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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐŸ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” - ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”- ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So some steps that we can take -- to finish up -- how to make this revolution through play.
๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋จผ์ €, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
First of all, you have to believe me.
์ €๋ฅผ ๋ชป ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด, ๋Œ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…”์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
If you don't believe me, well just go home and think about it some more or something.
๋‘˜์งธ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์—์„ธ์„œ ๋†€์ด์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Second of all, if you don't have the feeling of play in you, you need to rediscover play.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์— ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ„์—, ๋‹จ์ง€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์— ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Whatever it was that as a kid you used to enjoy, that you enjoyed only six months ago, but now that you've got that promotion you can't enjoy, because you feel like you have to be serious, rediscover it.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์•… ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์ด๋“ , ๋…์„œ๋“ , ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I don't care if it's mountain biking or reading a book or playing a game.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Rediscover that because you're the leaders, the innovation leaders, the thought leaders.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ ๋†€์ด ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ถˆ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You're the ones that have to go back to the office or talk to your friends and ignite the fire of change in the play revolution.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ, ์ง์›๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You guys have to, and if you're not feeling it, your colleagues, your employees, aren't going to feel it.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, "์ด๋ด, ๋‚œ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You've got to go back and say, "Hey, I'm going to trust you."
์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ฃ . ๋‚œ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์–ด. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‚œ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ด.
Weird concept: I hired you; I should trust you.
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์œ„์ธต ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์ธต์— ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์œ„์ž„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm going to let you make decisions. I'm going to empower you, and I'm going to delegate to the lowest level, rather than the top.
์ €๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm going to encourage constructive criticism.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ๋„์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm going to let you challenge authority.
์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋„์ „ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒ์— ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Because it's by challenging the way things are always done is that we are able to break out of the rut that we're in and create innovative solutions to problems of today.
๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We're not always right as leaders.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์งธ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We're going to eradicate fear.
๋‘๋ ค์›€์€ ๋†€์ด์˜ ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Fear is the enemy of play.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we're going to do things like eliminate restrictions.
์žˆ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š˜๋งŒ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
You know what, let them use their mobile phone for personal calls -- heaven forbid.
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Let them be on the Internet.
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Let them be on instant messengers.
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธด ์ ์‹ฌ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Let them take long lunches.
์ ์‹ฌ์‹์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํœด์‹๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Lunch is like the recess for work.
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉฐ, ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's when you go out in the world and you recharge your brain, you meet your friends, you have a beer, you have some food, you talk, you get some synergy of ideas that maybe you wouldn't have had before.
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‘์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Let them do it. Give them some freedom, and in general, let them play. Let them have fun at the workplace.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ๋น„์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20 ๋…„ํ›„, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ?"
We spend so much of our lives at the workplace, and it's supposed to be, what, a miserable grind, so that 20 years from now, we wake up and say, "Is this it?
์ด๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์˜€์–ด?"
Is that all there was?"
์ด๋Ÿด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€. [๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…].
Unacceptable. Nepriemliv.
(์›ƒ์Œ) ์š”์•ฝํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฑด ๋…ธ๋™์ž ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Laughter) So in summary, we need a drastic change in the way we think and behave, but we don't need a workers' revolution.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž ํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We don't need a workers' revolution.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What we need is a players' uprising.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋…ธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What we need is a players' uprising.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋…ธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What we need is a players' uprising.
์ •๋ง๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Seriously, we need to band together.
์˜ค๋Š˜์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Today is the start of the uprising.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ธธ์— ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But what you need to do is fan the flames of the revolution.
๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์™€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผํ„ฐ์— ํ™œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ์–ด ์ค€, ๋†€์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์•„์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You need to go and share your ideas and your success stories of what worked about reinvigorating our lives, our schools, and our work with play; about how play promotes a sense of promise and self-fulfillment; of how play promotes innovation and productivity, and, ultimately, how play creates meaning.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผ์ž๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Because we can't do it alone. We have to do it together, and together, if we do this and share these ideas on play, we can transform Bulgaria for the better.
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Thank you.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜) ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(Applause) Radical openness is still a distant future in the field of school education.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์›€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ™œ๋™์ž„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We have such a hard time figuring out that learning is not a place but an activity.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ PISA์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” OECD์˜ ์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ 15์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But I want to tell you the story of PISA, OECD's test to measure the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds around the world, and it's really a story of how international comparisons have globalized the field of education that we usually treat as an affair of domestic policy.
1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
Look at how the world looked in the 1960s, in terms of the proportion of people who had completed high school.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
You can see the United States ahead of everyone else, and much of the economic success of the United States draws on its long-standing advantage as the first mover in education.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But in the 1970s, some countries caught up.
1980๋…„๋Œ€์—๋„ ์ธ์žฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์  ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์€ ๊ณ„์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the 1980s, the global expansion of the talent pool continued.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
And the world didn't stop in the 1990s.
1960๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 1์œ„์˜€๊ณ 
So in the '60s, the U.S. was first.
90๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” 13์œ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํ•˜๋ฝํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the '90s, it was 13th, and not because standards had fallen, but because they had risen so much faster elsewhere.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Korea shows you what's possible in education.
2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
Two generations ago, Korea had the standard of living of Afghanistan today, and was one of the lowest education performers.
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Today, every young Korean finishes high school.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”, ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So this tells us that, in a global economy, it is no longer national improvement that's the benchmark for success, but the best performing education systems internationally.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ „๊ณต์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
The trouble is that measuring how much time people spend in school or what degree they have got is not always a good way of seeing what they can actually do.
๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋ž€ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
Look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on our streets, while employers say they cannot find the people with the skills they need.
์ด๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•™์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง์—…, ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋œปํ•˜์ฃ .
And that tells you that better degrees don't automatically translate into better skills and better jobs and better lives.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ PISA๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So with PISA, we try to change this by measuring the knowledge and skills of people directly.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we took a very special angle to this.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We were less interested in whether students can simply reproduce what they have learned in school, but we wanted to test whether they can extrapolate from what they know and apply their knowledge in novel situations.
์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now, some people have criticized us for this.
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They say, you know, such a way of measuring outcomes is terribly unfair to people, because we test students with problems they haven't seen before.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ธ์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด์— ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ’€ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
But if you take that logic, you know, you should consider life unfair, because the test of truth in life is not whether we can remember what we learned in school, but whether we are prepared for change, whether we are prepared for jobs that haven't been created, to use technologies that haven't been invented, to solve problems we just can't anticipate today.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And once hotly contested, our way of measuring outcomes has actually quickly become the standard.
2009๋…„๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 74๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ 87ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In our latest assessment in 2009, we measured 74 school systems that together cover 87 percent of the economy.
์ด ์ฐจํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This chart shows you the performance of countries.
๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์€ OECD ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๊ณ ,
In red, sort of below OECD average.
๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋„, ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์€ ์›”๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Yellow is so-so, and in green are the countries doing really well.
์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
You can see Shanghai, Korea, Singapore in Asia; Finland in Europe; Canada in North America doing really well.
์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ 15์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ 15์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 3๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 7๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
three and a half school years between 15-year-olds in Shanghai and 15-year-olds in Chile, and the gap grows to seven school years when you include the countries with really poor performance.
์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ค€๋น„๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
There's a world of difference in the way in which young people are prepared for today's economy.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But I want to introduce a second important dimension into this picture.
๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Educators like to talk about equity.
PISA๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
With PISA, we wanted to measure how they actually deliver equity, in terms of ensuring that people from different social backgrounds have equal chances.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ•™์Šต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And we see that in some countries, the impact of social background on learning outcomes is very, very strong.
๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
Opportunities are unequally distributed.
๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A lot of potential of young children is wasted.
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We see in other countries that it matters much less into which social context you're born.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ €๊ธฐ, 1์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์›€์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
We all want to be there, in the upper right quadrant, where performance is strong and learning opportunities are equally distributed.
์•„๋ฌด๋„, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋„, ์ €๊ณณ(๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰), ์ฆ‰ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋„ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Nobody, and no country, can afford to be there, where performance is poor and there are large social disparities.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋Š” ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์€๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And then we can debate, you know, is it better to be there, where performance is strong at the price of large disparities?
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
Or do we want to focus on equity and accept mediocrity?
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋„ํ‘œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But actually, if you look at how countries come out on this picture, you see there are a lot of countries that actually are combining excellence with equity.
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๋น„๊ต์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
In fact, one of the most important lessons from this comparison is that you don't have to compromise equity to achieve excellence.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด์ฃ .
These countries have moved on from providing excellence for just some to providing excellence for all, a very important lesson.
์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„, ์ฆ‰ ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋„์ „์žฅ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And that also challenges the paradigms of many school systems that believe they are mainly there to sort people.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ํ›„์—, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค, ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And ever since those results came out, policymakers, educators, researchers from around the world have tried to figure out what's behind the success of those systems.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ข€ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ PISA๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
But let's step back for a moment and focus on the countries that actually started PISA, and I'm giving them a colored bubble now.
๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•œ ์•ก์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And I'm making the size of the bubble proportional to the amount of money that countries spent on students.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ์ด ํ•™์Šต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€๋ผ๋ฉด ํฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„์— ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
If money would tell you everything about the quality of learning outcomes, you would find all the large bubbles at the top, no?
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
But that's not what you see.
ํ•™์ƒ 1๋ช…๋‹น ๋“ค์ธ ๋ˆ์ด ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด, 20 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋„ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Spending per student only explains about, well, less than 20 percent of the performance variation among countries, and Luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system, doesn't do particularly well.
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์“ด ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
What you see is that two countries with similar spending achieve very different results.
๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ, ๋”์ด์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์ด ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ๋ง์ด์—์š”. ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You also see -- and I think that's one of the most encouraging findings -- that we no longer live in a world that is neatly divided between rich and well-educated countries, and poor and badly-educated ones, a very, very important lesson.
๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
Let's look at this in greater detail.
๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋‹น ํˆฌ์ž๋น„์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The red dot shows you spending per student relative to a country's wealth.
๊ต์œก์— ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„ํ•œ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ธ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One way you can spend money is by paying teachers well, and you can see Korea investing a lot in attracting the best people into the teaching profession.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š˜์ด๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
And Korea also invests into long school days, which drives up costs further.
๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ผ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Last but not least, Koreans want their teachers not only to teach but also to develop.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ํˆฌ์žํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They invest in professional development and collaboration and many other things.