '' . WorkingPapers.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gould 1991 , p. 380 Jump up ^ Burns , James MacGregor ; Dunn , Susan ( 2001 ) . The Three Roosevelts ( 1st ed . ) . Atlantic Monthly Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 0871137801 . Jump up ^ Conniff 2001 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Berman 1986 , p. 149 Jump up ^ `` The Panama Canal : History '' . eclipse.co.uk. 1999 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Zinn 1999 , p. 408 ^ Jump up to : Davis 1990 , pp. 224 -- 227 Jump up ^ Bishop 1913 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Vargas , Diego Uribe ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) . `` CAPITULO XIV : Memorial de Agravios '' ( in Spanish ) . Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt to White , Sept. 13 , 1906 , Roosevelt Papers , Library of Congress References ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1980 ) , A Diplomatic History of the American People 10th ed. , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 214726 - 2 Barck , Jr. , Oscar Theodore ( 1974 ) , Since 1900 , MacMilliam Publishing Co. , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 02 - 305930 - 3 Beale , Howard K. ( 1957 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power , Johns Hopkins Press Berman , Karl ( 1986 ) , Under the Big Stick : Nicaragua and the United States Since 1848 , South End Press Bishop , Joseph Bucklin ( 1913 ) , Uncle Sam 's Panama Canal and World History , Accompanying the Panama Canal Flat - globe : Its Achievement an Honor to the United States and a Blessing to the World , Pub . by J. Wanamaker expressly for the World Syndicate Company Conniff , Michael L. ( 2001 ) , Panama and the United States : The Forced Alliance , University of Georgia Press , ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2348 - 9 Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1990 ) , Do n't Know Much About History , Avon Books , ISBN 0 - 380 - 71252 - 0 Gould , Lewis L. ( 1991 ) , The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt , University Press of Kansas , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0565 - 1 Hershey , A.S. ( 1903 ) , The Venezuelan Affair in the Light of International Law , University of Michigan Press LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) , A Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : The American Search for Opportunity. 1865 - 1913 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 38185 - 1 Perkins , Dexter ( 1937 ) , The Monroe Doctrine , 1867 - 1907 , Baltimore Press Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography , The Macmillan Press Company Zinn , Howard ( 1999 ) , A People 's History of the United States , Harper Perennial , ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 External links ( edit ) A site about Big Stick Ideology Information about the political aspects of the Big Stick <Th_colspan="2"> United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America <Td_colspan="2"> Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations <Th_colspan="2"> Theodore Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Stick_ideology&oldid=851580387 '' Categories : Hegemony American political catchphrases Banana Wars Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Military diplomacy Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 08 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-8,512,106,710,805,385,000 | when does rogue one star wars take place | Rogue One - wikipedia Rogue One Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Gareth Edwards Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Screenplay by Chris Weitz Tony Gilroy Story by John Knoll Gary Whitta Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Felicity Jones Diego Luna Ben Mendelsohn Donnie Yen Mads Mikkelsen Alan Tudyk Jiang Wen Forest Whitaker Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by John Gilroy Colin Goudie Jabez Olssen Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) ( Pantages Theatre ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $265 million ( gross ) $200 million ( net ) Box office $1.056 billion Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , or simply Rogue One , is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards . The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series , set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film . The cast includes Felicity Jones , Diego Luna , Riz Ahmed , Ben Mendelsohn , Donnie Yen , Mads Mikkelsen , Alan Tudyk , Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker . Rogue One follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll ten years before it entered development , the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films , including omitting the customary opening crawl . Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios near London during early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016 . The film went through extensive reshoots and additional filming in mid-June 2016 , with Gilroy joining for these . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 . Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with praise for its acting , action sequences , musical score , and darker tone , but was criticized for the lack of character development and the film 's use of computer - generated imagery to recreate the likenesses of some actors . The film has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2016 and 22nd overall unadjusted for inflation . It received two Academy Awards nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Views on computer - generated imagery 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Tie - in novels 6.3 Comics 6.4 Video games 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Research scientist Galen Erso and his family are in hiding on the planet Lah'mu . Imperial weapons developer Orson Krennic arrives to press him into completing the Death Star , a space station - based superweapon capable of destroying planets . Galen 's wife Lyra is killed in the confrontation while their daughter Jyn escapes and is taken to safety by Rebel extremist Saw Gerrera . Fifteen years later , cargo pilot Bodhi Rook defects from the Empire , taking a holographic message recorded by Galen to Gerrera on the desert moon Jedha . Rebel intelligence officer Cassian Andor frees Jyn from an Imperial labor camp at Wobani before bringing her to the Rebel leader Mon Mothma , who convinces her to find and rescue Galen so the Alliance can learn more about the Death Star . Cassian is covertly ordered to kill Galen rather than extract him . Jyn , Cassian , and reprogrammed Imperial droid K - 2SO travel to Jedha , where the Empire is removing kyber crystals from the holy city to power the Death Star while Gerrera and his partisans are engaged in an armed insurgency against them . With the aid of blind spiritual warrior Chirrut Îmwe and his mercenary friend Baze Malbus , Jyn makes contact with Gerrera , who has been holding Rook captive . Gerrera shows her the message , in which Galen reveals he has secretly built a vulnerability into the Death Star and directs them to retrieve the schematics from an Imperial data bank on the planet Scarif . On the Death Star , Krennic orders a low - powered test shot which destroys Jedha 's capital . Jyn and her group take Rook and flee the moon , but Gerrera remains to die with the city . Grand Moff Tarkin congratulates Krennic before using Rook 's defection and security leak as a pretext to take control of the project . Rook leads the group to Galen 's Imperial research facility on the planet Eadu , where Cassian chooses not to kill Galen . Jyn makes her presence known moments before Rebel bombers attack the facility . Galen is wounded and dies in his daughter 's arms , before she escapes with her group on board a stolen Imperial cargo shuttle . Krennic is summoned by Darth Vader to answer for the attack on Eadu . Krennic seeks his support for an audience with the Emperor , but Vader instead orders him to ensure no further breaches occur . Jyn proposes a plan to steal the Death Star schematics using the Rebel fleet but fails to get approval from the Alliance Council , who feel victory against the Empire is now impossible . Frustrated at their inaction , Jyn 's group lead a small squad of Rebel volunteers to raid the databank themselves . Arriving at Scarif on the stolen Imperial ship , which Rook dubs `` Rogue One '' , a disguised Jyn and Cassian enter the base with K - 2SO while the other Rebels attack the resident Imperial garrison as a distraction . The Rebel fleet learns of the raid from intercepted Imperial communications and deploy in support . K - 2SO sacrifices himself so Jyn and Cassian can retrieve the data . Îmwe is killed after activating the master switch to allow communication with the Rebel fleet , and Malbus dies in battle shortly afterwards . Rook is killed by a grenade after informing the Rebel fleet that it must deactivate the shield surrounding the planet to allow the transmission of the schematics . Jyn and Cassian obtain the schematics , but they are ambushed by Krennic , who is eventually shot and wounded by Cassian . Jyn transmits the schematics to the Rebel command ship . The Death Star enters orbit above Scarif , where Tarkin uses another low - power shot to destroy the compromised base , killing Krennic , Cassian , and Jyn . The Rebel fleet prepares to jump to hyperspace but many of the fleet 's ships are intercepted by Vader 's flagship . Vader boards the Rebel command ship and attempts to regain the schematics , but a small starship escapes with the plans on board . Aboard the fleeing ship , Princess Leia declares that the schematics will provide hope for the Rebellion . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , a young renegade woman who is detained for her crimes against the Empire until she is freed by the Rebel Alliance . She has used many aliases during her life such as Lianna Hallik , Tanith Pontha , and Kestrel Dawn , while her father affectionately calls her `` Stardust '' . Beau and Dolly Gadsdon as a young Jyn Erso at different points in her life . Diego Luna as Cassian Andor , a Rebel Alliance Captain and Intelligence officer . Ben Mendelsohn as Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Donnie Yen as Chirrut Îmwe , a Zatoichi-esque blind warrior who believes in the Force . He is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills . Mads Mikkelsen as Galen Erso , Jyn 's father and a research scientist . Alan Tudyk as K - 2SO , a Rebel - owned Imperial enforcer droid who was reprogrammed by Cassian Andor . Riz Ahmed as Bodhi Rook , a former Imperial cargo pilot who defects to the Rebels under the influence of Galen Erso . Jiang Wen as Baze Malbus , a Rebel warrior , mercenary and longtime companion of Chirrut Îmwe . Forest Whitaker as Saw Gerrera , a veteran of the Clone Wars and a friend of the Erso family who had mentored Jyn in her later childhood years . Jimmy Smits , Genevieve O'Reilly , and Anthony Daniels reprise their roles from previous films as Bail Organa , Mon Mothma , and C - 3PO , respectively . James Earl Jones also reprises his role from previous films as the voice of Darth Vader , who is physically portrayed by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , replacing David Prowse who played the role in the original films . Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia Organa are played by Guy Henry and Ingvild Deila , respectively , with the digital likenesses of Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher superimposed . Henry also provides the voice for Tarkin , while archival audio of Fisher is used for Leia . Angus MacInnes and Drewe Henley are featured as Gold Leader Dutch Vander and Red Leader Garven Dreis , respectively , via unused footage from A New Hope ; MacInnes returned to record new dialogue for Vander , while new dialogue for the deceased Henley was assembled from archival material . David Ankrum , who voiced Wedge Antilles in A New Hope , reprises his role in a vocal cameo . Ian McElhinney , Michael Smiley , Andy de la Tour and Tim Beckmann play General Jan Dodonna , Dr. Evazan , General Hurst Romodi and Captain Raymus Antilles , respectively . Warwick Davis plays Weeteef Cyubee , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Additionally , Alistair Petrie plays General Davits Draven , Ben Daniels plays General Antoc Merrick , and Valene Kane plays Lyra Erso , Jyn 's mother . Jonathan Aris , Fares Fares and Sharon Duncan - Brewster appear as Senators Nower Jebel , Vasp Vaspar , and Tynnra Pamlo , respectively . Simon Farnaby plays a member of Blue Squadron . Jordan Stephens appears as Rebel Alliance member Corporal Tonc . Nick Kellington plays Bistan , the door gunner on a U-wing during the battle on Scarif . Ian Whyte plays Moroff , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Daniel Mays appears as Tivik . Rian Johnson and Ram Bergman , director and producer of Star Wars : The Last Jedi , respectively , cameo as two Death Star technicians . Richard Franklin plays one of the Death Star engineers . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rogue One is the first film in the Star Wars Anthology series , a series of stand - alone spin - off films in the Star Wars franchise . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the stand - alone films would not cross over with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spinoff movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the stand - alone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . John Knoll , visual effects supervisor for the Star Wars prequel trilogy , pitched the idea for the film 10 years before its development ; after the Disney acquisition he felt as if he had to pitch it again or forever wonder `` what might 've happened if I had '' . In May 2014 , Disney announced that Gareth Edwards would direct the film and Gary Whitta would write the script . That October , cinematographer Greig Fraser revealed that he would work on the film . In January 2015 , it was revealed that Whitta had completed his work on the script , and would no longer be with the project . Simon Kinberg was considered as a replacement . Later in the month , it was announced that Chris Weitz had signed to write the script for the film . In March 2015 , the title was announced . In July 2016 , discussing whether the film would feature an opening crawl , Kennedy said , `` we 're in the midst of talking about it , but I do n't think these ( Anthology ) films will have an opening crawl . '' Edwards said : `` The idea is this film is supposed to be different than the saga films ... ( however , ) this film is born out of a crawl . The thing that inspired this movie was a crawl and what was written in that . There 's this feeling that if we did a crawl , then it 'll create another movie . And so the honest answer is you 'll have to wait and see . '' That same month , at the 2016 Star Wars Celebration , Edwards said the title had three meanings : `` a military sign '' , referring to the Red Squadron from A New Hope ; `` the ' rogue ' one '' of the franchise , given that it is the first film to not be part of the main saga ; and a description of Jyn Erso 's personality . In November 2016 , Kennedy confirmed that the film would not feature an opening crawl , instead beginning in `` a way that is traditional , with just the title . '' Edwards stated that the style of the film would be similar to that of a war film , stating , `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that numerous actresses , including Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara , and Felicity Jones were being tested for the film 's lead . In February 2015 , it was announced that Jones was in final talks to star in the film , while Aaron Paul and Édgar Ramírez were being eyed for the male lead role . In March 2015 , Jones was officially cast . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported a rumor that Ben Mendelsohn was being considered for a lead role . The next month , TheWrap reported that Sam Claflin was being eyed for a role , while Riz Ahmed was in negotiations to join the film . In May , Mendelsohn , Ahmed , and Diego Luna were added to the cast of the film , in the lead roles . Forest Whitaker was added to the cast in June 2015 . In July 2015 , Jonathan Aris was cast to play Senator Jebel , and in February 2016 , model Eunice Olumide revealed she had a part in the film . Genevieve O'Reilly was cast as Mon Mothma , reprising her role from Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . James Earl Jones was confirmed to return as the voice of Darth Vader in June 2016 . Filming ( edit ) Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , was used as a filming location for the planet Scarif Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios , in Hertfordshire , on August 8 , 2015 . Much of the other photography was completed at or near Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire , England where huge sets were built to complement scenes filmed elsewhere in the world . The film was shot using Ultra Panavision 70 lenses with Arri Alexa 65 large format digital 6K cameras . Canary Wharf tube station , was used as a location for interior shots of the Imperial security complex on Scarif Filming locations were used around the world . In Iceland , the crew shot in Reynisfjara , and around the mountains of Hjörleifshöfði and Hafursey at Mýrdalssandur , which were used to represent Lah'mu and Eadu . Also used were the Krafla area with its volcanic crater and around Lake Mývatn 's rock formations . The islands of Gan and Baresdhoo of the Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , as well as RAF Bovingdon , were used to represent Scarif . Wadi Rum in Jordan was used to represent Jedha . Pymmes Park in Edmonton , London was also used for location filming , and scenes set on Yavin 4 were filmed at RAF Cardington . Gareth Edwards selected the London Underground 's Canary Wharf station as a location for a chase scene in an Imperial base ; the location shoot took place between midnight and 4 am , when the station was closed to the public . The film spent a total of $265 million and received a $45 million subsidy from the United Kingdom 's film incentive program . Post-production ( edit ) On February 11 , 2016 , Disney executives stated that the film was `` virtually completed '' . Several weeks of pre-scheduled reshoots began in mid-June 2016 . In August 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Tony Gilroy had spearheaded the reshoots , in lieu of Edwards , and that Gilroy would have just as much say in the final cut of the film as Edwards . Gilroy was initially brought on in order to retool the ending of the film , which was not coming together as hoped , under Edwards 's direction . Fearing that Disney would require the survival of at least some of the new characters , an alternate , happier ending was conceived with characters Jyn and Cassian escaping the destruction of Scarif ; when it became apparent that Disney would accept the deaths of those characters , the producers opted for the more tragic ending they had envisioned . At least some footage from the unused ending was produced and made it into early trailers . Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) produced the film 's visual effects . ILM used CGI and digitally altered archive footage to insert Peter Cushing 's likeness over the body of actor Guy Henry . Lucasfilm secured permission from the late actor 's estate to include him in the film . The team reportedly searched through countless hours of Cushing footage in order to find suitable material to build from , then Henry provided the motion capture and voice work with the reference material augmented and mapped over his performance like a digital body mask . Cushing 's family were heavily involved with the creation and had input right down to `` small , subtle adjustments '' . Cushing 's mannerisms , including his manner of speaking and facial tics , were studied by the visual effects artists and applied to the digital Tarkin . A similar process was used in the portrayal of Princess Leia ; Carrie Fisher 's appearance as Leia in the first film was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face and archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Post-production wrapped on November 28 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) It does borrow from traditions that both John Williams and George Lucas borrowed from when they made the original Star Wars , you know . George was looking at Flash Gordon , the old serials , and John was looking at Gustav Holst and different composers along the way to get a baseline for what he wanted to communicate . There is a wonderful musical language that John put together for the original films . I wanted to honor that vernacular but still do something new with it , something that was still me in a way . -- Michael Giacchino on balancing the musical traditions of Star Wars with his original music for Rogue One . In March 2015 , it was reported that Alexandre Desplat , who had worked with Edwards on the Godzilla reboot , would compose the score for Rogue One . Despite rumors that a contract had not been initially set in place by Lucasfilm , Desplat confirmed in an April 2016 interview that he would serve as composer for the film . Concerning the film , Desplat commented that `` ( Edwards and I ) had a great partnership on Godzilla , and I ca n't wait to be starting with him . It will be in a few weeks from now , and it is very exciting and frightening at the same time because it 's such a legendary project . To be called to come after John Williams ... it 's a great challenge for me . '' However , in September 2016 , it was announced that Michael Giacchino would be replacing Desplat as composer , after the film 's reshoots altered the post-production schedule , and reportedly left Desplat no longer available . Giacchino only had four and a half weeks to compose the music for the film , beginning almost immediately after finishing production on Doctor Strange . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in November 2016 , Giacchino stated : `` It is a film that is in many ways a really great World War II movie , and I loved that about it . But it also has this huge , huge heart at the center of it , and that was the one thing I just did n't want to discount . Yes , it 's an action movie , and it 's a Star Wars film , and it has all the things that you would come to expect and love about that , but I did n't want to forget that it was also an incredibly emotional movie as well . That was what really pulled me in . '' Giacchino incorporated John Williams ' themes from previous films into the score . The official soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 16 , 2016 . All music was composed by Giacchino except where noted . Giacchino , who has a history of using track titles that contain wordplay , shared his alternate list in the liner notes of the soundtrack release . These names are listed in the notes . <Th_colspan="2"> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Michael Giacchino Released December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 09 : 18 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Giacchino chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Doctor Strange 2016 Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) The Book of Henry 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Force Awakens 2015 Rogue One ( 2016 ) Rogue One2016 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks Movie - Wave Movie Music UK Positive Soundtrack Geek No . Title Length 1 . `` He 's Here for Us '' ( `` A Krennic Connection '' ) 3 : 20 2 . `` A Long Ride Ahead '' ( `` Jyn and Scare It '' ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Wobani Imperial Labor Camp '' ( `` Jyncarcerated '' ) 0 : 54 4 . `` Trust Goes Both Ways '' ( `` Going to See Saw '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 45 5 . `` When Has Become Now '' ( `` That New Death Star Smell '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 1 : 59 6 . `` Jedha Arrival '' ( `` Jedha Call Saw '' ) 2 : 48 7 . `` Jedha City Ambush '' ( `` When Ambush Come to Shove '' ) 2 : 19 8 . `` Star - Dust '' ( `` Erso - Facto '' ) 3 : 47 9 . `` Confrontation on Eadu '' ( `` Go Do , That Eadu , That You Do , So Well '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 8 : 05 10 . `` Krennic 's Aspirations '' ( `` Have a Choke and a Smile '' ; includes `` Imperial Motif '' and `` The Imperial March '' by John Williams ) 4 : 16 11 . `` Rebellions Are Built on Hope '' ( `` Erso in Vain '' ) 2 : 56 12 . `` Rogue One '' ( `` Takes One to Rogue One '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 04 13 . `` Cargo Shuttle SW - 0608 '' ( `` World 's Worst Vacation Destination '' ) 3 : 59 14 . `` Scrambling the Rebel Fleet '' ( `` Scarif Tactics '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 33 15 . `` AT - ACT Assault '' ( `` Bazed and Confused '' ; includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Imperial Walkers '' by John Williams ) 2 : 55 16 . `` The Master Switch '' ( `` Switch Hunt '' ) 4 : 02 17 . `` Your Father Would Be Proud '' ( `` Transmission Impossible '' ) 4 : 51 18 . `` Hope '' ( `` Live and Let Jedi '' ; includes `` The Imperial March '' , `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Blockade Runner '' , and `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 37 19 . `` Jyn Erso and Hope Suite '' 5 : 51 20 . `` The Imperial Suite '' 2 : 29 21 . `` Guardians of the Whills Suite '' 2 : 52 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 69 : 18 Release ( edit ) Rogue One premiered at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 . The film was released in certain European countries on December 14 , 2016 , and was released in North America on December 16 , with China getting the film on January 6 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Promotion of Rogue One was initially delayed by the release of the film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation in July 2015 , because the titles are similar . Paramount Pictures registered and cleared the title with the Motion Picture Association of America in January 2015 , well before Disney announced the title of its forthcoming Star Wars spinoff . Disney and Lucasfilm had to reach an agreement with Paramount over promotion in order to avoid any confusion in the public mind . Disney agreed to embargo promotion on Rogue One until after mid-2015 , with the exception of a very short teaser which was screened at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim that year . A teaser trailer for Rogue One , released by Lucasfilm on April 7 , 2016 , was praised by reviewers for its portrayal of strong female characters . The Daily Telegraph described Jyn Erso 's character as `` a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' , calling the film `` progressive '' , while noting its painstaking faithfulness to the production design style of the original Star Wars trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter also noted the visual nods to the original trilogy , and examined the film 's possible narrative direction , considering that the outcome is to some extent already revealed in the opening crawl of A New Hope . The Atlantic writer David Sims stated that the trailer brought `` back some memorable pieces of architecture , from the lumbering AT - AT walkers to the Death Star itself , not to mention the glorious 70s costuming of Star Wars . '' He added that the trailer has `` the look '' , blending the old with the new . The trailer was viewed close to 30 million times in its first 29 hours , at a rate of 800,000 views per hour , from Facebook and YouTube , which is 200,000 views shy of what the first teaser trailer for Star Wars : The Force Awakens was receiving in November 2014 . In June 2016 , Rogue One was promoted at the Star Wars Celebration Europe III event in London . During the event , a new official poster was unveiled , which depicts a battle taking place on the tropical planet Scarif , with the Death Star looming large in a blue sky , above which is printed the tagline `` A Rebellion Built on Hope '' . A second teaser trailer was also unveiled , screened exclusively for the Celebration audience , and not streamed online . This new trailer was reviewed favorably by critics ; The Daily Telegraph noted that the trailer revealed new locations such as the planets Jedha and Scarif , and that its most significant revelation came in the final seconds of the teaser , with the appearance of Darth Vader , reflected in a computer screen and accompanied by his classic breathing sound effect . Variety also hailed the Vader reveal , and noted that the emphasis of the production was much more on the kinetic depiction of large battle sequences and full - on warfare , comparing it to Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now . A showreel was also shown during the event , which featured footage from the film , cut with behind - the - scenes shots and interviews with the director and cast members . The second trailer was shown publicly during a broadcast of the 2016 Summer Olympics and received favourable media reviews ; Wired stated that the trailer was `` littered with nostalgic throwbacks to the original trilogy '' , while Rolling Stone described the CGI landscape shots seen in the footage as `` eye - poppingly gorgeous '' . A further trailer released in October 2016 prompted The Hollywood Reporter to comment that the newly revealed footage looked like `` a trailer to a different movie than the one advertised earlier '' , remarking that Jyn Erso appeared to be portrayed as a more vulnerable character , and highlighting the appearance of Galen Erso as a protective father figure . Vanity Fair also commented on the emphasis given to Jyn 's relationship with her father , suggesting that Rogue One was drawing on `` the Star Wars franchise 's greatest natural resource : daddy issues '' . The film 's publicity tour began in Mexico on November 23 , 2016 . In Asia , Disney focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen , where his individual poster is used for marketing in territories including Japan , Singapore , Indonesia , Thailand , Hong Kong , China , Vietnam and Malaysia . The official Star Wars Facebook page of the respective Asian countries also featured clips and videos of Donnie Yen speaking various languages , greeting fans and telling them to support the film . In addition , Disney also released various versions of international trailers with more footage of Yen . Home media ( edit ) Rogue One was released on Digital HD on March 24 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on April 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Rogue One grossed $532.2 million in the United States and Canada and $523.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.056 billion . On January 21 , 2017 , the film became Disney 's fourth of 2016 to earn $1 billion in ticket sales , joining Captain America : Civil War , Zootopia and Finding Dory . It is the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , the second highest - grossing Star Wars film , and the 22nd highest - grossing film of all time , all unadjusted for inflation . It is also the third Star Wars film to gross over $1 billion worldwide , following The Phantom Menace and The Force Awakens . In the United States , it was the top - grossing film of 2016 . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $319.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 3rd most profitable release of 2016 . In late November 2016 , box office projections for the United States and Canada had the film grossing $100 -- 150 million during its opening weekend . Disney chairman Bob Iger noted that Disney and Lucasfilm did not expect Rogue One to match The Force Awakens ' total gross of $2.1 billion , nor its $248 million opening . Pre-sale tickets for the film went on sale at 12 : 01 AM EST on November 28 , 2016 . Within 10 minutes , ticket sale sites such as Fandango crashed , much like The Force Awakens had the year prior . In its first 24 hours , the film had the second - highest amount of pre-sale tickets ever sold , behind only The Force Awakens . Worldwide , the film was expected to gross $280 -- 350 million in its opening weekend . In the United States , the film made $29 million from its Thursday night previews , making it the highest grossing Thursday opening of 2016 . On Friday , the film earned $71.1 million , earning the 12th highest grossing opening day of all - time . The film grossed $46.3 million on Saturday , securing a total of $155.1 million in its opening weekend , the third biggest debut of 2016 . It topped the box office once again in its second weekend , grossing $64 million ( down 58.7 % ) over the three day weekend , and $96.1 million over the four day weekend . On Christmas Day , it grossed $25.9 million . It finished first at the box office again in its third weekend , grossing $49.6 million ( - 22.5 % ) over the three day weekend and $65.5 million over the four day weekend , becoming the seventh film of 2016 to top the box office three times , following Deadpool , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , Finding Dory , Suicide Squad , and Moana . In its fourth weekend , Sunday projections had the film grossing $22 million , besting newcomer Hidden Figures ' $21.8 million . However , final figures the following day revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $21.9 million , falling to second place behind Hidden Figures ' $22.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rogue One received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 360 reviews with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Rogue One draws deep on Star Wars mythology while breaking new narrative and aesthetic ground -- and suggesting a bright blockbuster future for the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score 65 out of 100 based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film 9 / 10 , saying , `` Rogue One is a movie crammed with fan service , but when fan service is done this well , there 's little to complain about and much to adore . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` this spin - off / prequel has the same primitive , lived - in , emotional , loopy , let 's - put - on - a-show spirit that made us fall in love with the original trilogy . '' / Film gave Rogue One 8 / 10 , writing that the film is enjoyable but does not have the emotional weight of The Force Awakens , because `` no character in Rogue One was strongly compelling '' . PopMatters wrote , `` Rogue One seems to enjoy spending time on a whole new batch of moons and planets we have n't seen before , reveling in the clutter and clamor of far - flung settlements where anti-Imperial sentiments fester . But the film is bogged down in engineering the complex maneuverings of spy games , dogfights , and the most sprawling Rebel - versus - Empire land battle scene since the opening of The Empire Strikes Back . '' Justin Chang , writing for the Los Angeles Times , called Rogue One `` a swiftly paced , rough - and - ready entertainment . '' The New York Times wrote , `` All the pieces are there , in other words , like Lego figures in a box . The problem is that the filmmakers have n't really bothered to think of anything very interesting to do with them . A couple of 9 - year - olds on a screen - free rainy afternoon would come up with better adventures , and probably also better dialogue . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film `` lobotomized and `` depersonalized '' , and wrote it `` is n't so much a movie as a feature - length promotional film for itself ; it 's a movie that is still waiting to be made . '' The Washington Post wrote `` Rogue One represents an unobjectionable exercise in franchise extension . It 's fine . It 'll do . For now . '' IndieWire 's David Ehrlich gave the film a C+ rating , calling it `` a spirited but agonizingly safe attempt to expand cinema 's most holy blockbuster franchise and keep the wheels greased between proper installments ( ... ) just a glorified excuse to retcon some sense into one of the silliest things about the original . '' While he praised the set design and visuals , calling them `` gorgeous '' , he criticized a lack of interesting character development and a script that felt `` completely constricted by its purpose . '' Peter Bradshaw , film critic of The Guardian says `` Rogue One does n't really go rogue at any stage , and it is n't a pop culture event like The Force Awakens , in whose slipstream this appears ; part of its charm resides in the eerie , almost dreamlike effect of continually producing familiar elements , reshuffled and reconfigured , a reaching back to the past and hinting at a preordained future . There are some truly spectacular cameos from much - loved personae , involving next - level digital effects -- almost creepily exact , so that watching feels at various stages like going into a time machine , back to the 80s and 70s '' . Rogue One introduced many new characters into the Star Wars mythology , but most critics and general audiences have pointed out that Chirrut Îmwe , played by actor Donnie Yen , and K2SO , played by Alan Tudyk , were the highlights and stole the movie . Donnie Yen 's performance , in particular , was also applauded by audiences worldwide . In an official poll on the Star Wars webpage opened in May 2017 , which more 30,000 people voted , Chirrut Îmwe was voted as audiences ' favorite Rogue One character . Views on computer - generated imagery ( edit ) While much of the computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) received plaudits , some news organizations published criticism about certain aspects , including the visual effects ( VFX ) that were used to revive Peter Cushing , who died in 1994 , as Grand Moff Tarkin . The Guardian 's Catherine Shoard , described the `` resurrection '' as a `` digital indignity '' . Joseph Walsh of The Guardian raised legal and ethical issues about bringing a long - dead actor to life . However , Lucasfilm had obtained permission from Peter Cushing 's estate before deciding to use his likeness . The Washington Times 's Eric Althoff rejected the entire concept of using CGI to recreate a deceased actor : `` Alas , what we get is , basically , not a simulation , but an approximation of a simulation -- a dead character portrayed by a living actor inhabiting not the character , but imitating the dead actor . '' Some journalists also criticized the quality of the CGI that was to represent a younger Carrie Fisher in order to portray Princess Leia at an earlier time , as well as its suitability in movie - making . Eliana Dockterman of Time wrote that `` there was something particularly plastic about this version of the young Carrie Fisher -- so smooth and so perfect it could n't be real -- that pulled me out of the moment . '' Kelly Lawler of USA Today said : `` ... while Tarkin is merely unnerving , the Leia cameo is so jarring as to take the audience completely out of the film at its most emotional moment . Leia 's appearance was meant to help the film end on a hopeful note ( quite literally , as ' hope ' is her line ) , but instead it ends on a weird and unsettling one . '' Michael Cavna of The Washington Post described the facial effect as feeling `` distractingly artificial and nearly alien , like a plastered death mask robbed of authentic actorly effect , well beyond the usual artifice of Botox . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Makeup and Hair Amanda Knight , Neal Scanlan and Lisa Tomblin Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll , Mohen Leo and Nigel Sumner Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Joel Iwataki , Nick Kray , David Parker , Frank Rinella , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 21 , 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Rogue One Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Film Rogue One Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Won Best Male Newcomer Riz Ahmed Nominated Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Costume Design Rogue One Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Hugo Awards August 11 , 2017 Best Dramatic Presentation - Long form Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 8 , 2017 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Mark Somner and David O'Reily Nominated Outstanding Film Commission `` Jedha '' - Royal Film Commission Jordan Won MTV Movie & TV Awards May 17 , 2017 Movie of the Year Rogue One Nominated Best Hero Felicity Jones Nominated Ray Bradbury Award May 20 , 2017 Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Chris Weitz , Tony Gilroy and Gareth Edwards Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Science Fiction Film Rogue One Won Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Writing Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Best Supporting Actor Diego Luna Nominated Best Music Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Editing John Gilroy , Colin Goudie and Jabez Olssen Nominated Best Production Design Doug Chiang and Neil Lamont Nominated Best Costume Design David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Best Make - up Amy Byrne Nominated Best Special Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Rogue One Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Diego Luna Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Neil Corbould , Erin Dusseault , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Nigel Sumner Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature `` Grand Moff Tarkin '' -- Cyrus Jam , Sven Jensen , Jee Young Park and Steve Walton Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature `` Scarif Complex '' -- Enrico Damm , Yanick Dusseault , Kevin George and Olivier Vernay - Kim Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project `` Space Battle '' -- Steve Ellis , Barry Howell , Euising Lee and John Levin Nominated Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project `` Princess Leia '' -- Paul Giacoppo , Gareth Jensen , James Tooley and Todd Vaziri Nominated `` Star Destroyer '' -- Marko Chulev , Steven Knipping , Jay Machado and Akira Orikasa Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature `` Jedha Destruction '' -- Luca Mignardi , Ciaran Moloney , Matt Puchala and Miguel Perez Senent Nominated Jump up ^ Each date is linked to the article about the awards held that year , wherever possible . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Characters from the film appeared in the second half of the animated television series Star Wars Rebels , starting with Saw Gerrera in the Season 3 mid-season one - hour special episode `` Ghosts of Geonosis '' . The Imperial Death Troopers appeared in that season 's one - hour finale , `` Zero Hour '' . More characters and vehicles that were first introduced in the film will appear in the series ' fourth and final season , while the film 's main antagonist , Orson Krennic , will be mentioned by name . Tie - in novels ( edit ) A tie - in novel to the film , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , was released on November 15 , 2016 . Written by veteran Star Wars novelist James Luceno , the story is set some years before the events of Rogue One , and provides a backstory to the 2016 film . The film 's novelization was written by Alexander Freed , and was released on December 16 , 2016 . Comics ( edit ) Months after the film was released , Marvel Comics adapted the film into a six - part comic book miniseries , which adds extra content . The miniseries ' complete collection is scheduled to be released on December 12 , 2017 . Video games ( edit ) A downloadable expansion pack was released for the Star Wars Battlefront reboot , titled Rogue One : Scarif , that allows players the ability to play through the various locations , characters and set pieces from the planet introduced in Rogue One . A free virtual reality mission for PlayStation 4 was also released alongside the expansion . Several characters and concepts from the film were also included in the mobile games Star Wars : Force Arena , Star Wars Commander and Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , all available on iOS and Android . See also ( edit ) 2016 in science fiction List of films featuring eclipses List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : could Disney want to cap the success of Star Wars spin - off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One trailer released '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hildago , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : Rogue One : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 35 . 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While the actor has the body role , just like his predecessor in the original Star Wars films David Prowse , the voice of Lord Vader is actor James Earl Jones . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spencer Wilding to play Darth Vader in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Why it took multiple actors to play Darth Vader ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rogue One ' Sound Editors Reveal How They Found Princess Leia 's ' Hope ' and More Production Secrets '' . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's How Rogue One Got Its Hands on Unseen Star Wars Footage '' . io9.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbeater , Alex ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One : 15 Cameos You Missed '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw . `` Original Star Wars actor reveals how his character was brought back for Rogue One '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Regular Warwick Davis Returns For ' Rogue One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doran , Sarah ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did You Spot All These British and Irish Actors in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` ' Rogue One ' Actor Valene Kane Confirmed as Playing Jyn Erso 's Mother '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One ( Feature film ) . Credits : Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia . `` Rogue One is bucking a Star Wars tradition '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWCE 2016 : 15 THINGS WE LEARNED FROM THE ROGUE ONE : A STAR WARS STORY PANEL '' . Star Wars.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` What Happens When ' Star Wars ' Is Just a War Film ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cinematographer Greig Fraser talks ' Foxcatcher , ' ' Gambler ' and NOT ' Star Wars ' '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Standalone Movie Loses Writer Gary Whitta '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : Simon Kinberg Will Take Over Writing First ' Star Wars ' Standalone Film '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie Hiring Oscar - Nominated Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Kathleen Kennedy and Gareth Edwards Tease ' Rogue One ' Opening Crawl -- See What They Said ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Rogue One 's Gareth Edwards explains the movie 's title '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Lucasfilm Chief Previews ' Rogue One ' and Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara Testing for ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie to Star Felicity Jones ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ' Rogue One ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Eyed to Star in ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' ; Riz Ahmed in Talks ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Diego Luna Joins Felicity Jones in Lead Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Forest Whitaker Joins Standalone Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sherlock ' Actor Jonathan Aris Joins ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' '' . / Film.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Bits : Eunice Olumide Discusses Her Character , New Stormtroopers Details Revealed , all Kinds of Toy Rumors '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : ' Darth Vader is Back ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Janine ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - The Force Awakens but the Storm Troopers are just chilling '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxing in a galaxy far , far away ! Off - duty Stormtroopers are pictured on desert set during filming of spin - off movie Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` First Photos of Stormtroopers on set from Star Wars : Anthology Rogue One '' . makingstarwars.net . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a walk on the Darth side : Event reveals the secrets of the new -- very British -- Star Wars blockbuster , Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Not only was Rogue One filmed at Pinewood and Elstree Studios , now home to the ongoing franchise Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming behind the scenes with Rogue One '' . KFTV . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Among the largest sets built at Pinewood was the mountainous planet of Eadu Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Amazing Camera Technology Behind The Look of Rogue One '' . FSR . FSR . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . During our sit down with ... Gareth Edwards ... old lenses and new digital environments . Jump up ^ Fish , Andrew ( February 2016 ) . `` Interview with Kathleen Kennedy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit On Vacation '' . Movie Pilot . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Everything We Know ( So Far ) '' . / Film . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` A Look At The Real Star Wars Universe ( Infographic ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Meredith ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alex ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` World In a galaxy far , far away -- the real - life locations of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story that travellers can visit '' . Lonely Planet . Lonely Planet . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deluyas , Elyssa ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' News : Visit These Stunning Filming Locations To Have The Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Journey '' . Travelers Today . Travelers Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HaveeruOnline - Cast heads to Maldives for Star Wars shooting '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Bits : New Details on Jedha , a Mysterious New Planet Name , and a First Look at New LEGO Sets '' . / Film . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen Williams , Cameron Mcculloch - Keeble ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - everything you need to know '' . Empire . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- The complete history , Part III '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Re-shoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . The Knowledge . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Cameron K ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what we know about the new Star Wars film '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Limited . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Director Gareth Edwards told thousands of fans at Star Wars Celebration in London earlier this year he had always wanted to film a sci - fi movie there . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2016_film_study_WEB.pdf Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One virtually finished , Disney ' absolutely love ' what they 've seen '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` What 's true and false about the reshoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Rogue One 's reshoots show how Disney saved the first standalone Star Wars movie '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One director says its original ending was very different '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Rogue One 's original ending was one such cutting - room casualty . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's Original Ending May Explain Where All Those Deleted Trailer Scenes Went '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . The revelation that the original ending was much different probably explains a lot about how different the trailers were from the final product . Fans have noticed that many scenes in the original spots did not appear in the final film . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` They are going through hours and hours of old footage from the horror movies to recreate his legs and feet ... '' . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Telegraph Film . `` ' Morbid and off - putting ' or ' convincing ' ? Rogue One 's CGI Peter Cushing gets a mixed response from Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristopher Tapley ; Peter Debruge ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry '' . Variety . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Rogue One ' Brought Back Familiar Faces '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Finishes Post-Production '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One composer Michael Giacchino describes music of the Star Wars standalone '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One Composer Is Alexandre Desplat , Not John Williams '' . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One Bits : Mads Mikkelsen Sheds More Light on His Character , Alexandre Desplat Talks , Disneyland Releases First Merch - Page 2 of 3 '' . / Film . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Replaces Its Composer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Releases Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Today '' ( Press release ) . PRNewsire . Burbank , California . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ GoSoundtracks ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` All right . I 'm renaming my soundtrack titles . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ROGUE ONE The End Of Michael Giacchino 's Punny Track Titles ? '' . Birth . Movies . Death . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Disney And Dolby Brought ' Rogue One ' To Historic Pantages '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressberg , Matt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why ' Rogue One ' Failed to Take Off in China '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Gets a ' Rogue ' Name , Trumps ' Star Wars ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story trailer : Felicity Jones makes a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' . The Telegraph . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Brings Hope of a Subversive ' Star Wars ' Prequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Empire Rolls on With Rogue One '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Blasts Off With Close To 30M Online Views Since Thursday Debut '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ; Freer , Ian ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : ' Star Wars ' Film Releases New Footage , Poster '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woollaston , Victoria ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader returns in the new trailer for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Wired . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : 5 Things We Learned From New Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : How the New Trailer Looks Like It 's for a Different Movie Than Before '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Rogue One Trailer Taps into the Star Wars Franchise 's Greatest Natural Resource '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Box is Dead : Lucasfilm Shows Fans 20 Minutes of Rogue One '' . Furious Fanboys . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Rogue One trailer has lots of new Donnie Yen footage '' . AV Club . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' China Trailer Lands With More Footage Of Chinese Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One 's Digital And Blu - ray / DVD Release Dates Announced , Bonus Features Revealed '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasts Past $1 B At Global Box Office ; ' Moana ' Sails To $500 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' maintains stellar course at box office '' . Samaa Web Desk . Samaa TV . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 3 ' Rogue One ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Hits Tracking With $100 M - $140 M ; UK Tickets Available , So When Do U.S. Sales Begin ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Huge $130 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Not Expected to Do ' Force Awakens ' Business , Disney CEO Says '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grauso , Alisha ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pre-Sales For ' Rogue One ' Crash Fandango 's Site -- And Disney Benefits From It '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Has Second - Highest First Day of Ticketing Pre-Sales '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasting Off To Est . $30 M Thursday Night -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at # 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Travers : ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Spoiler Free Review : Finally A Good Star Wars Prequel '' . / Film . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Shows There 's Life in Star Wars Yet ... Barely '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' adds an uneven but thrilling wrinkle to the mythology of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Rogue One ' Leaves ' Star Wars ' Fans Wanting More and Less '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` '' Rogue One '' Reviewed : Is it Time to Abandon the `` Star Wars '' Franchise ? `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' does n't offer much joy , but Star Wars fans will enjoy it anyway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David . `` ' Rogue One ' Review : The First ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Is a Scrappy Space Adventure That Plays Things Painfully Safe '' . Indiewire . Indiewire . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story review -- a sleek addition to the fleet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Who is your favorite Rogue One Character '' . Star Wars . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` From Rogue One 's Peter Cushing to Audrey Hepburn : 6 stars who were digitally brought back to life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Cushing is dead . Rogue One 's resurrection is a digital indignity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : the CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling -- but is it right ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Althoff , Eric ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Force reawakens deceased cast -- probably for years to come '' . The Washington Times . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue One '' . Time . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ... the effect ends up showing the limitations of the technology . It 's also distracting : As you ponder what , exactly , is off about this not - human - enough figure -- something in the facial movements -- you begin to lose track of the plot . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Rogue One ' ending went wrong '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` One of the best performances in ' Rogue One ' is by an actor who died in 1994 '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence in Fantasy Film '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Women swept nearly every category at the 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . PEOPLE.com. April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - The Nebula Awards '' . The Nebula Awards . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards winners '' . Saturn Awards official website . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Rogue One Character Joins Star Wars Rebels , and More TV News '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ryan . `` The Unexpected Ways ' Star Wars Rebels ' Season 4 Connects to ' Rogue One ' '' . CheatSheet . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Synopsis for Star Wars Catalyst novel offers background details on Rogue One '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb.com . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One : A Star Wars Story by Alexander Freed PenguinRandomHouse.com . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran . `` New ' Rogue One ' Scenes in the Comic Adaptation Flesh Out The Movie 's Story '' . / Film . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Rogue One : Scarif '' . Starwars.ea.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront Rogue One : X-wing VR Mission '' . EA Star Wars Games . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Netmarble Games . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 -- via StarWarsForceArena.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Content Comes to Star Wars : Commander '' . Jump up ^ Westenberg , Jimmy . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes goes rogue with new characters from Rogue One '' . AndroidAuthority . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rogue One Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogue One . 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-796,498,362,243,686,000 | where does the sour taste come from in foods such as cheese and yogurt | Yogurt - wikipedia Yogurt Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Yogurt ( disambiguation ) . Yogurt <Td_colspan="2"> A bowl of yogurt garnished with fruit and mint Type Dairy product Serving temperature Chilled Main ingredients Milk , bacteria <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Yogurt Media : Yogurt Yogurt , yoghurt , or yoghourt ( / ˈjoʊɡərt / or / ˈjɒɡət / ; from Turkish : yoğurt ; other spellings listed below ) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk . The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as `` yogurt cultures '' . Fermentation of lactose by these bacteria produces lactic acid , which acts on milk protein to give yogurt its texture and characteristic tart flavor . Cow 's milk is commonly available worldwide , and , as such , is the milk most commonly used to make yogurt . Milk from water buffalo , goats , ewes , mares , camels , and yaks is also used to produce yogurt where available locally . Milk used may be homogenized or not ( milk distributed in many parts of the world is homogenized ) ; both types may be used , with substantially different results . Yogurt is produced using a culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria . In addition , other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are also sometimes added during or after culturing yogurt . Some countries require yogurt to contain a certain amount of colony - forming units of bacteria ; in China , for example , the requirement for the number of lactobacillus bacteria is at least 1 × 10 CFU per milliliter . To produce yogurt , milk is first heated , usually to about 85 ° C ( 185 ° F ) , to denature the milk proteins so that they do not form curds . After heating , the milk is allowed to cool to about 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The bacterial culture is mixed in , and a temperature of 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) is maintained for four to twelve hours to allow fermentation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and spelling 2 History 3 Nutrition and health 4 Varieties and presentation 4.1 Sweetened and flavored 4.2 Straining 4.3 Beverages 5 Plant - milk yogurt 6 Homemade 7 See also 7.1 Other fermented dairy products 8 References 9 External links Etymology and spelling ( edit ) The word is derived from Turkish : yoğurt , and is usually related to the verb yoğurmak , `` to knead '' , or `` to be curdled or coagulated ; to thicken '' . It may be related to yoğun , meaning thick or dense . The sound ğ was traditionally rendered as `` gh '' in transliterations of Turkish from around 1615 -- 1625 . In modern Turkish the letter ğ marks a diaeresis between two vowels , without being pronounced itself , which is reflected in some languages ' versions of the word ( e.g. Greek γιαούρτι giaoúrti , French yaourt , Romanian iaurt ) . In English , the several variations of the spelling of the word include yogurt , yoghurt , and to a lesser extent yoghourt or yogourt . History ( edit ) Analysis of the L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus genome indicates that the bacterium may have originated on the surface of a plant . Milk may have become spontaneously and unintentionally exposed to it through contact with plants , or bacteria may have been transferred from the udder of domestic milk - producing animals . The origins of yogurt are unknown , but it is thought to have been invented in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC . In ancient Indian records , the combination of yogurt and honey is called `` the food of the gods '' . Persian traditions hold that `` Abraham owed his fecundity and longevity to the regular ingestion of yogurt '' . Unstirred Turkish Süzme Yoğurt ( strained yogurt ) , with a 10 % fat content The cuisine of ancient Greece included a dairy product known as oxygala ( οξύγαλα ) which is believed to have been a form of yogurt . Galen ( AD 129 -- c. 200 / c. 216 ) mentioned that oxygala was consumed with honey , similar to the way thickened Greek yogurt is eaten today . The oldest writings mentioning yogurt are attributed to Pliny the Elder , who remarked that certain `` barbarous nations '' knew how `` to thicken the milk into a substance with an agreeable acidity '' . The use of yogurt by medieval Turks is recorded in the books Dīwān Lughāt al - Turk by Mahmud Kashgari and Kutadgu Bilig by Yusuf Has Hajib written in the 11th century . Both texts mention the word `` yogurt '' in different sections and describe its use by nomadic Turks . The earliest yogurts were probably spontaneously fermented by wild bacteria in goat skin bags . Some accounts suggest that Indian emperor Akbar 's cooks would flavor yogurt with mustard seeds and cinnamon . Another early account of a European encounter with yogurt occurs in French clinical history : Francis I suffered from a severe diarrhea which no French doctor could cure . His ally Suleiman the Magnificent sent a doctor , who allegedly cured the patient with yogurt . Being grateful , the French king spread around the information about the food which had cured him . Until the 1900s , yogurt was a staple in diets of people in the Russian Empire ( and especially Central Asia and the Caucasus ) , Western Asia , South Eastern Europe / Balkans , Central Europe , and India . Stamen Grigorov ( 1878 -- 1945 ) , a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva , first examined the microflora of the Bulgarian yogurt . In 1905 , he described it as consisting of a spherical and a rod - like lactic acid - producing bacteria . In 1907 , the rod - like bacterium was called Bacillus bulgaricus ( now Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus ) . The Russian Nobel laureate and biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov , from the Institut Pasteur in Paris , was influenced by Grigorov 's work and hypothesized that regular consumption of yogurt was responsible for the unusually long lifespans of Bulgarian peasants . Believing Lactobacillus to be essential for good health , Mechnikov worked to popularize yogurt as a foodstuff throughout Europe . Isaac Carasso industrialized the production of yogurt . In 1919 , Carasso , who was from Ottoman Salonika , started a small yogurt business in Barcelona , Spain , and named the business Danone ( `` little Daniel '' ) after his son . The brand later expanded to the United States under an Americanized version of the name : Dannon . Yogurt with added fruit jam was patented in 1933 by the Radlická Mlékárna dairy in Prague . Yogurt was introduced to the United States in the first decade of the twentieth century , influenced by Élie Metchnikoff 's The Prolongation of Life ; Optimistic Studies ( 1908 ) ; it was available in tablet form for those with digestive intolerance and for home culturing . It was popularized by John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium , where it was used both orally and in enemas , and later by Armenian immigrants Sarkis and Rose Colombosian , who started `` Colombo and Sons Creamery '' in Andover , Massachusetts in 1929 . Colombo Yogurt was originally delivered around New England in a horse - drawn wagon inscribed with the Armenian word `` madzoon '' which was later changed to `` yogurt '' , the Turkish name of the product , as Turkish was the lingua franca between immigrants of the various Near Eastern ethnicities who were the main consumers at that time . Yogurt 's popularity in the United States was enhanced in the 1950s and 1960s , when it was presented as a health food by scientists like Hungarian - born bacteriologist Stephen A. Gaymont . By the late 20th century , yogurt had become a common American food item and Colombo Yogurt was sold in 1993 to General Mills , which discontinued the brand in 2010 . Nutrition and health ( edit ) Yogurt , Greek , plain ( unsweetened ) , whole milk ( daily value ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 406 kJ ( 97 kcal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Carbohydrates 3.98 g Sugars 4.0 g Dietary fiber 0 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fat 5.0 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Protein 9.0 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 0 % ) 26 μg 22 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 2 % ) 0.023 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 23 % ) 0.278 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 1 % ) 0.208 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 7 % ) 0.331 mg Vitamin B6 ( 5 % ) 0.063 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 1 % ) 5 μg Vitamin B12 ( 31 % ) 0.75 μg Choline ( 3 % ) 15.1 mg Vitamin C ( 0 % ) 0 mg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Minerals Calcium ( 10 % ) 100 mg Iron ( 0 % ) 0 mg Magnesium ( 3 % ) 11 mg Manganese ( 0 % ) 0.009 mg Phosphorus ( 19 % ) 135 mg Potassium ( 3 % ) 141 mg Sodium ( 2 % ) 35 mg Zinc ( 5 % ) 0.52 mg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other constituents Selenium 9.7 μg Water 81.3 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Link to Full Report from USDA Database <Td_colspan="2"> Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Yogurt ( plain yogurt from whole milk ) is 81 % water , 9 % protein , 5 % fat , and 4 % carbohydrates , including 4 % sugars ( table ) . A 100 - gram amount provides 406 kilojoules ( 97 kcal ) of dietary energy . As a proportion of the Daily Value ( DV ) , a serving of yogurt is a rich source of vitamin B ( 31 % DV ) and riboflavin ( 23 % DV ) , with moderate content of protein , phosphorus , and selenium ( 14 to 19 % DV ; table ) . Comparison of whole milk and plain yogurt from whole milk , one cup ( 245 g ) each Property Milk Yogurt kilo calories 146 149 Total carbohydrates 12.8 g 12 g Total fat 7.9 g 8.5 g Cholesterol 24 mg 32 mg Protein 7.9 g 9 g Calcium 276 mg 296 mg Phosphorus 222 mg 233 mg Potassium 349 mg 380 mg Sodium 98 mg 113 mg Vitamin A 249 IU 243 IU Vitamin C 0.0 mg 1.2 mg Vitamin D 96.5 IU ~ Vitamin E 0.1 mg 0.1 mg Vitamin K 0.5 μg 0.5 μg Thiamine 0.1 mg 0.1 mg Riboflavin 0.3 mg 0.3 mg Niacin 0.3 mg 0.2 mg Vitamin B6 0.1 mg 0.1 mg Folate 12.2 μg 17.2 μg Vitamin B12 1.1 μg 0.9 μg Choline 34.9 mg 37.2 mg Betaine 1.5 mg ~ Water 215 g 215 g Ash 1.7 g 1.8 g Tilde ( ~ ) represents missing or incomplete data . The above shows little difference exists between whole milk and yogurt made from whole milk with respect to the listed nutritional constituents . Although yogurt is often associated with probiotics having positive effects on immune , cardiovascular or metabolic health , high - quality clinical evidence is insufficient to conclude that consuming yogurt lowers risk of diseases or improves health . The United Kingdom and the United States recommend different maximum amounts of daily sugar intake , but in both nations , many sweetened yogurts have too much . However , around 12 g of sugar per 150 g serving of plain yogurt is in the form of naturally occurring lactose . A 150 g ( 5 oz ) serving of some 0 % fat yogurts can contain as much as 20 g ( 0.7 oz ) of sugar -- the equivalent of five teaspoons , says Action on Sugar -- which is about 40 % of a woman 's daily recommended intake of added sugar ( 50 g or 1.7 oz ) and about 30 % of that for men ( 70 g or 2.5 oz ) . -- BBC News -- The American Heart Association recommends that men eat no more than 36 grams of sugar per day , and women no more than 20 . Many of the top - selling yogurts have even more than the 19 grams of sugar in a Twinkie. , The Huffington Post Consumers wanting sweetened yogurt are advised to choose yogurt sweetened with sugar substitute and check the contents list to avoid corn syrup , high fructose corn syrup , honey , or sugar . Varieties and presentation ( edit ) Tzatziki is a side dish made with yogurt , popular in Greek cuisine , and similar yet thicker than the Turkish Cacik and close to the traditional Bulgarian milk salad . Skyr is an Icelandic cultured dairy product , similar to strained yogurt . It has been a part of Icelandic cuisine for over a thousand years . It is traditionally served cold with milk and a topping of sugar . Cacık , a Turkish cold appetizer made from yogurt Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt , cucumber , dill , garlic and sunflower oil ( walnuts are sometimes added ) and is popular in Bulgaria . Raita is a condiment made with yogurt and popular in India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . Dadiah sold in Bukittinggi Market Da - hi is a yogurt of the Indian subcontinent , known for its characteristic taste and consistency . The word da - hi seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word dadhi , one of the five elixirs , or panchamrita , often used in Hindu ritual . Sweet yogurt ( mishti doi or meethi dahi ) is common in eastern parts of India , made by fermenting sweetened milk . While cow 's milk is considered sacred and is currently the primary ingredient for yogurt , goat and buffalo milk were widely used in the past , and valued for the fat content ( see buffalo curd ) . Dadiah or dadih is a traditional West Sumatran yogurt made from water buffalo milk , fermented in bamboo tubes . Yogurt is popular in Nepal , where it is served as both an appetizer and dessert . Locally called dahi , it is a part of the Nepali culture , used in local festivals , marriage ceremonies , parties , religious occasions , family gatherings , and so on . The most famous type of Nepalese yogurt is called juju dhau , originating from the city of Bhaktapur . In Tibet , yak milk ( technically dri milk , as the word yak refers to the male animal ) is made into yogurt ( and butter and cheese ) and consumed . In Northern Iran , Mâst Chekide is a variety of kefir yogurt with a distinct sour taste . It is usually mixed with a pesto - like water and fresh herb purée called delal . The most popular appetizers are spinach or eggplant borani , Mâst - o - Khiâr with cucumber , spring onions and herbs , and Mâst - Musir with wild shallots . In the summertime , yogurt and ice cubes are mixed together with cucumbers , raisins , salt , pepper and onions and topped with some croutons made of Persian traditional bread and served as a cold soup . Ashe - Mâst is a warm yogurt soup with fresh herbs , spinach and lentils . Even the leftover water extracted when straining yogurt is cooked to make a sour cream sauce called kashk , which is usually used as a topping on soups and stews . Matsoni is a Georgian yogurt popular in the Caucasus and Russia . Tarator and Cacık are popular cold soups made from yogurt , popular during summertime in eastern Europe . They are made with ayran , cucumbers , dill , salt , olive oil , and optionally garlic and ground walnuts . Tzatziki in Greece and milk salad in Bulgaria are thick yogurt - based salads similar to tarator . Khyar w Laban ( cucumber and yogurt salad ) is a popular dish in Lebanon and Syria . Also , a wide variety of local Lebanese and Syrian dishes are cooked with yogurt like `` Kibbi bi Laban '' Rahmjoghurt , a creamy yogurt with much higher fat content ( 10 % ) than many yogurts offered in English - speaking countries . Dovga , a yogurt soup cooked with a variety of herbs and rice , is served warm in winter or refreshingly cold in summer . Jameed , yogurt salted and dried to preserve it , is popular in Jordan . Zabadi is the type of yogurt made in Egypt , usually from the milk of the Egyptian water buffalo . It is particularly associated with Ramadan fasting , as it is thought to prevent thirst during all - day fasting . Sweetened and flavored ( edit ) To offset its natural sourness , yogurt is also sold sweetened , sweetened and flavored or in containers with fruit or fruit jam on the bottom . The two styles of yogurt commonly found in the grocery store are set - style yogurt and Swiss - style yogurt . Set - style yogurt is poured into individual containers to set , while Swiss - style yogurt is stirred prior to packaging . Either may have fruit added to increase sweetness . Lassi and moru are common beverages in India . Lassi is stirred liquified curd that is either salted or sweetened with sugar commonly , less commonly honey and often combined with fruit pulp to create flavored lassi . Mango lassi is a western favorite , as is coconut lassi . Consistency can vary widely , with urban and commercial lassis being of uniform texture through being processed , whereas rural and rustic lassi has curds in it , and sometimes has malai ( cream ) added or removed . Moru is a popular South Indian summer drink , meant to keep drinkers hydrated through the hot and humid summers of the South . It is prepared by considerably thinning down yogurt with water , adding salt ( for electrolyte balance ) and spices , usually green chili peppers , asafoetida , curry leaves and mustard . Large amounts of sugar -- or other sweeteners for low - energy yogurts -- are often used in commercial yogurt . Some yogurts contain added modified starch , pectin ( found naturally in fruit ) , and / or gelatin to create thickness and creaminess artificially at lower cost . This type of yogurt is also marketed under the name Swiss - style , although it is unrelated to the way yogurt is eaten in Switzerland . Some yogurts , often called `` cream line '' , are made with whole milk which has not been homogenized so the cream rises to the top . In the UK , Ireland , France and United States , sweetened , flavored yogurt is the most popular type , typically sold in single - serving plastic cups . Common flavors include vanilla , honey , and toffee , and fruit such as strawberry , cherry , blueberry , blackberry , raspberry , mango and peach . In the early twenty - first century yogurt flavors inspired by desserts , such as chocolate or cheesecake , have been available . There is concern about the health effects of sweetened yogurt , due to its high sugar content . Straining ( edit ) Main article : Strained yogurt A coffee filter used to strain yogurt in a home refrigerator . Strained yogurt has been strained through a filter , traditionally made of muslin and more recently of paper or non-muslin cloth . This removes the whey , giving a much thicker consistency . Strained yogurt is becoming more popular with those who make yogurt at home , especially if using skimmed milk which results in a thinner consistency . Yogurt that has been strained to filter or remove the whey is known as Labneh in Middle Eastern countries . It has a consistency between that of yogurt and cheese . It is popular for sandwiches in Middle Eastern countries . Olive oil , cucumber slices , olives , and various green herbs may be added . It can be thickened further and rolled into balls , preserved in olive oil , and fermented for a few more weeks . It is sometimes used with onions , meat , and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kibbeh balls . Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first , so that the liquid content is reduced . The popular East Indian dessert , a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi , offers a thicker , more custard - like consistency , and is usually sweeter than western yogurts . Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of tzatziki ( from Turkish `` cacık '' ) , a well - known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches : it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber , olive oil , salt and , optionally , mashed garlic . Srikhand , a popular dessert in India , is made from strained yogurt , saffron , cardamom , nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple . In North America and Britain , strained yogurt is commonly called `` Greek yogurt '' . Strained yogurt is sometimes marketed in North America as `` Greek yogurt '' and in Britain as `` Greek - style yoghurt '' . In Britain the name `` Greek '' may only be applied to yogurt made in Greece . Beverages ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A drinkable yogurt made from water buffalo milk Ayran Doogh ( `` dawghe '' in Neo-Aramaic ) , ayran or dhallë is a yogurt - based , salty drink . It is made by mixing yogurt with water and ( sometimes ) salt . Borhani ( or burhani ) is a spicy yogurt drink . It is usually served with kacchi biryani at weddings and special feasts . Key ingredients are yogurt blended with mint leaves ( mentha ) , mustard seeds and black rock salt ( Kala Namak ) . Ground roasted cumin , ground white pepper , green chili pepper paste and sugar are often added . Lassi is a yogurt - based beverage originally from the Indian subcontinent that is usually slightly salty or sweet , and may be commercially flavored with rosewater , mango or other fruit juice . Salty lassi is usually flavored with ground , roasted cumin and red chilies , may be made with buttermilk . An unsweetened and unsalted yogurt drink usually called simply jogurt is consumed with burek and other baked goods . Sweetened yogurt drinks are the usual form in Europe ( including the UK ) and the US , containing fruit and added sweeteners . These are typically called `` drinkable yogurt '' . Also available are `` yogurt smoothies '' , which contain a higher proportion of fruit and are more like smoothies . Plant - milk yogurt ( edit ) Plant - milk yogurt Further information : Plant milk A variety of plant - milk yogurts appeared in the 2000s , using soy milk , rice milk , and nut milks such as almond milk and coconut milk . So far the most widely sold variety of plant milk yogurts is soy yogurt . These yogurts are suitable for vegans , people with intolerance to dairy milk , and those who prefer plant milks . Homemade ( edit ) Commercially available yogurt maker Yogurt is made by heating milk to a temperature that denaturates its proteins ( scalding ) , essential for making yogurt , cooling it to a temperature that will not kill the live microorganisms that turn the milk into yogurt , inoculating certain bacteria ( starter culture ) , usually Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus , into the milk , and finally keeping it warm for several hours . The milk may be held at 85 ° C ( 185 ° F ) for a few minutes , or boiled ( giving a somewhat different result ) . It must be cooled to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) or somewhat less , typically 40 -- 46 ° C ( 104 -- 115 ° F ) . Starter culture must then be mixed in well , and the mixture must be kept undisturbed and warm for several hours , ranging from 5 to 12 , with longer fermentation producing a more acid yogurt . The starter culture may be a small amount of live yogurt . Dried starter culture is available commercially . Home yogurt maker Milk with a higher concentration of solids than normal milk may be used ; the higher solids content produces a firmer yogurt . Solids can be increased by adding dried milk . The yogurt - making process provides two significant barriers to pathogen growth , heat and acidity ( low pH ) . Both are necessary to ensure a safe product . Acidity alone has been questioned by recent outbreaks of food poisoning by E. coli O157 : H7 that is acid - tolerant . E. coli O157 : H7 is easily destroyed by pasteurization ( heating ) ; the initial heating of the milk kills pathogens as well as denaturing proteins . The microorganisms that turn milk into yogurt can tolerate higher temperatures than most pathogens , so that a suitable temperature not only encourages the formation of yogurt , but inhibits pathogenic microorganisms . Once the yogurt has formed it can , if desired , be strained to reduce the whey content and thicken it . See also ( edit ) Food portal Fermented milk products Frozen yogurt List of dairy products List of yogurt - based dishes and beverages Probiotic Soy yogurt Other fermented dairy products ( edit ) Amasi Chal Crème fraîche Curd Filmjölk Kefir Kumis Quark Ryazhenka Shanklish Smetana Sour cream Varenets Viili References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yogurt : from Part 131 -- Milk and Cream . Subpart B -- Requirements for Specific Standardized Milk and Cream , Sec . 131.200 '' . Code of Federal Regulations , Title 21 , US Food and Drug Administration . 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Yuan Kee et al. ( 2012 ) `` Probiotic Regulation in Asian Countries '' . In Lahtinen , Sampo et al. ( Eds . ) ( 2012 ) . Lactic Acid Bacteria : Microbiological and Functional Aspects , Fourth Edition . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 9780824753320 . page 712 . Jump up ^ Chandan , Ramesh C. ; Kilara , Arun ( 22 December 2010 ) . Dairy Ingredients for Food Processing . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 1 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 95912 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Creamy Homemade Yogurt Recipe '' . NYT Cooking . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yogurt '' . Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition . HarperCollins Publishers . 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The sequence of the lactobacillus genome in yogurt unveiled '' . 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yogurt Culture Evolves '' . livescience.com. 9 June 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Don Tribby . Yoghurt . Chapter 8 in The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products . Eds . Stephanie Clark , et al. Springer Science & Business Media , 2009 ISBN 9780387774084 Page 191 Jump up ^ Batmanglij , Najmieh ( 2007 ) . A Taste of Persia : An Introduction to Persian Cooking . I.B. Tauris . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 437 - 4 . Jump up ^ Farnworth , Edward R. ( 2008 ) . Handbook of fermented functional foods . Taylor and Francis . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 5326 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dalby , p. 66 Jump up ^ Alcock , Joan Pilsbury ( 2006 ) . Food in the Ancient World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 83 . ISBN 9780313330032 . Curdled milk ( oxygala or melca ) , probably a kind of yogurt , was acceptable because it was easier to digest . Even so , it was still to be mixed with honey or olive oil . Columella gave instructions on how to make sour milk with seasoning into ... ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Susanna ( 2004 ) . The Olive and the Caper : Adventures in Greek Cooking . Workman Publishing . p. 471 . ISBN 9780761164548 ... something like yogurt was known to Greeks since classical times -- a sort of thickened sour milk called Pyriate or oxygala . Oxi meant `` sour '' or `` vinegar '' ; gala , `` milk '' . Galen says that Oxygala was eaten alone with honey , just as thick Greek yogurt is today . ^ Jump up to : Adamson , Melitta Weiss ( 2008 ) . Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl : An Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 9 . ISBN 9780313086892 . Oxygala , however , a form of yogurt , was eaten and sometimes mixed with honey . Ancient Greek and Roman cuisine did not rely on non-cultured milk products , which can be explained in part because without refrigeration milk becomes sour ... Jump up ^ The Natural History of Pliny , tr . John Bostock , Henry Thomas Riley , London : Bell , 1856 -- 93 , Volume 3 , p. 84 : `` It is a remarkable circumstance , that the barbarous nations which subsist on milk have been for so many ages either ignorant of the merits of cheese , or else have totally disregarded it ; and yet they understand how to thicken milk and form therefrom an acrid kind of milk with a pleasant flavor '' . ^ Jump up to : Toygar , Kamil ( 1993 ) . Türk Mutfak Kültürü Üzerine Araştırmalar . Türk Halk Kültürünü Araştırma ve Tanıtma Vakfı . p. 29 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ögel , Bahaeddin ( 1978 ) . Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş : Türklerde Yemek Kültürü . Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları . p. 35 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Antonello Biancalana . `` Yogurt -- Aquavitae '' . DiWineTaste . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Coyle , L. Patrick ( 1982 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Food . Facts On File Inc. p. 763 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87196 - 417 - 5 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Sylvia Dworsky ( 1978 ) . Fresh Food . Bookthrift Co. p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87690 - 276 - 9 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Amy C. ; Valiere , Ana ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Probiotics and Medical Nutrition Therapy '' . Nutrition in clinical care : an official publication of Tufts University . 7 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 68 . ISSN 1096 - 6781 . PMC 1482314 . PMID 15481739 . Jump up ^ `` První ovocný jogurt se narodil u Vltavy '' ( in Czech ) . ekonomika.idnes.cz. 23 July 2002 . Retrieved 27 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin ( Report ) . Volumes 25 -- 26 ( 1907 -- 09 ed . ) . pp. 205 -- 06 , 29 , 197 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. John Harvey Kellogg . '' museumofquackery.com , 20 April 2010 , Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Object of the Month '' . The Massachusetts Historical Society . June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Yogurt -- First U.S. Yogurt Brand -- Celebrates 75 Years '' . Business Wire. 13 May 2004 . Jump up ^ Andrew Smith , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America , Volume 2 , ( 2013 ) , p. 644 . Jump up ^ `` General Mills to discontinue producing Colombo Yogurt '' . Eagle - Tribune . 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Milk , whole , 3.25 % milkfat '' . Self Nutrition Data , know what you eat . Conde Nast . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yogurt , plain , whole milk , 8 grams protein per 8 oz '' . Self Nutrition Data , know what you eat . Conde Nast . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ El - Abbadi , Naglaa Hani ; Dao , Maria Carlota ; Meydani , Simin Nikbin ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Yogurt : role in healthy and active aging '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 99 ( 5 Suppl ) : 1263S -- 70S . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.073957 . ISSN 1938 - 3207 . PMID 24695886 . Jump up ^ Astrup A ( 2014 ) . `` Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases : epidemiologic and experimental studies '' ( PDF ) . Am J Clin Nutr. 99 ( Suppl 5 ) : 1235S -- 42S . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.073015 . PMID 24695891 . Jump up ^ Gijsbers L , Ding EL , Malik VS , de Goede J , Geleijnse JM , Soedamah - Muthu SS ( 2016 ) . `` Consumption of dairy foods and diabetes incidence : a dose - response meta - analysis of observational studies '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 103 ( 4 ) : 1111 -- 24 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 115.123216 . PMID 26912494 . Jump up ^ Rijkers GT , de Vos WM , Brummer RJ , Morelli L , Corthier G , Marteau P ; De Vos ; Brummer ; Morelli ; Corthier ; Marteau ( 2011 ) . `` Health benefits and health claims of probiotics : Bridging science and marketing '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 106 ( 9 ) : 1291 -- 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S000711451100287X . PMID 21861940 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sugar : Five foods surprisingly high in sugar -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Yogurts With More Sugar Than A Twinkie '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Surono , Ingrid S. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Traditional Indonesian dairy foods '' ( PDF ) . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 24 Suppl 1 : S26 -- 30 . ISSN 0964 - 7058 . PMID 26715081 . Jump up ^ Acidified milk in different countries . Fao.org . Retrieved on 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faq `` Live Cultures In Yogurt '' `` . Askdrsears.Com . May 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Mittal ( 19 September 1996 ) . Computerized Control Systems in the Food Industry . CRC Press . pp. 431 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9757 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Yogurt Production '' . milkfacts.info . Jump up ^ A.C. Alting , F. van de Velde , M.W. Kanning , M. Burgering , L. Mulleners , A. Sein , P. Buwalda . `` Improved creaminess of low - fat yoghurt : The impact of amylomaltase - treated starch domains '' . Food Hydrocolloids. 23 : 980 -- 987 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodhyd. 2008.07. 011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Modified Starches and Their Usages in Selected Food Products : A Review Study '' . Journal of Agricultural Science . 2 ( 2 ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( 2014 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780191040726 . Jump up ^ Hui , ed . Ramesh C. Chandan , associate editors , Charles H. White , Arun Kilara , Y.H. ( 2006 ) . Manufacturing yogurt and fermented milks ( 1 . ed . ) . Ames ( Iowa ) : Blackwell . p. 364 . ISBN 9780813823041 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ BBC : ' Greek ' yoghurt Chobani firm loses legal battle , 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Amy Height , `` Non-Dairy Yogurt '' , One Green Planet , 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Parnell - Clunies , E.M. ; Kakuda , Y. ; Mullen , K. ; Arnott , D.R. ; Deman , J.M. ( 1986 ) . `` Physical Properties of Yogurt : A Comparison of Vat Versus Continuous Heating Systems of Milk '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 69 ( 10 ) : 2593 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 86 ) 80706 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hutkins , Robert . `` Making Yogurt at Home '' . Univ. of Nebraska . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nummer , Brian A. `` Fermenting Yogurt at Home '' . National Center for Home Food Preservation . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Yogurt production and fermentation process
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-7,505,684,932,431,437,000 | who wrote free to be you and me | Free to Be ... You and Me - wikipedia Free to Be ... You and Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Free to Be You and Me '' redirects here . For the Supernatural episode , see Free to Be You and Me ( Supernatural ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Free to Be ... You and Me <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cast recording by Various artists Released November 1972 Recorded 1972 Label Bell Records ( original issue ) Arista Records ( reissue ) Producer Carole Hart , Stephen J. Lawrence , Bruce Hart Free to Be ... You and Me was a children 's entertainment project , conceived , created and executive - produced by actress and author Marlo Thomas . Produced in collaboration with the Ms. Foundation for Women , it was a record album and illustrated book first released in November 1972 featuring songs and stories sung or told by celebrities of the day ( credited as `` Marlo Thomas and Friends '' ) including Alan Alda , Rosey Grier , Cicely Tyson , Carol Channing , Michael Jackson , Shirley Jones , Jack Cassidy , and Diana Ross . An ABC special , also created by Marlo Thomas , using poetry , songs , and sketches followed two years later in March 1974 . The basic concept was to encourage post-1960s gender neutrality , saluting values such as individuality , tolerance , and comfort with one 's identity . A major thematic message is that anyone -- whether a boy or a girl -- can achieve anything . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Television special 2.1 TV cast 3 Track listing ( New York Cast album ) 3.1 Act One 3.2 Act Two 3.3 Act Three 3.4 Act Four 3.5 Epilogue 3.6 Bonus Tracks 4 40th Anniversary 4.1 Book 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) The original idea to create the album began with Marlo Thomas , who wanted to teach her then - young niece Dionne about life , in particular that it is acceptable to refute or reject the gender stereotypes expressed in children 's books of the period . In an Emmy Legends interview Thomas explains : I told my sister Terre `` it would take Dionne 30 years to get over it ( traditional stories ) the same as it took all of us . We need to find her some different books to read '' and she said `` You go and find ' em . '' Well there were n't any . And not only that , I was in the bookstore one day looking around and found this one ( picture book ) that showed a pilot on one page and a stewardess on a facing page ( with a caption ) that said `` Boys are pilots , girls are stewardesses . '' Well I nearly had a heart attack right there in the bookstore , so I said `` We 'll make a record for Dionne '' . Produced by Carole Hart , with music produced by Stephen J. Lawrence and Bruce Hart , with stories and poems directed by Alan Alda , the album sold nearly a half a million copies right away after label executives had an original sales expectation of maybe selling 15,000 copies tops . Since then , the title has nearly doubled that figure and is well on its way to being a platinum seller as of 2016 according to Soundscan . It has never been out of print . Proceeds went to the Ms. Foundation for Women . The album was originally released on Bell Records in 1972 and since 1983 has been available on Arista Records . The album sold nearly 500,000 copies right away . Well - known songs include `` It 's All Right to Cry , '' sung by football hero Rosey Grier ; the title track by the New Seekers ; `` Helping , '' a Shel Silverstein poem performed by Tom Smothers ; `` Sisters and Brothers '' by the Voices of East Harlem ; and `` When We Grow Up '' performed by Diana Ross on the album and by Roberta Flack and a teenage Michael Jackson on the special . Other sketches , some of them animated in the television special , include `` Atalanta , '' co-narrated by Thomas and Alda , a retelling of the ancient Greek legend of Atalanta ; `` Boy Meets Girl '' with Thomas and Mel Brooks providing the voices for puppets , designed , performed and manipulated by Wayland Flowers , resembling human babies , who use cultural gender stereotypes to try to discover which is a boy and which a girl ; `` William 's Doll '' , based on Charlotte Zolotow 's picture book about a boy whose family resists his requests for a doll until his grandmother explains that William wishes to practice being a good father ; and `` Dudley Pippin '' with Robert Morse and Billy De Wolfe , based on stories by Phil Ressner . The children pictured on the original LP jacket were schoolmates of Abigail , Robin , and David Pogrebin , children of Letty Cottin Pogrebin , then editor of Ms. Most of the children attended Corlears School . `` Marlo Thomas and Friends '' followed Free to Be ... You and Me with a 1988 sequel , Free to Be ... a Family , the first primetime variety show created and produced in both the United States and the Soviet Union . In her 2010 memoir , Growing Up Laughing , Marlo Thomas reflected on the astonishing impact the Free to Be projects had on the culture . The show won an Emmy and a Peabody , the book became number one on the New York Times best - seller list and the record went gold . We were floored by the impact it all had . My little message for Dionne had gone straight to the hearts of moms and dads and aunties and uncles and , most of all , teachers , who embraced it as a way to teach the kids in their lives a new way of thinking about themselves . Television special ( edit ) The television special , produced by Marlo Thomas and Free to Be Productions , in association with Teru Murakami - Fred Wolf Films , Inc. and cosponsored by the Ms. Foundation , first aired March 11 , 1974 , on ABC . It earned an 18.6 rating / 27 share and went on to win an Emmy . Sixteen - mm prints of the special were also struck , and some schoolchildren from the 1970s and 1980s remember seeing the television special , or the filmstrip based on the special , in their school during that period . The special appeared occasionally on HBO in the 1980s . It was released on VHS through Vestron Video subsidiary Children 's Video Library in 1983 . It was also seen on the cable channel TV Land , yet has not been aired on any network since . A Region 1 DVD of the television special was released in November 2001 , and in 2010 , a newly remastered version was released featuring a number of new extras including a deleted scene showcasing Dustin Hoffman . TV cast ( edit ) Marlo Thomas Alan Alda Harry Belafonte Mel Brooks Rita Coolidge Billy De Wolfe Roberta Flack Rosey Grier Dustin Hoffman Michael Jackson Kris Kristofferson Robert Morse The New Seekers Tom Smothers Cicely Tyson Voices of East Harlem Dionne Warwick Track listing ( New York Cast album ) ( edit ) Some material here is left out of the TV special and vice versa while other material appears only in the accompanying hardcover book . Act one ( edit ) `` Free To Be ... You And Me '' -- Music by Stephen J. Lawrence , Lyrics by Bruce Hart , Performed by The New Seekers `` Boy Meets Girl '' -- Written by Carl Reiner and Peter Stone , Performed by Mel Brooks and Marlo Thomas `` When We Grow Up '' -- Music by Stephen J. Lawrence , Lyrics by Shelly Miller , Performed by Roberta Flack and Michael Jackson on the special and Diana Ross on the Original Cast CD . `` Do n't Dress Your Cat In An Apron '' -- Written by Dan Greenburg , Performed by Billy De Wolfe Act Two ( edit ) `` Parents Are People '' -- Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall , Performed by Harry Belafonte and Marlo Thomas `` Housework '' -- Written by Sheldon Harnick , Performed by Carol Channing `` Helping '' -- Written by Shel Silverstein , Performed by Tom Smothers `` Ladies First '' -- Performed by Marlo Thomas ( based on a Shel Silverstein poem about a girl whose insistence on always getting to `` go first '' simply because she is a girl ends up making her the chosen meal of hungry tigers ) `` Dudley Pippin And The Principal '' -- Written by Phil Ressner , Performed by Billy De Wolfe , Bobby Morse , and Marlo Thomas Act three ( edit ) `` It 's All Right to Cry '' -- Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall , Performed by Rosey Grier `` Sisters and Brothers '' -- Music by Stephen J. Lawrence , Lyrics by Bruce Hart , Performed by The Voices of East Harlem `` William 's Doll '' -- Music by Mary Rodgers , Lyrics by Sheldon Harnick , Performed by Alan Alda and Marlo Thomas ( based on the children 's book of the same name , about a boy whose family is perplexed by his desire for a doll to care for ) `` My Dog is a Plumber '' -- Written by Dan Greenburg , Performed by Dick Cavett . Act Four ( edit ) `` Atalanta '' -- Written by Betty Miles , Performed by Alan Alda and Marlo Thomas `` Grandma '' -- Written by Carole Hart , Performed by Diana Sands `` Girl Land '' -- Music by Mary Rodgers , Lyrics by Bruce Hart , Performed by Jack Cassidy and Shirley Jones `` Dudley Pippin And His No - Friend '' -- Written by Phil Ressner , Performed by Bobby Morse and Marlo Thomas `` Glad To Have A Friend Like You '' -- Music and Lyrics by Carol Hall , Performed by Marlo Thomas Epilogue ( edit ) `` Free To Be ... You And Me '' -- Reprise Bonus Tracks ( edit ) Different performances than those included in the film -- and not included on the original LP / CD `` The Sun And The Moon '' Words by Elaine Laron . Music by Stephen J. Lawrence . -- Performed by Dionne Warwick `` Circle of Friends . '' Music by Stephen J. Lawrence . Lyrics by Bruce Hart . -- Performed by Kris Kristofferson , Rita Coolidge & Cast 40th anniversary ( edit ) In March 2014 , The Paley Center for Media hosted an event commemorating the 40th anniversary of Free to Be , co-moderated by Marlo Thomas and Gloria Steinem , which included many of the participants in the original project . Book ( edit ) To commemorate the 40th anniversary of the original project , a book called When We Were Free to Be : Looking Back at a Children 's Classic and the Difference It Made was published . Criticism ( edit ) Free to Be faced backlash from some conservative religious leaders , including Evangelical author and psychologist James Dobson . Kyle Smith from the New York Post claimed the project emasculated men . A rebuttal to the claim was posted to The Daily Beast . See also ( edit ) Free to Be ... A Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Rachel ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` 40 Years On , ' Free To Be ' Still Resonates '' ( Audio interview ) . Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Marlo . `` Birth of ' Free to Be ... You and Me ' '' ( Video interview ) . Makers . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Paley Center Celebrates : Free to Be ... You and Me at 40 '' ( Video - moderated panel ) . The Paley Center for Media . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kois , Dan ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Free To Be : Forty years ago , a bunch of feminists made an album . They wanted to change ... everything '' . Slate . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Marlo ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Free to Be ... You and Me -- Forty Years Later '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gumbrecht , Jamie ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` Remembering ' Free to Be ... You and Me , ' 40 years later '' . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rotskoff , Lori ; Lovett , Laura ( 2012 ) . When We Were Free to Be : Looking Back at a Children 's Classic and the Difference It Made . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 1905 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 8 March 2014 ) . `` How ' Free to Be ... You and Me ' emasculated men '' . New York Post . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Shire , Emily ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` ' Free to Be ... You and Me ' Did Not Emasculate Men '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Thomas , Marlo . Free to Be -- a Family . Toronto : Bantam Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 05235 - 0 Mickenberg , Julia L. , and Lynne Vallone . The Oxford Handbook of Children 's Literature . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 37978 - 5 `` Happily Ever After : Free to Be ... You and Me , Second - Wave Feminism , and 1970s American Children 's Culture . '' by Leslie Paris . pp. 519 -- 538 . Rotskoff , Lori , and Laura L. Lovett . When We Were Free to Be Looking Back at a Children 's Classic and the Difference It Made . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 83755 - 9 FTB Foundation on Youtube - videos available for viewing External links ( edit ) Free to Be Foundation Free to Be ... You and Me on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_to_Be..._You_and_Me&oldid=814551513 '' Categories : 1970s American television specials 1972 soundtracks Arista Records soundtracks Bell Records albums Book soundtracks Children 's music albums Feminism and society Musical television specials Peabody Award - winning broadcasts Songs with feminist themes Television soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Free to Be... You and Me - children's entertainment project
2. Marlo Thomas - actress and author, creator of Free to Be... You and Me
3. Gender neutrality - promoting individuality and tolerance
4. Songs and stories by celebrities - Alan Alda, Rosey Grier, Cicely Tyson, Carol Channing, Michael Jackson, Shirley Jones, Jack Cassidy, Diana Ross
5. Television special - aired in 1974, Emmy-winning, featuring poetry, songs, and sketches |
7,709,907,969,407,902 | doraemon nobita and the steel troops full movie in tamil | List of Doraemon films - wikipedia List of Doraemon films Doraemon The Movie 35th Anniversary This list of Doraemon films features both feature length and short films based on the manga and anime series , Doraemon . Since 1980 , all of these films to date have been released by Toho . The film series has sold over 113 million tickets at the Japanese box office , surpassing Godzilla as the highest - grossing film franchise in Japan . Doraemon is also the highest - grossing anime film franchise of all time and the 13th highest - grossing animated film franchise , by a combination of domestic and international releases . Contents 1 Feature films 1.1 Doraemon 1979 anime ( Original Series ) 1.2 Doraemon 2005 anime ( New Generation ) 1.3 Special Film 2 Short films / specials 2.1 Dorami - chan films 2.2 Dorami - chan and Doraemons films 2.3 The Doraemons films 2.4 Theater 3 Notes 4 References Feature films ( edit ) All the original series films were directed by Tsutomu Shibayama and Shunsuke Kikuchi was the music composer of the movies from the year 1980 to 2000 except the 1999 movie whose musicals were composed by Senri Ohe . Kikuchi was followed by Katsumi Horii for the movies of the years 2001 - 2004 . The musicals for the films from 2006 - present are composed by Kan Sawada . Doraemon 1979 anime ( Original Series ) ( edit ) # Title Original release `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Dinosaur '' 15 March 1980 `` Doraemon : The Records of Nobita , Spaceblazer '' 14 March 1981 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Haunts of Evil '' 13 March 1982 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Castle of the Undersea Devil '' 12 March 1983 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Adventure into the Underworld '' 17 March 1984 6 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Little Star Wars '' 16 March 1985 7 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Steel Troops '' 15 March 1986 8 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs '' 14 March 1987 9 `` Doraemon : The Record of Nobita 's Parallel Visit to the West '' 12 March 1988 10 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan '' 11 March 1989 11 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Animal Planet '' 10 March 1990 12 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Dorabian Nights '' 9 March 1991 13 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Kingdom of Clouds '' 7 March 1992 14 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Tin Labyrinth '' 6 March 1993 15 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Three Visionary Swordsmen '' 12 March 1994 16 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary on the Creation of the World '' 4 March 1995 17 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Galaxy Super-express '' 2 March 1996 18 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Spiral City '' 8 March 1997 19 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Adventure in the South Seas '' 7 March 1998 20 `` Doraemon : Nobita Drifts in the Universe '' 6 March 1999 21 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Legend of the Sun King '' 4 March 2000 22 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Winged Braves '' 10 March 2001 23 `` Doraemon : Nobita in the Robot Kingdom '' 9 March 2002 24 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Windmasters '' 8 March 2003 25 `` Doraemon : Nobita in the Wan - Nyan Spacetime Odyssey '' 7 March 2004 Doraemon 2005 anime ( New Generation ) ( edit ) # Title Original release 26 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Dinosaur 2006 '' `` Gekijōban Doraemon : Nobita no Kyōryū Niimarumaruroku '' ( 映画 ドラえもん のび太 の 恐竜 2006 ) 4 March 2006 27 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's New Great Adventure into the Underworld '' `` Doraemon : Nobita no Shin Makai Daibōken ~ Shichinin no Mahō Tsukai '' ( 映画 ドラえもん のび太 の 新 魔界 大 冒険 〜 7 人 の 魔法使い 〜 ) 10 March 2007 28 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Green Giant Legend '' `` Eiga Doraemon Nobita to Midori no Kyojinden '' ( 映画 ドラえもん のび太 と 緑 の 巨人 伝 ) 8 March 2008 29 `` Doraemon the Movie : Nobita 's Spaceblazer '' `` Eiga Doraemon Shin Nobita No Uchu Kaitakushi '' ( 映画 ドラえもん 新 ・ のび太 の 宇宙 開拓 史 ) 7 March 2009 30 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Great Battle of the Mermaid King '' `` Doraemon Nobita no Ningyo Daikaisen '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の 人魚 大 海戦 ) 6 March 2010 31 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the New Steel Troops -- Winged Angels '' `` Eiga Doraemon Shin Nobita to Tetsujin Heidan ~ Habatake Tenshi Tachi ~ '' ( 映画 ドラえもん 新 ・ のび太 と 鉄人 兵団 ~ はばたけ 天使 たち ~ ) 5 March 2011 32 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Island of Miracles -- Animal Adventure '' `` Eiga Doraemon Nobita to Kiseki no Shima 〜 Animaru Adobenchā 〜 '' ( 映画 ドラえもん のび太 と 奇跡 の 島 ~ アニマル アドベンチャー ~ ) 3 March 2012 33 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Secret Gadget Museum '' `` Doraemon : Nobita no Himitsu Dōgu Museum '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の ひみつ 道具 博物館 ( ミュージアム ) 9 March 2013 34 `` Doraemon : New Nobita 's Great Demon -- Peko and the Exploration Party of Five '' `` Eiga Doraemon Shin Nobita no Daimakyo ~ Peko to 5 - nin no Tankentai ~ '' ( 映画 ドラえもん 新 ・ のび太 の 大 魔境 〜 ペコ と 5 人 の 探検 隊 〜 ) 8 March 2014 35 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Space Heroes '' `` Doraemon : Nobita no Space Heroes '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の 宇宙 英雄 記 ( スペース ヒーローズ ) 7 March 2015 36 `` Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 '' `` Doraemon Shin Nobita no Nippon Tanjō '' ( ドラえもん 新 ・ のび太 の 日本 誕生 ) 5 March 2016 37 `` Doraemon the Movie 2017 : Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi '' `` Doraemon Nobita no Nankyoku kachikōchi dai bōken '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の 南極 カチコチ 大 冒険 ) 4 March 2017 38 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Treasure Island '' `` Doraemon Nobita no Takarajima '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の 宝島 ) 3 March 2018 39 `` Doraemon : Nobita 's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration '' `` Doraemon Nobita no Getsumen Tansa - ki '' ( ドラえもん のび太 の 月 面 探査 記 ) 1 March 2019 Special Film ( edit ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( スタンド ・ バイ ・ ミー ドラえもん ) - 8 August 2014 Short films / specials ( edit ) These short films were usually shown alongside the feature - length movies above . The specials were usually aired on TV and are n't included in the regular episode numbering . What Am I for Momotaro ( ぼく 、 桃太郎 の なん なの さ ) - 1981 In A Thrilling , Solar Car ( トキメキ ソーラー くるま に よん ) - 1992 The Sun Is Our Friend : Hold Out , the Soraemon ! ( 太陽 は ともだち ・ がんばれ ! ソラ え もん 号 ) - 1993 2112 : The Birth of Doraemon ( 2112 年 ドラえもん 誕生 ) - 1995 Doraemon Comes Back ( 帰っ てき た ドラえもん ) - 1998 Doraemon : Nobita 's the Night Before a Wedding ( のび太 の 結婚 前夜 ) - 1999 A Grandmother 's Recollections ( おばあちゃん の 思い出 ) - 2000 Do Your Best ! Gian ! ! ( Good Luck ! Gian ! ! ) ( がんばれ ! ジャイアン ! ! ) - 2001 The Day When I Was Born ( ぼく の 生まれ た 日 ) - 2002 Doraemon 's 25th Anniversary ( ドラえもん アニバーサリー 25 ) - 2004 Doraemon 3D Short Movies ( ドラえもん 3D ショート ムービー ) Doraemon : Ken - chan 's Adventure ( ドラえもん ケン ちゃん の 冒険 ) - 1981 Doraemon Meets Ninja Hattori ( 82 お正月 だ よ ! ドラえもん ・ 怪物 くん ・ 忍者 ハットリ くん ) - 1982 Doraemon : Europe Rail Travel ( 藤子 不二雄 スペシャル ドラえもん ・ ヨーロッパ 鉄道 の 旅 ) - 1983 Doraemon : Nobita to Mirai Note ( ドラえもん のび太 と 未来 ノート ) - 1994 Early English with Doraemon ( ドラえもん 英語 敎 室 ) Dorami - chan films ( edit ) Mini-Dora SOS ! ! ( ミニドラ SOS ! ! ) - 1989 Wow , The Kid Gang of Bandits ( アララ 少年 山賊 団 ! ) - 1991 Dorami - chan : Hello , Dynosis Kids ! ! ( ハロー 恐竜 キッズ ! ! ) - 1993 A Blue Straw Hat ( 青い ストロー ハット ) - 1994 Dorami - chan and Doraemons films ( edit ) Dorami & Doraemons : Robot School 's Seven Mysteries ( ロボット 学校 七 不思議 ! ? ) - 1996 Space Land 's Critical Event ( 宇宙 ランド 危機 イッパツ ! ) - 2001 The Doraemons films ( edit ) The Puzzling Challenge Letter of the Mysterious Thief Dorapan ( 怪盗 ドラパン 謎 の 挑戦 状 ! ) - 1997 The Great Operating of Stinging Insects ! ( ムシムシ ぴょんぴょん 大 作戦 ! ) - 1998 Funny Candy of Okashinana ! ? ( おかしな お 菓子 な オカシナナ ? ) - 1999 Doki Doki Wildcat Engine ( ドキドキ 機関 車 大 爆走 ! ) - 2000 Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! ! ( ゴール ! ゴール ! ゴール ! ! ) - 2002 Theater ( edit ) The following short films have been shown or are being screened at the Fujiko F. Fujio theater ( F シアター ) in Japan : Doraemon and Perman Close Call ! ? ( ドラえもん & パーマン 危機 一髪 ! ? ) Pokonyan & Doraemon : Here pure cat in Pompoko Nyan ! ? ( ポコニャン & ドラえもん 『 ポンポコ ニャン で ここ ほれ ニャンニャン ! ? 』 ) Susume Roboketto & Doraemon : Decisive Battle ! Tornado Castle on the Cloud ( すすめ ロボケット & ドラえもん 『 「 決戦 ! 雲の上 の 竜巻 城 』 ) Doraemon & Chimpui : Eli - sama 's gift of gifts for love '' ( ドラえもん & チンプイ 『 エリ 様 愛 の プレゼント 大 作戦 』 ) Kiteretsu Encyclopedia & Doraemon : Koro Assistance ' s First Approach ( キテレツ 大 百科 & ドラえもん 『 コロ 助 の はじめて の お つかい 』 ) 21 Emon & Doraemon : Welcome to Hotel Tsunesha ( 21 エモン & ドラえもん ようこそ ! ホテル つづれ 屋 へ ) Umeboshi Denka & Doraemon : Papparopan 's SuperPappa ! ( ウメ 星 デンカ & ドラえもん 『 パンパロパン の スッパッパ ! 』 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doraemon box office admissions / ticket sales in Japan : Up until 2013 -- 100 million+ Doraemon : New Nobita 's Great Demon -- Peko and the Exploration Party of Five ( 2014 ) -- 530,000 ( debut weekend ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( 2014 ) -- 4.38 million Doraemon : Nobita 's Space Heroes ( 2015 ) -- 3.08 million Doraemon : Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 ( 2016 ) -- 3 million Doraemon the Movie 2017 : Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi ( 2017 ) -- 592,036 ( debut weekend ) Doraemon the Movie : Nobita 's Treasure Island ( 2017 ) -- 1.45 million ( second weekend ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office : ' Doraemon ' Anime Still All - Conquering '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Doraemon adventure tops Japan box office '' . The Borneo Post . March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Doraemon ' Stands Still on Top '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Doraemon ' Holds on to Top Spot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Assassination Classroom ' Sequel Wins Second Weekend '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office : 37th ' Doraemon ' Film Leads Weekend Chart '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Doraemon Treasure Island ' Tops Weekend Chart '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office : ' Doraemon ' Anime Still All - Conquering '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DORAEMON THE MOVIE 25th Jump up ^ `` 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2019 '' . Jump up ^ http://fujiko-museum.com/theater/ <Th_colspan="2"> Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio <Td_colspan="2"> Franchise Characters ( Doraemon ) Non-Japanese versions ( US , Vietnam , India ) Manga Doraemon Short Stories Doraemon Long Stories Doraemon Plus The Doraemons Dorabase Anime 1973 series 1979 series ( episodes ) 2005 series ( seasons 1 - 8 , 9 - present ) Movies Nobita 's Dinosaur ( 1980 ) Spaceblazer ( 1981 ) Haunts of Evil ( 1982 ) Castle of the Undersea Devil ( 1983 ) Into the Underworld ( 1984 ) Little Star Wars ( 1985 ) Steel Troops ( 1986 ) Knights on Dinosaurs ( 1987 ) Visit to the West ( 1988 ) Birth of Japan ( 1989 ) Animal Planet ( 1990 ) Dorabian Nights ( 1991 ) Kingdom of Clouds ( 1992 ) Tin Labyrinth ( 1993 ) Three Visionary Swordsmen ( 1994 ) Diary of the Creation of the World ( 1995 ) Galaxy Super-express ( 1996 ) Spiral City ( 1997 ) Great Adventure in the South Seas ( 1998 ) Drifts in the Universe ( 1999 ) Legend of the Sun King ( 2000 ) Winged Braves ( 2001 ) Robot Kingdom ( 2002 ) The Windmasters ( 2003 ) Wannyan Space - Time Odyssey ( 2004 ) Nobita 's Dinosaur 2006 ( 2006 ) Nobita 's New Great Adventure into the Underworld ( 2007 ) Nobita and the Green Giant Legend ( 2008 ) Nobita 's Spaceblazer ( 2009 ) Nobita 's Great Battle of the Mermaid King ( 2010 ) Nobita and the New Steel Troops -- Winged Angels ( 2011 ) Nobita and the Island of Miracles -- Animal Adventure ( 2012 ) Nobita 's Secret Gadget Museum ( 2013 ) New Nobita 's Great Demon -- Peko and the Exploration Party of Five ( 2014 ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( 2014 ) Nobita 's Space Heroes ( 2015 ) Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 ( 2016 ) Nobita and the Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi ( 2017 ) Nobita 's Treasure Island ( 2018 ) Nobita 's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration ( 2019 ) Short films Doraemon What Am I for Momotaro ( 1981 ) Future Note ( 1994 ) 2112 : The Birth of Doraemon ( 1995 ) Doraemon Comes Back ( 1998 ) Nobita 's the Night Before a Wedding ( 1999 ) A Grandmother 's Recollections ( 2000 ) Ganbare ! Gian ! ! ( 2001 ) The Day When I Was Born ( 2002 ) Doraemon 25 Anniversary ( 2004 ) Doraemon 3D Short Movies ( 2008 ) Dorami Mini-Dora SOS ( 1989 ) Wow , The Kid Gang of Bandits ( 1991 ) Hello , Dynosis Kids ( 1993 ) A Blue Straw Hat ( 1994 ) Dorami & The Doraemons Dorami & Doraemons : Robot School 's Seven Mysteries ( 1996 ) Space Land 's Critical Event ( 2001 ) The Doraemons The Puzzling Challenge Letter of the Mysterious Thief Dorapan ( 1997 ) The Great Operating of Springing Insects ( 1998 ) Doki Doki Wildcat Engine ( 2000 ) Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! ! ( 2002 ) Games Doraemon ( 1986 ) Doraemon : Meikyū Daisakusen ( 1989 ) SOS ! Otogi no Kuni ( 1997 ) Nobita to Mittsu no Seireiseki ( 1997 ) Doraemon Land ( game show ) Music Doraemon no Uta Yume o Kanaete Doraemon <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Doraemon_films&oldid=866444970 '' Categories : Lists of films based on comics Lists of anime films Doraemon films Doraemon lists Doraemon short films Robot films Hidden categories : Episode lists with unformatted air dates Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 11 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Doraemon films
2. Highest-grossing film franchise in Japan
3. Doraemon 1979 anime
4. Doraemon 2005 anime
5. Stand by Me Doraemon |
6,746,815,497,264,847,000 | who has the most goals in his career | List of Goalscoring goalkeepers - wikipedia List of Goalscoring goalkeepers This article is about goalkeepers who have scored a goal in an association football game . For the similar feat in ice hockey , see List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game . Rogério Ceni has scored more goals than any other goalkeeper . Goals scored by goalkeepers are a somewhat rare event in football . Goalkeepers spend the majority of a match in the penalty area of their own team , a marked area around the goal they are defending in which they can handle the ball , in order to defend their goal . It is highly unusual for a goalkeeper to move far beyond this area and join an attack , as this leaves the defence vulnerable to long - distance attempts until the goalkeeper can return to defend it . The most prolific goalkeepers are those who take penalties or free kicks . Other occasions where goalkeepers sometimes score include set pieces where a goalkeeper joins an attack as a team is chasing a goal in order to prevent a defeat , or from goal kicks or otherwise regular clearances which travel the length of the pitch into the opposite goal . Records ( edit ) The record is held by the Brazilian Rogério Ceni , with 131 goals . He scored his landmark 100th goal in a 2 -- 1 win for São Paulo on 27 March 2011 . In November 1999 , Paraguayan José Luis Chilavert became the only goalkeeper to score a hat - trick with three penalties for Vélez Sársfield in a 6 -- 1 victory against Ferro Carril Oeste , and in the following year he and Argentine Roberto Bonano from River Plate both scored in the same Copa Mercosur match . On 2 November 2013 , Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begović scored the fastest goal for a professional goalkeeper ( 13 seconds ( although this has been beaten ) in football history and the longest goal in football history ( 107.17 yards / 98 meters ) in a match against Southampton . List ( edit ) The following list comprises goalkeepers who have scored in a professional national or international competition . Bold names indicate keepers active during the 2015 -- 16 season . Name Nation Years Team ( s ) Goals Notes Rogério Ceni Brazil 1990 -- 2015 São Paulo 131 Record for a goalkeeper , record number of free kicks ( 61 ) , record number of penalties ( 69 ) , record number of club goals ( 131 ) . Scored 14 goals ( six free kicks and eight penalties ) in Copa Libertadores . José Luis Chilavert Paraguay 1982 -- 2004 Paraguay , Real Zaragoza , Vélez Sársfield , Peñarol , Strasbourg , Sportivo Luqueno , San Lorenzo de Almagro , Club Guaraní 67 Record number of international goals ( 8 ) , only goalkeeper to score a hat trick ( 3 goals in a single game ) Jorge Campos Mexico 1988 -- 2004 UNAM Pumas , Atlante 46 Dimitar Ivankov Bulgaria 1996 -- 2011 Levski Sofia , Kayserispor , Bursaspor 42 Penalties René Higuita Colombia 1985 -- 2010 Colombia , Deportivo Rionegro , Guaros FC , Bajo Cauca FC , Aucas , Independiente Medellín , Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz , Atlético Nacional , Real Valladolid , Millonarios 41 Also famous for his scorpion kick save against England in 1995 Johnny Vegas Fernández Peru 1997 -- 2017 Sport Boys , Union Huaral , Universidad San Martín de Porres , FBC Melgar , Sport Ancash , Cienciano 39 Márcio Brazil 2002 -- Bahia , Fortaleza , Atlético Goianiense 34 Hans - Jörg Butt Germany 1994 -- 2012 VfB Oldenburg , Hamburg , Bayer Leverkusen , Bayern Munich 32 Record number of penalty goals in a single professional league of Europe ( Bundesliga ) ; includes three goals in UEFA Champions League ( record for a goalkeeper ) and one in the German League Cup Misael Alfaro El Salvador 1988 -- 2010 Luis Ángel Firpo , San Salvador , Águila , Alianza , Metapán 31 Dragan Pantelić Yugoslavia 1971 -- 1985 Yugoslavia , Radnički Niš 26 Fernando Patterson Costa Rica 1993 -- 2012 Xelajú , Cobán Imperial , Puntarenas , Ramonense 26 Sebastián Saja Argentina 2000 -- 2017 San Lorenzo de Almagro , Grêmio , Racing Club de Avellaneda 25 Cristian Lucchetti Argentina 1995 -- Banfield , Santos Laguna , Racing , Atlético Tucumán 25 Marco Cornez Chile 1982 -- 1995 Club Deportivo Palestino 24 Žarko Lučić Yugoslavia 1992 -- 2004 Rudar Pljevlja , Lovćen Cetinje , Budućnost Podgorica , Kom Podgorica 21 Nizami Sadigov Azerbaijan Turan Tovuz 21 Vincent Enyeama Nigeria 1999 -- Hapoel Tel Aviv , Enyimba , Ibom Stars , Lille 20 Was the main penalty taker for Hapoel Tel Aviv . Tiago Brazil 2003 -- Portuguesa , Vasco da Gama 18 Rafael Dudamel Venezuela 1989 -- 2010 Independiente , Deportivo Cali , Venezuela 16 Fabio dos Santos Vietnam 1997 -- Đồng Tâm Long An F.C. , Navibank Saigon 15 Ante Vulić Croatia 1951 -- 1962 Hajduk Split 15 Penalties ( domestic league - 14 , domestic cup - 1 ) Ignacio González Argentina 1991 -- 2008 Racing Club , Las Palmas 14 Exar Rosales Peru Comerciantes Unidos , Deportivo Municipal , Atlético Minero , Los Caimanes 14 Andrés Pelaez Colombia Junior , Real Cartagena , Unión Magdalena , Cúcuta Deportivo , Unión Magdalena , Valledupar 13 Penalties Mykhaylo Burch Ukraine 1977 - 2002 Volyn Lutsk , Veres Rivne , Sokil Zolochiv 13 Penalties . Kennedy Mweene Zambia 2003 -- Free State Stars , Zambia 13 Penalties . Also , he scored the tying goal in the 85th minute at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations against Nigeria on January 25 , 2013 in Nelspruit , South Africa Philippe Vande Walle Belgium 1979 -- 2000 Sporting Charleroi , Club Brugge , Germinal Ekeren , Lierse , Eendracht Aalst 13 Peter Schmeichel Denmark 1981 -- 2003 Brøndby , Denmark , Hvidovre , Manchester United , Aston Villa 13 Alejandro Sinisterra Colombia 1961 -- 1971 Cúcuta Deportivo , Bucaramanga , Deportivo Cali 13 Tony Read England 1964 -- 1972 Luton Town 12 Scored whilst playing as a striker , including one hat - trick Hugo Suárez Bolivia 2001 -- Jorge Wilstermann , Oriente Petrolero 12 Andriy Dykan Ukraine 1995 -- 2016 Avanhard Rovenky , SKA - Energiya Khabarovsk 11 Two as field player ( Avanhard ) , nine from penalty kick ( SKA - Energiya ) Anton Švajlen Slovakia 1959 ? -- 1975 ? VSS Košice 11 Penalties Julián Viáfara Colombia 1996 -- 2013 América de Cali , EC Vitória , Deportes Quindío 11 Imrich Stacho Slovakia 1947 -- 1966 Spartak Trnava 10 Penalties Luis Ardente Argentina 2001 - San Martín 9 Penalties Mircea Bornescu Romania 1999 - 2017 Extensiv Craiova , U Craiova 9 Penalties Christian Piot Belgium 1966 -- 1978 Standard Liège 9 Gastón Losa Argentina 1997 -- Deportes La Serena 9 Ekrem Aydın Turkey Sivasspor , D. Ç . Divriğispor , Tokatspor , Aksarayspor 9 Penalties Ioan Pap - Deac Romania 1989 -- 2004 Bihor Oradea , Național București , Olimpia Satu Mare , Universitatea Cluj , Unirea Dej , Baia Mare , Gloria Bistrița 8 Alexis Viera Uruguay 1995 -- 2015 América de Cali 8 Ernie Scattergood England Derby County , Bradford Park Avenue 8 Kostyantyn Starodubovskyi Ukraine Dnister Ovidiopol 8 Penalties . Róbinson Zapata Colombia 2000 -- 2002 Real Cartagena 8 Angelo Konstantinou Australia 2015 -- Canberra Olympic 7 5 goals in NPL 2 Goals In FFA Cup Nico van Zoghel Netherlands 1960 -- 1979 Go Ahead Eagles , DOS 7 Ihor Hymanych Ukraine Desna Chernihiv , Slavutych 7 Penalties . Anatoly Pata Soviet Union Dynamo Stavropol , Kavkaztransgaz Ryzdvyany 7 Penalties . Andrejs Piedels Latvia 1992 -- 2010 Pārdaugava , Amstrig 7 Nihad Pejković Slovenia 1991 -- 2005 Olimpija Ljubljana 7 Enrique Bologna Argentina 2003 -- Banfield , Alianza Lima , Unión de Santa Fe 7 Seven penalties ( one goal scored on the rebound ) . Four goals for Alianza , two for Unión , one for Banfield . Bengt Andersson Sweden 1984 -- 2013 Brage , Örgryte 6 Alexánder Jara Costa Rica 2001 -- 2007 Puntarenas , Brujas 6 4 Penalties and 2 free - kicks . Elvis Kotorri Albania 1996 -- Elbasani 6 Penalties George Kitchen England 1897 -- 1914 ? died 1969 West Ham United 6 Penalties Jákup Mikkelsen Faroe Islands 1991 -- 2014 KÍ Klaksvík , Herfølge Boldklub 6 Penalties ( 4 : Klaksvík , 2 : Herfølge ) Les Pogliacomi Australia 1994 -- 2013 Wollongong Wolves 6 Esteban Conde Uruguay 2003 -- Danubio 6 Diego Matías Rodríguez Argentina 2011 -- Independiente 6 Penalties Nikos Sarganis Greece 1978 -- 1993 Olympiacos , Panathinaikos 6 Harry Schellekens Netherlands 1970 -- 1988 NEC , Groningen 6 Penalties Danilo Aceval Paraguay 1994 -- 2007 Cerro Porteño , Ñublense 5 Luis Barbat Uruguay 1985 -- 2009 Independiente , Tolima , América de Cali 5 Arnold Birch England 1918 -- 1929 died 1964 Chesterfield 5 Luis Gabelo Conejo Costa Rica 1981 -- 1997 Ramonense 5 Penalties and free - kicks Diego Pozo Argentina 1995 -- Godoy Cruz 5 Fred Craig Scotland 1912 ? -- 1930 ? Plymouth Argyle 5 Penalties . Julio César Falcioni Argentina 1976 -- 1991 América de Cali 5 Luis Delgado Colombia 2001 -- Millonarios 5 Free kick goals . Lucidio Sentimenti Italy 1940 -- 1959 Modena , Juventus , Lazio 5 Lajos Szűcs Hungary 1994 -- Ferencváros , Újpest 5 Penalties Víctor Loyola Chile 2001 -- Santiago Morning 5 Nelson Ramos Colombia 2011 -- 2014 Millonarios 5 On 17 September 2016 , he scored from a free kick and had one assist . Óscar Pérez Mexico 1991 -- Mexico U-23 , Cruz Azul , Pachuca One for Mexico - U23 , two for Cruz Azul from last minute corner headers , one for C.F. Pachuca for a last minute header . He is only 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 1 ⁄ 2 in ) tall Etrit Berisha Albania 2008 -- Kalmar FF Took penalties while at Kalmar FF Carlos Chávez Colombia 2003 -- Patriotas , Atlético Bucaramanga Penalties Johnny Herrera Chile 2011 -- Universidad de Chile Penalties . Eduardo Lobos Chile 2000 -- Colo - Colo , Chile national under - 20 football team , Colo - Colo , Unión Española One goal as a forward . Rasim Kara Turkey 1972 ? -- 1984 Bursaspor , Beşiktaş Penalties Serhiy Kyrienko Ukraine Metalurh Nikopol Penalties Hamish McAlpine Scotland 1966 -- 1989 Dundee United , Raith Rovers Ezequiel Medrán Argentina 2001 -- Cobresal Stipe Pletikosa Croatia 1996 -- Hajduk Split Penalties Ronny Sörensson Sweden Landskrona Bruno Brazil 2002 -- 2010 Flamengo Three free kicks and one penalty Federico Vilar Argentina 2000 -- Atlante Includes one goal in CONCACAF Champions League Cheng Xiaopeng China 2004 -- 2011 Nanchang Hengyuan Penalties Milton Patiño Colombia 1993 -- 2011 Millonarios Ergilio Hato Curaçao 1946 -- 1958 Curaçao From penalties and playing as forward . Noel Valladares Honduras 1996 -- Motagua Diego Gómez Colombia Deportivo Pasto Ronny Aloema Suriname Suriname national football team Pavlo Blazhaiev Ukraine 1992 - 2005 Antratsyt Kirovske , CSKA Kyiv Two free kicks for Antratsyt and one last minute header for CSKA . Gilbert Bodart Belgium 1981 -- 2002 Standard Liège Roger Freestone Wales 1986 -- 2004 Swansea City , Chelsea , Newport County Richard Gray England 1895 -- 1902 Burton Swifts Dariusz Grubba Poland Bałtyk Gdynia Playing as a striker Kim Byung - ji South Korea 1992 -- Ulsan Hyundai FC First goalkeeper to score a field goal in K - League match . Erick Lonnis Costa Rica 1985 -- 2003 Saprissa Mohamed Al - Deayea Saudi Arabia 1989 -- 2010 Al - Hilal Jimmy Maidment England Newport County Sonny Dalesandro United States 1995 -- 2001 Tulsa Roughnecks Scored 3 goals as a forward during the 1999 USISL season Gustavo Munúa Uruguay 1997 -- 2015 Nacional Montevideo , Deportivo , Málaga Kevin Pressman England 1987 -- 2004 Sheffield Wednesday Penalties James Raeside Scotland Bury Antonio Rigamonti Italy 1967 -- 1986 Como Ulla - Karin Rönnlund Sweden 1996 -- 2009 Umeå One for Sweden U-20 , last - minute goal in open play for Umeå and a penalty against Arsenal in the Champions League . Miguel Ángel Calero Colombia 1988 -- 2011 Died 2012 . Deportivo Cali , Pachuca Zdeněk Jánoš Czech Republic 1988 -- 1999 Jablonec 97 , Slavia Prague Penalties . Scored 2 goals for Jablonec and one goal for Slavia . Most goals by a goalkeeper in Czech First League history . Shpëtim Moçka Albania 2007 -- Flamurtari Vlorë , Kastrioti Krujë , Teuta Durrës The first two goals were from penalty spot against Dinamo Tirana and Apolonia Fier on 20 April 2011 and 10 February 2013 respectively . The third goal was a last - minute equalizer with a header . Kennedy Mweene Zambia 2004 ? -- Free State Stars , Zambia Penalties . Also , he scored the tying goal in the 85th minute at the 2013 African Cup of Nations against Nigeria on January 25 , 2013 in Nelspruit , South Africa . Sebastián Viera Uruguay 2003 -- Junior Viera scored three times from free - kick . Juan Camilo Martínez Colombia 2017 -- Orsomarso Free - kick goals . Zhen Guan China 2003 -- Shijiazhuang Ever Bright Scored penalties against Shanghai SIPG and Beijing Guoan in Chinese Super League matches on 8 May 2016 and 22 May 2016 respectively . Camilo Vargas Colombia 2009 -- 2014 Independiente Santa Fe He scored his first goal from a pass of his teammate from a corner kick and his second from penalty kick . Luis Fernando Fernández Colombia 2002 Atlético Junior Carlos Arias Uruguay Cúcuta , Unión Magdalena Donovan Ricketts Jamaica 2002 -- Village United Mark Bosnich Australia 1989 -- 2009 Aston Villa , Australia Jim Brown Scotland 1968 -- 1989 Washington Diplomats , Chesterfield José Castañeda Colombia Atlético Nacional Clemer Brazil 1987 -- 2009 Portuguesa , Internacional Eduardo Brazil 1998 -- 2011 Bangu , Atlético Mineiro Alan Fettis Northern Ireland 1988 ? -- 2007 Hull City Playing as a striker Tvrtko Kale Croatia 1994 -- Hajduk Split , Hapoel Be'er Sheva Willy Berger Israel 1925 -- 1950 Hapoel Tel Aviv , Maccabi Tel Aviv Scored penalty kicks in 1929 and 1934 cup finals . Jan van Grinsven Netherlands 1981 -- 1999 FC Den Bosch Scored a legendary late equalising goal against Roda JC in 1985 . Lauro Brazil 2001 -- Ponte Preta , Portuguesa Frédéric Herpoel Belgium 1993 -- 2010 Gent Hiran Brazil 1993 -- 2004 Guarani , Santo André Andreas Köpke Germany 1979 -- 2001 1 . FC Nürnberg Penalties Bernard Lama France 1981 -- 2001 Lille , Lens Penalties Jens Lehmann Germany 1988 -- 2011 Schalke 04 , Arsenal First ever goal keeper to score in open play in the Bundesliga Óscar Mejía Dominican Republic 1999 -- 2010 Dominican Republic Scored twice playing as striker in Gold Cup 2003 qualifying Campbell Money Scotland 1981 -- 2009 St Mirren Perlat Musta Albania 1979 -- 1996 Partizani Tirana Andrei Novosadov Russia 1989 -- 2006 Torpedo Moscow Penalties Toni Prats Spain 1991 -- 2008 Real Betis Paul Robinson England 1998 -- 2017 Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur Header for Leeds from a corner , free kick for Tottenham from inside his own half . Alex Stepney England 1961 -- 1982 Manchester United Oleh Suslov Ukraine 1986 -- 2002 Chornomorets Odesa Penalties . Andriy Tovt Ukraine 2003 -- 2013 Obolon Kyiv Tsang Man Fai Hong Kong 2009 -- Fourway Rangers He scored a goal and had an assist in his first match of professional league . Iván Vázquez Mexico 2004 ? -- Necaxa Kick from free kick Faouzi Chaouchi Algeria 2003 -- JS Kabylie , ES Sétif Emerson Brazil Guarani Imran Mohamed Maldives 1999 -- New Radiant The presidents cup semi final Subrata Pal India 2004 -- Pune I - League Máximo Banguera Ecuador 2004 -- Barcelona SC Tonny van Leeuwen Netherlands 1959 -- 1971 GVAV Rapiditas Penalties Jörg Weißflog East Germany 1975 -- 1990 BSG Wismut Aue Dashamir Xhika Albania 2006 -- Besëlidhja Lezhë Penalties Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh Iran 1985 -- 2001 Perspolis Patricio Abraham Argentina San Telmo He scored a last - minute winning goal from a header , which turned out crucial to avoid relegation Acurcio Portugal 1955 -- 1961 Porto Ali Ahamada Comoros 2010 -- Toulouse Scored against Rennes on 22 September 2012 by heading the ball , resulting on a draw match ( 2 -- 2 ) Mohammad Reza Akhbari Iran 2010 -- Iran U23 , 1 Juan Carlos Alfaro Costa Rica Municipal Puntarenas Free - kick Ever Almeida Paraguay 1967 -- 1991 Olimpia Asunción Eduardo Alterio Argentina ? -- 1931 -- ? Chacarita Juniors He scored from a penalty in 1931 , with no opposition from the other goalkeeper , first goalkeeper goal in professional football in Argentina Marco Amelia Italy 2000 -- Livorno His goal came in Belgrade , Serbia and would prove to be crucial as Livorno made its first ever trip in European competition . Livorno would go to reach the Round of 32 at the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Cup . Daniel Aranzubia Spain 1996 -- 2015 Deportivo La Coruña He scored with his head after a 95th minute corner kick , as his team managed a 1 -- 1 draw at Almería on 20 February 2011 Mattias Asper Sweden 1993 -- 2015 Mjällby AIF He scored with his head after a 93rd minute free kick , as his team managed a 2 -- 2 draw at Häcken on 15 September 2010 . Elias Atmatsidis Greece 1989 -- 2005 AEK Athens Penalty Osvaldo Ayala Colombia Independiente Medellín Gábor Babos Hungary 1995 -- 2000 MTK Penalty Edvan Bakaj Albania 2004 -- KF Laçi He scored his first goal in career with penalty kick in a 6 -- 0 win over KS Kastrioti . Benjamin Howard Baker England 1913 -- 1929 died 1987 , aged 95 Chelsea Omar Bari Qatar 2007 -- Al Rayyan Qatar Stars League Asmir Begović Bosnia and Herzegovina 2005 -- Stoke City Fastest goal by a goalkeeper , at thirteen seconds . Arjan Beqaj Albania 1992 -- 2011 OFI Crete , Anorthosis Famagusta , Partizani Tirana , Ionikos First goalkeeper to score with header in the Greek League ( 11 February 2001 OFI -- Paniliakos 2 -- 2 ) Roger Berbig Switzerland 1971 -- 1984 Grasshoppers Ezequiel Berdín Argentina Atenas de Río Cuarto Michelle Betos United States 2013 -- Portland Thorns Portland Thorns were down a player and down a goal in stoppage time of their NWSL league match against FC Kansas City on 19 June 2015 . Unmarked on a corner kick , Betos equalized by scoring a diving header . Ruud Boffin Belgium 2007 -- Eskişehirspor Scored a goal by a direct free - kick from his own half . Sinan Bolat Turkey 2005 -- Standard Liège His goal saved Standard Liege from being eliminated from European football altogether and in the process eliminated Dutch champions AZ Alkmaar . Roberto Bonano Argentina 1991 -- 2008 River Plate René Borkovic Switzerland Switzerland Borkovic scored the only goal of the match three minutes into stoppage time to give Switzerland its first UEFA U-17 berth since 2005 . Yevhen Borovyk Ukraine 2003 -- Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih Scored at last minute of game against Arsenal Kyiv after corner kick Artur Boruc Poland 1998 -- Legia Warszawa Penalty against Widzew Łódź Carlos Bossio Argentina 1993 -- 2013 Estudiantes La Plata Sarah Bouhaddi France 2003 -- Lyon She scored a goal from penalty kick in a 14 -- 0 home flawless victory against Albi . Arthur Bown England Halifax Town Arthur Box England 1903 -- 1911 ? died 1960 Burslem Port Vale Darko Božović Montenegro 1996 -- Bežanija Jochen Bradt Belgium J.V. De Pinte Claudio Bravo Chile 2002 -- Real Sociedad Free - kick Alberto Brignoli Italy 2009 -- Benevento He scored an injury - time equalizer to earn Benevento their first ever Serie A point . Adin Brown United States 2000 -- 2011 Aalesunds FK He scored after a throw in by Lasse Olsen when they were in overtime . Boubacar Barry Ivory Coast 2000 -- Lokeren Osmar Brunelli Chile Fernández Vial Nikki Bull England 2000 -- Aldershot Town Penalty , end of season Dieter Burdenski Germany 1969 -- 1991 Werder Bremen Penalty Erich Burgener Switzerland 1969 -- 1987 Lausanne Tudorel Călugăru Romania 1976 -- 1994 Oțelul Galați He scored with a penalty kick against CF Brăila in 1992 . Frank Carrillo Costa Rica San Carlos Penalty . Eloy Casals Spain 2014 -- Santa Coloma With his club trailing 3 -- 2 on aggregate in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League , Casals scored four minutes into stoppage time to send FC Santa Coloma into the next round by virtue of away goals . Ray Cashley England 1970 -- 1986 ? Bristol City Danny Cepero United States 2007 -- 2010 New York Red Bulls First MLS goalkeeper to score a goal . His goal also came on the same day he made his Red Bulls debut , as first choice goalkeeper Jon Conway would serve a 10 - game suspension for using illegal substances . The goal came at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey and the goal would eventually help the Red Bulls secure the last playoff spot in 2008 and reach the 2008 MLS Cup . Radek Černý Czech Republic 1995 -- 2014 Slavia Prague Scored the last goal in victory 4 -- 0 in national league match against FK Jablonec 97 in season 1999 -- 2000 . Choi Eun - Sung South Korea 1997 -- 2014 Daejeon Citizen Free kick . Only goalkeeper to score in AFC Champions League match to date Marc de Clerck Belgium 1970 -- 1983 Aberdeen David Cobeño Spain 2000 -- Rayo Vallecano Fabio Coltorti Switzerland 1999 -- RB Leipzig He scored a goal in the 90th minute for a 2 -- 1 home team success over SV Darmstadt 98 . Jesús Contreras Mexico Monterrey Julio Cozzi Argentina 1941 -- 1961 died 2011 Millonarios David Crawford Scotland Arbroath Mark Crossley Wales 1989 -- 2013 Sheffield Wednesday José Fernando Cuadrado Colombia 2011 -- 2012 Deportivo Pasto Erik Cummins Netherlands 2014 -- Go Ahead Eagles Yevhen Deineko Ukraine 2002 - 2015 Dnipro Cherkasy Scored at an 80 metres kick from his own penalty area . Jaime Deluque Colombia Unión Magdalena Wim de Ron Netherlands Cambuur Leeuwarden Penalty Niko Dovana Albania 1930 -- 194 ? Teuta Durrës Harry Dowd England 1961 -- 1974 Manchester City Helmuth Duckadam Romania 1982 -- 1986 Steaua București Penalty kick against AFC Progresul Bucureşti in the Cupa României . Rein van Duijnhoven Netherlands 1987 -- 2006 MVV Goal kick . Helped by the wind , the ball bounced over the outcoming opposite goalkeeper Jan van Grinsven of FC Den Bosch , a goalscorer once himself . Denis Espinoza Nicaragua 2002 -- Nicaragua Penalty at 2011 Copa Centroamericana Essam El - Hadary Egypt 1993 -- Al - Ahly Scored at 80 metres indirect free kick that hit the bar then the opponent goalkeeper then passed the line in CAF supercup . Wuilker Faríñez Venezuela 2014 -- Venezuela U-20 Penalty at 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup George Farm Scotland 1947 -- 1964 died 2004 Blackpool Jonnie Fedel Sweden 1986 -- 2006 Malmö FF Adam Federici Australia 2003 -- Reading Gabard Fénélon Haiti 2002 -- Montréal - Nord Mark Flekken Netherlands 2016 -- MSV Duisburg Flekken scored a backheel goal for Duisburg in injury time in a 1 -- 1 draw with VfL Osnabrück . Scott Flinders England 2004 -- Hartlepool United Flinders scored a headed goal for Hartlepool in the third minute of injury time in a 2 -- 2 draw with Bournemouth . Khalid Fouhami Morocco 1991 -- Dinamo București Penalty Daniel Francovig Uruguay Deportivo Táchira Alfredo Frausto Mexico 2003 - 2016 Dorados de Sinaloa In the 90 ' minute of the Apertura 2012 Copa MX Final against Correcaminos UAT , tying the game , and taking the decision to the penalty shootout , where Frausto also scored the decisive charge , and thus , the Dorados won their first title . Brad Friedel United States 1994 -- 2015 Blackburn Rovers Jimmy Glass England 1991 -- 2001 Carlisle United Famous for scoring a last - minute goal to save Carlisle United from relegation from the Football League Matt Glennon England 1997 -- St Johnstone Alejandro González Rojas Costa Rica Alajuelense Penalty . Román González Costa Rica Ramonense Andy Goram Scotland 1981 -- 2004 Hibernian Matt Gregg England 1995 -- 2011 University College Dublin Bruce Grobbelaar Zimbabwe 1973 -- 2007 Crewe Alexandra Volkmar Groß Germany 1967 -- 1983 Tennis Borussia Berlin Penalty Tally Hall United States 2006 -- Houston Dynamo Scored in 2009 - 10 CONCACAF Champions League against Isidro Metapán on 23 October 2009 . Martin Hansen Denmark 2010 -- ADO Den Haag Backheel goal in stoppage time against PSV Eindhoven to earn his team a draw ( 2 - 2 ) . Pär Hansson Sweden 2005 -- Helsingborgs IF Hansson scored on a penalty in 9 -- 0 victory over Askeröds IF . Kay Hawke England 2000 -- 2012 Lincoln Ladies Iain Hesford England 1977 -- 1998 Maidstone United William Hesmer United States 2004 -- 2012 Columbus Crew Came forward in second half stoppage time to help Columbus draw against rival Toronto FC 2 -- 2 Iago Herrerín Spain Atlético Madrid B Scored the winning goal in a 3 -- 2 victory for his team against Getafe B on 8 January 2011 Marwin Hitz Switzerland 2005 -- FC Augsburg He scored a stoppage time equalizer in a league match against Bayer 04 Leverkusen on 21 February 2015 ( 2 -- 2 ) . Frans Hoek Netherlands 1973 -- 1985 Volendam Karel Hopšil Czech Republic Baník Ostrava Tim Howard United States 1997 -- Everton Scored a goal from open play inside own penalty box against Bolton , helped by a strong gust of wind , making him only the fourth keeper since the Premier League 's 1992 inception to post a point . Lassi Hurskainen Finland 2006 -- 2012 ? Soccer Club Riverball Claudio Ibarra Paraguay Once Caldas Clint Irwin United States 2008 -- Capital City Eldin Jakupović Switzerland 2004 -- Grasshoppers Pat Jennings Northern Ireland 1963 -- 1986 Tottenham Hotspur Against Manchester United in the 1967 FA Charity Shield . John Joyce England 1896 -- 1920 died 1956 Tottenham Hotspur Penalty Jung Sung - Ryong South Korea 2003 -- South Korea U23 Norbert Juračka Slovakia Dukla Banská Bystrica Zachary Kane United States 2013 -- Baltimore Bohemians Kane scored the matchwinner against Ocean City Nor'easters on 21 July 2013 Alexandros Kasmeridis Greece 2006 -- Asteras Magoula Header . Last - minute goal against Levadiakos in a Greek Football Cup match . Hamdi Kasraoui Tunisia 2002 -- Espérance Peter Keen England 1995 -- 2009 Carlisle United Marian Kelemen Slovakia 1999 -- Śląsk Wrocław Kelemen scored a final goal for Śląsk Wrocław in last round of Polish Ekstraklasa from penalty spot to secure runner - up position for the club in a season 2010 / 11 . Charlie Kelly Scotland East Stirlingshire Richard Kingson Ghana 1995 -- Ghana Jakob Køhler Hansen Denmark Boldklubben Frem Bicycle kick in the last minute . Gudmund Taksdal Kongshavn Norway 2009 -- Vålerenga Headed in a 2 -- 2 equalizer after a corner kick in injury time against Viking FK Petr Kouba Czech Republic 1988 -- 2005 Sparta Prague Scored the 4th goal from penalty kick in national league match against SK České Budějovice in season 1994 -- 95 . Klajdi Kuka Albania 2007 -- Tërbuni Pukë Scored a goal from open play inside own penalty box against Kukësi Kwon Jung - Hyuk South Korea 2001 -- Incheon United Carlos Lampe Bolivia 2013 -- San José Damian Lanza Ecuador 2002 -- Deportivo Cuenca Kick from the goal Aaron Lawrence Jamaica 1997 -- 2005 Jamaica Penalty in a 3 -- 0 win against India in 2002 Lee Yong - bal South Korea 1994 -- 2006 Bucheon SK Penalty kick Eric Lindon England Merthyr Town Rodrigo Llinás Argentina Atlanta Penalty Andrew Lonergan England 2000 -- Preston North End Chris MacKenzie England 1993 -- 2012 Hereford United Keith MacRae Scotland 1967 -- 1982 Motherwell Félix Madrigal Mexico 1981 -- 1991 Monarcas Morelia Germans Māliņš Latvia 2009 -- Skonto He scored goal in 94th minute after a corner kick . Alan Mannus Northern Ireland 2000 -- Linfield Alan Marriott England 2012 -- Mansfield Town He scored from inside his own penalty area with a kick out of his hands against Wrexham FC on the 20th April 2012 . The pitch was very wet and it allowed the ball to bounce over the Wrexham goalkeeper and into the goal . Luis Martinez Colombia 2001 -- Colombia Eduardo Martini Brazil 2000 -- Avaí Oscarine Masuluke South Africa 2015 -- Baroka Scored a last minute overhead kick goal against Orlando Pirates . The goal was nominated for the 2017 Puskas Awards . Jim McDonagh Ireland 1970 -- 1988 Bolton Wanderers Kai McKenzie - Lyle Guyana 2016 -- Barnet Headed a last - minute goal on his international debut in a Gold Cup qualification match . Peter McSevich Scotland Bournemouth Bert Mehaffy Northern Ireland New Brighton John Martin Scotland 1980 -- 2001 Airdrieonians Álvaro Mesén Costa Rica 1992 -- 2010 Alajuelense Penalty . Daniel Mićić Poland TS Parzyce Penalty Simon Mignolet Belgium 2006 -- Sint - Truiden Scored a penalty in the Belgian Second Division in 2009 for Sint - Truiden Ibrahim Mirzapour Iran 1997 -- 2011 Foolad FC Iran Pro league 2003 - 04 Jan Möller Sweden 1971 -- 1993 Malmö FF Möller scored on a penalty in a 5 -- 0 victory over Hammarby in 1986 . Faryd Mondragón Colombia 1990 -- 2014 Independiente Víctor Monge Costa Rica Cartaginés Penalty . Barel Mouko Congo 1999 -- 2015 Congo Penalty kick against Swaziland during 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Mohd Syamsuri Mustafa Malaysia 2002 -- 2009 Malaysia U-23 He scored the long range goal with a drop kick from his own penalty area in Malaysia 's 3 -- 4 defeat against the host country , Vietnam . Frank Moss England 1928 -- 1937 died 1970 Arsenal Moisés Muñoz Mexico 2013 -- América He scored in the 92 minute with a header to equalize the final 2 -- 2 for America who eventually won the game in penalties Carlos Munutti Argentina Deportivo Cali Fernando Muslera Uruguay 2004 -- Galatasaray Penalty kick against Manisaspor . Blendi Nallbani Albania 1986 -- 2010 Tirana He scored with penalty kick on 29 August 2009 against KS Skënderbeu . Nauzet Spain 2002 -- Fuerteventura Hampus Nilsson Sweden 2007 -- IFK Värnamo Nilsson scored on a penalty in 5 -- 0 victory over Kristianstads FF . Nuno Portugal 1992 -- 2010 Porto Jan Nijhuis Netherlands 1962 Sportclub Enschede Sebastian Nowak Poland 2000 -- LKS Nieciecza Scored in 93rd minute . Gabriel Ochoa Uribe Colombia 1949 -- 1955 Millonarios As a striker . Steve Ogrizovic England 1977 -- 2000 Coventry City Stig Olsson Sweden Sandvikens IF Olsson scored on a penalty in a match against Malmö FF in 1961 . He was the first goalkeeper to score in Allsvenskan . Håkon Opdal Norway 2001 -- Start A free kick goal from the half - way line . Mark Oxley England 2007 -- Hibernian Oxley scored in his first domestic league appearance for Hibernian . Jérôme Palatsi France 1989 -- 2010 Vitória de Guimarães Andrés Palop Spain 1993 -- 2014 Sevilla In 2007 , he scored an injury time equalising goal in the UEFA Cup round of 16 tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , forcing extra time as a result . Sevilla , which had drawn 2 -- 2 at home in the first leg , went on to win 3 -- 2 , and eventually won the competition for the second consecutive time . Nicolás Peric Chile 1998 -- Universidad de Concepción Michael Petkovic Australia 1995 -- 2011 Sivasspor Ivaylo Petrov Bulgaria 1992 -- 2009 CSKA Sofia Martin Pieckenhagen Germany 1991 -- 2011 Heracles Krzysztof Pilarz Poland 1999 -- Pogoń Szczecin Penalty kick , Polish Cup . Vukašin Poleksić Montenegro 1999 -- Debrecen Mart Poom Estonia 1988 -- 2009 Sunderland Scored a 90th - minute header against his former team to salvage a 1 -- 1 draw . The game was also Poom 's first trip to Derby County since leaving the team to play for Sunderland . Silvio Proto Belgium 1999 -- Germinal Beerschot Michelangelo Rampulla Italy 1979 -- 2002 Cremonese Oliver Reck Germany 1983 -- 2005 Schalke 04 Penalty Riça Portugal Vizela Åke Richardsson Sweden IFK Sundsvall Richardsson scored on a penalty in a match against Landskrona in 1980 . Richard Richardsson Sweden Örebro He scored with his head after a 91st minute corner kick , as his team managed a 1 -- 1 draw at Malmö FF in 2007 . Ricardo Portugal 1993 -- 2014 Boavista Ricardo Portugal 2001 -- Varzim Barry Roche Republic of Ireland 2001 -- Morecambe Scored a header from a corner in a 1 -- 1 draw against Portsmouth FC in the 93rd minute of a League 2 match . Quillan Roberts Canada 2011 -- Canada U17 First goalkeeper goal in a traditional FIFA tournament . Scored in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup in a 2 -- 2 draw with England . Tony Roberts Wales 1987 -- 2012 Dagenham & Redbridge Pedro Rodríguez Colombia Deportivo Pereira Alexis Rojas Costa Rica Alajuelense Free - kick Peter Roney Scotland 1909 -- 1915 Bristol Rovers Scored a penalty in the final game of the 1909 -- 10 season Frank Rost Germany 1991 -- 2011 Werder Bremen Scored an equalizer goal against Hansa Rostock ( 3 -- 3 ) Jyrki Rovio Finland KuPS Peter Rufai Nigeria 1980 -- 2000 Nigeria Penalty kick during 1994 African Cup of Nations qualification against Ethiopia Darío Sala Argentina 2003 Deportivo Cali Oswaldo Sánchez Mexico 1993 -- Guadalajara Ramiro Sánchez Colombia 2014 Jaguares de Córdoba Free - kick goal . Pablo Santillo Argentina Atlanta Edwin van der Sar Netherlands 1990 -- 2011 Ajax Penalty Dré Saris Netherlands 1948 -- 1958 BVV First goalkeeper to score in Eredivisie . Saulo Brazil 2007 -- Recife On 31 January 2011 , against the Vitória Pernambuco during the regional championship , in the final minute of the game , Saulo went forward and headed in a free kick . While celebrating the goal , he suffered a rupture in the anterior cruciate ligament that would prevent him from playing for several months . Seo Dong - Myung South Korea 1996 -- 2008 Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors Header Orges Shehi Albania 1994 -- 2018 Skënderbeu Korçë He scored via penalty kick on 6 December 2014 against Teuta Durrës . Steve Sherwood England 1971 -- 1997 Watford Peter Shilton England 1966 -- 1997 Leicester City Boris Shogenov Russia 2005 -- Dynamo Kirov On 3 October 2015 , he scored for FC Dynamo Kirov against FC Zenit - Izhevsk Izhevsk . Kazimierz Sidorczuk Poland 1985 -- 2006 Kapfenberger SV Jörg Siebenhandl Austria 2007 -- Wiener Neustadt Took a direct free - kick from his own penalty box , scoring on his top flight debut 81 seconds into the game , making it the first goal scored in the 2011 -- 12 Austrian Bundesliga season by any player for any team . Kenny Simpkins Wales 1962 -- 1969 Hartlepool United Playing as centre forward . Paul Smith England 1998 -- Nottingham Forest As the initial League Cup tie against Leicester City was abandoned at half time with Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 up , both teams agreed to reinstate Forest 's goal advantage in the rearranged fixture . Goalkeeper Paul Smith was allowed to walk the ball into the net unchallenged , straight from the kick - off . Radek Sňozík Czech Republic 1993 -- 2013 Bohemians 1905 Opened score from penalty kick in the 6th minute of lost ( 1 -- 2 ) national league home match against FC Tescoma Zlín in November 2007 . Manuel Solano Costa Rica San Carlos Danijel Subašić Croatia 2003 -- Monaco Scored a free kick in the 57th minute of a 2 -- 1 away victory over Boulogne . Kevin Stewart Costa Rica Limonense Vladimir Stojković Serbia 2001 -- Partizan Stojković scored from penalty spot during the game against BSK Borča on 11 August 2012 Massimo Taibi Italy 1987 -- 2009 Reggina Yuki Takita Japan 1990 -- 2000 Urawa Red Diamonds Penalty kick . He is the first J. League goalkeeper to score in the league , scoring against Yokohama Flügels with a penalty kick on 9 November 1996 . Alfredo Talavera Mexico 2013 -- Toluca He scored in the 89th minute from a penalty . Tommy Thorpe England Barnsley Pa Dembo Touray Gambia 2000 -- Djurgårdens IF Touray scored on a penalty in the 82 minute in an 8 -- 1 victory over Elfsborg . Bojan Tripić Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002 -- Modriča , Čelik Zenica , Modriča , Rudar Prijedor , Mladost Velika Obarska , Modriča Emanuel Trípodi Argentina 2002 -- C.A.I. Philipp Tschauner Germany 2004 -- FC St. Pauli Iain Turner Scotland 2002 -- Preston North End Scored from his penalty box in a 2 -- 0 win against Notts County in a League One match . Ubirajara Brazil Flamengo Scored from a Goal kick , the first goalkeeper to score in Brazil Raimond van der Gouw Netherlands 1985 -- 2007 AGOVV van der Gouw scored a penalty in the last minute of the last match in his 23 - year career . He was 44 years of age at that time . Diego Vandre Brazil Roma Apucarana Free kick Eric Viscaal Netherlands 1986 -- 2006 Gent Viscaal was a striker who replaced the goalkeeper who had received a red card . First Viscaal stopped a penalty and one minute later , as a goalkeeper , scored a penalty himself Danny Vukovic Australia 2002 -- Wellington Phoenix Scored in a 90 + 4 minute penalty against the North Queensland Fury 13 February 2011 . This came only a week after the previous match in which he hit the opposing team 's crossbar after making a long clearance that bounced over the head of the opposing goalkeeper . Gavin Ward England 1987 -- 2011 Tranmere Rovers Ronald Warisan Papua New Guinea 2008 -- Lae City Dwellers Mirosław Warzecha Poland Górnik Zabrze Penalty kick , League Cup . Chris Weale England 2000 -- Yeovil Town Charlie Williams England 1891 -- 1905 died 1952 Manchester City First goalkeeper ever to score from open play in a competitive match , v Bolton Wanderers 18 April 1900 Grégory Wimbée France 1992 -- 2011 Nancy Lars Windfeld Denmark ? -- 2000 AGF Against Odense Boldklub in 1995 . Jason Williams Bermuda 2001 -- North Village Rams Match - winning , directly from a goal kick in 2011 . George Wood Scotland 1970 -- 1997 East Stirlingshire Against Queen of the South on 9 January 1971 . Gennadios Xenodochof Georgia 2006 -- AE Larissa Header . Last - minute goal against Panachaiki in a Greek Football Cup match . Cheng - hsing Yang Chinese Taipei Taipower He once scored a penalty , also his first goal for Chinese Taipei , in East Asian Cup 2003 qualifiers against Mongolia It made him the first Taiwanese goalkeeper who had scored in international competitions . Zé Carlos Brazil 1983 -- 2000 died 2009 Flamengo Mohamed Lamine Zemmamouche Algeria 2004 -- MC Alger Penalty kick Yuri Zhevnov Belarus 1996 -- BATE Borisov Oscar Zijlstra Netherlands 1979 -- 1987 Cambuur Goal kick . Helped by a strong wind , the ball bounced in front of and then over opposite goalkeeper Ton Verkerk of Willem II . Ralf Zumdick Germany 1980 -- 1995 VfL Bochum Penalty Steve Mildenhall England 1995 -- 2017 Notts County Long range free kick . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rogerio Ceni , the record breaker '' . FIFA. 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's most successful goalscoring Goalkeepers of all time '' . IFFHS . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Pedro ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` Goalkeeper Rogerio scores 100th goal in São Paulo win '' . The Guardian . London . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` The hat - trick Hall of Fame '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Copa Mercosur 2000 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chilavert scores hat trick to boost Velez Sarsfield '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc. 1999 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Includes goals in games in which Campos played as a striker . In his early career , he was occasionally Pumas ' first - choice striker . Although Campos played for seven club teams and the Mexico national team , he is known to have scored only for Pumas and Atlante . Jump up ^ `` Penaltı ustası Ivankov '' ( in Turkish ) . milliyet.com.tr. 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rene Higuita and the Scorpion Kick '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Márcio '' . Sambafoot.com . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hans - Jörg Butt '' Spiele '' ( in German ) . Weltfussball.de . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porteros ticos con más de dos años sin goles '' ( in Spanish ) . Nación . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristian Lucchetti '' ( in Spanish ) . Base de Datos Del Futbol Argentino . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Žarko Lučić '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Jump up ^ `` Artilheiros de luvas , Viáfara e Tiago travam duelo particular no Ba - Vi '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo Esporte. 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colombia -- All Time Topscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goleadores Secunda División '' ( in Spanish ) . Balonazos . Archived from the original on 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Dudamel -- International Appearances '' . RSSSF . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_goalscoring_goalkeepers&oldid=861838712 '' Categories : Lists of association football players Association football goalkeepers Association football goalkeepers who have scored Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) NFT template with ID not in Wikidata CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Articles with Ukrainian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Albanian - language sources ( sq ) Articles with Hebrew - language external links CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Association football player non-biographical articles Talk About Wikipedia Български Italiano Magyar Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 11 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Goalscoring goalkeepers in football
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3. Goalkeepers scoring from penalties and free kicks
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5. List of goalkeepers with the most goals in professional competitions |
-1,367,362,004,426,238,200 | what nfl team does desmond king play for | Desmond King ( American football ) - wikipedia Desmond King ( American football ) Jump to : navigation , search Desmond King <Td_colspan="2"> King in 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> No. 20 -- Los Angeles Chargers Position : Cornerback <Th_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1994 - 12 - 14 ) December 14 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Detroit , Michigan Height : 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Weight : 201 lb ( 91 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school : Detroit ( MI ) East English Village College : Iowa NFL Draft : 2017 / Round : 5 / Pick : 151 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers ( 2017 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roster status : Active <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> Jim Thorpe Award ( 2015 ) Jack Tatum Award ( 2015 ) 2 × First Team All - Big Ten ( 2015 , 2016 ) Big Ten Defensive Back of the Year ( 2015 ) Consensus First - Team All - American ( 2015 ) Second - Team All - American ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of Week 15 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Total tackles : 62 Sacks : 4.0 Forced fumbles : 0 Pass deflections : 5 Interceptions : 1 Defensive touchdowns : 1 <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com Desmond King ( born December 14 , 1994 ) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Iowa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 NFL statistics 4 References 5 External links Early years ( edit ) King attended East English Village Preparatory Academy in Detroit , Michigan . He played defensive back and running back . During his career he set a Michigan high school record with 29 interceptions . He also set a school record for career rushing yards and had 2,360 as a senior . King was rated by Rivals.com a three - star recruit and committed to the University of Iowa to play college football . College career ( edit ) As a true freshman at the University of Iowa in 2013 , King appeared in all 13 games and made 12 starts . He was the first true freshman to start at defensive back for Iowa since 2002 . He started all 13 games his sophomore year in 2014 and had 64 tackles and three interceptions . King returned as a starter his junior year in 2015 . He also became Iowa 's punt and kick returner . After a terrific junior season in which he had 43 tackles , and a Big - Ten high 8 interceptions , King was named a consensus first - team All - American and won the 2015 Jim Thorpe Award , which is given to the best defensive back in all of college football . Despite being projected as an early - round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft , King announced that he would return to Iowa for his senior season . On November 29 , 2016 , King was name First Team All - Big Ten for the second season in a row . He was also named a 2016 AP Second - Team All - American . College statistics ( edit ) <Td_colspan="8"> Iowa Hawkeyes <Th_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="5"> Defense Year Team GP Tackles For Loss Passes Def Int FF 2013 Iowa 13 69 3.0 8 0 0 2014 Iowa 13 64 2.0 5 0 2015 Iowa 14 72 1.0 13 8 0 2016 Iowa 13 58 3.5 7 <Td_colspan="2"> College Totals 53 263 9.5 33 14 Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) 201 lb ( 91 kg ) 31 ⁄ in ( 0.79 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.24 m ) <Td_colspan="13"> All values from 2017 NFL Combine . King was drafted by Los Angeles Chargers in the fifth round , 151st overall , in the 2017 NFL Draft . On November 23 , 2017 , against the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving , King intercepted a pass from Cowboys QB Dak Prescott , which he returned 90 yards for his first career touchdown . NFL statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP COMB TOT AST SACK FF FR FR YDS INT IR YDS AVG IR LNG TD PD 2017 LAC 11 40 38 2.0 0 0 0 90 90 90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hello , my name is ... CB Desmond King '' . The Gazette . Jump up ^ Jim Nelson . `` Iowa football : King the man in the right place at right times '' . Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier . Jump up ^ `` Desmond King '' . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Detroit cornerback commits to Iowa '' . Jump up ^ `` King of a long road -- The Daily Iowan '' . Jump up ^ `` Rick Brown : Desmond King success story was told once before '' . Des Moines Register . August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 -- CB Desmond King '' . The Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Desmond King honored , on a ' different level ' this year '' . Hawk Central . October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond King experiment has given Hawkeyes ' a spark ' '' . Hawk Central . September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa 's Desmond King captures Jim Thorpe Award '' . Hawk Central . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thorpe Award winner Desmond King will return to Iowa Hawkeyes '' . ESPN . January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Big Ten Individual Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . www.grfx.cstv.com . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 AP All - America Team '' . Associated Press . Associated Press . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/combine/profiles/desmond-king?id=2557927 Jump up ^ Henne , Ricky ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Chargers Draft Ball - Hawking DB Desmond King '' . Chargers.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Rivers , Chargers beat fading Cowboys 28 - 6 on Thanksgiving '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Desmond King on Twitter Iowa Hawkeyes bio <Th_colspan="2"> Jim Thorpe Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1986 : Everett 1987 : Blades & Dixon 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Carrier 1990 : Lewis 1991 : Buckley 1992 : Figures 1993 : Langham 1994 : Hudson 1995 : Myers 1996 : Wright 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Winfield 1999 : Carter 2000 : Fletcher 2001 : Williams 2002 : Newman 2003 : Strait 2004 : Rogers 2005 : Huff 2006 : Ross 2007 : Cason 2008 : Jenkins 2009 : Berry 2010 : Peterson 2011 : Claiborne 2012 : Banks 2013 : Dennard 2014 : Holliman 2015 : King 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Fitzpatrick <Th_colspan="2"> 2015 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Deshaun Watson RB Leonard Fournette RB Derrick Henry WR Corey Coleman WR Josh Doctson OT Taylor Decker OT Spencer Drango OT Ronnie Stanley G Joshua Garnett C Ryan Kelly TE Hunter Henry Defense DE Shaq Lawson DE Carl Nassib DE Joey Bosa DT A'Shawn Robinson LB Tyler Matakevich LB Reggie Ragland LB Jaylon Smith CB Vernon Hargreaves CB Desmond King S Jeremy Cash S Jalen Ramsey Special teams P Tom Hackett PK Ka'imi Fairbairn RET Evan Berry AP Christian McCaffrey <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers 2017 NFL draft selections <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Williams Forrest Lamp Dan Feeney Rayshawn Jenkins Desmond King Sam Tevi Isaac Rochell <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers current roster Active roster 6 Nick Rose 7 Cardale Jones 8 Drew Kaser 10 Kellen Clemens 11 Geremy Davis 12 Travis Benjamin 13 Keenan Allen 16 Tyrell Williams 17 Philip Rivers 20 Desmond King 24 Trevor Williams 25 Rayshawn Jenkins 26 Casey Hayward 28 Melvin Gordon 29 Craig Mager 30 Austin Ekeler 31 Adrian Phillips 32 Branden Oliver 33 Tre Boston 34 Derek Watt 35 Russell Hansbrough 37 Jahleel Addae 40 Chris McCain 43 Michael Davis 47 Mike Windt 48 Nick Dzubnar 50 Hayes Pullard 51 Kyle Emanuel 52 Denzel Perryman 54 Melvin Ingram 56 Korey Toomer 57 Jatavis Brown 66 Dan Feeney 69 Sam Tevi 71 Damion Square 72 Joe Barksdale 73 Spencer Pulley 74 Michael Ola 76 Russell Okung 78 Michael Schofield 79 Kenny Wiggins 80 Sean Culkin 81 Mike Williams 84 Sean McGrath 85 Antonio Gates 87 Jeff Cumberland 92 Brandon Mebane 93 Darius Philon 94 Corey Liuget 95 Tenny Palepoi 97 Jeremiah Attaochu 98 Isaac Rochell 99 Joey Bosa Reserve lists 9 Nick Novak ( IR ) 22 Jason Verrett ( IR ) 27 Kenneth Farrow ( IR ) 44 Andre Williams ( IR ) 45 Asante Cleveland ( IR ) 46 Chris Landrum ( IR ) 50 Charmeachealle Moore ( IR ) 63 Donavon Clark ( IR ) 68 Matt Slauson ( IR ) 75 Chris Hairston ( NF - Ill . ) 77 Forrest Lamp ( IR ) 86 Hunter Henry ( IR ) 89 Isaiah Burse ( IR ) 96 Kaleb Eulls ( IR ) Practice squad 27 Jeff Richards 38 Jalen Simmons 45 A.J. Hendy 49 James Onwualu 64 Cole Toner 82 Artavis Scott 83 Braedon Bowman 88 Andre Patton 90 Whitney Richardson <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_King_(American_football)&oldid=816441613 '' Categories : 1994 births Living people Sportspeople from Detroit Players of American football from Michigan American football cornerbacks Iowa Hawkeyes football players All - American college football players Los Angeles Chargers players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2015 Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 10 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Desmond King - American football cornerback
2. Los Angeles Chargers - NFL team
3. College career at Iowa
4. Awards and honors
5. Professional career with the Chargers |
-5,474,401,821,651,445,000 | why are the olympic rings the colors they are | Olympic symbols - wikipedia Olympic symbols Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Flag 3.1 Specific flags 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio de Janeiro flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 3.1. 6 Innsbruck flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals and diplomas 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games . The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colours ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolour flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being. . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour . Flag ( edit ) The Olympic flag . The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr. National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway , during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio de Janeiro flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics , Tokyo . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Innsbruck flag ( edit ) For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck , Austria , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals and diplomas ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver , or bronze , and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The `` Olympic Hymn '' , officially known as the `` Olympic Anthem '' , is played when the Olympic flag is raised . It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . `` Olympische Hymne '' : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The `` Olympic Fanfare '' for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost for over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use it in 1952 . It was recorded in 1953 . `` Bugler 's Dream '' : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The `` Olympic March '' : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . `` Olympic Fanfare 1972 '' : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic flame and when the Olympic flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . `` The Olympic Spirit '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . `` Summon the Heroes '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . `` Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . '' : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics . `` Call of the Champions '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition , respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward , the palm is outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' . The rings are not eligible for copyright protection , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted . The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . In 1938 , the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings . In 1952 , when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country . Today , the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer . In addition , a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as the Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Symbols and Traditions '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games by the city of Seoul , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY/%7Ctitle= Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film ; see 13 : 15 to 13 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . 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