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20231101.en_13196249_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | The Jesuit Church was founded by King Sigismund III Vasa and Podkomorzy Andrzej Bobola (the Old) at Piotr Skarga's initiative, in 1609, for the Jesuits. The main building was constructed between 1609 and 1626 in the Polish Mannerist style by Jan Frankiewicz. |
20231101.en_13196249_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | In 1627 the church was encompassed with three chapels, and in 1635 Urszula Meyerin, a great supporter of the Society of Jesus, was buried within. Meyerin funded a silver tabernacle for the church. She was also King Sigismund III's mistress, and was politically influential. Her grave was plundered and destroyed by the Swedes and Brandenburg Germans, in the 1650s, during the Deluge. |
20231101.en_13196249_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | A vestibule was added to the interior of the temple in 1633, and a choir was added three years later. An altar made of silver was installed by Cardinal Charles Ferdinand Vasa in the 1640s. The interior of the church was damaged and looted in 1656. |
20231101.en_13196249_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | An icon of Our Lady of Graces (Matka Boża Łaskawa), a gift from the Pope Innocent X, was introduced to the church and crowned in 1651. Its veneration has been growing, especially since the epidemic in 1664, when Blessed Virgin Mary was believed to save the city. |
20231101.en_13196249_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | In later years the building became more and more ornate, with baroque furnishings and marble altars and floors. Two more chapels were added. When the order of Jesuits was dissolved in 1773, the church changed ownership several times. For some time it was a school church, later it was demoted to the role of the magazine of church furnishings, and then it was given to the order of Piarists. The Jesuits did not get the church back until the end of the First World War. In the 1920s and 1930s the church was renovated. |
20231101.en_13196249_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | During World War II, after the Germans suppressed the Warsaw Uprising, they razed the Jesuit Church to the ground. |
20231101.en_13196249_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | All that remained of the four-hundred-year-old edifice was a great pile of rubble. Between the 1950s and 1973, the church was rebuilt in a simplified architectural style. |
20231101.en_13196249_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | The facade is Mannerist, although the interior is completely modern, because very few of the original furnishings of the church were preserved. Inside, there are preserved fragments of a tomb monument of Jan Tarło carved by Jan Jerzy Plersch in white and black marble in 1753, together with reconstructed epitaphs of Sarbiewski, Konarski, Kopczyński and Kiliński. A painting of Our Lady of Grace brought to Poland in 1651 by bishop Juan de Torres as a gift from Pope Innocent X is also displayed, along with a preserved wooden crucifix from 1383, a baroque sculpture of Our Lady of Grace, from the beginning of the 18th century, and a stone sculpture of a laying bear from the half of 18th century. |
20231101.en_13196249_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%20Church%2C%20Warsaw | Jesuit Church, Warsaw | sztuka.net Pictures of the church shortly after the war (the pile of rubble on the left of St. John's Cathedral). |
20231101.en_13196254_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Erskine%20Knowles | William Erskine Knowles | Born in Alliston, Ontario, Knowles was educated at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario. A lawyer by profession, he was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Assiniboia West in a by-election held on February 6, 1906. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1908 and 1911 for the electoral district of Moose Jaw. He did not run in 1917. From 1918 to 1927, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. From 1918 to 1921, he was the Provincial Secretary and from 1919 to 1921 he was the Minister of Telephones. He attempted a federal comeback in the 1921 and 1923 elections but was defeated. |
20231101.en_13196254_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Erskine%20Knowles | William Erskine Knowles | The Canadian Parliament; biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3, 1904 |
20231101.en_13196259_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bielke | Don Bielke | He was selected by the Fort Wayne Pistons in the 8th round (67th pick overall) of the 1954 NBA draft. |
20231101.en_13196259_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bielke | Don Bielke | After his NBA playing days, Bielke went on to coach basketball at California Concordia College for 16 years, and at California Lutheran University for another ten, winning over 550 games in his collegiate coaching career. He also was a professor in the kinesiology department. |
20231101.en_13196259_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bielke | Don Bielke | Bielke was a coach and instructor at California Lutheran University for over ten years. As the head coach of the college basketball team, the winning years 1977–78 (18–17) and 1979–80 (14–3) are attributed to him. He spent over 27 years in the university's Athletic Department and was an adjunct professor and acting department chair of kinesiology. He coached for a total of 26 years and received the "Coach of the Year" awards on numerous occasions. He received the Leadership Award for the NAIA District III in 1990. Besides All-American honours and playing in the NBA, he also served as a board member with the YMCA, on the advisory board of the Boy Scouts, president of the Kiwanis Club, grand marshall of the Conejo Valley Days, and a Special Olympics coordinator. He received a bachelor's degree from Valparaiso University and a master's from San Francisco University. |
20231101.en_13196265_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | The yoal, often referred to as the ness yoal, is a clinker-built craft used traditionally in Shetland, Scotland. It is designed primarily for rowing, but also handles well under its traditional square sail when running before the wind or on a broad reach. |
20231101.en_13196265_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | Until about 1860, yoals were imported in kit form from the area around Bergen in Norway. The traditional small wooden boats were known as either Strandebarmer or Oselvar from Os in Hordaland, Norway. The wooden boats were taken apart and then 'flat packed' for shipping to the Shetland Islands. Instead of sending complicated assembly instructions, they sent Norwegian boatbuilders to re-build them. However, increasing customs duty meant that Shetland builders took over the building but stayed mostly with the original Norwegian design. |
20231101.en_13196265_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | All the parts of a yoal have a name, perhaps to make assembly easier when they came in kit form, or to make it easier to order spare parts. In many cases, the names of the parts bear a closer relationship to Norwegian than British usage. The descriptive text on this page names most of these parts. |
20231101.en_13196265_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | There are six boards to the construction of a yoal, they are from the keel up, the gabbard straik; the Hassen Straik; the lower sool; the upper sool; the sand straik, and the upper wup. |
20231101.en_13196265_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | The boards were fixed to three main frames baands which curved across the keel between gunwales, underneath the tafts (seats), and also to the stammerin or cant frame, near both bow and stern, before fixing to the fore and aft stems. The upper wups were joined by the hinny spot where they met the horn, at the top of the stem, for added strength. |
20231101.en_13196265_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | The baands divided the boat into four sections: the fore room, for fishing tackle etc.; the mid room, for ballast; the owsin room, which was kept clear for bailing, owsin, any water which came aboard, using an owsekerri; and the shot room, which is where the catch was stored. |
20231101.en_13196265_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | To save the gunwales from wear, at each aer, (oar), position a block of hard wood, the routh, was fixed in position with two wooden pegs called routh pins. Sticking up from the routh was the kabe, a hardwood peg, against which the oar was rowed. The oar was held in position against the kabe by a loop of rope called the humlieband. |
20231101.en_13196265_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | One notable feature of yoal construction are the gunwales which stop short at both bow and stern leaving several inches of upper board with no gunwale. This is supposed to give the craft more flexibility in heavy seas. |
20231101.en_13196265_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | The yoal was rowed by three men with a pair of oars each. The men were seated on tafts, which rested on the wearin a wooden support which ran across the three main baands, and for purchase they could brace their feet against a fitlinn, a piece of wood across between the baands. The floorboards of the boat were called tilfers. |
20231101.en_13196265_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | When wind conditions were baand yoal carried a square sail, hoisted on a wooden mast which was stepped through the mid taft and braced at its base to the mid 'baand' |
20231101.en_13196265_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | The yoal was the main vessel used for haaf (open water within sight of land, up to 10 miles from shore) fishing for cod, ling and tusk until the fish shoals moved further offshore at the end of the 17th century, probably due to climatic change. Although yoals were not designed for the far haaf, Shetland fishermen continued to use them for relatively deep sea fishing with attendant accidents and loss of life until the introduction in the mid 18th century of the larger, heavier and deeper sixareen designed for fishing further offshore. Although there were some variations in size the yoal was generally 21 ft 5in overall, 15 ft keel, 21in inside depth amidships and 5 ft 5in beam. |
20231101.en_13196265_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | George Johnson of Skelberry, Dunrossness, was one of the most prolific builders of ness yoals. Among the yoals built by Johnson, in his later years, were several larger ones up to 23 ft 10in overall. One of these, which has now gone, was the Oceans Gift, so named because all the wood for her construction came from driftwood. Unusual features of these larger yoals were that their gunwales did not stop short of the stem and stern like the normal yoals, and some of them had a full fourth 'baand'. |
20231101.en_13196265_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | Throughout Shetland many traditional yoals, built by Johnson, and others of his era, still exist. Very few are still in regular use, although in the Virkie Marina there are 2 which are used for pleasure fishing. |
20231101.en_13196265_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoal | Yoal | In recent years the advent of yoal rowing regattas has seen an upsurge in the building of these traditional craft. |
20231101.en_13196284_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Ojai%2C%20California | Upper Ojai, California | Upper Ojai () is a rural valley with several unincorporated communities in Ventura County, California. |
20231101.en_13196284_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Ojai%2C%20California | Upper Ojai, California | It is located east of city of Ojai on State Route 150 (Ojai−Santa Paula Road), between Ojai and Santa Paula. |
20231101.en_13196284_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Ojai%2C%20California | Upper Ojai, California | It is home to the Besant Hill School, a private boarding school for grades 9 to 12; and the Topa Institute retreat center. |
20231101.en_13196300_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | The sixareen or sixern (; meaning "six-oared") is a traditional fishing boat used around the Shetland Islands. It is a clinker-built boat, evolved as a larger version of the yoal, when the need arose for crews to fish further from shore. The first of the sixareens were, like the yoal, imported from Norway in kit form until the mid 19th century, when increasing import duty made it more cost effective to import the raw materials and build the boats in Shetland. |
20231101.en_13196300_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | The sixareen was so named because she was crewed by six men, each man rowing a single oar, unlike the yoal where three men rowed a pair of oars each. The size of a sixareen was about overall, with a beam of . The boat carried a square sail which was used when the wind was favourable, however in light winds or in a head wind the crew could row for many hours to complete their journey. Fishing trips usually were over three days, with the boats making two trips each week when the weather permitted. |
20231101.en_13196300_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | As with the yoal, all the parts of a sixareen have names, which are usually found only in the Shetland dialect, although many of the names are derived from the old Norse language. The names of the parts listed here include the English name and where possible, the Norwegian name. |
20231101.en_13196300_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | There are six separate rooms, or sections in a sixareen: The fore head where sails and tackle were stored, the fore room, the mid room where stones for ballast were placed, the owsin room which was kept clear for owsin (bailing) out water using an owsekerri, the shot room where the catch was stowed, and the kannie where the skipper sat at the helm. |
20231101.en_13196300_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | The compartments in the boat were separated by tafts on which the crew sat, fiskabrods under the tafts which stopped the catch and fishing gear from shifting between rooms, and by baands, the frames to which the boards were fixed. |
20231101.en_13196300_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | The boards, named from the keel upwards, were the boddam runner, the hassen, the first and second swills, the laands (four boards), and the reebin, the upper board, inside which the wale or gunwale was fixed. At the bow and stern the boards were fixed to the stammerin before attaching to the fore and aft stems. The reebin was additionally strengthened by the breast hook or hinny spot where it met the horn at the top of the stem. |
20231101.en_13196300_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | While the yoal was used for inshore fishing, and seldom ventured more than from land, the sixareen was used to fish up to from Shetland. Because of this, and the unpredictable nature of the weather in northern waters, the loss of boats and lives was high. The worst losses were on 16 July 1832 when 17 boats and 105 men were lost in a severe gale, and again on 21 July 1881 when a sudden and violent summer storm claimed 10 boats and 58 men, mostly from Gloup, in the north of Yell, in what became known as The Gloup Disaster. |
20231101.en_13196300_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | Although it is not clear when the last sixareens were built for fishing, it is likely to be not much later than the late 1880s, by which time it was seen that larger boats were the way forward for the local fishing industry. |
20231101.en_13196300_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixareen | Sixareen | Two sixareens were built in the 20th century. In the 1980s Duncan Sandison of Unst realised that the sixareen was very much a boat of the past, as there were none left in Unst. With the help of a group of volunteers, after 800 hours work, the Far Haaf, a replica sixareen was completed in 1988, but was destroyed by a hurricane which swept the isles in 1992. Another Far Haaf was built and launched in 1993. It now occupies a special enclosure outside the Unst boat haven. Another sixareen, the Vaila Mae, was built in 2008 for the Shetland Museum in Lerwick, where it can be seen on the water during the summer months. |
20231101.en_13196320_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Billingy | Lionel Billingy | Lionel "Big Train" Billingy (born August 31, 1952) is a retired American basketball player and a basketball coach. |
20231101.en_13196320_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Billingy | Lionel Billingy | He was drafted by, and played for, the Virginia Squires (1974–75) in the American Basketball Association for 46 games. |
20231101.en_13196320_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Billingy | Lionel Billingy | As of 2006, he lives in Switzerland, where he coaches, holds youth basketball camps and works as a preacher. |
20231101.en_13196325_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | "Sing" is a song recorded by Scottish singer Annie Lennox for her fourth solo studio album, Songs of Mass Destruction (2007). It was released as the second single from the album on 1 December 2007 by RCA Records. Lennox was inspired to write the track after seeing South African activist Zackie Achmat at Nelson Mandela's 46664 HIV/AIDS concert. She wanted the track to be a source of empowerment for people without a voice of their own. It also gave rise to her SING Campaign which aimed to raise funds and awareness for issues surrounding HIV/AIDS. "Sing" was produced by Glen Ballard and interpolates the South African tune "Jikelele"; the music was given to Lennox by an activist group called The Generics. |
20231101.en_13196325_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Lennox personally invited other musicians and singers to work on the track. Ultimately 23 singers were enlisted, who recorded guest vocals on the chorus of the song in different locations. Among them, American singer Madonna also sang the second verse. "Sing" was accompanied by a number of remixes released on the same date. A music video was also released to promote the track. Lennox also performed it throughout the United States as part of her SING campaign. Music critics noted the empowering and anthemic nature of the track, recalling Lennox's previous work. It had minor chart placements on the UK Singles Chart, and the US Adult Contemporary and Dance Club Songs charts. |
20231101.en_13196325_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Lennox was attending a benefit held by former South African president Nelson Mandela's 46664 HIV/AIDS campaign in 2003. There she was surprised to see a man wearing a black t-shirt with the message "I am HIV positive" written in capital letters. She found it to be a bold statement and inquired about the man, who turned out to be Zackie Achmat, a South African activist, film director, and co-founder of the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC). Although the singer had been associated with the 46664 campaign, being introduced to Achmat gave her an opportunity to do more for the campaign and the project. |
20231101.en_13196325_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | We need people like [Achmat], he fights the fight... He refused to take his anti-retroviral medication unless it was made affordable and available to everyone—a hugely courageous thing to do. Before then, I'd been frustrated because I wanted to be more hands-on. I just feel that TAC are doing it where it needs to happen. It really needed to be given support, and I thought that perhaps I might be well-placed to do it. |
20231101.en_13196325_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Lennox was ultimately inspired to develop "Sing" based on Achmat's activism on behalf of HIV and AIDS afflicted people. A group of activists called The Generics had given her a CD of music, and Lennox combined her inspiration and one of the songs from the CD to compose "Sing". It ultimately became a collaboration between Lennox and 23 prominent female singers. Afterwards, it was included on Lennox's fourth solo studio album, Songs of Mass Destruction (2007). "Sing" was released as the second single from the album for digital download on 1 December 2007. |
20231101.en_13196325_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Afterwards, Lennox developed The SING Campaign which aimed to raise funds and awareness for issues surrounding HIV/AIDS. She also wrote on her official website that the song is about raising money and awareness for what she considers to be an HIV/AIDS genocide. Citing Mandela's speech in which he said, "Let us use the universal language of music, to sing out our message around the world", Lennox wanted "Sing" to be an anthem and symbol of unity and empowerment, to help spread awareness in the world. "Because the incidence of HIV AIDS is on the rise for women, especially in the pandemic across the whole of the African continent, I thought perhaps I could be of benefit by writing a song and empowering those women who do not have an international voice," the singer clarified. |
20231101.en_13196325_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | "Sing" incorporates the South African activist song "Jikelele", which translates into "global treatment". Developed by The Generics, "Jikelele" was used as theme for Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs across South Africa. After writing it, Lennox wanted to ask other renowned artists to contribute vocals to the song. She wrote a generic letter to many and waited for a response. Although some of the artists were not available, many answered in the affirmative, and ultimately 23 singers were enlisted. |
20231101.en_13196325_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | "Sing" features" primary vocals by Lennox and American singer Madonna; the latter sings solo on the second verse. Apart from them, the line-up consists of: Anastacia, Isobel Campbell, Dido, Céline Dion, Melissa Etheridge, Fergie, Beth Gibbons, Faith Hill, Angélique Kidjo, Beverley Knight, Gladys Knight, k.d. lang, Sarah McLachlan, Beth Orton, Pink, Bonnie Raitt, Shakira, Shingai Shoniwa, Joss Stone, Sugababes, KT Tunstall and, Martha Wainwright. Since accommodating all the singers would have posed a scheduling challenge, Lennox asked them to contribute vocals on the chorus of the song. When she received the recorded vocals from Madonna, Lennox found that Madonna had not only sung during the chorus, but also contributed by singing the second verse. She "was really touched – for Madonna is very rigorous in what she gets involved in and for her to do that for me, I was thrilled to bits". Lennox also admitted that featuring Madonna would bring a bigger audience for the song, thereby helping the cause. The refrain consists of an "empowering message" with the group of singers belting the line "Sing my sister Sing! / Let your voice be heard" while interpolating "Jikelele" in between. According to Jon Pareles of The New York Times, "Sing" consists of a piano played in the background reminiscent of Marvin Gaye's 1968 single, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". |
20231101.en_13196325_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | In an interview with Performing Songwriter magazine, producer Glen Ballard recalled that he completed the recording of the featured artists in various locations, conducting the sessions through the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): "Shakira in Puerto Rico, Pink in Zurich, Madonna in London etc". Lennox contacted British Indian musician Nitin Sawhney to work on an alternate version of the song. Her official website also announced the release of special remixes of the track on 1 December 2007, with contributions from Moto Blanco, Dean Coleman and Harry "Choo Choo" Romero among others. |
20231101.en_13196325_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Thom Jurek from AllMusic described "Sing" as a "huge feminist anthem" and described it as consisting of a "killer hook, a big bad soul/gospel refrain, and a beat that, once it gets into the spine, will not be easily dismissed". Boston Globes Sarah Rodman compared it to the Eurythmics' 1985 single "Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves" adding that it carried Lennox's characteristic messages of "optimism and empowerment". Liz Hoggard of The Guardian called the song a "showstopper" and the collaboration as "incandescent". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also noted the anthemic nature of the track and its "smartly plays more like a broad-spectrum sisters-are-doin’-it-for-themselves" nature, while believing that it would have been better suited as the album's title song than Songs of Mass Destruction. Similar thoughts were echoed by Chris Jones of BBC News who felt that "Sing" was able to "overcome its weighty agenda to take life as a great song in its own right". |
20231101.en_13196325_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20%28Annie%20Lennox%20song%29 | Sing (Annie Lennox song) | Stephen Errity from Hot Press called "Sing" the album's "magnum opus" and a return to Lennox singing torch songs. He described it as a female point of view version of Band Aid's "Feed the World" but felt that the message got lost in the actual "gospel-tinged" composition. A music video for the song was released on the MSN website on 29 November 2007. Lennox toured throughout the United States promoting the SING campaign, and also performed the song. |
20231101.en_13196339_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlett | Howlett | Howlett is a surname; Howlett was a baptismal name which means, literally, "the son of Hugh". As the naming tradition grew in Europe, baptismal names began to be introduced in many countries. Baptismal names were sometimes given in honour of Christian saints and other biblical figures. Notable people with the surname include: |
20231101.en_13196339_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlett | Howlett | David J. Howlett, American scholar of religion and contributor to Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia |
20231101.en_13196339_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlett | Howlett | Liam Howlett (born 1971), English record producer, musician, songwriter, and leader of band "The Prodigy" |
20231101.en_13196378_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wesley%20Westbrook | John Wesley Westbrook | John Wesley Westbrook (January 28, 1880 – October 25, 1934) was an Ontario official and political figure. He represented Brant North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1911 to 1914. |
20231101.en_13196378_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wesley%20Westbrook | John Wesley Westbrook | He was born on the family farm near Cainsville, Ontario, the son of W. D. Westbrook. Westbrook served on the council for Brantford Township and was reeve. He was unsuccessful in his bid for reelection in 1914 and, later that year, was named sheriff for Brant County, serving in that post until his death in Brantford in 1934. Westbrook also served as president of the local Children's Aid Society. |
20231101.en_13196381_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The Shetland bus was the name given to a clandestine special operations group that made a permanent link between Shetland, Scotland, and German-occupied Norway. From mid-1941 until the end of the war it operated a number of vessels, mostly Norwegian fishing boats. |
20231101.en_13196381_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Germany launched their invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, and despite the efforts of the Norwegians and the British, the Germans controlled most of the country by the beginning of May. The occupation of Norway and the oppression which followed immediately prompted a number of Norwegians to escape and make landfall in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. |
20231101.en_13196381_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Only a few weeks after the occupation began, the first boats of an "armada" of fishing vessels and other boats began to arrive in Shetland. Many of these boats made several journeys across the North Sea carrying refugees. The boats were of many types and shapes, but most of those later used as the "Shetland Bus", were from 50 to , with two masts and equipped with a 30 to single-cylinder semi-diesel engine, which made the characteristic 'tonk-tonk' sound. They had a maximum speed of . |
20231101.en_13196381_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | These engines were very unusual, and spare parts were not available in Britain, but that was easily solved. Norway's largest engine factory, Wichmann Diesel, at the time under German control, was located at Bømlo, near Bergen. The agents in the area received messages about which parts were needed, workers in the factory, many of them active members of the Resistance Movement, smuggled them out, and the parts were sent to Shetland with the next "Bus". |
20231101.en_13196381_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | There were "Hardanger Cutters", with a straight bow and long stern from the Bergen area, and the more rounded "Møre Cutters" from the area around Ålesund. It appeared that the "Møre Cutter" was the strongest and best fitted for the heavy weather in the North Sea. Most of their crossings were done in the dark winter months with storms and heavy seas. |
20231101.en_13196381_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Although these crossings were, by their nature, carried out in a manner to avoid enemy contact. The crews managed to equip the boats with several concealed weapons. David Howarth, who was with Special Operations Executive and Norwegian seaman, Per Blystad (1911-1942) invented many of these constructions. The most ingenious of these was a concrete-lined oil drum bolted to the deck. When the removable lid was lifted, a pair of ready loaded Lewis Guns were telescoped into firing position, with the aid of a counterweight below decks. A steel shield came automatically up to protect the gunner. Oil drums were a natural thing to carry on a fishing boat's deck. Once in the North Sea, one of the boats was inspected by a suspicious British Navy ship, all other weapons were confiscated, but they did not find the two twin machine guns mounted on deck! Special low mountings for twin 0.50" Colt machine guns were mounted in the netroom, at the aft of the boat. These were not totally hidden, but with the use of folding handles, triggers, aims and shields they managed to keep them just above the edge of the gunwale, and they were easy to camouflage with a net. A similar construction was mounted in the bow, with a tarpaulin over, of the same shape as the covering of the whaling harpoons many of the Norwegian fishing boats had in the bow. At last all of the Bus boats carried seven or eight mounted, ready armed machine guns, and were able to protect themselves against enemy aircraft attacks. |
20231101.en_13196381_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | In October 1943 three American submarine chasers, , Vigra and Hessa, were delivered, which made the journeys across the North Sea much safer. The submarine chasers made more than 100 crossings with no losses of ships or men. The only damage that occurred on the boats was when the Hessa was attacked by an Allied aircraft. |
20231101.en_13196381_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Aksel of Giske, long, the first "Shetland Bus" boat, arrived Shetland on 5 May 1941 with 20 refugees. Skipper Anders Nærøy chose the Aksel on the first official "Shetland Bus" mission, on 30 August 1941. Aksel later made several journeys to Norway with different skippers. |
20231101.en_13196381_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | On 8 December 1942, Aksel, on its way from Kristiansund, skippered by Bård Grotle, sent out a SOS signal north of Shetland. A Catalina flying boat and an MTB were sent out to search for the vessel. The next day the Catalina found the lifeboat with the crew, and the Aksel nearly sunk nearby. The sea was too rough for the aircraft to land, and the MTB had to return to Lerwick before they reached the lifeboat because of lack of fuel. The crew were never found again. Several aircraft and boats searched for days, but the crew of six were lost. |
20231101.en_13196381_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Owned by Sevrin Roald, Arne Roald and Olav Røsvik, of Vigra. Built by Einar Helland, Vestnes 1937. long, with Haahjem engine. |
20231101.en_13196381_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | On its first voyage in November 1941 the Heland was skippered by one of the owners, Sevrin Roald, and made for Shetland, with two Company Linge agents Karl Johan Aarsæter and Åsmund Wisløff aboard. Using the false name M/K Per, it managed to get undamaged through the same storm in which the Blia disappeared, and returned to Norway with supplies to other agents. |
20231101.en_13196381_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Another agent transport was made in January 1942. On 27 February 1942, the Heland arrived at Lunna with 23 refugees, among them, Milorg's district leader in the Ålesund area, Trygve Rypdal and family. Sevrin Roald brought his wife, Inga, with him and they both became part of the land crew in the "Shetland Bus" operation in Scalloway. |
20231101.en_13196381_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | As a "Shetland Bus", the Heland made several tours to Norway, mostly skippered by August Nerø, but with other skippers too. There were many narrow escapes, but the vessel always returned safely to Shetland. In 1943, when the submarine chasers arrived, the Heland became a reserve vessel and made transport voyages to Scotland. |
20231101.en_13196381_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | When the war ended, the Heland returned to Norway and became fishing vessel again. In 1971, it was donated to Sunnmøre Museum. The Heland is now preserved as a typical representative fishing vessel of the "Shetland Bus" fleet. |
20231101.en_13196381_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Built by Lindestøl Shipyard, Risør, in 1939 for Lorenz Knudsen a.o., Brandanes. The Vita had a Wickmann engine. |
20231101.en_13196381_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The Vita arrived at Shetland on 9 May 1940 with four Norwegian Navy officers and two other refugees aboard. The Vita started as a "Bus" boat before the "Shetland Bus" was officially established. Her first voyage to Norway was on 22 December 1940, skippered by Hilmar Langøy. The next was on 27 March 1941, this time skippered by Ingvald Johansen, who became her skipper for the rest of her missions. Johansen's crew were; Åge Sandvik, H.W. Olsen, Jens Haldorsen and J. Hermansen. |
20231101.en_13196381_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | In May 1941, they picked up the twelve refugees from M/B Signal (M331A), which had suffered an engine failure and was drifting off the Norwegian coast. In mid-September 1941, the Vita made a journey to North Trøndelag. |
20231101.en_13196381_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Johansen did not always follow the security rules. Once he posted a letter in Norway to his fiancée. He told her when and where he would return, and asked her to meet him and come with him to Shetland. The girl got the letter, met him, and followed. In Shetland they got married, and Johansen was not punished. |
20231101.en_13196381_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Vita made seven successful voyages to Norway before her last. On 22 September 1941, she journeyed again to North Trøndelag, this time to Rekøy, to pick up some refugees. A traitor had told the Germans about the transport, and the Vita was seized and the crew arrested. The crew spent the rest of the war in prison, while the Germans used the Vita as a watch boat. After the war she became fishing boat in the North Sea again, until she was donated to the "Trondhjems Sjøfartsmuseum" (a maritime museum in Trondheim) in 1990. In 1995 she was taken over by "Kystmuseet i Sør-Trøndelag" (Sør-Trøndelag Coastal Museum) at Hitra. She is currently being renovated by local craftsman Per Johnson. |
20231101.en_13196381_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Owned by Ansgar Sønderland and Johan O. Rørvik, Vigra. 52 feet long and with a June-Munktell engine. |
20231101.en_13196381_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The owners gave their approval to use the Olaf in a refugee transport. It arrived at Lerwick on 30 September 1941 with seventeen refugees. The vessel was handed over to the "Shetland Bus" operation and Per Blystad from Fana became skipper. In the winter of 1942, the 'Olaf' made five voyages to Norway with agents and supplies, and returning with refugees. The crew on these tours were; Olai Hillersøy, Arne Nipen, Leif Kinn and Olav Kinn. On 17 April 1942, the Olaf went to Telavåg with the Company Linge agents Arne Værum and Emil Hvaal. The agents were discovered by the Germans, and that led to the "Telavåg Tragedy", were the whole population were jailed or put into concentration camps, and all the houses burned in revenge for two German Gestapo officers' deaths. |
20231101.en_13196381_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The Olaf was attacked and damaged by German aircraft several times, but it always managed to get back to Shetland. The worst damage occurred on 12 May 1942. Three crew from the wrecked Frøya, along with some others, went out with the Olaf to search for a raft with four of the Frøya crew. They were attacked five times by a German Dornier bomber. The vessel was severely damaged, and some of the crew wounded. One of the three men from the Frøya, Hans Johansen, later died of his wounds. The Olaf made no more journeys and after the war it was returned to the owners who sold it in 1948. |
20231101.en_13196381_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Nordsjøen, a minelayer, skippered by Gjertsen, was sunk in heavy weather off the coast of West Norway. All the crew survived and returned to Shetland on 31 October aboard the M/K Arthur. |
20231101.en_13196381_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Skippered by Ingvald Lerøy she disappeared in a storm on the way from Norway to Shetland. The crew of seven and 35 Norwegian refugees were lost. In the same storm, one man was blown overboard and lost from M/K Arthur, skippered by Leif Larsen. |
20231101.en_13196381_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Sjø, a open boat, with Per Blystad and Mindor Berge was in Norway on a reconnaissance mission. They were taken prisoners by the Germans and later shot. |
20231101.en_13196381_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Skippered by Leif Larsen she was scuttled in the Trondheimsfjord after a failed attempt to attack the German battleship Tirpitz during Operation Title. Larsen and his crew escaped overland to Sweden, but a British Royal Navy sailor following them was taken prisoner by Germans and shot. |
20231101.en_13196381_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Skippered by Bård Grotle. Sunk in the North Sea on the way back to Shetland. All six men lost their lives. |
20231101.en_13196381_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Skippered by Leif Larsen. Was attacked by German aircraft and sunk. One man was killed in the attack. Larsen and six men, some wounded, managed to reach the coast of Norway by boat, and returned to Shetland later. |
20231101.en_13196381_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Skippered by Sverre Kverhellen. Attacked by a German torpedo boat. Of the crew of eight and four agents, only one, Jan Baalsrud, survived. The rest were either killed in the attack or taken prisoner by the Germans, tortured, and shot in prison. |
20231101.en_13196381_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Those boats are the ten "Shetland Bus" boats that were lost from the base in Scalloway. For different reasons, there were some boats that started out from a base in Peterhead, and some of them were also lost. |
20231101.en_13196381_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | A rather new "Møre cutter" which had arrived at Shetland on 16 March 1942, with the agent Knut Årsæter and four other men from the Ålesund area. Towards the end of April, the vessel was sent out on a special mission to Troms, North Norway with a crew of seven and two agents. Off the coast of Trøndelag, the Frøya was bombed by a German aircraft, and began to sink. They had a small lifeboat, only long, and the skipper decided that only five men could board the boat. They made a raft of empty oil barrels for the others, and the skipper joined the men on the raft. |
20231101.en_13196381_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The five men in the lifeboat soon lost all their provisions, as they were washed out in the heavy sea, and they had to keep up a continuous bailing. They had a sail and tried to steer for Shetland. After several days, with no food and only the rainwater they could collect to drink, they sighted Muckle Flugga. Soon after they were picked up by a ship and told about the four men on the raft. Ships and planes were sent out searching. |
20231101.en_13196381_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Two of the men from the lifeboat were in a very bad condition, and were sent to hospital, while the other three were sent to the refugee camp in Lerwick. After a 24-hour sleep, these three men went out with the Olaf to help search for the raft. They were again attacked by German aircraft, and hardly made it back to Baltasound. One of the three men later died of the wounds sustained in the attack. |
20231101.en_13196381_33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Everyone believed that the four men on the raft were lost, but when the war ended, it was discovered that they had all survived. After drifting for twelve days in heavy weather in the North Sea, they were spotted by a German aircraft and rescued. They said that they were ordinary Norwegian shipwrecked fishermen, and were put in a German POW camp, where they stayed until the end of the war. |
20231101.en_13196381_34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The Streif was sent out on a mission to Trøndelag, with an agent and supplies. The crew were that of the Harald, which had an engine failure. They went out with no navigator, because he had fallen ill, and there was no other available. The voyage to Norway went well, but on their return, the engine stopped, and they started drifting. After some days they managed to start the engine again, but they had no idea where they were. One day they saw a British plane, and flashed a signal. The plane turned eastward, and they believed that they were west of Shetland, and steered south, as they were bound for Peterhead. |
20231101.en_13196381_35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | After some time, they grounded on a sandbank. They realized that they had reached the coast of the Netherlands, and managed to get rid of their weapons and other suspicious items before the Germans arrived. They told a story about escaping from the British who wanted their vessel. The story was believed, and all were sent to an ordinary POW camp. If not, they surely would have been executed. By coincidence they met the crew from the Frøya raft in the camp, and joined them until the war ended. |
20231101.en_13196381_36 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The Streif stayed in The Netherlands, and the owner's son has said that long after the war, he received letters with questions about the engine. |
20231101.en_13196381_37 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | The fishing vessel Bodø was sent out from Peterhead to South Norway on 1 January 1943, with commandos for "Operation Carhampton". On her return, the Bodø hit a mine near the Scottish coast, and the whole crew were lost. One of her crew, Olaf Skarpenes, has his name on the monument in Scalloway. |
20231101.en_13196381_38 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland%20bus%20boats | Shetland bus boats | Howarth, David (1950) The Shetland Bus: A WWII Epic of Escape, Survival, and Adventure (Lyons Press) |
20231101.en_13196394_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Binion | Joe Binion | Born in Rochester, New York, Binion played college basketball with the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. |
20231101.en_13196394_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Binion | Joe Binion | Binion was selected by the San Antonio Spurs, in the 3rd round (57th pick overall) of the 1984 NBA draft. Binion played for the Portland Trail Blazers (1986–87) in the NBA, in 11 games. After that, he played overseas. |